10-K 1 prov-2018630x10k.htm 10-K
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark one)

[x] | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018 OR

[ ] | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number: 000-28304
PROVIDENT FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 33-0704889
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation |  | (I.R.S. Employer
or organization) |  | Identification Number)
3756 Central Avenue, Riverside, California |  | 92506
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (951) 686-6060
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Common Stock, par value $.01 per share (Title of Each Class) | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES NO X .
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. YES NO X .
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES X NO .
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). YES X NO .
Indicate by check mark whether disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or other information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendments to this Form 10-K. [X]
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer _____ |  | Accelerated filer X
Non-accelerated filer _____ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company _____
Emerging growth company _____ |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2).
YES NO X .

The Registrant’s common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “PROV.” The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non affiliates of the Registrant, based on the closing sales price of the Registrant’s common stock as quoted on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on December 31, 2017, was $125.5 million. As of August 24, 2018, there were 7,433,926 shares of the Registrant’s common stock issued and outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

1. | Portions of the Annual Report to Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part II.

2. | Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement for the fiscal 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (“Proxy Statement”) are incorporated by reference into Part III.

PROVIDENT FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
Table of Contents

| Page
PART I |
Item 1. Business: | 1
General | 1
Subsequent Events | 1
Market Area | 2
Competition | 2
Personnel | 2
Segment Reporting | 3
Internet Website | 3
Lending Activities | 3
Mortgage Banking Activities | 13
Loan Servicing | 17
Delinquencies and Classified Assets | 17
Investment Securities Activities | 28
Deposit Activities and Other Sources of Funds | 30
Subsidiary Activities | 34
Regulation | 34
Taxation | 42
Executive Officers | 44
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 45
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments | 56
Item 2. Properties | 56
Item 3. Legal Proceedings | 56
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 58
PART II |
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 58
Item 6. Selected Financial Data | 61
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations: | 61
General | 62
Critical Accounting Policies | 62
Executive Summary and Operating Strategy | 64
Off-Balance Sheet Financing Arrangements and Contractual Obligations | 65
Comparison of Financial Condition at June 30, 2018 and 2017 | 66
Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 | 68
Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 | 71
Average Balances, Interest and Average Yields/Costs | 75
Rate/Volume Analysis | 76
Liquidity and Capital Resources | 77
Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices | 78
Impact of New Accounting Pronouncements | 78
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 79
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 82
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 82
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures | 83
Item 9B. Other Information | 85

| Page
PART III |
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 85
Item 11. Executive Compensation | 86
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 86
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 87
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 87
PART IV |
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 88
Signatures | 90

As used in this report, the terms “we,” “our,” “us,” and “Provident” refer to Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context indicates otherwise. When we refer to the “Bank” or “Provident Savings Bank” in this report, we are referring to Provident Savings Bank, F.S.B., a wholly owned subsidiary of Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.

PART I
Item 1. Business
General
Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. (the “Corporation”), a Delaware corporation, was organized in January 1996 for the purpose of becoming the holding company of Provident Savings Bank, F.S.B. (the “Bank”) upon the Bank’s conversion from a federal mutual to a federal stock savings bank (“Conversion”). The Conversion was completed on June 27, 1996. The Corporation is regulated by the Federal Reserve Board ("FRB"). At June 30, 2018, the Corporation had consolidated total assets of $1.18 billion, total deposits of $907.6 million and stockholders’ equity of $120.5 million. The Corporation has not engaged in any significant activity other than holding the stock of the Bank. Accordingly, the information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Form 10-K”), including the audited consolidated financial statements and related data, relates primarily to the Bank and its subsidiaries.
The Bank, founded in 1956, is a federally chartered stock savings bank headquartered in Riverside, California. The Bank is regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”), its primary federal regulator, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), the insurer of its deposits. The Bank’s deposits are federally insured up to applicable limits by the FDIC. The Bank has been a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) – San Francisco since 1956.
The Bank is a financial services company committed to serving consumers and small to mid-sized businesses in the Inland Empire region of Southern California. The Bank conducts its business operations as Provident Bank, Provident Bank Mortgage (“PBM”), a division of the Bank, and through its subsidiary, Provident Financial Corp. The business activities of the Bank consist of community banking, mortgage banking, investment services and trustee services for real estate transactions. Financial information regarding the Corporation’s two operating segments, Provident Bank and Provident Bank Mortgage, is contained in Note 17 to the Corporation’s audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
The Bank’s community banking operations primarily consist of accepting deposits from customers within the communities surrounding its full service offices and investing those funds in single-family, multi-family, commercial real estate, construction, commercial business, consumer and other mortgage loans. The Bank's mortgage banking activities primarily consist of the origination, purchase and sale of single-family mortgage loans (including second mortgages and equity lines of credit). Through its subsidiary, Provident Financial Corp, the Bank conducts trustee services for the Bank’s real estate transactions and in the past has held real estate for investment. For additional information, see “Subsidiary Activities” in this Form 10-K. The activities of Provident Financial Corp are included in the Bank's operating segment results. The Bank’s revenues are derived principally from interest earned on its loan and investment portfolios, and fees generated through its community banking and mortgage banking activities.
On June 22, 2006, the Bank established the Provident Savings Bank Charitable Foundation (“Foundation”) in order to further its commitment to the local community. The specific purpose of the Foundation is to promote and provide for the betterment of youth, education, housing and the arts in the Bank’s primary market areas of Riverside and San Bernardino counties. The Foundation was funded with a $500,000 charitable contribution made by the Bank in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2006. The Bank contributed $40,000 annually to the Foundation in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Subsequent Events:
On July 31, 2018, the Corporation announced that the Corporation’s Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.14 per share. Shareholders of the Corporation’s common stock at the close of business on August 21, 2018 are entitled to receive the cash dividend, payable on September 11, 2018.
1

Market Area
The Bank is headquartered in Riverside, California and operates 13 full-service banking offices in Riverside County and one full-service banking office in San Bernardino County. Management considers Riverside and Western San Bernardino counties to be the Bank’s primary market for deposits. Through the operations of PBM, the Bank has expanded its mortgage lending market to include most of Southern California and some of Northern California. The Bank is the largest independent community bank headquartered in Riverside County and it has the eighth largest deposit market share of all banks and the fourth largest of community banks in Riverside County. PBM operates two wholesale loan production offices, one is located in Pleasanton and the other is located in Rancho Cucamonga, California and nine retail loan production offices located in Atascadero, Brea, Escondido, Glendora, Rancho Cucamonga, Riverside (3) and Roseville, California.
The large geographic area encompassing Riverside and San Bernardino counties is referred to as the “Inland Empire.” According to the 2010 Census Bureau population statistics, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties have the fourth and fifth largest populations in California, respectively. The Bank’s market area consists primarily of suburban and urban communities. Western Riverside and San Bernardino counties are relatively densely populated and are within the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. According to the United States of America (“U.S.”) Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, the unemployment rate in the Inland Empire in June 2018 was 4.7%, compared to 4.2% in California and 4.0% nationwide, an improvement compared to the unemployment data reported in June 2017, which was 5.5% in the Inland Empire, 4.7% in California and 4.4% nationwide.
In 2018, the forecast for the Inland Empire economy is a gain of 45,000 jobs (3.1%), after adding 49,433 jobs in 2017 (3.5%). The expansion is expected to continue partly because of the area’s traditional advantages for blue collar/technical sectors (less expensive land, modestly priced labor, growing population), as well as continued growth in health care, and a small addition of jobs in higher paying sectors. As these sectors add workers, additional anticipated spending that circulates through the population serving sectors should cause them to expand as well. In addition, 34.2% of growth is forecasted for lower paying sectors and 65.8% in moderate and better paying jobs. That is a good mix as 60% - 40% is a more normal distribution (Source: Inland Empire Quarterly Economic Reports - April 2018).
California’s median home price edged higher to another peak in June 2018 although year-over-year home sales slowed for the second straight month, according to the California Association of Realtors (C.A.R."). Closed escrow sales of existing, single-family detached homes in California totaled a seasonally adjusted annualized rate of 410,800 units in June 2018, according to information collected by C.A.R. from more than 90 local Realtor associations and MLSs statewide. The statewide annualized sales figure represents what would be the total number of homes sold during 2018 if sales maintained the June pace throughout the year, adjusted to account for seasonal factors that typically influence home sales. The number of homes sold in June 2018 was up 0.4% from the revised 409,270 level in May 2018 and down 7.3% compared with home sales in June 2017 of 443,120. The year-over-year sales decline was the largest in nearly four years (Source: California Association of Realtors – July 23, 2018 News Release).
Competition
The Bank faces significant competition in its market area in originating real estate loans and attracting deposits. The population growth in the Inland Empire has attracted numerous financial institutions to the Bank’s market area. The Bank’s primary competitors are large national and regional commercial banks as well as other community-oriented banks and savings institutions. The Bank also faces competition from credit unions and a large number of mortgage companies that operate within its market area. Many of these institutions are significantly larger than the Bank and therefore have greater financial and marketing resources than the Bank. The Bank’s mortgage banking operations also faces competition from mortgage bankers, brokers and other financial institutions. This competition may limit the Bank’s growth and profitability in the future.
Personnel
As of June 30, 2018, the Bank had 376 full-time equivalent employees, which consisted of 320 full-time, 55 prime-time and one part-time employee. The employees are not represented by a collective bargaining unit and management believes that its relationship with employees is good.
2

Segment Reporting
Financial information regarding the Corporation’s operating segments is contained in Note 17 to the Corporation’s audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
Internet Website
The Corporation maintains a website at www.myprovident.com. The information contained on that website is not included as a part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Form 10-K. Other than an investor’s own internet access charges, the Corporation makes available free of charge through that website the Corporation’s annual report, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after these materials have been electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). In addition, the SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding companies that file electronically with the SEC. This information is available at www.sec.gov.
Lending Activities
General. The lending activity of the Bank is predominately comprised of the origination of first mortgage loans secured by single-family residential properties to be held for sale and, to a lesser extent, to be held for investment. The Bank also originates multi-family and commercial real estate loans and, to a lesser extent, construction, commercial business, consumer and other mortgage loans to be held for investment. The Bank’s net loans held for investment were $902.7 million at June 30, 2018, representing 76.8% of consolidated total assets. This compares to $904.9 million, or 75.4% of consolidated total assets, at June 30, 2017.
At June 30, 2018, the maximum amount that the Bank could have loaned to any one borrower and the borrower’s related entities under applicable regulations was $18.6 million, or 15% of the Bank’s unimpaired capital and surplus. At June 30, 2018, the Bank had no loans or group of loans to related borrowers with outstanding balances in excess of this amount. The Bank’s five largest lending relationships at June 30, 2018 consisted of: three multi-family loans totaling $7.9 million to one group of borrowers; one commercial real estate loan totaling $6.0 million to one group of borrowers; one multi-family loan totaling $5.1 million to one group of borrowers; two single-family loans totaling $4.6 million to one group of borrowers; and one commercial real estate loan totaling $4.4 million to one group of borrowers. The real estate collateral for these loans is located in Southern California, except for one property which is located in Northern California. At June 30, 2018, all of these loans were performing in accordance with their repayment terms.
3

Loans Held For Investment Analysis. The following table sets forth the composition of the Bank’s loans held for investment at the dates indicated:

|  | At June 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
(Dollars In Thousands) |  | Amount | Percent |  | Amount | Percent |  | Amount | Percent |  | Amount | Percent |  | Amount | Percent
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family |  | $ | 314,808 |  | 34.64 | % |  | $ | 322,197 |  | 35.16 | % |  | $ | 324,497 |  | 37.93 | % |  | $ | 365,961 |  | 44.47 | % |  | $ | 377,824 |  | 48.43 | %
Multi-family |  | 476,008 |  | 52.38 |  |  | 479,959 |  | 52.37 |  |  | 415,627 |  | 48.59 |  |  | 347,020 |  | 42.17 |  |  | 301,191 |  | 38.60 |
Commercial real estate |  | 109,726 |  | 12.07 |  |  | 97,562 |  | 10.65 |  |  | 99,528 |  | 11.63 |  |  | 100,897 |  | 12.26 |  |  | 96,781 |  | 12.40 |
Construction |  | 7,476 |  | 0.82 |  |  | 16,009 |  | 1.75 |  |  | 14,653 |  | 1.71 |  |  | 8,191 |  | 0.99 |  |  | 2,869 |  | 0.37 |
Other |  | 167 |  | 0.02 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 332 |  | 0.04 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Total mortgage loans |  | 908,185 |  | 99.93 |  |  | 915,727 |  | 99.93 |  |  | 854,637 |  | 99.90 |  |  | 822,069 |  | 99.89 |  |  | 778,665 |  | 99.80 |
Commercial business loans |  | 500 |  | 0.06 |  |  | 576 |  | 0.06 |  |  | 636 |  | 0.08 |  |  | 666 |  | 0.08 |  |  | 1,237 |  | 0.16 |
Consumer loans |  | 109 |  | 0.01 |  |  | 129 |  | 0.01 |  |  | 203 |  | 0.02 |  |  | 244 |  | 0.03 |  |  | 306 |  | 0.04 |
Total loans held for investment, gross |  | 908,794 |  | 100.00 | % |  | 916,432 |  | 100.00 | % |  | 855,476 |  | 100.00 | % |  | 822,979 |  | 100.00 | % |  | 780,208 |  | 100.00 | %
Undisbursed loan funds |  | (4,302 | ) |  |  |  | (9,015 | ) |  |  |  | (11,258 | ) |  |  |  | (3,360 | ) |  |  |  | (1,090 | ) |  |
Advance payments of escrows |  | 18 |  |  |  |  | 61 |  |  |  |  | 56 |  |  |  |  | 199 |  |  |  |  | 215 |  |  |
Deferred loan costs, net |  | 5,560 |  |  |  |  | 5,480 |  |  |  |  | 4,418 |  |  |  |  | 3,140 |  |  |  |  | 2,552 |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses |  | (7,385 | ) |  |  |  | (8,039 | ) |  |  |  | (8,670 | ) |  |  |  | (8,724 | ) |  |  |  | (9,744 | ) |  |
Total loans held for investment, net |  | $ | 902,685 |  |  |  |  | $ | 904,919 |  |  |  |  | $ | 840,022 |  |  |  |  | $ | 814,234 |  |  |  |  | $ | 772,141 |  |  |

Maturity of Loans Held for Investment. The following table sets forth information at June 30, 2018 regarding the dollar amount of principal payments becoming contractually due during the periods indicated for loans held for investment. Demand loans, loans having no stated schedule of principal payments, loans having no stated maturity, and overdrafts are reported as becoming due within one year. The table does not include any estimate of prepayments, which can significantly shorten the average life of loans held for investment and may cause the Bank’s actual principal payment experience to differ materially from that shown below:

(In Thousands) | Within One Year | After One Year Through 3 Years | After 3 Years Through 5 Years | After 5 Years Through 10 Years | Beyond 10 Years | Total
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family | $ | 15 |  | $ | 1,500 |  | $ | 1,858 |  | $ | 4,028 |  | $ | 307,407 |  | $ | 314,808 |
Multi-family | 617 |  | 723 |  | 3,169 |  | 4,075 |  | 467,424 |  | 476,008 |
Commercial real estate | — |  | 478 |  | 8,093 |  | 83,097 |  | 18,058 |  | 109,726 |
Construction | 5,426 |  | 2,050 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 7,476 |
Other | 167 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 167 |
Commercial business loans | 139 |  | 69 |  | — |  | — |  | 292 |  | 500 |
Consumer loans | 109 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 109 |
Total loans held for investment, gross | $ | 6,473 |  | $ | 4,820 |  | $ | 13,120 |  | $ | 91,200 |  | $ | 793,181 |  | $ | 908,794 |

4

The following table sets forth the dollar amount of all loans held for investment due after June 30, 2019 which have fixed and floating or adjustable interest rates:

(Dollars In Thousands) | Fixed-Rate | %(1) | Floating or Adjustable Rate | %(1)
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |
Single-family | $ | 12,526 |  | 4 | % | $ | 302,267 |  | 96 | %
Multi-family | 215 |  | — | % | 475,176 |  | 100 | %
Commercial real estate | 552 |  | 1 | % | 109,174 |  | 99 | %
Construction | — |  | — | % | 2,050 |  | 100 | %
Commercial business loans | 311 |  | 86 | % | 50 |  | 14 | %
Total loans held for investment, gross | $ | 13,604 |  | 2 | % | $ | 888,717 |  | 98 | %

(1) As a percentage of each category.
Scheduled contractual principal payments of loans do not reflect the actual life of such assets. The average life of loans is generally substantially less than their contractual terms because of prepayments. In addition, due-on-sale clauses generally give the Bank the right to declare loans immediately due and payable in the event, among other things, the borrower sells the real property that secures the loan. The average life of mortgage loans tends to increase, however, when current market interest rates are substantially higher than the interest rates on existing loans held for investment and, conversely, decrease when the interest rates on existing loans held for investment are substantially higher than current market interest rates, as borrowers are generally less inclined to refinance their loans when market rates increase and more inclined to refinance their loans when market rates decrease.
Single-Family Mortgage Loans. The Bank’s predominant lending activity is the origination by PBM of loans secured by first mortgages on owner-occupied, single-family (one to four units) residences in the communities where the Bank has established full service branches and loan production offices. At June 30, 2018, total single-family loans held for investment decreased to $314.8 million, or 34.6% of the total loans held for investment, from $322.2 million, or 35.2% of the total loans held for investment, at June 30, 2017. The slight decrease in the single-family loans in fiscal 2018 was primarily attributable to loan principal payments and real estate owned ("REO") acquired in the settlement of loans, partly offset by new loans originated for investment. During fiscal 2018, the Bank had net charge-offs of $114,000 in non-performing single-family loans, as compared to net recoveries of $308,000 during fiscal 2017. At June 30, 2018 and 2017, total non-performing single-family loans were $6.0 million and $7.7 million, net of allowances and charge-offs, respectively, and $804,000 and $1.0 million were past due 30 to 89 days, respectively.
The Bank’s residential mortgage loans are generally underwritten and documented in accordance with guidelines established by institutional loan buyers, Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae and the Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”) (collectively, “the secondary market”). All conforming agency loans are generally underwritten and documented in accordance with the guidelines established by these secondary market purchasers, as well as the Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”), FHA and the Veterans’ Administration (“VA”). Loans are normally classified as either conforming (meeting agency criteria) or non-conforming (meeting an institutional investor’s criteria). Non-conforming loans are typically those that exceed agency loan limits but closely mirror agency underwriting criteria. The non-conforming loans are underwritten to expanded guidelines allowing a borrower with good credit a broader range of product choices. Given the recent market environment, PBM has expanded the production of FHA, VA, Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae loans.
The Bank has underwriting standards that require verified documentation of income and assets from borrowers and our underwriting conforms to agency mandated credit score requirements. Generally, mortgage insurance is required on all loans exceeding 80% loan-to-value based on the lower of purchase price or appraised value. Loan-to-value (“LTV”) is the ratio derived by dividing the original loan balance by the lower of the original appraised value or purchase price of the real estate collateral. The maximum allowable loan-to-value is 97% on a purchase transaction for conventional financing with mortgage insurance and 96.5% loan-to-value for FHA financing with mortgage insurance. Second home purchases and rate and term refinance transactions are capped at 90% loan-to-value with mortgage insurance. Non-owner occupied purchase and rate and term refinance transactions are capped at 80% loan-to-value while non-owner occupied refinance cash-out transactions are capped at 75% loan-to-value. We manage our underwriting standards, loan-to-value ratios and credit standards to the currently required agency and investor policies and guidelines. These standards may change at any time, given changes in real estate market conditions, secondary mortgage market requirements and changes to investor policies and guidelines.
5

The Bank offers closed-end, fixed-rate home equity loans that are secured by the borrower’s primary residence. These loans do not exceed 80% of the appraised value of the residence and have terms of up to 15 years requiring monthly payments of principal and interest. At June 30, 2018, home equity loans amounted to $14.1 million or 4.5% of single-family loans held for investment, as compared to $13.3 million or 4.1% of single-family loans held for investment at June 30, 2017.
The Bank offers adjustable rate mortgage (“ARM”) loans at rates and terms competitive with market conditions. Substantially all of the ARM loans originated by the Bank meet the underwriting standards of the secondary market. The Bank offers several ARM products, which adjust monthly, semi-annually, or annually after an initial fixed period ranging from one month to seven years subject to a limitation on the annual increase of one to two percentage points and an overall limitation of three to six percentage points. The following indexes, plus a margin of 2.00% to 3.25%, are used to calculate the periodic interest rate changes; the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), the FHLB Eleventh District cost of funds (“COFI”), the 12-month average U.S. Treasury (“12 MAT”) or the weekly average yield on one year U.S. Treasury securities adjusted to a constant maturity of one year (“CMT”). Loans based on the LIBOR index constitute a majority of the Bank’s loans held for investment. The majority of the ARM loans held for investment have three or five-year fixed periods prior to the first adjustment (“3/1 or 5/1 hybrids”) and provide for fully amortizing loan payments throughout the term of the loan. Loans of this type have embedded interest rate risk if interest rates should rise during the initial fixed rate period.
The Bank offered interest-only ARM loans in the past, which typically had a fixed interest rate for the first three to five years, followed by a periodic adjustable interest rate, coupled with an interest only payment of three to ten years, followed by a fully amortizing loan payment for the remaining term. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, interest-only, first trust deed, ARM loans were $1.5 million and $17.6 million, or 0.5% and 5.7%, respectively, of the single-family, first trust deed, loans held for investment. As of June 30, 2018, none of the interest-only ARM loans begin to fully amortize in the next 12 months and $1.5 million loans begin to fully amortize between one year and five years. The reset of interest rates on ARM loans to fully-amortizing status may create a payment shock for some borrowers primarily because the majority of loans are repricing at a margin over six-month LIBOR, which may result in a higher interest rate than the borrower’s pre-adjustment interest rate.
In fiscal 2006, during the Bank’s 50 th Anniversary, the Bank offered 50-year single-family ARM loans. At June 30, 2018, the Bank had 18 loans with 50-year terms with $6.0 million outstanding, compared to 21 loans for $6.9 million at June 30, 2017.
As of June 30, 2018, the Bank had $7.8 million in negative amortization mortgage loans (a loan in which accrued interest exceeding the required monthly loan payment may be added to the loan principal), originated prior to 2008, which consisted of $5.4 million of multi-family loans, $2.3 million of single-family loans and $47,000 of commercial real estate loans. This compares to $9.0 million at June 30, 2017, which consisted of $6.2 million of multi-family loans, $2.7 million of single-family loans and $110,000 of commercial real estate loans. Negative amortization involves a greater risk to the Bank because the credit risk exposure increases when the loan incurs negative amortization and the value of the property serving as collateral for the loan does not increase proportionally. Negative amortization is only permitted up to a specific level, typically up to 115% of the original loan amount, and the payment on such loans is subject to increased payments when the level is reached, adjusting periodically as provided in the loan documents and potentially resulting in a higher payment by the borrower. The adjustment of these loans to higher payment requirements can be a substantial factor in higher delinquency levels because the borrower may not be able to make the higher payments. Also, real estate values may decline and credit standards may tighten in concert with the higher payment requirement, making it difficult for borrowers to sell their properties or refinance their mortgages to pay off their mortgage obligation.
Borrower demand for ARM loans versus fixed-rate mortgage loans is a function of the level of interest rates, the expectations of changes in the level of interest rates and the difference between the initial interest rates and fees charged for each type of loan. The relative amount of fixed-rate mortgage loans and ARM loans that can be originated at any time is largely determined by the demand for each product in a given interest rate and competitive environment. Given the recent market environment, the production of ARM loans was lower as compared to fixed rate mortgages.
The retention of ARM loans, rather than fixed-rate loans, helps to reduce the Bank’s exposure to changes in interest rates. There is, however, unquantifiable credit risk resulting from the potential of increased interest charges to be paid by the borrower as a result of increases in interest rates or the expiration of interest-only periods. It is possible that, during periods of rising interest rates, the risk of default on ARM loans may increase as a result of the increase in the required payment from the borrower. Furthermore, the risk of default may increase because ARM loans originated by the Bank occasionally provide, as a marketing incentive, for initial rates of interest below those rates that would apply if the adjustment index plus the applicable margin were initially used for pricing. Because of these characteristics, ARM loans are subject to increased risks of default or delinquency. Additionally, while ARM loans allow the Bank to decrease the sensitivity of its assets as a result of changes in interest rates, the extent of this interest sensitivity is limited by the periodic and lifetime interest rate adjustment limits. Furthermore, because loan indexes may not respond perfectly to changes in market interest rates, upward adjustments on loans may occur more slowly than increases in the Bank’s cost of interest-bearing liabilities, especially during periods of rapidly increasing interest
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rates. Because of these characteristics, the Bank has no assurance that yields on ARM loans will be sufficient to offset increases in the Bank’s cost of funds.
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) requires lenders to make a reasonable, good faith determination of a borrower’s ability to repay any consumer closed-end credit transaction secured by a dwelling and to limit prepayment penalties. Increased risks of legal challenge, private right of action and regulatory enforcement actions result from these rules. The Bank originates an immaterial number of loans that do not meet the definition of a “qualified mortgage” (“QM”). To mitigate the risks involved with non-QM loans, the Bank has implemented systems, processes, procedural and product changes, and maintains its underwriting standards, to ensure that the “ability-to-repay” requirements of the new rules are adequately addressed.
The following table describes certain credit risk characteristics of the Bank’s single-family, first trust deed, mortgage loans held for investment as of June 30, 2018:

(Dollars In Thousands) | Outstanding Balance (1) | Weighted-Average FICO(2) | Weighted-Average LTV | Weighted-Average Seasoning(3)
Interest only | $ | 1,500 |  | 619 | 75% | 0.46 years
Stated income(4) | $ | 71,990 |  | 730 | 60% | 12.55 years
FICO less than or equal to 660 | $ | 7,570 |  | 638 | 64% | 7.95 years
Over 30-year amortization | $ | 8,941 |  | 728 | 63% | 12.82 years

(1) | The outstanding balance presented on this table may overlap more than one category. Of the outstanding balance, none of the “interest only,” $3.7 million of “stated income,” $0.3 million of “FICO less than or equal to 660,” and $0.6 million of “over 30-year amortization” balances were non-performing.

(2) | The FICO score represents the creditworthiness of a borrower based on the borrower’s credit history, as reported by an independent third party. A higher FICO score indicates a greater degree of creditworthiness. Bank regulators have issued guidance stating that a FICO score of 660 and below is indicative of a “subprime” borrower.

(3) | Seasoning describes the number of years since the funding date of the loan.

(4) | Stated income is defined as a loan to a borrower whose stated income on his/her loan application was not subject to verification during the loan origination process.

The following table summarizes the interest rate reset (repricing) schedule of the Bank’s stated income single-family, first trust deed, mortgage loans held for investment, including the percentage of those which are identified as non-performing or 30 – 89 days delinquent as of June 30, 2018:

(Dollars In Thousands) | Balance (1) | Non-Performing(1) | 30 - 89 Days Delinquent(1)
Interest rate reset in the next 12 months | $ | 71,262 |  | 4% | —%
Interest rate reset between 1 year and 5 years | — |  | —% | —%
Interest rate reset after 5 years | 728 |  | 100% | —%
Total | $ | 71,990 |  | 5% | —%

(1) As a percentage of each category.
A decline in real estate values subsequent to the time of origination of real estate secured loans could result in higher loan delinquency levels, foreclosures, provisions for loan losses and net charge-offs. Real estate values and real estate markets are beyond the Bank’s control and are generally affected by changes in national, regional or local economic conditions and other factors. These factors include fluctuations in interest rates and the availability of loans to potential purchasers, changes in tax laws and other governmental statutes, regulations and policies and acts of nature, such as earthquakes, fires and other natural disasters particular to California where substantially all of our real estate collateral is located. If real estate values decline from the levels at the time of loan origination, the value of our real estate collateral securing the loans could be significantly reduced. The Bank’s ability to recover on defaulted loans by foreclosing and selling the real estate collateral would then be diminished and it would be more likely to suffer losses on defaulted loans. Additionally, the Bank does not periodically update the LTV ratios on its loans held for investment by obtaining new appraisals or broker price opinions unless a specific loan has demonstrated deterioration or the Bank receives a loan modification request from a borrower. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the LTV ratios disclosed in the following table may be overstated or understated in comparison to the current LTV ratios as a result of the year of origination, the
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subsequent general decline in real estate values that may have occurred prior to 2012 to the extent not fully recovered and the specific location of the individual properties. The Bank cannot quantify the current LTV ratios on its loans held for investment or quantify the impact of the increase or decline in real estate values to the original LTV ratios on its loans held for investment by loan type, geography, or other subsets.
The following table provides a detailed breakdown of the Bank’s single-family, first trust deed, mortgage loans held for investment by the calendar year of origination and geographic location as of June 30, 2018:

| Calendar Year of Origination
(Dollars In Thousands) | 2010 & Prior | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | YTD June 30, 2018 | Total
Loan balance | $ | 121,888 |  | $ | 750 |  | $ | 2,177 |  | $ | 2,367 |  | $ | 7,664 |  | $ | 10,610 |  | $ | 32,865 |  | $ | 75,240 |  | $ | 46,815 |  | $ | 300,376 |
Weighted average LTV(1) | 60 | % | 60 | % | 51 | % | 44 | % | 68 | % | 68 | % | 65 | % | 73 | % | 71 | % | 66 | %
Weighted average age (in years) | 12.63 |  | 6.83 |  | 5.83 |  | 4.99 |  | 3.86 |  | 3.08 |  | 1.95 |  | 1.11 |  | 0.21 |  | 5.95 |
Weighted average FICO(2) | 730 |  | 725 |  | 757 |  | 753 |  | 759 |  | 741 |  | 743 |  | 734 |  | 739 |  | 735 |
Number of loans | 429 |  | 3 |  | 12 |  | 21 |  | 21 |  | 16 |  | 62 |  | 114 |  | 74 |  | 752 |
Geographic breakdown (%): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Inland Empire | 37 | % | 46 | % | 15 | % | 44 | % | 42 | % | 21 | % | 30 | % | 33 | % | 42 | % | 35 | %
Southern California (other than Inland Empire) | 52 | % | 54 | % | 51 | % | 25 | % | 36 | % | 48 | % | 35 | % | 47 | % | 53 | % | 49 | %
Other California | 10 | % | — | % | 34 | % | 31 | % | 22 | % | 31 | % | 35 | % | 20 | % | 5 | % | 16 | %
Other states | 1 | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | %
| 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | %

..

(1) | LTV is the ratio derived by dividing the current loan balance by the lower of the original appraised value or purchase price of the real estate collateral at the time of loan origination.

(2) | At time of loan origination.

Multi-Family and Commercial Real Estate Mortgage Loans. At June 30, 2018, multi-family mortgage loans were $476.0 million and commercial real estate loans were $109.7 million, or 52.4% and 12.1%, respectively, of loans held for investment. This compares to multi-family mortgage loans of $480.0 million and commercial real estate loans of $97.6 million, or 52.3% and 10.7%, respectively, of loans held for investment at June 30, 2017. Consistent with its strategy to diversify the composition of loans held for investment, the Bank has made the origination and purchase of multi-family and commercial real estate loans a priority. During fiscal 2018 the Bank originated $91.1 million and purchased $13.5 million of multi-family and commercial real estate loans, all of which were underwritten in accordance with the Bank’s origination guidelines. This compares to loan originations of $99.5 million and loan purchases of $42.2 million during fiscal 2017. At June 30, 2018, the Bank had 668 multi-family and 144 commercial real estate loans in loans held for investment.
Multi-family mortgage loans originated by the Bank are predominately adjustable rate loans, including 1/1, 3/1, 5/1 and 7/1 hybrids, with a term to maturity of 10 to 30 years and a 25 to 30 year amortization schedule. Commercial real estate loans originated by the Bank are also predominately adjustable rate loans, including 1/1, 3/1, 5/1 and 7/1 hybrids, with a term to maturity of 10 years and a 25 year amortization schedule. Rates on multi-family and commercial real estate ARM loans generally adjust monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually at a specific margin over the respective interest rate index, subject to period interest rate caps and life-of-loan interest rate caps. At June 30, 2018, $431.7 million, or 90.7%, of the Bank’s multi-family loans were secured by five to 36 unit projects. The Bank’s commercial real estate loan portfolio generally consists of loans secured by small office buildings, light industrial centers, warehouses and small retail centers. Properties securing multi-family and commercial real estate loans are primarily located in Alameda, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Francisco and Santa Clara counties. The Bank originates multi-family and commercial real estate loans in amounts typically ranging from $350,000 to $6.0 million. At June 30, 2018, the Bank had 60 commercial real estate and multi-family loans with principal balances greater than $1.5 million totaling $145.4 million. The Bank obtains appraisals on all properties that secure multi-family and commercial real estate loans. Underwriting of multi-family and commercial real estate loans includes, among other considerations, a thorough analysis of the cash flows generated by the property to support the debt service and the financial resources, experience and the income level of the borrowers and guarantors.
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Multi-family and commercial real estate loans afford the Bank an opportunity to price the loans with higher interest rates than those generally available from single-family mortgage loans. However, loans secured by such properties are generally greater in amount, more difficult to evaluate and monitor and are more susceptible to default as a result of general economic conditions and, therefore, involve a greater degree of risk than single-family residential mortgage loans. Because payments on loans secured by multi-family and commercial real estate properties are often dependent on the successful operation and management of the properties, repayment of such loans may be impacted by adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. During fiscal 2018, the Bank had no charge-offs or recoveries of non-performing multi-family and commercial real estate loans, as compared to net recoveries of $18,000 during fiscal 2017. At June 30, 2018 and 2017, total non-performing multi-family and commercial real estate loans were $0 and $201,000, net of allowances and charge-offs respectively, and none were past due 30 to 89 days. Non-performing loans and/or delinquent loans may increase if there is a general decline in California real estate markets and in the event poor general economic conditions prevail.
The following table summarizes the interest rate reset or maturity schedule of the Bank’s multi-family loans held for investment, including the percentage of those which are identified as non-performing, 30 – 89 days delinquent or not fully amortizing as of June 30, 2018:

(Dollars In Thousands) | Balance | Non- Performing(1) | 30 - 89 Days Delinquent(1) | Percentage Not Fully Amortizing(1)
Interest rate reset or mature in the next 12 months | $ | 139,430 |  | —% | —% | 5%
Interest rate reset or mature between 1 year and 5 years | 324,804 |  | —% | —% | 3%
Interest rate reset or mature after 5 years | 11,774 |  | —% | —% | —%
Total | $ | 476,008 |  | —% | —% | 3%

(1) | As a percentage of each category.

The following table summarizes the interest rate reset or maturity schedule of the Bank’s commercial real estate loans held for investment, including the percentage of those which are identified as non-performing, 30 – 89 days delinquent or not fully amortizing as of June 30, 2018:

(Dollars In Thousands) | Balance | Non- Performing(1) | 30 - 89 Days Delinquent(1) | Percentage Not Fully Amortizing(1)
Interest rate reset or mature in the next 12 months | $ | 30,771 |  | —% | —% | 73%
Interest rate reset or mature between 1 year and 5 years | 78,955 |  | —% | —% | 89%
Interest rate reset or mature after 5 years | — |  | —% | —% | —%
Total | $ | 109,726 |  | —% | —% | 85%

(1) | As a percentage of each category.

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The following table provides a detailed breakdown of the Bank’s multi-family mortgage loans held for investment by the calendar year of origination and geographic location as of June 30, 2018:

| Calendar Year of Origination
(Dollars In Thousands) | 2010 & Prior | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | YTD June 30, 2018 | Total
Loan balance | $ | 17,839 |  | $ | 4,608 |  | $ | 11,156 |  | $ | 48,417 |  | $ | 67,708 |  | $ | 73,885 |  | $ | 121,016 |  | $ | 76,417 |  | $ | 54,962 |  | $ | 476,008 |
Weighted average LTV(1) | 40 | % | 48 | % | 49 | % | 52 | % | 52 | % | 52 | % | 48 | % | 50 | % | 47 | % | 49 | %
Weighted average debt coverage ratio (2) | 1.64x |  | 1.68x | 1.87x | 1.72x | 1.65x |  | 1.66x |  | 1.66x |  | 1.67x |  | 1.56x |  | 1.66x |
Weighted average age (in years) | 13.39 |  | 6.77 |  | 5.79 |  | 4.89 |  | 3.95 |  | 2.96 |  | 1.99 |  | 1.06 |  | 0.21 |  | 2.92 |
Weighted average FICO(2) | 707 |  | 754 |  | 748 |  | 772 |  | 767 |  | 756 |  | 762 |  | 752 |  | 756 |  | 757 |
Number of loans | 44 |  | 7 |  | 15 |  | 75 |  | 85 |  | 117 |  | 144 |  | 121 |  | 60 |  | 668 |
Geographic breakdown (%): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Inland Empire | 32 | % | — | % | 2 | % | 38 | % | 13 | % | 18 | % | 10 | % | 17 | % | 10 | % | 16 | %
Southern California (Other than Inland Empire) | 47 | % | 78 | % | 70 | % | 44 | % | 56 | % | 60 | % | 63 | % | 64 | % | 70 | % | 60 | %
Other California | 6 | % | 22 | % | 28 | % | 18 | % | 31 | % | 22 | % | 27 | % | 19 | % | 20 | % | 23 | %
Other states | 15 | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | 1 | %
| 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | %

(1) | LTV is the ratio derived by dividing the current loan balance by the lower of the original appraised value or purchase price of the real estate collateral at the time of loan origination.

(2) | FICO of borrowers and/or guarantors at time of loan origination.

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The following table provides a detailed breakdown of the Bank’s commercial real estate mortgage loans held for investment by the calendar year of origination and geographic location as of June 30, 2018:

| Calendar Year of Origination
(Dollars In Thousands) | 2010 & Prior | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | YTD June 30, 2018 | Total(3)(4)
Loan balance | $ | 647 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 9,984 |  | $ | 10,437 |  | $ | 20,374 |  | $ | 19,757 |  | $ | 17,087 |  | $ | 19,708 |  | $ | 11,732 |  | $ | 109,726 |
Weighted average LTV(1) | 34 | % | — | % | 44 | % | 47 | % | 44 | % | 40 | % | 49 | % | 43 | % | 42 | % | 44 | %
Weighted average debt coverage ratio (2) | 1.38x |  | — |  | 1.97x | 1.60x |  | 1.93x |  | 1.80x |  | 1.58x |  | 1.82x |  | 1.52x |  | 1.76x |
Weighted average age (in years) | 10.97 |  | — |  | 5.76 |  | 4.94 |  | 3.89 |  | 2.94 |  | 2.11 |  | 0.86 |  | 0.25 |  | 2.82 |
Weighted average FICO(2) | 712 |  | — |  | 741 |  | 761 |  | 753 |  | 757 |  | 760 |  | 773 |  | 752 |  | 758 |
Number of loans | 5 |  | — |  | 8 |  | 17 |  | 24 |  | 25 |  | 23 |  | 23 |  | 19 |  | 144 |
Geographic breakdown (%): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Inland Empire | 67 | % | — | % | 75 | % | 22 | % | 38 | % | 31 | % | 11 | % | 26 | % | 10 | % | 29 | %
Southern California (other than Inland Empire) | 33 | % | — | % | 25 | % | 52 | % | 42 | % | 32 | % | 62 | % | 52 | % | 35 | % | 44 | %
Other California | — | % | — | % | — | % | 26 | % | 20 | % | 37 | % | 27 | % | 22 | % | 55 | % | 27 | %
Other states | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | %
| 100 | % | — | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | %

(1) | LTV is the ratio derived by dividing the current loan balance by the lower of the original appraised value or purchase price of the real estate collateral at the time of loan origination.

(2) | FICO of borrowers and/or guarantors at time of loan origination.

(3) | Comprised of the following: $44.7 million in mixed use; $17.4 million in retail; $15.3 million in office; $11.0 million in mobile home park; $8.0 million in warehouse; $5.3 million in medical/dental office; $2.9 million in mini-storage; $2.0 million in restaurant/fast food; $1.6 million in automotive - non gasoline; and $1.5 million in light industrial/manufacturing.

(4) | Consists of $104.0 million or 94.8% in investment properties and $5.7 million or 5.2% in owner occupied properties.

Construction Mortgage Loans. The Bank originates from time to time two types of construction loans: short-term construction loans and construction/permanent loans. During fiscal 2018 and 2017, the Bank originated a total of $4.7 million and $12.1 million of construction loans, respectively. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Bank had only short-term construction loans totaling $7.5 million and $16.0 million, respectively, of which $4.3 million and $9.0 million, respectively, was undisbursed.

Short-term construction loans include three types of loans: custom construction, tract construction, and speculative construction. Additionally, from time to time, the Bank makes short-term (18 to 36 month) lot loans to facilitate land acquisition prior to the start of construction. For additional information on lot loans, see “Other Mortgage Loans” below. The Bank provides construction financing for single-family, multi-family and commercial real estate properties. Custom construction loans are made to individuals who, at the time of application, have a contract executed with a builder to construct their residence. Custom construction loans are generally originated for a term of 12 months, with fixed interest rates at the prime lending rate plus a margin and with loan-to-value ratios of up to 75% of the appraised value of the completed property. The owner secures long-term permanent financing at the completion of construction.
The Bank makes tract construction loans to subdivision builders. These subdivisions are usually financed and built in phases. A thorough analysis of market trends and demand within the area are reviewed for feasibility. Tract construction may include the building and financing of model homes under a separate loan. The terms for tract construction loans are generally 12 months with interest rates fixed at a margin above the prime lending rate. At June 30, 2018, there were no tract construction loans.
Speculative construction loans are made to home builders and are termed “speculative” because the home builder does not have, at the time of loan origination, a signed sale contract with a home buyer who has a commitment for permanent financing with either the Bank or another lender for the finished home. The home buyer may be identified during or after the construction period. The builder may be required to debt service the speculative construction loan for a significant period of time after the completion of construction until the homebuyer is identified. At June 30, 2018, there were two single-family speculative construction loans
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of $1.1 million with $122,000 of undisbursed funds.
Construction/permanent loans automatically roll from the construction to the permanent phase. The construction phase of a construction/permanent loan generally lasts nine to 12 months and the interest rate charged is generally fixed at a margin above prime rate and with a loan-to-value ratio of up to 75% of the appraised value of the completed property. At June 30, 2018 and 2017, there were no construction/permanent loans.
Construction loans under $1.0 million are approved by Bank personnel specifically designated to approve construction loans. The Bank’s Loan Committee, comprised of the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Lending Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Vice President - Loan Administration, approves all construction loans over $1.0 million. Prior to approval of any construction loan, an independent fee appraiser inspects the site and the Bank reviews the existing or proposed improvements, identifies the market for the proposed project, and analyzes the pro-forma data and assumptions on the project. In the case of a tract or speculative construction loan, the Bank reviews the experience and expertise of the builder. The Bank obtains credit reports, financial statements and tax returns on the borrowers and guarantors, an independent appraisal of the project, and any other expert report necessary to evaluate the proposed project. In the event of cost overruns, the Bank requires the borrower to deposit their own funds into a loan-in-process account, which the Bank disburses consistent with the completion of the subject property pursuant to a revised disbursement schedule.
The construction loan documents require that construction loan proceeds be disbursed in increments as construction progresses. Disbursements are based on periodic on-site inspections by independent inspectors and Bank personnel. At inception, the Bank also requires borrowers to deposit funds into the loan-in-process account covering the difference between the actual cost of construction and the loan amount. The Bank regularly monitors the construction loan portfolio, economic conditions and housing inventory. The Bank’s property inspectors perform periodic inspections. The Bank believes that the internal monitoring system helps reduce many of the risks inherent in its construction loans.
Construction loans afford the Bank the opportunity to achieve higher interest rates and fees with shorter terms to maturity than its single-family mortgage loans. Construction loans, however, are generally considered to involve a higher degree of risk than single-family mortgage loans because of the inherent difficulty in estimating both a property’s value at completion of the project and the cost of the project. The nature of these loans is such that they are generally more difficult to evaluate and monitor. If the estimate of construction costs proves to be inaccurate, the Bank may be required to advance funds beyond the amount originally committed to permit completion of the project. If the estimate of value upon completion proves to be inaccurate, the Bank may be confronted with a project whose value is insufficient to assure full repayment. Projects may also be jeopardized by disagreements between borrowers and builders and by the failure of builders to pay subcontractors. Loans to builders to construct homes for which no purchaser has been identified carry additional risk because the payoff for the loan depends on the builder’s ability to sell the property prior to the time that the construction loan matures. The Bank has sought to address these risks by adhering to strict underwriting policies, disbursement procedures and monitoring practices. In addition, because the Bank’s construction lending is in its primary market area, changes in the local or regional economy and real estate market could adversely affect the Bank’s construction loans held for investment. During fiscal 2018 and 2017, the Bank had no charge-offs or recoveries on construction loans.
Participation Loan Purchases and Sales. In an effort to expand production and diversify risk, the Bank purchases loans and loan participations, with collateral primarily in California, which allows for greater geographic distribution outside of the Bank’s primary lending areas. The Bank generally purchases between 50% and 100% of the total loan amount. When the Bank purchases a participation loan, the lead lender will usually retain a servicing fee, thereby decreasing the loan yield. This servicing fee approximates the expense the Bank would incur if the Bank were to service the loan. All properties serving as collateral for loan participations are inspected by an employee of the Bank or a third party inspection service prior to being approved by the Loan Committee and the Bank relies upon the same underwriting criteria required for those loans originated by the Bank. The Bank purchased $13.5 million of loans to be held for investment (primarily multi-family loans) in fiscal 2018, compared to $61.7 million of purchased loans to be held for investment (primarily multi-family loans) in fiscal 2017. As of June 30, 2018, total loans serviced by other financial institutions were $20.5 million, as compared to $23.3 million at June 30, 2017. As of June 30, 2018, all loans serviced by others were performing according to their contractual payment terms.
The Bank also sells participating interests in loans when it has been determined that it is beneficial to diversify the Bank’s risk. Participation sales enable the Bank to maintain acceptable loan concentrations and comply with the Bank’s loans to one borrower policy. Generally, selling a participating interest in a loan increases the yield to the Bank on the portion of the loan that is retained. The Bank did not sell any participation loans in fiscal 2018, compared to fiscal 2017 when the Bank sold one $2.6 million construction loan participation.
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Commercial Business Loans. The Bank has a Business Banking Department that primarily serves businesses located within the Inland Empire. Commercial business loans allow the Bank to diversify its lending and increase the average loan yield. As of June 30, 2018, commercial business loans were $500,000, or 0.1% of loans held for investment, a decrease of $76,000, or 13%, during fiscal 2018 from $576,000, or 0.1% of loans held for investment at June 30, 2017. These loans represent secured and unsecured lines of credit and term loans secured by business assets.
Commercial business loans are generally made to customers who are well known to the Bank and are generally secured by accounts receivable, inventory, business equipment and/or other assets. The Bank’s commercial business loans may be structured as term loans or as lines of credit. Lines of credit are made at variable rates of interest equal to a negotiated margin above the prime rate and term loans are at a fixed or variable rate. The Bank may also require personal guarantees from financially capable parties associated with the business based on a review of personal financial statements. Commercial business term loans are generally made to finance the purchase of assets and have maturities of five years or less. Commercial lines of credit are typically made for the purpose of providing working capital and are usually approved with a term of one year or less.
Commercial business loans involve greater risk than residential mortgage loans and involve risks that are different from those associated with residential and commercial real estate loans. Real estate loans are generally considered to be collateral based lending with loan amounts based on predetermined loan to collateral value and liquidation of the underlying real estate collateral is viewed as the primary source of repayment in the event of borrower default. Although commercial business loans are often collateralized by equipment, inventory, accounts receivable or other business assets including real estate, the liquidation of collateral in the event of a borrower default is often an insufficient source of repayment because accounts receivable may not be collectible and inventories and equipment may be obsolete or of limited use. Accordingly, the repayment of a commercial business loan depends primarily on the creditworthiness of the borrower (and any guarantors), while liquidation of collateral is secondary and oftentimes an insufficient source of repayment. At June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Bank had $64,000 and $65,000 of non-performing commercial business loans, respectively, net of allowances and charge-offs. During fiscal 2018, the Bank had no charge-offs or recoveries on commercial business loans, as compared to a $75,000 net recovery during fiscal 2017.
Consumer Loans. At June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Bank’s consumer loans were $109,000 and $129,000, respectively, or less than 0.1% of the Bank’s loans held for investment at these dates. The Bank offers open-ended lines of credit on either a secured or unsecured basis. The Bank offers secured savings lines of credit which have an interest rate that is four percentage points above the COFI, which adjusts monthly. Secured savings lines of credit at June 30, 2018 and 2017 were $3,000 and $18,000, respectively.
Consumer loans potentially have a greater risk than residential mortgage loans, particularly in the case of loans that are unsecured. Consumer loan collections are dependent on the borrower’s ongoing financial stability, and thus are more likely to be adversely affected by job loss, illness or personal bankruptcy. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws, including federal and state bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount that can be recovered on such loans. The Bank had no consumer loans at June 30, 2018 and June 30, 2017. During fiscal 2018, the Bank had $4,000 of net charge-offs on consumer loans, as compared to net recoveries of $10,000 during fiscal 2017.
Mortgage Banking Activities
General. Mortgage banking involves the origination and sale of single-family mortgages (first and second trust deeds), including equity lines of credit, by PBM for the purpose of generating gains on sale of loans and fee income on the origination of loans. PBM also originates single-family loans to be held for investment. Due to the recent economic and real estate conditions and consistent with the Bank’s short-term strategy, PBM has been primarily originating loans and, to a lesser extent, purchasing loans for sale to investors. Given current pricing in the mortgage markets, the Bank sells the majority of its loans on a servicing-released basis. Generally, the level of loan sale activity and, therefore, its contribution to the Bank’s profitability depends on maintaining a sufficient volume of loan originations. Changes in the level of interest rates and the California economy affect the number of loans originated by PBM and, thus, the amount of loan sales, gain on sale of loans, net interest income and loan fees earned. The origination and purchase of loans, primarily fixed rate loans, was $1.27 billion, $1.99 billion and $2.00 billion during fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, including $85.1 million, $76.5 million and $36.6 million, respectively, of loans originated and purchased for investment. The total loan origination volume in fiscal 2018 was 36% lower than fiscal 2017, primarily due to higher mortgage interest rates which resulted in decreased in refinance activity and loans originated for home purchases.
Loan Solicitation and Processing. The Bank’s mortgage banking operations consist of both wholesale and retail loan originations. The Bank’s wholesale loan production utilizes a network of approximately 562 loan brokers approved by the Bank who originate and submit loans at a markup over the Bank’s daily published price. Accepted loans are funded and sold by the Bank. Wholesale loans originated and purchased for sale in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $506.5 million, $915.9 million and
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$940.6 million, respectively. PBM has two regional wholesale lending offices: one in Pleasanton and one in Rancho Cucamonga, California, housing wholesale originators, underwriters and processors.
PBM’s retail loan production operations utilize loan officers, underwriters and processors. PBM’s loan officers generate retail loan originations primarily through referrals from realtors, builders, employees and customers. As of June 30, 2018, PBM operated nine stand-alone retail loan production offices in Atascadero, Brea, Escondido, Glendora, Rancho Cucamonga, Riverside (3) and Roseville, California. Generally, the cost of retail operations exceeds the cost of wholesale operations as a result of the additional employees needed for retail operations. The revenue per mortgage for retail originations is, however, generally higher since the origination fees are retained by the Bank instead of the wholesale loan broker. Retail loans originated and purchased for sale in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $679.5 million, $997.1 million and $1.02 billion, respectively.
The Bank requires evidence of marketable title, lien position, loan-to-value, title insurance and appraisals on all properties. The Bank also requires evidence of fire and casualty insurance on the value of improvements. As stipulated by federal regulations, the Bank requires flood insurance to protect the property securing its interest if such property is located in a designated flood area.
Loan Commitments and Rate Locks. The Bank issues commitments for residential mortgage loans conditioned upon the occurrence of certain events. Such commitments are made with specified terms and conditions. Interest rate locks are generally offered to prospective borrowers for up to a 60-day period. The borrower may lock in the rate at any time from application until the time they wish to close the loan. Occasionally, borrowers obtaining financing in new home developments are offered rate locks for up to 120 days from application. The Bank’s outstanding commitments to originate loans to be held for sale at June 30, 2018 and 2017 were $56.9 million and $92.7 million, respectively. For additional information, see Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. When the Bank issues a loan commitment to a borrower, there is a risk to the Bank that a rise in interest rates will reduce the value of the mortgage before it can be closed and sold. To control the interest rate risk caused by mortgage banking activities, the Bank uses loan sale commitments and over-the-counter put and call option contracts related to mortgage-backed securities. If the Bank is unable to reasonably predict the amount of loan commitments which may not fund (fallout), the Bank may enter into “best-efforts” loan sale commitments. For additional information, see “Derivative Activities” below.
Loan Origination and Other Fees. The Bank may receive origination points and loan fees. Origination points are a percentage of the principal amount of the mortgage loan, which is charged to a borrower for funding a loan. The amount of points charged by the Bank ranges from 0% to 2.5%. Current accounting standards require points and fees received for originating loans held for investment (net of certain loan origination costs) to be deferred and amortized into interest income over the contractual life of the loan. Origination costs and fees for loans held for sale and loans held for investment recorded at fair value are recognized in non-interest income under gain (loss) on sale of loans, net, as incurred and not deferred. At June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Bank had $5.6 million and $5.5 million of unamortized deferred loan origination costs (net) in loans held for investment, respectively.
Loan Originations, Sales and Purchases. The Bank’s mortgage originations include loans insured by the FHA and VA as well as conventional loans. Except for loans originated as held for investment, loans originated through mortgage banking activities are intended for eventual sale into the secondary market. As such, these loans must meet the origination and underwriting criteria established by secondary market investors. The Bank sells a large percentage of the mortgage loans that it originates as whole loans to investors. The Bank also sells conforming whole loans to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. For additional information, see “Derivative Activities” on the following pages.
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The following table shows the Bank’s loan originations, purchases, sales and principal repayments during the periods indicated:

| Year Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Loans originated and purchased for sale: |  |  |
Retail originations | $ | 679,504 |  | $ | 997,142 |  | $ | 1,022,296 |
Wholesale originations | 506,492 |  | 915,896 |  | 940,573 |
Total loans originated and purchased for sale(1) | 1,185,996 |  | 1,913,038 |  | 1,962,869 |
Loans sold: |  |  |
Servicing released | (1,174,618 | ) | (1,935,349 | ) | (1,948,423 | )
Servicing retained | (27,566 | ) | (38,250 | ) | (45,798 | )
Total loans sold(2) | (1,202,184 | ) | (1,973,599 | ) | (1,994,221 | )
Loans originated for investment: |  |  |
Mortgage loans: |  |  |
Single-family | 90,434 |  | 80,280 |  | 39,177 |
Multi-family | 66,355 |  | 87,511 |  | 91,988 |
Commercial real estate | 24,749 |  | 11,989 |  | 24,061 |
Construction | 4,667 |  | 12,123 |  | 14,654 |
Other | 167 |  | — |  | 332 |
Commercial business loans | — |  | 45 |  | — |
Consumer loans | 4 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
Total loans originated for investment(3) | 186,376 |  | 191,949 |  | 170,213 |
Loans purchased for investment: |  |  |
Mortgage loans: |  |  |
Single-family | — |  | 19,516 |  | 2,233 |
Multi-family | 12,654 |  | 42,188 |  | 41,741 |
Commercial real estate | 868 |  | — |  | 1,950 |
Total loans purchased for investment(3) | 13,522 |  | 61,704 |  | 45,924 |
Loan principal repayments | (208,503 | ) | (196,993 | ) | (187,017 | )
Real estate acquired in the settlement of loans | (2,171 | ) | (1,845 | ) | (6,347 | )
Increase (decrease) in other items, net(4) | 4,480 |  | (2,267 | ) | (890 | )
Net decrease in loans held for investment and loans held for sale at fair value | $ | (22,484 | ) | $ | (8,013 | ) | $ | (9,469 | )

(1) | Includes PBM loans originated and purchased for sale during fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 totaling $1.19 billion, $1.91 billion and $1.96 billion, respectively.

(2) | Includes PBM loans sold during fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 totaling $1.20 billion, $1.97 billion and $1.99 billion, respectively.

(3) | Includes PBM loans originated and purchased for investment during fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 totaling $85.1 million, $76.5 million, and $36.6 million, respectively.

(4) | Includes net changes in undisbursed loan funds, deferred loan fees or costs, allowance for loan losses, fair value of loans held for investment, fair value of loans held for sale, advance payments of escrows and repurchases.

