Note 7: Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Corporation adopted ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures," and elected the fair value option pursuant to ASC 825, "Financial Instruments" on loans originated for sale. ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. ASC 825 permits entities to elect to measure many financial instruments and certain other assets and liabilities at fair value on an instrument-by-instrument basis (the "Fair Value Option") at specified election dates. At each subsequent reporting date, an entity is required to report unrealized gains and losses on items in earnings for which the fair value option has been elected. The objective of the Fair Value Option is to improve financial reporting by providing entities with the opportunity to mitigate volatility in reported earnings caused by measuring related assets and liabilities differently without having to apply complex hedge accounting provisions.

The following table describes the difference at the dates indicated between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance of loans held for investment at fair value:


			Aggregate
			Unpaid		Net
	Aggregate		Principal		Unrealized
(In Thousands)	Fair Value		Balance		Gain (Loss)
As of September 30, 2019:
Loans held for investment, at fair value	$	4,386	$	4,529	$	(143)

As of June 30, 2019:
Loans held for investment, at fair value	$	5,094	$	5,218	$	(124)

ASC 820‑10‑65‑4, "Determining Fair Value When the Volume and Level of Activity for the Asset or Liability Have Significantly Decreased and Identifying Transactions That Are Not Orderly," provides additional guidance for estimating fair value in accordance with ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements," when the volume and level of activity for the asset or liability have significantly decreased.

ASC 820 establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy that prioritizes inputs to valuation techniques used in fair value calculations. The three levels of inputs are defined as follows:

Level 1	-	Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Corporation has the ability to access at the measurement date.
Level 2	-	Observable inputs other than Level 1 such as: quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated to observable market data for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
Level 3	-	Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability that use significant assumptions, including assumptions of risks. These unobservable assumptions reflect the Corporation’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include the use of pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.

ASC 820 requires the Corporation to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. If a financial instrument uses inputs that fall in different levels of the hierarchy, the instrument will be categorized based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value calculation.

The Corporation’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of investment securities available for sale, loans held for investment at fair value, interest-only strips and derivative financial instruments; while non-performing loans, mortgage servicing assets ("MSA") and real estate owned are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.

Investment securities - available for sale are primarily comprised of U.S. government agency MBS, U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS and privately issued CMO. The Corporation utilizes quoted prices in active markets for similar securities for its fair value measurement of MBS (Level 2) and broker price indications for similar securities in non-active markets for its fair value measurement of the CMO (Level 3).

Derivative financial instruments are comprised of commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for sale, mandatory loan sale commitments, TBA MBS trades and option contracts. The fair value of TBA MBS trades is determined using quoted secondary-market prices (Level 2). The fair values of other derivative financial instruments are determined by quoted prices for a similar commitment or commitments, adjusted for the specific attributes of each commitment (Level 3).

Loans held for investment at fair value are primarily single-family loans which have been transferred from loans held for sale. The fair value is determined by the management estimates of the specific credit risk attributes of each loan, in addition to the quoted secondary-market prices which account for the interest rate characteristics of each loan (Level 3).

Non-performing loans are loans which are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrowers or of the collateral pledged. The non-performing loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Corporation will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. The fair value of a non-performing loan is determined based on an observable market price or current appraised value of the underlying collateral. Appraised and reported values may be discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of valuation, and/or management’s expertise and knowledge of the borrower. For non-performing loans which are restructured loans, the fair value is derived from discounted cash flow analysis (Level 3), except those which are in the process of foreclosure or 90 days delinquent for which the fair value is derived from the appraised value of its collateral (Level 2). For other non-performing loans which are not restructured loans, other than non-performing commercial real estate loans, the fair value is derived from relative value analysis: historical experience and management estimates by loan type for which collectively evaluated allowances are assigned (Level 3); or the appraised value of its collateral for loans which are in the process of foreclosure or where borrowers file bankruptcy (Level 2). For non-performing commercial real estate loans, the fair value is derived from the appraised value of its collateral (Level 2). Non-performing loans are reviewed and evaluated on at least a quarterly basis for additional allowance and adjusted accordingly, based on the same factors identified above. This loss is not recorded directly as an adjustment to current earnings or other comprehensive income (loss), but rather as a component in determining the overall adequacy of the allowance for loan losses. These adjustments to the estimated fair value of non-performing loans may result in increases or decreases to the provision for loan losses recorded in current earnings.

The Corporation uses the amortization method for its MSA, which amortizes the MSA in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income and assesses the MSA for impairment based on fair value at each reporting date. The fair value of the MSA is derived using the present value method; which includes a third party’s prepayment projections of similar instruments, weighted-average coupon rates, estimated servicing costs and discount interest rates (Level 3).

