20-F 1 zk2024298.htm 20-F

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

☐ | REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Or

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019

Or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☐ | SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Date of event requiring this shell company report……………….. For the transition period from to

Commission File number: 000-23288
SILICOM LTD.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter and as translated into English)

ISRAEL
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

14 Atir Yeda Street,
Kfar Sava 4464323, Israel
(Address of principal executive offices)
Mr. Eran Gilad, CFO and Company Secretary
Telephone: +972-9-764-4555
E-mail: erang@silicom.co.il
14 Atir Yeda Street,
Kfar Sava 4464323, Israel
(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

None |  | None
Title of each class |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary Shares, NIS 0.01 nominal value per share |  | NASDAQ GLOBAL SELECT MARKET

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
(Title of Class)
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:
None
(Title of Class)
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer's classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:
7,351,317
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes ☐ No ☒
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Yes ☐ No ☒
Note — Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of "accelerated filer and large accelerated filer" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☐ | Accelerated filer ☒ | Non-accelerated filer ☐ | Emerging growth company ☐

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If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
US GAAP ☒ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ Other ☐
If "Other" has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.
Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.
Yes ☐ No ☐
This annual report on Form 20-F includes certain "forward-looking" statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The use of the words "projects", "expects", "may", "plans", or "intends", or words of similar import, identifies a statement as "forward-looking". There can be no assurance, however, that actual results will not differ materially from our expectations or projections. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from our expectations or projections include the risks and uncertainties relating to our business described in this report at Item 3 titled "Risk Factors".
As used herein or in any document incorporated by reference hereto, the "Company", "Silicom Ltd.", "Silicom", "Registrant", "we", "us", or "our" refers to Silicom Ltd. and its subsidiaries.
We have prepared our consolidated financial statements in United States dollars and in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. All references herein to "dollars", "US$", or "$" are to United States dollars, and all references to "Shekels" or "NIS" are to New Israeli Shekels.
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Table of Contents

PART I. | 7
ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS | 7
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE | 7
ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION | 7
A. Selected Financial Data | 7
B. Capitalization and Indebtedness | 10
C. Reason For the Offer and Use of Proceeds | 10
D. Risk Factors | 10
ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY | 30
A. History and Development of the Company | 30
B. Business Overview | 32
Principal Markets | 35
Manufacturing and Suppliers | 36
Marketing Channels | 37
Patents and Licenses | 39
Competition | 40
Governmental Regulation Affecting the Company | 41
C. Organizational Structure | 42
ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | 43
ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS | 43
A. Operating Results | 46
B. Liquidity and Capital Resources | 50
C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, Etc. | 50
D. Trend Information | 53
E. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements | 54
F. Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations | 55

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ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT, AND EMPLOYEES | 56
A. Directors and Senior Management | 56
B. Compensation | 58
Board of Directors | 62
External Directors | 63
Audit Committee | 67
Compensation Committee | 68
D. Employees | 73
E. Share Ownership | 75
ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS | 76
A. Major Shareholders | 76
B. Related Party Transactions | 78
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 80
A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information | 80
B. Significant Changes | 81
ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING | 81
A. Offer and Listing Details | 81
Markets and Share Price History | 81

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION | 82
A. Share Capital | 82
B. Memorandum and Articles of Association | 82
C. Material Contracts | 92
D. Exchange Controls | 93
E. Taxation | 93
F. Dividends and Paying Agents | 101
G. Statement by Experts | 101
H. Documents on Display | 101
I. Subsidiary Information | 102

ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 102
Interest Rate Risk | 102
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk | 102
ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES | 104
PART II. | 104
ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES, AND DELINQUENCIES | 104
ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS | 104
ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 104
Disclosure Controls and Procedures | 104
Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting | 105
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls | 105
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting | 105
ITEM 15A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 105
ITEM 16. RESERVED | 105
ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT | 105

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ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS | 106
ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES | 106
ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES | 107
ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS | 107
ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT'S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT | 108
ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 108
ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE | 110
PART III. | 110
ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 110
ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 110
ITEM 19. EXHIBITS | 110

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Part I.
Item 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT, AND ADVISERS
Not Applicable.
Item 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Not Applicable.
Item 3. KEY INFORMATION
A. Selected Financial Data
The selected data presented below under the captions "Consolidated Statements of Operations Data" and "Consolidated Balance Sheets Data" for and as of the end of each of the years in the five-year period ended December 31, 2019, are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements. The consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2019, and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, and the report thereon, are included elsewhere in this annual report. The selected data set forth below should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto, which are set forth in "Item 18 – Financial Statements" and the other financial information appearing elsewhere in this annual report.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS DATA:

|  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
Sales |  |  | 82,738 |  |  |  | 100,347 |  |  |  | 125,690 |  |  |  | 133,753 |  |  |  | 105,240 |
Cost of sales |  |  | 48,659 |  |  |  | 61,796 |  |  |  | 79,762 |  |  |  | 91,697 |  |  |  | 69,146 |
Gross profit |  |  | 34,079 |  |  |  | 38,551 |  |  |  | 45,928 |  |  |  | 42,056 |  |  |  | 36,094 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | 9,702 |  |  |  | 12,663 |  |  |  | 13,915 |  |  |  | 14,820 |  |  |  | 15,075 |
Sales and marketing expenses |  |  | 5,651 |  |  |  | 6,423 |  |  |  | 6,722 |  |  |  | 6,642 |  |  |  | 6,647 |
General and administrative expenses |  |  | 3,611 |  |  |  | 3,969 |  |  |  | 4,507 |  |  |  | 3,943 |  |  |  | 4,159 |
Contingent consideration expense (benefit) |  |  | (3,090 | ) |  |  | (334 | ) |  |  | (4,642 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 15,874 |  |  |  | 22,721 |  |  |  | 20,502 |  |  |  | 25,405 |  |  |  | 25,881 |
Operating income |  |  | 18,205 |  |  |  | 15,830 |  |  |  | 25,426 |  |  |  | 16,651 |  |  |  | 10,213 |
Financial income, net |  |  | 220 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 156 |  |  |  | 923 |  |  |  | 1,646 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 18,425 |  |  |  | 15,865 |  |  |  | 25,582 |  |  |  | 17,574 |  |  |  | 11,859 |
Income tax expenses |  |  | 1,905 |  |  |  | 2,728 |  |  |  | 3,868 |  |  |  | 2,937 |  |  |  | 1,623 |
Net income(1) |  |  | 16,520 |  |  |  | 13,137 |  |  |  | 21,714 |  |  |  | 14,637 |  |  |  | 10,236 |
Net income per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic income per ordinary share |  | $ | 2.273 |  |  | $ | 1.789 |  |  | $ | 2.912 |  |  | $ | 1.938 |  |  | $ | 1.361 |
Diluted income per ordinary share |  | $ | 2.242 |  |  | $ | 1.767 |  |  | $ | 2.856 |  |  | $ | 1.912 |  |  | $ | 1.352 |
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used to compute basic income per share (in thousands) |  |  | 7,269 |  |  |  | 7,344 |  |  |  | 7,456 |  |  |  | 7,552 |  |  |  | 7,520 |
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used to compute diluted income per share (in thousands) |  |  | 7,368 |  |  |  | 7,435 |  |  |  | 7,602 |  |  |  | 7,657 |  |  |  | 7,573 |

(1) The net income is presented after deduction of taxes on income, which have been reduced by virtue of tax benefits to which the Company is entitled in its capacity "Preferred Enterprise" under the Investment Law following its election to be taxed in its capacity as such commencing 2014, and as applicable with respect to each of the years indicated above. See Note 15C to the Financial Statements and "Item 10 – Additional Information – Taxation".
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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET DATA

|  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
Total assets |  | $ | 139,998 |  |  | $ | 146,437 |  |  | $ | 162,614 |  |  | $ | 182,301 |  |  | $ | 195,063 |
Total current liabilities |  | $ | 19,814 |  |  | $ | 17,964 |  |  | $ | 19,049 |  |  | $ | 21,540 |  |  | $ | 26,332 |
Long-term liability |  | $ | 7,350 |  |  | $ | 7,081 |  |  | $ | 2,765 |  |  | $ | 2,612 |  |  | $ | 5,808 |
Shareholders' equity |  | $ | 112,834 |  |  | $ | 121,392 |  |  | $ | 140,800 |  |  | $ | 158,149 |  |  | $ | 162,923 |
Capital stock |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 22 |
Number of ordinary shares issued(1) |  |  | 7,299,315 |  |  |  | 7,396,584 |  |  |  | 7,564,502 |  |  |  | 7,574,176 |  |  |  | 7,618,676 |

(1) Including 14,971 held by one of our subsidiaries - Silicom Connectivity Solutions, Inc. and including 252,388 treasury shares held by us as of December 31, 2019. Under the Israeli Companies Law 5759-1999 (the "Companies Law") these shares held by such subsidiary and by us, are considered dormant shares and do not entail any voting rights.
The following table sets forth information regarding the exchange rates of U.S. Dollars per NIS for the periods indicated. Average rates are calculated by using the daily representative rates as reported by the Bank of Israel on the last day of each month during the periods presented.

|  | NIS per U.S. $ |
Year Ended December 31, |  | High |  |  | Low |  |  | Average |  |  | Period End |
2019 |  |  | 3.746 |  |  |  | 3.455 |  |  |  | 3.565 |  |  |  | 3.456 |
2018 |  |  | 3.781 |  |  |  | 3.388 |  |  |  | 3.597 |  |  |  | 3.748 |
2017 |  |  | 3.860 |  |  |  | 3.467 |  |  |  | 3.600 |  |  |  | 3.467 |
2016 |  |  | 3.983 |  |  |  | 3.746 |  |  |  | 3.841 |  |  |  | 3.845 |
2015 |  |  | 4.053 |  |  |  | 3.761 |  |  |  | 3.887 |  |  |  | 3.902 |

The following table sets forth the high and low daily representative rates for the NIS as reported by the Bank of Israel for each of the prior six months.

|  | NIS per U.S. $ |
Month |  | High |  |  | Low |  |  | Average |  |  | Period End |
March 2020 |  |  | 3.862 |  |  |  | 3.460 |  |  |  | 3.618 |  |  |  | 3.565 |
February 2020 |  |  | 3.467 |  |  |  | 3.416 |  |  |  | 3.434 |  |  |  | 3.467 |
January 2020 |  |  | 3.475 |  |  |  | 3.448 |  |  |  | 3.460 |  |  |  | 3.448 |
December 2019 |  |  | 3.501 |  |  |  | 3.456 |  |  |  | 3.475 |  |  |  | 3.456 |
November 2019 |  |  | 3.522 |  |  |  | 3.455 |  |  |  | 3.483 |  |  |  | 3.476 |
October 2019 |  |  | 3.545 |  |  |  | 3.481 |  |  |  | 3.519 |  |  |  | 3.529 |

The NIS to U.S. Dollar exchange rate on March 31, 2020, as published by the Bank of Israel, was NIS 3.565.
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Dividends
On January 14, 2013, we announced that our Board of Directors has adopted a policy for distributing dividends, subject to, among other things, all applicable laws, according to which we may distribute a dividend of up to 50% of our annual "distributable profits" (as such term is defined in the Companies Law) to our shareholders. On March 15, 2018, our Board of Directors adopted a resolution to suspend until further notice.
For more information regarding our dividend policy and the taxation of dividends generally, see "Item 8A – Financial Information – Dividend Policy" and "Item 10.E. – Taxation – Taxation of Dividends".
Holders of our ordinary shares should consult their own tax advisors as to the United States, Israeli or other tax consequences of the receipt of any dividend distributions made to our shareholders, including, in particular, the effect of any foreign, state or local taxes, and of any taxes withheld at source by the Company.
B. Capitalization and Indebtedness
Not Applicable
C. Reason for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
Not Applicable
D. Risk Factors
This annual report and statements that we may make from time to time may contain forward-looking information. There can be no assurance that actual results will not differ materially from our expectations, statements or projections. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from our expectations, statements or projections include the risks and uncertainties relating to our business described below.
Risks Relating to Our Business
Our business may be adversely impacted by risks, or the public perception of the risks, related to a pandemic or other health crisis, such as the recent outbreak of novel coronavirus ("Covid-19").
The significant outbreak of a contagious disease, Covid-19, has resulted in a widespread health crisis that has adversely affected the economies and financial markets of many countries, resulting in a global economic downturn. As a response to the spread of Covid-19 many countries, including Israel, USA and Denmark where most of our workforce is located, have been taking measures designated to limit the continued spread of Covid-19, including the closure of workplaces, restricting travel, prohibiting assembling, closing international borders and quarantining populated areas. Additionally, the Israeli Government has announced a mandatory 14-day quarantine period for any individual who may have come in contract with a carrier of Covid-19 along with anyone who has returned from travel abroad. Governments around the globe have passed temporary emergency regulations requiring all residents to remain in their homes along with limitations on which business are allowed to remain open and the number of workers allowed at each site.
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While the full impact of the Covid-19 outbreak is unknown at this time, we are closely monitoring the developments and continually assessing the potential impact on our business. Our business may be adversely affected by the Covid-19 outbreak due to the following risks, any of which may lead to an adverse effect on our financial performance, revenue, financial position and results:

• | As any number of the members of our workforce, including key employees, may be infected and/or subject to quarantine periods and may be unable to perform their duties and our offices and factories may be forced to operate with a reduced workforce and/or be forced to close under the temporary emergency regulations. This may lead to ineffective control over our business and a lower work efficiency, productivity, manufacturing and financial performance;

• | A reduced workforce, lack of international travel, and no face to face meetings may adversely affect our operations, including our R&D efforts, marketing and sales activities, the materialization of existing Design Wins, and the achievement of new Design Wins;

• | We rely on third-party suppliers and manufacturers for many of our products. This outbreak has resulted in the extended shutdown of certain businesses globally, which may in turn result in disruptions or delays to our supply chain. These may include disruptions from the temporary closure of third-party supplier and manufacturer facilities, interruptions in product supply or restrictions on the export or shipment of our products. Any disruption of our suppliers and their contract manufacturers will likely impact our sales and operating results and Design Win related activities;

• | Due to the impact of Covid-19 on flights and airlines, which reduced air transportation dramatically, we may be significantly limited, or it may be impossible, for us to ship our products to our customers and/or receive components and other bill of material parts from our suppliers;

• | We may experience difficulties in collecting amounts due from customers, including major customers, due to a downturn in their financial condition;

• | Due to the pandemic, significant number of our employees have moved to work from their homes and remotely access our IT networks. Such remote working mode creates the risk of attacking the end-point user stations, connection channels and gateways. These potential breaches of our security measures may harm our business;

• | In the past, following periods of market volatility, shareholders have often instituted securities class action litigation. If we were involved in securities litigation, it could have a substantial cost and divert resources and attention of management from our business, even if we are successful.