Mortgage loans sold to investors generally are sold without recourse other than standard representations and warranties. Generally, mortgage loans sold to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are sold on a non-recourse basis and foreclosure losses are generally the
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responsibility of the purchaser and not the Bank, except in the case of FHA and VA loans used to form Government National Mortgage Association pools, which are subject to limitations on the FHA’s and VA’s loan guarantees.
Loans previously sold by the Bank to the FHLB – San Francisco under its Mortgage Partnership Finance (“MPF”) program have a recourse provision. The FHLB – San Francisco absorbs the first four basis points of loss, and a credit scoring process is used to calculate the credit enhancement or recourse amount to the Bank once the first four basis points is exhausted. All losses above this calculated recourse amount are the responsibility of the FHLB – San Francisco in addition to the first four basis points of loss. The FHLB – San Francisco pays the Bank a credit enhancement fee on a monthly basis to compensate the Bank for accepting the recourse obligation. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Bank serviced $11.8 million and $15.1 million, respectively, of loans under this program and has established a recourse liability of $83,000 and $105,000, respectively. In fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, a net (recovery) of $(11,000), $0 and $(15,000), respectively, was realized under this program.
Occasionally, the Bank is required to repurchase loans sold to Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or other investors if it is determined that such loans do not meet the credit requirements of the investor, or if one of the parties involved in the loan misrepresented pertinent facts, committed fraud, or if such loans were 30 days past due within 120 days of the loan funding date. During fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Bank repurchased $602,000, $1.7 million and $1.7 million of single-family mortgage loans, respectively. However, additional repurchase requests were settled for an aggregate of $0, $11,000 and $470,000 in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, that did not result in the repurchase of the loan itself. In fiscal 2016, the Bank entered into a global settlement with one of the Bank’s legacy loan investors, which eliminated all past, current and future repurchase claims from this particular investor, in exchange for a one-time $400,000 payment.
Derivative Activities. Mortgage banking involves the risk that a rise in interest rates will reduce the value of a mortgage before it can be sold. This type of risk occurs when the Bank commits to an interest rate lock on a borrower’s application during the origination process and interest rates increase before the loan can be sold. Such interest rate risk also arises when mortgages are placed in the warehouse (i.e., held for sale) without locking in an interest rate for their eventual sale to the secondary market. The Bank seeks to control or limit the interest rate risk caused by mortgage banking activities. The two methods used by the Bank to help reduce interest rate risk from its mortgage banking activities are loan sale commitments and the purchase of over-the-counter put and call option contracts related to mortgage-backed securities. At various times, depending on loan origination volume and management’s assessment of projected loans which may not fund, the Bank may reduce or increase its derivative positions. If the Bank is unable to reasonably predict the amount of loan commitments which may not fund, the Bank may enter into “best-efforts” loan sale commitments rather than “mandatory” loan sale commitments. Mandatory loan sale commitments may include whole loan and/or To-Be-Announced MBS (“TBA MBS”) loan sale commitments.
Under mandatory loan sale commitments, usually with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or other investors, the Bank is obligated to sell certain dollar amounts of mortgage loans that meet specific underwriting and legal criteria before the expiration of the commitment period. These terms include the maturity of the individual loans, the yield to the purchaser, the servicing spread to the Bank (if servicing is retained) and the maximum principal amount of the individual loans. The mandatory loan sale commitments protect loan sale prices from interest rate fluctuations that may occur from the time the interest rate of the loan is established to the time of its sale. The amount of and delivery date of the loan sale commitments are based upon management’s estimates as to the volume of loans that will close and the length of the origination commitments. The mandatory loan sale commitments do not provide complete interest-rate protection, however, because of the possibility of loans which may not fund during the origination process. Differences between the estimated volume and timing of loan originations and the actual volume and timing of loan originations can expose the Bank to significant losses. If the Bank is unable to deliver the mortgage loans during the appropriate delivery period, the Bank may be required to pay a non-delivery fee or repurchase the commitments at current market prices. Similarly, if the Bank has too many loans to deliver, the Bank must execute additional loan sale commitments at current market prices, which may be unfavorable to the Bank. Generally, the Bank seeks to maintain loan sale commitments equal to the funded loans held for sale at fair value, plus those applications that the Bank has rate locked and/or committed to close, adjusted by the projected fallout. The ultimate accuracy of such projections will directly bear upon the amount of interest rate risk incurred by the Bank.
The activities described above are managed continually as markets change; however, there can be no assurance that the Bank will be successful in its effort to eliminate the risk of interest rate fluctuations between the time origination commitments are issued and the ultimate sale of the loan. The Bank completes a daily analysis, which reports the Bank’s interest rate risk position with respect to its loan origination and sale activities. The Bank’s interest rate risk management activities are conducted in accordance with a written policy that has been approved by the Bank’s Board of Directors which covers objectives, functions, instruments to be used, monitoring and internal controls. The Bank does not enter into option positions for trading or speculative purposes and
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does not enter into option contracts that could generate a financial obligation beyond the initial premium paid. The Bank does not apply hedge accounting to its derivative financial instruments; therefore, all changes in fair value are recorded in earnings.
At June 30, 2018, the Bank had no call or put option contracts outstanding. This compares to call option and put option contracts outstanding with a notional value of $2.0 million and $5.0 million, respectively at June 30, 2017. At June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Bank had outstanding mandatory loan sale commitments of $17.3 million and $21.8 million, respectively; outstanding TBA MBS trades of $100.5 million and $158.0 million, respectively; outstanding best-efforts loan sale commitments of $29.5 million and $17.2 million, respectively; and commitments to originate loans to be held for sale of $56.9 million and $92.7 million, respectively. For additional information, see Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Additionally, as of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Bank’s loans held for sale at fair value were $96.3 million and $116.5 million, respectively, which were also covered by the loan sale commitments described above. For fiscal 2018 and 2017, the Bank had a net loss of $2.1 million and a net loss of $3.4 million, respectively, attributable to the underlying derivative financial instruments used to mitigate the interest rate risk of its mortgage banking activities and the fair-value adjustment on loans held for sale.
Loan Servicing
The Bank receives fees from a variety of investors in return for performing the traditional services of collecting individual loan payments on loans sold by the Bank to such investors. At June 30, 2018, the Bank was servicing $128.4 million of loans for others, an increase from $119.3 million at June 30, 2017. The increase was primarily attributable to loans sold with servicing retained during fiscal 2018, partly offset by loan prepayments. Loan servicing includes processing payments, accounting for loan funds and collecting and paying real estate taxes, hazard insurance and other loan-related items such as private mortgage insurance. After the Bank receives the gross mortgage payment from individual borrowers, it remits to the investor a predetermined net amount based on the loan sale agreement for that mortgage.
Servicing assets are amortized in proportion to and over the period of the estimated net servicing income and are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. The fair value of servicing assets is determined by calculating the present value of the estimated net future cash flows consistent with contractually specified servicing fees. The Bank periodically evaluates servicing assets for impairment, which is measured as the excess of cost over fair value. This review is performed on a disaggregated basis, based on loan type and interest rate. Generally, loan servicing becomes more valuable when interest rates rise (as prepayments typically decrease) and less valuable when interest rates decline (as prepayments typically increase). In estimating fair values at June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Bank used a weighted average Constant Prepayment Rate (“CPR”) of 13.42% and 17.02%, respectively, and a weighted-average discount rate of 9.11% and 9.11%, respectively. The required impairment reserve against servicing assets at June 30, 2018 and 2017 was $82,000 and $158,000, respectively. In aggregate, servicing assets had a carrying value of $916,000 and a fair value of $1.0 million at June 30, 2018, compared to a carrying value of $739,000 and a fair value of $811,000 at June 30, 2017.
Rights to future income from serviced loans that exceed contractually specified servicing fees are recorded as interest-only strips. Interest-only strips are carried at fair value, utilizing the same assumptions used to calculate the value of the underlying servicing assets, with any unrealized gain or loss, net of tax, recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Interest-only strips had a fair value of $23,000, gross unrealized gains of $23,000 and no amortized cost at June 30, 2018, compared to a fair value of $31,000, gross unrealized gains of $31,000 and no amortized cost at June 30, 2017.
Delinquencies and Classified Assets
Delinquent Loans. When a mortgage loan borrower fails to make a required payment when due, the Bank initiates collection procedures. In most cases, delinquencies are cured promptly; however, if the loan remains delinquent on the 120th day for single-family loans or the 90th day for other loans, or sooner if the borrower is chronically delinquent, and after all reasonable means of obtaining the payment have been exhausted, foreclosure proceedings, according to the terms of the security instrument and applicable law, are initiated. Interest income is reduced by the full amount of accrued and uncollected interest on such loans.
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The following tables identify the Corporation’s total recorded investment in non-performing loans by type at the dates and for the periods indicated. Generally, a loan is placed on non-accrual status when it becomes 90 days past due as to principal or interest or if the loan is deemed impaired, after considering economic and business conditions and collection efforts, where the borrower’s financial condition is such that collection of the contractual principal or interest on the loan is doubtful. In addition, interest income is not recognized on any loan where management has determined that collection is not reasonably assured. A non-performing loan may be restored to accrual status when delinquent principal and interest payments are brought current and future monthly principal and interest payments are expected to be collected on a timely basis. Loans with a related allowance reserve have been individually evaluated for impairment using either a discounted cash flow analysis or, for collateral dependent loans, current appraised value less the costs to sell to establish realizable value. This evaluation may identify a specific impairment amount needed or may conclude that no reserve is needed. Loans that are not individually evaluated for impairment are included in pools of homogeneous loans for evaluation of related allowance reserves.

|  |  | At or For the Year Ended June 30, 2018
|  |  | Unpaid |  |  |  | Net | Average | Interest
|  |  | Principal | Related | Recorded |  | Recorded | Recorded | Income
(In Thousands) | Balance | Charge-offs | Investment | Allowance(1) | Investment | Investment | Recognized
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Single-family: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | With a related allowance | $ | 1,333 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,333 |  | $ | (185 | ) | $ | 1,148 |  | $ | 871 |  | $ | 51 |
|  | Without a related allowance(2) | 5,569 |  | (724 | ) | 4,845 |  | — |  | 4,845 |  | 6,767 |  | 203 |
| Total single-family | 6,902 |  | (724 | ) | 6,178 |  | (185 | ) | 5,993 |  | 7,638 |  | 254 |
| Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Without a related allowance(2) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 17 |  | 13 |
| Total commercial real estate | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 17 |  | 13 |
Commercial business loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| With a related allowance | 70 |  | — |  | 70 |  | (6 | ) | 64 |  | 75 |  | 5 |
Total commercial business loans | 70 |  | — |  | 70 |  | (6 | ) | 64 |  | 75 |  | 5 |
Total non-performing loans | $ | 6,972 |  | $ | (724 | ) | $ | 6,248 |  | $ | (191 | ) | $ | 6,057 |  | $ | 7,730 |  | $ | 272 |

(1) Consists of collectively and individually evaluated allowances, specifically assigned to the individual loan, and fair value credit adjustments.
(2) There was no related allowance for loan losses because the loans have been charged-off to their fair value or the fair value of the collateral is higher than the loan balance.
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|  |  | At or For the Year Ended June 30, 2017
|  |  | Unpaid |  |  |  | Net | Average | Interest
|  |  | Principal | Related | Recorded |  | Recorded | Recorded | Income
(In Thousands) | Balance | Charge-offs | Investment | Allowance(1) | Investment | Investment | Recognized
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Single-family: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | With a related allowance | $ | 1,821 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,821 |  | $ | (325 | ) | $ | 1,496 |  | $ | 1,702 |  | $ | 82 |
|  | Without a related allowance(2) | 7,119 |  | (886 | ) | 6,233 |  | — |  | 6,233 |  | 7,726 |  | 249 |
| Total single-family | 8,940 |  | (886 | ) | 8,054 |  | (325 | ) | 7,729 |  | 9,428 |  | 331 |
| Multi-family: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | With a related allowance | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 140 |  | 21 |
|  | Without a related allowance(2) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 312 |  | 29 |
| Total multi-family | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 452 |  | 50 |
| Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Without a related allowance(2) | 201 |  | — |  | 201 |  | — |  | 201 |  | 84 |  | 2 |
| Total commercial real estate | 201 |  | — |  | 201 |  | — |  | 201 |  | 84 |  | 2 |
Commercial business loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| With a related allowance | 80 |  | — |  | 80 |  | (15 | ) | 65 |  | 87 |  | 6 |
Total commercial business loans | 80 |  | — |  | 80 |  | (15 | ) | 65 |  | 87 |  | 6 |
Total non-performing loans | $ | 9,221 |  | $ | (886 | ) | $ | 8,335 |  | $ | (340 | ) | $ | 7,995 |  | $ | 10,051 |  | $ | 389 |

(1) Consists of collectively and individually evaluated allowances, specifically assigned to the individual loan and fair value credit adjustments.
(2) There was no related allowance for loan losses because the loans have been charged-off to their fair value or the fair value of the collateral is higher than the loan balance.
Restructured Loans. A troubled debt restructuring (“restructured loan”) is a loan which the Bank, for reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that the Bank would not otherwise consider.
The loan terms which have been modified or restructured due to a borrower’s financial difficulty, include but are not limited to:
a) A reduction in the stated interest rate.
b) An extension of the maturity at an interest rate below market.
c) A reduction in the accrued interest.
d) Extensions, deferrals, renewals and rewrites.
To qualify for restructuring, a borrower must provide evidence of their creditworthiness such as, current financial statements, their most recent income tax returns, current paystubs, current W-2s, and most recent bank statements, among other documents, which are then verified by the Bank. The Bank re-underwrites the loan with the borrower’s updated financial information, new credit report, current loan balance, new interest rate, remaining loan term, updated property value and modified payment schedule, among other considerations, to determine if the borrower qualifies.
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The following table sets forth delinquencies in the Bank’s loans held for investment as of the dates indicated, gross of collectively and individually evaluated allowances, if any:

| At June 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
| 30 – 89 Days |  | Non-performing |  | 30 - 89 Days |  | Non-performing |  | 30 - 89 Days |  | Non-performing
(Dollars In Thousands) | Number of Loans | Principal Balance of Loans |  | Number of Loans | Principal Balance of Loans |  | Number of Loans | Principal Balance of Loans |  | Number of Loans | Principal Balance of Loans |  | Number of Loans | Principal Balance of Loans |  | Number of Loans | Principal Balance of Loans
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family | 1 |  | $ | 804 |  |  | 21 |  | $ | 6,141 |  |  | 3 |  | $ | 1,035 |  |  | 27 |  | $ | 8,016 |  |  | 4 |  | $ | 1,644 |  |  | 35 |  | $ | 10,258 |
Multi-family | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2 |  | 850 |
Commercial real estate | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 201 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Commercial business loans | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 70 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 80 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 96 |
Consumer loans | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | — |
Total | 3 |  | $ | 805 |  |  | 22 |  | $ | 6,211 |  |  | 3 |  | $ | 1,035 |  |  | 29 |  | $ | 8,297 |  |  | 5 |  | $ | 1,644 |  |  | 39 |  | $ | 11,204 |

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The following table sets forth information with respect to the Bank’s non-performing assets and restructured loans, net of allowance for loan losses and fair value adjustments, at the dates indicated:

| At June 30,
(Dollars In Thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014
Loans on non-performing status (excluding restructured loans): |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |
Single-family | $ | 2,665 |  | $ | 4,668 |  | $ | 6,292 |  | $ | 7,010 |  | $ | 7,442 |
Multi-family | — |  | — |  | 709 |  | 653 |  | 1,333 |
Commercial real estate | — |  | 201 |  | — |  | 680 |  | 1,552 |
Total | 2,665 |  | 4,869 |  | 7,001 |  | 8,343 |  | 10,327 |
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Restructured loans on non-performing status: |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |
Single-family | 3,328 |  | 3,061 |  | 3,232 |  | 2,902 |  | 2,957 |
Multi-family | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,593 |  | 1,760 |
Commercial real estate | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,019 |  | 800 |
Commercial business loans | 64 |  | 65 |  | 76 |  | 89 |  | 92 |
Total | 3,392 |  | 3,126 |  | 3,308 |  | 5,603 |  | 5,609 |
Total non-performing loans | 6,057 |  | 7,995 |  | 10,309 |  | 13,946 |  | 15,936 |
Real estate owned, net | 906 |  | 1,615 |  | 2,706 |  | 2,398 |  | 2,467 |
Total non-performing assets | $ | 6,963 |  | $ | 9,610 |  | $ | 13,015 |  | $ | 16,344 |  | $ | 18,403 |
Non-performing loans as a percentage of loans held for investment, net | 0.67 | % | 0.88 | % | 1.23 | % | 1.71 | % | 2.06 | %
Non-performing loans as a percentage of total assets | 0.52 | % | 0.67 | % | 0.88 | % | 1.19 | % | 1.44 | %
Non-performing assets as a percentage of total assets | 0.59 | % | 0.80 | % | 1.11 | % | 1.39 | % | 1.66 | %

The following table describes the non-performing loans, net of allowance for loan losses and fair value adjustments, by the calendar year of origination as of June 30, 2018:

| Calendar Year of Origination
(Dollars In Thousands) | 2010 & Prior | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | YTD June 30, 2018 | Total
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family | $ | 5,906 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 87 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,993 |
Commercial business loans | 64 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 64 |
Total | $ | 5,970 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 87 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 6,057 |

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The following table describes the non-performing loans, net of allowance for loan losses and fair value adjustments, by the geographic location as of June 30, 2018:

(Dollars In Thousands) | Inland Empire | Southern California(1) | Other California(2) | Other States | Total
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |
Single-family | $ | 1,824 |  | $ | 3,038 |  | $ | 1,131 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,993 |
Commercial business loans | 64 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 64 |
Total | $ | 1,888 |  | $ | 3,038 |  | $ | 1,131 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 6,057 |

(1) | Other than the Inland Empire.

(2) | Other than the Inland Empire and Southern California.

The following table summarizes classified assets, which is comprised of classified loans, net of allowance for loan losses, and REO at the dates indicated:

| At June 30, 2018 |  | At June 30, 2017
(Dollars In Thousands) | Balance | Count |  | Balance | Count
Special mention loans: |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |
Single-family | $ | 2,584 |  | 8 |  |  | $ | 3,443 |  | 9 |
Multi-family | 3,947 |  | 3 |  |  | 272 |  | 1 |
Commercial real estate | 940 |  | 1 |  |  | — |  | — |
Total special mention loans | 7,471 |  | 12 |  |  | 3,715 |  | 10 |
Substandard loans: |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |
Single-family | 7,391 |  | 24 |  |  | 7,729 |  | 29 |
Commercial real estate | — |  | — |  |  | 201 |  | 1 |
Commercial business loans | 64 |  | 1 |  |  | 65 |  | 1 |
Total substandard loans | 7,455 |  | 25 |  |  | 7,995 |  | 31 |
Total classified loans | 14,926 |  | 37 |  |  | 11,710 |  | 41 |
Real estate owned: |  |  |  |  |
Single-family | 906 |  | 2 |  |  | 1,615 |  | 2 |
Total real estate owned | 906 |  | 2 |  |  | 1,615 |  | 2 |
Total classified assets | $ | 15,832 |  | 39 |  |  | $ | 13,325 |  | 43 |

The Bank assesses loans individually and classifies the loans as substandard non-performing when the accrual of interest has been discontinued, loans have been restructured or management has serious doubts about the future collectibility of principal and interest, even though the loans are currently performing. Factors considered in determining classification include, but are not limited to, expected future cash flows, collateral value, the financial condition of the borrower and current economic conditions. The Bank measures each non-performing loan based on Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 310, “Receivables,” establishes a collectively evaluated or individually evaluated allowance and charges off those loans or portions of loans deemed uncollectible.
For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, there were two loans that were newly modified from their original terms, re-underwritten or identified as a restructured loan, two loans (previously modified) were downgraded, while two loans were upgraded to the pass category and one loan was converted to REO. For the fiscal year ended 2017, there were no loans that were newly modified from
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their original terms, re-underwritten or identified as a restructured loan, while three loans were converted to REO. Additionally, during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, there was no restructured loan whose modification was extended beyond the initial maturity of the modification; while during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017, one restructured loan with a total balance of $85,000 had its modification extended beyond the initial maturity of the modification. As of June 30, 2018, the outstanding balance of restructured loans was $5.2 million, comprised of 11 loans. These restructured loans were classified as follows: one loan was classified as special mention and remains on accrual status ($389,000); one loan was classified as substandard and remains on accrual status ($1.4 million); and nine loans were classified as substandard on non-accrual status ($3.4 million). As of June 30, 2018, 56%, or $2.9 million of the restructured loans have a current payment status, consistent with their modified terms. The Bank upgrades restructured single-family loans to the pass category if the borrower has demonstrated satisfactory contractual payments for at least six consecutive months or 12 months for those loans that were restructured more than once and there is a reasonable assurance that the payments will continue. Once the borrower has demonstrated satisfactory contractual payments beyond 12 consecutive months, the loan is no longer categorized as a restructured loan.
The following table shows the restructured loans by type, net of allowance for loan losses, at June 30, 2018 and 2017 :

|  |  | At June 30, 2018
|  |  | Unpaid |  |  |  | Net
|  |  | Principal | Related | Recorded |  | Recorded
(In Thousands) | Balance | Charge-offs | Investment | Allowance(1) | Investment
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |
| Single-family: |  |  |  |  |
|  | With a related allowance | $ | 2,228 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,228 |  | $ | (151 | ) | $ | 2,077 |
|  | Without a related allowance(2) | 3,450 |  | (411 | ) | 3,039 |  | — |  | 3,039 |
| Total single-family | 5,678 |  | (411 | ) | 5,267 |  | (151 | ) | 5,116 |
Commercial business loans: |  |  |  |  |
| With a related allowance | 70 |  | — |  | 70 |  | (6 | ) | 64 |
Total commercial business loans | 70 |  | — |  | 70 |  | (6 | ) | 64 |
Total restructured loans | $ | 5,748 |  | $ | (411 | ) | $ | 5,337 |  | $ | (157 | ) | $ | 5,180 |

(1) Consists of collectively and individually evaluated allowances, specifically assigned to the individual loan.
(2) There was no related allowance for loan losses because the loans have been charged-off to their fair value or the fair value of the collateral is higher than the loan balance.
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|  |  | At June 30, 2017
|  |  | Unpaid |  |  |  | Net
|  |  | Principal | Related | Recorded |  | Recorded
(In Thousands) | Balance | Charge-offs | Investment | Allowance(1) | Investment
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |
| Single-family |  |  |  |  |
|  | With a related allowance | $ | 485 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 485 |  | $ | (97 | ) | $ | 388 |
|  | Without a related allowance(2) | 3,618 |  | (439 | ) | 3,179 |  | — |  | 3,179 |
| Total single-family | 4,103 |  | (439 | ) | 3,664 |  | (97 | ) | 3,567 |
Commercial business loans: |  |  |  |  |
| With a related allowance | 80 |  | — |  | 80 |  | (15 | ) | 65 |
Total commercial business loans | 80 |  | — |  | 80 |  | (15 | ) | 65 |
Total restructured loans | $ | 4,183 |  | $ | (439 | ) | $ | 3,744 |  | $ | (112 | ) | $ | 3,632 |

(1) Consists of collectively and individually evaluated allowances, specifically assigned to the individual loan.
(2) There was no related allowance for loan losses because the loans have been charged-off to their fair value or the fair value of the collateral is higher than the loan balance.
As of June 30, 2018, total non-performing assets, net of allowance for loan losses and fair value adjustments, were $7.0 million, or 0.59% of total assets, which was primarily comprised of: 21 single-family loans ($6.0 million); one commercial business loan ($64,000); and REO was comprised of two single-family properties ($906,000). As of June 30, 2018, 48%, or $2.9 million of non-performing loans had a current payment status. This compares to total non-performing assets, net of allowance for loan losses and fair value adjustments, of $9.6 million, or 0.80% of total assets, with $3.7 million, or 47%, of non-performing loans with a current payment status at June 30, 2017.
Foregone interest income, which would have been recorded for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 had the non-performing loans been current in accordance with their original terms, amounted to $88,000 and $68,000, respectively, and was not included in the results of operations for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 .
Other Loans of Concern. As of June 30, 2018, $7.5 million of loans which were not disclosed as non-performing loans were classified as special mention because known information about possible credit problems of the borrowers causes management to have some doubt as to the ability of such borrowers to comply with present loan repayment terms. Of these loans, $2.6 million were single-family mortgage loans, $3.9 million were multi-family mortgage loans and $940,000 was a commercial real estate loan. As of June 30, 2017, $3.7 million of loans which were not disclosed as non-performing loans were classified by the Bank as special mention for the same reasons. In addition, as of June 30, 2018, total substandard loans were $7.4 million of which $6.1 million were classified as non-performing loans; while as of June 30, 2017, total substandard loans were $8.0 million and all of which were classified as non-performing loans.
Foreclosed Real Estate. Real estate acquired by the Bank as a result of foreclosure or by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is classified as REO until it is sold. When a property is acquired, it is recorded at its market value less the estimated cost of sale. Subsequent declines in value are charged to operations. As of June 30, 2018, the REO balance was $906,000 (two single-family properties), all located in California, compared to $1.6 million (two single-family properties) at June 30, 2017, located in California and Arizona. In managing the real estate owned properties for quick disposition, the Bank completes the necessary repairs and maintenance to the individual properties before listing for sale, obtains new appraisals and broker price opinions (“BPO”) to determine current market listing prices, and engages local realtors who are most familiar with real estate sub-markets, among other techniques, which generally results in the quick disposition of real estate owned.
Asset Classification. The OCC has adopted various regulations regarding the problem assets of savings institutions. The regulations require that each institution review and classify its assets on a regular basis. In addition, in connection with examinations of institutions, OCC examiners have the authority to identify problem assets and, if appropriate, require them to be classified. There are three classifications for problem assets: substandard, doubtful and loss. Substandard assets have one or more defined
24

weaknesses and are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Doubtful assets have the weaknesses of substandard assets with the additional characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values questionable, and there is a high possibility of loss. An asset classified as a loss is considered uncollectible and of such little value that continuance as an asset of the institution is not warranted. If an asset or portion thereof is classified as loss, the institution establishes an individually evaluated allowance and may subsequently charge-off the amount of the asset classified as loss. A portion of the allowance for loan losses established to cover probable losses related to assets classified substandard or doubtful may be included in determining an institution’s regulatory capital. Assets that do not currently expose the institution to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories but possess weaknesses are designated as special mention and are closely monitored by the Bank.
The aggregate amounts of the Bank’s classified assets, including loans classified by the Bank as special mention, were as follows at the dates indicated:

| At June 30,
(Dollars In Thousands) | 2018 | 2017
Special mention loans | $ | 7,471 |  | $ | 3,715 |
Substandard loans | 7,455 |  | 7,995 |
Total classified loans | 14,926 |  | 11,710 |
Real estate owned, net | 906 |  | 1,615 |
Total classified assets | $ | 15,832 |  | $ | 13,325 |
Total classified assets as a percentage of total assets | 1.35 | % | 1.11 | %

Classified assets increased at June 30, 2018 from the June 30, 2017 level primarily due to the addition of three multi-family loans totaling $3.9 million classified under the special mention category, all to the same borrower. The classified assets are primarily located in Southern California.
Not all of the Bank’s classified assets are delinquent or non-performing. In determining whether the Bank’s assets expose the Bank to sufficient risk to warrant classification, the Bank may consider various factors, including the payment history of the borrower, the loan-to-value ratio, and the debt coverage ratio of the property securing the loan. After consideration of these factors, the Bank may determine that the asset in question, though not currently delinquent, presents a risk of loss that requires it to be classified or designated as special mention. In addition, the Bank’s loans held for investment may include single-family, commercial and multi-family real estate loans with a balance exceeding the current market value of the collateral which are not classified because they are performing and have borrowers who have sufficient resources to support the repayment of the loan.
Allowance for Loan Losses. The allowance for loan losses is maintained to cover losses inherent in the loans held for investment. In originating loans, the Bank recognizes that losses will be experienced and that the risk of loss will vary with, among other factors, the type of loan being made, the creditworthiness of the borrower over the term of the loan, general economic conditions and, in the case of a secured loan, the quality of the collateral securing the loan. The responsibility for the review of the Bank’s assets and the determination of the adequacy of the allowance lies with the Internal Asset Review Committee (“IAR Committee”). The Bank adjusts its allowance for loan losses by charging (crediting) its provision (recovery) for loan losses against the Bank’s operations.
The Bank has established a methodology for the determination of the provision for loan losses. The methodology is set forth in a formal policy and takes into consideration the need for a collectively evaluated allowance for groups of homogeneous loans and an individually evaluated allowance that are tied to individual problem loans. The Bank’s methodology for assessing the appropriateness of the allowance consists of several key elements.
The allowance is calculated by applying loss factors to the loans held for investment. The loss factors are applied according to loan program type and loan classification. The loss factors for each program type and loan classification are established based on an evaluation of the historical loss experience, prevailing market conditions, concentration in loan types and other relevant factors consistent with ASC 450, “Contingency”. Homogeneous loans, such as residential mortgage, home equity and consumer installment loans are considered on a pooled loan basis. A factor is assigned to each pool based upon expected charge-offs for one year. The factors for larger, less homogeneous loans, such as construction and commercial real estate loans, are based upon loss experience tracked over business cycles considered appropriate for the loan type.
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Collectively evaluated or individually evaluated allowances are established to absorb losses on loans for which full collectibility may not be reasonably assured as prescribed in ASC 310. Estimates of identifiable losses are reviewed continually and, generally, a provision (recovery) for losses is charged (credited) against operations on a quarterly basis as necessary to maintain the allowance at an appropriate level. Management presents the minutes summarizing the actions of the IAR Committee to the Bank’s Board of Directors on a quarterly basis.
Non-performing loans are charged-off to their fair market values in the period the loans, or portion thereof, are deemed uncollectible, generally after the loan becomes 150 days delinquent for real estate secured first trust deed loans and 120 days delinquent for commercial business or real estate secured second trust deed loans. For restructured loans, the charge-off occurs when the loan becomes 90 days delinquent; and where borrowers file bankruptcy, the charge-off occurs when the loan becomes 60 days delinquent. The amount of the charge-off is determined by comparing the loan balance to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral, less disposition costs, with the loan balance in excess of the estimated fair value charged-off against the allowance for loan losses. The allowance for loan losses for non-performing loans is determined by applying Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 310, “Receivables.” For restructured loans that are less than 90 days delinquent, the allowance for loan losses are segregated into (a) individually evaluated allowances for those loans with applicable discounted cash flow calculations still in their restructuring period, classified lower than pass, and containing an embedded loss component or (b) collectively evaluated allowances based on the aggregated pooling method. For non-performing loans less than 60 days delinquent where the borrower has filed bankruptcy, the collectively evaluated allowances are assigned based on the aggregated pooling method. For non-performing commercial real estate loans, an individually evaluated allowance is calculated based on the loan's fair value and if the fair value is higher than the loan balance, no allowance is required.
The IAR Committee meets quarterly to review and monitor conditions in the portfolio and to determine the appropriate allowance for loan losses. To the extent that any of these conditions are apparent by identifiable problem loans or portfolio segments as of the evaluation date, the IAR Committee’s estimate of the effect of such conditions may be reflected as an individually evaluated allowance applicable to such loans or portfolio segments. Where any of these conditions is not apparent by specifically identifiable problem loans or portfolio segments as of the evaluation date, the IAR Committee’s evaluation of the probable loss related to such condition is reflected in the general allowance. The intent of the IAR Committee is to reduce the differences between estimated and actual losses. Pooled loan factors are adjusted to reflect current estimates of charge-offs for the subsequent 12 months. Loss activity is reviewed for non-pooled loans and the loss factors are adjusted, if necessary. By assessing the probable estimated losses inherent in the loans held for investment on a quarterly basis, the Bank is able to adjust specific and inherent loss estimates based upon the most recent information that has become available.
At June 30, 2018, the Bank had an allowance for loan losses of $7.4 million, or 0.81% of gross loans held for investment, compared to an allowance for loan losses at June 30, 2017 of $8.0 million, or 0.88% of gross loans held for investment. A $536,000 recovery from the allowance for loan losses was recorded in fiscal 2018, compared to a $1.0 million recovery from the allowance for loan losses in fiscal 2017. Although management believes the best information available is used to make such (recovery) provision, future adjustments to the allowance for loan losses may be necessary and results of operations could be significantly and adversely affected if circumstances differ substantially from the assumptions used in making the determinations.
A portion of the Bank’s portfolio of first trust deed, single-family mortgage loans held for investment contain certain non-traditional underwriting characteristics (e.g. interest only, stated income, negative amortization, FICO less than or equal to 660, and/or over 30-year amortization schedule) as described in the section above entitled "Single-Family Mortgage Loans" in this Form 10-K. These loans may have a greater risk of default in comparison to single-family mortgage loans that have been underwritten with more stringent requirements. As a result, the Bank may experience higher future levels of non-performing single-family loans that may require additional allowances for loan losses and may adversely affect the Bank’s financial condition and results of operations.
While the Bank believes that it has established its existing allowance for loan losses in accordance with GAAP, there can be no assurance that regulators, in reviewing the Bank’s loan portfolio, will not recommend that the Bank significantly increase its allowance for loan losses. In addition, because future events affecting borrowers and collateral cannot be predicted with certainty, there can be no assurance that the existing allowance for loan losses is adequate or that substantial increases will not be necessary should the quality of any loans deteriorate as a result of the factors discussed above. Any material increase in the allowance for loan losses may adversely affect the Bank’s financial condition and results of operations.
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The following table sets forth an analysis of the Bank’s allowance for loan losses for the periods indicated. Where individually evaluated allowances have been established, any differences between the individually evaluated allowances and the amount of loss realized has been charged or credited to current operations.

| Year Ended June 30,
(Dollars In Thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014
Allowance at beginning of period | $ | 8,039 |  | $ | 8,670 |  | $ | 8,724 |  | $ | 9,744 |  | $ | 14,935 |
Recovery from the allowance for loan losses | (536 | ) | (1,042 | ) | (1,715 | ) | (1,387 | ) | (3,380 | )
Recoveries: |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage Loans: |  |  |  |  |
Single-family | 278 |  | 507 |  | 539 |  | 635 |  | 562 |
Multi-family | — |  | 18 |  | 1,228 |  | 360 |  | 345 |
Commercial real estate | — |  | — |  | 216 |  | — |  | — |
Construction | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 20 |
Commercial business loans | — |  | 75 |  | 85 |  | — |  | — |
Consumer loans | — |  | 13 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 2 |
Total recoveries | 278 |  | 613 |  | 2,069 |  | 996 |  | 929 |
Charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |
Single-family | (392 | ) | (199 | ) | (406 | ) | (552 | ) | (965 | )
Multi-family | — |  | — |  | — |  | (4 | ) | (1,762 | )
Commercial real estate | — |  | — |  | — |  | (73 | ) | — |
Commercial business loans | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (9 | )
Consumer loans | (4 | ) | (3 | ) | (2 | ) | — |  | (4 | )
Total charge-offs | (396 | ) | (202 | ) | (408 | ) | (629 | ) | (2,740 | )
Net (charge-offs) recoveries | (118 | ) | 411 |  | 1,661 |  | 367 |  | (1,811 | )
Allowance at end of period | $ | 7,385 |  | $ | 8,039 |  | $ | 8,670 |  | $ | 8,724 |  | $ | 9,744 |
Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of gross loans held for investment | 0.81 | % | 0.88 | % | 1.02 | % | 1.06 | % | 1.25 | %
Net charge-offs (recoveries) as a percentage of average loans receivable, net, during the period | 0.01 | % | (0.04 | )% | (0.17 | )% | (0.04 | )% | 0.21 | %

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The following table sets forth the breakdown of the allowance for loan losses by loan category at the periods indicated. Management believes that the allowance can be allocated by category only on an approximate basis. The allocation of the allowance is based upon an asset classification matrix. The allocation of the allowance to each category is not necessarily indicative of future losses and does not restrict the use of the allowance in one category to absorb losses in any other categories.

| At June 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
(Dollars In Thousands) | Amount | % of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans |  | Amount | % of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans |  | Amount | % of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans |  | Amount | % of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans |  | Amount | % of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family | $ | 2,783 |  | 34.64 | % |  | $ | 3,601 |  | 35.16 | % |  | $ | 4,933 |  | 37.93 | % |  | $ | 5,280 |  | 44.47 | % |  | $ | 5,476 |  | 48.43 | %
Multi-family | 3,492 |  | 52.38 |  |  | 3,420 |  | 52.37 |  |  | 2,800 |  | 48.59 |  |  | 2,616 |  | 42.17 |  |  | 3,142 |  | 38.60 |
Commercial real estate | 1,030 |  | 12.07 |  |  | 879 |  | 10.65 |  |  | 848 |  | 11.63 |  |  | 734 |  | 12.26 |  |  | 989 |  | 12.40 |
Construction | 47 |  | 0.82 |  |  | 96 |  | 1.75 |  |  | 31 |  | 1.71 |  |  | 42 |  | 0.99 |  |  | 35 |  | 0.37 |
Other | 3 |  | 0.02 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 7 |  | 0.04 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Commercial business loans | 24 |  | 0.06 |  |  | 36 |  | 0.06 |  |  | 43 |  | 0.08 |  |  | 43 |  | 0.08 |  |  | 92 |  | 0.16 |
Consumer loans | 6 |  | 0.01 |  |  | 7 |  | 0.01 |  |  | 8 |  | 0.02 |  |  | 9 |  | 0.03 |  |  | 10 |  | 0.04 |
Total allowance for loan losses | $ | 7,385 |  | 100.00 | % |  | $ | 8,039 |  | 100.00 | % |  | $ | 8,670 |  | 100.00 | % |  | $ | 8,724 |  | 100.00 | % |  | $ | 9,744 |  | 100.00 | %

Investment Securities Activities
Federally chartered savings institutions are permitted under federal and state laws to invest in various types of liquid assets, including U.S. Treasury obligations, securities of various federal agencies and government sponsored enterprises and of state and municipal governments, deposits at the FHLB, certificates of deposit of federally insured institutions, certain bankers’ acceptances, mortgage-backed securities and federal funds. Subject to various restrictions, federally chartered savings institutions may also invest a portion of their assets in commercial paper and corporate debt securities. Savings institutions such as the Bank are also required to maintain an investment in FHLB – San Francisco stock.
The investment policy of the Bank, established by the Board of Directors and implemented by the Bank’s Asset-Liability Committee, seeks to provide and maintain adequate liquidity, complement the Bank’s lending activities, and generate a favorable return on investment without incurring undue interest rate risk or credit risk. Investments are made based on certain considerations, such as credit quality, yield, maturity, liquidity and marketability. The Bank also considers the effect that the proposed investment would have on the Bank’s risk-based capital requirements and interest rate risk sensitivity.
At June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Bank’s investment securities portfolio was $95.3 million and $69.8 million, respectively, which primarily consisted of federal agency and government sponsored enterprise obligations. The Bank’s investment securities portfolio was classified as held to maturity and available for sale. The Corporation purchased held to maturity mortgage-backed securities totaling $53.9 million and $34.5 million during fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively.
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The following table sets forth the composition of the Bank’s investment portfolio at the dates indicated:

| At June 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
(Dollars In Thousands) | Amortized Cost | Estimated Fair Value | Percent |  | Amortized Cost | Estimated Fair Value | Percent |  | Amortized Cost | Estimated Fair Value | Percent
Held to maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS (1) | $ | 84,227 |  | $ | 83,668 |  | 88.32 | % |  | $ | 59,841 |  | $ | 60,029 |  | 85.82 | % |  | $ | 39,179 |  | $ | 39,638 |  | 76.25 | %
U.S. SBA securities(2) | 2,986 |  | 2,971 |  | 3.14 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Certificates of deposits | 600 |  | 600 |  | 0.63 |  |  | 600 |  | 600 |  | 0.86 |  |  | 800 |  | 800 |  | 1.54 |
Total investment securities - held to maturity | $ | 87,813 |  | $ | 87,239 |  | 92.09 | % |  | $ | 60,441 |  | $ | 60,629 |  | 86.68 | % |  | $ | 39,979 |  | $ | 40,438 |  | 77.79 | %
Available for sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency MBS(1) | $ | 4,234 |  | $ | 4,384 |  | 4.63 | % |  | $ | 5,197 |  | $ | 5,383 |  | 7.69 | % |  | $ | 6,308 |  | $ | 6,572 |  | 12.64 | %
U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS(1) | 2,640 |  | 2,762 |  | 2.91 |  |  | 3,301 |  | 3,474 |  | 4.97 |  |  | 3,998 |  | 4,223 |  | 8.13 |
Private issue CMO(3) | 346 |  | 350 |  | 0.37 |  |  | 456 |  | 461 |  | 0.66 |  |  | 598 |  | 601 |  | 1.16 |
Common stock(4) | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 147 |  | 147 |  | 0.28 |
Total investment securities - available for sale | $ | 7,220 |  | $ | 7,496 |  | 7.91 | % |  | $ | 8,954 |  | $ | 9,318 |  | 13.32 | % |  | $ | 11,051 |  | $ | 11,543 |  | 22.21 | %
Total investment securities | $ | 95,033 |  | $ | 94,735 |  | 100.00 | % |  | $ | 69,395 |  | $ | 69,947 |  | 100.00 | % |  | $ | 51,030 |  | $ | 51,981 |  | 100.00 | %

(1) | Mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”)

(2) | Small Business Administration ("SBA")

(3) | Collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMO”)

(4) | Common stock of a community development financial institution

As of June 30, 2018, the Bank held investments with an unrealized loss position of $777,000 for less than a 12-month period. There were no other than temporary impairments at June 30, 2018.

| Unrealized Holding Losses |  | Unrealized Holding Losses |  | Unrealized Holding Losses
(In Thousands) | Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
Description of Securities | Estimated Fair Value | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value | Unrealized Losses
U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS | $ | 47,045 |  | $ | 762 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 47,045 |  | $ | 762 |
U.S. SBA securities | 2,964 |  | 15 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2,964 |  | 15 |
Total | $ | 50,009 |  | $ | 777 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50,009 |  | $ | 777 |

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The following table sets forth the outstanding balance, maturity and weighted average yield of the investment securities at June 30, 2018:

|  | Due in One Year or Less | Due After One to Five Years | Due After Five to Ten Years | Due After Ten Years | Total
(Dollars in Thousands) |  | Amount | Yield | Amount | Yield | Amount | Yield | Amount | Yield | Amount | Yield
Held to maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS |  | $ | — |  | — | % | $ | 24,961 |  | 1.98 | % | $ | 22,847 |  | 2.04 | % | $ | 36,419 |  | 2.38 | % | $ | 84,227 |  | 2.17 | %
U.S. SBA securities |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,986 |  | 2.11 |  | 2,986 |  | 2.11 |
Certificates of deposits |  | 600 |  | 1.91 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 600 |  | 1.91 |
Total investment securities held to maturity |  | $ | 600 |  | 1.91 | % | $ | 24,961 |  | 1.98 | % | $ | 22,847 |  | 2.04 | % | $ | 39,405 |  | 2.36 | % | $ | 87,813 |  | 2.17 | %
Available for sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency MBS |  | $ | — |  | — | % | $ | — |  | — | % | $ | — |  | — | % | $ | 4,384 |  | 2.95 | % | $ | 4,384 |  | 2.95 | %
U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,762 |  | 3.78 |  | 2,762 |  | 3.78 |
Private issue CMO |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 350 |  | 3.97 |  | 350 |  | 3.97 |
Total investment securities available for sale |  | $ | — |  | — | % | $ | — |  | — | % | $ | — |  | — | % | $ | 7,496 |  | 3.30 | % | $ | 7,496 |  | 3.30 | %
Total investment securities |  | $ | 600 |  | 1.91 | % | $ | 24,961 |  | 1.98 | % | $ | 22,847 |  | 2.04 | % | $ | 46,901 |  | 2.51 | % | $ | 95,309 |  | 2.26 | %

The actual maturity and yield for MBS and CMO may differ from the stated maturity and stated yield due to scheduled amortization, loan prepayments and acceleration of premium amortization or discount accretion.
Deposit Activities and Other Sources of Funds
General. Deposits, the proceeds from loan sales and loan repayments are the major sources of the Bank’s funds for lending and other investment purposes. Scheduled loan repayments are a relatively stable source of funds, while deposit inflows and outflows are influenced significantly by general interest rates and money market conditions. Loan sales are also influenced significantly by general interest rates. Borrowings through the FHLB – San Francisco and repurchase agreements may be used to compensate for declines in the availability of funds from other sources.
Deposit Accounts. Substantially all of the Bank’s depositors are residents of the State of California. Deposits are attracted from within the Bank’s market area by offering a broad selection of deposit instruments, including checking, savings, money market and time deposits. Deposit account terms vary, differentiated by the minimum balance required, the time periods that the funds must remain on deposit and the interest rate, among other factors. In determining the terms of its deposit accounts, the Bank considers current interest rates, profitability to the Bank, interest rate risk characteristics, competition and its customers’ preferences and concerns. Generally, the Bank’s deposit rates are commensurate with the median rates of its competitors within a given market. The Bank may occasionally pay above-market interest rates to attract or retain deposits when less expensive sources of funds are not available. The Bank may also pay above-market interest rates in specific markets in order to increase the deposit base of a particular office or group of offices. The Bank reviews its deposit composition and pricing on a weekly basis.
The Bank generally offers time deposits for terms not exceeding seven years. As illustrated in the following table, time deposits represented 26% of the Bank’s deposit portfolio at June 30, 2018, compared to 29% at June 30, 2017. As of June 30, 2018, total brokered deposits were $1.6 million with a weighted average interest rate of 3.88% and remaining maturities within one year. At June 30, 2017, total brokered deposits were $1.6 million with a weighted average interest rate of 3.88% and remaining maturities within two years. The Bank attempts to reduce the overall cost of its deposit portfolio and to increase its franchise value by emphasizing transaction accounts, which are subject to a heightened degree of competition. For additional information, see Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Form 10-K.
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The following table sets forth information concerning the Bank’s weighted-average interest rate of deposits at June 30, 2018:

Weighted Average Interest Rate | Original Term | Deposit Account Type | Minimum Amount | Balance (In Thousands) | Percentage of Total Deposits
|  | Transaction accounts: |  |  |
—% | N/A | Checking accounts – non interest-bearing | $ | — |  | $ | 86,174 |  | 9.49 | %
0.11% | N/A | Checking accounts – interest-bearing | $ | — |  | 259,372 |  | 28.58 |
0.21% | N/A | Savings accounts | $ | 10 |  | 289,791 |  | 31.93 |
0.29% | N/A | Money market accounts | $ | — |  | 34,633 |  | 3.82 |
|  | Time deposits: |  |  |
0.05% | 30 days or less | Fixed-term, fixed rate | $ | 1,000 |  | 20 |  | — |
0.13% | 31 to 90 days | Fixed-term, fixed rate | $ | 1,000 |  | 5,161 |  | 0.57 |
0.85% | 91 to 180 days | Fixed-term, fixed rate | $ | 1,000 |  | 11,272 |  | 1.24 |
0.23% | 181 to 365 days | Fixed-term, fixed rate | $ | 1,000 |  | 36,861 |  | 4.06 |
0.56% | Over 1 to 2 years | Fixed-term, fixed rate | $ | 1,000 |  | 44,434 |  | 4.90 |
0.83% | Over 2 to 3 years | Fixed-term, fixed rate | $ | 1,000 |  | 24,628 |  | 2.71 |
1.54% | Over 3 to 5 years | Fixed-term, fixed rate | $ | 1,000 |  | 100,703 |  | 11.10 |
2.07% | Over 5 to 10 years | Fixed-term, fixed rate | $ | 1,000 |  | 14,549 |  | 1.60 |
0.39% |  |  |  | $ | 907,598 |  | 100.00 | %

The following table indicates the aggregate dollar amount of the Bank’s time deposits with balances of $100,000 or more differentiated by time remaining until maturity as of June 30, 2018:

Maturity Period | Amount
(In Thousands) |
Three months or less | $ | 19,274 |
Over three to six months | 13,671 |
Over six to twelve months | 25,674 |
Over twelve months | 62,555 |
Total | $ | 121,174 |

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Deposit Flows. The following table sets forth the balances (inclusive of interest credited) and changes in the dollar amount of deposits in the various types of accounts offered by the Bank at and between the dates indicated:

| At June 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017
(Dollars In Thousands) | Amount | Percent of Total | Increase (Decrease) |  | Amount | Percent of Total | Increase (Decrease)
Checking accounts – non interest-bearing | $ | 86,174 |  | 9.49 | % | $ | 8,257 |  |  | $ | 77,917 |  | 8.41 | % | $ | 6,759 |
Checking accounts – interest-bearing | 259,372 |  | 28.58 |  | (65 | ) |  | 259,437 |  | 28.00 |  | 21,458 |
Savings accounts | 289,791 |  | 31.93 |  | 3,824 |  |  | 285,967 |  | 30.86 |  | 10,657 |
Money market accounts | 34,633 |  | 3.82 |  | (690 | ) |  | 35,323 |  | 3.81 |  | 2,241 |
Time deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-term, fixed rate which mature: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Within one year | 116,333 |  | 12.82 |  | 2,387 |  |  | 113,946 |  | 12.30 |  | (34,921 | )
Over one to two years | 65,200 |  | 7.18 |  | 451 |  |  | 64,749 |  | 6.99 |  | 7,989 |
Over two to five years | 54,280 |  | 5.98 |  | (24,535 | ) |  | 78,815 |  | 8.51 |  | (13,533 | )
Over five years | 1,815 |  | 0.20 |  | (8,552 | ) |  | 10,367 |  | 1.12 |  | (513 | )
Total | $ | 907,598 |  | 100.00 | % | $ | (18,923 | ) |  | $ | 926,521 |  | 100.00 | % | $ | 137 |

Time Deposits by Rates. The following table sets forth the aggregate balance of time deposits categorized by interest rates at the dates indicated:

| At June 30,
(Dollars In Thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Below 1.00% | $ | 114,975 |  | $ | 143,133 |  | $ | 146,226 |
1.00 to 1.99% | 113,211 |  | 115,555 |  | 151,240 |
2.00 to 2.99% | 7,875 |  | 7,622 |  | 9,822 |
3.00 to 3.99% | 1,567 |  | 1,567 |  | 1,567 |
Total | $ | 237,628 |  | $ | 267,877 |  | $ | 308,855 |

Time Deposits by Maturities. The following table sets forth the aggregate dollar amount of time deposits at June 30, 2018 differentiated by interest rates and maturity:

(Dollars In Thousands) | One Year or Less | Over One to Two Years | Over Two to Three Years | Over Three to Four Years | After Four Years | Total
Below 1.00% | $ | 79,063 |  | $ | 29,847 |  | $ | 5,898 |  | $ | 84 |  | $ | 83 |  | $ | 114,975 |
1.00 to 1.99% | 34,672 |  | 34,086 |  | 20,265 |  | 13,806 |  | 10,382 |  | 113,211 |
2.00 to 2.99% | 1,031 |  | 1,267 |  | — |  | — |  | 5,577 |  | 7,875 |
3.00 to 3.99% | 1,567 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,567 |
Total | $ | 116,333 |  | $ | 65,200 |  | $ | 26,163 |  | $ | 13,890 |  | $ | 16,042 |  | $ | 237,628 |

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Deposit Activity. The following table sets forth the deposit activity of the Bank at and for the periods indicated:

| At or For the Year Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Beginning balance | $ | 926,521 |  | $ | 926,384 |  | $ | 924,086 |
Net withdrawals before interest credited | (22,418 | ) | (3,671 | ) | (2,099 | )
Interest credited | 3,495 |  | 3,808 |  | 4,397 |
Net (decrease) increase in deposits | (18,923 | ) | 137 |  | 2,298 |
Ending balance | $ | 907,598 |  | $ | 926,521 |  | $ | 926,384 |

Borrowings. The FHLB – San Francisco functions as a central reserve bank providing credit for member financial institutions. As a member, the Bank is required to own capital stock in the FHLB – San Francisco and is authorized to apply for advances using such stock and certain of its mortgage loans and other assets (principally investment securities) as collateral, provided certain creditworthiness standards have been met. Advances are made pursuant to several different credit programs. Each credit program has its own interest rate, maturity, terms and conditions. Depending on the program, limitations on the amount of advances are based on the financial condition of the member institution and the adequacy of collateral pledged to secure the credit. The Bank utilizes advances from the FHLB – San Francisco as an alternative to deposits to supplement its supply of lendable funds, to meet deposit withdrawal requirements and to help manage interest rate risk. The FHLB – San Francisco has, from time to time, served as the Bank’s primary borrowing source. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the FHLB – San Francisco borrowing capacity was limited to 35% of the Bank’s total assets at both dates. Advances from the FHLB – San Francisco are typically secured by the Bank’s single-family residential, multi-family and commercial real estate mortgage loans. Total mortgage loans pledged to the FHLB – San Francisco were $746.7 million at June 30, 2018 as compared to $733.4 million at June 30, 2017. In addition, the Bank pledged investment securities totaling $3.3 million at June 30, 2018 as compared to $451,000 at June 30, 2017 to collateralize its FHLB – San Francisco advances under the Securities-Backed Credit (“SBC”) facility. At both June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Bank had $126.2 million of borrowings from the FHLB – San Francisco with a weighted-average interest rate of 2.47% and 2.39%, respectively. At June 30, 2018, the outstanding borrowings mature between 2018 and 2025 with a weighted average maturity of 46 months. In addition to the total borrowings mentioned above, the Bank utilized its borrowing facility for letters of credit and MPF credit enhancement. The outstanding letters of credit at June 30, 2018 and 2017 was $8.0 million and $7.0 million, respectively; and the outstanding MPF credit enhancement was $2.5 million at both dates. For additional information, see Note 8 to the Corporation's audited financial statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the remaining financing availability was $275.1 million and $284.1 million, respectively, with remaining available collateral of $497.3 million and $500.9 million, respectively. In addition, as of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Bank had secured a discount window facility of $73.2 million and $63.5 million, respectively, at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, collateralized by investment securities with a fair market value of $77.9 million and $67.6 million, respectively. The Bank also has a federal funds facility with its correspondent bank for $17.0 million which matures on June 30, 2019. As of June 30, 2018, there were no outstanding borrowings under the discount window facility or the federal funds facility with the correspondent bank.
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The following table sets forth certain information regarding borrowings by the Bank at the dates and for the years indicated:

| At or For the Year Ended June 30,
(Dollars In Thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Balance outstanding at the end of period: |  |  |
FHLB – San Francisco advances | $ | 126,163 |  | $ | 126,226 |  | $ | 91,299 |
Weighted average rate at the end of period: |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB – San Francisco advances | 2.47 | % | 2.39 | % | 2.78 | %
Maximum amount of borrowings outstanding at any month end: |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB – San Francisco advances | $ | 126,163 |  | $ | 181,287 |  | $ | 91,362 |
Average short-term borrowings during the period with respect to:(1) |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB – San Francisco advances | $ | 8,687 |  | $ | 14,022 |  | $ | — |
Weighted average short-term borrowing rate during the period with respect to:(1) |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB – San Francisco advances | 2.53 | % | 0.45 | % | — | %