The rights to future income from serviced loans that exceed contractually specified servicing fees are recorded as interest-only strips. The fair value of interest-only strips is derived using the same assumptions that are used to value the related MSA (Level 3).

The fair value of real estate owned is derived from the lower of the appraised value or the listing price, net of estimated selling costs (Level 2).

The Corporation’s valuation methodologies may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. While management believes the Corporation’s valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.

The following fair value hierarchy tables present information at the dates indicated about the Corporation’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:


	Fair Value Measurement at September 30, 2019 Using:
(In Thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Investment securities - available for sale:
U.S. government agency MBS	$	—	$	3,413	$	—	$	3,413
U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS		—		1,851		—		1,851
Private issue CMO		—		—		253		253
Investment securities - available for sale		—		5,264		253		5,517

Loans held for investment, at fair value		—		—		4,386		4,386
Interest-only strips		—		—		14		14
Total assets	$	—	$	5,264	$	4,653	$	9,917

Liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—


	Fair Value Measurement at June 30, 2019 Using:
(In Thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Investment securities - available for sale:
U.S. government agency MBS	$	—	$	3,613	$	—	$	3,613
U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS		—		2,087		—		2,087
Private issue CMO		—		—		269		269
Investment securities - available for sale		—		5,700		269		5,969

Loans held for investment, at fair value		—		—		5,094		5,094
Interest-only strips		—		—		16		16

Total assets	$	—	$	5,700	$	5,379	$	11,079

Liabilities:	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

The following tables summarize reconciliations of the beginning and ending balances during the periods shown of recurring fair value measurements recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition using Level 3 inputs:


	For the Quarter Ended September 30, 2019
	Fair Value Measurement
	Using Significant Other Unobservable Inputs
	(Level 3)
			Loans Held
	Private		For		Interest-
	Issue		Investment, at		Only
(In Thousands)	CMO		fair value (1)		Strips		Total
Beginning balance at June 30, 2019	$	269	$	5,094	$	16	$	5,379
Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized):
Included in earnings		—		(18)		—		(18)
Included in other comprehensive loss		—		—		(2)		(2)
Purchases		—		—		—		—
Issuances		—		—		—		—
Settlements		(16)		(690)		—		(706)
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3		—		—		—		—
Ending balance at September 30, 2019	$	253	$	4,386	$	14	$	4,653

⁽¹⁾

The valuation of loans held for investment at fair value includes management estimates of the specific credit risk attributes of each loan, in addition to the quoted secondary-market prices which account for the interest rate characteristics of each loan.


	For the Quarter Ended September 30, 2018
	Fair Value Measurement
	Using Significant Other Unobservable Inputs
	(Level 3)
			Loans Held
	Private		For		Interest-		Loan
	Issue		Investment, at		Only		Commitments		Mandatory
(In Thousands)	CMO		fair value (1)		Strips		to Originate (2)		Commitments (3)		Total
Beginning balance at June 30, 2018	$	350	$	5,234	$	23	$	825	$	(32)	$	6,400
Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized):
Included in earnings		—		(49)		—		(329)		22		(356)
Included in other comprehensive loss		—		—		1		—		—		1
Purchases		—		—		—		—		—		—
Issuances		—		—		—		—		—		—
Settlements		(34)		(710)		—		—		1		(743)
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3		—		470		—		—		—		470
Ending balance at September 30, 2018	$	316	$	4,945	$	24	$	496	$	(9)	$	5,772

⁽¹⁾

⁽²⁾

Consists of commitments to extend credit on loans to be held for sale.

⁽³⁾

Consists of mandatory loan sale commitments.

The following fair value hierarchy tables present information about the Corporation’s assets measured at fair value at the dates indicated on a nonrecurring basis:


	Fair Value Measurement at September 30, 2019 Using:
(In Thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Non-performing loans	$	—	$	4,212	$	1,018	$	5,230
Mortgage servicing assets		—		—		502		502
Real estate owned, net		—		—		—		—
Total	$	—	$	4,212	$	1,520	$	5,732


	Fair Value Measurement at June 30, 2019 Using:
(In Thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Non-performing loans	$	—	$	3,971	$	2,247	$	6,218
Mortgage servicing assets		—		—		627		627
Real estate owned, net		—		—		—		—
Total	$	—	$	3,971	$	2,874	$	6,845

The following table presents additional information about valuation techniques and inputs used for assets and liabilities, including derivative financial instruments, which are measured at fair value and categorized within Level 3 as of September 30, 2019:


						Impact to
	Fair Value					Valuation
	As of					from an
	September 30,		Valuation		Range (1)	Increase in
(Dollars In Thousands)	2019		Techniques	Unobservable Inputs	(Weighted Average)	Inputs (2)
Assets:

Securities available-for sale: Private issue CMO	$	253	Market comparable pricing	Comparability adjustment	2.6% – 3.0% (2.9%)	Increase