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Loss of our sources for certain key components could harm our operations.
Although we generally use standard parts and components for our products, certain key components used in our products are currently available from only one source, and others are available from a limited number of sources, on which we depend. Nevertheless, we believe that we maintain a sufficient inventory of these components to protect against delays in deliveries. However, we cannot guarantee that we will not experience delays in the supply of critical components in the future or that we will have a sufficient inventory of critical components at such time to produce products at full capacity, especially due to disruptions to global supply chains, including those related to certain critical components relating to the production of our products, due to the spread of Covid-19, as detailed above. For example, a key component in many of our cards is manufactured by Intel®. While we have not encountered difficulties in purchasing such components from Intel's distributors, we cannot guarantee that we will continue to be able to purchase such components without delays or at reasonable prices. In the event that we are not able to purchase key components from our limited sources, or can only purchase these key components under unreasonable terms, we may need to redesign certain products. We cannot guarantee that we will have adequate resources for such a redesign or that such a redesign will be successful. Such inability to obtain alternative resources or to successfully redesign our products could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We may not be able to capitalize, as planned, on our Design Wins.
Once we secure a Design Win, we may not be able to properly capitalize on such Design Win. For example, we may not receive revenues from a Design Win due to the customer deciding to hold the introduction of its product or service, of which our Design Win product is a component, to the market. Alternatively, we may experience delays in receiving revenues from a Design Win due to circumstances unrelated to us, such delays may stem from delays in the deployment of the customer's product/service in the market. Delays may also lead to a request by the customer to change the specifications of our product due to changes in industry standards and/or market requirements. There is no assurance that we will be able to secure a Design Win for the product with the new specifications. A customer may also experience a lower demand than forecasted by the customer at the time of securing the Design Win for its product/service, which will accordingly affect its demand for our Design Win product. Additionally, the Design Win client may decide to abandon the use of our product and use an alternate source. Due to the spread of Covid-19 we may experience extended delays in materialization of revenue from Design Wins, as mentioned above.
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The markets for our products change rapidly and demand for new products is difficult to predict and may affect our ability to commercialize our solutions.
The markets for our products are characterized by rapidly changing technology and evolving industry standards. For example, the migration to higher line rate Ethernet solutions, the adaptation of new bus interfaces and increased use of emerging technologies such as Cloud, Virtualization, NFV, SD-WAN and SDN, cause some of our customers to demand such new products and technologies. In the event that such customers decide to begin using new technologies, we may not be able to develop products for the new technologies in a timely manner. Such customers may also select competing products despite our ability to develop products incorporating new technologies. For example, with the shift towards running applications in the Cloud we anticipate that the demand will grow for add-on adapters and products which address the challenges presented by the Cloud, such as switch in every server, hardware acceleration, power, heat and space limitations in such environments, which increase the need for essential building blocks in generic servers, which can potentially be served by our products. Another example is related to the NFV and SD-WAN market sectors, in which our CPE/EDGE (as defined below), as well as our networking related FPGA solutions may have significant demand. While we have announced the securing of several Design Wins such aforementioned solutions, there is no assurance that our customers will continue to buy such solutions from us or that we will be able to generate significant sales in these areas in the long run. If we do not generate significant sales in these areas we may accumulate unusable inventory which can be used only with older technologies. We intend to continue investing in product and technology development. Although we have recorded growing sales of our line of products in recent years, there can be no assurance that we will continue to be successful in the marketing of our current products and in developing, manufacturing and marketing enhanced and new products in a timely manner. Any decrease in the price of, or demand for, any of our products or solutions could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The market for Cloud-based and Cloud-focused solutions is rapidly developing, and if it develops in ways that are different from what we anticipate or expect, our business could be harmed.
In recent years, the Cloud-based market has rapidly developed, and the demand for Cloud-based data centers utilizing virtualization and SDN has increased. We expect that this increase in demand will lead to increased demand for our CPE/EDGE products as well as for our networking related FPGAs. We also expect the Cloud-based data centers to be increasingly based on generic server platforms. These platforms will require offload capabilities in order to address the performance challenges resulting from enormous volume of traffic, the high volume of data, the need to encrypt such data, the need to run in virtualized environment, which by itself is a challenge for the server CPU, and the need to include switching within the server for high efficiency SDN. We anticipate that consequently the demand for add-on adapters which address these challenges will grow. Power, heat and space limitations in such environments increase the need for hardware accelerators. Such systems will require essential building blocks in their own generic severs, which can be served by our products.
While we believe that we address the above needs with a comprehensive suite of products, and while in recent years, we experienced significant growth in the value of Cloud related orders we received for our products, many factors may affect the market acceptance of cloud-based and cloud-focused solutions, the achievement of Design Wins relating to such solutions, the consummation of Design Wins achieved by us and/or the acceptance of products incorporated into such solutions. Some of these factors include the possibility of seeing a reduction in the number of physical servers and appliances required by the providers of cloud based or virtualized solutions, or the evolving of different architecture designs which provide for functionality which our products offer without the need for our products. These factors may also affect our ability to accurately predict the anticipated revenues which may be generated under any such Design Win, our growth potential in the Cloud, our operations, including our inventory levels, and our financial results.
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In addition, we believe that market's demand for our products and solutions in the Cloud demonstrates that the ongoing industry transition to the Cloud continues to represent a fast growing opportunity for us. Nonetheless, if significant organizations providing Cloud based solutions or other virtualized networks do not perceive the benefits of our cloud-focused and/or virtualized network based solutions, or if our competitors or new market entrants are able to develop solutions for this market that do not require products such as ours, or offer features that are, or are perceived to be, more effective than our solutions, this would have a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve and/or consummate Design Wins, on our business, and on our results of operations and financial condition.
The market for Edge Networking Devices to Telcos and service providers for NFV or SD-WAN deployments is rapidly developing, and if it develops in ways that are different from what we anticipate or expect, our business could be harmed.
Recently, with the evolution of the NFV and SD-WAN, most Telcos and service providers have begun seeking for solutions which utilize CPEs for the deployment of SD-WAN or other applications within an NFV architecture. We believe that our CPE products address the requirements of such Telcos and service providers' needs and requirements, and since 2018 we secured several Design Wins for such products.
While we believe that we address the above needs with a comprehensive suite of products, many factors may affect the market acceptance of such solutions and our ability to secure Design Wins and/or awards in this market. Some of these factors include our lack of experience in transacting with such Telcos and service providers, the possible offering of a wider selection of products by some of our competitors, or the possible offering by our competitors of products which include a wider, better suited or more advanced features than the ones included in our products, development of technologies of which our current products may not be compatible, and the price expectations of such Telcos and service providers which may require us to offer our products for lower prices in order to better position ourselves in the market, or remain competitive, thus leading to lower gross profit, which in turn may have an adverse effect on our financial results.
We believe that market's demand for our products and solutions in the NFV and SD-WAN era demonstrate that the Telcos and service providers related industry is transitioning into CPEs which represent a fast growing opportunity for us. Nonetheless, if such Telcos and service providers do not perceive the benefits of our Edge Networking CPEs, or if our competitors or new market entrants are able to develop solutions for this market that are better suited to the market demand, offer their solutions at lower prices, or offer features that are, or are perceived to be, more effective than ours, this would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Rapid development of our business in the Cloud-based, Telco and service providers markets may require us to offer our potential customers with longer payment terms in order to better position ourselves in these markets, to hold higher inventory levels and to increase our need for working capital significantly.
Rapid development of our business in the Cloud-based, Telco, and service providers markets, which we consider major sources of growth in the future, may require us to offer longer payment terms to our targeted customers in the Cloud, Telco and service providers markets as customary in these markets, in order to establish and maintain relationships with such targeted customers and strengthen our competitive position in such markets. In addition, we may be required by such customers to hold higher inventory levels in order to meet their expectations for on-demand deliveries, making the higher available inventory pivotal to our ability to position ourselves and compete in such markets. These factors may significantly increase our need for working capital in order to support our activities in these markets.
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Our networking and data infrastructure solution products which are targeted by us mainly to customers in the OEM, Cloud, Telco and service providers markets, are characterized by long sales cycles.
We target and sell our networking and data infrastructure solution products to customers mainly in the original equipment manufacturing ("OEMs"), Cloud, Telco and service providers markets. We usually sell our products to such customers after achieving Design Wins, which are secured after a process which ends with the implementation of our products in our customers' systems or, with respect to our stand-alone products, their deployment within the relevant customer's network. Securing Design Wins is a lengthy, time-consuming process, which involves the decision making process of our customers, which usually includes several time consuming processes as well, resulting from the critical importance of our products in our customers' systems or networks. Our customers usually need to define the required configuration of their server system, appliance or network, define the needed solution and the type of products that will address their need, evaluate our products, test and qualify our products for their use and then (or in parallel) negotiate the terms for a purchase. This process is lengthy and may result in investing twelve months or more from the time we first contact a prospective customer before such customer implements our products in its system, appliance or network, constituting what is known as a Design Win. Additionally, once a Design Win for one of our products is secured, our sales of these products typically involve significant capital investment decisions by the customer or its prospective end customers, as well as a significant amount of time to educate such end customers as to the benefits of systems and appliances that include our products. As a result, before purchasing systems and appliances, which include our products (and consequently facilitating sales of our products), our potential customers usually invest a substantial amount of time performing internal reviews and obtaining capital expenditure approvals, thereby lengthening the period of time required for a Design Win to mature into consistent sales. These long sale cycles make it difficult to predict when and to what extent, discussions with potential customers will materialize into sales and could cause our revenue and operating results to fluctuate widely from period to period. These long sale cycles may be especially exacerbated due to the spread of Covid-19, as detailed above. In addition, once a Design Win has been secured, the ramp-up of sales under the Design Win is dependent on various factors which are not under our control. This introduces uncertainty as to our ability to accurately predict the ramp-up of sales of our products, may result in significant quarterly, or even annual, fluctuations in the sale rates of our products and may have an adverse effect on our backlog, actual sales and results of operation.
Furthermore, we are required to allocate significant resources in order to compete on the achievement of Design Wins. Since there is no guarantee that we will be successful in achieving such Design Wins or that secured Design Wins will materialize into consistent sales in the competitive and rapidly evolving market in which we operate, unsuccessful efforts to secure or materialize Design Wins may lead to substantial increases in our expenditures, divert the attention of our sales force and management from other business opportunities, and could ultimately have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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The loss of Design Wins from customers in the Cloud, Telco and related service providers markets may result in significant quarterly and even annual fluctuations in our revenues.
The Cloud, Telco and related service providers markets constitute major sources of growth. We anticipate that Design Wins secured from customers in these markets would be significantly larger in size then our Design Wins from other customers. In light of the risk factors related to our operations in the Cloud, Telco and related service providers markets as detailed elsewhere in this Annual Report, we may experience losses of Design Wins in such markets, for which we may not be able to compensate in a timely manner. The losses of such Design Wins may result in significant quarterly or even annual fluctuations in our revenues and results of operations.
Rapid development of our business in the Cloud, Telco and related service providers markets may lead to a decrease in our gross margins which may result in a decrease in our profitability.
Rapid development of our business in the Cloud, Telco and related service providers markets, and our increasing operations and efforts in these markets, require us to adopt a lower gross margin strategy relatively to our gross margins in past years in order to take advantage of increased revenue potential and opportunities in these markets. While in the past we were able to increase our profitability while operating under such lower gross margins, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain or increase our profitability and/or earnings per share in the future and we may not be successful in maintaining or increasing our profitability and/or earnings per share while operating under such lower gross margins in the future.
The rapid development of the Cloud, Telco and related service providers markets may lead certain of our customers to explore various technologies at different points in time during their development process, which are not necessarily compatible with our solutions, or for which our solutions are not designed, for their own internal reasons, even after we secured Design Wins with such customers, and may ultimately decide to pursue different solutions than ours, which may impact our ability to fully consummate our sales under such secured Design Wins and impair our financial results.
The rapid development of the Cloud, Telco and related service providers markets may lead some of the players in these markets to explore different technologies in the course of their internal development process. Even if we secure Design Wins with some of these players, there is no guarantee that such players will ultimately decide to develop or commercialize their products for which our solutions were selected, for reasons which are not related to us and which are not under our control. If such players decide to pursue other paths than the ones for which we secured Design Wins, we may be unable to consummate such Design Wins, which may lead to excess inventory levels and write-offs, that may increase our costs. These factors may increase our operational efforts and expenses. We may also be required to find alternative use for any unused inventory relating to such Design Wins, and if we are unable to find such alternative use or sell such inventory to other customers, we may experience write-offs. All of these factors may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operation. While we focus our efforts on securing Design Wins in these markets, our share price may decline as a result of cancellation of such Design Wins in these markets, if they occur.
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A loss of a material Design Win may lead to a decrease in the volume of orders placed in relation to such Design Win by a few of our customers, which would be harmful for our business and impair our financial results.
In some cases, one of our Design Wins may lead to the placement of purchase orders for our products by several of our customers for the purpose of integrating our products into other systems, as part of the assembly process relating to the said Design Win. The loss of such material Design Win may lead to a decrease in the purchase orders placed by such customers, impair our revenues generated from such customers and have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results.
Difficulties in the fulfillment of financial obligations of one or more of our customers may have an adverse effect on our ability to consummate the collection of consideration payable under purchase orders placed by, or invoiced to, such customers under one or more Design Wins in relation to which such customers operate.
In some cases, one of our customers places orders for our products under several Design Wins for the purpose of integrating our products into other systems. In some cases, one or more of such customers is a major customer. Difficulties in the fulfillment of such customers' financial obligations towards us may expose us to credit risks, may have a material adverse effect on our business, including on our ability to consummate the collection of consideration payable by, or invoiced to, such customer in connection with the Design Wins under which such customer placed orders, may lead to financial losses, may increase our collection expenses, may lead to excess inventory levels, may lead to significant write-offs, may cause legal disputes, may delay the consummation of the relevant Design Win and may ultimately lead to the reduction in the volume of orders placed under such Design Win, or even lead to the cancellation thereof. This may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results.
The market for our products is highly competitive and some of our competitors may be better positioned than us.
The market for our products is highly competitive. We face competition from numerous companies, some of whom are more established, benefit from greater market recognition and have greater financial, production and marketing resources than we do. For example, as further detailed in "Item 4.B – Business Overview – Competition", our main competitors in the Server Adapters space are Mellanox, Intel® and Broadcom, who may offer solutions competing with our developed products. However, as these companies seem to be targeting mostly major Cloud accounts and we target smaller accounts in this market and pursue major Cloud accounts only with solutions not competing with these companies' standard cards, our main competitors are Interface Masters, Portwell, Caswell, Lanner and Adlink, which compete with us on customized solutions including bypass cards. In addition, Cavium (now a part of Marvel), Mellanox, Netronome, Napatech, Myricom (a subsidiary of CSP), Bittware and Nallatech (both now a part of Molex), Lanner, Caswell, Exar, Portwell and Nexcom are the main competitors of certain of our Smart Cards products. In some cases of FPGA based cards Intel and Xilinx also compete with our Smart Cards products. In the Stand-alone Products sector, to the best of our knowledge, with respect to our uCPE/Edge Appliance products, our main competitors are, Caswell, Lanner, Advantech and Nexcom, and with respect to the Bypass Switches and Intelligent Bypass Switches solutions, our main competitors are Keysight, Gigamon, and Interface Masters. There may be other solutions which might also compete with our other products. We cannot guarantee that our present or contemplated products will continue to be distinguishable from those of our competitors or that the marketplace will find our products preferable to those of our competitors. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that competitive pressures will not result in price reductions that could materially adversely affect our business, results of our operations and financial condition. For more information regarding our competitors see "Item 4.B. – Information on the Company – Business Overview – Competition".
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We may not be successful in achieving and consummating Design Wins for our products for the Cloud, Telco and the service providers markets, which constitute a main source of growth.
Our ability to achieve Design Wins for our products for the Cloud, Telco and related service providers markets, and to consummate the sales of our products under Design Wins achieved, is dependent on a large number of factors, many of which are out of our control. These factors include the highly competitive nature of the markets in which we operate, including the Cloud, Telco and service providers markets, the long sale cycles of our products to our OEMs, Cloud and Telco customers, as well as other factors detailed in this Item 3.D. In addition, the loss, ineffectiveness or inability to maintain our customer relationships or our inability to develop new customer relationships, especially due to limitations on travel and meetings and the general disruption of our business due to the spread of Covid-19, as detailed above, may have an adverse effect on our ability to achieve, secure or consummate Design Wins for our Cloud, Telco and service providers related products.
We may need to invest significantly in research and development and business development in order to diversify our product offering and enter new markets.
Most of our revenues are generated from the sale of our networking and data infrastructure solution products. The technology industry in which we operate is characterized by rapid technological change, frequent new product introductions, changes in customer requirements and evolving industry standards. While these changes could lead to a reduction in the demand for our existing products, they could also create an opportunity for us to expand our product offering to our existing customers and to new customers. Accordingly, our future success may depend on our ability to diversify our product offering and enter new markets, which could involve numerous risks, including:

• | Substantial research and development and business development expenditures, which could divert funds from other corporate uses and/or have a significant negative effect on our short-term results;

• | Diversion of management's attention from our core business; and

• | Entrance into markets in which we have little or no experience.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully complete the development and market introduction of new products and no assurance that we will be able to successfully enter new markets. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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We may experience difficulty in developing new and commercially successful products at acceptable release times.
We conduct extensive research, development and engineering activities. Our efforts emphasize our view of the importance of and the need for the development of new products, cost reduction of current products, and enhancement of existing products in response to rapidly changing customer preferences, technologies, and industry standards. We cannot guarantee the continued success of our efforts, or that our products will continue to be widely accepted by the marketplace or that any of our ongoing development efforts will result in other commercially successful products, that such products will be released in a timely manner or at a competitive price, or that we will be able to respond effectively to technological changes or new product announcements by others. Additionally, this may be exacerbated due to the spread of Covid-19, as detailed above, due to some our employees being infected or quarantined along with government mandated lockdowns and travel limitations. Such difficulties along with a material delay in our ability to release new products, may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Significant growth in markets demanding functionality similar to the functionality offered by certain of our products may cause manufacturers to integrate such characteristics into server motherboards or increase the market share of servers and appliances that already have such functionality in-built, eliminating the need for our products.
A significant portion of our products are add-on adapters that are added to existing servers in order to improve their functionality. If demand for improved functionality similar to that of our add-on adapters increases significantly, server manufacturers may begin incorporating such functionality as a part of the basic design of their servers, thereby eliminating the need to achieve such functionality through add-on adapters. Furthermore, the market-share of special purpose servers and appliances that already have such functionality built-in may increase, consequently reducing the market share of solutions based on servers with add-on adapters. We cannot assure you that such a trend will not occur in connection with our add-on adapters or any of our other products. Such a trend would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our customers may replace the servers and appliances they currently use, use or sell servers and appliances that do not require our cards, and/or incorporate cards other than ours.
Many of our customers that use and/or sell servers and appliances which include our cards do so for a few years, and then consider migration to a newer generation. We cannot guarantee that our cards will be needed or selected for such new generation or compatible with it. A decision by a current customer to select a new server and/or appliance without including our cards in such new server and/or appliance may have a significant adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
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We may experience difficulty in developing solutions for servers and appliances with proprietary interfaces, which may be used by some of our potential customers.
The market for networking and data infrastructure includes servers and appliances that make use of proprietary interfaces. These servers and appliances are offered to our potential customers in addition to the customary servers and appliances which use standard interfaces. Our potential customers may decide to use servers and appliances with such proprietary interfaces instead of the customary standard interfaces for which several manufacturers may provide add-on cards. There could be no assurance that we would be able to develop non-standard add-on cards for servers and appliances with proprietary interfaces or, if we are successful in developing such cards, that manufacturers of the proprietary interfaces or the customers electing to use these interfaces will make use of our cards in such non-standard environments.
Our short lead time of customer orders introduces uncertainty into our revenues and severely limits our ability to accurately forecast future sales.
Our sales are made on the basis of purchase orders, which may be placed pursuant to Design Wins, rather than long-term purchase commitments. In addition, our customers may defer purchase orders. The short lead time for firm purchase orders introduces uncertainty into our revenue and production forecasts and business planning, and leads to our inability to accurately forecast future revenues from product sales. As a result, even dramatic fluctuation in revenue (whether increase or decrease) might not be detected until the very end of a financial quarter, which may not enable us to monitor and mitigate costs in a timely manner in order to compensate for such fluctuation.
The short lead time of customer orders combined with the long lead time of our suppliers when ordering certain components for our products could result in either a surplus or lack of sufficient supplies, and may negatively impact on our financial results.
While we are generally required to fill orders for our products within one or two weeks following the receipt of a firm purchase order, we are usually required to place orders of certain components for our products within sixteen to twenty weeks prior to delivery, and in some cases on even earlier dates prior to delivery. As a result, we must have a significant amount of components in our inventory to be able to meet our best forecasts of projected purchase orders as opposed to on the basis of firm purchase orders. In the event that firm purchase orders are significantly lower than such forecasts, a significant part of our inventory will not be used and we may be unable to adjust costs in a timely manner to compensate for revenue shortfalls and in the event that firm purchase orders exceed such forecasts, we will not be able to fill such purchase orders which may lead to the loss of business from a customer.
The loss of a significant customer may have a material adverse effect on us.
We depend on a small number of customers for our products. Our top three customers in 2019 accounted for approximately 35% of our revenues in 2019 (out of which our top customer accounted for approximately 16% of our revenues in 2019). We expect that a small number of customers will continue to account for a significant portion of our revenues for the foreseeable future. Loss or cancellation of business from, significant changes in deliveries to, or decreases in the prices of products sold to, one or more of our key customers has, in the past, significantly reduced our revenues for a reporting period and could, in the future, harm our business, margins, results of operations, and financial condition.
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The loss or ineffectiveness of any of our key customer relationships or a reduction of purchase orders by such customers may have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial results.
Our sales and marketing strategy includes development and maintenance of strategic relationships with leading OEMs in the servers industry and server-based systems industry, as well as with leading Cloud, Telco and service provider customers, which integrate our products into their own systems, or deploy our products in their network. These customers are not within our control, are not obligated to purchase our products, and may select other products that may compete with our lines of products. A reduction in sales efforts or discontinuance of sales of our products by our OEM customers, and/or the reduction in or discontinuance of deployments by our Cloud, Telco, or service provider customers, could lead to reduced sales and could materially adversely affect our operating results. In addition, there is the risk that our customers would build up inventories in anticipation of a growth in sales or deployments. If such growth does not occur as anticipated, such customers may substantially decrease the amount of products ordered in subsequent quarters or discontinue product orders. The termination or loss of either one or more of our key customer relationships at approximately the same time, without being able to compensate this loss with sales to other customers, might have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial results.
We are dependent on key personnel.
Our success has been, and will continue to be, dependent to a large degree on our ability to retain the services of key personnel and to attract additional qualified personnel in the future. Competition for such personnel is intense. There can be no assurance that we will be able to attract, assimilate, or retain key personnel in the future and our failure to do so would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may not be able to prevent others from claiming that we have infringed their proprietary rights.
We cannot guarantee that one or more parties will not assert infringement claims against us. The cost of responding to claims could be significant, regardless of whether the claims have merit. Significant and protracted litigation may be necessary to determine the scope of the proprietary rights of others or to defend against claims of infringement, regardless of whether the claims have merit. Although we believe that all our products use only our intellectual property, or intellectual property which is properly licensed to us, and we are working to ensure that all our employees are properly assigning or licensing to us all rights to the intellectual property we use in our products on a regular basis, in the event that any infringement claim is brought against us and infringement is proven, we could be required to discontinue the use of the relevant technology, to cease the manufacture, use and sale of infringing products, to incur significant litigation damages, costs and expenses, to develop non-infringing technology or to obtain licenses to the alleged infringing technology and to pay royalties to use such licenses. There can be no assurance that we would be able to develop any such alternative technologies or obtain any such licenses on terms commercially acceptable to us.
Although in the past we have resolved a claim of infringement through a license agreement, the terms of which did not have a material effect on our business, any infringement claim or other litigation against us could seriously harm our business, operating results and financial condition. While there are no other lawsuits or other claims currently pending against us or our subsidiaries regarding the infringement of patents or intellectual property rights of others, we have been a party to such claims in the past and may be party to such claims in the future.
We may not be able to protect our intellectual proprietary rights.
Our success, ability to compete, and future revenue growth are dependent and will depend, in part, on our ability to protect our intellectual property. It is possible that competitors or other unauthorized third parties may obtain, copy, use, or disclose our technologies and processes. Any of our existing, acquired, or future patents or other rights to our intellectual property may be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented. If our intellectual property rights do not adequately protect our technology, our competitors may be able to offer products similar to ours.
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In order to establish and protect the technology we use in our products, we primarily rely on a combination of non-disclosure agreements and technical measures, and to a lesser degree on patents. We enter into confidentiality arrangements with our employees, key consultants and other third parties with whom we conduct business. In addition, our employees and key consultants involved in the development of our technologies are required to sign non-compete and invention assignment agreements. We also control access to and distribution of our technologies, documentation and other proprietary information. Despite these efforts, internal or external parties may attempt to copy, disclose, obtain, or use our products, services, or technology without our authorization.
Despite perceived exclusive access to any intellectual property rights obtained via acquisition, and our best efforts during any such acquisition process to secure such rights, internal or external parties may attempt to copy, disclose, obtain, or use our products, services, or technology without our authorization, or others may assert infringement claims against us with respect to a product of ours which utilizes such acquired intellectual property rights.
We believe that the measures we take afford only limited protection, and accordingly, there can be no assurance that the steps we take will be adequate to prevent the challenging of our rights in our technology, or misappropriation of our technology or the independent development of similar technologies by others.
In addition, the process of seeking patent protection to our technology may take a long time and be expensive. We cannot assure that pending or future patent applications will result in the issuance of patents or that, if patents are issued, they will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented or that the rights granted under the patents will provide us with meaningful protection or any commercial advantage.
In addition, we cannot assure you that other countries in which we market our services and products will protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the United States. Effective intellectual property enforcement may be unavailable or limited in some countries. It may be difficult for us to protect our intellectual property from misuse or infringement by other companies in these countries. Our inability to enforce our intellectual property rights in some countries may harm our business and results of operations. Litigation, which could result in substantial costs to us and diversion of our resources, may also be necessary to enforce our patents or other intellectual property rights.
Further, we cannot assure you that we will at all times enforce our patents or other intellectual property rights or that courts will uphold our intellectual property rights, or enforce the contractual arrangements that we have entered into to protect our proprietary technology, which could reduce our opportunities to generate revenues. Our intellectual property assignment, confidentiality and non-competition agreements may not be enforceable and our proprietary technology may not remain a secret. Others may develop similar technology and use it to compete with us. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, former employees and other unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our products or obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary.
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Inability to cooperate with and receive information from our key component manufacturers could affect our ability to develop new products required by our customers and by the industry in which we operate.
Our products are based on silicon which is mostly manufactured by Intel® and Xilinx. In order to design our products, we need to receive information that enables us to design products with the use of such silicon. There can be no assurance that we will continue to receive all the information required for designing products with the use of new silicons continuously released by the above mentioned companies. The reduction in the level of cooperation with our manufacturers, including as a result of such manufacturers' decision to compete with our products, or our inability to obtain information from our manufacturers relating to their products used by us, may adversely affect our ability to develop new products required by customers and by the industry in which we operate.
We may make acquisitions or pursue mergers that could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition.
As part of our business strategy, we have sought and may continue to seek to invest in or acquire other businesses, technologies, or assets, and we may enter into joint ventures or other strategic relationships with third parties.
We may assume liabilities, incur amortization expenses related to intangible assets, or realize large and immediate write-offs in connection with future acquisitions. In addition, the future valuation of these acquisitions may decrease from the market price paid by us, which may result in writing-off or impairing, of the relevant assets. In addition, our operation of any acquired or merged businesses, technologies, or assets could involve numerous risks, including:

• | Post-merger integration problems resulting from the combination of any acquired operations with our own operations or from the combination of two or more operations into a new merged entity;

• | Diversion of management's attention from our core business;

• | Substantial expenditures, which could divert funds from other corporate uses;

• | Entering markets in which we have little or no experience; and

• | Loss of key employees of the acquired operations.

We cannot assure you that any acquisition or merger will be successful. If the operation of the business of any acquisition or merger disrupts our operations, our business may suffer. In addition, even if we successfully integrate the acquired business with our own, we may not receive the intended benefits of the acquisition.
We may be subject to risks associated with laws, regulations and customer initiatives, including such that relate to the environment, conflict minerals, privacy or other issues, which may force us to incur additional expenses, may make our supply chain and operations more complex and may result in damage to our reputation with customers.
Our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected if laws, regulations, or standards relating to our business and products, us or our employees (including labor laws and regulations) are constantly implemented or changed. Such implemented laws and regulations include requirements in the United States, Europe, Israel and other territories in relation to data privacy and protection, anti-bribery and anti-corruption, import and export, labor, tax and environmental and social issues. From time to time, we may also operate pursuant to specific authorizations of, and commitments towards, U.S., Israeli, E.U., or other governmental authorities and agencies. While we make every effort to comply with such requirements, we cannot assure you that we will be fully successful in our efforts, and that our business will not be harmed. Failure to comply with such laws, regulations, authorizations and commitments could results in fines, damages, civil liability and criminal sanctions against us, our officers and our employees, prohibitions on the conduct of our business and damage to our reputation.
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Such laws and regulations include the EU's General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.
The GDPR provides that companies must comply with certain standards regarding the protection of the personal data or risk significant financial penalties. Regulations or interpretive positions may be enforced specifically with respect to the use of outsourced services, such as SaaS, hosting and cloud-based services. Compliance with such legislation and regulations may require that we invest in the modification of our operations to comply with such legislation and regulations, or subject ourselves to liability resulting from a breach of such regulations. Failure to comply with privacy legislation or procedures may cause us to incur civil liability to government agencies, customers, shareholders and individuals whose privacy may have been compromised.
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act includes disclosure requirements regarding the use of "conflict" minerals mined from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries ("DRC") and procedures regarding a manufacturer's efforts to prevent the sourcing of such "conflict" minerals. These requirements will require companies to diligence, disclose and report whether or not such "conflict" minerals originate from the DRC. The implementation of these requirements could adversely affect the sourcing, availability and pricing of minerals such as cassiterite, wolframite, columbite-tantalite (coltan), and gold, or their derivatives, which are limited to tantalum, tin and tungsten, which are used in the manufacture of certain components used in our products. As a result, this could limit the pool of suppliers who can provide us DRC "conflict free" components and parts, and we may not be able to obtain DRC "conflict free" products or supplies in sufficient quantities for our operations. Also, because our supply chain is complex, we may face reputational challenges with our customers, shareholders and other stakeholders if we are unable to sufficiently verify the origins for the minerals used in our products. In such event, we may also face difficulties in satisfying customers who require that all of the components of our products are certified as conflict mineral free. In addition, we will incur additional costs to comply with the disclosure requirements, including costs related to determining the source of any of the relevant minerals and metals used in our products. For additional information see "Item 4 – Information on the Company – Business Overview".
We depend on governmental licenses for our exports.
Our international sales depend largely on export licenses from the government of Israel in relation to products which contain encryption capabilities, which we are currently required to hold. As of the date of this annual report, we have obtained all such licenses necessary to carry out our international sales. If we fail to obtain a material license in the future, or if a material license previously obtained is revoked or expires and is not renewed, our ability to sell our products to overseas customers could be interrupted, resulting in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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Significant disruptions of our information technology systems or breaches of our data security could adversely affect our business.
A significant invasion, interruption, destruction, or breakdown of our information technology systems and/or infrastructure by persons with authorized or unauthorized access could negatively impact our business and operations. We are subject to laws and regulations governing the collection, use and transmission of personal information. As the legislative and regulatory landscape for data privacy and protection continues to evolve around the world, there has been an increasing focus on privacy and data protection issues that may affect our business, including the GDPR, and other laws and regulations governing the collection, use, disclosure and transmission of data. We could also experience business interruption, information theft, legal claims and liability, regulatory penalties and/or reputational damage from cyber-attacks, which may compromise our systems and lead to data leakage either internally or at our third party providers. Our systems may be the target of malware and other cyber-attacks. Although we have invested in measures to reduce these risks, we cannot assure you that these measures will be successful in preventing the compromise and/or disruption of our information technology systems and related data. Additionally, this may be exacerbated due to the spread of Covid-19, as detailed above, due to many of our employees working from home and remotely accessing our IT networks.
Risks Relating to Operations in Israel and Internationally
The tax benefits available to us under Israeli law require us to meet several conditions and may be terminated or reduced in the future, which would increase our taxes.
Our production facilities have been granted "Approved Enterprise" or "Benefited Enterprise" status in past years and currently hold a "Preferred Enterprise" status under the Encouragement of Capital Investments Law, and as such, we are entitled to certain tax benefits. In order to be eligible for these tax benefits, we must meet certain conditions. If we fail to meet these conditions in the future, the tax benefits could be reduced or canceled. These tax benefits may not be continued in the future at their current levels, or at any level. The termination or reduction of these benefits may increase our income tax expense in the future. To the best of our knowledge, to date we have met the conditions for benefits under our "Preferred Enterprise" status in all material respects. There can be no assurance, however, that we will continue to meet such conditions in the future. If these tax benefits are reduced, cancelled, or discontinued, our Israeli taxable income would be subject to "regular" Israeli corporate tax rate. In December 2016, the regular tax rate in Israel was reduced to 24% in 2017 and to 23% as from 2018 and thereafter. See "Item 10 – Additional Information – Taxation – the Encouragement of Capital Investments Law, 1959" for more information about our "Preferred Enterprise" status.
The government programs and benefits, which we previously received, require us to meet several conditions in order to transfer intellectual property developed using government funding abroad, or in order to consummate a change of control.
We received grants from the Government of Israel through programs with the Office of the Chief Scientist of the Israeli Ministry of Economy and Industry, or OCS (now known as the Israel Innovation Authority, or the "IIA"), as it was known prior to Amendment No. 7 (the "R&D Amendment") to the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Industrial Research and Development, 1984, and related regulations (the "R&D Law").
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On July 29, 2015, the Israeli Parliament, the Knesset, enacted the R&D Amendment, which, effective as of January 1, 2016, amends material provisions of the R&D Law, including royalty rates, changes to royalty rates upon transfer of manufacturing rights abroad, etc., and leaves substantial discretion with the IIA.
In addition, the R&D Law and the IIA impose certain limitations with respect to transfer of manufacturing rights and know-how, as well as to change of control in companies which receive government funding from the OCS or IIA. Companies which received governmental funding from the IIA or OCS are also subject to increased payment obligations with respect to outsourcing or transferring development or manufacturing activities with respect to any product or technology developed using IIA or OCS funding outside of Israel, which may impair our ability to sell such technology assets outside of Israel or to outsource, transfer development, or manufacturing activities with respect to any such product or technology outside of Israel, or impose difficulties in consummation of a change of control in the Company.
The political environment and hostilities in Israel could harm our business.
Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a state of hostility has existed between Israel and the Arab countries in the region. This state of hostility has varied in degree and intensity over time. There has also been conflict and unrest between Israel, the Palestinian Authority and certain terrorist groups operating within the Palestinian Authority and Lebanon. In addition, internal conflicts within neighboring counties such as Egypt and Syria also affect Israel, both directly and indirectly.
Similar civil unrest and political turbulence has occurred in other countries in the region, including Syria which shares a common border with Israel, and is affecting the political stability of those countries. Since April 2011, internal conflict in Syria has escalated, and evidence indicates that chemical weapons have been used in the region. This instability and any intervention may lead to deterioration of the political and economic relationships that exist between the State of Israel and some of these countries, and may have the potential for additional conflicts in the region. In addition, Iran has threatened to attack Israel and is widely believed to be developing nuclear weapons. Iran is also believed to have a strong influence among extremist groups in the region, such as Hamas in Gaza, and Hezbollah in Lebanon. Iran is known to support the government of Syria in its battles against various rebel militia groups in Syria.
Furthermore, several countries still restrict trade with Israeli companies and additional countries may impose such restrictions as a result of changes in the military and/or political conditions in Israel and/or the surrounding countries, which may limit our ability to make sales in, or purchase components from, those countries. Any future armed conflict, political instability, continued violence in the region or restrictions could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. While such hostilities did not in the past have a material adverse impact on our business, we cannot guarantee that hostilities will not be renewed and have such an effect in the future. The political and security situation in Israel may result in parties with whom we have contracts claiming that they are not obligated to perform their commitments under those agreements pursuant to force majeure provisions. Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its present trading partners could adversely affect our operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital or obtain components used in our products. Since many of our facilities are located in Israel, we could experience serious disruptions if acts associated with this conflict result in any serious damage to our facilities. Any insurance coverage we may have may not adequately compensate us for losses that may occur and any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business. Any future armed conflict or political instability in the region could negatively affect business conditions and harm our results of operations.
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Many of our employees in Israel are required to perform military reserve duty.
All non-exempt male adult citizens and permanent residents of Israel under the age of 40, or older for reserves officers or citizens with certain occupations, as well as certain female adult citizens and permanent residents of Israel, are obligated to perform military reserve duty and may be called to active duty under emergency circumstances. In recent years, there have been significant call-ups of military reservists, and it is possible that there will be additional call-ups in the future. While we have operated effectively despite these conditions in the past, we cannot assess what impact these conditions may have in the future, particularly if emergency circumstances arise. Our operations could be disrupted by the absence for a significant period of one or more of our executive officers or key employees or a significant number of our other employees due to military service. Any disruption in our operations would harm our business.
Exchange rate fluctuations and international risks could increase the cost of our operations.
Approximately 96% of our international sales are denominated in U.S. Dollars and may be subject to government controls and other risks, including, in some cases, export licenses, federal restrictions on export, currency fluctuations, political instability, trade restrictions, and changes in tariffs and freight rates. Our U.S. dollar costs in Israel and Denmark will increase further to the extent that inflation in Israel and/or Denmark exceeds the devaluation of the NIS and/or Danish Krone ("DKK"), respectively, against the dollar, if the timing of such devaluation lags behind inflation in Israel and/or Denmark, or if the dollar devalues against the NIS and/or DKK.
We are affected by worldwide downturns in industries based on technology.
The volatility in the securities markets and its effect on high-technology companies may have a ripple effect on our performance. In the downturn which the markets experienced beginning in 2001, technology companies dealing in communications and computers were severely affected and some were forced to cease operations. We felt the effects of this downturn in 2001 through 2003. We were also affected by the downturn in the economic markets which began in 2008, posing a risk to industries based on technology as well as the overall economy. There can be no assurance that our results will not be affected on a going forward basis by any economic downturns, including the current downturn to the global economy relating to the spread of Covid-19, as detailed above.
General economic conditions may adversely affect the Company's results.
Uncertainty in global economic conditions, including any disruption in financial and credit markets, such as the current disruption to the global economy relating to the spread of Covid-19, as detailed above, pose a risk to the overall economy that could impact demand for our and our customers' products, as well as our ability to manage commercial relationships with our customers and suppliers. If the global economic situation worsens, our business could be negatively impacted, including such areas as reduced demand for our products and services, or supplier or customer disruptions, which could reduce our revenues or our ability to collect our accounts receivable and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
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Israeli courts might not enforce judgments rendered outside of Israel.
We are incorporated in Israel. All of our executive officers and directors are non-residents of the United States, and a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. Therefore, it may be difficult to enforce a judgment obtained in the United States against us or any such persons. It may also be difficult to enforce civil liabilities under U.S. federal securities laws in original actions instituted in Israel. However, subject to certain time limitations, Israeli courts may enforce U.S. final executory judgments for liquidated amounts in civil matters obtained after due trial before a court of competent jurisdiction (according to the rules of private international law currently prevailing in Israel) which enforces similar Israeli judgments, provided that the requisite procedural and legal requirements are adhered to.
If a foreign judgment is enforced by an Israeli court, it generally will be payable in NIS, which can then be converted into foreign currency at the rate of exchange of such foreign currency on the date of payment. Pending collection, the amount of the judgment of an Israeli court stated in NIS (without any linkage to a foreign currency) ordinarily will be linked to the Israeli consumer price index plus interest at the annual statutory rate prevailing at such time. Judgment creditors bear the risk of unfavorable exchange rates.
Risks Related to our Ordinary Shares
We may experience a decline in our share price, including during periods of uncertainty in global economic conditions, and there is no guarantee that our share price will remain stable or not decline.
In the past, our share price has declined, including during periods of uncertainty in global economic conditions, and we may be affected by, among others, downturn in economic conditions, including the current downturn to the global economy relating to the spread of Covid-19, as detailed above. We cannot assure you that our share price will remain stable or not decline in the future.
We may not be able to distribute dividends in the future.
On January 14, 2013, we announced a dividend policy for distributing up to 50% of our annual distributable profits as a dividend. As part of the stated dividend policy the Company's Board of Directors reserved the right to declare additional dividend distributions, to change the rate of dividend distributions (either as a policy or on a one-time basis), to cancel a specific distribution or to cancel the policy as a whole at any time, at its sole discretion. On March 15, 2018, our Board of Directors adopted a resolution to suspend until further notice the said dividend policy in order to increase our available funds in support of our long-term growth.
Our ability to distribute dividends in the future may be adversely affected by the risk factors described in this report. Any dividend will depend on our earnings, capital requirements, financial condition and other business and economic factors affecting us at the time as our board of directors may consider relevant. Our ability to pay cash dividends may be restricted by instruments governing any of our obligations. We are restricted by Israeli law to pay dividends in any fiscal year only out of "profits", as defined by the Companies Law, unless otherwise authorized by an Israeli court, and provided that the distribution is not reasonably expected to impair our ability to fulfill our outstanding and expected obligations. There is no assurance that we will be able to pay dividends or increase our payment of dividends in the future, nor is there any assurance that our Board of Directors will not further change or cancel our dividend policy in the future. If we are unable to pay dividends at levels anticipated by investors in our shares, the market price of our shares may be negatively affected and the value of our shareholders' investment may be reduced. See "Item 8.A. – Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information", under the caption "A8. – Dividend Policy" for additional information regarding the payment of dividends.
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If we fail to meet continued listing standards of NASDAQ, our shares may be delisted, which could have a material adverse effect on the liquidity of our shares.
Our ordinary shares are currently traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. The NASDAQ has requirements that a company must meet in order to remain listed on NASDAQ. In particular, NASDAQ rules require us to maintain a minimum bid price of US$ 1.00 per share of our ordinary shares. If the closing bid price of our common stock were to fall below US$ 1.00 per share for 30 consecutive trading days or we do not meet other listing requirements, we would fail to be in compliance with NASDAQ's listing standards. There can be no assurance that we will continue to meet the minimum bid price requirement, or any other requirement in the future. If we fail to meet the minimum bid price requirement, the NASDAQ Stock Market may initiate the delisting process with a notification letter. If our ordinary shares were to be delisted, our liquidity would be adversely affected and our market price could decrease.
The trading volume of our shares has been low in the past and may be low in the future, resulting in lower than expected market prices for our shares.
Our shares have been traded at low volumes in the past and may be traded at low volumes in the future for reasons related or unrelated to our performance. This low trading volume may result in lower than expected market prices for our ordinary shares and our shareholders may not be able to resell their shares for prices equal to or higher than the price for which they were purchased.
If we are characterized as a passive foreign investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes, our U.S. shareholders may suffer adverse tax consequences.
We will be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, if 75% or more of our gross income in a taxable year, including our pro-rata share of the gross income of any company, U.S. or foreign, in which we are considered to own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more of the shares by value, is passive income. Alternatively, we will be considered a PFIC if at least 50% of our assets in a taxable year, averaged over the year and ordinarily determined based on fair market value and including our pro-rata share of the assets of any company in which we are considered to own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more of the shares by value, are held for the production of, or produce, passive income. If we were to be a PFIC, and a U.S. Holder does not make an election to treat us as a "qualified electing fund", or QEF, or a "mark-to-market" election, "excess distributions" to a U.S. Holder, and any gain recognized by a U.S. Holder on a disposition or our ordinary shares, would be taxed in an unfavorable way. Among other consequences, our dividends, to the extent that they constitute "excess distributions", would be taxed at the regular rates applicable to ordinary income, rather than the 20% maximum rate applicable to certain dividends received by an individual from a "qualified foreign corporation", and certain "interest" charges may apply. In addition, gains on the sale of our shares would be treated in the same way as excess distributions. The tests for determining PFIC status are applied annually and it is difficult to make accurate predictions of future income and assets, which are relevant to the determination of PFIC status. In addition, under the applicable statutory and regulatory provisions, it is unclear whether we would be permitted to use a gross loss from sales (sales less cost of goods sold) to offset our passive income in the calculation of gross income. As a result of our substantial cash position, if the value of our shares declines, there is a substantial risk that we will be classified as a PFIC under the asset test described above. There can be no assurance that we will not be classified as a PFIC by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. In light of the uncertainties described above, no assurance can be given that we will not be a PFIC in any year. A U.S. Holder who makes a QEF election is taxed currently on such holder's proportionate share of our earnings, including both ordinary income and net capital gain. If the IRS determines that we are a PFIC for a year with respect to which we have determined that we were not a PFIC, however, it might be too late for a U.S. Holder to make a timely QEF election, unless the U.S. Holder qualifies under the applicable Treasury regulations to make a retroactive (late) election. U.S. Holders who hold ordinary shares during a period when we are a PFIC will be subject to the foregoing rules, even if we cease to be a PFIC, subject to exceptions for U.S. Holders who made a timely QEF or mark-to-market election, or certain other elections. We do not currently intend to prepare or provide the information that would enable you to make a Qualified Electing Fund election. Accordingly, our shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of PFIC rules.
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Our investment portfolio may be impaired by disruptions in the financial and credit markets.
Our investment portfolio currently consists of corporate debt securities which the Company classified at December 31, 2019 as "held-to-maturity". As of December 31, 2019, we hold approximately US$ 60.6 million in corporate debt securities and government debt securities.
Due to possible significant disruptions in the financial and credit markets, the corporate debt securities in our portfolio are subject to a possible increased risk of default due to bankruptcy, lack of liquidity, operational failure, or other factors affecting the issuers of those securities. In addition, securities in our portfolio are subject to other risks, such as credit, liquidity, market and interest rate risks, which may be exacerbated by market disruptions, and which may impair the assets. We may be required to adjust the carrying value of our investment securities due to a default, lack of liquidity or other event, if the event constitutes an impairment which is considered to be other-than-temporary. As of December 31, 2019, we were not required to adjust the carrying value of our investment securities since there were no other-than-temporary impairments. If we will experience such a loss, it will be recorded in our consolidated statement of operations which could materially adversely impact our consolidated results of operations and financial condition.
Item 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY.
A. History and Development of the Company
Our legal and commercial name is Silicom Ltd. We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel in 1987, and we operate under Israeli law and legislation. Our registered and principal executive offices are located in Israel at 14 Atir Yeda Street, Kfar Sava, Israel 4464323, and our telephone number is +972-(0)9-764-4555.
Our shares have been listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market since January 2, 2014 under the ticker symbol "SILC". Prior thereto our shares were listed on the NASDAQ Global Market (previously known as the NASDAQ National Market) under the ticker symbol "SILC" (and previously "SILCF") from February 11, 2008. Prior thereto, our shares were listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market (previously known as the NASDAQ Small-Cap). On December 20, 2005, we obtained the approval of the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, or TASE, for the listing of our shares on TASE. Trading of our shares on TASE commenced on December 27, 2005. On October 26, 2015, our Board of Directors resolved to act to delist the Company's shares from trading on the TASE. Consequently, we applied to the TASE and requested that TASE initiate the delisting process. On October 29, 2015, the TASE announced to the TASE members on the TASE electronic filing site, the MAYA, and on the ISA electronic filing site, the MAGNA, that the last trading day in the Company's shares on the TASE shall be January 26, 2016 and that on January 28, 2016, the Company's shares shall be delisted from trading on the TASE. Accordingly, the last trading day in our shares on the TASE was January 26, 2016, and on January 28, 2016, our shares were delisted from trading on the TASE. Our shares are currently listed only on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. See "Item 9 – The Offer and Listing – Markets and Share Price History".
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In March 2014, we filed a "shelf" registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") effective until April 4, 2017, under which we were authorized to sell up to US$ 80,000,000 of our ordinary shares in one or more offerings. On April 3, 2017, we filed a replacement "shelf" registration statement with the SEC (the "April 2017 Shelf Registration Statement"), designated to replace our March 2014 "shelf" registration statement, which was declared effective on June 2, 2017, under which we have not offered any securities for sale to date. Under the April 2017 Shelf Registration Statement, we may sell up to US$ 80,000,000 of our ordinary shares in one or more offerings. We may offer securities under the April 2017 Shelf Registration Statement until May 31, 2020.
In December 2014, we entered into a share purchase agreement with Fiberblaze A/S (now Silicom Denmark (Fiberblaze A/S)), a provider of high performance application acceleration solutions for the mobile, telecommunication, network monitoring, cyber security, financial and related industries ("Fiberblaze"), Nikolaj Herman, Fiberblaze Holding APS ("Fiberblaze Holding"), a Danish company, Hilmer APS, a Danish company ("Hilmer"), and Jakob Hilmer, for the purchase of the entire share capital of Fiberblaze and Fiberblaze US (the "Fiberblaze SPA") in consideration for an amount of approximately US$ 10 million, plus such additional amounts as earn out payments in the event Fiberblaze meets pre-determined criteria during the Evaluation Period (as such term is defined in the Fiberblaze SPA). In 2016 we paid an earn out payment in the amount of US$ 1,463 thousand, of which 90% was paid in cash and 10% in options to purchase ordinary shares of the Company. For additional information regarding the Fiberblaze SPA, see "Item 10 – Additional Information – Material Contracts", "Item 19 – Exhibits – Exhibit 4.10. – Fiberblaze SPA" and Note 3B to our financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
In September 2015, we, together with our wholly owned subsidiary, Silicom Connectivity Solutions, Inc., entered into an asset purchase agreement with ADI Engineering, Inc. ("ADI"), a US company which provides Intel®-based products targeted at SDN, NFV, IoT ('Internet of Things'), Cloud computing and Virtualization, Steve Yates and Patricia Yates (the "ADI APA") for the purchase of ADI's assets in consideration for an amount equal to US$ 10 million in cash at closing, and an additional consideration subject to the attainment of certain future performance milestones applicable to the years 2015-2017 (the "Excess Consideration"). In 2016 we paid an Excess Consideration in the amount of US$ 3,000 thousand for the attainment of the 2015 performance milestone detailed in the ADI APA. We did not pay any additional Excess Consideration since the respective performance milestones were not attained. For additional information regarding the ADI APA, see "Item 10 – Additional Information – Material Contracts", "Item 19 – Exhibits – Exhibit 4.11. – ADI APA" and Note 3A to our financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
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Principal capital expenditures and divestitures
From January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2019, our capital expenditures totaled to approximately US$ 1,635 thousand (compared to US$ 1,740 thousand during 2018 and US$ 2,118 thousand during 2017), of which approximately US$ 1,234 thousand (compared to US$ 1,590 thousand during 2018 and US$ 2,006 thousand during 2017) can be attributed to machinery and equipment, and approximately US$ 401 thousand (compared to US$ 150 thousand during 2018 and US$ 112 thousand during 2017) can be attributed to office furniture and equipment and leasehold improvements. We have financed our capital expenditures from our available internal resources, and expect to continue to finance our capital expenditures in a similar manner in 2020.
B. Business Overview
We are an industry-leading provider of high-performance networking and data infrastructure solutions. Designed primarily to improve performance and efficiency in Cloud and Data Center environments, our solutions increase throughput, decrease latency and boost the performance of servers and networking appliances, the infrastructure backbone that enables advanced Cloud architectures and leading technologies like NFV, SD-WAN and Cyber Security. Our innovative solutions for high-density networking, high-speed fabric switching, offloading and acceleration, which utilize a range of cutting-edge silicon technologies as well as FPGA-based solutions, are ideal for scaling-up and scaling-out cloud infrastructures.
Our products are used by major Cloud players, service providers, Telcos and OEMs as components of their infrastructure offerings, including both add-on adapters in the Data Center and stand-alone CPE devices at the edge.
Products
Our products are comprised of:

(i) | Server network interface cards (Server Adapters);

(ii) | Smart Cards: Intelligent and/or programmable cards, with features such as encryption, acceleration, data compression, redirection and switching, packet processing, time stamping, packet capture solutions, ultra-low latency solutions, other offloading features; and

(iii) | Stand-alone Products: Customer-Premises Equipment, including virtualized Customer-Premises Equipment (vCPE) and universal Customer-Premises Equipment (uCPE) (together, "CPE"), edge devices for SD-WAN and NFV deployments (together with the CPE, "EDGE"), Networking Targeted Appliances, Bypass Switches and Intelligent Bypass Switches.

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Server Adapters
We have developed a line of products for the server networking industry, which facilitates interaction between servers and switches, allowing them to communicate with each other through a larger number of ports and with higher performance than their original manufacturer designed capabilities. Our designs have resulted in powerful products that allow server-based systems to fully exploit the high speed potential of 1/10/25/40/100 Gigabit Ethernet. The products have either one, two, four, six, or eight ports, which plug into servers which need to have such capabilities. Some of these products include bypass functionality which allows continuation of traffic even when the server carrying the card is failing.
On August 21, 2018, we issued a Press Release on Form 6-K announcing that our 100G bypass switch was selected by a world leader in the network visibility market.
On May 14, 2019, we issued a Press Release on Form 6-K announcing a world-leading provider of hyper-converged software-designed storage systems will be using our next-generation connectivity solutions to enhance the performance of its newest product lines.
Smart Cards
Our Smart Card products include smart server adapters such as: (a) redirector and switching cards, (b) encryption and data compression hardware acceleration cards, and (c) FPGA based packet processing cards.
Our redirector and switching cards improve performance by: (a) enabling switching fabric on a network interface card ("NIC") while (in some cases) providing separate data path and management path for the switching fabric and sometimes eliminating the need for a Top Of Rack switch within the Cloud, (b) enabling traffic filtering in order to reduce the amount of traffic received by the server, limiting it to only essential traffic for the server CPU, and consequently improving server performance, (c) load-balancing between external servers and/or CPUs and/or CPU cores increasing the efficiency of the server, and (d) offloading some of the CPU tasks to the switch on the NIC.
Our product line of high-performance encryption cards is designed to improve the throughput of servers with respect to which the traffic into and from them requires encryption or decryption. The products improve the performance of such servers by independently executing encryption tasks, thereby accelerating the encryption process and freeing the CPUs of such servers for other activities. This product line can off-load not only encryption functionality, but compression functionality as well. The market need for compression off-load was previously limited to some content delivery and WAN optimization networking applications; however, such compression off-load is now becoming more and more important in the storage market especially within the Big-Data area, which is the market sector that is the primary target of this functionality.
Our 1G/10G/25G/40G/100G FPGA (field programmable gate array) based packet processing cards are based either on a combined standard Intel® networking silicon and an FPGA, or on a pure FPGA based solution, working at wire speed to achieve a variety of functionalities. Our products include three levels of solutions: The first level include, minimal solution related IP, where we provide our customers with "Naked" FPGA cards, which they can use to program in any way they want. In these cards, other than the hardware, we only provide FPGA and software, which are required to test and verify the cards functionality. In the second level, we provide a framework for a Smart Card. Such a framework allows the customer to add to the FPGA its own application, while the various interfaces are already a part of the framework, providing optimized solutions for low latency, throughput and speed. In the third level, we provide solutions implemented in the FPGA. Such solutions are related to 5G, Packet Capturing, HFT, encryption/decryption, Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) and other Cloud and NFV related applications. The implementation of these solutions by the customers is proposed both in an "as is" model and as a sample code which the customer can then use as the basis to what it wants to do.
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On February 7, 2018, we issued a Press Release on Form 6-K announcing that one of our long-term customers, a rapidly-growing Cyber Security company which is now moving heavily into the processing of higher volumes of data at much higher data rates, has standardized on our high-density server adapters with the intention of eventually using them to replace all of its lower speed/lower density adapters. With this new Design Win, this customer's run rate has risen to US$ 1 million per year, and is expected to ramp up to approximately US$ 1.5 million per year.
On March 21, 2017, we issued a Press Release on Form 6-K announcing the achievement of our largest-ever Design Win granted to us by a Cloud player for a highly customized version of our 100-Gigabit high bandwidth switch fabric on a NIC cloud solution.
On March 13, 2018, we announced that such Cloud player has decided to abort the new cloud infrastructure architecture for which it had ordered our product. In communicating its decision, the customer indicated that the cancellation of such Design Win was unrelated to our product, development or support, which was flawless, and that rather, its decision to abort the configuration was based on modification to its technical and business strategy.
On June 25, 2018, we issued a Press Release on Form 6-K announcing that a tier-1 Internet and content provider chose our 200G Switch-on-a-NIC solution for its hub infrastructure for an SD-WAN deployment.
On January 10, 2019, we issued a Press Release on Form 6-K announcing that a leading global ISP (Internet Service Provider) has selected our FPGA-based Smart NIC for deployment in its data centers throughout the world. This Design Win incorporates our unique "Packet Mover" technology, which allows easy integration of any customer specific or generic IP.
On March 26, 2019, we issued a Press Release on Form 6-K announcing that a leading cloud player has selected us to supply an FPGA-based smart NIC that is planned to become a part of its virtualized Cloud.
On July 8, 2019, we issued a Press Release on Form 6-K announcing that one of the world's largest process equipment technology companies has selected Silicom to provide a customized version of its next-generation 400G FPGA Smart-NIC.
On September 9, 2019, we issued a Press Release on Form 6-K announcing that one of the world's largest companies has commissioned Silicom to design and build a task-specific FPGA-based card. The customer will integrate the customized product inside its autonomous vehicles during a preliminary limited deployment project.
Stand-alone Products
Our main Stand-Alone product line includes a family of CPE or Edge Networking Devices products. These products are full computing platforms in a networking intensive environment, mostly existing in the Telco based edge solutions and the Cloud edge, and offered by Telcos, Cloud Vendors, and application vendors. Our products in this family includes very low end IoT devices, going through typical branch/CPE units and up to rack mounted devices targeting large scale branches.
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Our capabilities within the CPE world include modular approach and secured management features, as well as customized designs, to help the customer achieve its required challenging performance, data volume and infrastructure-scale-up goals. Our CPE products offer reliability and robust performance, addressing challenges of SD-WAN and NFV integration and deployment.
Another stand-alone product line includes our Bypass Switches and Intelligent Bypass Switches, which allow the use of our solutions even where the networking component of the solution is already present.
On April 30, 2018, we issued a Press Release on Form 6-K announcing that we have been selected by a Tier-1 US Telco to deliver edge devices for its SD-Wan based small business gateways.
On August 21, 2018, we issued a Press Release on Form 6-K announcing that our standalone 100G bypass switch was selected by a world leader in the network visibility market.
On December 3, 2018, we issued a Press Release on Form 6-K announcing that one of the world's largest service providers is expected to deploy our modular CPE units in its worldwide NFV implementation with SD-WAN integrated as one of its network functions.
On April 29, 2019, we issued a Press Release on Form 6-K announcing that an additional product group within one of its Tier-1 service provider customers has decided to replace an edge device currently supplied by another vendor with one of the Silicom uCPE models that it is currently using.
On May 7, 2019, we issued a Press Release on Form 6-K announcing that it has launched its powerful new Edge Computing platform based on the Intel® Xeon-D (D2100) processor. Targeted for the needs of Cloud and Communication Service Providers (CoSP), the new platform is optimized for Edge Computing services including uCPE (Universal Customer Premises Equipment), Cloud Edge, 5G Distributed Unit (DU), and IoT Gateways.
On October 28, 2019, we issued a Press Release on Form 6-K announcing that one of its long-term strategic customers, a leader in the SD-WAN space, has decided to standardize on Silicom's newest uCPE solutions for use in its next generation portfolio of SD-WAN devices.
On January 9, 2020, we issued a Press Release on Form 6-K announcing that one of the U.S.'s largest healthcare chains has selected Silicom's latest generation CPEs as a high-performance platform for its new organization-wide SD-WAN-based network.
Principal Markets
The principal markets in which we compete are set forth more particularly in, and are incorporated by reference to Note 13A to the consolidated financial statements set forth in Item 18 of this annual report. In 2017, 2018 and 2019 approximately 80%, 80% and 73% of our sales, respectively, were in North America, 16%, 16% and 20% of our sales, respectively, were in Europe, and 4%, 4% and 7% of our sales, respectively, were in Asia-Pacific. Our main business is not seasonal, and we believe that there are sufficient sources and raw materials available to sustain it.
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Manufacturing and Suppliers
Our manufacturing operations consist primarily of producing finished goods on our own from (i) components purchased from third parties, and (ii) sub-assemblies manufactured by sub-contractors. In addition, we perform testing and quality assurance procedures with respect to the components and sub-assemblies which are incorporated into our final products and to the final products themselves. Furthermore, we use turnkey manufacturers to manufacture some of our products.
We seek to monitor quality with respect to each stage of the production process including, but not limited to, the selection of component suppliers, warehouse procedures and final testing, packaging and shipping. We have been certified as complying with "ISO-28001:2007", "ISO 9001:2015", and "ISO 14001:2015", which are the quality control standard used in our industry. We believe that our quality assurance procedures have been instrumental in achieving a high degree of reliability for our products. We intend to continue to maintain and improve the efficiency of such procedures.
Although we generally use standard parts and components for our products, certain key components used in our products are currently available from only one source, and others are available from a limited number of sources, on which we are dependent. For example, a key component in many of our products is manufactured by Intel®. We believe that we maintain a sufficient inventory of these components to protect against delays in deliveries. For additional information see the risk factor entitled "Loss of our sources for certain key components could harm our operations" under Item 3.D – "Risk Factors".
Firm purchase orders for our products generally include an agreed supply date for the supply of our products. In addition, we may agree to fill orders for our products within short periods of time after receipt of a firm purchase order based on the immediate availability of our products and/or components in our inventory. Consequently, we need to maintain inventory at levels that are in accordance with our forecasts and those of our customers. There can be no assurance that such forecasts will indeed materialize into firm purchase orders and consequently we cannot guarantee that the full volume of such inventory will be delivered against firm purchase orders and not remain unused.
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act includes disclosure requirements regarding the use of "conflict" minerals mined from the DRC and procedures regarding a manufacturer's efforts to prevent the sourcing of such "conflict" minerals. These requirements will require companies to undertake due diligence, disclose and report on whether or not such "conflict" minerals originate from the DRC. This implementation of these requirements could adversely affect the sourcing, availability and pricing of minerals such as cassiterite, wolframite, columbite-tantalite (coltan), gold and/or their derivatives (tantalum, tin, and tungsten) which are used in the manufacture of certain components used in our products, as well as affect the companies we use to manufacture components of our products. As a result, this could limit the pool of suppliers who can provide us DRC "conflict free" components and parts, and we may not be able to obtain DRC "conflict free" products or supplies in sufficient quantities for our operations. In circumstances where conflict minerals in our products are found to be sourced from the DRC, we may take actions to change materials or designs to reduce the possibility that our purchase of conflict minerals may fund armed groups in the region. These actions could add engineering and other costs to the manufacture of our products, and we may not be able to obtain "conflict free" products or supplies in sufficient quantities for our operations. In addition, we incur additional costs to comply with the disclosure requirements, including costs related to determining the source of any of the relevant minerals and metals used in our products, as further elaborated below. Also, because our supply chain is complex, we may face reputational challenges with our customers, shareholders and other stakeholders if we are unable to sufficiently verify the origins for the minerals used in our products. In such event, we may also face difficulties in satisfying customers who require that all of the components of our products are certified as conflict mineral free. There can be no assurance that we will not experience delays in the supply of critical components in the future or that we will have a sufficient inventory of critical components at such time to produce products at full capacity. If we do experience such delays and there is an insufficient inventory of critical components at that time, our operations and financial results would be adversely affected.
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Marketing Channels
The principal market sectors for our products are:

(i) | Providers of Network appliances, including WAN Optimization and SD-WAN, Internet Security, Cyber Security, Application Delivery, Traffic Management, Network Monitoring and Analytics, and High Frequency Trading (HFT) for the financial service market and other mission-critical sectors;

(ii) | Telcos / Carriers / service providers deploying white boxes CPEs for SD-WAN and NFV;

(iii) | The "Cloud";

(iv) | Servers;

(v) | Data Storage including Big Data; and

(vi) | IoT.