(1) Borrowings with a remaining term of 12 months or less.
As a member of the FHLB – San Francisco, the Bank is required to maintain a minimum investment in FHLB – San Francisco stock. The Bank held the required investment at June 30, 2018 and 2017 of $8.2 million and $8.1 million, respectively, with no excess investment at either date. In fiscal 2018 and 2017, the Bank purchased $91,000 and $14,000 of FHLB - San Francisco stock, respectively, to comply with the investment requirements but the Bank was not required to purchase any additional FHLB-San Francisco stock in fiscal 2016. The Bank received cash dividends on the FHLB – San Francisco stock in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 of $568,000, $967,000 and $721,000, respectively. The cash dividends received on the FHLB - San Francisco stock in fiscal 2017 included a special cash dividend.
Subsidiary Activities
Federal savings institutions generally may invest up to 3% of their assets in service corporations, provided that at least one-half of any amount in excess of 1% is used primarily for community, inner-city and community development projects. The Bank’s investment in its service corporations did not exceed these limits at June 30, 2018 and 2017 .
The Bank has three wholly owned subsidiaries: Provident Financial Corp (“PFC”), Profed Mortgage, Inc., and First Service Corporation. PFC’s current activities include: (i) acting as trustee for the Bank’s real estate transactions and (ii) holding real estate for investment, if any. Profed Mortgage, Inc., which formerly conducted the Bank’s mortgage banking activities, and First Service Corporation are currently inactive. At June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Bank’s investment in its subsidiaries was $28,000 and $44,000, respectively.
REGULATION
The following is a brief description of certain laws and regulations which are applicable to the Corporation and the Bank. The description of these laws and regulations, as well as descriptions of laws and regulations contained elsewhere herein, does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the applicable laws and regulations.
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Legislation is introduced from time to time in the United States Congress that may affect the Corporation’s and the Bank’s operations. In addition, the regulations governing the Corporation and the Bank may be amended from time to time by the OCC, FDIC, Federal Reserve Board, the SEC and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB"), as appropriate. Any such legislation or regulatory changes could adversely affect the operations and financial condition of the Corporation and the Bank and no prediction can be made as to whether any such changes may occur.
The Dodd-Frank Act has significantly changed the bank regulatory structure and is affecting the lending, investment, trading and operating activities of depository institutions and their holding companies. The Dodd-Frank Act eliminated the Office of Thrift Supervision, the Bank’s former federal banking regulator, and responsibility for the supervision and regulation of federal savings associations such as the Bank was transferred to the OCC July 21, 2011. The OCC is the agency that is primarily responsible for the regulation and supervision of national banks. Among other changes, the Dodd-Frank Act established the CFPB as an independent bureau of the Federal Reserve Board. The CFPB assumed responsibility for the implementation of the federal financial consumer protection and fair lending laws and regulations and has authority to impose new requirements. The Bank is subject to consumer protection regulations issued by the CFPB with respect to our compliance with consumer financial protection laws and CFPB regulations.
Many aspects of the Dodd-Frank Act are subject to delayed effective dates and/or rulemaking by the federal banking agencies. Their impact on operations cannot yet be fully assessed. However, it is likely that the Dodd-Frank Act will increase the regulatory burden, compliance costs and interest expense for the Corporation, the Bank and the financial services industry more generally.
2018 Regulatory Reform
In May 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act (the “Act”), was enacted to modify or remove certain financial reform rules and regulations, including some of those implemented under the Dodd-Frank Act. While the Act maintains most of the regulatory structure established by the Dodd-Frank Act, it amends certain aspects of the regulatory framework for small depository institutions with assets of less than $10 billion and for large banks with assets of more than $50 billion. Many of these changes could result in meaningful regulatory changes for community banks such as the Bank, and their holding companies.
The Act, among other matters, expands the definition of qualified mortgages which may be held by a financial institution and simplifies the regulatory capital rules for financial institutions and their holding companies with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion by instructing the federal banking regulators to establish a single “Community Bank Leverage Ratio” of between 8 and 10 percent. Any qualifying depository institution or its holding company that exceeds the “community bank leverage ratio” will be considered to have met generally applicable leverage and risk-based regulatory capital requirements and any qualifying depository institution that exceeds the new ratio will be considered to be “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action rules. The Act also expands the category of holding companies that may rely on the “Small Bank Holding Company and Savings and Loan Holding Company Policy Statement” by raising the maximum amount of assets a qualifying holding company may have from $1 billion to $3 billion. A major effect of this change is to exclude such holding companies from the minimum capital requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act. In addition, the Act includes regulatory relief for community banks regarding regulatory examination cycles, call reports, the Volcker Rule (proprietary trading prohibitions), mortgage disclosures and risk weights for certain high-risk commercial real estate loans.
It is difficult at this time to predict when or how any new standards under the Act will ultimately be applied to us or what specific impact the Act and the yet-to-be-written implementing rules and regulations will have on community banks.
General
The Bank, as a federally chartered savings institution, is subject to extensive regulation, examination and supervision by the OCC, as its primary federal regulator, and the FDIC, as its insurer of deposits. The Bank's relationship with its depositors and borrowers is regulated by federal consumer protection laws, and the CFPB issues regulations under those laws, which must be complied with by the Bank. The Bank is a member of the FHLB System and its deposits are insured up to applicable limits by the FDIC. The Bank must file reports with the OCC concerning its activities and financial condition in addition to obtaining regulatory approvals prior to entering into certain transactions such as mergers with, or acquisitions of, other financial institutions. There are periodic examinations by the OCC to evaluate the Bank’s safety and soundness and compliance with various regulatory requirements. Under certain circumstances, the FDIC may also examine the Bank. This regulatory structure establishes a comprehensive framework of activities in which the Bank may engage and is intended primarily for the protection of the insurance fund and depositors. The regulatory structure also gives the regulatory authorities extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies, including policies with respect to the classification of assets and the establishment of adequate
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loan loss allowances for regulatory purposes. Any change in such policies, whether by the OCC, the FDIC or Congress, could have a material adverse impact on the Corporation and the Bank and their operations. The Corporation, as a savings and loan holding company, is required to file certain reports with, is subject to examination by, and otherwise must comply with the rules and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board, its primary regulator. The Corporation is also subject to the rules and regulations of the SEC under the federal securities laws. For additional information, see “Savings and Loan Holding Company Regulations” below in this Form 10-K.
Federal Regulation of Savings Institutions
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. The OCC has extensive authority over the operations of federally chartered savings institutions. As part of this authority, the Bank is required to file periodic reports with the OCC and is subject to periodic examinations by the OCC. The OCC also has extensive enforcement authority over all federally chartered savings institutions, including the Bank. This enforcement authority includes, among other things, the ability to assess civil money penalties, issue cease-and-desist orders and initiate injunctive actions. In general, these enforcement actions may be initiated for violations of laws and regulations and unsafe or unsound practices. Other actions or inactions may provide the basis for enforcement action, including misleading or untimely reports filed with the OCC. Except under certain circumstances, public disclosure of final enforcement actions by the OCC is required by law.
All savings institutions must pay assessments to the OCC, to fund the agency’s operations. The general assessments, paid on a semi-annual basis, are determined based on the savings institution’s total assets, including consolidated subsidiaries. The Bank’s OCC annual assessments for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $281,000, $279,000 and $275,000, respectively.
Federal law provides that federally chartered savings institutions are subject to the national bank limit on loans to one borrower. A federally chartered savings institution generally may not make a loan or extend credit to a single or related group of borrowers in excess of 15% of its unimpaired capital and surplus. An additional amount may be lent, equal to 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus, if secured by specified readily marketable collateral. The Bank’s limits on loans to one borrower or group of related borrowers at June 30, 2018 and 2017 were $18.6 million and $18.9 million, respectively. At June 30, 2018, the Bank’s largest lending relationship to a single borrower or group of borrowers was comprised of three multi-family loans totaling $7.9 million, which were performing according to their original payment terms.
The OCC and the other federal banking agencies have adopted guidelines establishing safety and soundness standards on such matters as loan underwriting and documentation, asset quality, earnings, internal controls and audit systems, interest rate risk exposure and compensation and other employee benefits. Any institution that fails to comply with these standards must submit a compliance plan.
The OCC’s oversight of the Bank includes reviewing its compliance with the customer privacy requirements imposed by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (“GLBA”) and the anti-money laundering provisions of the USA Patriot Act of 2001 and regulations thereunder. The GLBA privacy requirements place limitations on the sharing of consumer financial information with unaffiliated third parties. They also require each financial institution offering financial products or services to retail customers to provide such customers with its privacy policy and with the opportunity to “opt out” of the sharing of their personal information with unaffiliated third parties. The USA Patriot Act significantly expands the responsibilities of financial institutions in preventing the use of the United States financial system to fund terrorist activities. Its anti-money laundering provisions require financial institutions operating in the United States to develop anti-money laundering compliance programs and due diligence policies and controls to ensure the detection and reporting of money laundering. These compliance programs are intended to supplement existing compliance requirements under the Bank Secrecy Act and the Office of Foreign Assets Control Regulations.
Federal Home Loan Bank System. The Bank is a member of the FHLB – San Francisco, which is one of 11 regional FHLBs, each of which serves as a reserve or central bank for its members within its assigned region. The FHLB - San Francisco is funded primarily from proceeds derived from the sale of consolidated obligations of the FHLB System. It makes loans or advances to members in accordance with policies and procedures, established by the Board of Directors of the FHLB, which are subject to the oversight of the Federal Housing Finance Agency. All advances from the FHLB are required to be fully secured by sufficient collateral as determined by the FHLB - San Francisco. In addition, all long-term advances are required to provide funds for residential home financing. At June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Bank had $126.2 million and $126.2 million of outstanding advances, respectively, from the FHLB – San Francisco with a remaining available credit facility of $275.1 million and $284.1 million, respectively, based on 35% of total assets for both dates, which is limited to available collateral. For additional information, see “Business – Deposit Activities and Other Sources of Funds – Borrowings” above in this Form 10-K.
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As a member of the FHLB - San Francisco, the Bank is required to purchase and maintain stock in the FHLB – San Francisco. At June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Bank held $8.2 million and $8.1 million of FHLB-San Francisco stock, respectively, which was in compliance with this membership requirement. During fiscal 2018 and 2017, there was no excess capital redemption. In fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, the FHLB – San Francisco distributed $568,000, $967,000 and $721,000 of cash dividends, respectively, to the Bank. There is no guarantee in the future that the FHLB – San Francisco will pay cash dividends or redeem excess capital stock held by its members.
Under federal law, the FHLB - San Francisco is required to contribute to low and moderately priced housing programs through direct loans or interest subsidies on advances targeted for community investment and low and moderate income housing projects. These contributions have in the past adversely affected the level of dividends paid by the FHLB - San Francisco and could continue to do so in the future. These contributions also could have an adverse effect on the value of FHLB - San Francisco stock in the future. A reduction in value of the Bank's FHLB - San Francisco stock may result in a corresponding reduction in the Bank’s capital.
Insurance of Accounts and Regulation by the FDIC. The Bank’s deposits are insured up to applicable limits by the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”) of the FDIC. Deposits are insured up to $250,000 per account owner by the FDIC, backed by the full faith and credit of the United States Government. As insurer, the FDIC imposes deposit insurance premiums and is authorized to conduct examinations of and to require reporting by FDIC insured institutions. It may prohibit any FDIC insured institution from engaging in any activity the FDIC determines by regulation or order to pose a serious risk to the insurance fund. The FDIC also has the authority to initiate enforcement actions against savings institutions, after giving the OCC an opportunity to take such action, and may terminate the savings institution's deposit insurance if it determines that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices or is in an unsafe or unsound condition. Management of the Bank is not aware of any practice, condition or violation that might lead to termination of the Bank's deposit insurance.
The FDIC imposes an assessment for deposit insurance on all depository institutions. Under the FDIC’s risk-based assessment system, insured institutions are assigned to risk categories based on supervisory evaluations, regulatory capital levels and certain other factors. An institution’s assessment rate depends upon the category to which it is assigned and certain adjustments specified by FDIC regulations, with institutions deemed less risky paying lower assessments. Currently, assessment rates (inclusive of certain possible adjustments) range from 1.5 to 40 basis points of each institution’s total assets less tangible capital (subject to upward adjustment for certain debt). The FDIC may increase or decrease the scale uniformly, except that no adjustment can deviate more than two basis points from the base scale without notice and comment rulemaking. The FDIC’s current system represents a change, required by the Dodd-Frank Act, from its prior practice of basing the assessment on an institution’s volume of deposits.
The Dodd-Frank Act increased the minimum reserve ratio (the ratio of the DIF to estimated insured deposits) from 1.15% to 1.35%. The FDIC must achieve the 1.35% reserve ratio by September 30, 2020 with insured institutions with assets of $10 billion or more funding the increase. The Dodd-Frank Act gave the FDIC the authority to set a designated reserve ratio annually, which the FDIC currently has set at 2%, to be reached over time.
The FDIC has authority to increase insurance assessments. Any significant increases would have an adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of the Bank. No predictions can be made as to what assessment rates will be in the future.
In addition to the assessment for deposit insurance, institutions are required to pay assessments relating to bonds issued in the late 1980s to recapitalize a predecessor deposit insurance fund. These assessments will continue until the bonds mature in the years 2017 through 2019. During the four quarters ended June 30, 2018, the average annualized rate for these assessments was 44 basis points.
Qualified Thrift Lender Test. All savings institutions, including the Bank, are required to meet a qualified thrift lender (“QTL”) test to avoid certain restrictions on their operations. This test requires a savings institution to have at least 65% of its total assets as defined by regulation, in qualified thrift investments on a monthly average for nine out of every 12 months on a rolling basis. As an alternative, a savings institution may maintain 60% of its assets in those assets specified in Section 7701(a)(19) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“Code”). Under either test, such assets primarily consist of residential housing related loans and investments.
A savings institution that fails to meet the QTL test is subject to certain operating restrictions and the Dodd-Frank Act also specifies that failing the test is a violation of law that could result in an enforcement action and dividend limitations. As of June 30, 2018,
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the Bank maintained 92.1% of its portfolio assets in qualified thrift investments and, therefore, met the qualified thrift lender test. During fiscal 2018 and 2017, the Bank was in compliance with the QTL test as of each month end.
Capital Requirements. Regulatory capital requirements apply to all depository institutions, top-tier bank holding companies with total consolidated assets of $1 billion or more and top-tier savings and loan holding companies.
The Bank is subject to the capital requirements adopted by the OCC, and the Corporation is subject to the same capital requirements adopted by the Federal Reserve Board. These requirements include minimum risk-based ratios for common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital, Tier 1 capital, and total capital ratio based on risk-weightings of assets; a Tier 1 leverage capital ratio; and an additional capital conservation buffer over the required risk-based capital ratios. Under the capital regulations, to meet the minimum capital ratios plus the capital conservation buffer applicable to the Bank for calendar 2018, the Bank must have a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4% and exceed the following ratios: (i) a CETI capital ratio of 6.375%; (ii) a Tier 1 capital ratio of 7.875%; and (iii) a total capital ratio of 9.875%.
Certain changes in what constitutes regulatory capital are subject to transition periods. Mortgage servicing rights and deferred tax assets over designated percentages of CET1 are also deducted from capital subject to a transition period ending December 31, 2017. In addition, Tier 1 capital includes accumulated other comprehensive income, which includes all unrealized gains and losses on available for sale debt, equity securities and interest-only strips, subject to a transition period ending December 31, 2017. Because of our asset size, we were given a one-time option to permanently opt-out of the inclusion of unrealized gains and losses on available for sale debt, equity securities and interest-only strips in our capital calculations. We elected to exercise this option to opt-out in order to reduce the impact of market volatility on our regulatory capital levels.
As noted above, in addition to the minimum risk-based capital ratios, the Bank must maintain a capital conservation buffer consisting of additional CET1 capital greater than 2.5% of risk-weighted assets above the required minimum levels in order to avoid limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases, and paying discretionary bonuses based on percentages of eligible retained income that could be utilized for such actions. The phase-in of the capital conservation buffer requirement began in January 2016 at 0.625% of risk-weighted assets and the requirement increases each year until it is fully implemented in January 2019. Failure to maintain the required capital conservation buffer will limit the ability of the Bank to pay dividends, repurchase shares or pay discretionary bonuses. If the Bank does not have the ability to pay dividends to the Corporation, the Corporation may be limited in its ability to pay dividends to its stockholders.
Under the current standards, in order to be considered well-capitalized, the Bank must have a CET1 capital ratio of 6.5%, a Tier 1 capital ratio of 8%, a total capital ratio of 10% and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5% and must not be subject to an order from the OCC mandating a specific capital ratio for the Bank. As of June 30, 2018, the most recent notification from the OCC categorized the Bank as “well capitalized” under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. See Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. An institution that is not well-capitalized is subject to certain restrictions on brokered deposits and the rates it can pay on deposits.
Prompt Corrective Action. The OCC is required to take certain supervisory actions against undercapitalized savings institutions, the severity of which depends upon the institution's degree of undercapitalization. Subject to a narrow exception, the OCC is required to appoint a receiver or conservator for a savings institution that is "critically undercapitalized." OCC regulations also require that a capital restoration plan be filed with the OCC within 45 days of the date a savings institution receives notice that it is "undercapitalized," "significantly undercapitalized" or "critically undercapitalized." In addition, numerous mandatory supervisory actions become immediately applicable to an undercapitalized institution, including, but not limited to, increased monitoring by regulators and restrictions on growth, capital distributions and expansion. “Significantly undercapitalized” and “critically undercapitalized” institutions are subject to more extensive mandatory regulatory actions. The OCC also may take any one of a number of discretionary supervisory actions, including the issuance of a capital directive and the replacement of senior executive officers and directors.
Limitations on Capital Distributions. OCC regulations impose various restrictions on savings institutions on their ability to make distributions of capital, which include dividends, stock redemptions or repurchases, cash-out mergers and other transactions charged to the capital account. Generally, savings institutions, such as the Bank, that before and after the proposed distribution are well-capitalized, may make capital distributions during any calendar year up to 100% of net income for the year-to-date plus retained net income for the two preceding years. However, an institution deemed to be in need of more than normal supervision or in troubled condition by the OCC may have its dividend authority restricted by the OCC. If the Bank, however, proposes to make a capital distribution when it does not meet its capital requirements (or will not following the proposed capital distribution) or that will exceed these net income-based limitations, it must obtain the OCC's approval prior to making such distribution. In
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addition, the Bank must file a prior written notice of a dividend with the Federal Reserve Board. The Federal Reserve Board or the OCC may object to a capital distribution based on safety and soundness concerns. Further restrictions on Bank dividends may apply if the Bank fails the QTL test. In addition, as noted above, if the Bank does not have the required capital conservation buffer, its ability to pay dividends to the Corporation will be limited, which may limit the ability of the Corporation to pay dividends to its stockholders.
Activities of Savings Associations and Their Subsidiaries. When a savings institution establishes or acquires a subsidiary or elects to conduct any new activity through a subsidiary that the association controls, the savings institution must seek approval or notify the FDIC and the OCC 30 days in advance and provide the required information. Savings institutions also must conduct the activities of subsidiaries in accordance with existing regulations and orders.
The OCC may determine that the continuation by a savings institution of its ownership, control of, or its relationship to, the subsidiary constitutes a serious risk to the safety, soundness or stability of the savings institution or is inconsistent with sound banking practices or with the purposes of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. Based upon that determination, the FDIC or the OCC has the authority to order the savings institution to divest itself of control of the subsidiary. The FDIC also may determine by regulation or order that any specific activity poses a serious threat to the DIF. If so, it may require that no DIF member engage in that activity directly.
Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders. The Bank’s authority to engage in transactions with “affiliates” is limited by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act as implemented by the Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation W. The term “affiliates” for these purposes generally means any company that controls or is under common control with an institution. The Corporation and its non-savings institution subsidiaries are affiliates of the Bank. In general, transactions with affiliates must be on terms that are as favorable to the institution as comparable transactions with non-affiliates. In addition, certain types of transactions are restricted to an aggregate percentage of the institution’s capital. Collateral in specified amounts must be provided by affiliates in order to receive loans from an institution. Savings institutions are prohibited from lending to any affiliate that is engaged in activities that are not permissible for bank holding companies and no savings institution may purchase the securities of any affiliate other than a subsidiary. Federally insured depository institutions are subject to certain restrictions on extensions of credit to their parent holding companies or other affiliates, on investments in the stock or other securities of affiliates and on the taking of such stock or securities as collateral from any borrower. In addition, these institutions are prohibited from engaging in certain tying arrangements in connection with any extension of credit or the providing of any property or service.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) generally prohibits the Corporation from making loans to its executive officers and directors. However, that act contains a specific exception for loans by a depository institution to its executive officers and directors, if the lending is in compliance with federal banking laws. Under such laws, the Bank’s authority to extend credit to executive officers, directors and 10% stockholders (“insiders”), as well as entities which such persons control, is limited. The law restricts both the individual and aggregate amount of loans the Bank may make to insiders based, in part, on the Bank’s capital position and requires certain Board approval procedures to be followed. Such loans must be made on terms substantially the same as those offered to unaffiliated individuals and not involve more than the normal risk of repayment. There is an exception for loans made pursuant to a benefit or compensation program that is widely available to all employees of the institution and does not give preference to insiders over other employees. There are additional restrictions applicable to loans to executive officers.
Community Reinvestment Act and Consumer Protection Laws. Under the Community Reinvestment Act, every FDIC-insured institution has a continuing and affirmative obligation consistent with safe and sound banking practices to help meet the credit needs of its entire community, including low and moderate income neighborhoods. The Community Reinvestment Act does not establish specific lending requirements or programs for financial institutions nor does it limit an institution's discretion to develop the types of products and services that it believes are best suited to its particular community, consistent with the Community Reinvestment Act. The Community Reinvestment Act requires the OCC, in connection with the examination of the Bank, to assess the institution’s record of meeting the credit needs of its community and to take such record into account in its evaluation of certain applications, such as a merger or the establishment of a branch, by the Bank. The OCC may use an unsatisfactory rating as the basis for the denial of an application. Due to heightened attention to the Community Reinvestment Act in the past few years, the Bank may be required to devote additional funds for investment and lending in its local community. The Bank received a rating of satisfactory when it was last examined for Community Reinvestment Act compliance.
In connection with its deposit-taking, lending and other activities, the Bank is subject to a number of federal laws designed to protect consumers and promote lending to various sectors of the economy and population. The CFPB issues regulations and standards under these federal consumer protection laws, which include, among others, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Truth-in-Lending Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act and the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act. Through its rulemaking
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authority, the CFPB has promulgated many final regulations under these laws that affect our consumer businesses. Among these regulatory initiatives, are final regulations setting “ability to repay” and “qualified mortgage” standards for residential mortgage loans and establishing new mortgage loan servicing and loan originator compensation standards. The Bank devotes substantial compliance, legal and operational business resources to ensure compliance with these consumer protection standards. In addition, the OCC has enacted customer privacy regulations that limit the ability of the Bank to disclose nonpublic consumer information to non-affiliated third parties. The regulations require disclosure of privacy policies and allow consumers to prevent certain personal information from being shared with non-affiliated parties.
Bank Secrecy Act/Anti-Money Laundering Laws. The Bank is subject to the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering laws and regulations, including the USA Patriot Act of 2001. These laws and regulations require the Bank to implement policies, procedures, and controls to detect, prevent, and report money laundering and terrorist financing and to verify the identity of their customers. Violations of these requirements can result in substantial civil and criminal sanctions. In addition, provisions of the USA Patriot Act require the federal financial institution regulatory agencies to consider the effectiveness of a financial institution's anti-money laundering activities when reviewing mergers and acquisitions.
Regulatory and Criminal Enforcement Provisions. The OCC has primary enforcement responsibility over federally chartered savings institutions and has the authority to bring action against all “institution-affiliated parties,” including stockholders, attorneys, appraisers and accountants who knowingly or recklessly participate in wrongful action likely to have an adverse effect on an insured institution. Formal enforcement action may range from the issuance of a capital directive or cease-and-desist order to removal of officers or directors, receivership, conservatorship or termination of deposit insurance. Civil penalties cover a wide range of violations and can be nearly $2.0 million per day per violation in especially egregious cases. The FDIC has the authority to recommend to the OCC that an enforcement action be taken with respect to a particular savings institution. If the OCC does not take action, the FDIC has authority to take such action under certain circumstances. Federal law also establishes criminal penalties for certain violations.
Environmental Issues Associated with Real Estate Lending. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”), a federal statute, generally imposes strict liability on all prior and present "owners and operators" of sites containing hazardous waste. However, Congress acted to protect secured creditors by providing that the term "owner and operator" excludes a person whose ownership is limited to protecting its security interest in the site. Since the enactment of the CERCLA, this “secured creditor exemption” has been the subject of judicial interpretations which have left open the possibility that lenders could be liable for cleanup costs on contaminated property that they hold as collateral for a loan.
To the extent that legal uncertainty exists in this area, all creditors, including the Bank, that have made loans secured by properties with potential hazardous waste contamination (such as petroleum contamination) could be subject to liability for cleanup costs, which costs often substantially exceed the value of the collateral property.
Other Consumer Protection Laws and Regulations. The Bank is subject to a broad array of federal and state consumer protection laws and regulations that govern almost every aspect of its business relationships with consumers. While the list set forth below is not exhaustive, these include the GLBA, USA Patriot Act, the Truth-in-Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Electronic Fund Transfers Act, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Right to Financial Privacy Act, the Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act, the Fair Credit Billing Act, the Homeowners Protection Act, the Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act, laws governing flood insurance, laws governing consumer protections in connection with the sale of insurance, federal and state laws prohibiting unfair and deceptive business practices, and various regulations that implement some or all of the foregoing. These laws and regulations mandate certain disclosure requirements and regulate the manner in which financial institutions must deal with customers when taking deposits, making loans, collecting loans, and providing other services. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations can subject the Bank to various penalties, including but not limited to, enforcement actions, injunctions, fines, civil liability, criminal penalties, punitive damages, and the loss of certain contractual rights.
Savings and Loan Holding Company Regulation
General. As a savings and loan holding company, the Corporation is subject to the regulatory oversight of the Federal Reserve Board. Accordingly, the Corporation is required to register and file reports with the Federal Reserve Board and is subject to regulation and examination by the Federal Reserve Board. In addition, the Federal Reserve Board has enforcement authority over the Corporation and its non-savings institution subsidiaries, which also permits the Federal Reserve Board to restrict or prohibit
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activities that are determined to present a serious risk to the subsidiary savings institution. In accordance with the Dodd-Frank Act, the federal banking regulators must require any company that controls an FDIC-insured depository institution to serve as a source of strength for the institution, with the ability to provide financial assistance if the institution suffers financial distress. These and other Federal Reserve Board policies and regulations may restrict the Corporation’s ability to pay dividends.
Capital Requirements. The Corporation is subject to regulatory capital requirements adopted by the Federal Reserve Board, which generally are the same as the capital requirements for the Bank. These capital requirements include provisions that might impact the ability of the Corporation to pay dividends to its stockholders or repurchase its shares. For a description of the capital regulations, see “Federal Regulation of Savings Institutions - Capital Requirements” above.
Activities Restrictions. The GLBA provides that no company may acquire control of a savings association after May 4, 1999 unless it engages only in the financial activities permitted for financial holding companies under the law or for multiple savings and loan holding companies as described below. The GLBA also specifies, subject to a grandfather provision, that existing savings and loan holding companies may only engage in such activities. The Corporation qualifies for the grandfathering and is therefore not restricted in terms of its activities. Upon any non-supervisory acquisition of another savings association as a separate subsidiary, the Corporation would become a multiple savings and loan holding company and would be limited to those activities permitted multiple savings and loan holding companies by Federal Reserve Board regulation. Multiple savings and loan holding companies may engage in activities permitted for financial holding companies, and certain other activities including acting as a trustee under a deed of trust and real estate investments.
If the Bank fails the QTL test, the Corporation must, within one year of that failure, register as, and become subject to the restrictions applicable to bank holding companies. For additional information, see “Federal Regulation of Savings Institutions – Qualified Thrift Lender Test” in this Form 10-K.
Mergers and Acquisitions. The Corporation must obtain approval from the Federal Reserve Board before acquiring more than 5% of the voting stock of another savings institution or savings and loan holding company or acquiring such an institution or holding company by merger, consolidation or purchase of its assets. In evaluating an application for the Corporation to acquire control of a savings institution, the Federal Reserve Board would consider the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the Corporation and the target institution, the effect of the acquisition on the risk to the DIF, the convenience and the needs of the community and competitive factors.
The Federal Reserve Board may not approve any acquisition that would result in a multiple savings and loan holding company controlling savings institutions in more than one state, subject to two exceptions; (i) the approval of interstate supervisory acquisitions by savings and loan holding companies and (ii) the acquisition of a savings institution in another state if the laws of the states of the target savings institution specifically permit such acquisitions. The states vary in the extent to which they permit interstate savings and loan holding company acquisitions.
Acquisition of the Company. Any company, except a bank holding company, that acquires control of a savings association or savings and loan holding company becomes a “savings and loan holding company” subject to registration, examination and regulation by the Federal Reserve and must obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve under the Savings and Loan Holding Company Act before obtaining control of a savings association or savings and loan holding company. A bank holding company must obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve under the Bank Holding Company Act before obtaining control of a savings association or savings and loan holding company and remains subject to regulation under the Bank Holding Company Act. The term “company” includes corporations, partnerships, associations, and certain trusts and other entities. “Control” of a savings association or savings and loan holding company is deemed to exist if a company has voting control, directly or indirectly of more than 25% of any class of the savings association’s voting stock or controls in any manner the election of a majority of the directors of the savings association or savings and loan holding company, and may be presumed under other circumstances, including, but not limited to, holding 10% or more of a class of voting securities if the institution has a class of registered securities, as the Corporation has. Control may be direct or indirect and may occur through acting in concert with one or more other persons. In addition, a savings and loan holding company must obtain Federal Reserve approval prior to acquiring voting control of more than 5% of any class of voting stock of another savings association or another savings association holding company. A similar provision limiting the acquisition by a bank holding company of 5% or more of a class of voting stock of any company is included in the Bank Holding Company Act.
Accordingly, the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board would be required:

• | before any savings and loan holding company or bank holding company could acquire 5% or more of the common stock of the Corporation; and

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• | before any other company could acquire 25% or more of the common stock of the Corporation, and may be required for an acquisition of as little as 10% of such stock.

In addition, persons that are not companies are subject to the same or similar definitions of control with respect to savings and loan holding companies and savings associations and requirements for prior regulatory approval by the Federal Reserve in the case of control of a savings and loan holding company or by the OCC in the case of control of a savings association not obtained through control of a holding company of such savings association.
Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was enacted in 2002 in response to public concerns regarding corporate accountability in connection with certain accounting scandals. The stated goals of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act were to increase corporate responsibility, to provide for enhanced penalties for accounting and auditing improprieties at publicly traded companies and to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures pursuant to the securities laws. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act generally applies to all companies that file or are required to file periodic reports with the SEC, under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including the Corporation.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act includes very specific additional disclosure requirements and corporate governance rules, requires the SEC and securities exchanges to adopt extensive additional disclosures, corporate governance and related rules and mandates. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act represents significant federal involvement in matters traditionally left to state regulatory systems, such as the regulation of the accounting profession, and to state corporate law, such as the relationship between a board of directors and management and between a board of directors and its committees. As noted above, the Dodd-Frank Act imposes additional disclosure and corporate government requirements and represents further federal involvement in matters historically addressed by state corporate law.
Dividends and Stock Repurchases. Savings and loan holding companies are subject to Federal Reserve policies which call for companies to operate with capital levels well above minimum rations and notifying the Federal Reserve in advance for consultation with respect to a dividend that exceeds earnings for the relevant period, a material increase in stock dividends, and dividends or repurchases in circumstances that could raise supervisory concerns. Examples of such circumstances include without limitation a dividend that could adversely change the company’s capital structure; a dividend when the company does not meet or is at risk of not meeting its capital requirements; a repurchase of stock that would reduce the amount of stock outstanding at the end of a quarter as compared to the beginning of the quarter and other repurchases that could materially affect the level or composition of the company’s capital base.
As discussed above, the capital conservation buffer requirements can limit the ability of a savings and loan holding company to pay dividends.
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010: On July 21, 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act was signed into law. The Dodd-Frank-Act imposes various restrictions and an expanded framework of regulatory oversight for financial institutions, including depository institutions and implements capital regulations discussed above under “2018 Regulatory Reform" and "Federal Regulation of Savings Institutions - Capital Requirements." For certain of provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act, the implementing regulations have not been promulgated, or amendments to current regulations are required under the Act or have otherwise been proposed, so the full impact of the Dodd-Frank Act on public companies cannot be determined at this time.
TAXATION
Federal Taxation
General. The Corporation and the Bank report their income on a fiscal year basis using the accrual method of accounting and are subject to federal income taxation in the same manner as other corporations with some exceptions, including particularly the Bank’s reserve for bad debts discussed below. The following discussion of tax matters is intended only as a summary and does not purport to be a comprehensive description of the tax rules applicable to the Bank or the Corporation. On December 22, 2017, the U.S. Government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act amends the Internal Revenue Code to reduce tax rates and modify policies, credits, and deductions for individuals and businesses. For businesses, the Tax Act reduces the corporate federal income tax rate from a maximum of 35% to a flat 21%. The corporate federal income tax rate reduction was effective January 1, 2018. Since the Corporation has a fiscal year end of June 30th, the reduced federal corporate income tax rate for fiscal year 2018 was the result of the application of a blended federal statutory tax
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rate of 28.06%, which was based on the applicable tax rates before and after the Tax Act and corresponding number of days in the fiscal year before and after enactment, and then will be a flat 21% corporate income tax rate for fiscal 2019 and thereafter.
Other major changes include expensing of equipment investment; elimination of personal and dependent exemptions, the tax on people who do not obtain adequate health insurance coverage, and the corporate alternative minimum tax; and increases in the standard deduction, the estate tax exemption, and the individual alternative minimum tax exemption.
Tax Bad Debt Reserves. As a result of legislation enacted in 1996, the reserve method of accounting for bad debt reserves was repealed for tax years beginning after December 31, 1995. Due to such repeal, the Bank is no longer able to calculate its deduction for bad debts using the percentage-of-taxable-income or the experience method. Instead, the Bank is permitted to deduct as bad debt expense its specific charge-offs during the taxable year. In addition, the legislation required savings institutions to recapture into taxable income, over a six-year period, their post 1987 additions to their bad debt tax reserves. As of the effective date of the legislation, the Bank had no post 1987 additions to its bad debt tax reserves. As of June 30, 2018, the Bank’s total pre-1988 bad debt reserve for tax purposes was approximately $9.0 million. Under current law, a savings institution will not be required to recapture its pre-1988 bad debt reserve unless the Bank makes a “non-dividend distribution” as defined below. Currently, the Corporation uses the specific charge-off method to account for bad debt deductions for income tax purposes.
Distributions. In the event that the Bank makes “non-dividend distributions” to the Corporation that are considered as made from the reserve for losses on qualifying real property loans, to the extent the reserve for such losses exceeds the amount that would have been allowed under the experience method or from the supplemental reserve for losses on loans (“Excess Distributions”), then an amount based on the amount distributed will be included in the Bank’s taxable income. Non-dividend distributions include distributions in excess of the Bank’s current and accumulated earnings and profits, distributions in redemption of stock, and distributions in partial or complete liquidation. However, dividends paid out of the Bank’s current or accumulated earnings and profits, as calculated for federal income tax purposes, will not be considered to result in a distribution from the Bank’s bad debt reserve. Thus, any dividends to the Corporation that would reduce amounts appropriated to the Bank’s bad debt reserve and deducted for federal income tax purposes would create a tax liability for the Bank. The amount of additional taxable income attributable to an Excess Distribution is an amount that, when reduced by the tax attributable to the income, is equal to the amount of the distribution. Thus, if the Bank makes a “non-dividend distribution,” then approximately one and one-half times the amount distributed will be included in taxable income for federal income tax purposes. For additional information, see "Regulation - Federal Regulation of Savings Institutions - Limitations on Capital Distributions” in this Form 10-K for limits on the payment of dividends by the Bank. The Bank does not intend to pay dividends that would result in a recapture of any portion of its tax bad debt reserve. During fiscal 2018, the Bank declared and paid $5.0 million of cash dividends to the Corporation while the Corporation declared and paid $4.2 million of cash dividends to shareholders.
Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax. The Code imposes a tax on alternative minimum taxable income (“AMTI”) at a rate of 20%. In addition, only 90% of AMTI can be offset by net operating loss carryovers. AMTI is increased by an amount equal to 75% of the amount by which the Corporation’s adjusted current earnings exceeds its AMTI (determined without regard to this preference and prior to reduction for net operating losses).
Tax Effect from Stock-Based Compensation. During fiscal 2018, there were 3,000 shares of restricted common stock distributed to non-employee members of the Corporation’s Board of Directors and 7,500 shares of restricted common stock distributed to employees, while 2,000 shares of restricted common stock were forfeited. Also, there were 54,000 shares of non-qualified stock options exercised and 29,750 shares of incentive stock options exercised as disqualifying dispositions, while 24,900 shares of non-qualified stock options expired during fiscal 2018. As a result, there was a $144,000 federal tax benefit effect from stock-based compensation in fiscal 2018.
Other Matters. The Internal Revenue Service has audited the Bank’s income tax returns through 1996 and the California Franchise Tax Board has audited the Bank through 1990. Also, the Internal Revenue Service completed a review of the Corporation’s income tax returns for fiscal 2006 and 2007; and the California Franchise Tax Board completed a review of the Corporation’s income tax returns for fiscal 2009 and 2010. Fiscal years 2015 and forward remain subject to federal examination, while the California state tax returns for fiscal years 2014 and forward are subject to examination by state taxing authorities.
State Taxation
California. The California franchise tax rate applicable to the Bank, equals the franchise tax rate applicable to corporations generally, plus an “in lieu” rate of 2%, which is approximately equal to personal property taxes and business license taxes paid by such corporations (but not generally paid by banks or financial corporations such as the Corporation). At June 30, 2018 and 2017,
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the Corporation’s net state tax rate was 7.8% and 7.1%, respectively. Bad debt deductions are available in computing California franchise taxes using the specific charge-off method. The Bank and its California subsidiaries file California franchise tax returns on a combined basis. The Corporation will be treated as a general corporation subject to the general corporate tax rate. There was a $62,000 state tax benefit effect from stock-based compensation in fiscal 2018, as described above in the section entitled "Federal Taxation."
Delaware. As a Delaware holding company not earning income in Delaware, the Corporation is exempted from Delaware corporate income tax, but is required to file an annual report with and pay an annual franchise tax to the State of Delaware. The Corporation paid annual franchise taxes of $208,000 in fiscal 2018; while in fiscal 2017 and 2016, the Corporation paid annual franchise taxes of $180,000 for each year.
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The following table sets forth information with respect to the executive officers of the Corporation and the Bank:

|  | Position
Name | Age(1) | Corporation | Bank
Craig G. Blunden | 70 | Chairman and | Chairman and
|  | Chief Executive Officer | Chief Executive Officer
Robert "Scott" Ritter | 49 | — | Senior Vice President
|  |  | Provident Bank Mortgage
Donavon P. Ternes | 58 | President | President
|  | Chief Operating Officer | Chief Operating Officer
|  | Chief Financial Officer | Chief Financial Officer
|  | Corporate Secretary | Corporate Secretary
David S. Weiant | 59 | — | Senior Vice President
|  |  | Chief Lending Officer
Gwendolyn L. Wertz | 52 | — | Senior Vice President
|  |  | Retail Banking

(1) | As of June 30, 2018.

Biographical Information
Set forth below is certain information regarding the executive officers of the Corporation and the Bank. There are no family relationships among or between the executive officers.
Craig G. Blunden has been associated with Provident Savings Bank since 1974, currently serving as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Bank and Provident, positions he has held since 1991 and 1996, respectively. He served as President of the Bank from 1991 until June 2011 and as President of Provident from its formation in 1996 until June 2011. Mr. Blunden also serves on the Board of Directors of the Western Bankers Association and the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco.
Robert "Scott" Ritter joined the Bank as Senior Vice President of the Provident Bank Mortgage division on September 26, 2016. Prior to joining the Bank, Mr. Ritter was the Chief Operating Officer at California Mortgage Advisors since November 2011 where he was responsible for overseeing all of California Mortgage Advisors' operations, including product development, underwriting, loan processing and information technology. Prior to that, he held positions with increasing responsibilities at mortgage banking firms such as Green Point Financial and its predecessor Headlands Mortgage Company, among others.
Donavon P. Ternes joined the Bank and the Corporation as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer on November 1, 2000 and was appointed Secretary of the Corporation and the Bank in April 2003. Effective January 1, 2008, Mr. Ternes was
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appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, while continuing to serve as the Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary of the Bank and the Corporation. Effective June 27, 2011, the Board of Directors of the Bank and the Corporation promoted Mr. Ternes to serve as President of the Bank and the Corporation, while continuing to serve as Chief Operating Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary. Prior to joining the Bank, Mr. Ternes was the President, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Director of Mission Savings and Loan Association, located in Riverside, California, holding those positions for over 11 years.
David S. Weiant joined the Bank as Senior Vice President and Chief Lending Officer on June 29, 2007. Prior to joining the Bank, Mr. Weiant was a Senior Vice President of Professional Business Bank (June 2006 to June 2007) where he was responsible for commercial lending in the Los Angeles and Inland Empire regions of Southern California.
Gwendolyn L. Wertz joined the Bank as Senior Vice President of Retail Banking on February 3, 2014. Prior to joining the Bank, Ms. Wertz was with CommerceWest Bank where she was responsible for the management of commercial banking activities, treasury management and specialty banking. Prior to that she was with Opportunity Bank, N.A. where she was responsible for the commercial treasury sales and service team. Ms. Wertz has more than 25 years of experience with financial institutions including the last 10 years in senior management roles. Her experience includes depository growth initiatives, operations, compliance, and deposit acquisition management.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
We assume and manage a certain degree of risk in order to conduct our business. In addition to the risk factors described below, other risks and uncertainties not specifically mentioned, or that are currently known to, or deemed by, management to be immaterial also may materially and adversely affect our financial position, results of operation and/or cash flows. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks described below together with all of the other information included in this Form 10-K. If any of the circumstances described in the following risk factors actually occur to a significant degree, the value of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
Our business may be adversely affected by downturns in the national economy and the regional economies on which we depend.
As of June 30, 2018, approximately 78% of our real estate loans were secured by collateral and made to borrowers located in Southern California with the balance located predominantly throughout the rest of California. Adverse economic conditions in California may reduce our rate of growth, affect our customers' ability to repay loans and adversely impact our financial condition and earnings. General economic conditions, including inflation, unemployment and money supply fluctuations, also may adversely affect our profitability adversely. Weakness in the global economy has adversely affected many businesses operating in our markets that are dependent upon international trade.
While real estate values and unemployment rates have recently improved, deterioration in economic conditions in the market areas we serve could result in the following consequences, any of which could have a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations:

▪ | an increase in loan delinquencies, problem assets and foreclosures;

▪ | we may increase our allowance for loan losses

▪ | the slowing of sales of foreclosed assets;

▪ | a decline in demand for our products and services;

▪ | a decline in the value of collateral for loans may in turn reduce customers' borrowing power, and the value of assets and collateral associated with existing loans;

▪ | the net worth and liquidity of loan guarantors may decline, impairing their ability to honor commitments to us; and

▪ | a decrease in the amount of our low cost or non interest-bearing deposits.

A decline in Southern California economic conditions may have a greater effect on our earnings and capital than on the earnings and capital of larger financial institutions whose real estate loan portfolios are geographically diverse. Many of the loans in our portfolio are secured by real estate. Deterioration in the real estate markets where collateral for a mortgage loan is located could negatively affect the borrower’s ability to repay the loan and the value of the collateral securing the loan. Real estate values are affected by various other factors, including changes in general or regional economic conditions, governmental rules or policies
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and natural disasters such as fires and earthquakes. If we are required to liquidate a significant amount of collateral during a period of reduced real estate values, our financial condition and profitability could be adversely affected.
Our business may be adversely affected by credit risk associated with residential property.
At June 30, 2018, $314.8 million, or 34.6% of our loans held for investment, were secured by single-family residential real property. This type of lending is generally sensitive to regional and local economic conditions that may significantly impact the ability of borrowers to meet their loan payment obligations, making loss levels difficult to predict. Jumbo single-family loans which do not conform to secondary market mortgage requirements for our market areas are not immediately saleable in the secondary market and may expose us to increased risk because of their larger balances. Recessionary conditions or declines in the volume of single-family real estate sales and/or the sales prices as well as elevated unemployment rates may result in higher than expected loan delinquencies or problem assets, and a decline in demand for our products and services. These potential negative events may cause us to incur losses, adversely affect our capital and liquidity and damage our financial condition and business operations. Further, the Tax Act enacted in the fourth quarter of 2017 could negatively impact our customers because it lowers the existing caps on mortgage interest deductions and limits the state and local tax deductions. These changes could make it more difficult for borrowers to make their loan payments, and could also negatively impact the housing market, which could adversely affect our business and loan growth.
Further, many of our residential mortgage loans are secured by liens on mortgage properties in which the borrowers have little or no equity because either we originated a first mortgage with an 80% loan-to-value ratio and a concurrent second mortgage for a combined loan-to-value ratio of up to 100% or because of the decline in home values in our market areas. Residential loans with high loan-to-value ratios will be more sensitive to declining property values than those with lower combined loan-to-value ratios and therefore may experience a higher incidence of default and severity of losses.
Our prior emphasis on non-traditional single-family residential loans exposes us to increased lending risk.
During the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, we originated $1.28 billion and $1.99 billion, respectively, in single-family residential loans. We historically sell the vast majority of the single-family residential loans we originate and purchase and retain the remaining single-family residential loans as held for investment. As a result of our focus on managing our asset quality, single-family loans originated and purchased for investment were $90.4 million and $99.8 million during these same time periods, virtually all of which conform to or satisfy the requirements for sale in the secondary market.
Prior to fiscal 2009, many of the loans we originated for investment consisted of non-traditional single-family residential loans that do not conform to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac underwriting guidelines as a result of characteristics of the borrower or property, the loan terms, loan size or exceptions from agency underwriting guidelines. In exchange for the additional risk to us associated with these loans, these borrowers generally are required to pay a higher interest rate, and depending on the credit history, a lower loan-to-value ratio was generally required than for a conforming loan. Our non-traditional single-family residential loans include interest-only loans, loans to borrowers who provided limited or no documentation of their income or stated income loans, negative amortization loans (a loan in which accrued interest exceeding the required monthly loan payment is added to loan principal up to 115% of the original loan amount), more than 30-year amortization loans, and loans to borrowers with a FICO score below 660 (these loans are considered subprime by the OCC). Including these low FICO score loans, as of June 30, 2018, our single-family residential borrowers had a weighted average FICO score of 735 at the time of loan origination.
As of June 30, 2018, these non-traditional loans totaled $79.0 million, comprising 25.0% of total single-family residential loans held for investment and 8.7% of total loans held for investment. At that date, interest-only loans totaled $1.5 million, stated income loans totaled $72.0 million, negative amortization loans totaled $2.3 million, more than 30-year amortization loans totaled $8.9 million, and low FICO score loans totaled $7.6 million (the outstanding balances described may overlap more than one category). In the case of interest-only loans, a borrower's monthly payment is subject to change when the loan converts to fully-amortizing status. At June 30, 2018, all of our interest-only loans begin to fully amortize after one to five years. Since the borrower's monthly payment may increase by a substantial amount even without an increase in prevailing market interest rates, there is no assurance that the borrower will be able to afford the increased monthly payment at the time of conversion. Additionally, lower prevailing prices for residential real estate may make it difficult for borrowers to sell their homes to pay off their mortgages and tightened underwriting standards may make it difficult for borrowers to refinance their loan prior to the time of conversion to fully-amortizing status. At June 30, 2018, none of the interest-only single-family residential loans were non-performing and none were 30-89 days delinquent.
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In the case of stated income loans, a borrower may misrepresent his income or source of income (which we have not verified) to obtain the loan. The borrower may not have sufficient income to qualify for the loan amount and may not be able to make the monthly loan payment. At June 30, 2018, $3.7 million of our stated income single-family residential loans were non-performing and none were 30-89 days delinquent.
In the case of more than 30-year amortization loans, the term of the loan requires many more monthly payments from the borrower (ultimately increasing the cost of the home) and subjects the loan to more interest rate cycles, economic cycles and employment cycles, which increases the possibility that the borrower is negatively impacted by one of these cycles and is no longer willing or able to meet his or her monthly payment obligations. At June 30, 2018, $630,000 of our more than 30-year amortization single-family residential loans were non-performing and none were 30-89 days delinquent.
Negative amortization involves a greater risk to us because credit risk exposure increases when the loan incurs negative amortization and the value of the home serving as collateral for the loan does not increase proportionally. Negative amortization is only permitted up to a specified level and the payment on such loans is subject to increased payments when the level is reached, adjusting periodically as provided in the loan documents and potentially resulting in higher payments from the borrower. The adjustment of these loans to higher payment requirements can be a substantial factor in higher loan delinquency levels because the borrowers may not be able to make the higher payments. Also, real estate values may decline and credit standards may tighten in concert with the higher payment requirement, making it difficult for borrowers to sell their homes or refinance their mortgages to pay off their mortgage obligation. As of June 30, 2018, the Bank had $2.3 million of single-family loans which permitted negative amortization as compared to $2.7 million of single-family loans at June 30, 2017.
Our multi-family and commercial real estate loans involve higher principal amounts than other loans and repayment of these loans may be dependent on factors outside our control or the control of our borrowers.
We originate multi-family residential and commercial real estate loans for individuals and businesses for various purposes, which are secured by residential and non-residential properties. At June 30, 2018, we had $585.7 million or 64.4% of total loans held for investment in multi-family and commercial real estate mortgage loans. These loans typically involve higher principal amounts than other types of loans and some of our commercial borrowers have more than one loan outstanding with us. Consequently, an adverse development with respect to one loan or one credit relationship can expose us to a significantly greater risk of loss compared to an adverse development with respect to a one-to-four family residential loan. Repayment on these loans is dependent upon income generated, or expected to be generated, by the property securing the loan in amounts sufficient to cover operating expenses and debt service, which may be adversely affected by changes in the economy or local market conditions. For example, if the cash flow from the borrower's project is reduced as a result of leases not being obtained or renewed, the borrower's ability to repay the loan may be impaired. Multi-family and commercial real estate loans also expose a lender to greater credit risk than loans secured by single-family residential real estate because the collateral securing these loans typically cannot be sold as easily as single-family residential real estate. In addition, many of our multi-family and commercial real estate loans are not fully amortizing and contain large balloon payments upon maturity. Such balloon payments may require the borrower to either sell or refinance the underlying property to make the payment, which may increase the risk of default or non-payment. In addition, as of June 30, 2018, the Bank had $5.5 million in negative amortization multi-family and commercial real estate mortgage loans (a loan in which accrued interest exceeding the required monthly loan payment may be added to the loan principal) as compared to $6.3 million at June 30, 2017. Negative amortization involves a greater risk to the Bank because the credit risk exposure increases when the loan incurs negative amortization and the value of the property serving as collateral for the loan does not increase proportionally.
A secondary market for most types of multi-family loans and commercial real estate is not readily liquid, so we have less opportunity to mitigate credit risk by selling part or all of our interest in these loans. As a result of these characteristics, if we foreclose on a multi-family or commercial real estate loan, our holding period for the collateral typically is longer than for a single-family residential mortgage loan because there are fewer potential purchasers of the collateral. Accordingly, charge-offs on multi-family and commercial real estate loans may be larger on a per loan basis than those incurred with our single-family residential or consumer loan portfolios.
We occasionally purchase loans in bulk or “pools.” We may experience lower yields or losses on loan “pools” because the assumptions we use when purchasing loans in bulk may not prove correct.
In order to achieve our loan growth objectives and/or improve earnings, we may purchase loans, either individually, through participations, or in bulk. The Corporation purchased $13.5 million of loans to be held for investment (primarily multi-family loans) in fiscal 2018, compared to $61.7 million of purchased loans to be held for investment (primarily multi-family loans) in fiscal 2017. When we determine the purchase price we are willing to pay to purchase loans in bulk, management makes certain
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assumptions about, among other things, how fast borrowers will prepay their loans, the real estate market, our ability to collect loans successfully and, if necessary, our ability to dispose of any real estate that may be acquired through foreclosure. When we purchase loans in bulk, we perform certain due diligence procedures and typically require customary limited indemnities. To the extent that our underlying assumptions prove to be inaccurate or the basis for those assumptions change, the purchase price paid for “pools” of loans may prove to have been excessive, resulting in a lower yield or a loss of some or all of the loan principal. Our success in growing through purchases of loan “pools” depends on our ability to price loan “pools” properly and on the general economic conditions within the geographic areas where the underlying properties of our loans are located.
We may experience continuing variation in our operating results.
We reported net income of $2.1 million, $5.2 million and $7.5 million for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Several factors affecting our business can cause significant variations in our quarterly and annual results of operations. In particular, variations in the volume of our loan originations and sales, the differences between our costs of funds and the average interest rates of originated or purchased loans, our inability to complete significant loan sale transactions in a particular quarter and problems generally affecting the mortgage loan industry can result in significant increases or decreases in our revenues from quarter to quarter. A delay in closing a particular loan sale transaction during a quarter or year could postpone recognition of the gain on sale of loans. If we were unable to sell a sufficient number of loans at a premium in a particular reporting period, our revenues for such period could decline, resulting in lower net income and possibly a net loss for such period, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Our allowance for loan losses may prove to be insufficient to absorb losses in our loan portfolio.
Lending money is a substantial part of our business and each loan carries a certain risk that it will not be repaid in accordance with its terms or that any underlying collateral will not be sufficient to assure repayment. This risk is affected by, among other things:

▪ | cash flow of the borrower and/or the project being financed;

▪ | the changes and uncertainties as to the future value of the collateral, in the case of a collateralized loan;

▪ | the duration of the loan;

▪ | the character and creditworthiness of a particular borrower; and

▪ | changes in economic and industry conditions.

We maintain an allowance for loan losses, which is a reserve established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense, which we believe is appropriate to provide for probable losses in our loan portfolio. The amount of this allowance is determined by management through periodic reviews and consideration of several factors, including, but not limited to:

▪ | our collectively evaluated allowance, based on our historical default and loss experience and certain macroeconomic factors based on management's expectations of future events; and

▪ | our individually evaluated allowance, based on our evaluation of non-performing loans and the underlying collateral.

The determination of the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses inherently involves a high degree of subjectivity and requires us to make various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of our loan portfolio, including the creditworthiness of our borrowers and the value of the real estate and other assets serving as collateral for the repayment of many of our loans. In determining the amount of the allowance for loan losses, we review our loans, losses, and delinquency experience, and evaluate economic conditions and make significant estimates of current credit risks and future trends, all of which may undergo material changes. If our estimates are incorrect, the allowance for loan losses may not be sufficient to cover losses inherent in our loan portfolio, resulting in the need for additions to our allowance through an increase in the provision for loan losses, which is charged against income. Deterioration in economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans and other factors, both within and outside of our control, may require an increase in the provision for loan losses and our allowance for loan losses. Further, included in our single-family residential loan portfolio, which comprised 34.6% of our total loan portfolio at June 30, 2018, were $79.0 million or 8.7% of total loans held for investment that were non-traditional single-family loans, which include interest-only loans, negative amortization and more than 30-year amortization loans, stated income loans and low FICO score loans, all of which have a higher risk of default and loss than conforming residential mortgage loans. For additional information, see “Our prior emphasis on non-traditional single-family residential loans exposes us to increased lending risk” above. Management also recognizes that significant new growth in loan portfolios, new loan products and the refinancing of existing loans can result in portfolios comprised of unseasoned loans that may not perform in a historical or projected manner and will increase the risk that our allowance may be insufficient to absorb losses without significant additional provisions. Furthermore, the Financial Accounting Standards Board has adopted a new accounting standard that will be effective
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for our fiscal year after December 15, 2019. This standard, referred to as Current Expected Credit Loss, or CECL, will require financial institutions to determine periodic estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans, and recognize the expected credit losses as allowances for credit losses at inception of the loan. This will change the current method of providing allowances for credit losses that are probable, which may require us to increase our allowance for loan losses, and may greatly increase the types of data we would need to collect and review to determine the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses. In addition, bank regulatory agencies periodically review our allowance for loan losses and may require an increase in the provision for possible loan losses or the recognition of further loan charge-offs, based on judgments different than those of management. If charge-offs in future periods exceed the allowance for loan losses, we may need additional provisions to increase the allowance for loan losses. Any increases in the provision for loan losses will result in a decrease in net income and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and capital.
If our non-performing assets increase, our earnings will be adversely affected.
At June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, our non-performing assets (which consist of non-accrual loans and REO were $7.0 million, $9.6 million and $13.0 million, respectively, or 0.6%, 0.8% and 1.1% of total assets, respectively. Our non-performing assets adversely affect our net income in various ways:

▪ | we record interest income only on a cash basis for non-accrual loans except for non-performing loans under the cost recovery method where interest is applied to the principal of the loan as a recovery of the charge-offs, if any, and we do not record interest income for REO;

▪ | we must provide for probable loan losses through a current period charge to the provision for loan losses;

▪ | non-interest expense increases when we write down the value of properties in our REO portfolio to reflect changing market values or recognize other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) on non-performing investment securities;

▪ | there are legal fees associated with the resolution of problem assets, as well as carrying costs, such as taxes, insurance, and maintenance fees related to our REO; and

▪ | the resolution of non-performing assets requires the active involvement of management, which can distract them from more profitable activity.