Loans held for investment, at fair value	$	4,386	Relative value analysis	Broker quotes Credit risk factor	97.6% – 104.1% (101.4%) of par 1.2% - 100.0% (4.6%)	Increase Decrease

Non-performing loans(3)	$	684	Discounted cash flow	Default rates	5.0%	Decrease
Non-performing loans(4)	$	334	Relative value analysis	Credit risk factor	20.0% - 30.0% (20.5%)	Decrease

Mortgage servicing assets	$	502	Discounted cash flow	Prepayment speed (CPR) Discount rate	15.3% - 60.0% (25.1%) 9.0% - 10.5% (9.1%)	Decrease Decrease

Interest-only strips	$	14	Discounted cash flow	Prepayment speed (CPR) Discount rate	20.4% - 40.6% (39.3%) 9.0%	Decrease Decrease


Liabilities:
None

⁽¹⁾

The range is based on the historical estimated fair values and management estimates.

⁽²⁾

Unless otherwise noted, this column represents the directional change in the fair value of the Level 3 investments that would result from an increase to the corresponding unobservable input. A decrease to the unobservable input would have the opposite effect. Significant changes in these inputs in isolation could result in significantly higher or lower fair value measurements.

⁽³⁾

Consist of restructured loans.

⁽⁴⁾

Consist of other non-performing loans, excluding restructured loans.

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Corporation’s assets and liabilities include the following: prepayment speeds, discount rates, broker quotes and roll-forward costs, among others. Significant increases or decreases in any of these inputs in isolation could result in significantly lower or higher fair value measurement. The various unobservable inputs used to determine valuations may have similar or diverging impacts on valuation.

The carrying amount and fair value of the Corporation’s other financial instruments as of September 30, 2019 and June 30, 2019 was as follows:


	September 30, 2019
	Carrying		Fair
(In Thousands)	Amount		Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:
Investment securities - held to maturity	$	85,088	$	86,272	$	—	$	86,272	$	—
Loans held for investment, not recorded at fair value	$	919,928	$	906,318	$	—	$	—	$	906,318
FHLB – San Francisco stock	$	8,199	$	8,199	$	—	$	8,199	$	—

Financial liabilities:
Deposits	$	831,736	$	804,196	$	—	$	—	$	804,196
Borrowings	$	131,092	$	133,308	$	—	$	—	$	133,308


	June 30, 2019
	Carrying		Fair
(In Thousands)	Amount		Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:
Investment securities - held to maturity	$	94,090	$	95,359	$	—	$	95,359	$	—
Loans held for investment, not recorded at fair value	$	874,831	$	861,374	$	—	$	—	$	861,374
FHLB – San Francisco stock	$	8,199	$	8,199	$	—	$	8,199	$	—

Financial liabilities:
Deposits	$	841,271	$	813,087	$	—	$	—	$	813,087
Borrowings	$	101,107	$	102,826	$	—	$	—	$	102,826

Investment securities - held to maturity: The investment securities - held to maturity consist of time deposits at CRA qualified minority financial institutions, U.S. SBA securities and U.S. government sponsored enterprise MBS. Due to the short-term nature of the time deposits, the principal balance approximated fair value (Level 2). For the MBS and the U.S. SBA securities, the Corporation utilizes quoted prices in active markets for similar securities for its fair value measurement (Level 2).

Loans held for investment, not recorded at fair value: For loans that reprice frequently at market rates, the carrying amount approximates the fair value. For fixed-rate loans, the fair value is determined by either (i) discounting the estimated future cash flows of such loans over their estimated remaining contractual maturities using a current interest rate at which such loans would be made to borrowers, or (ii) quoted market prices.

FHLB – San Francisco stock: The carrying amount reported for FHLB – San Francisco stock approximates fair value. When redeemed, the Corporation will receive an amount equal to the par value of the stock.

Deposits: The fair value of time deposits is estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation. The discount rate is based upon rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities. The fair value of transaction accounts (checking, money market and savings accounts) is estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation and management estimates of current market conditions.

Borrowings: The fair value of borrowings has been estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation. The discount rate on such borrowings is based upon rates currently offered for borrowings of similar remaining maturities.

The Corporation has various processes and controls in place to ensure that fair value is reasonably estimated. The Corporation generally determines fair value of their Level 3 assets and liabilities by using internally developed models which primarily utilize discounted cash flow techniques and prices obtained from independent management services or brokers. The Corporation performs due diligence procedures over third-party pricing service providers in order to support their use in the valuation process.

While the Corporation believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. During the quarter ended September 30, 2019, there were no significant changes to the Corporation’s valuation techniques that had, or are expected to have, a material impact on its consolidated financial position or results of operations.