Our main business model for our line of products is called the Design Win Model. The following are the main aspects of this model:

• | We approach a potential customer or are approached by such customer.

• | If the potential customer shows interest in the products and we believe that achievement of a business relationship with the potential customer is possible, we ship products for such potential customer's evaluation.

• | During the evaluation process the potential customer receives a few units of the relevant product for initial basic testing. If the evaluation process is successful, we ship products for qualification.

• | During the qualification process the potential customer usually purchases a larger amount of our products for more specific testing, which may include certain adaptations of our products to its needs.

• | If the qualification process is successful, we enter into negotiations regarding the terms of a business relationship.

• | In some cases, typically with the larger customers and with respect to Smart Cards, the evaluation and qualification process may take 12 months or more.

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Once all phases mentioned above are successfully concluded, the customer will purchase products from us by placing purchase orders (under which our products are to be sold to such customer) in order to either (i) incorporate such products within its server based systems, and thereafter sell or deploy such systems with our cards embedded in them, or, (ii) deploy stand-alone products within a network. The sale or deployment of our products within such systems or network, as applicable, is the objective of our Design Win Model. In most cases once we secure a Design Win, our customer will continue to buy our products for as long as it (i) continues to sell or deploy its server based system, or (ii) continues to deploy stand-alone products as part of a network.
Over the last years, our sales and marketing have been mostly carried out through a network of strategic relationships with leading OEMs that sell our products, generally as a part of their systems and sometimes under their own private labels. Our current OEM customers are mostly active in the Cyber Security market, Application Delivery market, Traffic Management market, Network Monitoring market, Data Storage market, General Servers market, WAN Optimization market, SD-WAN market and other server based applications markets. Our OEM customers sell their products to Governments, Enterprises (headquarter and branch) and to Data Centers (regular and virtualized, including to the Cloud). Our strategy of carrying out strategic relationships with OEM customers continues to be the major strategy under which we operate. We believe that these relationships enable us to take advantage of the superior financial resources and market presence of these companies to increase our sales and establish, maintain and strengthen our position and reputation in the market. In addition, we believe that relationships with OEMs improve access to new technologies developed by such OEMs, thereby ensuring smooth integration of our products and technology with those of the OEMs. In furtherance of this strategy, during the last few years we entered into strategic arrangements with OEMs and continued securing successful Design Wins with OEMs who purchase our products. The majority of our revenues in 2019 were attributed to the sale of our products to OEM customers. Since 2017 we have increased the proportion of our sales to Cloud/Virtualized Data Center/SDN/Telcos customers within our group of OEM customers, and we believe that we will continue to gradually increase the proportion of our sales to such customers. This is due to: (a) Telcos/Carrier companies beginning to deploy SD-WAN and NFV solutions, a part of which is accomplished through our products, (b) the market moving towards running applications in the Cloud, and (c) Cloud and web 2.0 companies typically either (i) using standard servers, or (ii) designing their own "white boxes", for which we offer our solutions, and while there are no assurances that such solutions will continue to be accepted by such Cloud and Web 2.0 players, we believe that this trend has significant potential for us.
In addition, due to the market shift into using "white boxes" for SD-WAN, NFV, SDN and other solutions within the Cloud, we are now implementing an additional marketing strategy which involves our direct sales to major Telcos, Cloud players, and service providers. We sell to these players mostly our stand-alone CPEs. Since 2017, we announced several Design Wins with such Telcos and service providers.
The main aspects of the OEM business model, by which in most cases our customer will continue to buy our cards for as long as it continues to sell or deploy its system, are similar in our business model when we sell directly to Telcos or other service providers.
The loss of some of our customers, or any single key customer, may have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial results and we cannot assure you that we will be able to enter into strategic relationships with any such customer in the future. Payment terms of our customers are primarily up to 90 days net. Approximately 96% of our international sales are denominated in U.S. Dollars and may be subject to government controls and other risks, including, in some cases, export licenses, federal restrictions on export, currency fluctuations, political instability, trade restrictions and changes in tariffs and freight rates. We have experienced no material difficulties to date as a result of these factors.
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Our arrangements with our customers (and distributors and resellers when applicable) are generally non-exclusive. We have generally experienced good relations with our customers and are not aware of any pending terminations other than with respect to products that newer technologies have eliminated the need for.
Our customers, distributors and resellers are not under our control. They are not obligated to purchase products from us and may use or represent other lines of products. A reduction in sales effort or discontinuance of sales of our products by our customers could lead to reduced sales and could materially adversely affect our operating results. In addition, our business model also entails the risk that our customers will build up inventories in anticipation of a growth in deployments or sales. If such growth does not occur as anticipated, these customers may substantially decrease the number of products ordered from us in subsequent quarters, discontinue product orders or even attempt to return unused or unsold products. The loss of a major or key customer or group of customers, or a loss or ineffectiveness of some of our relationships at approximately the same time, might have a material adverse effect on us.
Patents and Licenses
Our success and ability to compete are dependent to a significant degree on our technology. In order to establish and protect the technology we develop and/or acquire to use in our products, we primarily rely on a combination of non-disclosure agreements and technical measures, and to a lesser degree on patents. These measures afford only limited protection, and accordingly, there can be no assurance that the steps we take will be adequate to prevent misappropriation of our technology or the independent development of similar technologies by others. Despite our efforts to protect our technology, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our products and develop similar hardware or software or to obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary. In addition, there can be no assurance that one or more parties will not assert infringement claims against us. The cost of responding to claims could be significant, regardless of whether the claims are valid. We cannot assure that the scope of any issued patent will adequately protect our intellectual property rights, or that patents will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented, or that the rights granted under the patents will provide us with meaningful protection or any commercial advantage.
On April 8, 2010, we filed a patent application with the United States Patents and Trademarks Office, or the USPTO, for the 'Server-Based Network Appliance'. On June 12, 2012 we were issued patent No. 8,199,523 entitled 'Server-Based Network Appliance' from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, which relates to a server-based network appliance in which a computer motherboard is mounted in a case with the bus slots of the motherboard adjacent to the rear side of the case.
On September 16, 2013, we acquired all of the intellectual property related to the unique Virtualization Off-Load Engine developed by Net Perform Technology, Ltd., a privately held company registered in Hong Kong, China. Despite perceived exclusive access to this product, and our best efforts during the acquisition process to secure the same, internal or external parties may assert a claim of infringement regarding such intellectual property. We do not consider this intellectual property to be material for our operations.
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On February 8, 2015, we filed a patent application in the USPTO with respect to Hybrid Networking Application Switch. On January 2, 2018, we were issued patent No. 9,858,227 entitled 'Hybrid Networking Application Switch' from the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The patent relates to a unique solution for combining functionalities of a rack mounted networking switch and a rack mounted server into a single rack mounted enclosure comprising a hybrid networking application switch or an accelerated hybrid networking application switch.
For additional information regarding the risks to the Company with respect to patents and other intellectual property rights see the risk factor entitled "We may not be able to protect our intellectual proprietary rights" under Item 3.D. – "Risk Factors".
Competition
The networking and data infrastructure solutions industry is highly competitive. We face competition from numerous companies, some of which are more established, benefit from greater market recognition and have greater financial, production and marketing resources than we do. We cannot guarantee that our present or any contemplated products will continue to be distinguishable from those of our competitors or that the marketplace will find our products preferable to those of our competitors. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that competitive pressures will not result in price reductions that could materially adversely affect our business and financial condition and the results of our operations.
We believe that our expanded feature set coupled with the general wide spectrum of solutions we offer gives us a competitive edge.
With respect to Server Adapters, our main competitors are Mellanox, Intel®, and Broadcom. However, as these companies seem to be targeting mostly major Cloud accounts and we target smaller accounts in this market and pursue major Cloud accounts only with solutions not competing with these companies' standard cards, we are actually only overlapping with these companies' offerings in a small part of our target markets where our main competitors are Interface Masters, Portwell, Caswell, Lanner and Adlink, who compete with us on customized solutions including bypass cards. Although the situation may change in the future, we believe that our competition in areas which are not being pursued by the large companies, is less significant.
In the Smart Cards products sector, our competition is fragmented, and differs with respect to the specific solution being offered by us. In this sector, Cavium (now a part of Marvel), Mellanox, Netronome, Napatech, Myricom (a subsidiary of CSP), Bittware and Nallatech (both now a part of Molex), Lanner and Caswell compete with certain of our Smart Cards. With respect to the encryption products of our Smart Cards sector, our main competitor is Cavium (now a part of Marvel). In some cases of FPGA based cards, Intel and Xilinx also compete with our smart cards, however, similarly to the Server Adapters space, they target mostly the biggest accounts and only with mainstream products while for other accounts they cooperate with us.
In the Stand-alone Products sector, our competition is fragmented, and differs with respect to the specific solution offered by us. With respect to our uCPE/Edge Appliance products, to the best of our knowledge our main competitors are Caswell, Lanner, Advantech and Nexcom. With respect to the Bypass Switches and Intelligent Bypass Switches solutions (in which solutions are offered in the form of an external box instead of an embedded card), to the best of our knowledge, our main competitors are Keysight, Gigamon, and Interface Masters.
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Governmental Regulation Affecting the Company
We are affected by the terms of research and development grants we have received from the IIA.
Under the R&D Law, research and development programs approved by the Research Committee of the IIA (the "Research Committee") are eligible for "Benefits" which include grants, loans, exemptions, discounts, guarantees and additional means of assistance, but with the exclusion of purchase of shares, provided under various tracks promulgated by the Council body (the "Tracks"). Most Tracks require the repayment of the Benefits in the form of the payment of royalties from the sale of the product developed in accordance with the published Track guidelines and subject to other restrictions. Once a project is approved, the IIA awards grants of up to 50% of the project's expenditures in return for royalties, usually at the rate of 3% to 5% of sales of products developed with such grants. For projects approved after January 1, 1999, the amount of royalties payable was up to a dollar-linked amount equal to 100% of such grants plus interest at LIBOR.
The terms of these grants prohibit the manufacture outside of Israel of the product developed in accordance with the program without the prior consent of the Research Committee. Such approval is generally subject to an increase in the total amount to be repaid to the IIA to between 120% and 300% of the amount granted, depending on the extent of the manufacturing that is conducted outside of Israel.
The R&D Law, also provides that know-how from the research and development and any derivatives thereof, cannot be transferred or licensed to Israeli third parties without the approval of the Research Committee. The R&D Law stresses that it is not just transfer of know-how that was prohibited, but also transfer of any rights in such know-how. Approval of the transfer and/or license could be granted only if the Israeli transferee undertook to abide by all of the provisions of the R&D Law and regulations promulgated thereunder, including the restrictions on the transfer of know-how and the obligation to pay royalties, if applicable.
Assignment of the know-how from the research and development and any derivatives thereof, cannot be transferred or licensed to non-Israeli third parties without the approval of the Research Committee, whose approval is generally contingent on payment of a significant penalty of up to six times the grant amount plus LIBOR and minus any royalties paid. Such restriction does not apply to exports from Israel of final products developed with such technologies.
On May 7, 2017, the IIA published the Rules for Granting Authorization for Use of Know-How Outside of Israel (the "Licensing Rules"). The Licensing Rules enable the approval of out-licensing arrangements and other arrangements for granting of an authorization to an entity outside of Israel to use know-how developed under research and development programs funded by the IIA and any derivatives thereof. Subject to payment of a "License Fee" to the IIA, at a rate that will be determined by the IIA in accordance with the Licensing Rules, the IIA may now approve arrangements for the license of know-how outside of Israel. This allows companies that have received IIA support to commercialize know-how in a manner which was not previously available.
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In addition, we receive certain tax benefits and reduced tax rates from the Israeli government due to our status as a "Preferred Enterprise" under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments-1959, as amended. See "Item 10.E. – Additional Information – Taxation". The entitlement to these benefits is conditional upon our fulfillment of the conditions stipulated by the law and the regulations promulgated thereunder. In the event of failure to comply with these conditions, the benefits could be canceled, and we would be required to refund the amount of the benefits, in whole or in part, with the addition of linkage differences and interest.
C. Organizational Structure
We have the following two wholly owned subsidiaries:

• | Silicom Connectivity Solutions, Inc. – a private company incorporated in the United States; and

• | Silicom Denmark (Fiberblaze A/S) – a private company incorporated in Denmark. On December 10, 2014, we entered into the Fiberblaze SPA for the purchase of the entire holdings in Fiberblaze, pursuant to which we became its sole shareholder. As part of the Fiberblaze SPA, we have also purchased Fiberblaze US LLC, a private company incorporated in the United States, being a 100% owned subsidiary of Fiberblaze. In October 2016, we commenced a voluntary liquidation process for the liquidation of Fiberblaze US LLC, which was completed in August 2017. In 2017, we changed the name of the company from Fiberblaze A/S to the company's current name – Silicom Denmark (Fiberblaze A/S) and all the rights related to the company's previous name remained ours. See "Item 10 – Additional Information – C. "Material Contracts" for additional information on the Fiberblaze SPA.

D. Property, Plant and Equipment
We do not own any real property, but we lease property at six locations. Our manufacturing plant and additional storage space are located in two locations in Yokne'am, Israel, our executive offices are located in Kfar Sava, Israel, our marketing and sales offices are located in our Kfar Sava, Israel offices and in Paramus, New Jersey, the United States, and our research and development facilities are located in Kfar Sava, Israel, in Søborg, Denmark, and in Charlottesville, Virginia, the United States.
Our executive offices in Kfar Sava are approximately 1,500 square meters in size, and we are currently leasing it for a five-year term ending February 28, 2025. Our monthly rental payments for this office space (which include various maintenance services) are equal to approximately US$ 36,600. We are leasing additional office space in the same premise in Kfar Sava of approximately 258 square meters for a six-year term ending February 28, 2025, for which the monthly rental payments (which include various maintenance services) are equal to approximately US$ 6,300.
We have conducted our manufacturing in Yokne'am, Israel since 2000. We lease our manufacturing facility in Yokne'am pursuant to a sub-lease for a period of three years and four months, ending April 30, 2020. This facility is approximately 2,400 square meters in size plus additional warehouse areas of approximately 250 meters in size and the monthly rental payments (which include rental payments, as well as fees for various management and upkeep services) are approximately US$ 44,200. We are currently in the process of negotiating an extension to this lease, until we finalize the move to our new manufacturing facility as detailed below.
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In March 2020, we entered into a lease agreement for the lease of an approximately 4,000 square meter manufacturing facility in Yokne'am, Israel for a period of up to 120 months. The monthly rental payments (which include various payments including maintenance services) will vary during the lease period from between approximately US$ 73,300 per month to approximately US$ 76,600 per month.
In September 2016, we entered into a lease agreement with Naji Ezekiel & Sons - Management and Maintenance Ltd., for the lease of 450 square meters of storage space in Yokne'am Illit and the monthly payments are approximately US$ 7,000 (which include participation in maintenance and insurance). This agreement is in effect for a period of 24 months, with two options to extend the term by 12 months, at an increase of 5% in rental payments per each renewal period. In August 2018, we exercised our first option to extend the lease term by 12 months. In addition, in January 2019, we entered into an addendum to the lease agreement for the lease of additional space of approximately 300 square meters for the same term set forth in the lease agreement, for which the monthly rental payments are equal to US$ 4,700 (which include participation in maintenance and insurance).
On October 29, 2019, we entered into an additional commercial lease agreement to lease office space in Charlottesville, Virginia, in the United States for a 37-month period commencing on December 1, 2019. The facility is approximately 606 square meters in size and the monthly payments are approximately US$ 8,420 for through December 31, 2020, US$ 8,600 from January 1, 2021, through December 31, 2021, and US$ 8,760 from January 1, 2022, through December 31, 2022.
As of April 2017, we lease office space of approximately 2,500 square feet in Paramus, New Jersey. Our current lease is until March 2022, and we have an option to renew it for an additional five-year term. Currently, the monthly rental payments (including utilities) for this space are approximately US$ 4,190.
In addition, we lease office space of approximately 1,000 square meters, in Søborg, Denmark. The term of the lease agreement expires on September 30, 2020. The lease can be terminated by a six-month advanced notice to the landlord. The monthly rental payment (including maintenance services) for this space is approximately US$ 14,500.
We believe that our facilities in Israel, the United States and Denmark are suitable and adequate for our operations as currently conducted. In the event that additional facilities are required or we need to seek alternative rental properties, we believe that we could obtain such additional or alternative facilities at commercially reasonable prices.
Item 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
There are no unresolved staff comments.
Item 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
General
Silicom was incorporated in Israel and commenced operations in 1987. We are currently engaged in the design, manufacture, marketing and support of high-performance networking and data infrastructure solutions. Designed primarily to improve performance and efficiency in Cloud and Data Center environments, our solutions increase throughput, decrease latency and boost the performance of servers and networking appliances, the infrastructure backbone that enables advanced Cloud architectures and leading technologies like NFV, SD-WAN and Cyber Security. Our products are used by major Cloud players, service providers, Telcos and OEMs as components of their infrastructure offerings, including both add-on adapters in the Data Center and stand-alone virtualized/universal CPE devices at the edge. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, we recorded sales from all of our networking and data infrastructure solutions of approximately US$ 125.7 million, US$ 133.8 million, and US$ 105.2 million respectively. We primarily sell our products to major Cloud players, service providers, Telcos and OEMs and, to a lesser extent, through independent distributors (on a non-exclusive basis).
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Critical Accounting Policies
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of the financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Critical accounting policies are defined as those that are reflective of significant judgments and uncertainties, and could potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. We believe that our critical accounting policies are limited to those described below.
Revenue recognition – We recognize our revenues in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The underlying principle of ASC 606 is to recognize revenue when a customer obtains control of the promised goods at an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received in exchange for those goods. It also requires increased disclosures including the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows related to contracts with customers. We adopted ASC 606 at the beginning of 2018, and implemented new accounting policies and internal controls necessary to support the requirements of ASC 606. The adoption of ASC 606 did not have any impact on our revenue recognition.
We recognize revenue upon transfer of control of the promised goods in a contract with a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products. Transfer of control occurs once the customer has the contractual right to use the product, generally upon shipment or once delivery and risk of loss has transferred to the customer. We account for a contract with customer when we have approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties and payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. We identify separated contractual performance obligations and evaluate each distinct performance obligation within a contract, whether it is satisfied at a point in time or over time. All of our performance obligations for the reported periods were satisfied at a point in time.
Revenue is allocated among performance obligations in a manner that reflects the consideration that we expect to be entitled to for the promised goods based on standalone selling prices (SSP). SSP are estimated for each distinct performance obligation and judgment may be required in their determination. The best evidence of SSP is the observable price of the product when we sell the goods separately in similar circumstances and to similar customers.
Until January 1, 2018, revenues from sales of products were recognized upon delivery provided that the collection of the resulting receivable was reasonably assured, there was persuasive evidence of an arrangement, no significant obligations remained and the price was fixed or determinable.
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Sales taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are accounted for on a net basis and, therefore, are excluded from revenues in the consolidated statements of operations.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which significantly changes the way entities recognize impairment of many financial assets by requiring immediate recognition of estimated credit losses expected to occur over their remaining life. This ASU is effective for annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-11, which includes several amendments to the credit losses standard (ASU 2016-13), including amendments to the reporting of expected recoveries. We are currently evaluating the impact of the provisions of ASU 2016-13 on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, which removes certain exceptions for: recognizing deferred taxes for investments, performing intra-period allocation and calculating income taxes in interim periods. The ASU also adds guidance to reduce complexity in certain areas, including recognizing deferred taxes for tax goodwill and allocating taxes to members of a consolidated group. This ASU is effective for annual periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2019-12 to have a material impact on our consolidated balance sheets, results of operations, cash flows or presentation thereof.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment", which eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill in step two of the goodwill impairment test. Under ASU 2017-04, goodwill impairment charges will be based on the excess of a reporting unit's carrying amount over its fair value as determined in step one of the testing. ASU 2017-04 is effective for interim and annual testing dates after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for interim and annual goodwill impairment testing dates after January 1, 2017. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2017-04 to have a material impact on our consolidated balance sheets, results of operations, cash flows or presentation thereof.
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A. Operating Results
You should read the following management's discussion and analysis of our financial condition and operating results in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included in this annual report. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the relationship (in percentages) of items from our Consolidated Statement of Operations Data to our total sales:

Year Ended December 31, |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
Sales |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | %
Cost of sales |  |  | 63.5 |  |  |  | 68.6 |  |  |  | 65.7 |
Gross profit |  |  | 36.5 |  |  |  | 31.4 |  |  |  | 34.3 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | 11.1 |  |  |  | 11.1 |  |  |  | 14.3 |
Sales and marketing expenses |  |  | 5.3 |  |  |  | 5.0 |  |  |  | 6.3 |
General and administrative expenses |  |  | 3.6 |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | 4.0 |
Contingent consideration expense (benefit) |  |  | (3.7 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Operating Income |  |  | 20.2 |  |  |  | 12.4 |  |  |  | 9.7 |
Financial income, net |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 1.6 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 20.4 |  |  |  | 13.1 |  |  |  | 11.3 |
Income tax expenses |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | 1.6 |
Net Income |  |  | 17.3 |  |  |  | 10.9 |  |  |  | 9.7 |

Sales in 2019 decreased by 21.3% to US$ 105,240 thousand compared to US$ 133,753 thousand in 2018. This decrease was mainly attributed to the lack of revenues from our largest-ever Cloud related Design Win we lost in March 2018. During 2019 we had no revenues from this Design Win.
Sales in 2018 increased moderately by 6.4% to US$ 133,753 thousand compared to US$ 125,690 thousand in 2017. Our modest growth in sales was mainly attributed to the following: On the positive side, this growth was mainly driven by our continued benefit from our success in expanding our customer base and product offering, especially in our CPE/EDGE product lines, supporting important market trends like NFV, SD-WAN and Cyber security. However, on the negative side, we lost our largest-ever Cloud related Design Win in March 2018. All of the above led to our modest growth in 2018 compared to 2017.
Gross profit in 2019 was US$ 36,094 thousand compared to US$ 42,056 thousand in 2018. Gross profit as a percentage of sales in 2019 was 34.3%, compared to 31.4% in 2018. The higher gross profit percentage in 2019 compared to 2018 was mainly attributed to: (i) a US$ 3.2 million write-off in 2018 related to the loss of our largest-ever Cloud related Design Win, which we announced on March 13, 2018, (ii) changes to the mix of products that we sold in 2019, on which our gross profit is largely dependent. Gross profit was also affected by, among other factors, write-downs of inventory made with respect to any slow moving or obsolete inventory we can no longer use (not including the above mentioned write-off); the inventory write-downs as a percentage of sales in 2019 decreased to 2.0%, compared to 2.9% in 2018.
Gross profit in 2018 was US$ 42,056 thousand compared to US$ 45,928 thousand in 2017. Gross profit as a percentage of sales in 2018 was 31.4%, compared to 36.5% in 2017. The lower gross profit percentage in 2018 compared to 2017 was attributed to: (i) a US$ 3.2 million write-off related to the loss of our largest-ever Cloud related Design Win, which we announced on March 13, 2018, (ii) changes to the mix of products that we sold in 2018, on which our gross profit is largely dependent, which was influenced by our strategic decision to take advantage of increased revenue potential and opportunities, and (iii) write-downs of inventory made with respect to any slow moving or obsolete inventory we can no longer use (not including the above mentioned write-off); the inventory write-downs as a percentage of sales in 2018 increased to 2.9%, compared to 2.3% in 2017.
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Research and development expenses in 2019 increased moderately by 1.7% to US$ 15,075 thousand compared to US$ 14,820 thousand in 2018. This increase was mainly attributed to an increase in our research and development employees related costs, required for our continued investment in new product development, enhancements to existing products and the development of new networking and connectivity technologies expanding our product offering to our target markets, which contributed approximately US$ 1,169 thousand to such increase, offset by the following factors: (i) a decrease in amortization of acquired intangible assets, which amounted to US$ 0 in 2019, compared to US$ 655 thousand in 2018, (ii) capitalization of internal software development costs in the amount of US$ 1,018 thousand in 2019, compared to US$ 928 thousand in 2018, (iii) a decrease in the share-based compensation which amounted to approximately US$ 900 thousand in 2019, compared to US$ 953 thousand in 2018, and to (iv) the net effect of the strengthening of the US Dollar against the Danish Krone, on the one hand, offset by a weakening of the US Dollar against the New Israeli Shekel on the other hand, (since a significant portion of our research and development expenses are incurred in New Israeli Shekels and Danish Krone), which amounted to approximately US$ 116 thousand.
Research and development expenses in 2018 increased by 6.5% to US$ 14,820 thousand compared to US$ 13,915 thousand in 2017. This increase was mainly attributed to the increase in the number of our research and development employees, to an increase in consultants and subcontracted work, as well as to an increase in other related research and development expenses required for our continued investment in new product development, enhancements to existing products and the development of new networking and connectivity technologies expanding our product offering to our target markets, which contributed approximately US$ 2,308 thousand to such increase, as well as to an increase in the share-based compensation which amounted to approximately US$ 953 thousand in 2018, compared to US$ 832 thousand in 2017, all of which were offset by capitalization of internal software development costs in the amount of US$ 928 thousand, as well as a decrease in amortization of acquired intangible assets, which amounted to approximately US$ 655 thousand in 2018, compared to US$ 1,251 thousand in 2017.
Sales and marketing expenses in 2019 increased slightly by 0.1% to US$ 6,647 thousand compared to US$ 6,642 thousand in 2018. This increase was mainly attributed to our continued investment in the promotion of our networking and data infrastructure solutions, expanding our customer base and product offering, which contributed approximately US$ 465 thousand, offset by a decrease in amortization of acquired intangible assets which amounted to US$ 0 in 2019, compared to US$ 384 thousand in 2018, as well as to a decrease in the share-based compensation which amounted to approximately US$ 493 thousand in 2019, compared to US$ 569 thousand in 2018.
Sales and marketing expenses in 2018 decreased by 1.2% to US$ 6,642 thousand compared to US$ 6,722 thousand in 2017. This decrease was mainly attributed to a decrease in amortization of acquired intangible assets, which amounted to approximately US$ 384 thousand in 2018, compared to US$ 637 thousand in 2017, offset by our continued investment in the promotion of our networking and data infrastructure solutions to our target markets including those driven by trends like Cloud Computing, Cyber security, SDN, NFV, Virtualization, SD-WAN and other trends, by, among others, our continued effort to expand exposure of our product offering and expanding our customer base, which contributed approximately US$ 173 thousand.
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General and administrative expenses in 2019 increased by 5.5% to US$ 4,159 thousand compared to US$ 3,943 thousand in 2018. This increase was mainly attributed to various general and administrative costs which amounted to approximately US$ 244 thousand, offset by the net effect of the strengthening of the US Dollar against the Danish Krone, on the one hand, offset by a weakening of the US Dollar against the New Israeli Shekel, on the other hand (since a significant portion of our general and administrative expenses are incurred in New Israeli Shekels and Danish Krone), which amounted to approximately US$ 28 thousand.
General and administrative expenses in 2018 decreased by 12.5% to $3,943 thousand compared to $4,507 thousand in 2017. This decrease was mainly attributed to a decrease in payroll related expenses attributed to general and administrative activity which amounted approximately US$ 359 thousand, as well as to a decrease in the share-based compensation, which amounted to approximately $530 thousand in 2018, compared to $735 thousand in 2017.
In 2018, we had a contingent consideration expense in the amount of US$ 0 compared to a contingent consideration benefit in the amount of US$ 4,642 thousand in 2017. For additional information see Note 3 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Financial income, net in 2019 increased by 78.3% to US$ 1,646 thousand compared to US$ 923 thousand in 2018. The increase resulted mainly from the net effect of the following factors: (i) an increase in income from investment in marketable securities and bank deposits, which was attributed to an increase in funds available for investment, which amounted to US$ 2,151 thousand in 2019 compared to US$ 808 thousand in 2018, offset by (ii) the net effect of the weakening of the US Dollar against the New Israeli Shekel, on the one hand, offset by a strengthening of the US Dollar against the Danish Krone on the other hand, which created a net financial expenses in US Dollars from exchange rate differences (a portion of our balance sheet assets and obligations are denominated in New Israeli Shekels as well as Danish Krone) of US$ 357 thousand in 2019 compared to a net financial income of US$ 208 thousand in 2018.
Financial income, net in 2018 increased by 491.7% to US$ 923 thousand compared to US$ 156 thousand in 2017. The increase resulted from the net effect of the following factors: (i) an increase in income from investment in marketable securities, attributed to increase in the funds available for investment, which amounted to US$ 808 thousand in 2018, compared to US$ 310 thousand in 2017, (ii) a decrease in bank fees, which contributed approximately US$ 16 thousand to the increase, and (iii) a strengthening of the US Dollar against the New Israeli Shekel and the Danish Krone, which created a net financial income in US Dollars from exchange rate differences (a portion of our balance sheet assets and obligations are denominated in New Israeli Shekels as well as Danish Krone) of US$ 208 thousand in 2018, compared to a net financial expenses in the amount of US$ 45 thousand in 2017.
In 2019 we recorded current income tax expenses of US$ 2,343 thousand and deferred income tax benefit of US$ 699 thousand compared to current income tax expenses of US$ 3,231 thousand and deferred income tax expenses of US$ 5 thousand in 2018. The decrease in our current income tax expenses was mainly attributed to a decrease in our income and the resulting taxable income. The change in the deferred income tax benefit was mainly attributed to the following factors: (i) a deferred income tax benefit relating to research and development costs, which amounted to US$ 755 thousand in 2019 compared to deferred income tax expenses in the amount of US$ 4 thousand in 2018, (ii) a decrease in deferred income tax expenses relating to intangible assets, which amounted to US$ 40 thousand in 2019, compared to US$ 120 thousand in 2018, offset by (iii) a decrease in deferred income tax benefit relating to share-based compensation provided by us to our employees and directors, which amounted to US$ 26 thousand in 2019, compared to US$ 135 thousand in 2018. In addition, in 2019 we recorded an income tax benefit relating to prior years in the amount of US$ 21 thousand, compared to an income tax benefit relating to prior years in the amount of US$ 299 thousand in 2018.
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In 2018, we recorded current income tax expenses of US$ 3,231 thousand and deferred income tax expenses of US$ 5 thousand compared to current income tax expenses of US$ 3,474 thousand and deferred income tax expenses of US$ 453 thousand in 2017. The minor decrease in our current income tax expenses was mainly attributed to a decrease in the corporate income tax rate in the US Federal jurisdiction. The decrease in the deferred income tax expenses was mainly attributed to deferred income tax expenses in relation to acquired goodwill, which amounted to US$ 127 thousand in 2018, compared to US$ 465 thousand in 2017, combined with an increase in deferred income tax benefit relating to share-based compensation provided by us to our employees and directors, which amounted to US$ 135 thousand in 2018, compared to deferred income tax expenses which amounted to US$ 33 thousand in 2017. In addition, in 2018, we recorded an income tax benefit relating to prior years in the amount of US$ 299 thousand, compared to an income tax benefit relating to prior years in the amount of US$ 59 thousand in 2017.
In 2019 we recorded net income of US$ 10,236 thousand compared to net income of US$ 14,637 thousand in 2018, a decrease of 30.1%. The decrease was mainly attributed to our lower gross profit in 2019, compared to 2018, as mentioned above.
In 2018, we recorded net income of $14,637 thousand compared to net income of $21,714 thousand in 2017, a decrease of 32.6%. The decrease was mainly attributed to the following factors: (i) the decrease in contingent consideration benefit which amounted to $0 in 2018, compared to a contingent consideration benefit of $4,642 thousand in 2017, and (ii) to our lower gross profit in 2018 compared to 2017, as mentioned above.
Impact of Inflation and Currency Fluctuations on Results of Operations, Liabilities and Assets
Since the majority of our revenues are denominated and paid in U.S. Dollars, we believe that inflation in Israel and in Denmark and fluctuations in the U.S. dollar exchange rates do not have any material effect on our revenue. Inflation in Israel or Denmark and the Israeli and Danish currency as well as U.S. dollar exchange rate fluctuations, may however, have an effect on our expenses and, as a result, on our net income/loss. The cost of our Israeli and Danish operations, as expressed in U.S. Dollars, is influenced by the extent to which any change in the rates of inflation in Israel or Denmark are not offset (or are offset on a lagging basis) by a change in valuation of the NIS or DKK in relation to the U.S. dollar.
We do not presently engage in any hedging or other transactions intended to manage the risks relating to foreign currency exchange rate or interest rate fluctuations. However, we may in the future undertake such transactions, if management determines that it is necessary to offset such risks.
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B. Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2019, we had working capital of US$ 84,115 thousand and our current ratio (current assets to current liabilities) was 4.19. Cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2019 decreased by US$ 10,339 thousand to US$ 16,469 thousand, compared to US$ 26,808 thousand as of December 31, 2018. Short-term bank deposits as of December 31, 2019 increased by US$ 13,542 thousand to US$ 13,542 thousand, compared to US$ 0 as of December 31, 2018. Short-term marketable securities increased by US$ 12,445 thousand to US$ 14,045 thousand, compared to US$ 1,600 thousand as of December 31, 2018, and long-term marketable securities increased by US$ 930 thousand to US$ 46,542 thousand, compared to US$ 45,612 thousand as of December 31, 2018. The net increase of US$ 16,578 thousand in these four balance sheet items in 2019 was mainly attributed to positive cash provided by operating activities in the amount of US$ 26,726 thousand, offset by purchase of treasury shares in the amount of approximately US$ 7,971 thousand, payments in relation to purchase of property, plant and equipment which amounted to US$ 1,441 thousand, and investment in intangible assets which amounted to US$ 1,018 thousand.
Trade receivables increased to US$ 24,936 thousand as of December 31, 2019, compared to US$ 23,817 thousand as of December 31, 2018. This increase was mainly attributed to a one-time change of payment terms with one of our larger customers in 2018. Other receivables decreased to US$ 4,964 thousand as of December 31, 2019, compared to US$ 9,487 thousand as of December 31, 2018. This decrease was mainly attributed to a decrease in advances to suppliers.
Trade payables increased to US$ 16,419 thousand as of December 31, 2019, compared to US$ 15,407 thousand as of December 31, 2018. Other payables and accrued liabilities increased to US$ 8,823 thousand as of December 31, 2019, compared to US$ 6,133 thousand as of December 31, 2018. This increase was mainly attributed to an increase in our accrued expenses.
Inventories decreased to US$ 36,491 thousand as of December 31, 2019, compared to US$ 42,369 thousand as of December 31, 2018. This decrease was mainly attributed to a decrease in sales.
Cash provided by operating activities in 2019 amounted to US$ 26,726 thousand compared to cash provided by operating activities in the amount of US$ 45,678 thousand in 2018. The cash provided by operating activities in 2019 was the result of our positive operating income.
Capital expenditures on property and equipment for year ended December 31, 2019, were US$ 1,635 thousand, compared to US$ 1,740 thousand as of December 31, 2018. This decrease was mainly attributed to a decrease in investment in equipment used for production and research and development.
We have cash and cash equivalents that we believe are sufficient for our present requirements. Furthermore, our cash resources are sufficient to fund our operating needs for at least the next twelve months.
C. Research and development, patents and licenses, etc.
Since we commenced operations, we have conducted extensive research, development and engineering activities. Our efforts emphasize the development of new products, cost reduction of current products, and the enhancement of existing products, generally in response to rapidly changing customer preferences, technologies and industry standards.
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Because the market for our products is characterized by rapidly changing technology and evolving industry standards, our success depends upon our ability to select, develop, manufacture and market new and enhanced products in a timely manner to meet changing market needs. As such, we invest significant resources in research and new product development, enhancements to existing products, and the development of new networking and connectivity technologies, and we expect to continue to do so.
As of June 2012, we have a patent No. 8,199,523 entitled 'Server-Based Network Appliance' from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, which relates to a server-based network appliance in which a computer motherboard is mounted in a case with the bus slots of the motherboard adjacent to the rear side of the case.
On September 16, 2013, we acquired all of the intellectual property related to the unique Virtualization Off-Load Engine developed during the last two years by Net Perform Technology, Ltd., a privately held company registered in Hong Kong, China.
As of December 2014, we own or have licenses or similar rights with respect to Silicom Denmark (Fiberblaze A/S), including Silicom Denmark (Fiberblaze A/S)'s high performance OEM hardware platform for Ethernet and network interface product family, registered names and domain name.
As of October 2015, we own all intellectual property and intellectual property rights in which ADI has an ownership interest or have licenses or similar right where ADI has such licenses or rights, including with respect to custom embedded, communications and networking products based on the latest Intel® silicon, registered names and domain name.
As of January 2018, we have a patent No. 9,858,227 entitled 'Hybrid Networking Application Switch' from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, which relates to a unique solution for combining functionalities of a rack mounted networking switch and a rack mounted server into a single rack mounted enclosure comprising a hybrid networking application switch or an accelerated hybrid networking application switch.
We cannot assure you that the scope of any issued patent will adequately protect our intellectual property rights, or that patents will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented or that the rights granted under the patents will provide us with meaningful protection or any commercial advantage.
For additional information regarding the risks to the Company with respect to patents and other intellectual property rights see the risk factor entitled "We may not be able to protect our intellectual proprietary rights" under Item 3.D. – "Risk Factors".
The Government of Israel encourages research and development projects oriented towards products for export or projects which will otherwise benefit the Israeli economy. In each of the three fiscal years from 1999 to 2001, we received grants from the OCS, recently replaced by the IIA, for the development of systems and products. We have received from the OCS up to 30% of certain research and development expenditures for particular projects. Under the terms of Israeli Government participation, as in effect prior to the R&D Amendment, a royalty of 2% or up to 5% of the net sales of products developed from a project funded by the OCS must be paid, beginning with the commencement of sales of products developed with grant funds and ending when a dollar-linked amount equal to 100% of such grants without interest, for projects approved prior to December 2000, and plus interest at LIBOR, for amounts received after that date, is repaid. The terms of Israeli Government participation, as in effect prior to the R&D Amendment, also place restrictions on the location of the manufacturing of products developed with government grants, which, in general, must be performed in Israel, and on the transfer to third parties of technologies developed through projects in which the government participates. The R&D Amendment amended the core terms of the Israeli Government participation and placed substantial discretion in a new authority established to replace the OCS and provided only guidelines regarding material terms such as royalty rates and transfer of know-how developed with government grants. The OCS has previously provided funding in relation to our research and development efforts. As of the date hereof, we have received funding from the OCS in the aggregate amount of approximately US$ 4,388,000, and have paid the OCS an aggregate amount of approximately US$ 1,428,000 in royalties in relation thereto. See "Item 4.B. – Information on the Company – Business Overview – Governmental Regulation Affecting the Company".
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In August 2005, we received approval for a US$ 54 thousand dollar grant from the Korea-Israel Industrial Research and Development Foundation, or Koril-RDF, in connection with the joint development of a certain product with a Korean company. Under the terms of this grant we are required to repay the amounts received at a rate of 2.5% per year of our gross sales of the product developed with the grant in each such year, until 100% of the grant (and any other sums received from Koril-RDF) are repaid. We received approximately 20%-30% of certain research and development expenditures for two projects in 2003 and 2004. As of January 2006, and to date, our research and development activities have been sponsored and funded by us, and we did not participate in any new encouragement programs or received any additional grants from the OCS, IIA or Koril-RDF. We have closed all of our OCS funded programs, and do not anticipate having any sales of products funded by OCS grants or be required to pay any royalties to the OCS with respect thereto.
We expect that we will continue to commit resources to research and development in the future. As of March 31, 2020, we had 113 employees engaged primarily in research and development and design activities of which 67 employees in Israel, 32 in Denmark and 14 in the U.S. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, our research and development expenses were US$ 13,915, US$ 14,820 and US$ 15,075 respectively, constituting approximately 11.07%, 11.08% and 14.32%, respectively, of our sales. The increase in our research and development expenses in 2019 compared to 2018 was mainly attributed to an increase in our research and development employees related costs, required for our continued investment in new product development, enhancements to existing products and the development of new networking and connectivity technologies expanding our product offering to our target markets, which contributed approximately US$ 1,169 thousand to such increase, offset by the following factors: (i) a decrease in amortization of acquired intangible assets, which amounted to US$ 0 in 2019, compared to US$ 655 thousand in 2018, (ii) capitalization of internal software development costs in the amount of US$ 1,018 thousand in 2019, compared to US$ 928 thousand in 2018, (iii) a decrease in the share-based compensation which amounted to approximately US$ 900 thousand in 2019, compared to US$ 953 thousand in 2018, and to (iv) the net effect of the strengthening of the US Dollar against the Danish Krone, on the one hand, offset by a weakening of the US Dollar against the New Israeli Shekel on the other hand, (since a significant portion of our research and development expenses are incurred in New Israeli Shekels and Danish Krone), which amounted to approximately US$ 116 thousand.
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The increase in our research and development expenses in 2018, compared to 2017 was mainly attributed to an increase in the number of our research and development employees, to an increase in the use of consultants and subcontracted work, as well as to an increase in other related research and development expenses required for our continued investment in new product development, enhancements to existing products and the development of new networking and connectivity technologies expanding our product offering to our target markets, which contributed approximately US$ 2,308 thousand to such increase, as well as to an increase in the share-based compensation which amounted to approximately US$ 953 thousand in 2018, compared to US$ 832 thousand in 2017, all of which were offset by capitalization of internal software development costs in the amount of US$ 928 thousand, as well as a decrease in amortization of acquired intangible assets, which amounted to approximately US$ 655 thousand in 2018, compared to US$ 1,251 thousand in 2017.
D. Trend Information
In today's network-based environment, there is a growing demand for server-based systems. We believe that the markets for such systems are continuously growing. Exploding data and internet traffic increase the need for connectivity and bandwidth, which results in the increased need of networking throughput, connectivity, compute power and storage. Such growing demand was the basis for the emerging technologies of virtualization, Cloud, SDN, NFV and SD-WAN, all of which are targeting the implementation of a more effective model for all the above mentioned tasks.
In view of such an anticipated increase in Cloud-based data centers and edge devices utilizing virtualization, SDN and NFV, the systems in the data centers are increasingly based on generic server platforms while at the edge the trend is for "white boxes" which represent decoupling of the software and hardware capabilities. Both of these platforms (Data Center and Edge) need enhanced connectivity as well as offload capabilities in order to address the performance challenges realized due to the huge amount of traffic, the high volume of data, the need to encrypt such data, the need to run in virtualized environment, which by itself is a challenge for the server CPU, and the need to include switching within the server. We anticipate that consequently the demand for add-on smart adapters (Smart Cards) and CPEs which address these challenges will grow. Power, heat and space limitations in such environments increase the need for hardware accelerators and other innovative solutions. Such systems and networking infrastructure require essential building blocks in their own generic environment, which can be served by our products.
We address the above needs with a comprehensive suite of Smart Cards and CPEs which are able to either off-load CPU tasks onto a separate intelligent add-on card thereby freeing up server cycles and improving the server's Networking and Storage I/O or by providing modular CPEs which allow various levels of performance and the integration of additional off-loading and non-offloading functionalities. Our solutions are based on either Intel® silicon which includes such functionality for encryption/decryption and compression or with cards which include intelligent engines, such as FPGAs, Network Processors and with our switch fabric redirector cards which deal with load balancing between servers/CPUs/CPU cores and perform traffic filtering to increase the efficiency of the server. We believe that our Smart Cards and Stand-alone products such as CPEs, will all continue to be key driver of our growth in the coming years.
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The sales cycles in the markets for our products are long. Continuing to achieve Design Wins according to the process described above and obtaining new customers is time consuming. However, each Design Win we have achieved and continue to achieve may represent an opportunity for sustained, long-term revenues once we establish a relationship with a customer.
Although we expect our business and products to further develop in the coming years, there is no assurance that we will continue to generate significant sales in the areas in which we operate.
E. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
On July 22, 2002, our Audit Committee and the Board of Directors approved an Indemnification Agreement with our directors and officers. Our shareholders approved the terms of this agreement in a General and Extraordinary Meeting held on January 7, 2004. In Amendment 3 to the Companies Law, the instances in which a company may indemnify its officers and directors were broadened. In December 2007, each of our Audit Committee and Board of Directors approved a new form of Indemnification Agreement with our directors and officers so as to reflect this amendment. Our shareholders approved the terms of this new Indemnification Agreement in January 2008. The Indemnification Agreement provides that the directors and officers will be exempt from liability in certain circumstances. The Indemnification Agreement also provides for the indemnification by us for certain obligations and expenses imposed on the officer in connection with an act performed in his or her capacity as an officer of the Company. This right to indemnification is limited, and does not cover, among other things, a breach of an officer's duty of loyalty, a willful breach of an officer's duty of care, or a reckless disregard for the circumstances or consequences of a breach of duty of care. The right to indemnification also does not cover acts that are taken intentionally to unlawfully realize personal gain. The maximum amount of our liability under these Indemnification Agreements for any monetary obligation imposed on an officer or a director in favor of another person by a judgment is currently US$ 3,000,000 for each instance of a covered scenario. In addition, we would be liable to indemnify the officer or director for all reasonable litigation expenses with respect to certain proceedings. We are not aware of any material pending action that may result in anyone claiming such indemnification.
An amendment in 2011 to the Israeli Securities Law, 5728-1968 (the "Israeli Securities Law"), and a corresponding amendment to the Companies Law, authorized the Israel Securities Authority (the "ISA") to impose administrative sanctions against Israeli public companies and their office holders for certain violations of the Israeli Securities Law or the Companies Law. These sanctions include monetary sanctions and certain restrictions on serving as a director or senior officer of a public company for certain periods of time. The Israeli Securities Law and the Companies Law provide that only certain types of such liabilities may be reimbursed by indemnification and insurance. Specifically, legal expenses (including attorneys' fees) incurred by an individual in the applicable administrative enforcement proceeding and certain compensation payable to injured parties for damages suffered by them are permitted to be reimbursed via indemnification or insurance, provided that such indemnification and insurance are authorized by the company's articles of association, and receive the requisite corporate approvals. In January 2012 each of our Audit Committee and Board of Directors approved a new form of Indemnification Agreement with our directors and officers serving in such capacities from time to time so as to reflect this amendment, and at the Annual General Meeting of the Shareholders held on April 11, 2012 our shareholders approved these amendments to the Company's Articles of Association (the "Articles") and a revised form of Indemnification Agreement for directors serving in such capacity from time to time.
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As per Amendment 20 to the Companies Law ("Amendment 20"), it was decided on July 31, 2013, at the Extraordinary General Meeting of the Shareholders to adopt the Executive Compensation Policy of the Company, which was recommended by our Compensation Committee and approved by our Board of Directors. The Executive Compensation Policy included the above referenced form of Indemnification Agreement to be entered into by the Company with our directors and officers serving in such capacities from time to time. The Executive Compensation Policy also noted that going forward, any change to the Indemnification Agreement, including any changes which materially depart from the key terms of the current agreement (provided that such changes apply equally to all executives of the Company, including directors) will be submitted to the Company's Compensation Committee and the Board of Directors for their approval but shall not, unless required by law or the Company's Articles, be presented at a General Meeting of the shareholders. As set forth in the Companies Law, an Executive Compensation Policy for a period exceeding three years has to be re-approved once every three years. Accordingly, our Amended Executive Compensation Policy was brought for shareholders' re-approval at the annual general meeting of our shareholders in 2019.
We are not a party to any other material off-balance sheet arrangements or contingent obligations.
F. Tabular disclosure of contractual obligations
The following table shows our outstanding contractual obligations by category and by payments due as of December 31, 2019:

|  | Payments due by period |
Contractual Obligations |  | Total |  |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1-3 years |  |  | 3-5 years |  |  | More than 5 years |
Operating Leases |  |  | 4,533 |  |  |  | 1,482 |  |  |  | 1,684 |  |  |  | 1,161 |  |  |  | 206 |
Purchase Obligations |  |  | 15,043 |  |  |  | 15,042 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | 19,576 |  |  |  | 16,524 |  |  |  | 1,685 |  |  |  | 1,161 |  |  |  | 206 |

Our total outstanding contingencies in respect of OCS or IIA royalty-bearing participations received or accrued, net of royalties paid or accrued before interest, amounted to approximately US$ 2,960 thousand as of December 31, 2019, which are attributable to sales of certain discontinued products. As of the date of this annual report, all of our OCS programs have been closed per our request. We are not anticipating any sales of our products developed with OCS funding and accordingly don't expect to be required to pay any royalties to the OCS. In the unlikely event we do sell products developed using OCS funding, we will be required to pay royalties to the IIA as set forth in the R&D Law.
Other Long-Term Liabilities Reflected on the Company's Balance Sheet:
The liability for employees' severance benefits amounted to approximately US $2,910 thousand as of December 31, 2019.
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The liability for employees' severance benefits is calculated on the basis of the latest monthly salary paid to each employee multiplied by the number of years of employment. The liability is covered by the amounts deposited by us into employees' managers' insurance and/or pension fund accounts in respect of severance obligations to such employees, including accumulated income thereon as well as by the unfunded provision reflected on the balance sheet.
While the timing of such obligations cannot be pre-determined (and as such were not included in the above table), such liability will be removed, either by termination of employment or retirement.
Item 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
A. Directors and Senior Management
The following table and notes thereto set forth information regarding our directors and senior management as of March 31, 2020:

Name | Age | Position with Company
Avi Eizenman(1) | 62 | Active Chairman of the Board
Shaike Orbach(2) | 68 | President, Chief Executive Officer, Director
Ayelet Aya Hayak(3) | 50 | External Director
Ilan Erez(3) | 52 | External Director
Eli Doron(4) | 67 | Director
Eran Gilad | 52 | Chief Financial Officer and Company Secretary

(1) | Was re-elected for an additional three-year term, commencing as of June 5, 2019.

(2) | Was re-elected for an additional three-year term, commencing as of June 5, 2017.

(3) | Was re-elected for an additional three-year term, commencing as of July 1, 2019.

(4) | Was re-elected for an additional three-year term, commencing as of June 12, 2018.

Avi Eizenman co-founded the Company in 1987 and has served as a Director since its inception. Mr. Eizenman also served as our President and Chief Executive Officer from the Company's inception until April 1, 2001, and on such date, he resigned from his positions as President and Chief Executive Officer and was appointed Active Chairman of the Board of Directors. Mr. Eizenman served as head of the ASIC department at Scitex Ltd. in 1986. From 1979 until 1985, Mr. Eizenman held various positions, including project manager, ASIC specialist and engineer, with the Electronic Research & Development Department of the Israeli Ministry of Defense. Mr. Eizenman holds a B.Sc. degree, with honors, in Electrical Engineering from the Technion, and an M.B.A. from Tel Aviv University.
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Shaike Orbach has been our President and Chief Executive Officer since April 2001. In December 2001, Mr. Orbach was named a Director, replacing Zohar Zisapel, who resigned from the Board of Directors. Prior to that, for a period of four and a half years, Mr. Orbach was President and CEO of Opgal Ltd., a high-tech subsidiary of Israel's Rafael and El-Op corporations. Previously, he was General Manager of Edusoft, an Israeli company the shares of which were traded on the NASDAQ National Market (now, the NASDAQ Global Market), and Managing Director of Tecsys Ltd. He holds a B.Sc degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Technion.
Ayelet Aya Hayak was elected by the shareholders as an external director for an initial three-year term commencing July 1, 2013 and re-elected for a third three-year term at the 2019 annual general meeting of our shareholders. Ms. Hayak provides financial consulting services to corporations. Hayak Ayelet was the CEO of an Automation company, and also serves as a director in several companies. Ms. Hayek holds a BA degree in accounting and business administration from the Tel Aviv College of Management and is also a Certified Public Accountant.
Ilan Erez serves as an external director since July 2010, when he was elected by our shareholders for an initial three-year term commencing July 2010 and was elected by the shareholders for a fourth three-year term commencing June 2019. Mr. Erez has been CFO and General Manager of AlgoSec Inc. since October 2019. AlgoSec is a leading provider of business-driven security management software. Prior to that, Mr. Erez had been General Manager of 3D Systems Corporation's (NYSE: DDD) Software Business Unit from September 2016 to March 2019 and co-managed that business unit from May 2015 to September 2016. 3D Systems provides comprehensive 3D products and services, including 3D printers, print materials, on-demand manufacturing services and digital design and manufacturing tools. From 2005 to 2015, Mr. Erez served as Chief Financial Officer of Cimatron Ltd. (NASDAQ: CIMT) engaged in the design and sale of CAD/CAM software for the tool-making and discrete manufacturing industries. From 1998 to 2005 Mr. Erez served as the Chief Financial Officer of the Company. He also served as VP Operations of the Company from May 2001 to 2005. From 1996 to 1998 Mr. Erez served as Controller and Assistant to the Chief Executive Officer of Bio-Dar Ltd. From 1994 to 1996 Mr. Erez served as an auditor at Kesselman & Kesselman, a PWC member firm. Mr. Erez is a Certified Public Accountant in Israel and holds a B.A in Accounting and Economics from the Hebrew University and an LL.M. in Business Law from Bar-Ilan University.
Eli Doron is the founder of Connesta Ltd. ("Connesta"), an Israeli high-tech company engaged in developing and providing SaaS virtual control room solutions, founded in 2011. From inception, Mr. Doron serves as the Chief Executive Officer of Connesta. Prior thereto and during 2010, Mr. Doron was the Chief Executive Officer of Computerized Electricity Systems ("CES"). Prior to joining CES, Mr. Doron was the co-founder of Radvision Ltd. (formerly NASDAQ: RVSN. Acquired by Avaya Ltd. in 2011; "Radvision"). From 1992 and until 2009 Mr. Doron served as the Chief Technology Officer of Radvision, and from 2006 and until 2009 he served as President of Radvision. Prior to founding Radvision and from 1983, Mr. Doron served at SIMTECH Advanced Training and Simulation Systems Ltd., initially as hardware manager and from 1988 as Chief Technology Officer. Prior thereto and from 1977, Mr. Doron served as an electronic engineer at MBT Israel Aircraft Industries Ltd. Mr. Doron holds a B.Sc degree in electronics and computer science from Ben-Gurion University and an M.B.A. degree from the University of Bradford in the United Kingdom.
Eran Gilad is our Chief Financial Officer from May 2005 and the Secretary of the Company from 2012. From 1995 to 2005, Mr. Gilad held senior financial and operational positions in various public and private companies operating in the high-tech field. He is a Certified Public Accountant in Israel and holds an M.A in Economics from Tel-Aviv University and a B.A in Accounting and Economics from Tel-Aviv University.
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B. Compensation
In accordance with the Companies Law, the following table presents information regarding compensation actually received by our five most highly paid office holders during the year ended December 31, 2019. All amounts are in USD.

Name and Position |  | Salary and Benefits(1) |  |  | Cash Bonus(2) |  |  | Equity-based Compensation(3) |  |  | Total |
Avi Eizenman – Active Chairman |  |  | 595,803 |  |  |  | 129,798 |  |  |  | 369,257 |  |  |  | 1,094,858 |
Yeshayahu ('Shaike') Orbach – CEO and President |  |  | 403,137 |  |  |  | 129,798 |  |  |  | 369,257 |  |  |  | 902,192 |
Elad Blatt – Chief Strategy and Business Development Officer |  |  | 281,310 |  |  |  | 48,689 |  |  |  | 77,855 |  |  |  | 407,854 |
David Hendel – VP Research and Development |  |  | 241,555 |  |  |  | 26,174 |  |  |  | 77,855 |  |  |  | 345,584 |
Eran Gilad – CFO and Company Secretary |  |  | 237,804 |  |  |  | 26,174 |  |  |  | 77,855 |  |  |  | 341,833 |

(1) | "Salary and Benefits" include annual salary or service fees paid, payments to the National Insurance Institute, manager's insurance and pension funds, severance, advanced education funds, basic health insurance, vacation pay, recuperation pay, tax gross-up payments, automobile-related expenses, telephone expenses and benefits and perquisites as mandated by Israeli or applicable law.

(2) | "Cash Bonus" includes bonus payments as recorded in our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019.

(3) | "Equity-based Compensation" includes the expense recorded in our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 with respect to equity-based compensation granted to the executive officers detailed above.