If additional borrowers become delinquent and do not pay their loans and we are unable to successfully manage our non-performing assets, our losses and troubled assets could increase significantly, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Our securities portfolio may be negatively impacted by fluctuations in market value and interest rates.
Our securities portfolio may be impacted by fluctuations in market value, potentially reducing accumulated other comprehensive income and/or earnings. Fluctuations in market value may be caused by changes in market interest rates, lower market prices for securities and limited investor demand. Our securities portfolio is evaluated for other-than-temporary impairment. If this evaluation shows impairment to the actual or projected cash flows associated with one or more securities, a potential loss to earnings may occur. Changes in interest rates can also have an adverse effect on our financial condition, as our available-for-sale securities are reported at their estimated fair value, and therefore are impacted by fluctuations in interest rates. We increase or decrease our shareholders' equity by the amount of change in the estimated fair value of the available-for-sale securities, net of taxes. There can be no assurance that the declines in market value will not result in other-than-temporary impairments of these assets, which would lead to accounting charges that could have a material adverse effect on our net income and capital levels.
Uncertainty relating to the LIBOR calculation process and potential phasing out of LIBOR may adversely affect our results of operations.
On July 27, 2017, the Chief Executive of the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit rates for the calibration of LIBOR to the administrator of LIBOR after 2021. The announcement indicates that the continuation of LIBOR on the current basis cannot and will not be guaranteed after 2021. It is impossible to predict whether and to what extent banks will continue to provide LIBOR submissions to the administrator of LIBOR or whether any additional reforms to LIBOR may be enacted in the United Kingdom or elsewhere. At this time, no consensus exists as to what rate or rates may become acceptable alternatives to LIBOR and it is impossible to predict the effect of any such alternatives on the value of LIBOR-based securities and variable rate loans, subordinated debentures, or other securities or financial arrangements, given LIBOR's role in determining market interest rates globally. Uncertainty as to the nature of alternative reference rates and as to potential changes or other reforms to LIBOR may adversely affect LIBOR rates and the value of LIBOR-based loans and securities in our portfolio, and may impact the availability and cost of hedging instruments
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and borrowings. If LIBOR rates are no longer available, and we are required to implement substitute indices for the calculation of interest rates under our loan agreements with our borrowers, we may incur significant expenses in effecting the transition, and may be subject to disputes or litigation with customers over the appropriateness or comparability to LIBOR of the substitute indices, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
If our investments in real estate are not properly valued or sufficiently reserved to cover actual losses, or if we are required to increase our valuation reserves, our earnings could be reduced.
We obtain updated valuations in the form of appraisals and broker price opinions when a loan has been foreclosed upon and the property is taken in as REO and at certain other times during the REO holding period. Our net book value (“NBV”) in the loan at the time of foreclosure and thereafter is compared to the updated market value of the foreclosed property less estimated selling costs (“fair value”). A charge-off is recorded for any excess in the asset's NBV over its fair value. If our valuation process is incorrect, the fair value of the investments in real estate may not be sufficient to recover our NBV in such assets, resulting in the need for additional charge-offs. Additional material charge-offs to our investments in real estate could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, bank regulators periodically review our REO and may require us to recognize further charge-offs. Any increase in our charge-offs, as required by the bank regulators, may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
An increase in interest rates, change in the programs offered by governmental sponsored entities (“GSE”) or our ability to qualify for such programs may reduce our mortgage revenues, which would negatively impact our non-interest income.
Our mortgage banking operations provide a significant portion of our non-interest income. We generate mortgage revenues primarily from gains on the sale of single-family residential loans pursuant to programs currently offered by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and other investors on a servicing released basis. These entities account for a substantial portion of the secondary market in residential mortgage loans. Any future changes in these programs, significant impairment of our eligibility to participate in such programs, the criteria for loans to be accepted or laws that significantly affect the activity of such entities could, in turn, result in a lower volume of corresponding loan originations or other administrative costs which may materially adversely affect our results of operations.
We have experienced historically low interest rates in recent years but interest rates have been increasing. Mortgage production, especially refinancing, generally declines in rising interest rate environments resulting in fewer loans that are available to be sold to investors. When interest rates rise, or even if they do not, there can be no assurance that our mortgage production will continue at current levels. Because we sell a substantial portion of the mortgage loans we originate, the profitability of our mortgage banking operations depends in large part upon our ability to aggregate a high volume of loans and sell them in the secondary market at a gain. Thus, in addition to the interest rate environment, our mortgage business is dependent upon (i) the existence of an active secondary market and (ii) our ability to profitably sell loans into that market. The loans in our held for sale portfolio are carried at fair market value with changes recognized in our statement of operations. Carrying the loans at fair value may also increase the volatility in our earnings.
In addition, our results of operations are affected by the amount of non-interest expense associated with mortgage banking activities, such as salaries and employee benefits, occupancy, equipment and data processing expense and other operating costs. During periods of reduced loan demand, our results of operations may be adversely affected to the extent that we are unable to reduce expenses commensurate with the decline in loan originations.
Any breach of representations and warranties made by us to our loan purchasers or credit default on our loan sales may require us to repurchase or substitute such loans we have sold.
We engage in bulk loan sales pursuant to agreements that generally require us to repurchase or substitute loans in the event of a breach of a representation or warranty made by us to the loan purchaser. Any misrepresentation during the mortgage loan origination process or, in some cases, upon any fraud or early payment default on such mortgage loans, may require us to repurchase or substitute loans. Any claims asserted against us in the future by one of our loan purchasers may result in liabilities or legal expenses that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. During fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Bank repurchased $602,000, $1.7 million and $1.7 million of single-family loans, respectively. However, many additional repurchase requests were settled during the periods that did not result in the repurchase of the loan itself. Aggregate payments of $0, $11,000 and $470,000 were made for loan repurchase settlements in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The loan
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repurchase settlement in fiscal 2016 was due primarily to a global settlement with one of the Bank’s legacy loan investors, which eliminated all past, current and future repurchase claims from this particular investor, in exchange for a one-time $400,000 payment.
The CFPB, which was created under the Dodd-Frank Act, has issued a number of final regulations and changes to certain consumer protections under existing laws and continues to issue new rules. These final rules, most of the provisions of which (including the qualified mortgage rule) generally prohibit creditors from extending mortgage loans without regard for the consumer’s ability-to-repay and add restrictions and requirements to mortgage origination and servicing practices. In addition, these rules limit prepayment penalties and require the creditor to retain evidence of compliance with the ability-to-repay requirement for three years. Compliance with these rules has increased our overall regulatory compliance costs and may require changes to our underwriting practices with respect to residential mortgage loans. This includes compliance with, The Truth in Lending Act and the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act Integrated Disclosure (TRID) rule, which combines certain disclosures that consumers receive in connection with applying for and closing a mortgage loan.
Hedging against interest rate exposure may adversely affect our earnings.
We employ techniques that limit, or “hedge,” the adverse effects of rising interest rates on our loans held for sale, originated interest rate locks and our mortgage servicing asset. Our hedging activity varies based on the level and volatility of interest rates and other changing market conditions. These techniques may include purchasing or selling futures contracts, purchasing put and call options on securities or securities underlying futures contracts, or entering into other mortgage-backed derivatives. There are, however, no perfect hedging strategies, and interest rate hedging may fail to protect us from loss. Moreover, hedging activities could result in losses if the event against which we hedge does not materialize. Additionally, interest rate hedging could fail to protect us or adversely affect us because, among other things:

▪ | available interest rate hedging may not correspond directly with the interest rate risk for which protection is sought;

▪ | the duration of the hedge may not match the duration of the related liability;

▪ | the party owing money in the hedging transaction may default on its obligation to pay;

▪ | the credit quality of the party owing money on the hedge may be downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of the hedging transaction;

▪ | the value of derivatives used for hedging may be adjusted from time to time in accordance with accounting rules to reflect changes in fair value; and

▪ | downward adjustments, or “mark-to-market losses,” would reduce our stockholders' equity.

Fluctuating interest rates can adversely affect our profitability.
Our earnings and cash flows are largely dependent upon our net interest income. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including general economic conditions and policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies and, in particular, the Federal Reserve. In an attempt to help the overall economy, the Federal Reserve has kept interest rates low through its targeted Fed Funds rate. The Federal Reserve Board has steadily increased the federal funds rate over the last three fiscal years to a range of 1.75% to 2.00% in June 2018 and indicated further increases in the federal funds rate in the future subject to economic conditions. As the Federal Reserve increases the targeted Fed Funds rate, overall interest rates will likely rise, which may negatively impact the housing markets and the U.S. economic recovery. In addition, deflationary pressures, while possibly lowering our operating costs, could have a significant negative effect on our borrowers, especially our business borrowers, and the values of collateral securing loans, which could negatively affect our financial performance.
We principally manage interest rate risk by managing our volume and mix of our earning assets and funding liabilities. Changes in monetary policy, including changes in interest rates, could influence not only the interest we receive on loans and investments and the amount of interest we pay on deposits and borrowings, but these changes could also affect (i) our ability to originate loans and obtain deposits, (ii) the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities, which could negatively impact shareholders' equity, and our ability to realize gains from the sale of such assets; (iii) our ability to obtain and retain deposits in competition with other available investment alternatives; (iv) the ability of our borrowers to repay adjustable or variable rate loans; and (v) the average duration of our investment securities portfolio and other interest-earning assets. If the interest rates paid on deposits and other borrowings increase at a faster rate than the interest rates received on loans and other investments, our net interest income, and therefore earnings, could be adversely affected. In a changing interest rate environment, we may not be able to manage this risk effectively. If we are unable to manage interest rate risk effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially affected.
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As a result of the relatively low interest rate environment, an significant percentage of our deposits are comprised of certificates of deposit and other deposits yielding no or a relatively low rate of interest having a shorter duration than our assets. At June 30, 2018, we had $116.3 million in time deposits that mature within one year and $583.8 million in interest-bearing checking, savings and money market accounts. We would incur a higher cost of funds to retain these deposits in a rising interest rate environment. Earnings could also be adversely affected if the interest rates received on loans and other investments fall more quickly than the interest rates paid on deposits and other borrowings. In addition, a substantial majority of our single family residential mortgage loans have adjustable interest rates. As a result, these loans may experience a higher rate of default in a rising interest rate environment.
Changes in interest rates also affect the value of our interest-earning assets and, in particular, our securities portfolio. Generally, the fair value of fixed-rate securities fluctuates inversely with changes in interest rates. Unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale are reported as a separate component of equity, net of tax. Decreases in the fair value of securities available for sale resulting from increases in interest rates could have an adverse effect on stockholders’ equity.
Although management believes it has implemented effective asset and liability management strategies to reduce the potential effects of changes in interest rates on our results of operations, any substantial, unexpected or prolonged change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Also, our interest rate risk modeling techniques and assumptions likely may not fully predict or capture the impact of actual interest rate changes on our consolidated balance sheet or projected operating results.
The financial services market is undergoing rapid technological changes, and if we are unable to stay current with those
changes, we will not be able to effectively compete.
The financial services market, including mortgage banking services, is undergoing rapid changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to keep pace with the technological changes and to use technology to satisfy and grow customer demand for our products and services and to create additional efficiencies in our operations. We expect that we will need to make substantial investments in our technology and information systems to compete effectively and to stay current with technological changes. Some of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements and will be able to invest more heavily in developing and adopting new technologies, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers. As a result, our ability to effectively compete to retain or acquire new business may be impaired, and our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected.
Conditions in the financial markets may limit our access to additional funding to meet our liquidity needs.
Liquidity is essential to our business. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale of loans or other sources could have a substantial negative effect on our liquidity. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance our activities or the terms of which are acceptable to us could be impaired by factors that affect us specifically or the financial services industry or economy in general. Factors that could detrimentally impact our access to liquidity sources include a decrease in the level of our business activity as a result of a downturn in the California markets in which our loans are concentrated or adverse regulatory action against us. Our ability to borrow could also be impaired by factors that are not specific to us, such as a disruption in the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry. Deposit flows, calls of investment securities and wholesale borrowings, and the prepayment of loans and mortgage-related securities are also strongly influenced by such external factors as the direction of interest rates, whether actual or perceived, and competition for deposits and loans in the markets we serve. In particular, our liquidity position could be significantly constrained if we are unable to access funds from the FHLB-San Francisco or other wholesale funding sources, or if adequate financing is not available at acceptable interest rates. Finally, if we are required to rely more heavily on more expensive funding sources, our revenues may not increase proportionately to cover our costs. Any decline in available funding could adversely impact our ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet our expenses, or fulfill obligations such as repaying our borrowings or meeting deposit withdrawal demands, any of which could, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions and limit our ability to get regulatory approval of acquisitions.
The USA PATRIOT and Bank Secrecy Acts require financial institutions to develop programs to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. If such activities are detected, financial institutions are obligated to file suspicious activity reports with the U.S. Treasury’s Office of Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These rules require financial institutions to establish procedures for identifying and verifying the identity of customers seeking to open new financial accounts. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines or sanctions and limit our ability to get regulatory approval of acquisitions. Recently several banking institutions have received large fines for non-compliance with these laws and regulations. While we have developed policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations, no assurance can be given that these policies and procedures will be effective in preventing violations of these laws and regulations.
Our growth or future losses may require us to raise additional capital in the future, but that capital may not be available when it is needed or the cost of that capital may be very high.
We are required by federal regulatory authorities to maintain adequate levels of capital to support our operations. Currently, we believe our capital resources satisfy our capital requirements for the foreseeable future. However, we may at some point need to raise additional capital to support our growth.
Our ability to raise additional capital, if needed, will depend on conditions in the capital markets at that time, which are outside of our control, and on our financial condition and performance. Accordingly, we cannot make assurances that we will be able to raise additional capital if needed on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If we cannot raise additional capital when needed, our ability to further expand our operations could be materially impaired and our financial condition and liquidity could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, any additional capital we obtain may result in the dilution of the interests of existing holders of our common stock. Further, if we are unable to raise additional capital when required by our bank regulators, we may be subject to adverse regulatory action.
Our litigation related costs might continue to increase.
The Bank is subject to a variety of legal proceedings that have arisen in the ordinary course of the Bank's business. The Bank's involvement in litigation has recently increased significantly, primarily as a result of employment matters. The expenses of pending legal proceedings will adversely affect the Bank's results of operations until they are resolved. Further, there can be no assurance that the Bank's loan workout and other activities will not expose the Bank to additional legal actions, including lender liability or environmental claims. For a discussion of our pending litigation, see Item 3. “Legal Proceedings” of this Form 10-K.
Our business may be adversely affected by an increasing prevalence of fraud and other financial crimes.
Our loans to businesses and individuals and our deposit relationships and related transactions are subject to exposure to the risk of loss due to fraud and other financial crimes. Nationally, reported incidents of fraud and other financial crimes have increased. We have also experienced an increase in losses due to apparent fraud and other financial crimes. While we have policies and procedures designed to prevent such losses, there can be no assurance that such losses will not occur.
We are subject to certain risks in connection with our use of technology.
Our security measures may not be sufficient to mitigate the risk of a cyber attack. Communications and information systems are essential to the conduct of our business, as we use such systems to manage our customer relationships, our general ledger and virtually all other aspects of our business. Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage, and transmission of confidential and other information in our computer systems and networks. Although we take protective measures and endeavor to modify them as circumstances warrant, the security of our computer systems, software, and networks may be vulnerable to breaches, fraudulent or unauthorized access, denial or degradation of service attacks, misuse, computer viruses, malware or other malicious code and cyber-attacks that could have a security impact. If one or more of these events occur, this could jeopardize our or our customers' confidential and other information processed and stored in, and transmitted through, our computer systems and networks, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations or the operations of our customers or counterparties. We may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify our protective measures or to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures, and we may be subject to litigation and financial losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered through any insurance maintained by us. We could also suffer significant reputational damage.
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Further, our cardholders use their debit and credit cards to make purchases from third parties or through third party processing services. As such, we are subject to risk from data breaches of such third party’s information systems or their payment processors. Such a data security breach could compromise our account information. The payment methods that we offer also subject us to potential fraud and theft by criminals, who are becoming increasingly more sophisticated, seeking to obtain unauthorized access to or exploit weaknesses that may exist in the payment systems. If we fail to comply with applicable rules or requirements for the payment methods we accept, or if payment-related data is compromised due to a breach or misuse of data, we may be liable for losses associated with reimbursing our clients for such fraudulent transactions on clients’ card accounts, as well as costs incurred by payment card issuing banks and other third parties or may be subject to fines and higher transaction fees, or our ability to accept or facilitate certain types of payments may be impaired. We may also incur other costs related to data security breaches, such as replacing cards associated with compromised card accounts. In addition, our customers could lose confidence in certain payment types, which may result in a shift to other payment types or potential changes to our payment systems that may result in higher costs.
Breaches of information security also may occur through intentional or unintentional acts by those having access to our systems or our clients’ or counterparties’ confidential information, including employees. The Corporation is continuously working to install new and upgrade its existing information technology systems and provide employee awareness training around phishing, malware, and other cyber risks to further protect the Corporation against cyber risks and security breaches.
There continues to be a rise in electronic fraudulent activity, security breaches and cyber-attacks within the financial services industry. We are regularly the target of attempted cyber and other security threats and must continuously monitor and develop our information technology networks and infrastructure to prevent, detect, address and mitigate the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses and other events that could have a security impact. Insider or employee cyber and security threats are increasingly a concern for companies, including ours. We are not aware that we have experienced any material misappropriation, loss or other unauthorized disclosure of confidential or personally identifiable information as a result of a cyber-security breach or other act, however, some of our clients may have been affected by these breaches, which could increase their risks of identity theft, debit card fraud and other fraudulent activity that could involve their accounts with us.
Security breaches in our internet banking activities could further expose us to possible liability and damage our reputation. Increases in criminal activity levels and sophistication, advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries, vulnerabilities in third party technologies (including browsers and operating systems) or other developments could result in a compromise or breach of the technology, processes and controls that we use to prevent fraudulent transactions and to protect data about us, our clients and underlying transactions. Any compromise of our security could deter customers from using our internet banking services that involve the transmission of confidential information. We rely on standard internet security systems to provide the security and authentication necessary to effect secure transmission of data. Although we have developed and continue to invest in systems and processes that are designed to detect and prevent security breaches and cyber-attacks and periodically test our security, these precautions may not protect our systems from compromises or breaches of our security measures, and could result in losses to us or our customers, our loss of business and/or customers, damage to our reputation, the incurrence of additional expenses, disruption to our business, our inability to grow our online services or other businesses, additional regulatory scrutiny or penalties, or our exposure to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our security measures may not protect us from system failures or interruptions. While we have established policies and procedures to prevent or limit the impact of systems failures and interruptions, there can be no assurance that such events will not occur or that they will be adequately addressed if they do. In addition, we outsource certain aspects of our data processing and other operational functions to certain third-party providers. While the Corporation selects third-party vendors carefully, it does not control their actions. If our third-party providers encounter difficulties including those resulting from breakdowns or other disruptions in communication services provided by a vendor, failure of a vendor to handle current or higher transaction volumes, cyber-attacks and security breaches or if we otherwise have difficulty in communicating with them, our ability to adequately process and account for transactions could be affected, and our ability to deliver products and services to our customers and otherwise conduct business operations could be adversely impacted. Replacing these third-party vendors could also entail significant delay and expense. Threats to information security also exist in the processing of customer information through various other vendors and their personnel. We cannot assure you that such breaches, failures or interruptions will not occur or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed by us or the third parties on which we rely. We may not be insured against all types of losses as a result of third party failures and insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover all losses resulting from breaches, system failures or other disruptions. If any of our third-party service providers experience financial, operational or technological difficulties, or if there is any other disruption in our relationships with them, we may be required to identify alternative sources of such services, and we cannot assure you that we could negotiate terms that are as favorable to us, or could obtain services with similar functionality as
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found in our existing systems without the need to expend substantial resources, if at all. Further, the occurrence of any systems failure or interruption could damage our reputation and result in a loss of customers and business, could subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or could expose us to legal liability. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
The board of directors oversees the risk management process, including the risk of cybersecurity, and engages with management on cybersecurity issues.
Our operations rely on numerous external vendors.
We rely on numerous external vendors to provide us with products and services necessary to maintain our day-to-day operations. Accordingly, our operations are exposed to risk that these vendors will not perform in accordance with the contracted arrangements under service level agreements. The failure of an external vendor to perform in accordance with the contracted arrangements under service level agreements because of changes in the vendor’s organizational structure, financial condition, support for existing products and services or strategic focus or for any other reason, could be disruptive to our operations, which in turn could have a material negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations. We also could be adversely affected to the extent such an agreement is not renewed by a third party vendor or is renewed on terms less favorable to us. Additionally, the bank regulatory agencies expect financial institutions to be responsible for all aspects of our vendors’ performance, including aspects which they delegate to third parties. Disruptions or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support our business and clients, or cyber-attacks or security breaches of the networks, systems or devices that our clients use to access our products and services could result in client attrition, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs, and/or additional compliance costs, any of which could materially adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.
Managing reputational risk is important to attracting and maintaining customers, investors and employees.
Threats to our reputation can come from many sources, including adverse sentiment about financial institutions generally, unethical practices, employee misconduct, failure to deliver minimum standards of service or quality, compliance deficiencies, and questionable or fraudulent activities of our customers. We have policies and procedures in place to protect our reputation and promote ethical conduct, but these policies and procedures may not be fully effective. Negative publicity regarding our business, employees, or customers, with or without merit, may result in the loss of customers, investors and employees, costly litigation, a decline in revenues and increased governmental regulation.
Earthquakes, fires, mudslides and other natural disasters in our primary market area may result in material losses because of damage to collateral properties and borrowers' inability to repay loans.
Since our geographic concentration is in Southern California, we are subject to earthquakes, fires, mudslides and other natural disasters. A major earthquake or other natural disaster may disrupt our business operations for an indefinite period of time and could result in material losses, although we have not experienced any losses in many years as a result of earthquake damage or other natural disaster. Although we are in an earthquake prone area, we and other lenders in the market area may not require earthquake insurance as a condition of making a loan. In addition to possibly sustaining damage to our own properties, if there is a major earthquake, fire, mudslide, or other natural disaster, we face the risk that many of our borrowers may experience uninsured property losses, or sustained job interruption and/or loss which may materially impair their ability to meet the terms of their loan obligations.
Our assets as of June 30, 2018 include a deferred tax asset, the full value of which we may not be able to realize.
We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities based on differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. At June 30, 2018, the net deferred tax asset was approximately $4.2 million, a decrease from $4.3 million at the prior fiscal year end. The net deferred tax asset results primarily from (1) our provisions for loan losses recorded for financial reporting purposes, which were in the past significantly larger than net loan charge-offs deducted for tax reporting proposes, (2) deferred compensation, (3) litigation reserves and (4) deferred loan costs.
As a result of our follow-on stock offering in December 2009, we may experience an “ownership change” as defined under Section 382 of the Code (which is generally a greater than 50 percentage point increase by certain “5% shareholders” over a rolling three-year period). Section 382 imposes an annual limitation on the utilization of deferred tax assets, such as net operating loss
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carryforwards and other tax attributes, once an ownership change has occurred. Depending on the size of the annual limitation (which is in part a function of our market capitalization at the time of the ownership change) and the remaining carryforward period of the tax assets (U.S. federal net operating losses generally may be carried forward for a period of 20 years), we could realize a permanent loss of a portion of our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets and certain built-in losses that have not been recognized for tax purposes.
We regularly review our deferred tax assets for recoverability based on our history of earnings, expectations for future earnings and expected timing of reversals of temporary differences. Realization of deferred tax assets ultimately depends on the existence of sufficient taxable income, including taxable income in prior carryback years, as well as future taxable income. We believe the recorded net deferred tax asset at June 30, 2018 is fully realizable based on our expected future earnings; however, we will not know the impact of the ownership change until we complete our fiscal 2018 tax return. Based on our preliminary analysis of the actual impact of the “ownership change” on our deferred tax assets, we believe that the impact on our deferred tax asset is unlikely to be material. This is a preliminary and complex analysis and requires us to make certain judgments in determining the annual limitation. As a result, it is possible that we could ultimately lose a significant portion of our deferred tax assets, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
At June 30, 2018, the net book value of the Bank’s property (including land and buildings) and its furniture, fixtures and equipment was $8.7 million. The Bank’s home office is located in Riverside, California. Including the home office, the Bank has 14 retail banking offices, 13 of which are located in Riverside County in the cities of Riverside (5), Moreno Valley, Hemet, Sun City, Rancho Mirage, Corona, Temecula, La Quinta and Blythe. One office is located in Redlands, San Bernardino County, California. The Bank owns six of the retail banking offices and has eight leased retail banking offices. The leases expire from 2018 to 2026. The Bank also leases nine stand-alone loan production offices, which are located in Atascadero, Brea, Escondido, Glendora, Pleasanton, Rancho Cucamonga (2), Riverside (2) and Roseville, California. The leases expire from 2018 to 2020.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
Periodically, there have been various claims and lawsuits involving the Corporation, such as claims to enforce liens, condemnation proceedings on properties in which the Corporation holds security interests, claims involving the making and servicing of real property loans, employment matters and other issues in the ordinary course of and incidental to the Corporation’s business. The Corporation is not a party to any pending legal proceedings that it believes would have a material adverse effect on the financial condition, operations or cash flows of the Corporation, except as set forth below. Additionally, in some actions, it is difficult to assess potential exposure because the Corporation is still in the early stages of the litigation.
On December 17, 2012, a class and collective action lawsuit, Gina McKeen-Chaplin, individually and on behalf of others similarly situated vs. the Bank was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California (the "Court") against the Bank claiming damages, restitution and injunctive relief for alleged misclassification of certain employees as exempt rather than non-exempt, resulting in a failure to pay appropriate overtime compensation, to provide meal and rest periods, to pay waiting time penalties and to provide accurate wage statements (the “McKeen-Chaplin lawsuit”).
On August 12, 2015, the Court issued an order denying the plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment and granting the Bank's motion for summary judgment affirming that the plaintiffs were properly classified as exempt employees and denying the federal claims. On August 18, 2015, the plaintiffs filed an appeal to the order. On July 5, 2017, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (the “Ninth Circuit”) reversed the Court’s ruling granting the Bank's motion for summary judgment, instead ruling the plaintiffs were improperly classified as exempt employees and were entitled to overtime compensation. The Ninth Circuit remanded the case back to the Court with instructions to enter summary judgement in favor of the plaintiffs. As a result of the Ninth Circuit’s unfavorable ruling, the Bank filed on September 7, 2017, a petition for writ of certiorari to the United States Supreme Court, which was denied on November 27, 2017.
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On May 22, 2013, counsel in the McKeen-Chaplin lawsuit filed another class action called Neal vs. Provident Savings Bank, F.S.B. (the “Neal lawsuit”) in California Superior Court in Alameda County (the "State Court"). The Neal lawsuit is virtually identical to the McKeen-Chaplin lawsuit alleging that mortgage underwriters were misclassified as exempt employees.
On December 18, 2017, the Bank entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with the plaintiffs' representatives to memorialize an agreement in principle to settle the pending McKeen-Chaplin and Neal Lawsuits. The Memorandum of Understanding assumes class certification for purposes of the settlement only and provides for an aggregate settlement payment by the Bank of $1.8 million, which includes all settlement funds, the named plaintiff service payments, and class counsel's attorneys' fees and costs. Any additional costs and expenses related to employer-side payroll taxes will be paid by the Bank. The parties since have successfully negotiated a mutually acceptable long-form agreement which has been fully executed.
On February 21, 2018, plaintiffs filed a motion in McKeen-Chaplin asking the District Court to approve the FLSA portion of the settlement. The parties also worked together to jointly request that the Court of Appeal in Neal pass jurisdiction back to the trial court to oversee the settlement process. The Neal court granted the motion for preliminary approval on May 15, 2018. Subsequently, on July 18, 2018 the District Court approved the FLSA portion of the settlement which will allow the parties to begin the process of providing notice of the settlement to the Neal class.
The Bank's decision to settle these lawsuits was the result of the unfavorable ruling by the United States Supreme Court in the McKeen-Chaplin lawsuit and the significant legal costs, distraction from day-to-day operating activities and substantial resources that would be required to defend the Bank in protracted litigation if the Neal lawsuit would proceed. In addition, the Bank determined that the settlement would reduce the Bank's potential exposure to damages, penalties, fines and plaintiffs' legal fees in the event of an unfavorable outcome in the Neal lawsuit. The settlement will include the dismissal of all claims against the Bank and related parties in the McKeen-Chaplin and Neal Lawsuits without any admission of liability or wrongdoing attributed to the Bank. The settlement described in the long-form agreement remains subject to court approval and other customary conditions, including a limitation on the number of plaintiffs in each lawsuit that may opt out of the proposed settlement. If the opt out number for either lawsuit is exceeded, the Bank may at its sole and absolute discretion void the settlement within 30 days of receiving notice of the number of plaintiff’s electing to opt out of the settlement.
Based on the proposed settlement, the Corporation recorded a litigation settlement expense accrual of $650,000 in the second quarter of fiscal 2018 to fully reserve for the agreed upon settlement amount.
On August 6, 2015, a former employee, Christina Cannon, filed a lawsuit called Cannon vs. the Bank in the California Superior Court for the County of San Bernardino. Cannon seeks to represent a class of all non-exempt employees in a class action lawsuit brought under California’s Unfair Competition Law, Business & Professions Code section 17200. The underlying claims include unpaid overtime (including off-the-clock work), meal and rest period violations, minimum wage violations, and failure to reimburse business expenses. On September 8, 2017, the attorneys for the plaintiffs in the Cannon Lawsuit sent notification to the Bank and to the California Labor & Workforce Development Agency informing them of their intent to bring a claim under the Private Attorneys’ General Act of 2004 (“PAGA”) on behalf of all non-exempt employees and covering a variety of alleged wage and hour violations. On September 12, 2017, the Bank entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with the plaintiffs’ representatives to memorialize an agreement in principle to settle the pending Cannon Lawsuit. The Memorandum of Understanding assumes class certification for purposes of the settlement only and provides for an aggregate settlement payment by the Bank of $2.8 million, which includes all settlement funds, the class representative enhancement award, settlement administrator’s expenses, any employer-side payroll taxes, and class counsel’s attorneys’ fees and costs. The Bank’s decision to settle this matter was the result of the significant legal costs, distraction from day-to-day operating activities and substantial resources that would be required to defend the Bank in protracted litigation. In addition, the Bank determined that the settlement would reduce the Bank’s potential exposure to damages, penalties, fines and plaintiffs’ legal fees in the event of an unfavorable outcome in a court trial. The settlement includes the dismissal of all claims against the Bank and related parties in the Cannon Lawsuit and claim under the PAGA, without any admission of liability or wrongdoing attributed to the Bank. The settlement described in the Memorandum of Understanding remains subject to court approval and other customary conditions. Because of the uncertainty surrounding this litigation, no litigation reserve had been previously established by the Bank resulting in the full $2.8 million settlement expense being recognized in the first quarter of fiscal 2018.
The Corporation is not a party to any other pending legal proceedings that it believes would have a material adverse effect on the financial condition, operations and cash flows of the Corporation.
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Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The common stock of Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol PROV. The following table provides the high and low sales prices for Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. common stock during the last two fiscal years by quarter. As of June 30, 2018, there were approximately 311 stockholders of record.

| First (Ended September 30) | Second (Ended December 31) | Third (Ended March 31) | Fourth (Ended June 30)
2018 Quarters: |  |  |  |
High | $20.00 | $19.99 | $19.23 | $19.78
Low | $17.62 | $18.13 | $17.87 | $17.86
2017 Quarters: |  |  |  |
High | $20.00 | $20.66 | $20.25 | $20.35
Low | $17.72 | $17.68 | $18.20 | $18.32

The Corporation adopted a quarterly cash dividend policy on July 24, 2002. Quarterly dividends paid for the quarters ended September 30, 2017, December 31, 2017, March 31, 2018 and June 30, 2018 were $0.14 per share for each quarter. By comparison, quarterly dividends paid for the quarters ended September 30, 2016, December 31, 2016, March 31, 2017 and June 30, 2017 were $0.13 per share for each quarter. Future declarations or payments of dividends will be subject to the approval of the Corporation’s Board of Directors, which will take into account the Corporation’s financial condition, results of operations, tax considerations, capital requirements, industry standards, economic conditions and other factors, including the regulatory restrictions which affect the payment of dividends by the Bank to the Corporation. In addition, the Corporation’s wholly-owned operating subsidiary, the Bank, is required to file a notice and receive the non-objection of the Federal Reserve Board prior to paying any dividends or making any capital distributions to the Corporation. In fiscal 2018 and 2017, the Bank declared and paid cash dividends of $5.0 million and $10.0 million, respectively, to the Corporation. For additional information, see Item 1, "Business – Regulation - Federal Regulation of Savings Institutions - Limitations on Capital Distributions” and Item 1A., “Risk Factors - The short-term and long-term impact of the changing regulatory capital requirements and new capital rules is uncertain" in this Form 10-K. Under Delaware law, dividends may be paid either out of surplus or, if there is no surplus, out of net profits for the current fiscal year and/or the preceding fiscal year in which the dividend is declared.
The Corporation repurchases its common stock consistent with Board-approved stock repurchase plans. During fiscal 2018, the Corporation repurchased 383,585 shares with an average cost of $19.00 per share under the June 2017 stock repurchase plan and the authorization to repurchase the 1,615 remaining shares expired. In addition, the Corporation purchased 3,291 shares of distributed restricted common stock in settlement of employees' withholding tax obligations. On April 26, 2018, the Corporation's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 5% of outstanding shares, or 373,000 shares. As of June 30, 2018, no shares have been repurchased under this plan.
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The table below sets forth information regarding the Corporation’s purchases of its common stock during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018.

Period | (a) Total Number of Shares Purchased | (b) Average Price Paid per Share | (c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan | (d) Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan (1)
April 1, 2018 – April 30, 2018 | 108 |  | $ | 18.21 |  | 108 |  | 40,885 |
May 1, 2018 – May 31, 2018 | 30,792 |  | $ | 18.31 |  | 30,792 |  | 10,093 |
June 1, 2018 – June 30, 2018 | 8,478 |  | $ | 18.28 |  | 8,478 |  | 373,000 |
Total | 39,378 |  | $ | 18.30 |  | 39,378 |  | 373,000 |

(1) | On June 19, 2018, the authorization to repurchase the remaining 1,615 shares under the June 2017 stock repurchase plan expired and the April 2018 stock repurchase plan authorizing the repurchase of 373,000 shares became effective.

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Performance Graph
The following graph compares the cumulative total shareholder return on the Corporation’s common stock with the cumulative total return of the Nasdaq Stock Index (U.S. Stock) and Nasdaq Bank Index. Total return assumes the reinvestment of all dividends.

| 6/30/2013 | 6/30/2014 | 6/30/2015 | 6/30/2016 | 6/30/2017 | 6/30/2018
PROV | $ | 100.00 |  | $ | 140.93 |  | $ | 151.57 |  | $ | 170.38 |  | $ | 184.21 |  | $ | 188.17 |
NASDAQ Stock Index | $ | 100.00 |  | $ | 125.15 |  | $ | 134.07 |  | $ | 137.20 |  | $ | 162.73 |  | $ | 186.88 |
NASDAQ Bank Index | $ | 100.00 |  | $ | 118.35 |  | $ | 133.41 |  | $ | 117.79 |  | $ | 172.66 |  | $ | 191.45 |

| (1) Assumes that the value of the investment in the Corporation’s common stock and each index was $100 on June 30, 2013 and that all dividends were reinvested.

For additional information, see Part III, Item 12 of this Form 10-K for information regarding the Corporation’s Equity Compensation Plans, which is incorporated into this Item 5 by reference.
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Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The information contained under the heading “Financial Highlights” in the Corporation’s Annual Report to Shareholders included as Exhibit 13 to this Form 10-K and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Safe-Harbor Statement
Certain matters in this Form 10-K constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. This Form 10-K contains statements that the Corporation believes are “forward-looking statements.” These statements relate to the Corporation’s financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance or business. When considering these forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind these risks and uncertainties, as well as any cautionary statements the Corporation may make. Moreover, you should treat these statements as speaking only as of the date they are made and based only on information then actually known to the Corporation. There are a number of important factors that could cause future results to differ materially from historical performance and these forward-looking statements. Factors which could cause actual results to differ materially include, but are not limited to, the credit risks of lending activities, including changes in the level and trend of loan delinquencies and charge-offs and changes in our allowance for loan losses and provision for loan losses that may be impacted by deterioration in the residential and commercial real estate markets and may lead to increased losses and non-performing assets and may result in our allowance for loan losses not being adequate to cover actual losses and require us to materially increase our reserve; changes in general economic conditions, either nationally or in our market areas; changes in the levels of general interest rates, and the relative differences between short and long term interest rates, deposit interest rates, our net interest margin and funding sources; fluctuations in the demand for loans, the number of unsold homes, land and other properties and fluctuations in real estate values in our market areas; secondary market conditions for loans and our ability to sell loans in the secondary market; results of examinations of the Corporation by the FRB or of the Bank by the OCC or other regulatory authorities, including the possibility that any such regulatory authority may, among other things, require us to enter into a formal enforcement action or to increase our allowance for loan losses, write-down assets, change our regulatory capital position or affect our ability to borrow funds or maintain or increase deposits, or impose additional requirements and restrictions on us, any of which could adversely affect our liquidity and earnings; legislative or regulatory changes that adversely affect our business including changes in regulatory policies and principles, including the interpretation of regulatory capital or other rules, including as a result of Basel III; the impact of the Dodd-Frank Act and the implementing regulations; the availability of resources to address changes in laws, rules, or regulations or to respond to regulatory actions; adverse changes in the securities markets; our ability to attract and retain deposits; increases in premiums for deposit insurance; our ability to control operating costs and expenses; the use of estimates in determining fair value of certain of our assets, which estimates may prove to be incorrect and result in significant declines in valuation; difficulties in reducing risk associated with the loans on our balance sheet; staffing fluctuations in response to product demand or the implementation of corporate strategies that affect our workforce and potential associated charges; disruptions, security breaches, or other adverse events, failures or interruptions in, or attacks on, our information technology systems or on the third-party vendors who perform several of our critical processing functions; our ability to implement our branch expansion strategy; our ability to successfully integrate any assets, liabilities, customers, systems, and management personnel we have acquired or may in the future acquire into our operations and our ability to realize related revenue synergies and cost savings within expected time frames and any goodwill charges related thereto; our ability to manage loan delinquency rates; our ability to retain key members of our senior management team; costs and effects of litigation, including settlements and judgments; increased competitive pressures among financial services companies; changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits; the availability of resources to address changes in laws, rules, or regulations or to respond to regulatory actions; our ability to pay dividends on our common stock; adverse changes in the securities markets; the inability of key third-party providers to perform their obligations to us; changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the financial institution regulatory agencies or the Financial Accounting Standards Board, including additional guidance and interpretation on accounting issues and details of the implementation of new accounting methods; war or terrorist activities; and other economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory, and technological factors affecting our operations, pricing, products and services and other risks detailed in this report and in the Corporation’s other reports filed with or furnished to the SEC. These developments could have an adverse impact on our financial position and our results of operations. Forward-looking statements are based upon management’s beliefs and assumptions at the time they are made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements included in this document or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those contained in such statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking statements discussed in this document might not occur, and you should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements.
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General
Provident Financial Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation, was organized in January 1996 for the purpose of becoming the holding company of Provident Savings Bank, F.S.B. upon the Bank’s conversion from a federal mutual to a federal stock savings bank (“Conversion”). The Conversion was completed on June 27, 1996. The Corporation is regulated by the Federal Reserve Board (“FRB”). At June 30, 2018, the Corporation had total assets of $1.18 billion, total deposits of $907.6 million and total stockholders’ equity of $120.5 million. The Corporation has not engaged in any significant activity other than holding the stock of the Bank. Accordingly, the information set forth in this report, including financial statements and related data, relates primarily to the Bank and its subsidiaries. As used in this report, the terms “we,” “our,” “us,” and “Corporation” refer to Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context indicates otherwise.
The Bank, founded in 1956, is a federally chartered stock savings bank headquartered in Riverside, California. The Bank is regulated by the OCC, its primary federal regulator, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), the insurer of its deposits. The Bank’s deposits are federally insured up to applicable limits by the FDIC. The Bank has been a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank System since 1956.
The Corporation’s business consists of community banking activities and mortgage banking activities, conducted by Provident Bank and Provident Bank Mortgage, a division of the Bank. Community banking activities primarily consist of accepting deposits from customers within the communities surrounding the Bank’s full service offices and investing those funds in single-family loans, multi-family loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans, commercial business loans, consumer loans and other real estate loans. The Bank also offers business checking accounts, other business banking services, and services loans for others. Mortgage banking activities consist of the origination, purchase and sale of mortgage loans secured primarily by single-family residences. The Bank currently operates 14 retail/business banking offices in Riverside County and San Bernardino County (commonly known as the Inland Empire). Provident Bank Mortgage operates two wholesale loan production offices: one in Pleasanton and one in Rancho Cucamonga, California; and nine retail loan production offices in Atascadero, Brea, Escondido, Glendora, Rancho Cucamonga, Riverside (3) and Roseville, California. The Corporation’s revenues are derived principally from interest on its loans and investment securities and fees generated through its community banking and mortgage banking activities. There are various risks inherent in the Corporation’s business including, among others, the general business environment, interest rates, the California real estate market, the demand for loans, the prepayment of loans, the repurchase of loans previously sold to investors, the secondary market conditions to sell loans, competitive conditions, legislative and regulatory changes, fraud and other risks.
The Corporation began to distribute quarterly cash dividends in the quarter ended September 30, 2002. On July 31, 2018, the Corporation declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.14 per share. The Corporation’s shareholders of record at the close of business on August 21, 2018 will receive the cash dividend, which is payable on September 11, 2018. Future declarations or payments of dividends will be subject to the consideration of the Corporation’s Board of Directors, which will take into account the Corporation’s financial condition, results of operations, tax considerations, capital requirements, industry standards, legal restrictions, economic conditions and other factors, including the regulatory restrictions which affect the payment of dividends by the Bank to the Corporation. Under Delaware law, dividends may be paid either out of surplus or, if there is no surplus, out of net profits for the current fiscal year and/or the preceding fiscal year in which the dividend is declared.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is intended to assist in understanding the financial condition and results of operations of the Corporation. The information contained in this section should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying selected Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
Critical Accounting Policies
The discussion and analysis of the Corporation’s financial condition and results of operations is based upon the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
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The allowance for loan losses involves significant judgment and assumptions by management, which has a material impact on the carrying value of net loans. Management considers the accounting estimate related to the allowance for loan losses a critical accounting estimate because it is highly susceptible to change from period to period, requiring management to make assumptions about probable incurred losses inherent in the loans held for investment at the date of the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The impact of a sudden large loss could deplete the allowance and require increased provisions to replenish the allowance, which would negatively affect earnings.
The allowance is based on two principles of accounting: (i) ASC 450, “Contingencies,” which requires that losses be accrued when they are probable of occurring and can be estimated; and (ii) ASC 310, “Receivables.” The allowance has two components: collectively evaluated allowances and individually evaluated allowances on loans held for investment. Each of these components is based upon estimates that can change over time. The allowance is based on historical experience and as a result can differ from actual losses incurred in the future. Additionally, differences may result from changes to qualitative factors such as unemployment data, gross domestic product, interest rates, retail sales, the value of real estate and real estate market conditions. The historical data is reviewed at least quarterly and adjustments are made as needed. Various techniques are used to arrive at an individually evaluated allowance, including discounted cash flows and the fair market value of collateral. Management considers, based on currently available information, the allowance for loan losses sufficient to absorb probable losses inherent in loans held for investment. The use of these techniques is inherently subjective and the actual losses could be greater or less than the estimates, which, can materially affect amounts recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The Corporation assesses loans individually and classifies loans when the accrual of interest has been discontinued, loans have been restructured or management has serious doubts about the future collectibility of principal and interest, even though the loans may currently be performing. Factors considered in determining classification include, but are not limited to, expected future cash flows, the financial condition of the borrower and current economic conditions. The Corporation measures each non-performing loan based on the fair value of its collateral, less selling costs, or discounted cash flow and charges off those loans or portions of loans deemed uncollectible.
Non-performing loans are charged-off to their fair values in the period the loans, or portion thereof, are deemed uncollectible, generally after the loan becomes 150 days delinquent for real estate secured first trust deed loans and 120 days delinquent for commercial business or real estate secured second trust deed loans. For restructured loans, the charge-off occurs when the loan becomes 90 days delinquent; and where borrowers file bankruptcy, the charge-off occurs when the loan becomes 60 days delinquent. The amount of the charge-off is determined by comparing the loan balance to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral, less disposition costs, with the loan balance in excess of the estimated fair value charged-off against the allowance for loan losses. The allowance for loan losses for non-performing loans is determined by applying ASC 310. For restructured loans that are less than 90 days delinquent, the allowance for loan losses are segregated into (a) individually evaluated allowances for those loans with applicable discounted cash flow calculations still in their restructuring period, classified lower than pass and, containing an embedded loss component or (b) collectively evaluated allowances based on the aggregated pooling method. For non-performing loans less than 60 days delinquent where the borrower has filed bankruptcy, the collectively evaluated allowances are assigned based on the aggregated pooling method. For non-performing commercial real estate loans, an individually evaluated allowance is calculated based on the loan's fair value and if the fair value is higher than the individual loan balance, no allowance is required.
A troubled debt restructuring (“restructured loan”) is a loan which the Corporation, for reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that the Corporation would not otherwise consider.
The loan terms which have been modified or restructured due to a borrower’s financial difficulty, include but are not limited to:

• | A reduction in the stated interest rate.

• | An extension of the maturity at an interest rate below market.

• | A reduction in the accrued interest.

• | Extensions, deferrals, renewals and rewrites.

The Corporation measures the allowance for loan losses of restructured loans based on the difference between the original loan’s carrying amount and the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the original effective yield of the loan. Based on published guidance with respect to restructured loans from certain banking regulators and to conform to general practices within the banking industry, the Corporation determined it was appropriate to maintain certain restructured loans on accrual status because
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there is reasonable assurance of repayment and performance, consistent with the modified terms based upon a current, well-documented credit evaluation.
Other restructured loans are classified as “Substandard” and placed on non-performing status. The loans may be upgraded and placed on accrual status once there is a sustained period of payment performance (usually six months or, for loans that have been restructured more than once, 12 months) and there is a reasonable assurance that the payments will continue; and if the borrower has demonstrated satisfactory contractual payments beyond 12 consecutive months, the loan is no longer categorized as a restructured loan. In addition to the payment history described above, multi-family, commercial real estate, construction and commercial business loans must also demonstrate a combination of corroborating characteristics to be upgraded, such as: satisfactory cash flow, satisfactory guarantor support, and additional collateral support, among others.
To qualify for restructuring, a borrower must provide evidence of their creditworthiness such as, current financial statements, their most recent income tax returns, current paystubs, current W-2s, and most recent bank statements, among other documents, which are then verified by the Corporation. The Corporation re-underwrites the loan with the borrower’s updated financial information, new credit report, current loan balance, new interest rate, remaining loan term, updated property value and modified payment schedule, among other considerations, to determine if the borrower qualifies.
Interest is not accrued on any loan when its contractual payments are more than 90 days delinquent or if the loan is deemed impaired. In addition, interest is not recognized on any loan where management has determined that collection is not reasonably assured. A non-performing loan may be restored to accrual status when delinquent principal and interest payments are brought current and future monthly principal and interest payments are expected to be collected.
When a loan is categorized as non-performing, all previously accrued but uncollected interest is reversed in the current operating results. When a full recovery of the outstanding principal loan balance is in doubt, subsequent payments received are first applied as a recovery of principal charge-offs and then to unpaid principal. This is referred to as the cost recovery method. A loan may be returned to accrual status at such time as the loan is brought fully current as to both principal and interest, and, in management’s judgment, such loan is considered to be fully collectible on a timely basis. However, the Corporation’s policy also allows management to continue the recognition of interest income on certain non-performing loans. This is referred to as the cash basis method under which the accrual of interest is suspended and interest income is recognized only when collected. This policy applies to non-performing loans that are considered to be fully collectible but the timely collection of payments is in doubt.
ASC 815 , “Derivatives and Hedging,” requires that derivatives of the Corporation be recorded in the consolidated financial statements at fair value. Management considers its accounting policy for derivatives to be a critical accounting policy because these instruments have certain interest rate risk characteristics that change in value based upon changes in the capital markets. The Corporation’s derivatives are primarily the result of its mortgage banking activities in the form of commitments to extend credit, commitments to sell loans, TBA MBS trades and option contracts to mitigate the risk of the commitments to extend credit. Estimates of the percentage of commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for sale that may not fund are based upon historical data and current market trends. The fair value adjustments of the derivatives are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations with offsets to other assets or other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
Management accounts for income taxes by estimating future tax effects of temporary differences between the tax and book basis of assets and liabilities considering the provisions of enacted tax laws. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in the Corporation’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The application of income tax law is inherently complex. Laws and regulations in this area are voluminous and are often ambiguous. As such, management is required to make many subjective assumptions and judgments regarding the Corporation’s income tax exposures, including judgments in determining the amount and timing of recognition of the resulting deferred tax assets and liabilities, including projections of future taxable income. Interpretations of and guidance surrounding income tax laws and regulations change over time. As such, changes in management’s subjective assumptions and judgments can materially affect amounts recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and Consolidated Statements of Operations. Therefore, management considers its accounting for income taxes a critical accounting policy.
Executive Summary and Operating Strategy
Provident Savings Bank, F.S.B., established in 1956, is a financial services company committed to serving consumers and small to mid-sized businesses in the Inland Empire region of Southern California. The Bank conducts its business operations as Provident Bank, Provident Bank Mortgage, a division of the Bank, and through its subsidiary, Provident Financial Corp. The business
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activities of the Corporation, primarily through the Bank and its subsidiary, consist of community banking, mortgage banking and, to a lesser degree, investment services for customers and trustee services on behalf of the Bank.
Community banking operations primarily consist of accepting deposits from customers within the communities surrounding the Corporation’s full service offices and investing those funds in single-family, multi-family and commercial real estate loans. Also, to a lesser extent, the Corporation makes construction, commercial business, consumer and other mortgage loans. The primary source of income in community banking is net interest income, which is the difference between the interest income earned on loans and investment securities, and the interest expense paid on interest-bearing deposits and borrowed funds. Additionally, certain fees are collected from depositors, such as returned check fees, deposit account service charges, ATM fees, IRA/KEOGH fees, safe deposit box fees, wire transfer fees and overdraft protection fees, among others.
During the next three years, subject to market conditions, the Corporation intends to improve its community banking business by moderately increasing total assets; by increasing single-family mortgage loans and higher yielding loans (i.e., multi-family, commercial real estate, construction and commercial business loans). In addition, the Corporation intends to decrease the percentage of time deposits in its deposit base and to increase the percentage of lower cost checking and savings accounts. This strategy is intended to improve core revenue through a higher net interest margin and ultimately, coupled with the growth of the Corporation, an increase in net interest income. While the Corporation’s long-term strategy is for moderate growth, management recognizes that growth may not occur as a result of weaknesses in general economic conditions.
Mortgage banking operations primarily consist of the origination, purchase and sale of mortgage loans secured by single-family residences. The primary sources of income in mortgage banking are gain on sale of loans and certain fees collected from borrowers in connection with the loan origination process. The Corporation will continue to modify its operations, including the number of mortgage banking personnel, in response to the rapidly changing mortgage banking environment. Changes may include a different product mix, further tightening of underwriting standards, variations in its operating expenses or a combination of these and other changes.
Provident Financial Corp performs trustee services for the Bank’s real estate secured loan transactions and has in the past held, and may in the future hold, real estate for investment. Investment services operations primarily consist of selling alternative investment products such as annuities and mutual funds to the Bank’s depositors. Investment services and trustee services contribute a very small percentage of gross revenue.
There are a number of risks associated with the business activities of the Corporation, many of which are beyond the Corporation’s control, including: changes in accounting principles, laws, regulation, interest rates and the economy, among others. The Corporation attempts to mitigate many of these risks through prudent banking practices, such as interest rate risk management, credit risk management, operational risk management, and liquidity risk management. The California economic environment presents heightened risk for the Corporation primarily with respect to real estate values and loan delinquencies. Since the majority of the Corporation’s loans are secured by real estate located within California, significant declines in the value of California real estate may also inhibit the Corporation’s ability to recover on defaulted loans by selling the underlying real estate. For further details on risk factors and uncertainties, see “Safe-Harbor Statement” included above in this item 7, and Item 1A, "Risk Factors.”
Off-Balance Sheet Financing Arrangements and Contractual Obligations
Commitments and Derivative Financial Instruments. The Corporation is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, in the form of originating loans or providing funds under existing lines of credit, loan sale agreements to third parties and option contracts. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest-rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The Corporation’s exposure to credit loss, in the event of non-performance by the counterparty to these financial instruments, is represented by the contractual amount of these instruments. The Corporation uses the same credit policies in entering into financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. For a discussion on commitments and derivative financial instruments, see Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
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Contractual Obligations. The following table summarizes the Corporation’s contractual obligations at June 30, 2018 and the effect these obligations are expected to have on the Corporation’s liquidity and cash flows in future periods:

| Payments Due by Period
(Dollars In Thousands) | Less than 1 year | 1 year to less than 3 years | 3 year to 5 years | Over 5 years | Total
Operating obligations | $ | 3,098 |  | $ | 4,355 |  | $ | 1,986 |  | $ | 623 |  | $ | 10,062 |
Pension benefits | 248 |  | 496 |  | 497 |  | 6,450 |  | 7,691 |
Time deposits | 117,512 |  | 94,075 |  | 28,580 |  | 1,830 |  | 241,997 |
FHLB – San Francisco advances | 27,793 |  | 24,921 |  | 34,175 |  | 51,309 |  | 138,198 |
FHLB – San Francisco letter of credit | 8,000 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 8,000 |
FHLB – San Francisco MPF credit enhancement(1) | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,458 |  | 2,458 |
Total | $ | 156,651 |  | $ | 123,847 |  | $ | 65,238 |  | $ | 62,670 |  | $ | 408,406 |

(1) | Represents the recourse provision for loans previously sold by the Bank to the FHLB – San Francisco under its Mortgage Partnership Finance program. As of June 30, 2018, the Bank serviced $11.8 million of loans under this program.

The expected obligation for time deposits and FHLB – San Francisco advances include anticipated interest accruals based on the respective contractual terms.
The Bank is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, in the form of originating loans or providing funds under existing lines of credit, loan sale commitments to investors, TBA MBS trades and option contracts. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest-rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. The Bank's exposure to credit loss, in the event of non-performance by the counter party to these financial instruments, is represented by the contractual amount of these instruments. The Bank uses the same credit policies in making commitments to extend credit as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, these commitments were $66.3 million and $111.8 million, respectively.
Comparison of Financial Condition at June 30, 2018 and 2017
Total assets decreased $25.1 million, or 2%, to $1.18 billion at June 30, 2018 from $1.20 billion at June 30, 2017. The decrease was primarily attributable to decreases in loans held for sale and cash and cash equivalents, partly offset by an increase in investment securities held to maturity.
Total cash and cash equivalents, primarily excess cash deposited with the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, decreased $29.5 million, or 41%, to $43.3 million at June 30, 2018 from $72.8 million at June 30, 2017. The decrease was primarily attributable to the untilization of cash to fund the increase in investment securities held to maturity and a decrease in customer deposits, partly offset by a decrease in loans held for sale. The balance of cash and cash equivalents at June 30, 2018 was consistent to the Corporation’s strategy of adequately managing credit and liquidity risk.
Total investment securities (held to maturity and available for sale) increased $25.5 million, or 37%, to $95.3 million at June 30, 2018 from $69.8 million at June 30, 2017. The increase was primarily the result of purchases of mortgage-backed securities held to maturity, partly offset by scheduled and accelerated principal payments on mortgage-backed securities. For further analysis on investment securities, see Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
Loans held for investment decreased $2.2 million to $902.7 million at June 30, 2018 from $904.9 million at June 30, 2017. In fiscal 2018, the Corporation originated $186.4 million of loans held for investment, consisting primarily of single-family, multi-family and commercial real estate loans, compared to $191.9 million, consisting primarily of single-family and multi-family loans, for the same period last year. In addition, the Corporation purchased $13.5 million of loans to be held for investment (primarily multi-family loans) in fiscal 2018, compared to $61.7 million of purchased loans to be held for investment (primarily multi-family loans) in fiscal 2017. Total loan principal payments in fiscal 2018 were $208.5 million, a 6% increase from $197.0 million in
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fiscal 2017. In addition, REO acquired in the settlement of loans in fiscal 2018 was $2.2 million, an 18% increase from $1.8 million in fiscal 2017. The balance of multi-family, commercial real estate, construction and commercial business loans, net of undisbursed loan funds, increased 1% to $589.4 million at June 30, 2018 from $585.1 million at June 30, 2017, and represented 65% and 64% of loans held for investment, respectively. The balance of single-family loans held for investment decreased $7.4 million, or 2%, to $314.8 million at June 30, 2018, from $322.2 million at June 30, 2017.
The table below describes the geographic dispersion of real estate secured loans held for investment (gross) at June 30, 2018 and 2017, as a percentage of the total dollar amount outstanding (dollars in thousands):
As of June 30, 2018:

| Inland Empire | Southern California(1) | Other California | Other States | Total
Loan Category | Balance | % | Balance | % | Balance | % | Balance | % | Balance | %
Single-family | $ | 110,510 |  | 35 | % | $ | 149,261 |  | 48 | % | $ | 53,960 |  | 17 | % | $ | 1,077 |  | — | % | $ | 314,808 |  | 100 | %
Multi-family | 76,473 |  | 16 | % | 287,174 |  | 60 | % | 109,684 |  | 23 | % | 2,677 |  | 1 | % | 476,008 |  | 100 | %
Commercial real estate | 32,224 |  | 29 | % | 47,903 |  | 44 | % | 29,599 |  | 27 | % | — |  | — | % | 109,726 |  | 100 | %
Construction | 208 |  | 3 | % | 6,763 |  | 90 | % | 505 |  | 7 | % | — |  | — | % | 7,476 |  | 100 | %
Other | — |  | — | % | — |  | — | % | 167 |  | 100 | % | — |  | — | % | 167 |  | 100 | %
Total | $ | 219,415 |  | 24 | % | $ | 491,101 |  | 54 | % | $ | 193,915 |  | 21 | % | $ | 3,754 |  | 1 | % | $ | 908,185 |  | 100 | %

(1) | Other than the Inland Empire.

As of June 30, 2017:

| Inland Empire | Southern California(1) | Other California | Other States | Total
Loan Category | Balance |  | % | Balance |  | % | Balance |  | % | Balance |  | % | Balance |  | %
Single-family | $ | 102,686 |  | 32 | % | $ | 156,045 |  | 49 | % | $ | 62,249 |  | 19 | % | $ | 1,217 |  | — | % | $ | 322,197 |  | 100 | %
Multi-family | 80,861 |  | 17 | % | 282,871 |  | 59 | % | 113,459 |  | 24 | % | 2,768 |  | — | % | 479,959 |  | 100 | %
Commercial real estate | 31,497 |  | 32 | % | 42,192 |  | 43 | % | 23,873 |  | 25 | % | — |  | — | % | 97,562 |  | 100 | %
Construction | 3,760 |  | 24 | % | 10,614 |  | 66 | % | 1,635 |  | 10 | % | — |  | — | % | 16,009 |  | 100 | %
Total | $ | 218,804 |  | 24 | % | $ | 491,722 |  | 54 | % | $ | 201,216 |  | 22 | % | $ | 3,985 |  | — | % | $ | 915,727 |  | 100 | %

(1) | Other than the Inland Empire.

Loans held for sale decreased $20.2 million, or 17%, to $96.3 million at June 30, 2018 from $116.5 million at June 30, 2017. The decrease was primarily due to a lower volume of loans originated for sale and the timing difference between loan fundings and loan sale settlements. Total loans originated and purchased for sale decreased $727.0 million, or 38%, to $1.19 billion in fiscal 2018 from $1.91 billion in fiscal 2017. The lower volume of loans originated and purchased for sale was due primarily to higher mortgage interest rates during fiscal 2018, which has reduced refinance activity and activity in the home purchase market.
Total deposits decreased $18.9 million, or 2%, to $907.6 million at June 30, 2018 from $926.5 million at June 30, 2017. Time deposits decreased $30.3 million, or 11%, to $237.6 million at June 30, 2018 from $267.9 million at June 30, 2017; while transaction accounts increased $11.4 million, or 2%, to $670.0 million at June 30, 2018 from $658.6 million at June 30, 2017. The change in deposit mix was consistent with the Corporation’s marketing strategy to promote transaction accounts and the strategic decision to increase the percentage of lower cost checking and savings accounts in its deposit base and decrease the percentage of time deposits by competing less aggressively for time deposits.
Borrowings, consisting of FHLB – San Francisco advances were unchanged at $126.2 million at June 30, 2018 as compared to the balance at June 30, 2017. The weighted-average maturity of the Corporation’s FHLB – San Francisco advances was approximately 46 months at June 30, 2018, down from 51 months at June 30, 2017.
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Total stockholders’ equity decreased $7.7 million, or 6%, to $120.5 million at June 30, 2018, from $128.2 million at June 30, 2017, primarily as a result of stock repurchases (see Part II, Item 2, “Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds” of this Form 10-K) and quarterly cash dividends paid to shareholders, partly offset by net income and the amortization of stock-based compensation benefits in fiscal 2018.
Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017
General. The Corporation recorded net income of $2.1 million, or $0.28 per diluted share, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, as compared to net income of $5.2 million, or $0.64 per diluted share, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017. The $3.1 million decrease in net income in fiscal 2018 was primarily attributable to a $9.9 million decrease in non-interest income, a $1.6 million increase in other non-interest expenses and a $1.8 million net tax charge resulting from the revaluation of net deferred tax assets consistent with the Tax Act, partly offset by a $6.9 million decrease in salaries and employee benefit expense. The Corporation's efficiency ratio, defined as non-interest expense divided by the sum of net interest income and non-interest income, increased to 91% in fiscal 2018 from 88% in fiscal 2017. Return on average assets in fiscal 2018 decreased to 0.18% from 0.43% in fiscal 2017 and return on average stockholders' equity in fiscal 2018 decreased to 1.73% from 3.94% in fiscal 2017.
Net Interest Income. Net interest income increased $562,000, or 2%, to $36.3 million in fiscal 2018 from $35.7 million in fiscal 2017. This increase resulted from an increase in the net interest margin, partly offset by a decrease in the average balance of interest-earning assets. The net interest margin increased 13 basis points to 3.19% in fiscal 2018 from 3.06% in fiscal 2017, due to an 11 basis point increase in the average yield on interest-earning assets and a two basis point decrease in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities. The average balance of interest-earning assets decreased $27.5 million, or 2%, to $1.14 billion in fiscal 2018 from $1.17 billion in fiscal 2017.
Interest Income. Total interest income increased $295,000, or 1%, to $42.7 million for fiscal 2018 from $42.4 million for fiscal 2017. The increase was primarily due to higher interest income on investment securities and interest-earning deposits partly offset by lower interest income on loans receivable and FHLB - San Francisco stock. The average yield on interest-earning assets increased 11 basis points to 3.75% in fiscal 2018 from 3.64% in fiscal 2017. The increase in the average yield on interest-earning assets was primarily the result of increases in the average yield on and in the percentage of investment securities comprising total interest-earning assets and an increase in the average yield earned on loans receivable and interest-earning deposits. The decrease in the average balance of interest-earning assets was primarily attributable to decreases in the average balance of loans receivable and interest-earning deposits, partly offset by an increase in the average balance of investment securities.
Interest income on loans receivable decreased $233,000, or 1%, to $40.0 million in fiscal 2018 from $40.2 million in fiscal 2017. This decrease was attributable to a lower average loan balance, partly offset by a higher average loan yield. The average balance of loans receivable, including loans held for sale, decreased $39.1 million, or 4%, to $986.8 million during fiscal 2018 from $1.03 billion during fiscal 2017. The average loan yield, including loans held for sale, during fiscal 2018 increased 14 basis points to 4.06% from 3.92% in fiscal 2017. The average balance of loans held for sale decreased $71.9 million, or 45%, to $88.9 million for fiscal 2018 from $160.8 million in fiscal 2017 while the average yield on loans held for sale increased 42 basis points to 4.10% in fiscal 2018 from 3.68% in fiscal 2017. The average balance of loans held for investment increased $32.8 million, or 4%, to $897.9 million for fiscal 2018 from $865.1 million in fiscal 2017 and the average yield on loans held for investment increased eight basis points to 4.05% in fiscal 2018 from 3.97% in fiscal 2017.
Interest income from investment securities increased $769,000, or 134%, to $1.3 million in fiscal 2018 from $575,000 in fiscal 2017. This increase was primarily a result of an increase in the average balance and, to a lesser extent, an increase in the average yield. The average balance of investment securities increased $39.1 million, or 76%, to $90.7 million in fiscal 2018 from $51.6 million in fiscal 2017 as a result of new purchases of investment securities, partly offset by scheduled and accelerated principal payments on mortgage-backed securities. The average yield on investment securities increased 37 basis points to 1.48% during fiscal 2018 from 1.11% during fiscal 2017. The increase in the average yield of investment securities was primarily attributable to the purchase of new investment securities with a higher average yield than the existing portfolio and the repricing of adjustable rate mortgage-backed securities, partly offset by an accelerated amortization of purchase premiums resulting from accelerated principal payments. During fiscal 2018, the Bank purchased $53.9 million of mortgage-backed securities with an average yield of 2.04% and renewed a $200,000 certificate of deposit at another financial institution with a term more than 90 days and did not sell any investment securities.
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During fiscal 2018, the Bank received $568,000 of cash dividends from its FHLB - San Francisco stock, a decrease of $399,000 or 41% from the $967,000 of cash dividends received in fiscal 2017. The decrease in cash dividends was due primarily to a special cash dividend received in the second quarter of fiscal 2017 that was not replicated in fiscal 2018, and as a result, the average yield decreased 495 basis points to 6.99% in fiscal 2018 from 11.94% in fiscal 2017.
Interest income from interest-earning deposits, primarily cash deposited at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, increased $158,000, or 25%, to $784,000 in fiscal 2018 from $626,000 in fiscal 2017, due to a higher average yield, partly offset by a lower average balance. The average yield increased 69 basis points to 1.45% in fiscal 2018 from 0.76% in fiscal 2017, resulting from recent increases in the target federal funds interest rate. The average balance of interest-earning deposits decreased $27.6 million, or 34%, to $53.4 million in fiscal 2018 from $81.0 million in fiscal 2017, due to the utilization of excess liquidity to fund an increase in investment securities and a decrease in customer deposits.
Interest Expense. Total interest expense for fiscal 2018 was $6.4 million as compared to $6.7 million for fiscal 2017, a decrease of $267,000, or 4%. This decrease was primarily attributable to a lower interest expense on deposits, particularly in time deposits. The average balance of interest-bearing liabilities, principally deposits and borrowings, decreased $20.1 million or 2% to $1.03 billion during fiscal 2018 as compared to $1.05 billion during fiscal 2017. This decrease was attributable to declines in the average balance of both time deposits and borrowings. The average cost of interest-bearing liabilities was 0.62% during fiscal 2018, down two basis points from 0.64% during fiscal 2017. The decrease in the average cost of liabilities was primarily due to a lower average cost of deposits, partly offset by a higher average cost of borrowings.
Interest expense on deposits for fiscal 2018 was $3.5 million as compared to $3.8 million for the same period of fiscal 2017, a decrease of $313,000, or 8%. The decrease in interest expense on deposits was primarily attributable to a lower average balance and, to a lesser extent, a lower average cost of deposits. The average balance of deposits decreased $16.8 million, or 2%, to $915.3 million during fiscal 2018 from $932.1 million during fiscal 2017. The average balance of time deposits decreased by $38.5 million, or 13%, to $251.6 million in fiscal 2018 from $290.1 million in fiscal 2017. The decrease in the average balance of time deposits was offset by an increase in the average balance of transaction accounts, consistent with the Bank's marketing strategy to promote transaction accounts and the strategic decision to compete less aggressively on time deposit interest rates. The average balance of transaction accounts increased $21.6 million, or 3%, to $663.7 million in fiscal 2018 from $642.1 million in fiscal 2017. The average balance of transaction accounts to total deposits in the fiscal 2018 was 73%, compared to 69% in fiscal 2017. The average cost of deposits decreased three basis points to 0.38% in fiscal 2018 from 0.41% during fiscal 2017. The average cost of transaction accounts in fiscal 2018 remained unchanged at 0.15% as compared to the average cost in fiscal 2017; while the average cost of time deposits in fiscal 2018 was 0.99%, up one basis point, from 0.98% in fiscal 2017.
Interest expense on borrowings, consisting of FHLB - San Francisco advances, for fiscal 2018 increased $46,000, or 2%, to $2.9 million as compared to fiscal 2017. The increase in interest expense on borrowings was due primarily to a higher average cost, partly offset by a lower average balance. The average cost of borrowings increased to 2.56% in fiscal 2018 from 2.45% in fiscal 2017, an increase of 11 basis points. The increase in the average cost of borrowings was primarily due to the increased utilization of short-term advances in fiscal 2018 with a higher cost as compared to fiscal 2017. The average balance of borrowings decreased $3.3 million, or 3%, to $114.0 million during fiscal 2018 from $117.3 million during fiscal 2017.
Provision (Recovery) for Loan Losses. During fiscal 2018, the Corporation recorded a recovery from the allowance for loan losses of $536,000, as compared to a $1.0 million recovery from the allowance for loan losses during fiscal 2017, a $506,000 or 49% decrease. The recovery from the allowance for loan losses in fiscal 2018 was primarily attributable to the reduction in non-performing loans and higher risk construction loans and our maintaining a relatively stable credit risk profile, as reflected in our asset quality ratios described below. The decrease in the amount of the recovery year over year was primarily due net loan charge-offs in fiscal 2018 compared to net loan recoveries in fiscal 2017. The allowance for loan losses decreased $654,000, or 8%, to $7.4 million at June 30, 2018 from $8.0 million at June 30, 2017.
Non-performing assets (net of the collectively evaluated allowances and individually evaluated allowances), with underlying collateral primarily located in Southern California, decreased $2.6 million or 27% to $7.0 million, or 0.59% of total assets, at June 30, 2018, compared to $9.6 million, or 0.80% of total assets, at June 30, 2017. Non-performing loans at June 30, 2018 decreased $1.9 million or 24% since June 30, 2017 to $6.1 million and were comprised of 21 single-family loans ($6.0 million) and one commercial business loan ($64,000). REO at June 30, 2018 decreased $709,000 or 44% to $906,000 consisting of two single-family properties acquired in the settlement of loans. As of June 30, 2018, 48%, or $2.9 million of non-performing loans have a current payment status. Net loan charge-offs in fiscal 2018 were $118,000 or 0.01% of average loans receivable, compared to net loan recoveries of $411,000 or 0.04% of average loans receivable in fiscal 2017.
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Classified assets at June 30, 2018 were $15.8 million, comprised of $7.5 million in the special mention category, $7.4 million in the substandard category and $906,000 in REO. Classified assets at June 30, 2017 were $13.3 million, comprised of $3.7 million in the special mention category, $8.0 million in the substandard category and $1.6 million in REO. Classified assets increased at June 30, 2018 from the June 30, 2017 level primarily as a result of an increase in special mention loans due to the non-compliance by a single borrower with loan covenants related to three multi-family loans totaling $3.9 million. For additional information, see Item 1, “Business - “Delinquencies and Classified Assets” in this Form 10-K.
There were two loans that were modified from their original terms in fiscal 2018, while there were no loans that were modified from their original terms in fiscal 2017. As of June 30, 2018, the outstanding balance of restructured loans was $5.2 million: one loan was classified as special mention and remained on accrual status ($389,000); one loan was classified as substandard and remains on accrual status ($1.4 million); and nine loans were classified as substandard on non-accrual status ($3.4 million). As of June 30, 2018, 56%, or $2.9 million of the restructured loans have a current payment status, consistent with their modified payment terms. During fiscal 2018, no restructured loans were in default within a 12-month period subsequent to their original restructuring and no restructured loan was extended beyond the initial maturity of the modification.
The allowance for loan losses was $7.4 million at June 30, 2018, or 0.81% of gross loans held for investment, compared to $8.0 million, or 0.88% of gross loans held for investment at June 30, 2017. The allowance for loan losses at June 30, 2018 includes $157,000 of individually evaluated allowances, compared to $101,000 of individually evaluated allowances at June 30, 2017. Management believes that, based on currently available information, the allowance for loan losses is sufficient to absorb potential losses inherent in loans held for investment at June 30, 2018. For additional information, see Item 1, “Business - Delinquencies and Classified Assets - Allowance for Loan Losses” in this Form 10-K.
The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level sufficient to provide for estimated losses based on evaluating known and inherent risks in the loans held for investment portfolio and upon management's continuing analysis of the factors underlying the quality of the loans held for investment. These factors include changes in the size and composition of the loans held for investment, actual loan loss experience, current economic conditions, detailed analysis of individual loans for which full collectibility may not be assured, and determination of the realizable value of the collateral securing the loans. Provisions (recoveries) for loan losses are charged (credited) against operations on a quarterly basis, as necessary, to maintain the allowance at appropriate levels. Management believes that the amount maintained in the allowance will be adequate to absorb probable losses inherent in the loans held for investment. Although management believes it uses the best information available to make such determinations, there can be no assurance that regulators, in reviewing the Bank's loans held for investment, will not request the Bank to significantly increase its allowance for loan losses. Future adjustments to the allowance for loan losses may be necessary and results of operations could be significantly and adversely affected as a result of economic, operating, regulatory and other conditions beyond the control of the Bank.
Non-Interest Income. Total non-interest income decreased $8.9 million, or 29%, to $21.9 million in fiscal 2018 from $30.8 million in fiscal 2017. The decrease was primarily attributable to a reduction in the gain on sale of loans, partly offset by higher loan servicing and other fees and a decrease in loss on the sale and operations of real estate owned acquired in the settlement of loans.
The net gain on sale of loans decreased $9.9 million, or 39%, to $15.8 million for fiscal 2018 from $25.7 million in fiscal 2017. The decrease was a result of a lower volume of loans originated for sale and, to a lesser extent, a lower average loan sale margin. Total loan sale volume, which includes the net change in commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for sale, was $1.15 billion in fiscal 2018 as compared to $1.83 billion in fiscal 2017, down $676.1 million or 37%. The decrease in the loan sale volume in fiscal 2018 was attributable to increases in mortgage interest rates during fiscal 2018 resulting in a decrease in refinance activity and loans originated for home purchases. The average loan sale margin for PBM during fiscal 2018 was 1.37% as compared to 1.40% in fiscal 2017, a decrease of three basis points. The decline in the average loan sale margin was the result of competitive pricing pressure due to market conditions consistent with falling demand for mortgages, partly mitigated by a higher percentage of retail loan originations, which typically have a higher loan sale margin, as compared to wholesale loan originations. The total retail loan originations as a percentage of total loans originated by PBM during fiscal 2018 was 58%, up from 53% in fiscal 2017. The gain on sale of loans includes an unfavorable fair-value adjustment on loans held for sale and derivative financial instruments (commitments to extend credit, commitments to sell loans, TBA MBS trades and option contracts) that amounted to a net loss of $2.1 million and $3.4 million in fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively. The gain on sale of loans in fiscal 2018 also includes a $22,000 recourse reserve recovery on loans sold that are subject to repurchase, compared to a $137,000 recourse reserve recovery on loans sold in fiscal 2017.
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The loan servicing and other fees increased $324,000, or 26%, to $1.6 million for fiscal 2018 from $1.3 million in fiscal 2017. The increase was attributable primarily to higher loan prepayment fees.
The net loss on sale and operations of real estate owned acquired in the settlement of loans improved $471,000, or 85%, to a net loss of $86,000 in fiscal 2018 from a net loss of $557,000 in fiscal 2017. The net loss in fiscal 2018 was comprised of $89,000 of net operating expenses and a $558,000 net loss on the sale of four REO properties, partly offset by a $561,000 recovery from the loss reserve on real estate owned. The net loss in fiscal 2017 was comprised of $255,000 of net operating expenses and a $440,000 provision for losses on real estate owned, partly offset by a $138,000 net gain on the sale of seven REO properties.
Non-Interest Expense. Total non-interest expense in fiscal 2018 was $53.2 million, a decrease of $5.6 million, or 10%, as compared to $58.8 million in fiscal 2017. The decrease in non-interest expense was primarily attributable to a decrease in salaries and employee benefits expense, partly offset by an increase in other operating expenses.
Salaries and employee benefits expense decreased $6.9 million, or 17%, to $34.8 million in fiscal 2018 from $41.7 million in fiscal 2017. The decrease in salaries and employee benefits was primarily due to lower incentive compensation costs and PBM staff reductions related to lower mortgage banking loan originations. Total PBM loans originated and purchased in fiscal 2018 was $1.27 billion, down $718.5 million or 36% from $1.99 billion in fiscal 2017. There were 173 full-time equivalent employees at PBM on June 30, 2018 compared to 253 full-time equivalent employees at PBM on June 30, 2017.
Other non-interest expense increased $1.6 million, or 25%, to $8.0 million in fiscal 2018 from $6.4 million in fiscal 2017. The increase was primarily attributable to a $2.2 million increase in litigation expenses (see Part I, Item 3. Legal Proceeding), partly offset by lower expenses related to reduced loan originations.
Provision for Income Taxes. The income tax provision reflects accruals for taxes at the applicable rates for federal income tax and California franchise tax based upon reported pre-tax income, adjusted for the effect of all permanent differences between income for tax and financial reporting purposes, such as non-deductible stock-based compensation, bank-owned life insurance policies and certain California tax-exempt loans, among others. Therefore, there are fluctuations in the effective income tax rate from period to period based on the relationship of net permanent differences to income before tax.
The Tax Act reduced the federal corporate income tax rate from a maximum 35% to a flat 21% as of January 1, 2018. Since the Corporation has a fiscal year end of June 30th, the reduced corporate federal income tax rate for fiscal year 2018 was the result of the application of a blended federal statutory tax rate of 28.06%, which was based on the applicable federal corporate income tax rates before and after the Tax Act and corresponding number of days in the fiscal year before and after enactment. The Corporation will realize the full impact of the reduced statutory federal corporate income tax rate of 21% in fiscal 2019, which began on July 1, 2018.
The provision for income taxes was $3.4 million for fiscal 2018, representing an effective tax rate of 61.4%, as compared to $3.6 million in fiscal 2017, representing an effective tax rate of 40.9%. The decline in the provision for income taxes was due primarily to the decline in net income before income taxes, partly offset by a net tax charge of $1.8 million resulting from the revaluation of net deferred tax assets consistent with the Tax Act, leading to the higher effective tax rate in fiscal 2018 as compared to fiscal 2017.
The Corporation’s effective tax rate may differ from the estimated tax rates described above due to discrete items such as further adjustments to net deferred tax assets, excess tax benefits derived from stock option exercises and non-taxable earnings from bank owned life insurance, among other items. The Corporation determined that the above tax rates meet its estimated income tax obligations. For additional information, see Note 9, "Income Taxes," of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended June 30, 2017 and 2016
General. The Corporation recorded net income of $5.2 million, or $0.64 per diluted share, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017, as compared to net income of $7.5 million, or $0.88 per diluted share, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2016. The $2.3 million decrease in net income in fiscal 2017 was primarily attributable to a $6.3 million decrease in non-interest income, partly offset by a $3.4 million increase in net interest income, a $673,000 decrease in the recovery from the allowance for loan losses and a $1.8 million decrease in the provision for income taxes. The decrease in non-interest income was primarily attributable to a decrease in the gain on sale of loans. The Corporation's efficiency ratio, defined as non-interest expense divided by the sum of net interest
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income and non-interest income, increased to 88% in fiscal 2017 from 84% in fiscal 2016. Return on average assets in fiscal 2017 decreased to 0.43% from 0.64% in fiscal 2016 and return on average stockholders' equity in fiscal 2017 decreased to 3.94% from 5.43% in fiscal 2016.
Net Interest Income. Net interest income increased $3.4 million, or 11%, to $35.7 million in fiscal 2017 from $32.3 million in fiscal 2016. This increase resulted from an increase in the average balance of earning assets and, to a lesser extent, an increase in the net interest margin. The average balance of earning assets increased $32.3 million, or 3%, to $1.17 billion in fiscal 2017 from $1.13 billion in fiscal 2016. The net interest margin increased 21 basis points to 3.06% in fiscal 2017 from 2.85% in fiscal 2016, due to a significant increase in the average yield on interest-earning assets and a decrease in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities.
Interest Income. Interest income increased $3.1 million, or 8%, to $42.4 million for fiscal 2017 from $39.3 million for fiscal 2016. The increase was a result of an increase in the average balance and, to a lesser extent, an increase in the average yield of earning assets. The increase in average balance of earning assets was primarily attributable to increases in the average balance of loans receivable and investment securities, partly offset by a decrease in the average balance of interest-earning deposits. The decrease in average interest-earning deposits was primarily due to the deployment of excess cash to fund originations of loans held for sale and loans held for investment and purchases of investment securities. The average yield on interest-earning assets increased 17 basis points to 3.64% in fiscal 2017 from 3.47% in fiscal 2016. The increase in the average yield on interest-earning assets was primarily the result of the decrease in excess liquidity yielding a nominal interest rate, resulting from the increases in loans receivable and investment securities.
Interest income on loans receivable increased $2.5 million, or 7%, to $40.2 million in fiscal 2017 from $37.7 million in fiscal 2016. This increase was attributable to a higher average loan balance, partly offset by a lower average yield. The average balance of loans receivable, consisting of loans held for investment and loans held for sale, increased $76.5 million, or 8%, to $1.03 billion during fiscal 2017 from $949.4 million during fiscal 2016. The average loan yield, including loans held for sale, during fiscal 2017 decreased five basis points to 3.92% from 3.97% in fiscal 2016. The average balance of loans held for investment increased $58.6 million, or 7%, to $865.1 million for fiscal 2017 from $806.5 million in fiscal 2016 while the average yield on loans held for investment decreased three basis points to 3.97% in fiscal 2017 from 4.00% in fiscal 2016. The average balance of loans held for sale increased $17.9 million, or 13%, to $160.8 million for fiscal 2017 from $142.9 million in fiscal 2016 while the average yield on loans held for sale decreased eight basis points to 3.68% in fiscal 2017 from 3.76% in fiscal 2016.
Interest income from investment securities increased $217,000, or 61%, to $575,000 in fiscal 2017 from $358,000 in fiscal 2016. This increase was primarily a result of an increase in the average balance, partly offset by a decrease in the average yield. The average balance of investment securities increased $26.7 million, or 107%, to $51.6 million in fiscal 2017 from $24.9 million in fiscal 2016 as a result of new purchases of investment securities, partly offset by scheduled and accelerated principal payments on mortgage-backed securities. The average yield on investment securities decreased 33 basis points to 1.11% during fiscal 2017 from 1.44% during fiscal 2016. The decrease in the average yield of investment securities was primarily attributable to the purchase of new investment securities with a lower average yield than the existing portfolio and accelerated amortization of purchase premiums resulting from accelerated principal payments. During fiscal 2017, the Bank purchased $34.5 million with an average yield of 1.75% and did not sell any investment securities.
During fiscal 2017, the Bank received $967,000 of cash dividends from its FHLB - San Francisco stock, an increase of $246,000 from the $721,000 of cash dividends received in fiscal 2016. The increase in cash dividends was due primarily to a special cash dividend received in the second quarter of fiscal 2017, and as a result, the average yield increased 303 basis points to 11.94% in fiscal 2017 from 8.91% in fiscal 2016.
Interest income from interest-earning deposits, primarily cash deposited at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, increased $59,000, or 10%, to $626,000 in fiscal 2017 from $567,000 in fiscal 2016, due to a higher average yield, partly offset by a lower average cash balance. The average yield increased 39 basis points to 0.76% in fiscal 2017 from 0.37% in fiscal 2016, resulting from increases in the target federal funds interest rate. The average balance of interest-earning deposits decreased $70.9 million, or 47%, to $81.0 million in fiscal 2017 from $151.9 million in fiscal 2016, due to the utilization of excess liquidity to fund increases in loans held for investment and investment securities.
Interest Expense. Total interest expense for fiscal 2017 was $6.7 million as compared to $7.0 million for fiscal 2016, a decrease of $296,000, or 4%. This decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities, partly offset by an increase in the average balance of interest-bearing liabilities. The average cost of interest-bearing liabilities was 0.64% during fiscal 2017, down five basis points from 0.69% during fiscal 2016. The decrease in the average cost of liabilities was
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primarily due to a lower average cost of borrowings and deposits. The average balance of interest-bearing liabilities, principally deposits and borrowings, increased 3% to $1.05 billion during fiscal 2017 as compared to $1.01 billion during fiscal 2016. The increase of the average balance was attributable to both, deposits, primarily transaction accounts, and borrowings.
Interest expense on deposits for fiscal 2017 was $3.8 million as compared to $4.4 million for the same period of fiscal 2016, a decrease of $589,000, or 13%. The decrease in interest expense on deposits was primarily attributable to a lower average cost in each deposit category and a lower percentage balance of time deposit to total deposits, partly offset by a higher average balance.
The average cost of deposits decreased seven basis points to 0.41% in fiscal 2017 from 0.48% during fiscal 2016. The average cost of time deposits in fiscal 2017 was 0.98%, down three basis points, from 1.01% in fiscal 2016. The average cost of transaction accounts in fiscal 2017 declined by three basis point to 0.15% from 0.18% in fiscal 2016. The average balance of deposits increased $8.5 million, or 1%, to $932.1 million during fiscal 2017 from $923.6 million during fiscal 2016. The average balance of time deposits decreased by $35.0 million, or 11%, to $290.1 million in fiscal 2017 from $325.1 million in fiscal 2016. The decrease in the average balance of time deposits was offset by an increase in the average balance of transaction accounts, consistent with the Bank's marketing strategy to promote transaction accounts and the strategic decision to compete less aggressively on time deposit interest rates. The average balance of transaction accounts increased $43.6 million, or 7%, to $642.1 million in fiscal 2017 from $598.5 million in fiscal 2016. The average balance of transaction accounts to total deposits in the fiscal 2017 was 69%, compared to 65% in fiscal 2016.
Interest expense on borrowings, consisting of FHLB - San Francisco advances, for fiscal 2017 increased $293,000, or 11%, to $2.9 million from $2.6 million for fiscal 2016. The increase in interest expense on borrowings was due primarily to a higher average balance, partly offset by a lower average cost. The average balance of borrowings increased $26.0 million, or 28%, to $117.3 million during fiscal 2017 from $91.3 million during fiscal 2016. The average cost of borrowings decreased to 2.45% in fiscal 2017 from 2.82% in fiscal 2016, a decrease of 37 basis points. The decrease in the average cost of borrowings was primarily due to the increased utilization of overnight borrowings and short-term advances with a much lower average cost than long-term FHLB advances.
Provision (Recovery) for Loan Losses. During fiscal 2017, the Corporation recorded a recovery from the allowance for loan losses of $1.0 million, as compared to a $1.7 million recovery from the allowance for loan losses during fiscal 2016, a $673,000 or 39% decrease. The decrease in the recovery was primarily attributable to an 8% increase in the outstanding balance of loans held for investment to $904.9 million at June 30, 2017 from $840.0 million at June 30, 2016, partly offset by further improvement in credit quality, as described below. The allowance for loan losses decreased $631,000, or 7%, to $8.0 million at June 30, 2017 from $8.7 million at June 30, 2016.
Non-performing assets (net of the collectively evaluated allowances and individually evaluated allowances), with underlying collateral primarily located in Southern California, decreased $3.4 million or 26% to $9.6 million, or 0.80% of total assets, at June 30, 2017, compared to $13.0 million, or 1.11% of total assets, at June 30, 2016. Non-performing loans at June 30, 2017 decreased $2.3 million or 22% since June 30, 2016 to $8.0 million and were comprised of 27 single-family loans ($7.7 million); one commercial real estate loan ($201,000) and one commercial business loan ($65,000). Real estate owned at June 30, 2017 decreased $1.1 million or 41% to $1.6 million consisting of two single-family properties acquired in the settlement of loans. As of June 30, 2017, 47%, or $3.7 million of non-performing loans have a current payment status. Net recoveries in fiscal 2017 were $411,000 or 0.04% of average loans receivable, compared to net recoveries of $1.7 million or 0.17% of average loans receivable in fiscal 2016.
Classified assets at June 30, 2017 were $13.3 million, comprised of $3.7 million in the special mention category, $8.0 million in the substandard category and $1.6 million in real estate owned. Classified assets at June 30, 2016 were $21.9 million, comprised of $8.9 million in the special mention category, $10.3 million in the substandard category and $2.7 million in real estate owned. Classified assets decreased at June 30, 2017 from the June 30, 2016 level primarily as a result of improvements in credit quality and stabilization of real estate markets. For additional information, see Item 1, “Business - “Delinquencies and Classified Assets” in this Form 10-K.
There were no loans that were modified from their original terms in fiscal 2017 and 2016. As of June 30, 2017, the outstanding balance of restructured loans was $3.6 million: one loan was classified as special mention and remained on accrual status ($506,000); and nine loans were classified as substandard ($3.1 million, all on non-accrual status). As of June 30, 2017, 46%, or $1.7 million of the restructured loans have a current payment status, consistent with their modified payment terms. During fiscal 2017, no restructured loans were in default within a 12-month period subsequent to their original restructuring. Additionally, during fiscal 2017, one restructured loan with a total balance of $85,000 had its modification extended beyond the initial maturity of the modification.
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The allowance for loan losses was $8.0 million at June 30, 2017, or 0.88% of gross loans held for investment, compared to $8.7 million, or 1.02% of gross loans held for investment at June 30, 2016. The allowance for loan losses at June 30, 2017 includes $101,000 of individually evaluated allowances, compared to $20,000 of individually evaluated allowances at June 30, 2016. Management believes that, based on currently available information, the allowance for loan losses is sufficient to absorb potential losses inherent in loans held for investment at June 30, 2017. For additional information, see Item 1, “Business - Delinquencies and Classified Assets - Allowance for Loan Losses” in this Form 10-K.
Non-Interest Income. Total non-interest income decreased $6.3 million, or 17%, to $30.8 million in fiscal 2017 from $37.1 million in fiscal 2016. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in the gain on sale of loans.
The net gain on sale of loans decreased $5.8 million, or 18%, to $25.7 million for fiscal 2017 from $31.5 million in fiscal 2016. The decrease was a result of a lower volume of loans originated for sale and a lower average loan sale margin. Total loan sale volume, which includes the net change in commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for sale, was $1.83 billion in fiscal 2017 as compared to $2.01 billion in fiscal 2016, down $180.4 million or 9%. The decrease in the loan sale volume in fiscal 2017 was attributable to increases in mortgage interest rates during fiscal 2017 resulting primarily to a decrease in refinance activity. The average loan sale margin for PBM during fiscal 2017 was 1.40% as compared to 1.57% in fiscal 2016, a decrease of 17 basis points. The decrease in the average loan sale margin for fiscal 2017 was primarily attributable to volatility in loan servicing premiums in the cash markets. Additionally, product composition was less favorable with a higher percentage of loan sales comprised of lower margin products. The total refinance loans as percentage of total loans originated by PBM during fiscal 2017 was 49%, up from 46% in fiscal 2016. The gain on sale of loans includes an unfavorable fair-value adjustment on loans held for sale and derivative financial instruments (commitments to extend credit, commitments to sell loans, TBA MBS trades and option contracts) that amounted to a net loss of $3.4 million in fiscal 2017, as compared to a favorable fair-value adjustment that amounted to a net gain of $742,000 in fiscal 2016. The gain on sale of loans in fiscal 2017 also includes a $137,000 recourse reserve recovery on loans sold that are subject to repurchase, compared to a $155,000 provision for recourse reserves on loans sold in fiscal 2016.
The net loss on sale and operations of real estate owned acquired in the settlement of loans increased $462,000 to a net loss of $557,000 in fiscal 2017 from a net loss of $95,000 in fiscal 2016. The net loss in fiscal 2017 was comprised of $255,000 in net operating expenses and a $440,000 provision for losses on real estate owned, partly offset by a $138,000 net gain on the sale of seven real estate owned properties. The net loss in fiscal 2016 was comprised of $207,000 in net operating expenses, partly offset by a $60,000 recovery from the loss reserve on real estate owned and a $52,000 net gain on the sale of 10 real estate owned properties.
Non-Interest Expense. Total non-interest expense in fiscal 2017 was $58.8 million, an increase of $526,000, or 1%, as compared to $58.3 million in fiscal 2016. The increase in non-interest expense was primarily the result of an increase in other operating expenses related to the litigation expenses of $1.0 million and an increase in premises and occupancy expenses related to the relocation of the retail banking home office, partly offset by decreases in salaries and employee benefits expense and deposit insurance premiums and regulatory assessments.
Salaries and employee benefits expense decreased $867,000, or 2%, to $41.7 million in fiscal 2017 from $42.6 million in fiscal 2016. The decrease in salaries and employee benefits was primarily due to lower PBM salaries and employee benefits expenses resulting from fewer loans originated for sale.
Provision for Income Taxes. The income tax provision reflects accruals for taxes at the applicable rates for federal income tax and California franchise tax based upon reported pre-tax income, adjusted for the effect of all permanent differences between income for tax and financial reporting purposes, such as non-deductible stock-based compensation, bank-owned life insurance policies and certain California tax-exempt loans, among others. Therefore, there are fluctuations in the effective income tax rate from period to period based on the relationship of net permanent differences to income before tax.
The provision for income taxes was $3.6 million for fiscal 2017, representing an effective tax rate of 40.9%, as compared to $5.4 million in fiscal 2016, representing an effective tax rate of 41.8%. The Corporation determined that the above tax rates meet its estimated income tax obligations. For additional information, see Note 9, "Income Taxes," of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
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Average Balances, Interest and Average Yields/Costs
The following table sets forth certain information for the periods regarding average balances of assets and liabilities as well as the total dollar amounts of interest income from average interest-earning assets and interest expense on average interest-bearing liabilities and average yields and costs thereof. Yields and costs for the periods indicated are derived by dividing income or expense by the average monthly balance of assets or liabilities, respectively, for the periods presented.

| Year Ended June 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
(Dollars In Thousands) | Average Balance | Interest | Yield/ Cost |  | Average Balance | Interest | Yield/ Cost |  | Average Balance | Interest | Yield/ Cost
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans receivable, net(1) | $ | 986,815 |  | $ | 40,016 |  | 4.06 | % |  | $ | 1,025,885 |  | $ | 40,249 |  | 3.92 | % |  | $ | 949,412 |  | $ | 37,658 |  | 3.97 | %
Investment securities | 90,719 |  | 1,344 |  | 1.48 | % |  | 51,575 |  | 575 |  | 1.11 | % |  | 24,895 |  | 358 |  | 1.44 | %
FHLB – San Francisco stock | 8,126 |  | 568 |  | 6.99 | % |  | 8,097 |  | 967 |  | 11.94 | % |  | 8,094 |  | 721 |  | 8.91 | %
Interest-earning deposits | 53,438 |  | 784 |  | 1.45 | % |  | 81,027 |  | 626 |  | 0.76 | % |  | 151,867 |  | 567 |  | 0.37 | %
Total interest-earning assets | 1,139,098 |  | 42,712 |  | 3.75 | % |  | 1,166,584 |  | 42,417 |  | 3.64 | % |  | 1,134,268 |  | 39,304 |  | 3.47 | %
Non interest-earning assets | 32,905 |  |  |  |  | 32,003 |  |  |  |  | 35,009 |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 1,172,003 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,198,587 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,169,277 |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Checking and money market accounts(2) | $ | 372,781 |  | 407 |  | 0.11 | % |  | $ | 358,532 |  | 387 |  | 0.11 | % |  | $ | 334,814 |  | 450 |  | 0.13 | %
Savings accounts | 290,959 |  | 595 |  | 0.20 | % |  | 283,520 |  | 579 |  | 0.20 | % |  | 263,678 |  | 657 |  | 0.25 | %
Time deposits | 251,604 |  | 2,493 |  | 0.99 | % |  | 290,080 |  | 2,842 |  | 0.98 | % |  | 325,149 |  | 3,290 |  | 1.01 | %
Total deposits | 915,344 |  | 3,495 |  | 0.38 | % |  | 932,132 |  | 3,808 |  | 0.41 | % |  | 923,641 |  | 4,397 |  | 0.48 | %
Borrowings | 113,984 |  | 2,917 |  | 2.56 | % |  | 117,329 |  | 2,871 |  | 2.45 | % |  | 91,331 |  | 2,578 |  | 2.82 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 1,029,328 |  | 6,412 |  | 0.62 | % |  | 1,049,461 |  | 6,679 |  | 0.64 | % |  | 1,014,972 |  | 6,975 |  | 0.69 | %
Non interest-bearing liabilities | 19,392 |  |  |  |  | 16,828 |  |  |  |  | 16,604 |  |  |
Total liabilities | 1,048,720 |  |  |  |  | 1,066,289 |  |  |  |  | 1,031,576 |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity | 123,283 |  |  |  |  | 132,298 |  |  |  |  | 137,701 |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 1,172,003 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,198,587 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,169,277 |  |  |
Net interest income |  | $ | 36,300 |  |  |  |  | $ | 35,738 |  |  |  |  | $ | 32,329 |  |
Interest rate spread(3) |  |  | 3.13 | % |  |  |  | 3.00 | % |  |  |  | 2.78 | %
Net interest margin(4) |  |  | 3.19 | % |  |  |  | 3.06 | % |  |  |  | 2.85 | %
Ratio of average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 110.66 | % |  |  |  | 111.16 | % |  |  |  | 111.75 | %

(1) | Includes loans held for sale and non-performing loans, as well as net deferred loan costs of $1.1 million, $874 and $598 for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

(2) | Includes the average balance of non interest-bearing checking accounts of $79.9 million, $72.9 million and $66.4 million in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

(3) | Represents the difference between the weighted-average yield on all interest-earning assets and the weighted-average rate on all interest-bearing liabilities.

(4) | Represents net interest income as a percentage of average interest-earning assets.

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Rate/Volume Variance
The following tables set forth the effects of changing rates and volumes on interest income and expense of the Corporation for the period presented. Information is provided with respect to the effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate), the effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume) and the effects attributable to changes that cannot be allocated between rate and volume. Please refer to Item 7, "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 and Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended June 30, 2017 and 2016" of this Form 10-K.

| Year Ended June 30, 2018 Compared To Year Ended June 30, 2017 Increase (Decrease) Due to
(In Thousands) | Rate | Volume | Rate/ Volume | Net
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |
Loans receivable(1) | $ | 1,354 |  | $ | (1,532 | ) | $ | (55 | ) | $ | (233 | )
Investment securities | 190 |  | 434 |  | 145 |  | 769 |
FHLB – San Francisco stock | (401 | ) | 3 |  | (1 | ) | (399 | )
Interest-earning deposits | 558 |  | (210 | ) | (190 | ) | 158 |
Total net change in income on interest-earning assets | 1,701 |  | (1,305 | ) | (101 | ) | 295 |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |
Checking and money market accounts | — |  | 20 |  | — |  | 20 |
Savings accounts | — |  | 16 |  | — |  | 16 |
Time deposits | 32 |  | (377 | ) | (4 | ) | (349 | )
Borrowings | 132 |  | (82 | ) | (4 | ) | 46 |
Total net change in expense on interest-bearing liabilities | 164 |  | (423 | ) | (8 | ) | (267 | )
Net increase (decrease) in net interest income | $ | 1,537 |  | $ | (882 | ) | $ | (93 | ) | $ | 562 |

(1) | Includes loans held for sale and non-performing loans. For purposes of calculating volume, rate and rate/volume variances, non-performing loans were included in the weighted-average balance outstanding.

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| Year Ended June 30, 2017 Compared To Year Ended June 30, 2016 Increase (Decrease) Due to
(In Thousands) | Rate | Volume | Rate/ Volume | Net
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |
Loans receivable(1) | $ | (407 | ) | $ | 3,036 |  | $ | (38 | ) | $ | 2,591 |
Investment securities | (79 | ) | 384 |  | (88 | ) | 217 |
FHLB – San Francisco stock | 246 |  | — |  | — |  | 246 |
Interest-earning deposits | 597 |  | (262 | ) | (276 | ) | 59 |
Total net change in income on interest-earning assets | 357 |  | 3,158 |  | (402 | ) | 3,113 |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |
Checking and money market accounts | (89 | ) | 31 |  | (5 | ) | (63 | )
Savings accounts | (118 | ) | 50 |  | (10 | ) | (78 | )
Time deposits | (105 | ) | (354 | ) | 11 |  | (448 | )
Borrowings | (344 | ) | 733 |  | (96 | ) | 293 |
Total net change in expense on interest-bearing liabilities | (656 | ) | 460 |  | (100 | ) | (296 | )
Net increase (decrease) in net interest income | $ | 1,013 |  | $ | 2,698 |  | $ | (302 | ) | $ | 3,409 |

(1) | Includes loans held for sale and non-performing loans. For purposes of calculating volume, rate and rate/volume variances, non-performing loans were included in the weighted-average balance outstanding.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Corporation's primary sources of funds are deposits, proceeds from the sale of loans originated and purchased for sale, proceeds from principal and interest payments on loans, proceeds from the maturity and sale of investment securities, proceeds from FHLB - San Francisco advances, and access to the discount window facility at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and investment securities are a relatively predictable source of funds, deposit flows, mortgage prepayments and loan sales are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition.
The primary investing activity of the Bank has been the origination and purchase of loans held for investment and loans held for sale. During the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Bank originated loans in the amounts of $1.37 billion, $2.10 billion and $2.13 billion, respectively, the vast majority of which were sold, as noted below. In addition, the Bank purchased loans for investment from other financial institutions in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 in the amounts of $13.5 million, $61.7 million and $45.9 million, respectively. Total loans sold in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $1.20 billion, $1.97 billion and $1.99 billion, respectively. At June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Bank had loan origination commitments totaling $66.3 million, $111.8 million and $191.7 million, respectively, with undisbursed loan funds of $4.3 million, $9.0 million and $11.3 million, respectively. The Bank anticipates that it will have sufficient funds available to meet its current loan origination commitments.
The Bank's primary financing activity is gathering deposits. During the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the net (decrease) increase in deposits was $(18.9 million), $137,000 and $2.3 million, respectively. On June 30, 2018, time deposits that are scheduled to mature in one year or less were $116.3 million. Historically, the Bank has been able to retain a significant percentage of its time deposits as they mature by adjusting deposit rates to the current interest rate environment.
The Bank must maintain an adequate level of liquidity to ensure the availability of sufficient funds to support loan growth and deposit withdrawals, to satisfy financial commitments and to take advantage of investment opportunities. The Bank generally maintains sufficient cash and cash equivalents to meet short-term liquidity needs. At June 30, 2018, total cash and cash equivalents were $43.3 million, or 3.7% of total assets. Depending on market conditions and the pricing of deposit products and FHLB - San Francisco advances, the Bank may continue to rely on FHLB - San Francisco advances for part of its liquidity needs. As of June 30, 2018, the remaining financing availability at FHLB - San Francisco was $275.1 million and the remaining unused collateral was $500.3 million. In addition, the Bank has secured a $73.2 million discount window facility at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, collateralized by investment securities with a fair market value of $77.9 million. The Bank also has a federal funds
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facility with its correspondent bank for $17.0 million which matures on June 30, 2019. As of June 30, 2018, there were no outstanding borrowings under the discount window facility or the federal funds facility with its correspondent bank.
Regulations require the Bank to maintain adequate liquidity to assure safe and sound operations. The Bank's average liquidity ratio (defined as the ratio of average qualifying liquid assets to average deposits and borrowings) for the quarter ended June 30, 2018 decreased to 14.9% from 22.1% during the same quarter ended June 30, 2017. The decrease in the liquidity ratio was due primarily to the decline in average qualifying liquid assets which exceeded the decline in average deposits and borrowings during the quarter ended June 30, 2018 in comparison to the quarter ended June 30, 2017. The Bank augments its liquidity by maintaining sufficient borrowing capacity at the FHLB - San Francisco.
The Bank, as a federally-chartered, federally insured savings bank, is subject to the capital requirements established by the OCC. Under the OCC's capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Bank's assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank's capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weighting and other factors. In addition, Provident Financial Holdings, Inc., as a savings and loan holding company registered with the FRB, is required by the FRB to maintain capital adequacy that generally parallels the OCC requirements.
At June 30, 2018, Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. and the Bank each exceeded all regulatory capital requirements. Under the prompt corrective action provisions, minimum ratios of 5.0% for Tier 1 Leverage Capital, 6.5% for Common Equity Tier 1 ("CET1") Capital, 8.0% for Tier 1 Capital and 10.0% for Total Capital are required to be deemed “well capitalized.” As of June 30, 2018, the Bank exceeded the capital ratios needed to be considered well capitalized with Tier 1 Leverage Capital, CET1 Capital, Tier 1 Capital and Total Capital ratios of 10.0%, 16.8%, 16.8% and 17.9%, respectively; as did the Corporation with Tier 1 Leverage Capital, CET1 Capital, Tier 1 Capital and Total Capital ratios of 10.3%, 17.4%, 17.4% and 18.5%, respectively.
Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices
The Corporation's consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering the changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time as a result of inflation. The impact of inflation is reflected in the increasing cost of the Corporation's operations. Unlike most industrial companies, nearly all assets and liabilities of the Corporation are monetary. As a result, interest rates have a greater impact on the Corporation's performance than do the effects of general levels of inflation. In addition, interest rates do not necessarily move in the direction, or to the same extent, as the prices of goods and services.
Impact of New Accounting Pronouncements
Various elements of the Corporation's accounting policies, by their nature, are inherently subject to estimation techniques, valuation assumptions and other subjective assessments. In particular, management has identified several accounting policies that, as a result of the judgments, estimates and assumptions inherent in those policies, are important to an understanding of the financial statements of the Corporation. These policies relate to the methodology for the recognition of interest income, determination of the provision and allowance for loan losses, the estimated fair value of derivative financial instruments and the valuation of mortgage servicing rights and real estate owned. These policies and judgments, estimates and assumptions are described in greater detail in this Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and in the section entitled “Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” contained in Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Management believes that the judgments, estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of the financial statements are appropriate based on the factual circumstances at the time. However, because of the sensitivity of the financial statements to these critical accounting policies, changes to the judgments, estimates and assumptions used could result in material differences in the results of operations or financial condition.
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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Quantitative Aspects of Market Risk. The Corporation does not maintain a trading account for any class of financial instrument nor does it purchase high-risk derivative financial instruments. Furthermore, the Corporation is not subject to foreign currency exchange rate risk or commodity price risk. The primary market risk that the Corporation faces is interest rate risk. For information regarding the sensitivity to interest rate risk of the Corporation's interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, see “Interest Rate Risk” below and Item 1, “Business - Lending Activities - Maturity of Loans Held for Investment,” “- Investment Securities Activities,” and “- Deposit Activities and Other Sources of Funds - Time Deposits by Maturities” in this Form 10-K.
Qualitative Aspects of Market Risk. One of the Corporation's principal financial objectives is to achieve long-term profitability while reducing its exposure to fluctuating interest rates. The Corporation has sought to reduce the exposure of its earnings to changes in interest rates by attempting to manage the repricing mismatch between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The principal element in achieving this objective is to increase the interest-rate sensitivity of the Corporation's interest-earning assets by retaining for its portfolio new loan originations with interest rates subject to periodic adjustment to market conditions and by selling fixed-rate, single-family mortgage loans. In addition, the Corporation maintains an investment portfolio, which is largely comprised of U.S. government agency MBS and U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS with contractual maturities of up to 30 years that reprice frequently or have a relatively short-average life. The Corporation relies on retail deposits as its primary source of funds while utilizing FHLB - San Francisco advances as a secondary source of funding. Management believes retail deposits, unlike brokered deposits, reduce the effects of interest rate fluctuations because they generally represent a more stable source of funds. As part of its interest rate risk management strategy, the Corporation promotes transaction accounts and time deposits with terms up to seven years. For additional information, see Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Form 10-K.
Interest Rate Risk. The principal financial objective of the Corporation's interest rate risk management function is to achieve long-term profitability while limiting its exposure to the fluctuation of interest rates. The Corporation, through the Corporation's Asset-Liability Committee, has sought to reduce the exposure of its earnings to changes in interest rates by managing the repricing mismatch between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The principal element in achieving this objective is to manage the interest-rate sensitivity of the Corporation's assets by retaining loans with interest rates subject to periodic market adjustments. In addition, the Corporation maintains a liquid investment portfolio primarily comprised of U.S. government agency MBS and government sponsored enterprise MBS. The Corporation relies on retail deposits as its primary source of funding while utilizing FHLB - San Francisco advances as a secondary source of funding which can be structured with favorable interest rate risk characteristics. As part of its interest rate risk management strategy, the Corporation promotes transaction accounts.
Through the use of an internal interest rate risk model, the Corporation is able to analyze its interest rate risk exposure by measuring the change in net portfolio value (“NPV”) over a variety of interest rate scenarios. NPV is defined as the net present value of expected future cash flows from assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet contracts. The calculation is intended to illustrate the change in NPV that would occur in the event of an immediate change in interest rates of -100, +100, +200, +300 and +400 basis points (“bp”) with no effect given to steps that management might take to counter the effect of the interest rate movement. The current target federal funds rate is 2.00% making an immediate change of -200 and -300 basis points improbable.
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The following table sets forth as of June 30, 2018 the estimated changes in NPV based on the indicated interest rate environment (dollars in thousands):

Basis Points ("bp") Change in Rates | Net Portfolio Value | NPV Change(1) | Portfolio Value of Assets | NPV as Percentage of Portfolio Value Assets(2) | Sensitivity Measure(3)
+400 bp | $ | 248,291 |  | $ | 127,558 |  | $ | 1,278,916 |  | 19.41% | +917 bp
+300 bp | $ | 222,946 |  | $ | 102,213 |  | $ | 1,260,028 |  | 17.69% | +745 bp
+200 bp | $ | 193,006 |  | $ | 72,273 |  | $ | 1,236,787 |  | 15.61% | +537 bp
+100 bp | $ | 158,446 |  | $ | 37,713 |  | $ | 1,209,329 |  | 13.10% | +286 bp
- | $ | 120,733 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,179,012 |  | 10.24% | -
-100 bp | $ | 112,690 |  | $ | (8,043 | ) | $ | 1,170,936 |  | 9.62% | -62 bp

(1) | Represents the increase (decrease) of the NPV at the indicated interest rate change in comparison to the NPV at June 30, 2018 (“base case”).

(2) | Calculated as the NPV divided by the portfolio value of total assets.

(3) | Calculated as the change in the NPV ratio (NPV as a Percentage of Portfolio Value Assets) from the base case amount assuming the indicated change in interest rates (expressed in basis points).

The following table is derived from the internal interest rate risk model and represents the change in the NPV at a -100 basis point rate shock at June 30, 2018 and 2017 :

| At June 30, 2018 | At June 30, 2017
| (-100 bp rate shock) | (-100 bp rate shock)
Pre-Shock NPV Ratio: NPV as a % of PV Assets | 10.24% | 11.49%
Post-Shock NPV Ratio: NPV as a % of PV Assets | 9.62% | 10.16%
Sensitivity Measure: Change in NPV Ratio | -62 bp | -133 bp

As with any method of measuring interest rate risk, certain shortcomings are inherent in the method of analysis presented in the foregoing tables. For example, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods to repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates. Also, the interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market interest rates, while interest rates on other types of assets and liabilities may lag behind changes in market interest rates. Additionally, certain assets, such as adjustable rate mortgage (“ARM”) loans, have features that restrict changes in interest rates on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset. Further, in the event of a change in interest rates, expected rates of prepayments on loans and early withdrawals from time deposits could likely deviate significantly from those assumed when calculating the results described in the tables above. It is also possible that, as a result of an interest rate increase, the higher mortgage payments required from ARM borrowers could result in an increase in delinquencies and defaults. Changes in market interest rates may also affect the volume and profitability of the Corporation’s mortgage banking operations. Accordingly, the data presented in the tables in this section should not be relied upon as indicative of actual results in the event of changes in interest rates. Furthermore, the NPV presented in the foregoing tables is not intended to present the fair market value of the Corporation, nor does it represent amounts that would be available for distribution to shareholders in the event of the liquidation of the Corporation.
The Corporation measures and evaluates the potential effects of interest rate movements through an interest rate sensitivity "gap" analysis. Interest rate sensitivity reflects the potential effect on net interest income when there is movement in interest rates. For loans, securities and liabilities with contractual maturities, the table presents principal cash flows. For transaction accounts (checking, money market and savings deposits) that have no contractual maturity, the table presents principal cash flows and, as applicable, the Corporation's historical experience, management's judgment and statistical analysis, as applicable, concerning their most likely withdrawal behaviors.
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The following table represents the interest rate gap analysis of the Corporation's assets and liabilities as of June 30, 2018:

|  |  | Term to Contractual Repricing, Estimated Repricing, or Contractual Maturity(1)
|  |  | As of June 30, 2018
|  |  | 12 months or less | Greater than 1 year to 3 years | Greater than 3 years to 5 years | Greater than 5 years or non sensitive | Total
|  |  | (In thousands)
Repricing Assets: |  |  |  |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 36,296 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 7,005 |  | $ | 43,301 |
| Investment securities | 47,501 |  | — |  | — |  | 47,808 |  | 95,309 |
| Loans held for investment | 298,716 |  | 236,191 |  | 284,166 |  | 83,612 |  | 902,685 |
| Loans held for sale | 96,298 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 96,298 |
| FHLB - San Francisco stock | 8,199 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 8,199 |
| Other assets | — |  | — |  | — |  | 29,757 |  | 29,757 |
|  | Total assets | 487,010 |  | 236,191 |  | 284,166 |  | 168,182 |  | 1,175,549 |
Repricing Liabilities and Equity: |  |  |  |  |
| Checking deposits - non-interest bearing | — |  | — |  | — |  | 86,174 |  | 86,174 |
| Checking deposits - interest bearing | 38,906 |  | 77,812 |  | 77,812 |  | 64,842 |  | 259,372 |
| Savings deposits | 57,959 |  | 115,916 |  | 115,916 |  | — |  | 289,791 |
| Money market deposits | 17,317 |  | 17,316 |  | — |  | — |  | 34,633 |
| Time deposits | 116,333 |  | 91,363 |  | 28,117 |  | 1,815 |  | 237,628 |
| FHLB - San Francisco borrowings | 25,000 |  | 20,000 |  | 31,163 |  | 50,000 |  | 126,163 |
| Other liabilities | — |  | — |  | — |  | 21,331 |  | 21,331 |
| Stockholders' equity | — |  | — |  | — |  | 120,457 |  | 120,457 |
|  | Total Liabilities and stockholders' equity | 255,515 |  | 322,407 |  | 253,008 |  | 344,619 |  | 1,175,549 |
Repricing gap positive (negative) | $ | 231,495 |  | $ | (86,216 | ) | $ | 31,158 |  | $ | (176,437 | ) | $ | — |
Cumulative repricing gap: |  |  |  |  |
| Dollar amount | $ | 231,495 |  | $ | 145,279 |  | $ | 176,437 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
| Percent of total assets | 20 | % | 12 | % | 15 | % | — | % | — | %

(1) Cash and cash equivalents are presented as estimated repricing; investment securities and loans held for investment are presented as contractual maturities or contractual repricing (without consideration for prepayments); loans held for sale and transaction accounts are presented as estimated repricing; FHLB - San Francisco stock is presented as contractual repricing; while time deposits (without consideration for early withdrawals) and FHLB - San Francisco borrowings are presented as contractual maturities.
The static gap analysis shows a positive position in the "Cumulative repricing gap - dollar amount" category, indicating more assets are sensitive to repricing than liabilities. Non-maturity checking deposits are available for immediate withdrawal and are therefore assumed to be inherently sensitive to changes in interest rates. Management views non-interest bearing deposits to be the least sensitive to changes in market interest rates and these accounts are therefore characterized as long-term funding. Interest-bearing checking deposits are considered more sensitive, followed by increased sensitivity for savings and money market deposits. For the purpose of calculating gap, a portion of these interest-bearing deposit balances are assumed to be subject to estimated repricing as follows: interest-bearing checking deposits at 15% per year, savings deposits at 20% per year and money market deposits at 50% in the first and second years.
The gap results presented above could vary substantially if different assumptions are used or if actual experience differs from the assumptions used in the preparation of the gap analysis. Furthermore, the gap analysis provides a static view of interest rate risk
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exposure at a specific point in time without taking into account redirection of cash flows activity, deposit fluctuations, and repricing.
The extent to which the net interest margin will be impacted by changes in prevailing interest rates will depend on a number of factors, including how quickly interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities react to interest rate changes. It is not uncommon for rates on certain assets or liabilities to lag behind changes in the market rates of interest. Additionally, prepayments of loans and early withdrawals of certificates of deposit could cause interest sensitivities to vary. As a result, the relationship between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as shown in the above table, is only a general indicator of interest rate sensitivity and the effect of changing rates of interest on the net interest income is likely to be different from that predicted solely on the basis of the interest rate sensitivity analysis set forth in the above table.
The Corporation also models the sensitivity of net interest income for the 12-month period subsequent to any given month-end assuming a dynamic balance sheet accounting for, among others:

• | The Corporation’s current balance sheet and repricing characteristics;

• | Forecasted balance sheet growth consistent with the business plan;

• | Current interest rates and yield curves and management estimates of projected interest rates;

• | Embedded options, interest rate floors, periodic caps and lifetime caps;

• | Repricing characteristics for market rate sensitive instruments;

• | Loan, investment, deposit and borrowing cash flows;

• | Loan prepayment estimates for each type of loan; and

• | Immediate, permanent and parallel movements in interest rates of plus 400, 300, 200 and 100 and minus 100 basis points.

The following table describes the results of the analysis at June 30, 2018 and 2017:

At June 30, 2018 |  | At June 30, 2017
Basis Point (bp) Change in Rates | Change in Net Interest Income |  | Basis Point (bp) Change in Rates | Change in Net Interest Income
+400 bp | 7.84% |  | +400 bp | 16.70%
+300 bp | 6.83% |  | +300 bp | 14.23%
+200 bp | 5.73% |  | +200 bp | 11.62%
+100 bp | 4.53% |  | +100 bp | 8.29%
-100 bp | (3.98)% |  | -100 bp | (3.68)%

At June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Corporation was asset sensitive as its interest-earning assets at those dates are expected to reprice more quickly than its interest-bearing liabilities during the subsequent 12-month period. Therefore, in a rising interest rate environment, the model projects an increase in net interest income over the subsequent 12-month period. In a falling interest rate environment, the results project a decrease in net interest income over the subsequent 12-month period.
Management believes that the assumptions used to complete the analysis described in the table above are reasonable. However, past experience has shown that immediate, permanent and parallel movements in interest rates will not necessarily occur. Additionally, while the analysis provides a tool to evaluate the projected net interest income to changes in interest rates, actual results may be substantially different if actual experience differs from the assumptions used to complete the analysis, particularly with respect to the 12-month business plan when asset growth is forecast. Therefore, the model results that the Corporation discloses should be thought of as a risk management tool to compare the trends of the Corporation’s current disclosure to previous disclosures, over time, within the context of the actual performance of the treasury yield curve.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Please refer to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K and incorporated into this Item 8 by reference.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
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Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
a) An evaluation of the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Section 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Act”)) was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and the Corporation’s Disclosure Committee as of the end of the period covered by this report. In designing and evaluating the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met. Also, because of the inherent limitations in all control procedures, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Corporation have been detected. Additionally, in designing disclosure controls and procedures, management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Based on their evaluation, the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2018 are effective, at the reasonable assurance level, in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by the Corporation in the reports it files or submits under the Act is (i) accumulated and communicated to the Corporation’s management (including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer) in a timely manner, and (ii) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.
b) There have been no changes in the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Act) that occurred during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting. The Corporation does not expect that its internal control over financial reporting will prevent all error and all fraud. A control procedure, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control procedure are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control procedures, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Corporation have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any control procedure is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control procedure, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
In this management report, the following subsidiary institution of Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. and subsidiary (the "Corporation") that is subject to Part 363 is included in the statement of management's responsibilities; the report on management's assessment of compliance with the Federal laws and regulations pertaining to insider loans and the Federal and, if applicable, State laws and regulations pertaining to dividend restrictions; and the report on management's assessment of internal control over financial reporting: Provident Savings Bank, F.S.B.
Management of the Corporation is responsible for preparing the Corporation’s annual consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; for establishing and maintaining an adequate internal control structure and procedures for financial reporting, including controls over the preparation of regulatory financial statements in accordance with the instructions for the Consolidated Financial Statements for Bank Holding Companies (Form FR Y-9C); and for complying with the Federal laws and regulations pertaining to insider loans and the Federal and, if applicable, State laws and regulations pertaining to dividend restrictions. The Corporation's internal control over financial reporting was designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
To comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Corporation designed and implemented a structured and comprehensive assessment process to evaluate its internal control over financial reporting across the enterprise. The assessment of the effectiveness of the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting was based on criteria established
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in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Management's assessment of the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting was also conducted to meet the reporting requirements of Section 112 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (FDICIA), which include controls over the preparation of the schedules equivalent to the basic financial statements in accordance with the instructions for the Consolidated Financial Statements for Bank Holding Companies (Form FR Y-9C).
Because of its inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention of overriding controls, a system of internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Based on its assessment, management has concluded that, as of June 30, 2018, the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting, including controls over the preparation of regulatory financial statements in accordance with the instructions for the Consolidated Financial Statements for Bank Holding Companies (Form FR Y-9C), is effective based on the criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013).
The effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2018, has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm who also audited the Corporation's consolidated financial statements. Deloitte & Touche LLP's attestation report on the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting follows.
The management of the Corporation has assessed the Corporation's compliance with the Federal laws and regulations pertaining to insider loans and the Federal and, if applicable, State laws and regulations pertaining to dividend restrictions during the fiscal year that ended on June 30, 2018. Management has concluded that the Corporation complied with the Federal laws and regulations pertaining to insider loans and the Federal and, if applicable, State laws and regulations pertaining to dividend restrictions during the fiscal year that ended on June 30, 2018.
Date: August 31, 2018
/s/ Craig G. Blunden
Craig G. Blunden
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
/s/ Donavon P. Ternes
Donavon P. Ternes
President, Chief Operating Officer and
Chief Financial Officer
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of
Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. and subsidiary (the “Corporation”) as of June 30, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Because management’s assessment and our audit were conducted to meet the reporting requirements of Section 112 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (FDICIA), management’s assessment and our audit of the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting included controls over the preparation of the schedules equivalent to the basic financial statements in accordance with the instructions for the Consolidated Financial Statements for Bank Holding Companies (Form FR Y-9C). In our opinion, the Corporation maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have not examined and, accordingly, we do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance on management's statement referring to compliance with laws and regulations.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended June 30, 2018, of the Corporation and our report dated August 31, 2018, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
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Basis for Opinion
The Corporation’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Bank in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Costa Mesa, California
August 31, 2018
Item 9B. Other Information
Not applicable.
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this item regarding the Corporation’s Board of Directors is incorporated herein by reference from the section captioned “Proposal I – Election of Directors” in the Corporation’s Proxy Statement, a copy of which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the Corporation’s fiscal year end.
The executive officers of the Corporation and the Bank are elected annually and hold office until their respective successors have been elected and qualified or until death, resignation or removal by the Board of Directors. For information regarding the Corporation’s executive officers, see Item 1, “Business - Executive Officers” in this Form 10-K.
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Compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the section captioned “Compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act” in the Corporation’s Proxy Statement, a copy of which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the Corporation’s fiscal year end.
Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers
The Corporation has adopted a Code of Ethics, which applies to all directors, officers, and employees of the Corporation. The Code of Ethics is publicly available as Exhibit 14 to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year June 30, 2007, and is available on the Corporation’s website, www.myprovident.com. If the Corporation makes any substantial amendments to the Code of Ethics or grants any waiver, including any implicit waiver, from a provision of the Code to the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer or Controller, the Corporation will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on the Corporation’s website and in a report on Form 8-K.
Audit Committee and Audit Committee Financial Expert
The Corporation has a separately-designated standing audit committee established in accordance with section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The audit committee consists of three independent directors of the Corporation: Joseph P. Barr, Judy A. Carpenter and Debbi H. Guthrie. The Corporation has designated Joseph P. Barr, Audit Committee Chairman, as its audit committee financial expert. Mr. Barr is independent, as independence for audit committee members is defined under the listing standards of the NASDAQ Stock Market, a Certified Public Accountant in California and Ohio and has been practicing public accounting for over 40 years.
Nominating Procedures
There have been no material changes to the procedures by which shareholders may recommend nominees to our Board of Directors since last disclosed to shareholders.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the sections captioned “Executive Compensation” and “Directors’ Compensation” in the Proxy Statement, a copy of which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the Corporation’s fiscal year end.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
(a) Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners.
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the section captioned “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in the Corporation’s Proxy Statement, a copy of which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the Corporation’s fiscal year end.
(b) Security Ownership of Management.
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the sections captioned “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors” in the Corporation’s Proxy Statement, a copy of which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the Corporation’s fiscal year end.
(c) Changes In Control.
The Corporation is not aware of any arrangements, including any pledge by any person of securities of the Corporation, the operation of which may at a subsequent date result in a change in control of the Corporation.
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(d) Equity Compensation Plan Information.
The following table summarizes share and exercise price information regarding the Corporation's equity compensation plans as of June 30, 2018:

Plan Category | Number of Securities to Be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights |  | Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a))
| (a) |  | (b) |  | (c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders: |  |  |  |  |
| 2006 Equity Incentive Plan: |  |  |  |  |
|  | Stock Options | 36,500 |  |  | $14.98 |  | — |
|  | Restricted Stock | 5,500 |  |  | N/A |  | — |
| 2010 Equity Incentive Plan: |  |  |  |  |
|  | Stock Options | 320,000 |  |  | $11.21 |  | 30,000 |
|  | Restricted Stock | 66,000 |  |  | N/A |  | 6,750 |
| 2013 Equity Incentive Plan: |  |  |  |  |
|  | Stock Options | 172,500 |  |  | $15.19 |  | 117,500 |
|  | Restricted Stock | 27,000 |  |  | N/A |  | 261,000 |
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders | N/A |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |
| Total | 627,500 |  |  | $12.77 | (1) | 415,250 |

(1) Excludes restricted stock from the calculation since restricted stock awards do not contain an exercise price requirement.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions. The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the section captioned “Board of Directors’ Meetings, Board Committees and Corporate Governance Matters - Corporate Governance - Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” in the Corporation’s Proxy Statement, a copy of which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the Corporation’s fiscal year end.
Director Independence. The information contained in the section captioned “Board of Directors’ Meetings, Board Committees and Corporate Governance Matters - Corporate Governance - Director Independence” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the section captioned “Proposal 3 - Ratification of Appointment of Independent Auditor” in the Corporation’s Proxy Statement, a copy of which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the Corporation’s fiscal year end.
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PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.
(a) 1. Financial Statements
See Exhibit 13 to Consolidated Financial Statements beginning on this Form 10-K.
2. Financial Statement Schedules
Schedules to the Consolidated Financial Statements have been omitted as the required information is inapplicable.
(b) Exhibits
Exhibits are available from the Corporation by written request

3.1 (a) | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. as filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on November 24, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2010)
3.1 (b) | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 1, 2014)
10.1 | Employment Agreement with Craig G. Blunden (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Corporation’s Form 8-K dated December 19, 2005)
10.2 | Post-Retirement Compensation Agreement with Craig G. Blunden (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Corporation’s Form 8-K dated December 19, 2005)
10.3 | Post-Retirement Compensation Agreement with Donavon P. Ternes (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Corporation’s Form 8-K dated July 7, 2009)
10.4 | Form of Severance Agreement with Deborah L. Hill, Robert "Scott" Ritter, Lilian Salter, Donavon P. Ternes, David S. Weiant and Gwendolyn L. Wertz (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 and 10.2 in the Corporation’s Form 8-K dated February 24, 2012)
10.5 | 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to the Corporation’s proxy statement dated October 12, 2006)
10.6 | Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement for options granted under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 in the Corporation’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended December 31, 2006)
10.7 | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for options granted under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 in the Corporation’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended December 31, 2006)
10.8 | Form of Restricted Stock Agreement for restricted shares awarded under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 in the Corporation’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended December 31, 2006)
10.9 | 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to the Corporation’s proxy statement dated October 28, 2010)
10.10 | Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement for options granted under the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in the Corporation’s Form 8-K dated November 30, 2010)

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10.11 | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for options granted under the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 in the Corporation’s Form 8-K dated November 30, 2010)
10.12 | Form of Restricted Stock Agreement for restricted shares awarded under the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 in the Corporation’s Form 8-K dated November 30, 2010)
10.13 | 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to the Corporation’s proxy statement dated October 24, 2013)
10.14 | Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement for options granted under the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 in the Corporation’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (333-192727) dated December 9, 2013)
10.15 | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for options granted under the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 in the Corporation’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (333-192727) dated December 9, 2013)
10.16 | Form of Restricted Stock Agreement for restricted shares awarded under the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 in the Corporation’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (333-192727) dated December 9, 2013)
13 | 2018 Annual Report to Stockholders
14.0 | Code of Ethics for the Corporation’s directors, officers and employees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14 in the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K dated September 12, 2007)
21.1 | Subsidiaries of the Registrant
23.1 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101 | The following materials from the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (1) Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition; (2) Consolidated Statements of Operations; (3) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income; (4) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity; (5) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (6) Selected Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Date: | August 31, 2018 | Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
|  | /s/ Craig G. Blunden
|  | Craig G. Blunden
|  | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

SIGNATURES |  | TITLE | DATE
/s/ Craig G. Blunden |  | Chairman and | August 31, 2018
Craig G. Blunden |  | Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) |
/s/ Donavon P. Ternes |  | President, Chief Operating Officer | August 31, 2018
Donavon P. Ternes |  | and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |
/s/ Joseph P. Barr |  | Director | August 31, 2018
Joseph P. Barr |  |  |
/s/ Bruce W. Bennett |  | Director | August 31, 2018
Bruce W. Bennett |  |  |
/s/ Judy A. Carpenter |  | Director | August 31, 2018
Judy A. Carpenter |  |  |
/s/ Debbi H. Guthrie |  | Director | August 31, 2018
Debbi H. Guthrie |  |  |
/s/ Roy H. Taylor |  | Director | August 31, 2018
Roy H. Taylor |  |  |
/s/ William E. Thomas |  | Director | August 31, 2018
William E. Thomas |  |  |

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Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Consolidated Financial Statements
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Index

| Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 92
Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of June 30, 2018 and 2017 | 93
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 | 94
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 | 95
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 | 96
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 | 97
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 99

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of
Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. and subsidiary (the “Corporation”) as of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Corporation as of June 30, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated August 31, 2018, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Corporation’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Corporation’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Corporation in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Costa Mesa, California
August 31, 2018
We have served as the Corporation’s auditor since 2001.
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PROVIDENT FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

(In Thousands, Except Share Information) | June 30, 2018 | June 30, 2017
Assets |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 43,301 |  | $ | 72,826 |
Investment securities - held to maturity, at cost | 87,813 |  | 60,441 |
Investment securities – available for sale, at fair value | 7,496 |  | 9,318 |
Loans held for investment, net of allowance for loan losses of $7,385 and $8,039, respectively; includes $5,234 and $6,445 of loans held at fair value, respectively) | 902,685 |  | 904,919 |
Loans held for sale, at fair value | 96,298 |  | 116,548 |
Accrued interest receivable | 3,212 |  | 2,915 |
Real estate owned, net | 906 |  | 1,615 |
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) – San Francisco stock | 8,199 |  | 8,108 |
Premises and equipment, net | 8,696 |  | 6,641 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 16,943 |  | 17,302 |
Total assets | $ | 1,175,549 |  | $ | 1,200,633 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |
Non interest-bearing deposits | $ | 86,174 |  | $ | 77,917 |
Interest-bearing deposits | 821,424 |  | 848,604 |
Total deposits | 907,598 |  | 926,521 |
Borrowings | 126,163 |  | 126,226 |
Accounts payable, accrued interest and other liabilities | 21,331 |  | 19,656 |
Total liabilities | 1,055,092 |  | 1,072,403 |
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 14) |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value (2,000,000 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding) | — |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value (40,000,000 shares authorized; 18,033,115 and 17,949,365 shares issued; 7,421,426 and 7,714,052 shares outstanding, respectively) | 181 |  | 180 |
Additional paid-in capital | 94,957 |  | 93,209 |
Retained earnings | 190,616 |  | 192,754 |
Treasury stock at cost (10,611,689 and 10,235,313 shares, respectively) | (165,507 | ) | (158,142 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax | 210 |  | 229 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 120,457 |  | 128,230 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 1,175,549 |  | $ | 1,200,633 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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PROVIDENT FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

| Year Ended June 30,
(In Thousands, Except Per Share Information) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Interest income: |  |  |
Loans receivable, net | $ | 40,016 |  | $ | 40,249 |  | $ | 37,658 |
Investment securities | 1,344 |  | 575 |  | 358 |
FHLB – San Francisco stock | 568 |  | 967 |  | 721 |
Interest-earning deposits | 784 |  | 626 |  | 567 |
Total interest income | 42,712 |  | 42,417 |  | 39,304 |
Interest expense: |  |  |
Deposits | 3,495 |  | 3,808 |  | 4,397 |
Borrowings | 2,917 |  | 2,871 |  | 2,578 |
Total interest expense | 6,412 |  | 6,679 |  | 6,975 |
Net interest income | 36,300 |  | 35,738 |  | 32,329 |
Recovery from the allowance for loan losses | (536 | ) | (1,042 | ) | (1,715 | )
Net interest income, after recovery from the allowance for loan losses | 36,836 |  | 36,780 |  | 34,044 |
Non-interest income: |  |  |
Loan servicing and other fees | 1,575 |  | 1,251 |  | 1,068 |
Gain on sale of loans, net | 15,802 |  | 25,680 |  | 31,521 |
Deposit account fees | 2,119 |  | 2,194 |  | 2,319 |
Loss on sale and operations of real estate owned acquired in the settlement of loans, net | (86 | ) | (557 | ) | (95 | )
Card and processing fees | 1,541 |  | 1,451 |  | 1,448 |
Other | 944 |  | 802 |  | 800 |
Total non-interest income | 21,895 |  | 30,821 |  | 37,061 |
Non-interest expense: |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | 34,821 |  | 41,742 |  | 42,609 |
Premises and occupancy | 5,134 |  | 5,061 |  | 4,646 |
Equipment expense | 1,576 |  | 1,447 |  | 1,503 |
Professional expense | 1,912 |  | 2,075 |  | 2,089 |
Sales and marketing expense | 1,039 |  | 1,323 |  | 1,331 |
Deposit insurance premium and regulatory assessments | 749 |  | 773 |  | 1,018 |
Other(1) | 7,973 |  | 6,364 |  | 5,063 |
Total non-interest expense | 53,204 |  | 58,785 |  | 58,259 |
Income before income taxes | 5,527 |  | 8,816 |  | 12,846 |
Provision for income taxes(2) | 3,396 |  | 3,609 |  | 5,372 |
Net income | $ | 2,131 |  | $ | 5,207 |  | $ | 7,474 |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 0.28 |  | $ | 0.66 |  | $ | 0.90 |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 0.28 |  | $ | 0.64 |  | $ | 0.88 |
Cash dividends per share | $ | 0.56 |  | $ | 0.52 |  | $ | 0.48 |

(1) Includes $3.4 million and $1.2 million of litigation settlement expenses for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
(2) Includes a net tax charge of $1.8 million resulting from the revaluation of net deferred tax assets consistent with the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("Tax Act") for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
94

PROVIDENT FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

| Year Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Net income | $ | 2,131 |  | $ | 5,207 |  | $ | 7,474 |
Change in unrealized holding losses on securities available for sale and interest-only strips | (137 | ) | (145 | ) | (134 | )
Reclassification of losses to net income | 41 |  | — |  | 103 |
Other comprehensive loss, before income tax benefit | (96 | ) | (145 | ) | (31 | )
Income tax benefit(1) | 36 |  | 61 |  | 13 |
Other comprehensive loss | (60 | ) | (84 | ) | (18 | )
Total comprehensive income | $ | 2,071 |  | $ | 5,123 |  | $ | 7,456 |

(1) Includes income tax benefit from the reclassification of losses to net income.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
95

PROVIDENT FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

| Common Stock | Additional Paid-In Capital | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock | Accumulated Other Compre-hensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax |
(In Thousands, Except Share Information) | Shares | Amount | Total
Balance at June 30, 2015 | 8,634,607 |  | $ | 177 |  | $ | 88,893 |  | $ | 188,206 |  | $ | (136,470 | ) | $ | 331 |  | $ | 141,137 |
Net income |  |  |  | 7,474 |  |  |  | 7,474 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  | (18 | ) | (18 | )
Purchase of treasury stock (1) | (749,857 | ) |  |  |  | (13,038 | ) |  | (13,038 | )
Distribution of restricted stock | 10,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Amortization of restricted stock |  |  | 578 |  |  |  |  | 578 |
Exercise of stock options | 80,500 |  | 1 |  | 589 |  |  |  |  | 590 |
Stock options expense |  |  | 520 |  |  |  |  | 520 |
Tax effect from stock-based compensation |  |  | 222 |  |  |  |  | 222 |
Cash dividends(2) |  |  |  | (4,014 | ) |  |  | (4,014 | )
Balance at June 30, 2016 | 7,975,250 |  | 178 |  | 90,802 |  | 191,666 |  | (149,508 | ) | 313 |  | 133,451 |
Net income |  |  |  | 5,207 |  |  |  | 5,207 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  | (84 | ) | (84 | )
Purchase of treasury stock (1) | (450,948 | ) |  |  |  | (8,714 | ) |  | (8,714 | )
Forfeiture of restricted stock |  |  | 134 |  |  | (134 | ) |  | — |
Distribution of restricted stock | 87,750 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Amortization of restricted stock |  |  | 776 |  |  |  |  | 776 |
Award of restricted stock |  |  | (214 | ) |  | 214 |  |  | — |
Exercise of stock options | 102,000 |  | 2 |  | 940 |  |  |  |  | 942 |
Stock options expense |  |  | 714 |  |  |  |  | 714 |
Tax effect from stock-based compensation |  |  | 57 |  |  |  |  | 57 |
Cash dividends(2) |  |  |  | (4,119 | ) |  |  | (4,119 | )
Balance at June 30, 2017 | 7,714,052 |  | 180 |  | 93,209 |  | 192,754 |  | (158,142 | ) | 229 |  | 128,230 |
Net income |  |  |  | 2,131 |  |  |  | 2,131 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  | (41 | ) |  | (19 | ) | (60 | )
Purchase of treasury stock (1) | (386,876 | ) |  |  |  | (7,347 | ) |  | (7,347 | )
Forfeiture of restricted stock |  |  | 18 |  |  | (18 | ) |  | — |
Distribution of restricted stock | 10,500 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Amortization of restricted stock |  |  | 589 |  |  |  |  | 589 |
Exercise of stock options | 83,750 |  | 1 |  | 676 |  |  |  |  | 677 |
Stock options expense |  |  | 465 |  |  |  |  | 465 |
Cash dividends(2) |  |  |  | (4,228 | ) |  |  | (4,228 | )
Balance at June 30, 2018 | 7,421,426 |  | $ | 181 |  | $ | 94,957 |  | $ | 190,616 |  | $ | (165,507 | ) | $ | 210 |  | $ | 120,457 |

(1) | Includes the repurchase of 3,291 shares, 25,598 shares and 3,090 shares of distributed restricted stock in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively in settlement of employees' withholding tax obligations and the repurchase of 4,500 shares from employees' stock option exercises in fiscal 2016.

(2) | Cash dividends of $0.56 per share, $0.52 per share and $0.48 per share were paid in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
96

PROVIDENT FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

| Year Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 2,131 |  | $ | 5,207 |  | $ | 7,474 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 3,130 |  | 2,640 |  | 1,909 |
Recovery from the allowance for loan losses | (536 | ) | (1,042 | ) | (1,715 | )
(Recovery) provision of losses on real estate owned | (561 | ) | 440 |  | (60 | )
Gain on sale of loans, net | (15,802 | ) | (25,680 | ) | (31,521 | )
Loss (gain) on sale of real estate owned, net | 558 |  | (138 | ) | (52 | )
Stock-based compensation | 1,054 |  | 1,490 |  | 1,098 |
Provision for deferred income taxes | 165 |  | 1,194 |  | 217 |
Tax effect from stock-based compensation | — |  | (57 | ) | (222 | )
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable, accrued interest and other liabilities | 2,174 |  | 3,408 |  | (422 | )
(Increase) decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets | (824 | ) | (1,521 | ) | 137 |
Loans originated for sale | (1,185,996 | ) | (1,913,038 | ) | (1,962,869 | )
Proceeds from sale of loans | 1,222,493 |  | 2,010,539 |  | 2,033,815 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 27,986 |  | 83,442 |  | 47,789 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Increase in loans held for investment, net | (223 | ) | (66,349 | ) | (32,123 | )
Purchase of investment securities held to maturity | (54,148 | ) | (35,302 | ) | (41,683 | )
Maturity of investment securities held to maturity | 200 |  | 1,000 |  | — |
Principal payments from investment securities held to maturity | 25,497 |  | 13,134 |  | 2,328 |
Principal payments from investment securities available for sale | 1,734 |  | 1,950 |  | 2,500 |
Proceeds from redemptions of investment securities held for sale | — |  | 147 |  | — |
Purchase of FHLB – San Francisco stock | (91 | ) | (14 | ) | — |
Proceeds from sale of real estate owned | 2,635 |  | 2,409 |  | 6,573 |
Purchase of premises and equipment | (2,909 | ) | (1,491 | ) | (1,517 | )
Net cash used for investing activities | (27,305 | ) | (84,516 | ) | (63,922 | )

(Continued)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
97

PROVIDENT FINANCIAL HOLDINGS, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

| Year Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
(Decrease) increase in deposits, net | (18,923 | ) | 137 |  | 2,298 |
Proceeds from long-term borrowings | 10,000 |  | 20,000 |  | — |
Repayments of long-term borrowings | (10,063 | ) | (73 | ) | (68 | )
Proceeds from short-term borrowings, net | — |  | 15,000 |  | — |
Treasury stock purchases | (7,347 | ) | (8,714 | ) | (13,038 | )
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 677 |  | 942 |  | 590 |
Withholding taxes on stock-based compensation | (322 | ) | (536 | ) | (54 | )
Tax effect from stock-based compensation | — |  | 57 |  | 222 |
Cash dividends | (4,228 | ) | (4,119 | ) | (4,014 | )
Net cash (used for) provided by financing activities | (30,206 | ) | 22,694 |  | (14,064 | )
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | (29,525 | ) | 21,620 |  | (30,197 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 72,826 |  | 51,206 |  | 81,403 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | $ | 43,301 |  | $ | 72,826 |  | $ | 51,206 |
Supplemental information: |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 6,410 |  | $ | 6,645 |  | $ | 6,985 |
Cash paid for income taxes | $ | 2,765 |  | $ | 3,039 |  | $ | 3,845 |
Transfer of loans held for sale to held for investment | $ | 1,692 |  | $ | 3,776 |  | $ | 4,889 |
Real estate acquired in the settlement of loans | $ | 2,171 |  | $ | 1,845 |  | $ | 6,347 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
98

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Note 1: Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of presentation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Provident Financial Holdings, Inc., and its wholly owned subsidiary, Provident Savings Bank, F.S.B. (collectively, the “Corporation”). All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated.
Provident Savings Bank, F.S.B. (the “Bank”) converted from a federally chartered mutual savings bank to a federally chartered stock savings bank effective June 27, 1996. Provident Financial Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation organized by the Bank, acquired all of the capital stock of the Bank issued in the conversion; the transaction was recorded on a book value basis.
The Corporation operates in two business segments: community banking through the Bank and mortgage banking through Provident Bank Mortgage (“PBM”), a division of the Bank. The Bank's activities include attracting deposits, offering banking services and originating multi-family, commercial real estate, construction and, to a lesser extent, other mortgage, commercial business and consumer loans. Deposits are collected primarily from 14 banking locations located in Riverside and San Bernardino counties in California. PBM's activities include originating single-family loans, primarily first mortgages for sale to investors and to a lesser extent, for investment by the Bank. Loans are primarily originated in Southern California and Northern California by loan agents employed by the Bank, from its banking locations and freestanding lending offices. PBM operates wholesale loan production offices in Pleasanton and Rancho Cucamonga, California and retail loan production offices in Atascadero, Brea, Escondido, Glendora, Rancho Cucamonga, Riverside (3) and Roseville, California.
Use of estimates
The accounting and reporting policies of the Corporation conform to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses and of the loan repurchase reserve and the valuation of investment securities available for sale, loans held for sale, loans held for investment at fair value, deferred tax assets, loan servicing assets, real estate owned, derivative financial instruments and deferred compensation costs.
The following accounting policies, together with those disclosed elsewhere in the consolidated financial statements, represent the significant accounting policies of Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. and the Bank.
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and due from banks, as well as overnight deposits placed at correspondent banks.
Investment securities
The Corporation classifies its qualifying investments as available for sale or held to maturity. The Corporation classifies investments as held to maturity when it has the ability and it is management’s positive intent to hold such securities to maturity. Securities held to maturity are carried at amortized historical cost. All other securities are classified as available for sale and are carried at fair value. Fair value generally is determined based upon quoted market prices. Changes in net unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale are included in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax. Gains and losses on sale or dispositions of investment securities are included in non-interest income and are determined using the specific identification method. Purchase premiums and discounts are amortized over the expected average life of the securities using the effective interest method.
Investment securities are reviewed annually for possible other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”). For debt securities, an OTTI is evident if the Corporation intends to sell the debt security or will more likely than not be required to sell the debt security before full recovery of the entire amortized cost basis is realized. However, even if the Corporation does not intend to sell the debt security and will not likely be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its entire amortized cost basis, the Corporation must
99

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

evaluate expected cash flows to be received and determine if a credit loss has occurred. In the event of a credit loss, the credit component of the impairment is recognized within non-interest income and the non-credit component is recognized through accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax.
PBM activities
Mortgage loans are originated for both investment and sale to the secondary market. Since the Corporation is primarily a single-family adjustable-rate mortgage (“ARM”) lender for its own portfolio, a high percentage of fixed-rate loans are originated for sale to institutional investors.
Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No. 825, “Financial Instruments,” allows for the option to report certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value initially and at subsequent measurement dates with changes in fair value included in earnings. The option may be applied instrument by instrument, but it is irrevocable. The Corporation has elected the fair value option on PBM loans held for sale and believes the fair value option most closely aligns the timing of the recognition of non-interest income and non-interest expense. Fair value is generally determined by measuring the value of outstanding loan sale commitments in comparison to investors’ current yield requirements as calculated on the aggregate loan basis. Loans are generally sold without recourse, other than standard representations and warranties. A high percentage of loans are sold on a servicing released basis. In some transactions, the Corporation may retain the servicing rights in order to generate servicing income. Where the Corporation continues to service loans after sale, investors are paid their share of the principal collections together with interest at an agreed-upon rate, which generally differs from the loan’s contractual interest rate.
Loans previously sold to the FHLB – San Francisco under the Mortgage Partnership Finance (“MPF”) program have a recourse liability. The FHLB – San Francisco absorbs the first four basis points of loss by establishing a first loss account and a credit scoring process is used to calculate the maximum recourse amount for the Bank. All losses above the Bank’s maximum recourse are the responsibility of the FHLB – San Francisco. The FHLB – San Francisco pays the Bank a credit enhancement fee on a monthly basis to compensate the Bank for accepting the recourse obligation. As of June 30, 2018, the Bank serviced $11.8 million of loans under this program and has established a recourse liability of $83,000 as compared to $15.1 million of loans serviced and a recourse liability of $105,000 at June 30, 2017.
Occasionally, the Bank is required to repurchase loans sold to Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae or other investors if it is determined that such loans do not meet the credit requirements of the investor, or if one of the parties involved in the loan misrepresented pertinent facts, committed fraud, or if such loans were 90-days past due within 120 days of the loan funding date. During the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Bank repurchased $602,000, $1.7 million and $1.7 million of single-family loans, respectively. Other repurchase requests were settled for $0, $11,000 and $470,000 in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, which did not result in the repurchase of the loan itself. In addition to the specific recourse liability for the MPF program, the Bank has established a recourse liability of $200,000 and $200,000 for loans sold to other investors as of June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
In fiscal 2016, the Bank entered into a global settlement with one of the Bank's legacy loan investors, which eliminated all past, current and future repurchase claims from this particular investor. The settlement agreement was executed in March 2016 and paid in April 2016. The settlement required the accrual of an additional recourse provision of $144,000 during the third quarter of fiscal 2016 which fully funded the settlement amount in addition to the recourse reserve that had already been provided in the prior periods for this investor.
100

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Activity in the recourse liability for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:

(In Thousands) | June 30, 2018 | June 30, 2017
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 305 |  | $ | 453 |
Recourse recovery | (22 | ) | (137 | )
Net settlements in lieu of loan repurchases | — |  | (11 | )
Balance, end of the year | $ | 283 |  | $ | 305 |

The Bank is obligated to refund loan sale premiums to investors when a loan pays off within a specific time period following the loan sale; the time period ranges from three to six months, depending upon the loan sale agreement. Total loan sale premium refunds in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $648,000, $578,000 and $384,000, respectively. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Bank’s estimated liability was $113,000 and $102,000, respectively, for future loan sale premium refunds.
Gains or losses on the sale of loans, including fees received or paid, are recognized at the time of sale and are determined by the difference between the net sales proceeds and the allocated book value of the loans sold. When loans are sold with servicing retained, the carrying value of the loans is allocated between the portion sold and the portion retained (i.e., mortgage servicing assets and interest-only strips), based on estimates of their respective fair values.
Mortgage servicing assets (“MSA”) are amortized in proportion to and over the period of the estimated net servicing income and are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. The fair value of MSA is based on the present value of estimated net future cash flows related to contractually specified servicing fees. The Bank periodically evaluates MSA for impairment, which is measured as the excess of cost over fair value. For additional information, see Note 4 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, “Mortgage Loan Servicing and Loans Originated for Sale.”
Rights to future income from serviced loans that exceed contractually specified servicing fees are recorded as interest-only strips. Interest-only strips are carried at fair value, utilizing the same assumptions that are used to value the related servicing assets, with any unrealized gain or loss, net of tax, recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Interest-only strips are included in prepaid expenses and other assets in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the fair value of the interest-only strips was $23,000 and $31,000, respectively, and the net unrealized gain after statutory taxes were applied to the interest-only strips was $16,000 and $18,000, respectively.
Loans held for sale
Loans held for sale consist primarily of long-term fixed-rate loans secured by first trust deeds on single-family residences, the majority of which are Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”), United States Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”), Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac loan products. The loans are generally offered to customers located in (a) Southern California, primarily in Riverside and San Bernardino counties, commonly known as the Inland Empire, and Orange, Los Angeles, San Diego and other surrounding counties and (b) Northern California, primarily Alameda, Placer, San Luis Obispo and other surrounding counties. The loans have been hedged with loan sale commitments, To-Be-Announced ("TBA") Mortgage-Backed-Securities ("MBS") trades and option contracts. The loan sale settlement period is generally between 20 to 30 days from the date of the loan funding. The Corporation adopted ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” and elected the fair value option (ASC 825, “Financial Instruments”) on loans held for sale.
Loans held for investment
Loans held for investment consist of long-term adjustable rate loans secured by first trust deeds on single-family residences, other residential property, commercial property and land. Additionally, multi-family and commercial real estate loans have become a substantial part of loans held for investment, and comprised 64% and 63% at June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These loans are generally offered to customers and businesses located in the same areas of Southern and Northern California described above.
Net loan origination fees and certain direct origination expenses are deferred and amortized to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method. Amortization is discontinued for non-performing loans. Interest receivable represents, for the most part, the current month’s interest, which will be included as a part of the borrower’s next monthly loan
101

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

payment. Interest receivable is accrued only if deemed collectible. Loans are placed on non-performing status when they become 90 days past due or if the loan is deemed impaired. When a loan is placed on non-performing status, interest accrued but not received is reversed against interest income. Interest income on non-performing loans is subsequently recognized only to the extent that cash is received and the principal balance is deemed collectible. If the principal balance is not deemed collectible, the entire payment received (principal and interest) is applied to the outstanding loan balance. Non-performing loans that become current as to both principal and interest are returned to accrual status after demonstrating satisfactory payment history (usually six consecutive months) and when future payments are expected to be collected.
Allowance for loan losses
The allowance for loan losses involves significant judgment and assumptions by management, which has a material impact on the carrying value of net loans. Management considers the accounting estimate related to the allowance for loan losses a critical accounting estimate because it is highly susceptible to changes from period to period, requiring management to make assumptions about probable incurred losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The impact of a sudden large loss could deplete the allowance and require increased provisions to replenish the allowance, which would negatively affect earnings.
The allowance is based on two principles of accounting: (i) ASC 450, “Contingencies,” which requires that losses be accrued when they are probable of occurring and can be estimated; and (ii) ASC 310, “Receivables,” which requires that losses be accrued for non-performing loans that may be determined on an individually evaluated basis or based on an aggregated pooling method where the allowance is developed primarily by using historical charge-off statistics. The allowance has two components: collectively evaluated allowances and individually evaluated allowances. Each of these components is based upon estimates that can change over time. The allowance is based on historical experience and, as a result, can differ from actual losses incurred in the future. Additionally, differences may result from qualitative factors such as unemployment data, gross domestic product, interest rates, retail sales, the value of real estate and real estate market conditions. The historical data is reviewed at least quarterly and adjustments are made as needed. Various techniques are used to arrive at an individually evaluated allowance, including discounted cash flows and the fair market value of collateral. The use of these techniques is inherently subjective and the actual losses could be greater or less than the estimates. Management considers, based on currently available information, the allowance for loan losses sufficient to absorb probable losses inherent in loans held for investment.
Allowance for unfunded loan commitments
The Corporation maintains the allowance for unfunded loan commitments at a level that is adequate to absorb estimated probable losses related to these unfunded credit facilities. The Corporation determines the adequacy of the allowance based on periodic evaluations of the unfunded credit facilities, including an assessment of the probability of commitment usage, credit risk factors for loans outstanding to these same customers, and the terms and expiration dates of the unfunded credit facilities. The allowance for unfunded loan commitments is recorded in other liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Net adjustments to the allowance for unfunded loan commitments are included in other non-interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Troubled debt restructuring (“restructured loans”)
A restructured loan is a loan which the Corporation, for reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that the Corporation would not otherwise consider. These financial difficulties include, but are not limited to, the borrowers default status on any of their debts, bankruptcy and recent changes in their financial circumstances (loss of job, etc.).
The loan terms which have been modified or restructured due to a borrower’s financial difficulty, may include but are not limited to:

a) | A reduction in the stated interest rate.

b) | An extension of the maturity at an interest rate below market.

c) | A reduction in the accrued interest.

d) | Extensions, deferrals, renewals and rewrites.

e) | Loans that have been discharged in a Chapter 7 Bankruptcy that have not been reaffirmed by the borrower.

102

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

To qualify for restructuring, a borrower must provide evidence of creditworthiness such as, current financial statements, most recent income tax returns, current paystubs, current W-2s, and most recent bank statements, among other documents, which are then verified by the Corporation. The Corporation re-underwrites the loan with the borrower's updated financial information, new credit report, current loan balance, new interest rate, remaining loan term, updated property value and modified payment schedule, among other considerations, to determine if the borrower qualifies.
The Corporation measures the allowance for loan losses of restructured loans based on the difference between the loan's original carrying amount and the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the original effective yield of the loan. Based on the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency's ("OCC") guidance with respect to restructured loans and to conform to general practices within the banking industry, the Corporation maintains certain restructured loans on accrual status, provided there is reasonable assurance of repayment and performance, consistent with the modified terms based upon a current, well-documented credit evaluation.
Other restructured loans are classified as “Substandard” and placed on non-performing status. The Corporation upgrades restructured single-family loans to the pass category if the borrower has demonstrated satisfactory contractual payments for at least six consecutive months or 12 consecutive months for those loans that were restructured more than once. Once the borrower has demonstrated satisfactory contractual payments beyond 12 consecutive months, the loan is no longer categorized as a restructured loan. In addition to the payment history described above; multi-family, commercial real estate, construction and commercial business loans must also demonstrate a combination of corroborating characteristics to be upgraded, such as: satisfactory cash flow, satisfactory guarantor support, and additional collateral support, among others.
Non-performing loans
The Corporation assesses loans individually and classifies as non-performing loans when the accrual of interest has been discontinued, loans have been restructured or management has serious doubts about the future collectibility of principal and interest, even though the loans may currently be performing. Factors considered in determining classification include, but are not limited to, expected future cash flows, the financial condition of the borrower and current economic conditions. The Corporation measures each non-performing loan based on ASC 310, establishes a collectively evaluated or individually evaluated allowance and charges off those loans or portions of loans deemed uncollectible.
Real estate owned
Real estate acquired through foreclosure is initially recorded at the fair value of the real estate acquired, less estimated selling costs. Subsequent to foreclosure, the Corporation charges current earnings for estimated losses if the carrying value of the property exceeds its fair value. Gains or losses on the sale of real estate are recognized upon disposition of the property. Costs relating to improvement, maintenance and repairs of the property are expensed as incurred under gain (loss) on sale and operations of real estate owned acquired in the settlement of loans within the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Impairment of long-lived assets
The Corporation reviews its long-lived assets for impairment annually or when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. Long-lived assets include buildings, land, fixtures, furniture and equipment. An asset is considered impaired when the expected discounted cash flows over the remaining useful life are less than the net book value. When impairment is indicated for an asset, the amount of impairment loss is the excess of the net book value over its fair value.
Premises and equipment
Premises and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed primarily on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives as follows:

| Buildings | 10 to 40 years
| Furniture and fixtures | 3 to 10 years
| Automobiles | 3 to 5 years
| Computer equipment | 3 to 5 years

103

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of their respective lease terms or the useful life of the improvement, which ranges from one to 10 years. Maintenance and repair costs are charged to operations as incurred.
Income taxes
The Corporation accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes.” ASC 740 requires the affirmative evaluation that it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits of a tax position, that an enterprise is entitled to economic benefits resulting from positions taken in income tax returns. If a tax position does not meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the benefit of that position is not recognized in the financial statements.
ASC 740 requires that when determining the need for a valuation allowance against a deferred tax asset, management must assess both positive and negative evidence with regard to the realizability of the tax losses represented by that asset. To the extent available, if sources of taxable income are insufficient to absorb tax losses, a valuation allowance is necessary. Sources of taxable income for this analysis include prior years’ tax returns, the expected reversals of taxable temporary differences between book and tax income, prudent and feasible tax-planning strategies, and future taxable income. The deferred income tax asset related to the allowance for loan losses will be realized when actual charge-offs are made against the allowance. Based on the availability of loss carry-backs and projected taxable income during the periods for which loss carry-forwards are available, management believes it is more likely than not the Corporation will realize the deferred tax asset. The Corporation continues to monitor the deferred tax asset on a quarterly basis for a valuation allowance. The future realization of these tax benefits primarily hinges on adequate future earnings to utilize the tax benefit. Prospective earnings or losses, tax law changes or capital changes could prompt the Corporation to reevaluate the assumptions which may be used to establish a valuation allowance. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the estimated deferred tax asset was $4.2 million and $4.3 million, respectively. The Corporation maintains net deferred tax assets for deductible temporary tax differences, such as loss reserves, deferred compensation, non-accrued interest and unrealized gains. The decrease in the net deferred tax asset resulted primarily from items related to loss reserves, state taxes, fair value adjustments and depreciation, partly offset by deferred compensation and deferred loan costs. The Corporation did not have any liabilities for uncertain tax positions or any known unrecognized tax benefit at June 30, 2018 or 2017.
Bank owned life insurance ("BOLI")
ASC 715-60-35, "Accounting for Deferred Compensation and Postretirement Benefit Aspects of Endorsement Split-Dollar Life Insurance Arrangements," requires an employer to recognize obligations associated with endorsement split-dollar life insurance arrangements that extend into the participant's post-employment benefit cost for the continuing life insurance or based on the future death benefit depending on the contractual terms of the underlying agreement. The Corporation adopted ASC 715-60-35 using the latter option, i.e., based on the future death benefit. The Bank purchases BOLI policies on the lives of certain executive officers while they are employed by the Bank and is the owner and beneficiary of the policies. The Bank invests in BOLI to provide an efficient form of funding for long-term retirement and other employee benefits costs. The Bank records these BOLI policies within prepaid expenses and other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at each policy’s respective cash surrender value, with changes recorded in other non-interest income and salaries and employee benefits expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Cash dividend
A declaration or payment of dividends is at the discretion of the Corporation’s Board of Directors, who take into account the Corporation’s financial condition, results of operations, tax considerations, capital requirements, industry standards, economic conditions and other factors, including the regulatory restrictions which affect the payment of dividends by the Bank to the Corporation. Under Delaware law, dividends may be paid either out of surplus or, if there is no surplus, out of net profits for the current fiscal year and/or the preceding fiscal year in which the dividend is declared. For additional information, see Note 22 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements regarding the subsequent event related to the cash dividend.
Stock repurchases
The Corporation repurchases its common stock consistent with Board-approved stock repurchase plans. During fiscal 2018, the Corporation repurchased 383,585 shares with an average cost of $19.00 per share, all of which were purchased under the June 2017 stock repurchase plan. In addition, the Corporation purchased 3,291 shares of distributed restricted stock in settlement of employees' withholding tax obligations. As of June 19, 2018, the June 2017 stock repurchase plan expired. On April 26, 2018, the
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Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Corporation approved a new plan authorizing the repurchase of up to 5% of outstanding shares, or 373,000 shares, all of which were available for purchase at June 30, 2018.
Earnings per common share (“EPS”)
Basic EPS represents net income divided by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period excluding any potential dilutive effects. Diluted EPS gives effect to any potential issuance of common stock that would have caused basic EPS to be lower as if the issuance had already occurred. Accordingly, diluted EPS reflects an increase in the weighted average shares outstanding as a result of the assumed exercise of stock options and the vesting of restricted stock. The computation of diluted EPS does not assume exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock that would have an anti-dilutive effect on EPS.
Stock-based compensation
ASC 718, “Compensation – Stock Compensation,” requires companies to recognize in the statement of operations the grant-date fair value of stock options and other equity-based compensation issued to employees and directors. Stock-based compensation expense, inclusive of restricted stock expense, recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $1.1 million, $1.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively.
Employee Stock Ownership Plan ("ESOP")
The Corporation recognizes compensation expense when the Bank contributes funds to the ESOP for the purchase of the Corporation’s common stock to be allocated to the ESOP participants. Since the contributions are discretionary, the benefits payable under the ESOP cannot be estimated.
Restricted stock
The Corporation recognizes compensation expense over the vesting period of the shares awarded, equal to the fair value of the shares at the award date.
Post retirement benefits
The estimated obligation for post retirement health care and life insurance benefits is determined based on an actuarial computation of the cost of current and future benefits for the eligible (grandfathered) retirees and employees. The post retirement benefit liability is included in accounts payable, accrued interest and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Effective July 1, 2003, the Corporation discontinued the post retirement health care and life insurance benefits to any employee not previously qualified (grandfathered) for these benefits. At June 30, 2018 and 2017, the accrued liability for post retirement benefits was $204,000 and $187,000, respectively, which was fully funded consistent with actuarially determined estimates of the future obligation.
Comprehensive income
ASC 220, “Comprehensive Income,” requires that realized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income (loss). Unrealized gains (losses) on available for sale securities and interest-only strips are reported as a separate component of the stockholders’ equity section of the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and the change in the unrealized gains (losses) are reported on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity.
Accounting standard updates (“ASU”)
ASU 2015-14:
In August 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2015-14, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)," which defers the effective date of ASU No. 2014-09 one year. ASU No. 2014-09 created Topic 606 and supersedes Topic 605, Revenue Recognition. The core principle of Topic 606 is that an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In general, the new guidance requires companies to use more judgment and make more estimates than under current guidance, including identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. For financial reporting purposes, the standard allows for either full retrospective adoption, meaning the standard is
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Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

applied to all of the periods presented, or modified retrospective adoption, meaning the standard is applied only to the most current period presented in the financial statements with the cumulative effect of initially applying the standard recognized at the date of initial application. Management adopted the new guidance on July 1, 2018. Management has completed its identification of all revenue streams included in the financial statements and identified which revenue streams are within the scope of the pronouncement. Management does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on the Corporation’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
ASU 2016-02:
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842)." This ASU introduces a lessee model that brings most leases on the balance sheet and aligns many of the underlying principles of the new lessor model with those in the new revenue recognition standard, ASC 606, Revenue From Contracts With Customers. The new leases standard represents a wholesale change to lease accounting and will most likely result in significant implementation challenges during the transition period and beyond.
This ASU will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 (i.e., calendar periods beginning on January 1, 2019), and interim periods therein, early adoption is permitted. The Corporation is currently evaluating the provisions of this ASU to determine the potential impact the new standard will have on its consolidated financial statements. The Corporation leases buildings and offices under non-cancelable operating leases, the majority of which will be subject to this ASU. While the Corporation has not quantified the impact to its balance sheet, upon the adoption of this ASU the Corporation expects to report increased assets and increased liabilities on its consolidated statements of financial condition as a result of recognizing right-of-use assets and lease liabilities related to these leases and certain equipment under non-cancelable operating lease agreements, which currently are not reflected in its consolidated statements of financial condition.
ASU 2016-13:
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments." This ASU requires organizations to measure all expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This ASU will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Corporation is evaluating its current expected loss methodology of its loan and investment portfolios to identify the necessary modifications in accordance with this standard and expects a change in the processes and procedures to calculate the allowance for loan losses, including changes in assumptions and estimates to consider expected credit losses over the life of the loan versus the current accounting practice that utilizes the incurred loss model. A valuation adjustment to its allowance for loan losses or investment portfolio that is identified in this process will be reflected as a one-time adjustment in equity rather than earnings upon this ASU adoption. The Corporation is in the process of compiling historical data that will be used to calculate expected credit losses on its loan portfolio to ensure the Corporation is fully compliant with the ASU at the adoption date and is evaluating the potential impact adoption of this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2017-07:
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-07, "Compensation—Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Post-Retirement Benefit Cost." This ASU requires an employer to report the service cost component in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. The other components of net benefit cost as defined in paragraphs 715-30-35-4 and 715-60-35-9 are required to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside a subtotal of income from operations, if one is presented. If a separate line item or items are used to present the other components of net benefit cost, that line item or items must be appropriately described. If a separate line item or items are not used, the line item or items used in the income statement to present the other components of net benefit cost must be disclosed. Management adopted the new guidance on July 1, 2018. The Corporation's adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2018-02:
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, "Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income." This ASU allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act. Consequently, the amendments eliminate the stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act and will improve the usefulness of information reported to financial statement users. However, because the amendments only relate to the reclassification of the income tax effects
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Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

of the Tax Act, the underlying guidance that requires that the effect of a change in tax laws or rates be included in income from continuing operations is not affected. The amendments in this ASU also require certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. The amendments in this ASU should be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period (or periods) in which the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate in the Tax Act is recognized. The amendments in this ASU are effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Corporation elected to early adopt this ASU and to reclassify $41,000 of stranded tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018.
ASU 2018-05:
In March 2018, FASB issued ASU No. 2018-05, "Income Taxes (Topic 740)." This ASU was issued to provide guidance on the income tax accounting implications of the Tax Act and allows for entities to report provisional amounts for specific income tax effects of the Tax Act for which the accounting under ASC Topic 740 was not yet complete but a reasonable estimate could be determined. A measurement period of one year is allowed to complete the accounting effects under ASC Topic 740 and revise any previous estimates reported. Any provisional amounts or subsequent adjustments included in an entity’s financial statements during the measurement period should be included in income from continuing operations as an adjustment to tax expense in the reporting period the amounts are determined. The Corporation recorded a $1.84 million provisional next tax charge as reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in the Form 10-Q for the quarter ended December 31, 2017. As of June 30, 2018, the Corporation recorded a $76,000 adjustment to the net deferred tax asset revaluation resulting in a $1.77 million net tax charge for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018.
Note 2: Investment Securities
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities as of June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

June 30, 2018 | Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized (Losses) | Estimated Fair Value | Carrying Value
(In Thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Held to maturity |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS | $ | 84,227 |  | $ | 203 |  | $ | (762 | ) | $ | 83,668 |  | $ | 84,227 |
U.S. SBA securities(1) | 2,986 |  | — |  | (15 | ) | 2,971 |  | 2,986 |
Certificate of deposits | 600 |  | — |  | — |  | 600 |  | 600 |
Total investment securities - held to maturity | $ | 87,813 |  | $ | 203 |  | $ | (777 | ) | $ | 87,239 |  | $ | 87,813 |
Available for sale |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency MBS | $ | 4,234 |  | $ | 150 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4,384 |  | $ | 4,384 |
U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS | 2,640 |  | 122 |  | — |  | 2,762 |  | 2,762 |
Private issue CMO(2) | 346 |  | 4 |  | — |  | 350 |  | 350 |
Total investment securities - available for sale | $ | 7,220 |  | $ | 276 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 7,496 |  | $ | 7,496 |
Total investment securities | $ | 95,033 |  | $ | 479 |  | $ | (777 | ) | $ | 94,735 |  | $ | 95,309 |

(1) | Small Busines Administration ("SBA").

(2) | Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (“CMO”).

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

June 30, 2017 | Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized (Losses) | Estimated Fair Value | Carrying Value
(In Thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Held to maturity |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS | $ | 59,841 |  | $ | 265 |  | $ | (77 | ) | $ | 60,029 |  | $ | 59,841 |
Certificate of deposits | 600 |  | — |  | — |  | 600 |  | 600 |
Total investment securities - held to maturity | $ | 60,441 |  | $ | 265 |  | $ | (77 | ) | $ | 60,629 |  | $ | 60,441 |
Available for sale |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency MBS | $ | 5,197 |  | $ | 186 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,383 |  | $ | 5,383 |
U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS | 3,301 |  | 173 |  | — |  | 3,474 |  | 3,474 |
Private issue CMO(1) | 456 |  | 5 |  | — |  | 461 |  | 461 |
Total investment securities - available for sale | $ | 8,954 |  | $ | 364 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 9,318 |  | $ | 9,318 |
Total investment securities | $ | 69,395 |  | $ | 629 |  | $ | (77 | ) | $ | 69,947 |  | $ | 69,759 |

(1) | Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (“CMO”).

In fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Corporation received MBS principal payments of $27.2 million, $15.1 million and $4.8 million, respectively; did not sell any investment securities; and $147,000 of common stock was redeemed in fiscal 2017. The Corporation purchased mortgage-backed securities totaling $53.9 million, $34.5 million and $41.7 million during fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Corporation held investments with unrealized loss position of $777,000 and $77,000, respectively.

As of June 30, 2018 | Unrealized Holding Losses |  | Unrealized Holding Losses |  | Unrealized Holding Losses
(In Thousands) | Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
| Fair | Unrealized |  | Fair | Unrealized |  | Fair | Unrealized
Description of Securities | Value | Losses |  | Value | Losses |  | Value | Losses
U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS | $ | 47,045 |  | $ | 762 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 47,045 |  | $ | 762 |
U.S. SBA securities | $ | 2,964 |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,964 |  | $ | 15 |
Total | $ | 50,009 |  | $ | 777 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50,009 |  | $ | 777 |

As of June 30, 2017 | Unrealized Holding Losses |  | Unrealized Holding Losses |  | Unrealized Holding Losses
(In Thousands) | Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
| Fair | Unrealized |  | Fair | Unrealized |  | Fair | Unrealized
Description of Securities | Value | Losses |  | Value | Losses |  | Value | Losses
U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS | $ | 28,722 |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28,722 |  | $ | 77 |
Total | $ | 28,722 |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28,722 |  | $ | 77 |

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Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the unrealized holding losses were less than 12 months. The unrealized loss at June 30, 2018 was attributable to 13 U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS and one U.S. SBA security and, based on the nature of the investment, management concluded that such unrealized loss was not other than temporary; while the unrealized loss at June 30, 2017 was attributable to five U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS and, based on the nature of the investment, management concluded that such unrealized loss was not other than temporary. The Corporation does not believe that there was any OTTI at June 30, 2018 and 2017. At each of these dates, the Corporation intended and had the ability to hold the investment securities and was not likely to be required to sell the securities before realizing a full recovery.
Contractual maturities of investment securities as of June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

| June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
(In Thousands) | Amortized Cost | Estimated Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost | Estimated Fair Value
Held to maturity |  |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less | $ | 600 |  | $ | 600 |  |  | $ | 600 |  | $ | 600 |
Due after one through five years | 24,961 |  | 24,569 |  |  | 4,698 |  | 4,708 |
Due after five through ten years | 22,847 |  | 22,477 |  |  | 41,404 |  | 41,374 |
Due after ten years | 39,405 |  | 39,593 |  |  | 13,739 |  | 13,947 |
Total investment securities - held to maturity | $ | 87,813 |  | $ | 87,239 |  |  | $ | 60,441 |  | $ | 60,629 |
Available for sale |  |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Due after one through five years | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Due after five through ten years | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Due after ten years | 7,220 |  | 7,496 |  |  | 8,954 |  | 9,318 |
No stated maturity (common stock) | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Total investment securities - available for sale | $ | 7,220 |  | $ | 7,496 |  |  | $ | 8,954 |  | $ | 9,318 |
Total investment securities | $ | 95,033 |  | $ | 94,735 |  |  | $ | 69,395 |  | $ | 69,947 |

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Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Note 3: Loans Held for Investment
Loans held for investment consisted of the following at June 30, 2018 and 2017 :

(In Thousands) | June 30, 2018 | June 30, 2017
Mortgage loans: |  |
Single-family | $ | 314,808 |  | $ | 322,197 |
Multi-family | 476,008 |  | 479,959 |
Commercial real estate | 109,726 |  | 97,562 |
Construction | 7,476 |  | 16,009 |
Other | 167 |  | — |
Commercial business loans | 500 |  | 576 |
Consumer loans | 109 |  | 129 |
Total loans held for investment, gross | 908,794 |  | 916,432 |
Undisbursed loan funds | (4,302 | ) | (9,015 | )
Advance payments of escrows | 18 |  | 61 |
Deferred loan costs, net | 5,560 |  | 5,480 |
Allowance for loan losses | (7,385 | ) | (8,039 | )
Total loans held for investment, net | $ | 902,685 |  | $ | 904,919 |

The following table sets forth information at June 30, 2018 regarding the dollar amount of loans held for investment that are contractually repricing during the periods indicated, segregated between adjustable rate loans and fixed rate loans. Fixed-rate loans comprised 2% of loans held for investment at both dates, June 30, 2018 and June 30, 2017. Adjustable rate loans having no stated repricing dates that reprice when the index they are tied to reprices (e.g. prime rate index) and checking account overdrafts are reported as repricing within one year. The table does not include any estimate of prepayments which may cause the Corporation’s actual repricing experience to differ materially from that shown.

| Adjustable Rate |  |
(In Thousands) | Within One Year | After One Year Through 3 Years | After 3 Years Through 5 Years | After 5 Years Through 10 Years | Fixed Rate | Total
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family | $ | 126,899 |  | $ | 28,186 |  | $ | 89,091 |  | $ | 58,105 |  | $ | 12,527 |  | $ | 314,808 |
Multi-family | 139,424 |  | 163,687 |  | 161,118 |  | 11,559 |  | 220 |  | 476,008 |
Commercial real estate | 30,771 |  | 44,413 |  | 33,990 |  | — |  | 552 |  | 109,726 |
Construction | 5,793 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,683 |  | 7,476 |
Other | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 167 |  | 167 |
Commercial business loans | 84 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 416 |  | 500 |
Consumer loans | 109 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 109 |
Total loans held for investment, gross | $ | 303,080 |  | $ | 236,286 |  | $ | 284,199 |  | $ | 69,664 |  | $ | 15,565 |  | $ | 908,794 |

The Corporation has developed an internal loan grading system to evaluate and quantify the Bank’s loans held for investment portfolio with respect to quality and risk. Management continually evaluates the credit quality of the Corporation’s loan portfolio
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

and conducts a quarterly review of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses using quantitative and qualitative methods. The Corporation has adopted an internal risk rating policy in which each loan is rated for credit quality with a rating of pass, special mention, substandard, doubtful or loss. The two primary components that are used during the loan review process to determine the proper allowance levels are individually evaluated allowances and collectively evaluated allowances. Quantitative loan loss factors are developed by determining the historical loss experience, expected future cash flows, discount rates and collateral fair values, among others. Qualitative loan loss factors are developed by assessing general economic indicators such as Gross Domestic Product, Retail Sales, Unemployment Rates, Employment Growth, California Home Sales and Median California Home Prices, among others. The Corporation assigns individual factors for the quantitative and qualitative methods for each loan category and each internal risk rating.
The Corporation categorizes all of the loans held for investment into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of the borrower to service their debt such as current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. A description of the general characteristics of the risk grades is as follows:

▪ | Pass - These loans range from minimal credit risk to average however still acceptable credit risk. The likelihood of loss is considered remote.

▪ | Special Mention - A special mention asset has potential weaknesses that may be temporary or, if left uncorrected, may result in a loss. While concerns exist, the Bank is currently protected and loss is considered unlikely and not imminent.

▪ | Substandard - A substandard loan is inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified must have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that may jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. A substandard loan is characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

▪ | Doubtful - A doubtful loan has all of the weaknesses inherent in one classified as substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of the currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable.

▪ | Loss - A loss loan is considered uncollectible and of such little value that continuance as an asset of the institution is not warranted.

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Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

The following tables summarize gross loans held for investment by loan types and risk category at the dates indicated:

|  | June 30, 2018
(In Thousands) | Single-family | Multi-family | Commercial Real Estate | Construction | Other Mortgage | Commercial Business | Consumer | Total
Pass | $ | 304,619 |  | $ | 472,061 |  | $ | 108,786 |  | $ | 7,476 |  | $ | 167 |  | $ | 430 |  | $ | 109 |  | $ | 893,648 |
Special Mention | 2,548 |  | 3,947 |  | 940 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 7,435 |
Substandard | 7,641 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 70 |  | — |  | 7,711 |
| Total loans held for investment, gross | $ | 314,808 |  | $ | 476,008 |  | $ | 109,726 |  | $ | 7,476 |  | $ | 167 |  | $ | 500 |  | $ | 109 |  | $ | 908,794 |

|  | June 30, 2017
(In Thousands) | Single-family | Multi-family | Commercial Real Estate | Construction | Commercial Business | Consumer | Total
Pass | $ | 310,738 |  | $ | 479,687 |  | $ | 97,361 |  | $ | 16,009 |  | $ | 496 |  | $ | 129 |  | $ | 904,420 |
Special Mention | 3,443 |  | 272 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 3,715 |
Substandard | 8,016 |  | — |  | 201 |  | — |  | 80 |  | — |  | 8,297 |
| Total loans held for investment, gross | $ | 322,197 |  | $ | 479,959 |  | $ | 97,562 |  | $ | 16,009 |  | $ | 576 |  | $ | 129 |  | $ | 916,432 |

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level sufficient to provide for estimated losses based on evaluating known and inherent risks in the loans held for investment and upon management’s continuing analysis of the factors underlying the quality of the loans held for investment. These factors include changes in the size and composition of the loans held for investment, actual loan loss experience, current economic conditions, detailed analysis of individual loans for which full collectability may not be assured, and determination of the realizable value of the collateral securing the loans. Provisions (recoveries) for loan losses are charged (credited) against operations on a quarterly basis, as necessary, to maintain the allowance at appropriate levels. Although management believes it uses the best information available to make such determinations, there can be no assurance that regulators, in reviewing the Corporation’s loans held for investment, will not request the Corporation to significantly increase its allowance for loan losses. Future adjustments to the allowance for loan losses may be necessary and results of operations could be significantly and adversely affected as a result of economic, operating, regulatory, and other conditions beyond the Corporation’s control.
Non-performing loans are charged-off to their fair market values in the period the loans, or portion thereof, are deemed uncollectible, generally after the loan becomes 150 days delinquent for real estate secured first trust deed loans and 120 days delinquent for commercial business or real estate secured second trust deed loans. For loans that were modified from their original terms, were re-underwritten and identified in the Corporation's asset quality reports as restructured loans, the charge-off occurs when the loan becomes 90 days delinquent; and where borrowers file bankruptcy, the charge-off occurs when the loan becomes 60 days delinquent. The amount of the charge-off is determined by comparing the loan balance to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral, less disposition costs, with the loan balance in excess of the estimated fair value charged-off against the allowance for loan losses. The allowance for loan losses for non-performing loans is determined by applying ASC 310, “Receivables.” For restructured loans that are less than 90 days delinquent, the allowance for loan losses are segregated into (a) individually evaluated allowances for those loans with applicable discounted cash flow calculations still in their restructuring period, classified lower than pass, and containing an embedded loss component or (b) collectively evaluated allowances based on the aggregated pooling method. For non-performing loans less than 60 days delinquent where the borrower has filed bankruptcy, the collectively evaluated allowances are assigned based on the aggregated pooling method. For non-performing commercial real estate loans, individually evaluated allowances are calculated based on their fair values and if their fair values are higher than their loan balances, no allowances are required.
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Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

The following tables summarize the Corporation’s allowance for loan losses and recorded investment in gross loans, by portfolio type, at the dates and for the periods indicated.

|  | Year Ended June 30, 2018
(In Thousands) | Single-family | Multi-family | Commercial Real Estate | Construction | Other Mortgage | Commercial Business | Consumer | Total
Allowance at beginning of period | $ | 3,601 |  | $ | 3,420 |  | $ | 879 |  | $ | 96 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 36 |  | $ | 7 |  | $ | 8,039 |
(Recovery) provision for loan losses | (704 | ) | 72 |  | 151 |  | (49 | ) | 3 |  | (12 | ) | 3 |  | (536 | )
Recoveries | 278 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 278 |
Charge-offs | (392 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (4 | ) | (396 | )
| Allowance for loan losses, end of period | $ | 2,783 |  | $ | 3,492 |  | $ | 1,030 |  | $ | 47 |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | 24 |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | 7,385 |
Allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 151 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 157 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 2,632 |  | 3,492 |  | 1,030 |  | 47 |  | 3 |  | 18 |  | 6 |  | 7,228 |
| Allowance for loan losses, end of period | $ | 2,783 |  | $ | 3,492 |  | $ | 1,030 |  | $ | 47 |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | 24 |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | 7,385 |
Gross Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 7,072 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 70 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 7,142 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 307,736 |  | 476,008 |  | 109,726 |  | 7,476 |  | 167 |  | 430 |  | 109 |  | 901,652 |
| Total loans held for investment, gross | $ | 314,808 |  | $ | 476,008 |  | $ | 109,726 |  | $ | 7,476 |  | $ | 167 |  | $ | 500 |  | $ | 109 |  | $ | 908,794 |
Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of gross loans held for investment | 0.88 | % | 0.73 | % | 0.94 | % | 0.63 | % | 1.80 | % | 4.80 | % | 5.50 | % | 0.81 | %

113

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

|  | Year Ended June 30, 2017
(In Thousands) | Single-family | Multi-family | Commercial Real Estate | Construction | Other Mortgage | Commercial Business | Consumer | Total
Allowance at beginning of period | $ | 4,933 |  | $ | 2,800 |  | $ | 848 |  | $ | 31 |  | $ | 7 |  | $ | 43 |  | $ | 8 |  | $ | 8,670 |
(Recovery) provision for loan losses | (1,640 | ) | 602 |  | 31 |  | 65 |  | (7 | ) | (82 | ) | (11 | ) | (1,042 | )
Recoveries | 507 |  | 18 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 75 |  | 13 |  | 613 |
Charge-offs | (199 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (3 | ) | (202 | )
| Allowance for loan losses, end of period | $ | 3,601 |  | $ | 3,420 |  | $ | 879 |  | $ | 96 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 36 |  | $ | 7 |  | $ | 8,039 |
Allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 86 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 15 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 101 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 3,515 |  | 3,420 |  | 879 |  | 96 |  | — |  | 21 |  | 7 |  | 7,938 |
| Allowance for loan losses, end of period | $ | 3,601 |  | $ | 3,420 |  | $ | 879 |  | $ | 96 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 36 |  | $ | 7 |  | $ | 8,039 |
Gross Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 6,933 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 201 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 80 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 7,214 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 315,264 |  | 479,959 |  | 97,361 |  | 16,009 |  | — |  | 496 |  | 129 |  | 909,218 |
| Total loans held for investment, gross | $ | 322,197 |  | $ | 479,959 |  | $ | 97,562 |  | $ | 16,009 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 576 |  | $ | 129 |  | $ | 916,432 |
Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of gross loans held for investment | 1.12 | % | 0.71 | % | 0.90 | % | 0.60 | % | — | % | 6.25 | % | 5.43 | % | 0.88 | %

The following summarizes the components of the net change in the allowance for loan losses for the periods indicated:

(In Thousands) | Year Ended June 30,
2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 8,039 |  |  | $ | 8,670 |  |  | $ | 8,724 |  |
Recovery from the allowance for loan losses | (536 | ) |  | (1,042 | ) |  | (1,715 | ) |
Recoveries | 278 |  |  | 613 |  |  | 2,069 |  |
Charge-offs | (396 | ) |  | (202 | ) |  | (408 | ) |
Balance, end of year | $ | 7,385 |  |  | $ | 8,039 |  |  | $ | 8,670 |  |

The following tables identify the Corporation’s total recorded investment in non-performing loans by type at the dates and for the periods indicated. Generally, a loan is placed on non-accrual status when it becomes 90 days past due as to principal or interest or if the loan is deemed impaired, after considering economic and business conditions and collection efforts, where the borrower’s financial condition is such that collection of the contractual principal or interest on the loan is doubtful. In addition, interest income is not recognized on any loan where management has determined that collection is not reasonably assured. A non-performing loan may be restored to accrual status when delinquent principal and interest payments are brought current and future monthly principal and interest payments are expected to be collected on a timely basis. Loans with a related allowance reserve have been individually evaluated for impairment using either a discounted cash flow analysis or, for collateral dependent loans, current appraisals less costs to sell to establish realizable value. These analysis may identify a specific impairment amount needed or may conclude that
114

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

no reserve is needed. Loans that are not individually evaluated for impairment are included in pools of homogeneous loans for evaluation of related allowance reserves.

|  |  | At or For the Year Ended June 30, 2018
|  |  | Unpaid |  |  |  | Net | Average | Interest
|  |  | Principal | Related | Recorded |  | Recorded | Recorded | Income
(In Thousands) | Balance | Charge-offs | Investment | Allowance(1) | Investment | Investment | Recognized
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Single-family: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | With a related allowance | $ | 1,333 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,333 |  | $ | (185 | ) | $ | 1,148 |  | $ | 871 |  | $ | 51 |
|  | Without a related allowance(2) | 5,569 |  | (724 | ) | 4,845 |  | — |  | 4,845 |  | 6,767 |  | 203 |
| Total single-family | 6,902 |  | (724 | ) | 6,178 |  | (185 | ) | 5,993 |  | 7,638 |  | 254 |
| Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Without a related allowance(2) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 17 |  | 13 |
| Total commercial real estate | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 17 |  | 13 |
Commercial business loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| With a related allowance | 70 |  | — |  | 70 |  | (6 | ) | 64 |  | 75 |  | 5 |
Total commercial business loans | 70 |  | — |  | 70 |  | (6 | ) | 64 |  | 75 |  | 5 |
Total non-performing loans | $ | 6,972 |  | $ | (724 | ) | $ | 6,248 |  | $ | (191 | ) | $ | 6,057 |  | $ | 7,730 |  | $ | 272 |

(1) Consists of collectively and individually evaluated allowances, specifically assigned to the individual loan.
(2) There was no related allowance for loan losses because the loans have been charged-off to their fair value or the fair value of the collateral is higher than the loan balance.
115

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

|  |  | At or For the Year Ended June 30, 2017
|  |  | Unpaid |  |  |  | Net | Average | Interest
|  |  | Principal | Related | Recorded |  | Recorded | Recorded | Income
(In Thousands) | Balance | Charge-offs | Investment | Allowance(1) | Investment | Investment | Recognized
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Single-family: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | With a related allowance | $ | 1,821 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,821 |  | $ | (325 | ) | $ | 1,496 |  | $ | 1,702 |  | $ | 82 |
|  | Without a related allowance(2) | 7,119 |  | (886 | ) | 6,233 |  | — |  | 6,233 |  | 7,726 |  | 249 |
| Total single-family | 8,940 |  | (886 | ) | 8,054 |  | (325 | ) | 7,729 |  | 9,428 |  | 331 |
| Multi-family: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | With a related allowance | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 140 |  | 21 |
|  | Without a related allowance(2) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 312 |  | 29 |
| Total multi-family | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 452 |  | 50 |
| Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Without a related allowance(2) | 201 |  | — |  | 201 |  | — |  | 201 |  | 84 |  | 2 |
| Total commercial real estate | 201 |  | — |  | 201 |  | — |  | 201 |  | 84 |  | 2 |
Commercial business loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| With a related allowance | 80 |  | — |  | 80 |  | (15 | ) | 65 |  | 87 |  | 6 |
Total commercial business loans | 80 |  | — |  | 80 |  | (15 | ) | 65 |  | 87 |  | 6 |
Total non-performing loans | $ | 9,221 |  | $ | (886 | ) | $ | 8,335 |  | $ | (340 | ) | $ | 7,995 |  | $ | 10,051 |  | $ | 389 |

(1) Consists of collectively and individually evaluated allowances, specifically assigned to the individual loan.
(2) There was no related allowance for loan losses because the loans have been charged-off to their fair value or the fair value of the collateral is higher than the loan balance.
At June 30, 2018 and 2017, there were no commitments to lend additional funds to those borrowers whose loans were classified as non-performing.
116

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

The following tables denote the past due status of the Corporation's loans held for investment, gross, at the dates indicated.

|  | June 30, 2018
(In Thousands) | Current | 30-89 Days Past Due | Non-Accrual(1) | Total Loans Held for Investment, Gross
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |
| Single-family | $ | 307,863 |  | $ | 804 |  | $ | 6,141 |  | $ | 314,808 |
| Multi-family | 476,008 |  | — |  | — |  | 476,008 |
| Commercial real estate | 109,726 |  | — |  | — |  | 109,726 |
| Construction | 7,476 |  | — |  | — |  | 7,476 |
| Other | 167 |  | — |  | — |  | 167 |
Commercial business loans | 430 |  | — |  | 70 |  | 500 |
Consumer loans | 108 |  | 1 |  | — |  | 109 |
| Total loans held for investment, gross | $ | 901,778 |  | $ | 805 |  | $ | 6,211 |  | $ | 908,794 |

(1) All loans 90 days or greater past due are placed on non-accrual status.

|  | June 30, 2017
(In Thousands) | Current | 30-89 Days Past Due | Non-Accrual(1) | Total Loans Held for Investment, Gross
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |
| Single-family | $ | 313,146 |  | $ | 1,035 |  | $ | 8,016 |  | $ | 322,197 |
| Multi-family | 479,959 |  | — |  | — |  | 479,959 |
| Commercial real estate | 97,361 |  | — |  | 201 |  | 97,562 |
| Construction | 16,009 |  | — |  | — |  | 16,009 |
Commercial business loans | 496 |  | — |  | 80 |  | 576 |
Consumer loans | 129 |  | — |  | — |  | 129 |
| Total loans held for investment, gross | $ | 907,100 |  | $ | 1,035 |  | $ | 8,297 |  | $ | 916,432 |

(1) All loans 90 days or greater past due are placed on non-accrual status.
During the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Corporation’s average investment in non-performing loans was $7.7 million, $10.1 million and $13.5 million, respectively. The Corporation records payments on non-performing loans utilizing the cash basis or cost recovery method of accounting during the periods when the loans are on non-performing status. For the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, interest income of $272,000, $389,000 and $766,000, respectively, was recognized, based on cash receipts from loan payments on non-performing loans. Foregone interest income, which would have been recorded had the non-performing loans been current in accordance with their original terms, amounted to $88,000, $68,000 and $118,000 for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and was not included in the loan interest income; while $292,000, $327,000 and $298,000, respectively, was collected and applied to reduce the net loan balances.
117

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

The effect of the non-performing loans on interest income for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is presented below:

(In Thousands) | Year Ended June 30,
2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |
Contractual interest due | $ | 400 |  |  | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | 724 |  |
Interest collected | (312 | ) |  | (449 | ) |  | (606 | ) |
Net foregone interest | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 118 |  |

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, there were two loans that were newly modified from their original terms, re-underwritten or identified as a restructured loan; two loans (previously modified) were downgraded; while two loans were upgraded to the pass category; and one loan was converted to a REO. For the fiscal year ended 2017, there were no loans that were newly modified from their original terms, re-underwritten or identified as a restructured loan; while three loans were converted to REOs. During the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, no restructured loans were in default within a 12-month period subsequent to their original restructuring. Additionally, during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, no restructured loan was extended beyond the initial maturity of the modification; while in fiscal 2017, there was one restructured loan with a total balance of $85,000 that had its modification extended beyond the initial maturity of the modification.
As of June 30, 2018, the net outstanding balance of the Corporation's 11 restructured loans was $5.2 million: one was classified as special mention and remains on accrual status ($389,000); one was classified as substandard on accrual status ($1.4 million); and nine were classified as substandard on non-accrual status ($3.4 million). As of June 30, 2018, $2.9 million, or 56 percent, of the restructured loans were current with respect to their payment status. As of June 30, 2017, the net outstanding balance of the Corporation's 10 restructured loans was $3.6 million: one loan was classified as special mention on accrual status ($506,000); and nine loans were classified as substandard ($3.1 million, all on non-accrual status). As of June 30, 2017, $1.7 million, 46 percent, of the restructured loans had a current payment status.
The following table summarizes at the dates indicated the restructured loan balances, net of allowance for loan losses or charge-offs, by loan type and non-accrual versus accrual status at June 30, 2018 and 2017 :

(In Thousands) | June 30, 2018 | June 30, 2017
Restructured loans on non-accrual status: |  |
Mortgage loans: |  |
Single-family | $ | 3,328 |  | $ | 3,061 |
Commercial business loans | 64 |  | 65 |
Total | 3,392 |  | 3,126 |
Restructured loans on accrual status: |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |
Single-family | 1,788 |  | 506 |
Total | 1,788 |  | 506 |
Total restructured loans | $ | 5,180 |  | $ | 3,632 |

118

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

The following table shows the restructured loans by type, net of allowance for loan losses or charge-offs, at June 30, 2018 and 2017:

|  |  | At June 30, 2018
|  |  | Unpaid |  |  |  | Net
|  |  | Principal | Related | Recorded |  | Recorded
(In Thousands) | Balance | Charge-offs | Investment | Allowance(1) | Investment
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |
| Single-family: |  |  |  |  |
|  | With a related allowance | $ | 2,228 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,228 |  | $ | (151 | ) | $ | 2,077 |
|  | Without a related allowance(2) | 3,450 |  | (411 | ) | 3,039 |  | — |  | 3,039 |
| Total single-family | 5,678 |  | (411 | ) | 5,267 |  | (151 | ) | 5,116 |
Commercial business loans: |  |  |  |  |
| With a related allowance | 70 |  | — |  | 70 |  | (6 | ) | 64 |
Total commercial business loans | 70 |  | — |  | 70 |  | (6 | ) | 64 |
Total restructured loans | $ | 5,748 |  | $ | (411 | ) | $ | 5,337 |  | $ | (157 | ) | $ | 5,180 |

,
(1) Consists of collectively and individually evaluated allowances, specifically assigned to the individual loan.
(2) There was no related allowance for loan losses because the loans have been charged-off to their fair value or the fair value of the collateral is higher than the loan balance.

|  |  | At June 30, 2017
|  |  | Unpaid |  |  |  | Net
|  |  | Principal | Related | Recorded |  | Recorded
(In Thousands) | Balance | Charge-offs | Investment | Allowance(1) | Investment
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |
| Single-family |  |  |  |  |
|  | With a related allowance | $ | 485 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 485 |  | $ | (97 | ) | $ | 388 |
|  | Without a related allowance(2) | 3,618 |  | (439 | ) | 3,179 |  | — |  | 3,179 |
| Total single-family | 4,103 |  | (439 | ) | 3,664 |  | (97 | ) | 3,567 |
Commercial business loans: |  |  |  |  |
| With a related allowance | 80 |  | — |  | 80 |  | (15 | ) | 65 |
Total commercial business loans | 80 |  | — |  | 80 |  | (15 | ) | 65 |
Total restructured loans | $ | 4,183 |  | $ | (439 | ) | $ | 3,744 |  | $ | (112 | ) | $ | 3,632 |

(1) Consists of collectively and individually evaluated allowances, specifically assigned to the individual loan.
(2) There was no related allowance for loan losses because the loans have been charged-off to their fair value or the fair value of the collateral is higher than the loan balance.
119

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

In the ordinary course of business, the Bank makes loans to its directors, officers and employees on substantially the same terms prevailing at the time of origination for comparable transactions with unaffiliated borrowers. The following is a summary of related-party loan activity:

(In Thousands) | Year Ended June 30,
2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 578 |  |  | $ | 1,861 |  |  | $ | 2,367 |  |
Originations | 2,415 |  |  | 3,844 |  |  | 3,500 |  |
Sales and payments | (2,316 | ) |  | (5,127 | ) |  | (4,006 | ) |
Balance, end of year | $ | 677 |  |  | $ | 578 |  |  | $ | 1,861 |  |

As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, all of the related-party loans were performing in accordance with their original contractual terms.
Note 4: Mortgage Loan Servicing and Loans Originated for Sale
The following summarizes the unpaid principal balance of loans serviced for others by the Corporation at the dates indicated:

(In Thousands) | As of June 30,
2018 | 2017 | 2016
Loans serviced for Freddie Mac | $ | 19,244 |  | $ | 13,907 |  | $ | 6,819 |
Loans serviced for Fannie Mae | 96,384 |  | 90,076 |  | 78,250 |
Loans serviced for FHLB – San Francisco | 11,786 |  | 15,105 |  | 20,385 |
Loans serviced for other investors | 995 |  | 216 |  | 15 |
Total loans serviced for others | $ | 128,409 |  | $ | 119,304 |  | $ | 105,469 |

MSA are recorded when loans are sold to investors and the servicing of those loans is retained by the Bank. MSA are subject to interest rate risk and may become impaired when interest rates fall and the borrowers refinance or prepay their mortgage loans. The MSA are derived primarily from single-family loans.
Servicing loans for others generally consists of collecting mortgage payments, maintaining escrow accounts, disbursing payments to investors and processing foreclosures. Income from servicing loans is reported as loan servicing and other fees in the Corporation’s Consolidated Statements of Operations, and the amortization of MSA is reported as a reduction to the loan servicing income. Loan servicing income includes servicing fees from investors and certain fees collected from borrowers, such as late payment fees. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Corporation held borrowers’ escrow balances related to loans serviced for others of $577,000 and $546,000, respectively.
In estimating fair values of the MSA at June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Corporation used a weighted-average constant prepayment rate (“CPR”) of 13.42% and 17.02%, respectively, and a weighted-average discount rate of 9.11% and 9.11%, respectively. Management obtained CPR estimates from an independent third party and reviewed for reasonableness given current market data. The discount rates were derived from market data. The MSA, which is included in prepaid expenses and other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, had a carrying value of $916,000 and a fair value of $1.0 million at June 30, 2018. This compares to the MSA at June 30, 2017 which had a carrying value of $739,000 and a fair value of $811,000. An allowance may be recorded to adjust the carrying value of each category of MSA to the lower of cost or market. As of June 30, 2018, a total allowance of $82,000 was required for six categories of MSA, compared to a total allowance of $158,000 for eight categories of MSA as of June 30, 2017. Total additions to the MSA during the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $237,000, $269,000 and $394,000, respectively. Total amortization of the MSA during the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $136,000, $167,000 and $243,000, respectively.
120

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Loans sold to the FHLB – San Francisco were completed under the MPF Program, which entitles the Bank to a credit enhancement fee collected from FHLB – San Francisco on a monthly basis and is described in Note 1 under PBM activities.
The following table summarizes the Corporation’s MSA for years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 :

| Year Ended June 30,
(Dollars In Thousands) | 2018 | 2017
MSA balance, beginning of fiscal year | $ | 897 |  | $ | 795 |
Additions | 237 |  | 269 |
Amortization | (136 | ) | (167 | )
MSA balance, end of fiscal year, before allowance | 998 |  | 897 |
Allowance | (82 | ) | (158 | )
MSA balance, end of fiscal year | $ | 916 |  | $ | 739 |
Fair value, beginning of fiscal year | $ | 811 |  | $ | 627 |
Fair value, end of fiscal year | $ | 1,015 |  | $ | 811 |
Allowance, beginning of fiscal year | $ | 158 |  | $ | 168 |
Impairment recoveries | (76 | ) | (10 | )
Allowance, end of fiscal year | $ | 82 |  | $ | 158 |
Key Assumptions: |  |
Weighted-average discount rate | 9.11 | % | 9.11 | %
Weighted-average prepayment speed | 13.42 | % | 17.02 | %

The following table summarizes the estimated future amortization of MSA for the next five years and thereafter:

| Amount
Year Ending June 30, | (In Thousands)
2019 | $ | 212 |
2020 | 180 |
2021 | 146 |
2022 | 118 |
2023 | 95 |
Thereafter | 247 |
Total estimated amortization expense | $ | 998 |

121

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

The following table represents the hypothetical effect on the fair value of the Corporation’s MSA using an unfavorable shock analysis of certain key valuation assumptions as of June 30, 2018 and 2017 . This analysis is presented for hypothetical purposes only. As the amounts indicate, changes in fair value based on changes in assumptions generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of the change in assumptions to the change in fair value may not be linear.

| Year Ended June 30,
(Dollars In Thousands) | 2018 | 2017
MSA net carrying value | $ | 916 |  | $ | 739 |
CPR assumption (weighted-average) | 13.42 | % | 17.02 | %
Impact on fair value with 10% adverse change in prepayment speed | $ | (31 | ) | $ | (28 | )
Impact on fair value with 20% adverse change in prepayment speed | $ | (61 | ) | $ | (55 | )
Discount rate assumption (weighted-average) | 9.11 | % | 9.11 | %
Impact on fair value with 10% adverse change in discount rate | $ | (45 | ) | $ | (33 | )
Impact on fair value with 20% adverse change in discount rate | $ | (88 | ) | $ | (64 | )

At June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Corporation has recorded interest-only strips under the MPF Program with a fair value of $23,000 and $31,000, comprised of gross unrealized gains with no remaining mortgage servicing asset. There were no additions to the mortgage servicing asset related to the MPF Program during fiscal 2018, 2017 or 2016; and there was no amortization of the mortgage servicing asset during the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, while there was $1,000 of amortization of the mortgage servicing asset during the year ended June 30, 2016.
Loans sold consisted of the following for the years indicated:

(In Thousands) | Year Ended June 30,
2018 | 2017 | 2016
Loans sold: |  |  |
Servicing – released | $ | 1,174,618 |  | $ | 1,935,349 |  | $ | 1,948,423 |
Servicing – retained | 27,566 |  | 38,250 |  | 45,798 |
Total loans sold | $ | 1,202,184 |  | $ | 1,973,599 |  | $ | 1,994,221 |

During the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Corporation sold 12%, 12% and 14%, respectively, of its loans originated for sale to a single investor, other than Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae. If the Corporation is unable to sell loans to this investor, find alternative investors, or change its loan programs to meet investor guidelines, it may have a significant negative impact on the Corporation’s results of operations.
Loans held for sale, at fair value, at June 30, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following:

(In Thousands) | June 30,
2018 | 2017
Fixed rate | $ | 94,730 |  | $ | 115,703 |
Adjustable rate | 1,568 |  | 845 |
Total loans held for sale, at fair value | $ | 96,298 |  | $ | 116,548 |

122

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Note 5: Real Estate Owned
Real estate owned at June 30, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following:

(In Thousands) | June 30,
2018 | 2017
Real estate owned | $ | 906 |  | $ | 2,167 |
Allowance for estimated real estate owned losses | — |  | (552 | )
Total real estate owned, net | $ | 906 |  | $ | 1,615 |

Real estate owned was primarily the result of real estate acquired in the settlement of loans. As of June 30, 2018, real estate owned was comprised of two single-family residences located in California. This compares to two single-family residences at June 30, 2017, one residence located in California and one residence located in Arizona.
During fiscal 2018, the Corporation acquired four real estate owned properties in the settlement of loans and sold four properties for a net loss of $558,000 which was partially offset by a reduction in the reserve for REO of $552,000 upon sales. In fiscal 2017, the Corporation acquired five real estate owned properties in the settlement of loans and sold seven properties for a net gain of $138,000.
A summary of the disposition and operations of real estate owned acquired in the settlement of loans for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 consisted of the following:

(In Thousands) | Year Ended June 30,
2018 | 2017 | 2016
Net (loss) gains on sale | $ | (558 | ) | $ | 138 |  | $ | 52 |
Net operating expenses | (89 | ) | (255 | ) | (207 | )
Recovery of (provision for) losses on real estate owned | 561 |  | (440 | ) | 60 |
Loss on sale and operations of real estate owned acquired in the settlement of loans, net | $ | (86 | ) | $ | (557 | ) | $ | (95 | )

Note 6: Premises and Equipment
Premises and equipment at June 30, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following:

(In Thousands) | June 30,
2018 | 2017
Land | $ | 2,853 |  | $ | 2,853 |
Buildings | 9,843 |  | 9,850 |
Leasehold improvements | 3,458 |  | 3,488 |
Furniture and equipment | 5,657 |  | 5,195 |
Automobiles | 170 |  | 165 |
| 21,981 |  | 21,551 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | (13,285 | ) | (14,910 | )
Total premises and equipment, net | $ | 8,696 |  | $ | 6,641 |

Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 amounted to $845,000, $891,000 and $891,000, respectively.
123

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Note 7: Deposits
Deposits at June 30, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following:

(Dollars in Thousands) | June 30, 2018 | June 30, 2017
Interest Rate | Amount | Interest Rate | Amount
Checking deposits – non interest-bearing | — | $ | 86,174 |  | — | $ | 77,917 |
Checking deposits – interest-bearing(1) | 0% - 0.30% | 259,372 |  | 0% - 0.30% | 259,437 |
Savings deposits(1) | 0% - 1.29% | 289,791 |  | 0% - 1.00% | 285,967 |
Money market deposits(1) | 0% - 2.00% | 34,633 |  | 0% - 2.00% | 35,323 |
Time deposits:(1) |  |  |  |
Under $100(2) | 0.00% - 3.90% | 116,454 |  | 0.00% - 3.90% | 134,729 |
$100 and over | 0.15% - 2.13% | 121,174 |  | 0.15% - 2.13% | 133,148 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 907,598 |  |  | $ | 926,521 |
Weighted-average interest rate on deposits |  | 0.39 | % |  | 0.39 | %

(1) | Certain interest-bearing checking, savings, money market and time deposits require a minimum balance to earn interest.

(2) | Includes brokered deposits of $1.6 million at both June 30, 2018 and 2017.

The aggregate annual maturities of time deposits at June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

(In Thousands) | June 30,
2018 | 2017
One year or less | $ | 116,333 |  | $ | 113,946 |
Over one to two years | 65,200 |  | 64,749 |
Over two to three years | 26,163 |  | 49,618 |
Over three to four years | 13,890 |  | 17,561 |
Over four to five years | 14,227 |  | 11,636 |
Over five years | 1,815 |  | 10,367 |
Total time deposits | $ | 237,628 |  | $ | 267,877 |

Interest expense on deposits for the periods indicated is summarized as follows:

(In Thousands) | Year Ended June 30,
2018 | 2017 | 2016
Checking deposits – interest-bearing | $ | 293 |  | $ | 275 |  | $ | 336 |
Savings deposits | 595 |  | 579 |  | 657 |
Money market deposits | 114 |  | 112 |  | 114 |
Time deposits | 2,493 |  | 2,842 |  | 3,290 |
Total interest expense on deposits | $ | 3,495 |  | $ | 3,808 |  | $ | 4,397 |

The Bank is required to maintain reserve balances with the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Such reserves are calculated based on deposit balances and are offset by the cash balances maintained by the Bank. The cash balances maintained by the Bank at June 30, 2018 and 2017 were sufficient to cover the reserve requirements.
124

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Note 8: Borrowings
Advances from the FHLB – San Francisco, which mature on various dates through 2025, are collateralized by pledges of certain real estate loans with an aggregate balance at June 30, 2018 and 2017 of $637.0 million and $733.4 million, respectively. In addition, the Bank pledged investment securities totaling $3.3 million at June 30, 2018 to collateralize its FHLB – San Francisco advances under the Securities-Backed Credit (“SBC”) program as compared to $451,000 at June 30, 2017. At June 30, 2018, the Bank’s FHLB – San Francisco borrowing capacity, which is limited to 35% of total assets reported on the Bank’s quarterly Call Report, was approximately $411.8 million as compared to $419.8 million at June 30, 2017 which was similarly limited. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the remaining/available borrowing facility was $275.1 million and $284.1 million, respectively, and the remaining/available collateral was $500.3 million and $508.1 million, respectively.
In addition, as of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Bank had a $73.2 million and $63.5 million discount window facility, respectively, at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, collateralized by investment securities with a fair market value of $77.9 million and $67.6 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Bank also had a borrowing arrangement in the form of a federal funds facility with its correspondent bank for $17.0 million and $17.0 million, respectively. The Bank intends to request a renewal of its borrowing arrangement with the correspondent bank prior to maturity.
Borrowings at June 30, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following:

(In Thousands) | June 30,
2018 | 2017
FHLB – San Francisco advances | $ | 126,163 |  | $ | 126,226 |

Borrowings, consisting of FHLB – San Francisco advances, were $126.2 million at both dates, June 30, 2018 and June 30, 2017.
In addition to the total borrowings described above, the Bank utilizes its borrowing facility for letters of credit and MPF credit enhancement. The outstanding letters of credit at June 30, 2018 and 2017 were $8.0 million and $7.0 million, respectively; and the outstanding MPF credit enhancement was $2.5 million at both, June 30, 2018 and June 30, 2017.
As a member of the FHLB – San Francisco, the Bank is required to maintain a minimum investment in FHLB – San Francisco capital stock. The Bank held a stock investment of $8.2 million with no excess capital stock at June 30, 2018. This compares to a required stock investment of $8.1 million with no excess capital stock at June 30, 2017.
The FHLB – San Francisco did not redeem any capital stock during fiscal 2018 and 2017, while the Bank purchased $91,000 and $14,000 in FHLB - San Francisco capital stock, respectively. In fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, the FHLB – San Francisco distributed $568,000, $967,000 and $721,000 of cash dividends, respectively, to the Bank. The cash dividends received by the Bank in fiscal 2017 included a special cash dividend.
125

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

The following tables set forth certain information regarding borrowings by the Bank at the dates and for the years indicated:

| At or For the Year Ended June 30,
(Dollars in Thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Balance outstanding at the end of year: FHLB – San Francisco advances | $ | 126,163 |  | $ | 126,226 |  | $ | 91,299 |
Weighted-average rate at the end of year: FHLB – San Francisco advances | 2.47 | % | 2.39 | % | 2.78 | %
Maximum amount of borrowings outstanding at any month end: FHLB – San Francisco advances | $ | 126,163 |  | $ | 181,287 |  | $ | 91,362 |
Average short-term borrowings during the year with respect to:(1) |  |  |
FHLB – San Francisco advances | $ | 8,687 |  | $ | 14,022 |  | $ | — |
Weighted-average short-term borrowing rate during the year with respect to:(1) |  |  |
FHLB – San Francisco advances | 2.53 | % | 0.45 | % | — | %

(1) Borrowings with a remaining term of 12 months or less.
The aggregate annual contractual maturities of borrowings at June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

(Dollars in Thousands) | June 30,
2018 | 2017
Within one year | $ | 25,000 |  | $ | 25,011 |
Over one to two years | — |  | 10,000 |
Over two to three years | 20,000 |  | — |
Over three to four years | 21,163 |  | 20,000 |
Over four to five years | 10,000 |  | 21,215 |
Over five years | 50,000 |  | 50,000 |
Total borrowings | $ | 126,163 |  | $ | 126,226 |
Weighted average interest rate | 2.47 | % | 2.39 | %

Note 9: Income Taxes
ASC 740, “Income Taxes,” requires the affirmative evaluation that it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits of a tax position, that an enterprise is entitled to economic benefits resulting from positions taken in income tax returns. If a tax position does not meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the benefit of that position is not recognized in the financial statements. Management has determined that there were no unrecognized tax benefits to be reported in the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
126

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

The Corporation utilizes the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and tax credit carryforwards and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax basis. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effect of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment. The provision for income taxes for the periods indicated consisted of the following:

(In Thousands) | Year Ended June 30,
2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Federal | $ | 2,271 |  |  | $ | 1,718 |  |  | $ | 3,801 |  |
| State | 960 |  |  | 697 |  |  | 1,354 |  |
| 3,231 |  |  | 2,415 |  |  | 5,155 |  |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Federal | 582 |  |  | 937 |  |  | 183 |  |
| State | (417 | ) |  | 257 |  |  | 34 |  |
| 165 |  |  | 1,194 |  |  | 217 |  |
Provision for income taxes | $ | 3,396 |  |  | $ | 3,609 |  |  | $ | 5,372 |  |

The Corporation's tax benefit from non-qualified equity compensation recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in connection with the adoption of ASU 2016-09 for fiscal 2018 was $206,000; while the tax benefit from non-qualified equity compensation recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for share-based compensation plans for fiscal 2017 and 2016 were $57,000 and $222,000, respectively.
The provision for income taxes differs from the amount of income tax determined by applying the applicable U.S. statutory federal income tax rate to net income before income taxes as a result of the following differences for the periods indicated:

| Year Ended June 30,
2018 | 2017 | 2016
(In Thousands) | Amount |  | Tax Rate | Amount | Tax Rate | Amount | Tax Rate
Federal income tax at statutory rate | $ | 1,551 |  |  | 28.1 | % | $ | 2,988 |  |  | 33.9 | % | $ | 4,496 |  |  | 35.0 | %
State income tax | 429 |  |  | 7.8 | % | 629 |  |  | 7.1 | % | 902 |  |  | 7.0 | %
Changes in taxes resulting from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Bank-owned life insurance | (50 | ) |  | (0.9 | )% | (57 | ) |  | (0.7 | )% | (65 | ) |  | (0.5 | )%
| Non-deductible expenses | 30 |  |  | 0.5 | % | 43 |  |  | 0.5 | % | 45 |  |  | 0.4 | %
| Non-deductible stock-based compensation | 15 |  |  | 0.2 | % | 6 |  |  | 0.1 | % | (6 | ) |  | (0.1 | )%
| Excess tax benefit on stock-based compensation | (189 | ) |  | (3.4 | )% | — |  |  | — | % | — |  |  | — | %
| Deferred tax asset revaluation due to the Tax Act | 1,765 |  |  | 31.9 | % | — |  |  | — | % | — |  |  | — | %
| Other(1) | (155 | ) |  | (2.8 | )% | — |  |  | — | % | — |  |  | — | %
Effective income tax | $ | 3,396 |  |  | 61.4 | % | $ | 3,609 |  |  | 40.9 | % | $ | 5,372 |  |  | 41.8 | %

(1) Tax benefit resulting from the corporate tax rate reduction.
127

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Deferred tax assets at June 30, 2018 and 2017 by jurisdiction were as follows:

(In Thousands) | June 30,
2018 |  | 2017 |
Deferred taxes - federal | $ | 2,636 |  |  | $ | 3,150 |  |
Deferred taxes - state | 1,532 |  |  | 1,106 |  |
Total net deferred tax assets | $ | 4,168 |  |  | $ | 4,256 |  |

Net deferred tax assets at June 30, 2018 and 2017 were comprised of the following:

(In Thousands) | June 30,
2018 |  | 2017 |
Loss reserves | $ | 2,873 |  |  | $ | 4,829 |  |
Non-accrued interest | 502 |  |  | 668 |  |
Deferred compensation | 2,509 |  |  | 3,325 |  |
Accrued vacation | 224 |  |  | 293 |  |
Depreciation | 99 |  |  | 181 |  |
Litigation reserves | 1,441 |  |  | 516 |  |
Other | 358 |  |  | 445 |  |
| Total deferred tax assets | 8,006 |  |  | 10,257 |  |
FHLB - San Francisco stock dividends | (664 | ) |  | (956 | ) |
Unrealized gain on derivative financial instruments, at fair value | (123 | ) |  | (657 | ) |
Prepaid expenses | (49 | ) |  | — |  |
Unrealized gain on investment securities | (82 | ) |  | (153 | ) |
Unrealized gain on interest-only strips | (6 | ) |  | (13 | ) |
Deferred loan costs | (2,806 | ) |  | (4,078 | ) |
State tax | (108 | ) |  | (144 | ) |
| Total deferred tax liabilities | (3,838 | ) |  | (6,001 | ) |
| Net deferred tax assets | $ | 4,168 |  |  | $ | 4,256 |  |

The net deferred tax assets were included in prepaid expenses and other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The Corporation analyzes the deferred tax assets to determine whether a valuation allowance is required based on the more likely than not criteria that such assets will be realized principally through future taxable income. This criteria takes into account the actual earnings and the estimates of future profitability. The Corporation may carryback net federal tax losses to the preceding five taxable years and forward to the succeeding 20 taxable years. At June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Corporation had no federal and state net tax loss carryforwards. Based on management's consideration of historical and anticipated future income before income taxes, as well as the reversal period for the items giving rise to the deferred tax assets and liabilities, a valuation allowance was not considered necessary at June 30, 2018 and 2017 and management believes it is more likely than not the Corporation will realize its deferred tax asset.
Retained earnings at June 30, 2018 and 2017 includes approximately $9.0 million (pre-1988 bad debt reserve for tax purposes) for which federal income tax of $3.1 million has not been provided. If the amounts that qualify as deductions for federal income tax purposes are later used for purposes other than for bad debt losses, including distribution in liquidation, they will be subject to federal income tax at the then-current corporate tax rate. If those amounts are not so used, they will not be subject to tax even in the event the Bank were to convert its charter from a thrift to a bank.
128

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

The Corporation files income tax returns for the United States and California jurisdictions. The Internal Revenue Service has audited the Bank’s income tax returns through 1996 and the California Franchise Tax Board has audited the Bank through 1990. Also, the Internal Revenue Service completed a review of the Corporation’s income tax returns for fiscal 2006 and 2007; and the California Franchise Tax Board completed a review of the Corporation’s income tax returns for fiscal 2009 and 2010. Fiscal years of 2014 and forward remain subject to federal examination, while the California state tax returns for fiscal years 2013 and forward are subject to examination by state taxing authorities.
It is the Corporation’s policy to record any penalties or interest charges arising from federal or state taxes as a component of income tax expense. For the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, there were no tax penalties or interest charges.
Note 10: Capital
The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Corporation’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Bank’s assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank’s capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.
Effective January 1, 2015 (with some changes transitioned into full effectiveness over two to four years), both the Bank and Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. became subject to new capital adequacy requirements. The capital adequacy requirements are quantitative measures established by regulation that require Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. and the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of capital.
The Bank is subject to capital requirements adopted by the OCC, which require a ratio for common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital, increases the Tier1 leverage and Tier 1 capital ratios, changes the risk-weightings of certain assets for purposes of the risk-based capital ratios, creates an additional capital conservation buffer over the required capital ratios and changes what qualifies as capital for purposes of meeting these various capital requirements. In addition, Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. as a savings and loan holding company registered with the FRB, is required by the FRB to maintain capital adequacy that generally parallels the OCC requirements. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by bank regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Corporation's financial statements. Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. and the Bank are required to maintain additional levels of Tier 1 common equity over the minimum risk-based capital levels before payment of dividends, repurchase of shares or payment of discretionary bonuses.
For calendar 2018, the minimum requirements call for a ratio of common equity Tier 1 capital ("CET1") to total risk-weighted assets (“CET1 risk-based ratio”) of 6.375%, a Tier 1 capital ratio of 7.875%, a total capital ratio of 9.875%, and a Tier1 leverage ratio of 4.000%.
In addition to the capital requirements, there are a number of changes in what constitutes regulatory capital, subject to transition periods. These changes include the phasing-out of certain instruments as qualifying capital. Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. and the Bank do not have any of these instruments. Mortgage servicing and deferred tax assets over designated percentages of CET1 will be deducted from capital, subject to a four-year transition period. CET1 will consist of Tier 1 capital less all capital components that are not considered common equity. In addition, Tier 1 capital will include accumulated other comprehensive income, which includes all unrealized gains and losses on available for sale debt and equity securities, subject to a four-year transition period. Because of the Bank's asset size, it is not considered an advanced approaches banking organization and elected to take the one-time option in the first quarter of calendar year 2015 to permanently opt-out of the inclusion of unrealized gains and losses on available for sale debt and equity securities in the Bank's capital calculations.
129

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

The requirements also include changes in the risk-weighting of assets to better reflect credit risk and other risk exposure. These include a 150% risk weight (up from 100%) for certain high volatility commercial real estate acquisition, development and construction loans and for non-residential mortgage loans that are 90 days past due or otherwise in nonaccrual status; a 20% (up from 0%) credit conversion factor for the unused portion of a commitment with an original maturity of one year or less that is not unconditionally cancellable; and a 250% risk weight (up from 100%) for mortgage servicing and deferred tax assets that are not deducted from capital.
In addition to the minimum CET1, Tier 1 and total capital ratios, Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. and the Bank will have to maintain a capital conservation buffer consisting of additional CET1 capital above the required minimum levels in order to avoid limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases, and paying discretionary bonuses based on percentages of eligible retained income that could be utilized for such actions. This requirement began to be phased in starting in January 2016 at an amount more than 0.625% of risk-weighted assets and will increase each year to an amount requiring more than 2.5% of risk-weighted assets when fully implemented in January 2019. As of June 30, 2018, the conservation buffer required an amount more than 1.875%.
Under the new standards, in order to be considered well-capitalized, the Bank must have a CET1 capital ratio of 6.5% (new), a Tier 1 capital ratio of 8% (increased from 6%), a total capital ratio of 10% (unchanged) and a Tier1 leverage ratio of 5% (unchanged).
At June 30, 2018, Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. and the Bank each exceeded all regulatory capital requirements. The Bank was categorized "well-capitalized" at June 30, 2018 under the regulations of the OCC.
In May 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act (the “Act”), was enacted to modify or remove certain financial reform rules and regulations, including some of those implemented under the Dodd-Frank Act. While the Act maintains most of the regulatory structure established by the Dodd-Frank Act, it amends certain aspects of the regulatory framework for small depository institutions with assets of less than $10 billion and for large banks with assets of more than $50 billion. Many of these changes could result in meaningful regulatory changes for community banks such as the Bank, and their holding companies.
The Act, among other matters, expands the definition of qualified mortgages which may be held by a financial institution and simplifies the regulatory capital rules for financial institutions and their holding companies with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion by instructing the federal banking regulators to establish a single “Community Bank Leverage Ratio” of between 8 and 10 percent. Any qualifying depository institution or its holding company that exceeds the “community bank leverage ratio” will be considered to have met generally applicable leverage and risk-based regulatory capital requirements and any qualifying depository institution that exceeds the new ratio will be considered to be “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action rules. The Act also expands the category of holding companies that may rely on the “Small Bank Holding Company and Savings and Loan Holding Company Policy Statement” by raising the maximum amount of assets a qualifying holding company may have from $1 billion to $3 billion. A major effect of this change is to exclude such holding companies from the minimum capital requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act. In addition, the Act includes regulatory relief for community banks regarding regulatory examination cycles, call reports, the Volcker Rule (proprietary trading prohibitions), mortgage disclosures and risk weights for certain high-risk commercial real estate loans.
It is difficult at this time to predict when or how any new standards under the Act will ultimately be applied to us or what specific impact the Act and the yet-to-be-written implementing rules and regulations will have on community banks.
130

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc. and the Bank's actual and required minimum capital amounts and ratios at the dates indicated are as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  |  | Regulatory Requirements
| Actual |  | Minimum for Capital Adequacy Purposes |  | Minimum to Be Well Capitalized
| Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
As of June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 leverage capital (to adjusted average assets) | $ | 120,218 |  |  | 10.29 | % |  |  | $ | 46,719 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  |  | $ | 58,399 |  |  | 5.00 | % |
CET1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 120,218 |  |  | 17.37 | % |  |  | $ | 44,132 |  |  | 6.38 | % |  |  | $ | 44,998 |  |  | 6.50 | % |
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 120,218 |  |  | 17.37 | % |  |  | $ | 54,516 |  |  | 7.88 | % |  |  | $ | 55,382 |  |  | 8.00 | % |
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 127,760 |  |  | 18.46 | % |  |  | $ | 68,362 |  |  | 9.88 | % |  |  | $ | 69,227 |  |  | 10.00 | % |
As of June 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 leverage capital (to adjusted average assets) | $ | 127,956 |  |  | 10.77 | % |  |  | $ | 47,506 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  |  | $ | 59,383 |  |  | 5.00 | % |
CET1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 127,956 |  |  | 17.57 | % |  |  | $ | 41,885 |  |  | 5.75 | % |  |  | $ | 47,348 |  |  | 6.50 | % |
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 127,956 |  |  | 17.57 | % |  |  | $ | 52,811 |  |  | 7.25 | % |  |  | $ | 58,274 |  |  | 8.00 | % |
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 136,271 |  |  | 18.71 | % |  |  | $ | 67,380 |  |  | 9.25 | % |  |  | $ | 72,843 |  |  | 10.00 | % |
Provident Savings Bank, F.S.B.: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
As of June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 leverage capital (to adjusted average assets) | $ | 116,369 |  |  | 9.96 | % |  |  | $ | 46,716 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  |  | $ | 58,394 |  |  | 5.00 | % |
CET1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 116,369 |  |  | 16.81 | % |  |  | $ | 44,125 |  |  | 6.38 | % |  |  | $ | 44,990 |  |  | 6.50 | % |
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 116,369 |  |  | 16.81 | % |  |  | $ | 54,507 |  |  | 7.88 | % |  |  | $ | 55,372 |  |  | 8.00 | % |
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 123,911 |  |  | 17.90 | % |  |  | $ | 68,350 |  |  | 9.88 | % |  |  | $ | 69,215 |  |  | 10.00 | % |
As of June 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 leverage capital (to adjusted average assets) | $ | 117,530 |  |  | 9.90 | % |  |  | $ | 47,503 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  |  | $ | 59,379 |  |  | 5.00 | % |
CET1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 117,530 |  |  | 16.14 | % |  |  | $ | 41,877 |  |  | 5.75 | % |  |  | $ | 47,339 |  |  | 6.50 | % |
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 117,530 |  |  | 16.14 | % |  |  | $ | 52,801 |  |  | 7.25 | % |  |  | $ | 58,263 |  |  | 8.00 | % |
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 125,845 |  |  | 17.28 | % |  |  | $ | 67,367 |  |  | 9.25 | % |  |  | $ | 72,829 |  |  | 10.00 | % |

The ability of the Corporation to pay dividends to stockholders depends primarily on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Corporation. The Bank may not declare or pay cash dividends on or repurchase any of its shares of common stock, if the effect would cause stockholders’ equity to be reduced below applicable regulatory capital maintenance requirements or if such declaration and payment would otherwise violate regulatory requirements.
Generally, savings institutions, such as the Bank, that before and after the proposed distribution are well-capitalized, may make capital distributions during any calendar year up to 100% of net income for the year-to-date plus retained net income for the two preceding years. However, an institution deemed to be in need of more than normal supervision or in troubled condition by the OCC may have its dividend authority restricted by the OCC. If the Bank, however, proposes to make a capital distribution when it does not meet its capital requirements (or will not following the proposed capital distribution) or that will exceed these net income-based limitations, it must obtain the OCC's approval prior to making such distribution. In addition, the Bank must file a prior written notice of a dividend with the Federal Reserve Board. The Federal Reserve Board or the OCC may object to a capital
131

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

distribution based on safety and soundness concerns. Additional restrictions on Bank dividends may apply if the Bank fails the QTL test. In fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Bank declared $5.0 million, $10.0 million and $15.0 million of cash dividends to its parent, the Corporation, respectively.
Note 11: Benefit Plans
The Corporation has a 401(k) defined-contribution plan covering all employees meeting specific age and service requirements. Under the plan, employees may contribute to the plan from their pretax compensation up to the limits set by the Internal Revenue Service. The Corporation makes matching contributions up to 3% of a participants’ pretax compensation. Participants vest immediately in their own contributions with 100% vesting in the Corporation’s contributions occurring after six years of credited service. The Corporation’s expense for the plan was approximately $740,000, $843,000 and $860,000 for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
The Corporation has a multi-year employment agreement and a post-retirement compensation agreement with one executive officer and a post-retirement compensation agreement with another executive officer, which requires payments of certain benefits upon retirement. At June 30, 2018 and 2017, the accrued liability of the post-retirement compensation agreements was $5.4 million and $5.2 million, respectively; costs are being accrued and expensed annually. For fiscal 2018 and 2017, the accrued expense for these liabilities was $183,000 and $290,000, respectively, net of recovery of $157,000 and $73,000, respectively. The current obligation for these post-retirement benefits was fully funded consistent with contractual requirements and actuarially determined estimates of the total future obligation. The Corporation invests in BOLI to provide sufficient funding for these post-retirement obligations. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the total outstanding cash surrender value of the BOLI was $7.4 million and $7.3 million, respectively. For fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, the total BOLI non-taxable income, net of mortality cost was $177,000, $168,000 and $185,000, respectively.
Employee Stock Ownership Plan
The Corporation established an ESOP on June 27, 1996 for all employees who are age 21 or older and have completed one year of service with the Corporation during which they have served a minimum of 1,000 hours.
The Corporation recognizes compensation expense when the Corporation contributes funds to the ESOP for the purchase of the Corporation’s common stock to be allocated to the ESOP participants. The Corporation's contribution to the ESOP plan is discretionary. During fiscal 2018, there were 60,000 shares that were purchased in the open market to fulfill the annual discretionary allocation. This compares to fiscal 2017 when the Corporation purchased 60,000 shares in the open market to fulfill the annual discretionary allocation. Since the annual contributions are discretionary, the benefits payable under the ESOP cannot be estimated.
Benefits generally become 100% vested after six years of credited service. Vesting accelerates upon retirement, death or disability of the participant or in the event of a change in control of the Corporation. Forfeitures are reallocated among remaining participating employees in the same proportion as contributions. Benefits are payable upon death, retirement, early retirement, disability or separation from service.
The net expense related to the ESOP for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $1.1 million, $1.1 million and $1.0 million, respectively. Available ESOP shares are allocated every calendar year end and the total shares allocated at December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were 60,000 shares each year.
132

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Note 12: Incentive Plans
As of June 30, 2018, the Corporation had two active share-based compensation plans, which are described below. These plans are the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan ("2013 Plan") and the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (“2010 Plan”). Additionally, the Corporation had two outstanding share-based compensation plans - the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan ("2006 Plan") and the 2003 Stock Option Plan (“the Stock Option Plan”). For the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the compensation cost for these plans was $1.1 million, $1.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively.
Equity Incentive Plans. The Corporation established and the shareholders approved the 2013 Plan, the 2010 Plan and the 2006 Plan (collectively, the Plans") for directors, advisory directors, directors emeriti, officers and employees of the Corporation and its subsidiary. The 2013 Plan authorizes 300,000 stock options and 300,000 shares of restricted stock. The 2013 Plan also provides that no person may be granted more than 60,000 stock options or 45,000 shares of restricted stock in any one year. The 2010 Plan authorizes 586,250 stock options and 288,750 shares of restricted stock. The 2010 Plan also provides that no person may be granted more than 117,250 stock options or 43,312 shares of restricted stock in any one year. The 2006 Plan authorizes 365,000 stock options and 185,000 shares of restricted stock.
Equity Incentive Plans - Stock Options. Under the Plans, options may not be granted at a price less than the fair market value at the date of the grant. Options typically vest over a five-year or shorter period as long as the director, advisory director, director emeritus, officer or employee remains in service to the Corporation. The options are exercisable after vesting for up to the remaining term of the original grant. The maximum term of the options granted is 10 years.
The fair value of each option grant is estimated using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following assumptions as of the grant date for the periods indicated. There were no stock options granted in fiscal 2018 or 2016. The expected volatility is based on implied volatility from historical common stock closing prices for the prior 84 months . The expected dividend yield is based on the most recent quarterly dividend on an annualized basis. The expected term is based on the historical experience of all fully vested stock option grants and is reviewed annually. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury note rate with a term similar to the underlying stock option on the particular grant date.

| Fiscal 2018 | Fiscal 2017 | Fiscal 2016
Expected volatility | — | % | 41.4% - 41.7% |  | — | %
Weighted-average volatility | — | % | 41.7 | % | — | %
Expected dividend yield | — | % | 2.7 | % | — | %
Expected term (in years) | - |  | 7.4 |  | - |
Risk-free interest rate | — | % | 1.5 | % | — | %

In fiscal 2018, there were no options granted under the Plans, while 83,750 options were exercised and 2,500 options were forfeited.
In fiscal 2017, there were 26,000 options granted under the Plans, with 50% vesting after two years of service and 50% vesting after four years of service and the weighted-average fair value of the options granted as of the grant date was $6.50 per option. Also in fiscal 2017, 102,000 options were exercised and 186,750 options were forfeited.
In fiscal 2016, there were no options granted under the Plans, while 80,500 options were exercised and 3,000 options were forfeited.
As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, there were 147,500 and 145,000 options, respectively, available for future grants under the Plans.
133

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

The following tables summarize the stock option activity in the Plans during the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

Options | Shares | Weighted- Average Exercise Price | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value ($000)
Outstanding at June 30, 2015 | 961,500 |  | $13.83 |  |
Granted | — |  | $— |  |
Exercised | (80,500 | ) | $7.33 |  |
Forfeited | (3,000 | ) | $14.59 |  |
Outstanding at June 30, 2016 | 878,000 |  | $14.43 | 5.44 | $ | 4,943 |
Vested and expected to vest at June 30, 2016 | 800,800 |  | $14.40 | 5.17 | $ | 4,661 |
Exercisable at June 30, 2016 | 492,000 |  | $14.25 | 3.28 | $ | 3,535 |
Outstanding at June 30, 2016 | 878,000 |  | $14.43 |  |
Granted | 26,000 |  | $19.58 |  |
Exercised | (102,000 | ) | $9.22 |  |
Forfeited | (186,750 | ) | $25.52 |  |
Outstanding at June 30, 2017 | 615,250 |  | $12.14 | 5.76 | $ | 4,386 |
Vested and expected to vest at June 30, 2017 | 574,600 |  | $11.92 | 5.63 | $ | 4,222 |
Exercisable at June 30, 2017 | 412,000 |  | $10.60 | 4.90 | $ | 3,563 |
Outstanding at June 30, 2017 | 615,250 |  | $12.14 |  |
Granted | — |  | $— |  |
Exercised | (83,750 | ) | $8.08 |  |
Forfeited | (2,500 | ) | $14.59 |  |
Outstanding at June 30, 2018 | 529,000 |  | $12.77 | 5.27 | $ | 3,353 |
Vested and expected to vest at June 30, 2018 | 490,850 |  | $12.57 | 5.17 | $ | 3,204 |
Exercisable at June 30, 2018 | 338,250 |  | $11.36 | 4.55 | $ | 2,612 |

As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, there was $409,000 and $894,000 of unrecognized compensation expense, respectively, related to unvested share-based compensation arrangements with respect to stock options issued under the Plans. The expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 10 months and 1.6 years, respectively. The forfeiture rate during fiscal 2018 and 2017 was 20 percent for both periods, and was calculated by using the historical forfeiture experience of all fully vested stock option grants and is reviewed annually.
Equity Incentive Plans – Restricted Stock. The Corporation used 300,000 shares, 288,750 shares and 185,000 shares of its treasury stock to fund awards of restricted stock under the 2013 Plan, the 2010 Plan and the 2006 Plan, respectively. Awarded shares typically vest over a five-year or shorter period as long as the director, advisory director, director emeriti, officer or employee remains in service to the Corporation. Once vested, a recipient of restricted stock will have all rights of a shareholder, including the power to vote and the right to receive dividends. The Corporation recognizes compensation expense for the restricted stock awards based on the fair value of the shares at the award date.
In fiscal 2018, no shares of restricted stock were awarded under the Plans, while 10,500 shares were vested and distributed and 2,000 shares were forfeited. In fiscal 2017, 24,000 shares of restricted stock were awarded under the Plans with 50% vesting after two years of service and 50% vesting after four years of service, while 87,750 shares were vested and distributed and 15,250 shares
134

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

were forfeited. In fiscal 2016, no shares of restricted stock were awarded under the Plans, while 10,000 shares were vested and distributed and no shares were forfeited. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, there were 267,750 and 265,750 shares available for future awards under the Plans, respectively.
The following table summarizes the restricted stock activity for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

Unvested Shares | Shares | Weighted-Average Award Date Fair Value
Unvested at June 30, 2015 | 200,000 |  | $13.35
Awarded | — |  | $—
Vested | (10,000 | ) | $13.80
Forfeited | — |  | $—
Unvested at June 30, 2016 | 190,000 |  | $13.33
Expected to vest at June 30, 2016 | 152,000 |  | $13.33
Unvested at June 30, 2016 | 190,000 |  | $13.33
Awarded | 24,000 |  | $17.06
Vested | (87,750 | ) | $13.30
Forfeited | (15,250 | ) | $13.30
Unvested at June 30, 2017 | 111,000 |  | $14.16
Expected to vest at June 30, 2017 | 88,800 |  | $14.16
Unvested at June 30, 2017 | 111,000 |  | $14.16
Awarded | — |  | $—
Vested | (10,500 | ) | $15.37
Forfeited | (2,000 | ) | $13.30
Unvested at June 30, 2018 | 98,500 |  | $14.35
Expected to vest at June 30, 2018 | 78,800 |  | $14.35

As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the unrecognized compensation expense was $409,000 and $1.1 million, respectively, related to unvested share-based compensation arrangements with respect to restricted stock issued under the Plans, and reported as a reduction to stockholders’ equity. This expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 10 months and 1.7 years, respectively. Similar to stock options, a forfeiture rate of 20 percent has been applied to the restricted stock compensation expense calculations in fiscal 2018 and 2017. For the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the fair value of shares vested and distributed was $194,000, $1.7 million and $171,000, respectively.
Stock Option Plan. The Corporation established the 2003 Stock Option Plan (the “Stock Option Plan”) for key employees and eligible directors with options to acquire up to 352,500 shares of common stock. Under the Stock Option Plan, stock options may not be granted at a price less than the fair market value at the date of the grant. Stock options typically vest over a five-year period on a pro-rata basis as long as the employee or director remains in service to the Corporation. The stock options are exercisable after vesting for up to the remaining term of the original grant. The maximum term of the stock options granted is 10 years.
The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated on the date of the grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following assumptions. The expected volatility is based on implied volatility from historical common stock closing prices for the prior 84 months. The expected dividend yield is based on the most recent quarterly dividend on an annualized basis. The expected term is based on the historical experience of all fully vested stock option grants and is reviewed annually. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury note rate with a term similar to the underlying stock option on the particular grant date.
135

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

In fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, there was no activity under the Stock Option Plan, except forfeitures of 50,000 shares, 12,500 shares and 7,500 shares, respectively. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, there were no stock options available for future grants under the Stock Option Plan. The remaining available stock options under the 2003 Stock Option Plan expired in November 2013.
The following is a summary of the activity in the Stock Option Plans for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

Options | Shares | Weighted- Average Exercise Price | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value ($000)
Outstanding at June 30, 2015 | 70,000 |  | $22.81 |  |
Granted | — |  | $— |  |
Exercised | — |  | $— |  |
Forfeited | (7,500 | ) | $29.93 |  |
Outstanding at June 30, 2016 | 62,500 |  | $21.95 | 0.88 | $ | — |
Vested and expected to vest at June 30, 2016 | 62,500 |  | $21.95 | 0.88 | $ | — |
Exercisable at June 30, 2016 | 62,500 |  | $21.95 | 0.88 | $ | — |
Outstanding at June 30, 2016 | 62,500 |  | $21.95 |  |
Granted | — |  | $— |  |
Exercised | — |  | $— |  |
Forfeited | (12,500 | ) | $30.08 |  |
Outstanding at June 30, 2017 | 50,000 |  | $19.92 | 0.07 | $ | — |
Vested and expected to vest at June 30, 2017 | 50,000 |  | $19.92 | 0.07 | $ | — |
Exercisable at June 30, 2017 | 50,000 |  | $19.92 | 0.07 | $ | — |
Outstanding at June 30, 2017 | 50,000 |  | $19.92 |  |
Granted | — |  | $— |  |
Exercised | — |  | $— |  |
Forfeited | (50,000 | ) | $19.92 |  |
Outstanding at June 30, 2018 | — |  | $— | 0.00 | $ | — |
Vested and expected to vest at June 30, 2018 | — |  | $— | 0.00 | $ | — |
Exercisable at June 30, 2018 | — |  | $— | 0.00 | $ | — |

As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, there was no unrecognized compensation expense under the Stock Option Plan.
136

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Note 13: Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) excludes dilution and is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that would then share in the earnings of the Corporation.
As of June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, there were outstanding options to purchase 529,000 shares, 665,250 shares and 940,500 shares of the Corporation’s common stock, respectively, of which 20,000 shares, 70,000 shares and 216,500 shares, respectively, were excluded from the diluted EPS computation as their effect was anti-dilutive. As of June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, there were outstanding restricted stock awards of 98,500 shares, 111,000 shares and 190,000 shares, respectively.
The following table provides the basic and diluted EPS computations for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively:

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Share Amount) | For the Year Ended June 30, 2018
Income (Numerator) | Shares (Denominator) | Per-Share Amount
Basic EPS | $ | 2,131 |  |  | 7,542,071 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |  |
Effect of dilutive shares: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Stock options |  |  | 104,796 |  |  |  |
| Restricted stock |  |  | 53,504 |  |  |  |
Diluted EPS | $ | 2,131 |  |  | 7,700,371 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |  |

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Share Amount) | For the Year Ended June 30, 2017
Income (Numerator) | Shares (Denominator) | Per-Share Amount
Basic EPS | $ | 5,207 |  |  | 7,918,454 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |  |
Effect of dilutive shares: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Stock options |  |  | 148,536 |  |  |  |
| Restricted stock |  |  | 32,001 |  |  |  |
Diluted EPS | $ | 5,207 |  |  | 8,098,991 |  |  | $ | 0.64 |  |

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Share Amount) | For the Year Ended June 30, 2016
Income (Numerator) | Shares (Denominator) | Per-Share Amount
Basic EPS | $ | 7,474 |  |  | 8,347,564 |  |  | $ | 0.90 |  |
Effect of dilutive shares: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Stock options |  |  | 127,546 |  |  |  |
| Restricted stock |  |  | 66,444 |  |  |  |
Diluted EPS | $ | 7,474 |  |  | 8,541,554 |  |  | $ | 0.88 |  |

137

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Note 14: Commitments and Contingencies
Periodically, there have been various claims and lawsuits involving the Corporation, such as claims to enforce liens, condemnation proceedings on properties in which the Corporation holds security interests, claims involving the making and servicing of real property loans, employment matters and other issues in the ordinary course of and incidental to the Corporation’s business. The Corporation is not a party to any pending legal proceedings that it believes would have a material adverse effect on the financial condition, operations or cash flows of the Corporation, except as set forth below. Additionally, in some actions, it is difficult to assess potential exposure because the Corporation is still in the early stages of the litigation.
On December 17, 2012, a class and collective action lawsuit, Gina McKeen-Chaplin, individually and on behalf of others similarly situated vs. the Bank was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California (the "Court") against the Bank claiming damages, restitution and injunctive relief for alleged misclassification of certain employees as exempt rather than non-exempt, resulting in a failure to pay appropriate overtime compensation, to provide meal and rest periods, to pay waiting time penalties and to provide accurate wage statements (the “McKeen-Chaplin lawsuit”).
On August 12, 2015, the Court issued an order denying the plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment and granting the Bank's motion for summary judgment affirming that the plaintiffs were properly classified as exempt employees and denying the federal claims. On August 18, 2015, the plaintiffs filed an appeal to the order. On July 5, 2017, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (the “Ninth Circuit”) reversed the Court’s ruling granting the Bank's motion for summary judgment, instead ruling the plaintiffs were improperly classified as exempt employees and were entitled to overtime compensation. The Ninth Circuit remanded the case back to the Court with instructions to enter summary judgement in favor of the plaintiffs. As a result of the Ninth Circuit’s unfavorable ruling, the Bank filed on September 7, 2017, a petition for writ of certiorari to the United States Supreme Court, which was denied on November 27, 2017.
On May 22, 2013, counsel in the McKeen-Chaplin lawsuit filed another class action called Neal vs. Provident Savings Bank, F.S.B. (the “Neal lawsuit”) in California Superior Court in Alameda County (the "State Court"). The Neal lawsuit is virtually identical to the McKeen-Chaplin lawsuit alleging that mortgage underwriters were misclassified as exempt employees.
On December 18, 2017, the Bank entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with the plaintiffs' representatives to memorialize an agreement in principle to settle the pending McKeen-Chaplin and Neal Lawsuits. The Memorandum of Understanding assumes class certification for purposes of the settlement only and provides for an aggregate settlement payment by the Bank of $1.8 million, which includes all settlement funds, the named plaintiff service payments, and class counsel's attorneys' fees and costs. Any additional costs and expenses related to employer-side payroll taxes will be paid by the Bank. The parties since have successfully negotiated a mutually acceptable long-form agreement which has been fully executed.
On February 21, 2018, plaintiffs filed a motion in McKeen-Chaplin asking the District Court to approve the FLSA portion of the settlement. The parties also worked together to jointly request that the Court of Appeal in Neal pass jurisdiction back to the trial court to oversee the settlement process. The Neal court granted the motion for preliminary approval on May 15, 2018. Subsequently, on July 18, 2018 the District Court approved the FLSA portion of the settlement which will allow the parties to begin the process of providing notice of the settlement to the Neal class.
The Bank's decision to settle these lawsuits was the result of the unfavorable ruling by the United States Supreme Court in the McKeen-Chaplin lawsuit and the significant legal costs, distraction from day-to-day operating activities and substantial resources that would be required to defend the Bank in protracted litigation if the Neal lawsuit would proceed. In addition, the Bank determined that the settlement would reduce the Bank's potential exposure to damages, penalties, fines and plaintiffs' legal fees in the event of an unfavorable outcome in the Neal lawsuit. The settlement will include the dismissal of all claims against the Bank and related parties in the McKeen-Chaplin and Neal Lawsuits without any admission of liability or wrongdoing attributed to the Bank. The settlement described in the long-form agreement remains subject to court approval and other customary conditions, including a limitation on the number of plaintiffs in each lawsuit that may opt out of the proposed settlement. If the opt out number for either lawsuit is exceeded, the Bank may at its sole and absolute discretion void the settlement within 30 days of receiving notice of the number of plaintiff’s electing to opt out of the settlement.
138

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Based on the proposed settlement, the Corporation recorded a litigation settlement expense accrual of $650,000 in the second quarter of fiscal 2018 to fully reserve for the agreed upon settlement amount.
On August 6, 2015, a former employee, Christina Cannon, filed a lawsuit called Cannon vs. the Bank in the California Superior Court for the County of San Bernardino. Cannon seeks to represent a class of all non-exempt employees in a class action lawsuit brought under California’s Unfair Competition Law, Business & Professions Code section 17200. The underlying claims include unpaid overtime (including off-the-clock work), meal and rest period violations, minimum wage violations, and failure to reimburse business expenses. On September 8, 2017, the attorneys for the plaintiffs in the Cannon Lawsuit sent notification to the Bank and to the California Labor & Workforce Development Agency informing them of their intent to bring a claim under the Private Attorneys’ General Act of 2004 (“PAGA”) on behalf of all non-exempt employees and covering a variety of alleged wage and hour violations. On September 12, 2017, the Bank entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with the plaintiffs’ representatives to memorialize an agreement in principle to settle the pending Cannon Lawsuit. The Memorandum of Understanding assumes class certification for purposes of the settlement only and provides for an aggregate settlement payment by the Bank of $2.8 million, which includes all settlement funds, the class representative enhancement award, settlement administrator’s expenses, any employer-side payroll taxes, and class counsel’s attorneys’ fees and costs. The Bank’s decision to settle this matter was the result of the significant legal costs, distraction from day-to-day operating activities and substantial resources that would be required to defend the Bank in protracted litigation. In addition, the Bank determined that the settlement would reduce the Bank’s potential exposure to damages, penalties, fines and plaintiffs’ legal fees in the event of an unfavorable outcome in a court trial. The settlement includes the dismissal of all claims against the Bank and related parties in the Cannon Lawsuit and claim under the PAGA, without any admission of liability or wrongdoing attributed to the Bank. The settlement described in the Memorandum of Understanding remains subject to court approval and other customary conditions. Because of the uncertainty surrounding this litigation, no litigation reserve had been previously established by the Bank resulting in the full $2.8 million settlement expense being recognized in the first quarter of fiscal 2018.
The Corporation conducts a portion of its operations in leased facilities and has maintenance contracts under non-cancelable agreements classified as operating leases. The following is a schedule of the Corporation’s operating lease obligations:

| Amount
Year Ending June 30, | (In Thousands)
2019 | $ | 3,098 |
2020 | 2,437 |
2021 | 1,918 |
2022 | 1,431 |
2023 | 555 |
Thereafter | 623 |
Total minimum payments required | $ | 10,062 |

Lease expense under operating leases was approximately $3.1 million, $2.6 million and $2.5 million for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
The Bank sold single-family mortgage loans to unrelated third parties with standard representation and warranty provisions in the ordinary course of its mortgage banking activities. Under these provisions, the Bank is required to repurchase any previously sold loan for which the representations or warranties of the Bank prove to be inaccurate, incomplete or misleading. In the event of a borrower default or fraud, pursuant to a breached representation or warranty, the Bank may be required to reimburse the investor for any losses suffered. As of both June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Bank maintained a non-contingent recourse liability related to these representations and warranties of $200,000. In addition, the Bank maintained a recourse liability of $83,000 and $105,000 at June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, for loans sold to the FHLB – San Francisco under the MPF program.
In the ordinary course of business, the Corporation enters into contracts with third parties under which the third parties provide services on behalf of the Corporation. In many of these contracts, the Corporation agrees to indemnify the third party service
139

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

provider under certain circumstances. The terms of the indemnity vary from contract to contract and the amount of the indemnification liability, if any, cannot be determined. The Corporation also enters into other contracts and agreements; such as, loan sale agreements, litigation settlement agreements, confidentiality agreements, loan servicing agreements, leases and subleases, among others, in which the Corporation agrees to indemnify third parties for acts by the Corporation’s agents, assignees and/or sub-lessees, and employees. Due to the nature of these indemnification provisions, the Corporation cannot calculate its aggregate potential exposure.
Pursuant to their governing instruments, the Corporation and its subsidiaries provide indemnification to directors, officers, employees and, in some cases, agents of the Corporation against certain liabilities incurred as a result of their service on behalf of or at the request of the Corporation and its subsidiaries. It is not possible for the Corporation to determine the aggregate potential exposure resulting from the obligation to provide this indemnity.
Note 15: Derivative and Other Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risks
The Corporation is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit in the form of originating loans or providing funds under existing lines of credit, loan sale commitments to third parties and option contracts. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest-rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The Corporation’s exposure to credit loss, in the event of non-performance by the counterparty to these financial instruments, is represented by the contractual amount of these instruments. The Corporation uses the same credit policies in entering into financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Corporation had commitments to extend credit (on loans to be held for investment and loans to be held for sale) of $66.3 million and $111.8 million, respectively.
The following table provides information at the dates indicated regarding undisbursed funds to borrowers on existing lines of credit with the Corporation as well as commitments to originate loans to be held for investment at the dates indicated below:

Commitments | June 30, 2018 | June 30, 2017
(Dollars In Thousands) |  |
Undisbursed loan funds – Construction loans | $ | 4,302 |  | $ | 9,015 |
Undisbursed lines of credit – Commercial business loans | 495 |  | 646 |
Undisbursed lines of credit – Consumer loans | 503 |  | 562 |
Commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for investment | 9,352 |  | 19,119 |
Total | $ | 14,652 |  | $ | 29,342 |

The following table provides information regarding the allowance for loan losses for the undisbursed funds and commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for investment for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 :

| For the Year Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) | 2018 | 2017
Balance, beginning of the year | $ | 277 |  | $ | 204 |
(Recovery) provision | (120 | ) | 73 |
Balance, end of the year | $ | 157 |  | $ | 277 |

In accordance with ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging,” and interpretations of the Derivatives Implementation Group of the FASB, the fair value of the commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for sale, loan sale commitments, TBA MBS trades, put option contracts and call option contracts are recorded at fair value on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. At
140

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

June 30, 2018, $849,000 was included in other assets and $464,000 was included in other liabilities. At June 30, 2017, $1.5 million was included in other assets and $38,000 was included in other liabilities. The Corporation does not apply hedge accounting to its derivative financial instruments; therefore, all changes in fair value are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The net impact of derivative financial instruments on the gain on sale of loans contained in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was as follows:

(In Thousands) | For the Year Ended June 30,
Derivative Financial Instruments | 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for sale | $ | 16 |  | $ | (2,976 | ) | $ | 2,286 |
Mandatory loan sale commitments and TBA MBS trades | (1,026 | ) | 3,782 |  | (3,937 | )
Option contracts | (37 | ) | 260 |  | (112 | )
Total net (loss) gain | $ | (1,047 | ) | $ | 1,066 |  | $ | (1,763 | )

The outstanding derivative financial instruments at the dates indicated were as follows:

(In Thousands) | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Derivative Financial Instruments | Amount | Fair Value |  | Amount | Fair Value
Commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for sale(1) | $ | 56,906 |  | $ | 825 |  |  | $ | 92,726 |  | $ | 809 |
Best efforts loan sale commitments | (29,502 | ) | — |  |  | (17,225 | ) | — |
Mandatory loan sale commitments and TBA MBS trades | (117,759 | ) | (440 | ) |  | (179,777 | ) | 586 |
Option contracts | — |  | — |  |  | (3,000 | ) | 37 |
Total | $ | (90,355 | ) | $ | 385 |  |  | $ | (107,276 | ) | $ | 1,432 |

(1) | Net of 24.7% at June 30, 2018 and 25.7% at June 30, 2017 of commitments, which management has estimated may not fund.

Note 16: Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Corporation adopted ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” and elected the fair value option pursuant to ASC 825, “Financial Instruments” on loans originated for sale by PBM. ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. ASC 825 permits entities to elect to measure many financial instruments and certain other assets and liabilities at fair value on an instrument-by-instrument basis (the “Fair Value Option”) at specified election dates. At each subsequent reporting date, an entity is required to report unrealized gains and losses on items in earnings for which the fair value option has been elected. The objective of the Fair Value Option is to improve financial reporting by providing entities with the opportunity to mitigate volatility in reported earnings caused by measuring related assets and liabilities differently without having to apply complex hedge accounting provisions.
The following table describes the difference at the dates indicated between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance of loans held for investment at fair value and loans held for sale at fair value:
141

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

(In Thousands) | Aggregate Fair Value | Aggregate Unpaid Principal Balance | Net Unrealized (Loss) Gain
As of June 30, 2018: |  |  |
Loans held for investment, at fair value | $ | 5,234 |  | $ | 5,546 |  | $ | (312 | )
Loans held for sale, at fair value | $ | 96,298 |  | $ | 93,791 |  | $ | 2,507 |
As of June 30, 2017: |  |  |
Loans held for investment, at fair value | $ | 6,445 |  | $ | 6,696 |  | $ | (251 | )
Loans held for sale, at fair value | $ | 116,548 |  | $ | 112,940 |  | $ | 3,608 |

ASC 820 establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy that prioritizes inputs to valuation techniques used in fair value calculations. The three levels of inputs are defined as follows:

Level 1 | - | Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Corporation has the ability to access at the measurement date.
Level 2 | - | Observable inputs other than Level 1 such as: quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated to observable market data for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
Level 3 | - | Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability that use significant assumptions, including assumptions of risks. These unobservable assumptions reflect the Corporation’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include the use of pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.

ASC 820 requires the Corporation to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. If a financial instrument uses inputs that fall in different levels of the hierarchy, the instrument will be categorized based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value calculation.
The Corporation’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of investment securities available for sale, loans held for investment carried at fair value, loans held for sale at fair value, interest-only strips and derivative financial instruments; while non-performing loans, MSA and real estate owned are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.
Investment securities - available for sale are primarily comprised of U.S. government agency MBS, U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS and privately issued CMO. The Corporation utilizes quoted prices in active markets for similar securities for its fair value measurement of MBS and debt securities (Level 2) and broker price indications for similar securities in non-active markets for its fair value measurement of the CMO (Level 3).
Derivative financial instruments are comprised of commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for sale, mandatory loan sale commitments, TBA MBS trades and option contracts. The fair value of TBA MBS trades is determined using quoted secondary-market prices (Level 2). The fair values of other derivative financial instruments are determined by quoted prices for a similar commitment or commitments, adjusted for the specific attributes of each commitment (Level 3).
Loans held for investment at fair value are primarily single-family loans which have been transferred from loans held for sale. The fair value is determined by the quoted secondary-market prices which account for interest rate characteristics, adjusted for management estimates of the specific credit risk attributes of each loan (Level 3).
142

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Loans held for sale at fair value are primarily single-family loans. The fair value is determined, when possible, using quoted secondary-market prices such as mandatory loan sale commitments. If no such quoted price exists, the fair value of a loan is determined by quoted prices for a similar loan or loans, adjusted for the specific attributes of each loan (Level 2).
Non-performing loans are loans which are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrowers or of the collateral pledged. The non-performing loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Corporation will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. The fair value of a non-performing loan is determined based on an observable market price or current appraised value of the underlying collateral. Appraised and reported values may be discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of valuation, and/or management’s expertise and knowledge of the borrower. For non-performing loans which are restructured loans, the fair value is derived from discounted cash flow analysis (Level 3), except those which are in the process of foreclosure or 90 days delinquent for which the fair value is derived from the appraised value of its collateral (Level 2). For other non-performing loans which are not restructured loans, other than non-performing commercial real estate loans, the fair value is derived from relative value analysis: historical experience and management estimates by loan type for which collectively evaluated allowances are assigned (Level 3); or the appraised value of its collateral for loans which are in the process of foreclosure or where borrowers file bankruptcy (Level 2). For non-performing commercial real estate loans, the fair value is derived from the appraised value of its collateral (Level 2). Non-performing loans are reviewed and evaluated on at least a quarterly basis for additional allowance and adjusted accordingly, based on the same factors identified above. This loss is not recorded directly as an adjustment to current earnings or other comprehensive income (loss), but rather as a component in determining the overall adequacy of the allowance for loan losses. These adjustments to the estimated fair value of non-performing loans may result in increases or decreases to the provision for loan losses recorded in current earnings.
The Corporation uses the amortization method for its MSA, which amortizes the MSA in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income and assesses the MSA for impairment based on fair value at each reporting date. The fair value of the MSA is derived using the present value method; which includes a third party’s prepayment projections of similar instruments, weighted-average coupon rates, estimated servicing costs and discount interest rates (Level 3).
The rights to future income from serviced loans that exceed contractually specified servicing fees are recorded as interest-only strips. The fair value of interest-only strips is derived using the same assumptions that are used to value the related MSA (Level 3).
The fair value of real estate owned is derived from the lower of the appraised value or the listing price, net of estimated selling costs (Level 2).
The Corporation’s valuation methodologies may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. While management believes the Corporation’s valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.
143

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

The following fair value hierarchy table presents information at the dates indicated about the Corporation’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

| Fair Value Measurement at June 30, 2018 Using:
(In Thousands) | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |
Investment securities - available for sale: |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency MBS | $ | — |  | $ | 4,384 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4,384 |
U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS | — |  | 2,762 |  | — |  | 2,762 |
Private issue CMO | — |  | — |  | 350 |  | 350 |
Investment securities - available for sale | — |  | 7,146 |  | 350 |  | 7,496 |
Loans held for investment, at fair value | — |  | — |  | 5,234 |  | 5,234 |
Loans held for sale, at fair value | — |  | 96,298 |  | — |  | 96,298 |
Interest-only strips | — |  | — |  | 23 |  | 23 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |
Commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for sale | — |  | — |  | 849 |  | 849 |
Derivative assets | — |  | — |  | 849 |  | 849 |
Total assets | $ | — |  | $ | 103,444 |  | $ | 6,456 |  | $ | 109,900 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |
Commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for sale | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 24 |  | $ | 24 |
Mandatory loan sale commitments | — |  | — |  | 32 |  | 32 |
TBA MBS trades | — |  | 408 |  | — |  | 408 |
Derivative liabilities | — |  | 408 |  | 56 |  | 464 |
Total liabilities | $ | — |  | $ | 408 |  | $ | 56 |  | $ | 464 |

144

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

| Fair Value Measurement at June 30, 2017 Using:
(In Thousands) | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |
Investment securities - available for sale: |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency MBS | $ | — |  | $ | 5,383 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,383 |
U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS | — |  | 3,474 |  | — |  | 3,474 |
Private issue CMO | — |  | — |  | 461 |  | 461 |
Investment securities - available for sale | — |  | 8,857 |  | 461 |  | 9,318 |
Loans held for investment, at fair value | — |  | — |  | 6,445 |  | 6,445 |
Loans held for sale, at fair value | — |  | 116,548 |  | — |  | 116,548 |
Interest-only strips | — |  | — |  | 31 |  | 31 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |
Commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for sale | — |  | — |  | 847 |  | 847 |
Mandatory loan sale commitments | — |  | — |  | 47 |  | 47 |
TBA MBS trades | — |  | 539 |  | — |  | 539 |
Option contracts | — |  | — |  | 37 |  | 37 |
Derivative assets | — |  | 539 |  | 931 |  | 1,470 |
Total assets | $ | — |  | $ | 125,944 |  | $ | 7,868 |  | $ | 133,812 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |
Commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for sale | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 38 |  | $ | 38 |
Derivative liabilities | — |  | — |  | 38 |  | 38 |
Total liabilities | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 38 |  | $ | 38 |

145

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances during the periods shown of recurring fair value measurements recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition using Level 3 inputs:

| Fair Value Measurement Using Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
(In Thousands) | Private Issue CMO | Loans Held For Investment, at fair value(1) | Interest- Only Strips | Loan Commit- ments to Originate(2) | Manda- tory Commit- ments(3) | Option Contracts | Total
Beginning balance at June 30, 2017 | $ | 461 |  | $ | 6,445 |  | $ | 31 |  | $ | 809 |  | $ | 47 |  | $ | 37 |  | $ | 7,830 |
Total gains or losses (realized/ unrealized): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | — |  | (60 | ) | — |  | 16 |  | (87 | ) | (37 | ) | (168 | )
Included in other comprehensive income | (1 | ) | — |  | (8 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (9 | )
Purchases | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Issuances | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Settlements | (110 | ) | (2,242 | ) | — |  | — |  | 8 |  | — |  | (2,344 | )
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 | — |  | 1,091 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,091 |
Ending balance at June 30, 2018 | $ | 350 |  | $ | 5,234 |  | $ | 23 |  | $ | 825 |  | $ | (32 | ) | $ | — |  | $ | 6,400 |

(1) | The valuation of loans held for investment at fair value includes the management estimates of the specific credit risk attributes of each loan, in addition to the quoted secondary-market prices which account for interest rate characteristics.

(2) | Consists of commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for sale.

(3) | Consists of mandatory loan sale commitments.

146

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

| Fair Value Measurement Using Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
(In Thousands) | Private Issue CMO | Loans Held For Investment, at fair value (1) | Interest- Only Strips | Loan Commit- ments to Originate(2) | Manda- tory Commit- ments(3) | Option Contracts | Total
Beginning balance at June 30, 2016 | $ | 601 |  | $ | 5,159 |  | $ | 47 |  | $ | 3,785 |  | $ | (31 | ) | $ | — |  | $ | 9,561 |
Total gains or losses (realized/ unrealized): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | — |  | (86 | ) | — |  | (2,976 | ) | 66 |  | 260 |  | (2,736 | )
Included in other comprehensive income | 2 |  | — |  | (16 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (14 | )
Purchases | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 284 |  | 284 |
Issuances | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Settlements | (142 | ) | (1,135 | ) | — |  | — |  | 12 |  | (507 | ) | (1,772 | )
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 | — |  | 2,507 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,507 |
Ending balance at June 30, 2017 | $ | 461 |  | $ | 6,445 |  | $ | 31 |  | $ | 809 |  | $ | 47 |  | $ | 37 |  | $ | 7,830 |

(1) | The valuation of loans held for investment at fair value includes the management estimates of specific credit risk attributes of each loan, in addition to the quoted secondary-market prices which account for interest rate characteristics.

(2) | Consists of commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for sale.

(3) | Consists of mandatory loan sale commitments.

The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about the Corporation’s assets measured at fair value at the dates indicated on a nonrecurring basis:

| Fair Value Measurement at June 30, 2018 Using:
(In Thousands) | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total
Non-performing loans | $ | — |  | $ | 4,845 |  | $ | 1,212 |  | $ | 6,057 |
Mortgage servicing assets | — |  | — |  | 135 |  | 135 |
Real estate owned, net | — |  | 906 |  | — |  | 906 |
Total | $ | — |  | $ | 5,751 |  | $ | 1,347 |  | $ | 7,098 |

| Fair Value Measurement at June 30, 2017 Using:
(In Thousands) | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total
Non-performing loans | $ | — |  | $ | 7,049 |  | $ | 946 |  | $ | 7,995 |
Mortgage servicing assets | — |  | — |  | 407 |  | 407 |
Real estate owned, net | — |  | 1,615 |  | — |  | 1,615 |
Total | $ | — |  | $ | 8,664 |  | $ | 1,353 |  | $ | 10,017 |

147

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

The following table presents additional information about valuation techniques and inputs used for assets and liabilities, including derivative financial instruments, which are measured at fair value and categorized within Level 3 as of June 30, 2018:

(Dollars In Thousands) | Fair Value As of June 30, 2018 | Valuation Techniques | Unobservable Inputs | Range(1) (Weighted Average) | Impact to Valuation from an Increase in Inputs(2)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for sale: Private issue CMO | $ | 350 |  | Market comparable pricing | Comparability adjustment | 1.0% - 1.2% (1.1%) | Increase
Loans held for investment, at fair value | $ | 5,234 |  | Relative value analysis | Broker quotes Credit risk factor | 94.9% - 104.2% (99.0%) of par 1.2% - 100.0% (4.6%) | Increase Decrease
Non-performing loans | $ | 742 |  | Discounted cash flow | Default rates | 5.0% | Decrease
Non-performing loans | $ | 470 |  | Relative value analysis | Loss severity | 20.0% - 30.0% (22.4%) | Decrease
Mortgage servicing assets | $ | 135 |  | Discounted cash flow | Prepayment speed (CPR) Discount rate | 7.6% - 60.0% (28.2%) 9.0% - 10.5% (9.4%) | Decrease Decrease
Interest-only strips | $ | 23 |  | Discounted cash flow | Prepayment speed (CPR) Discount rate | 15.6% - 34.4% (29.3%) 9.0% | Decrease Decrease
Commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for sale | $ | 849 |  | Relative value analysis | TBA MBS broker quotes Fall-out ratio(3) | 98.3% – 104.6% (101.5%) of par 19.0% - 25.8% (24.7%) | Increase Decrease
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for sale | $ | 24 |  | Relative value analysis | TBA MBS broker quotes Fall-out ratio(3) | 100.0% – 103.3% (102.0%) of par 19.0% - 25.8% (24.7%) | Decrease Decrease
Mandatory loan sale commitments | $ | 32 |  | Relative value analysis | TBA MBS broker quotes Roll-forward costs(4) | 99.3% - 104.9% (101.8%) of par 0.0221% | Increase Increase

(1) | The range is based on the historical estimated fair values and management estimates.

(2) | Unless otherwise noted, this column represents the directional change in the fair value of the Level 3 investments that would result from an increase to the corresponding unobservable input. A decrease to the unobservable input would have the opposite effect. Significant changes in these inputs in isolation could result in significantly higher or lower fair value measurements.

(3) | The percentage of commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for sale which management has estimated may not fund.

(4) | An estimated cost to roll forward the mandatory loan sale commitments which management has estimated may not be delivered to the corresponding investors in a timely manner.

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Corporation’s assets and liabilities include the following: CMO offered quotes, prepayment speeds, discount rates, TBA MBS quotes, fallout ratios, investor quotes and roll-
148

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

forward costs, among others. Significant increases or decreases in any of these inputs in isolation could result in significantly lower or higher fair value measurement. The various unobservable inputs used to determine valuations may have similar or diverging impacts on valuation.
The carrying amount and fair value of the Corporation’s other financial instruments as of June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

| June 30, 2018
(In Thousands) | Carrying Amount | Fair Value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for investment, not recorded at fair value | $ | 897,451 |  | $ | 873,112 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 873,112 |
Investment securities - held to maturity | $ | 87,813 |  | $ | 87,239 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 87,239 |  | $ | — |
FHLB – San Francisco stock | $ | 8,199 |  | $ | 8,199 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 8,199 |  | $ | — |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | $ | 907,598 |  | $ | 877,641 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 877,641 |
Borrowings | $ | 126,163 |  | $ | 123,778 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 123,778 |

| June 30, 2017
(In Thousands) | Carrying Amount | Fair Value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for investment, not recorded at fair value | $ | 898,474 |  | $ | 885,650 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 885,650 |
Investment securities - held to maturity | $ | 60,441 |  | $ | 60,629 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 60,629 |  | $ | — |
FHLB – San Francisco stock | $ | 8,108 |  | $ | 8,108 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 8,108 |  | $ | — |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | $ | 926,521 |  | $ | 896,140 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 896,140 |
Borrowings | $ | 126,226 |  | $ | 126,083 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 126,083 |

Loans held for investment, not recorded at fair value: For loans that reprice frequently at market rates, the carrying amount approximates the fair value. For fixed-rate loans, the fair value is determined by either (i) discounting the estimated future cash flows of such loans over their estimated remaining contractual maturities using a current interest rate at which such loans would be made to borrowers, or (ii) quoted market prices. The allowance for loan losses is subtracted as an estimate of the underlying credit risk.
Investment securities - held to maturity: The investment securities - held to maturity consist of time deposits at CRA qualified minority financial institutions, U.S. SBA securities and U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS. Due to the short-term nature of the time deposits, the principal balance approximated fair value (Level 2). For the MBS and the U.S. SBA securities, the Corporation utilizes quoted prices in active markets for similar securities for its fair value measurement (Level 2).
FHLB – San Francisco stock: The carrying amount reported for FHLB – San Francisco stock approximates fair value. When redeemed, the Corporation will receive an amount equal to the par value of the stock.
149

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Deposits: The fair value of time deposits is estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation. The discount rate is based upon rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities. The fair value of transaction accounts (checking, money market and savings accounts) is estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation and management estimates of current market conditions.
Borrowings: The fair value of borrowings has been estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation. The discount rate on such borrowings is based upon rates currently offered for borrowings of similar remaining maturities.
The Corporation has various processes and controls in place to ensure that fair value is reasonably estimated. The Corporation generally determines fair value of their Level 3 assets and liabilities by using internally developed models which primarily utilize discounted cash flow techniques and prices obtained from independent management services or brokers. The Corporation performs due diligence procedures over third-party pricing service providers in order to support their use in the valuation process. The fair values of investment securities, commitments to extend credit on loans held for sale, mandatory commitments and option contracts are determined from the independent management services or brokers; while the fair value of MSA and interest-only strips are determined using the internally developed models which are based on discounted cash flow analysis. The fair value of non-performing loans is determined by calculating discounted cash flows, relative value analysis or collateral value, less selling costs.
While the Corporation believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, there were no significant changes to the Corporation’s valuation techniques that had, or are expected to have, a material impact on its consolidated financial position or results of operations.
Note 17. Reportable Segments
The segment reporting is organized consistent with the Corporation’s executive summary and operating strategy. The business activities of the Corporation consist primarily of the Bank and PBM, a division of the Bank. The Bank's operations primarily consist of accepting deposits from customers within the communities surrounding the Bank’s full service offices and investing those funds in single-family, multi-family, commercial real estate, construction, commercial business, consumer and other mortgage loans. PBM operations primarily consist of the origination, purchase and sale of mortgage loans secured by single-family residences. The following table and discussion explain the results of the Corporation’s two major reportable segments, the Bank and PBM.
150

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

The following tables illustrate the Corporation’s operating segments for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively:

| For the Year Ended June 30, 2018
(In Thousands) | Provident Bank | Provident Bank Mortgage | Consolidated Totals
Net interest income | $ | 34,399 |  | $ | 1,901 |  | $ | 36,300 |
Recovery from the allowance for loan losses | (536 | ) | — |  | (536 | )
Net interest income, after recovery from the allowance for loan losses | 34,935 |  | 1,901 |  | 36,836 |
Non-interest income: |  |  |
Loan servicing and other fees | 509 |  | 1,066 |  | 1,575 |
Gain on sale of loans, net | 21 |  | 15,781 |  | 15,802 |
Deposit account fees | 2,119 |  | — |  | 2,119 |
Loss on sale and operations of real estate owned acquired in the settlement of loans, net | (86 | ) | — |  | (86 | )
Card and processing fees | 1,541 |  | — |  | 1,541 |
Other | 944 |  | — |  | 944 |
Total non-interest income | 5,048 |  | 16,847 |  | 21,895 |
Non-interest expense: |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | 18,146 |  | 16,675 |  | 34,821 |
Premises and occupancy | 3,381 |  | 1,753 |  | 5,134 |
Operating and administrative expenses(1) | 5,653 |  | 7,596 |  | 13,249 |
Total non-interest expense | 27,180 |  | 26,024 |  | 53,204 |
Income (loss) before taxes | 12,803 |  | (7,276 | ) | 5,527 |
Provision (benefit) for income taxes(2) | 6,005 |  | (2,609 | ) | 3,396 |
Net income (loss) | $ | 6,798 |  | $ | (4,667 | ) | $ | 2,131 |
Total assets, end of period | $ | 1,078,955 |  | $ | 96,594 |  | $ | 1,175,549 |

(1) Includes $1.3 million and $2.1 million of litigation settlement expenses for Provident Bank and Provident Bank Mortgage market segments, respectively.
(2) Includes a net tax charge of $1.8 million resulting from the revaluation of net deferred tax assets consistent with the Tax Act for the Provident Bank market segment.
151

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

(In Thousands) | Year Ended June 30, 2017
Provident Bank | Provident Bank Mortgage | Consolidated Total
Net interest income | $ | 31,589 |  | $ | 4,149 |  | $ | 35,738 |
Recovery from the allowance for loan losses | (808 | ) | (234 | ) | (1,042 | )
Net interest income, after recovery from the allowance for loan losses | 32,397 |  | 4,383 |  | 36,780 |
Non-interest income: |  |  |
Loan servicing and other fees | 331 |  | 920 |  | 1,251 |
Gain on sale of loans, net | 137 |  | 25,543 |  | 25,680 |
Deposit account fees | 2,194 |  | — |  | 2,194 |
Loss on sale and operations of real estate owned acquired in the settlement of loans, net | (533 | ) | (24 | ) | (557 | )
Card and processing fees | 1,451 |  | — |  | 1,451 |
Other | 802 |  | — |  | 802 |
Total non-interest income | 4,382 |  | 26,439 |  | 30,821 |
Non-interest expense: |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | 18,622 |  | 23,120 |  | 41,742 |
Premises and occupancy | 3,251 |  | 1,810 |  | 5,061 |
Operating and administrative expenses(1) | 4,846 |  | 7,136 |  | 11,982 |
Total non-interest expenses | 26,719 |  | 32,066 |  | 58,785 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | 10,060 |  | (1,244 | ) | 8,816 |
Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 4,132 |  | (523 | ) | 3,609 |
Net income (loss) | $ | 5,928 |  | $ | (721 | ) | $ | 5,207 |
Total assets, end of fiscal year | $ | 1,083,837 |  | $ | 116,796 |  | $ | 1,200,633 |

(1) Includes $1.2 million of litigation settlement expenses for the Provident Bank Mortgage market segment.
152

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

(In Thousands) | Year Ended June 30, 2016
Provident Bank | Provident Bank Mortgage | Consolidated Total
Net interest income | $ | 28,261 |  | $ | 4,068 |  | $ | 32,329 |
Recovery from the allowance for loan losses | (1,608 | ) | (107 | ) | (1,715 | )
Net interest income, after recovery from the allowance for loan losses | 29,869 |  | 4,175 |  | 34,044 |
Non-interest income: |  |  |
Loan servicing and other fees | 568 |  | 500 |  | 1,068 |
Gain on sale of loans, net | 25 |  | 31,496 |  | 31,521 |
Deposit account fees | 2,319 |  | — |  | 2,319 |
Loss on sale and operations of real estate owned acquired in the settlement of loans, net | (52 | ) | (43 | ) | (95 | )
Card and processing fees | 1,448 |  | — |  | 1,448 |
Other | 800 |  | — |  | 800 |
Total non-interest income | 5,108 |  | 31,953 |  | 37,061 |
Non-interest expense: |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | 18,165 |  | 24,444 |  | 42,609 |
Premises and occupancy | 2,959 |  | 1,687 |  | 4,646 |
Operating and administrative expenses | 4,710 |  | 6,294 |  | 11,004 |
Total non-interest expenses | 25,834 |  | 32,425 |  | 58,259 |
Income before income taxes | 9,143 |  | 3,703 |  | 12,846 |
Provision for income taxes | 3,815 |  | 1,557 |  | 5,372 |
Net income | $ | 5,328 |  | $ | 2,146 |  | $ | 7,474 |
Total assets, end of fiscal year | $ | 981,720 |  | $ | 189,661 |  | $ | 1,171,381 |

The information above was derived from the internal management reporting system used by management to measure performance of the segments.
The Corporation’s internal transfer pricing arrangements determined by management primarily consist of the following:

1. | Borrowings for PBM are indexed monthly to the higher of the three-month FHLB – San Francisco advance rate on the first Friday of the month plus 50 basis points or the Bank’s cost of funds for the prior month.

2. | PBM receives servicing released premiums for new loans transferred to the Bank’s loans held for investment. The servicing released premiums in the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $1.1 million, $992,000 and $468,000, respectively.

3. | PBM receives a discount (loss on sale of loans) or a premium (gain on sale of loans) for the new loans transferred to the Bank’s loans held for investment. The loss on sale of loans in the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $248,000, $286,000 and $55,000, respectively.

4. | Loan servicing costs are charged to PBM by the Bank based on the number of loans held for sale at fair value multiplied by a fixed fee which is subject to management’s review. The loan servicing costs in the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $114,000, $131,000 and $108,000, respectively.

153

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

5. | The Bank allocates quality assurance costs to PBM for its loan production, subject to management’s review. Quality assurance costs allocated to PBM in the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $283,000, $355,000 and $452,000, respectively.

6. | The Bank allocates loan vault service costs to PBM for its loan production, subject to management’s review. The loan vault service costs allocated to PBM in the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $92,000, $105,000 and $113,000, respectively.

7. | Office rents for PBM offices located in the Bank branches or offices are internally charged based on the square footage used. Office rents allocated to PBM in the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $193,000, $193,000 and $195,000, respectively.

8. | A management fee, which is subject to regular review, is charged to PBM for services provided by the Bank. The management fee in the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $2.0 million, $1.9 million and $1.8 million, respectively.

Note 18: Holding Company Condensed Financial Information
This information should be read in conjunction with the other notes to the consolidated financial statements. The following is the condensed statements of financial condition for Provident Financial Holdings (Holding Company only) as of June 30, 2018 and 2017 and condensed statements of operations, comprehensive income and cash flows for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Condensed Statements of Financial Condition

| June 30,
(In Thousands) | 2018 | 2017
Assets |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 3,789 |  | $ | 10,338 |
Investment in subsidiary | 116,608 |  | 117,803 |
Other assets | 123 |  | 141 |
| $ | 120,520 |  | $ | 128,282 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |
Other liabilities | $ | 63 |  | $ | 52 |
Stockholders’ equity | 120,457 |  | 128,230 |
| $ | 120,520 |  | $ | 128,282 |

154

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Condensed Statements of Operations

| Year Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Dividend from the Bank | $ | 5,000 |  | $ | 10,000 |  | $ | 15,000 |
Interest and other income | 19 |  | 36 |  | 52 |
Total income | 5,019 |  | 10,036 |  | 15,052 |
General and administrative expenses | 1,077 |  | 1,019 |  | 808 |
Earnings before income taxes and equity in undistributed earnings of the Bank | 3,942 |  | 9,017 |  | 14,244 |
Income tax benefit | (379 | ) | (413 | ) | (317 | )
Earnings before equity in undistributed earnings of the Bank | 4,321 |  | 9,430 |  | 14,561 |
Equity in undistributed earnings of the Bank | (2,190 | ) | (4,223 | ) | (7,087 | )
Net income | $ | 2,131 |  | $ | 5,207 |  | $ | 7,474 |

Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income

| Year Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Net income | $ | 2,131 |  | $ | 5,207 |  | $ | 7,474 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  | — |  | — |
Total comprehensive income | $ | 2,131 |  | $ | 5,207 |  | $ | 7,474 |

155

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

| Year Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 2,131 |  | $ | 5,207 |  | $ | 7,474 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Equity in undistributed earnings of the Bank | 2,190 |  | 4,223 |  | 7,087 |
Decrease (increase) in other assets | 18 |  | (36 | ) | (85 | )
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities | 10 |  | — |  | (8 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 4,349 |  | 9,394 |  | 14,468 |
Cash flow from financing activities: |  |  |
Exercise of stock options | 677 |  | 942 |  | 590 |
Treasury stock purchases | (7,347 | ) | (8,714 | ) | (13,038 | )
Cash dividends | (4,228 | ) | (4,119 | ) | (4,014 | )
Net cash used for financing activities | (10,898 | ) | (11,891 | ) | (16,462 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (6,549 | ) | (2,497 | ) | (1,994 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 10,338 |  | 12,835 |  | 14,829 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | $ | 3,789 |  | $ | 10,338 |  | $ | 12,835 |

156

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Note 19: Quarterly Results of Operations (Unaudited)
The following tables set forth the quarterly financial data for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 :

| For Fiscal Year 2018
(Dollars In Thousands, Except Per Share Amount) | For the Year Ended June 30, 2018 | Fourth Quarter | Third Quarter | Second Quarter | First Quarter
Interest income | $ | 42,712 |  | $ | 10,910 |  | $ | 10,692 |  | $ | 10,365 |  | $ | 10,745 |
Interest expense | 6,412 |  | 1,603 |  | 1,568 |  | 1,614 |  | 1,627 |
Net interest income | 36,300 |  | 9,307 |  | 9,124 |  | 8,751 |  | 9,118 |
(Recovery) provision from the allowance for loan losses | (536 | ) | (189 | ) | (505 | ) | (11 | ) | 169 |
Net interest income, after (recovery) provision from the allowance for loan losses | 36,836 |  | 9,496 |  | 9,629 |  | 8,762 |  | 8,949 |
Non-interest income | 21,895 |  | 4,592 |  | 5,210 |  | 5,741 |  | 6,352 |
Non-interest expense(1) | 53,204 |  | 11,818 |  | 12,439 |  | 13,213 |  | 15,734 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | 5,527 |  | 2,270 |  | 2,400 |  | 1,290 |  | (433 | )
Provision (benefit) for income taxes(2) | 3,396 |  | 870 |  | 667 |  | 2,067 |  | (208 | )
Net income (loss) | $ | 2,131 |  | $ | 1,400 |  | $ | 1,733 |  | $ | (777 | ) | $ | (225 | )
Basic earnings (loss) per share | $ | 0.28 |  | $ | 0.19 |  | $ | 0.23 |  | $ | (0.10 | ) | $ | (0.03 | )
Diluted earnings (loss) per share | $ | 0.28 |  | $ | 0.18 |  | $ | 0.23 |  | $ | (0.10 | ) | $ | (0.03 | )

(1) Includes $3.4 million, $0.7 million and $2.8 million of litigation settlement expenses for the year ended June 30, 2018, second quarter and first quarter of fiscal 2018, respectively.
(2) Includes a net tax charge of $1.8 million resulting from the revaluation of net deferred tax assets consistent with the Tax Act for the year ended June 30, 2018 and second quarter of fiscal 2018.
157

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

| For Fiscal Year 2017
(Dollars In Thousands, Except Per Share Amount) | For the Year Ended June 30, 2017 | Fourth Quarter | Third Quarter | Second Quarter | First Quarter
Interest income | $ | 42,417 |  | $ | 10,530 |  | $ | 10,280 |  | $ | 10,803 |  | $ | 10,804 |
Interest expense | 6,679 |  | 1,612 |  | 1,633 |  | 1,718 |  | 1,716 |
Net interest income | 35,738 |  | 8,918 |  | 8,647 |  | 9,085 |  | 9,088 |
Recovery from the allowance for loan losses | (1,042 | ) | (377 | ) | (165 | ) | (350 | ) | (150 | )
Net interest income, after recovery from the allowance for loan losses | 36,780 |  | 9,295 |  | 8,812 |  | 9,435 |  | 9,238 |
Non-interest income | 30,821 |  | 6,946 |  | 6,791 |  | 7,832 |  | 9,252 |
Non-interest expense(1) | 58,785 |  | 14,717 |  | 13,768 |  | 14,668 |  | 15,632 |
Income before income taxes | 8,816 |  | 1,524 |  | 1,835 |  | 2,599 |  | 2,858 |
Provision for income taxes | 3,609 |  | 560 |  | 690 |  | 1,095 |  | 1,264 |
Net income | $ | 5,207 |  | $ | 964 |  | $ | 1,145 |  | $ | 1,504 |  | $ | 1,594 |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 0.66 |  | $ | 0.12 |  | $ | 0.14 |  | $ | 0.19 |  | $ | 0.20 |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 0.64 |  | $ | 0.12 |  | $ | 0.14 |  | $ | 0.18 |  | $ | 0.20 |

.
(1) Includes $1.2 million, $1.0 million and $0.2 million of litigation settlement expenses for the year ended June 30, 2017, fourth quarter and second quarter of fiscal 2017, respectively.
158

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

Note 20: Reclassification Adjustment of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("AOCI")
The following table provides the changes in AOCI by component for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

| Unrealized Gains and Losses on |
(Dollars In Thousands, Net of Statutory Taxes) | Investment Securities Available for Sale | Interest-Only Strips | Total
Beginning balance at June 30, 2015 | $ | 294 |  | $ | 37 |  | $ | 331 |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (66 | ) | (10 | ) | (76 | )
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | 58 |  | — |  | 58 |
Net other comprehensive loss | (8 | ) | (10 | ) | (18 | )
Ending balance at June 30, 2016 | 286 |  | 27 |  | 313 |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (75 | ) | (9 | ) | (84 | )
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | — |  | — |  | — |
Net other comprehensive loss | (75 | ) | (9 | ) | (84 | )
Ending balance at June 30, 2017 | 211 |  | 18 |  | 229 |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (55 | ) | (5 | ) | (60 | )
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | 38 |  | 3 |  | 41 |
Net other comprehensive loss | (17 | ) | (2 | ) | (19 | )
Ending balance at June 30, 2018 | $ | 194 |  | $ | 16 |  | $ | 210 |

Note 21: Offsetting Derivative and Other Financial Instruments
The Corporation’s derivative transactions are generally governed by International Swaps and Derivatives Association Master Agreements and similar arrangements, which include provisions governing the offset of assets and liabilities between the parties. When the Corporation has more than one outstanding derivative transaction with a single counterparty, the offset provisions contained within these agreements generally allow the non-defaulting party the right to reduce its liability to the defaulting party by amounts eligible for offset, including the collateral received as well as eligible offsetting transactions with that counterparty, irrespective of the currency, place of payment, or booking office. The Corporation’s policy is to present its derivative assets and derivative liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition on a net basis for each type of derivative. The derivative assets and liabilities are comprised of mandatory loan sale commitments, TBA MBS trades and option contracts.
159

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

The following tables present the gross and net amounts of derivative assets and liabilities and other financial instruments as reported in the Corporation’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, and the gross amount not offset in the Corporation’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of the dates indicated.
As of June 30, 2018:

|  |  | Net |  |  |
|  | Gross | Amount |  |  |
|  | Amount | of Assets | Gross Amount Not |
|  | Offset in the | Presented in | Offset in the Consolidated |
| Gross | Consolidated | the Consolidated | Statements of Financial Condition |
| Amount of | Statements | Statements |  | Cash |
| Recognized | of Financial | of Financial | Financial | Collateral | Net
(In Thousands) | Assets | Condition | Condition | Instruments | Received | Amount
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Total | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |

|  |  | Net |  |  |
|  | Gross | Amount |  |  |
|  | Amount | of Liabilities | Gross Amount Not |
|  | Offset in the | Presented in | Offset in the Consolidated |
| Gross | Consolidated | the Consolidated | Statements of Financial Condition |
| Amount of | Statements | Statements |  | Cash |
| Recognized | of Financial | of Financial | Financial | Collateral | Net
(In Thousands) | Liabilities | Condition | Condition | Instruments | Pledged | Amount
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives | $ | 440 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 440 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 440 |
Total | $ | 440 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 440 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 440 |

160

Provident Financial Holdings, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2018

As of June 30, 2017:

|  |  | Net |  |  |
|  | Gross | Amount |  |  |
|  | Amount | of Assets | Gross Amount Not |
|  | Offset in the | Presented in | Offset in the Consolidated |
| Gross | Consolidated | the Consolidated | Statements of Financial Condition |
| Amount of | Statements | Statements |  | Cash |
| Recognized | of Financial | of Financial | Financial | Collateral | Net
(In Thousands) | Assets | Condition | Condition | Instruments | Received | Amount
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives | $ | 623 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 623 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 623 |
Total | $ | 623 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 623 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 623 |

|  |  | Net |  |  |
|  | Gross | Amount |  |  |
|  | Amount | of Liabilities | Gross Amount Not |
|  | Offset in the | Presented in | Offset in the Consolidated |
| Gross | Consolidated | the Consolidated | Statements of Financial Condition |
| Amount of | Statements | Statements |  | Cash |
| Recognized | of Financial | of Financial | Financial | Collateral | Net
(In Thousands) | Liabilities | Condition | Condition | Instruments | Pledged | Amount
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Total | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |

Note 22: Subsequent Event
On July 31, 2018, the Corporation announced that the Corporation’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.14 per share. Shareholders of the Corporation’s common stock at the close of business on August 21, 2018 are entitled to receive the cash dividend, payable on September 11, 2018.
161

Exhibit Index

13 |  | 2018 Annual Report to Stockholders
21.1 |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant
23.1 |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101 |  | The following materials from the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (1) Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition; (2) Consolidated Statements of Operations; (3) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income; (4) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity; (5) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (6) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

162