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The aggregate direct remuneration paid to all persons as a group who served in the capacity of director or office holder during the year ended December 31, 2019, was 2,539 thousand. The aggregate amount accrued to provide for severance payments to all persons as a group who served in the capacity of director or executive officer as of the year ended December 31, 2019, was US$ 1,363 thousand. The severance terms of our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, as previously approved by the audit committee, board of directors and shareholders of the Company, and in accordance with the Amended Executive Compensation Policy of the Company which was approved and re-approved by the shareholders, may entitle them, in certain circumstances, to additional payments. We pay cash compensation to Avi Eizenman who is an active Chairman of the Board, and to Shaike Orbach, who is the President and Chief Executive Officer.
Avi Eizenman and Shaike Orbach may also be entitled to cash bonuses by meeting some pre-determined thresholds, and as calculated based on a pre-determined formula set by our Board of Directors, as approved by the annual general meeting of our shareholders for the years commencing in 2017 on June 8, 2016. Mr. Eizenman and Mr. Orbach's annual cash bonuses may not exceed the value of 18 times their monthly salaries, respectively. Mr. Eizenman and Mr. Orbach's annual cash bonus formulas were based on achieving one or more of the following thresholds: (i) the Company's actual annual revenue for each applicable year is 80% or more of the pre-determined budget target for the relevant year; and (ii) the Company's actual annual operating profit for each applicable year is 65% or more of the pre-determined budget target for the relevant year. The Compensation Committee may, in its sole discretion, raise or lower such annual cash bonuses by up to 30%. Furthermore, in accordance with the Company's recoupment policy, Mr. Eizenman and Mr. Orbach may be required to reimburse the Company for the cash bonuses (or any part thereof) paid in the previous 3 years, in the event such cash bonuses were based on financial data included in the Company's financial statements that were found to be inaccurate and were subsequently restated.
Non-employee directors, including External Directors within the meaning of the Companies Law, are entitled to be paid cash compensation for board and any committee member services, as applicable, in accordance with the amounts which are permitted under the Companies Regulations (Rules Regarding Compensation and Expenses of External Directors) - 2000 enacted pursuant to the Companies Law. Office holders, including External Directors or Independent Directors, may waive their entitlement to their compensation, subject to applicable law.
All our office holders other than Mr. Eli Doron and the external directors are employed by us. We do not currently grant any variable bonus or equity-based compensation, nor any separation payments to our non-employee directors. Certain of the compensation previously paid to our directors was paid in the form of options which were granted under share option plans which have expired (including under the Share Option Plan (2004)), or options and RSU's which were and may be granted under the Silicom Ltd. - Global Share Incentive Plan (2013), as described below.
On December 30, 2004, our shareholders adopted our Share Option Plan (2004), which expired at the end of 2014. As of March 31, 2019, there were no outstanding options under the Share Option Plan (2004) which were granted to directors and office holders.
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On October 21, 2013, our board of directors adopted our Global Share Incentive Plan (2013). On April 30, 2014, the annual general meeting of our shareholders approved the Global Share Incentive Plan (2013) to qualify for incentive stock options for U.S. tax purposes. The Global Share Incentive Plan (2013) is administered by the board of directors, which determines the number of our ordinary shares available for issuance under the plan, designates the award recipients and types of awards, dates of grant, vesting periods and the exercise price of awards. Under the Global Share Incentive Plan (2013) the Company may grant awards of options, restricted shares, restricted share units ("RSUs") or other equity-based awards. The board of directors has determined that initially up to a maximum of 500,000 of our ordinary shares are reserved for issuance, subject to certain adjustments, upon the exercise of equity-based awards granted to employees, directors, office holders, consultants and service providers. On January 29, 2018, our board of directors increased the number of our ordinary shares available for issuance under the Global Share Incentive Plan (2013) by 600,000 ordinary shares. The awards are non-assignable except by the laws of descent. Certain tax advantages apply to certain of our directors, office holders and employees with respect to equity-based awards granted to them under Global Share Incentive Plan (2013).
As of December 31, 2016, our compensation committee and board of directors, respectively, have approved the grant of a total of 82,000 RSUs and 209,963 options under the Global Share Incentive Plan (2013), of which the following were granted to directors and office holders: (a) in 2014 a total of 54,000 RSUs were granted, (b) in 2015 a total of 29,999 options were granted with an exercise price of US$ 26.91, and with an expiration date upon the earlier to occur of: (i) July 28, 2023; and (ii) the closing price of the shares falling below US$ 13.46 at any time after the date of grant, (c) in 2016 a total of 29,999 options were granted with an exercise price of US$ 28.38, and with an expiration date upon the earlier to occur of: (i) June 8, 2024, or (ii) the closing price of the shares falling below US$ 14.19 at any time after the date of grant.
In January 2017, our compensation committee and board of directors, respectively, approved a grant under the Global Share Incentive Plan (2013) of a total of (a) 119,925 options of which a total of 29,999 options were granted to directors and office holders with an exercise price of US$ 39.62, and an expiration date upon the earlier to occur of: (i) January 30, 2025, or (ii) the closing price of the shares falling below US$ 19.81 at any time after the date of grant, and (b) 78,000 RSUs were granted, of which 54,000 RSUs were granted to directors and office holders. The annual general meeting of our shareholders gave effect to such grants of options and of RSUs granted to directors in their meeting on June 5, 2017.
In April, 2018, our compensation committee and board of directors, respectively, approved the grant under the Global Share Incentive Plan (2013) of a total of 137,010 options under the Global Share Incentive Plan (2013), of which 29,999 options were granted to directors and office holders. The exercise price for the options (per ordinary share) is US$ 36.11. Such options shall expire, by their terms, on the earlier to occur of: (a) April 30, 2026, or (b) the closing price of the shares falling below US$ 18.06 at any time after the date of grant. The annual general meeting of our shareholders gave effect to such grants of options to directors in their meeting on June 12, 2018.
In January 2019, our compensation committee and board of directors, respectively, approved the grant under the Global Share Incentive Plan (2013) of a total of 141,928 options under the Global Share Incentive Plan (2013), of which 29,999 options were granted to directors and office holders. The exercise price for the options (per ordinary share) is US$ 33.83. Such options shall expire, by their terms, on the earlier to occur of: (a) January 31, 2027, or (b) the closing price of the shares falling below US$ 16.92 at any time after the date of grant. The annual general meeting of our shareholders gave effect to such grants of options and of RSUs granted to directors in their meeting on June 5, 2019.
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In January 2020, our compensation committee and board of directors, respectively, approved the grant of a total of 148,426 options and a total of 86,000 RSUs under the Global Share Incentive Plan (2013), of which 29,999 options and 54,000 RSUs will be granted to directors and office holders, subject to the approval of our 2020 Annual General Meeting, which is likely to convene in June 2020.
As of March 31, 2020, a total of 72,181 of the options granted under the Global Share Incentive Plan (2013) were returned to the company after not being exercised following the cessation of employment of certain employees, as set forth in the terms of grant of such options.
C. Board Practices
Avi Eizenman was re-elected to the Board of Directors most recently on June 5, 2019, to serve until the Annual General Meeting to be held in the year 2022, and until his successor has been duly elected, subject to the Companies Law and our Articles. Avi Eizenman is a founder of the Company and has served as a Director since our inception in 1987. Shaike Orbach was re-elected to hold office as a director most recently on June 5, 2017, to serve until the Annual General Meeting which will take place in 2020. Eli Doron was re-elected to the board of directors most recently on June 12, 2018, to serve until the Annual General Meeting to be held in 2021. On July 1, 2010, Mr. Ilan Erez was elected as an External Director for an initial term of three years in accordance with Section 245(a) of the Companies Law, with such term ending as of July 1, 2013. At the Annual General Meeting of our shareholders held on April 14, 2013, the shareholders re-elected Mr. Ilan Erez as an External Director for a second three-year term, and elected Ms. Ayelet Aya Hayak as an External Director for an initial three-year term, with such terms of office for the external directors commencing as of July 1, 2013. Mr. Ilan Erez and Ms. Ayelet Aya Hayak were re-elected as External Directors for a fourth three-year term and third three-year term, respectively, at the Annual General Meeting of our shareholders, which took place on June 5, 2019.
None of the members of the Board of Directors is entitled to receive any severance or similar benefits upon termination of his or her service with the Board of Directors, except for Avi Eizenman, who also functions as the active Chairman of the Board and Shaike Orbach, who also functions as President and Chief Executive Officer (See "Item 6.B. – Directors and Senior Management – Compensation" above).
In December 2007, our Audit Committee and Board of Directors approved severance arrangements for each of Mr. Avi Eizenman and Mr. Shaike Orbach, which provide for extended notice provisions and severance payments in the event of termination. The arrangements were approved by our shareholders in January 2008, and include the following main terms and conditions (identical with respect to each of Mr. Avi Eizenman and Mr. Shaike Orbach):
Notice of Termination
The termination of employment of Mr. Avi Eizenman or Mr. Shaike Orbach, by him or by us, for any reason other than cause (which is generally defined as willful conduct or omission materially injurious to the company), death or disability, shall require 12 months advance written notice. If, however, following a change of control transaction, either: (i) he shall give notice of termination of his employment for good reason (which is generally defined as an adverse change to the status, responsibilities, salary or other material terms of his employment); or (ii) we shall give notice of termination of his employment for any reason other than cause or disability, 18 months advance written notice shall be required. A change of control transaction includes transactions such as sale of all or substantially all of the company's shares or assets, or a merger, acquisition, or other reorganization in which control of our company changes following such transaction.
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Severance Payments
If the employment of Mr. Avi Eizenman or Mr. Shaike Orbach shall be terminated for any reason other than cause, he shall be entitled to receive his last full monthly salary multiplied by the number of years (or portions thereof) that he was employed by us (i.e. the severance amount he would be entitled to receive under the Israeli law, had we terminated his employment for any reason other than cause) (the "Severance Law Amount"). If, however, his employment shall be terminated: (i) by the company for any reason other than cause or disability; or (ii) by him for a good reason following a change of control, he shall be entitled to receive one and half times the Severance Law Amount. If his employment under the arrangement is terminated by reason of death or disability, then, in addition to the above, he shall be entitled to receive a lump sum severance payment equal to his last full monthly salary multiplied by twelve 12 months.
As per Amendment 20, it was decided at the Extraordinary General Meeting of the Shareholders on July 31, 2013, to adopt the Executive Compensation Policy of the Company, which included the above referenced extended notice provisions, and severance payments in the event of termination, with respect to each of Mr. Avi Eizenman and Mr. Shaike Orbach. The Amended Executive Compensation Policy was approved by our Annual General Meeting convened in June 2019.
Board of Directors
Our Articles provide for a Board of Directors of not less than two and not more than eight members. At the Annual General Meeting of the Shareholders on June 8, 2016, it was decided to adopt a new Directors Voting Mechanism, and to amend the Articles accordingly. Under the new Directors Voting Mechanism, Directors are divided into three groups, Group A, Group B and Group C. Each group is brought for re-election once every three years, on a rotating basis, such that at each Annual General Meeting of the shareholders a given group of Directors is brought for election, to serve on a continuous basis for a three-year term, until the Annual General Meeting in three years' time and until their respective successors are duly elected, at which point their term in office shall expire. At each Annual General Meeting, the Annual General Meeting shall be entitled to elect Directors to replace the Directors whose three-year term in office has expired, and so on ad infinitum, so that each year, the term in office of one group of directors shall expire. Other office holders serve at the discretion of the Board of Directors. The Amended and Restated Articles of the Company provide that any director may, subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and the approval by the Board of Directors, appoint another person to serve as an Alternate Director and may cancel such appointment. Under the Companies Law, a person who is already serving as a Director will not be permitted to act as an Alternate Director. Additionally, the Companies Law prohibits a person from serving as an Alternate Director for more than one Director. Appointment of an Alternate Director for a member of a board committee is only permitted if the alternate is a member of the Board of Directors and does not already serve as a member of such committee. If the committee member being substituted is an External Director, the alternate may only be another External Director who possesses the same expertise as the External Director being substituted. The term of appointment of an Alternate Director may be for one meeting of the Board of Directors or for a specified period or until notice is given of the cancellation of the appointment. To our knowledge, no Director currently intends to appoint any other person as an Alternate Director, except if the Director is unable to attend a meeting of the Board of Directors.
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External Directors
Under the Companies Law, companies registered under the laws of Israel, the shares of which have been offered to the public in or outside of Israel, are required to appoint no less than two external directors. No person may be appointed as an external director if such person is a relative (as defined in the Companies Law) of a "controlling shareholder" or if such person, or the person's relative, partner, employer or any entity under the person's control, has or had, on or within the two years preceding the date of the person's appointment to serve as External Director, any affiliation with any of either the company, any entity or person controlling, controlled by or under common control with the company, or relatives of such person. The term "affiliation" includes:

• | An employment relationship;

• | A business or professional relationship maintained on a regular basis;

• | Control; and

• | Service as an office holder.

The Israeli Minister of Justice, in consultation with the ISA, may determine that certain matters will not constitute an affiliation, and has issued certain regulations with respect thereof.
If the company does not have a "controlling shareholder" or a shareholder who holds company shares entitling him to vote at least 25% of the votes in a shareholders meeting, then the company may not appoint as an external director any person or such person's relative, partner, employer or any entity under the person's control, who has or had, on or within the two years preceding the date of the person's appointment to serve as external director, any affiliation with the Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer, a substantial shareholder who holds at least 5% of the issued and outstanding shares of the company or voting rights which entitle him to vote at least 5% of the votes in a shareholders meeting, or the Chief Financial Officer.
A person shall be qualified to serve as an external director only if he or she possesses "expertise in finance and accounting" or "professional qualifications". At least one external director must possess "expertise in finance and accounting".
A director can satisfy the requirements of having "expertise in finance and accounting" if due to his or her education, experience and qualifications he or she has acquired expertise and understanding in business and accounting matters and financial statements, in a manner that allows him or her to understand, in depth, the company's financial statements and to spur a discussion regarding the manner in which the financial data is presented.
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A public company's board of directors must evaluate the proposed external director's "expertise in finance and accounting", by considering, among other things, such candidate's education, experience and knowledge in the following: (i) accounting and auditing issues typical to the field in which the company operates and to companies of a size and complexity similar to such company; (ii) the company's independent public accountant's duties and obligations; (iii) preparation of the company's consolidated financial statements and their approval in accordance with the Companies Law and the Israeli Securities Law.
A director is deemed to be "professionally qualified" if he or she meets any of the following criteria: (i) has an academic degree in any of the following professions: economics, business administration, accounting, law or public administration; (ii) has a different academic degree or has completed higher education in a field that is the company's main field of operations, or a field relevant to his or her position; or (iii) has at least five years' experience in any of the following, or has at least a cumulative total of at least five years' experience in any two of the following: (A) a senior position in the business management of a corporation with a significant extent of business, (B) a senior public position or a senior position in public service, or (C) a senior position in the company's main field of operations. As with a candidate's "expertise in finance and accounting", the board of directors here too must evaluate the proposed external director's "professional qualification" in accordance with the criteria set forth above.
The declaration required by law to be signed by a candidate to serve as an external director must include a statement by such candidate concerning his or her education and experience, if relevant, in order that the board of directors may properly evaluate whether such candidate meets the requirements of having "expertise in finance and accounting" or being "professionally qualified" as set forth in the regulations. Additionally, the candidate should submit documents and certificates that support the statements set forth in the declaration.
No person may serve as an external director if the person's position or other business activities create, or may create, a conflict of interest with the person's responsibilities as an external director or may otherwise interfere with the person's ability to serve as an external director. Additionally, no person may serve as an external director if the person, the person's relative, spouse, employer or any entity controlling or controlled by the person, has a business or professional relationship with someone with whom affiliation is prohibited, even if such relationship is not maintained on a regular basis, excepting negligible relationships, or if such person received from the company any compensation as an external director in excess of what is permitted by the Companies Law. Pursuant to the recently enacted amendment to the Companies Regulations (Matters Which do not Constitute Affiliation), 2006, effective as of April 3, 2016 (the "Amendment to the Affiliation Regulations"), business or professional relationship maintained on a regular basis between the company and the external director will not constitute affiliation if the relationship commenced after the appointment of the external director for office, the company and the external director consider the relationship to be negligible and the audit committee approved, based on information presented to it, that the relationship is negligible, and the external director declared that he or she did not know and could not have reasonably know about the formation of the relationship and has no control over its existence or termination. If, at the time external directors are to be appointed, all current members of the board of directors who are not controlling shareholders or relatives of such shareholders are of the same gender, then at least one external director must be of the other gender.
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External directors are to be elected for a term of three years by a majority vote at a shareholders' meeting, provided that either:

• | the majority includes at least a majority of the shares held by non-controlling and disinterested shareholders who are present and voting at the meeting; or

• | the total number of shares held by non-controlling and disinterested shareholders that voted against the election of the director does not exceed two percent of the aggregate voting rights in the company.

External directors may be re-elected for two additional terms of three years each, provided that with respect to the appointment for each such additional three-year term, one of the following has occurred: (i) the reappointment of the external director has been proposed by one or more shareholders holding together 1% or more of the aggregate voting rights in the company and the appointment was approved at the general meeting of the shareholders by the requisite majority, provided that: (1) in calculating the majority, votes of controlling shareholders or shareholders having a personal interest in the appointment as a result of an affiliation with a "controlling shareholder" and abstentions are disregarded, (2) the total number of shares of shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the appointment as a result of an affiliation with a "controlling shareholder" and/or who are not controlling shareholders, present and voting in favor of the appointment exceed 2% of the aggregate voting rights in the company, and (3) the external director who has been nominated in such fashion is not a "linked or competing shareholder", and does not have or has not had, on or within the two years preceding the date of such person's appointment to serve for another term as external director, any affiliation with a linked or competing shareholder. The term "linked or competing shareholder" means the shareholder(s) who nominated the external director for reappointment or a material shareholder of the company holding more than 5% of the shares in the company, provided that at the time of the reappointment, such shareholder(s) of the company, the "controlling shareholder" of such shareholder(s) of the company, or a company under such shareholder(s) of the company's control, has a business relationship with the company or are competitors of the company; the Israeli Minister of Justice, in consultation with the ISA, may determine that certain matters will not constitute a business relationship or competition with the company; (ii) the reappointment of the external director has been proposed by the board of directors and the appointment was approved by the majority of shareholders required for the initial appointment of an external director; or (iii) the external director has proposed himself for reappointment and the reappointment was approved in accordance with Sub-section (i) above.
However, under regulations promulgated pursuant to the Companies Law, companies whose shares are listed for trading on specified exchanges outside of Israel, including the NASDAQ Global Select, Global and Capital Markets, may elect external directors for additional terms that do not exceed three years each, beyond the three three-year terms generally applicable, provided that, if an external director is being re-elected for an additional term or terms beyond three three-year terms: (i) the audit committee and board of directors must determine that, in light of the external director's expertise and special contribution to the board of directors and its committees, the re-election for an additional term is to the company's benefit; (ii) the external director must be re-elected by the required majority of shareholders and subject to the terms specified in the Companies Law; and (iii) the term during which the nominee has served as an external director and the reasons given by the audit committee and board of directors for extending his or her term of office must be presented to the shareholders prior to their approval.
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Further to these regulations, a recent amendment to the Companies Regulations (Relief for Companies Whose Shares are Registered for Trading Outside of Israel) – 2000, (the "Amendment to the Relief Regulations"), provides additional exemptions for such companies whose shares are listed for trading on specified exchanges outside of Israel, including the NASDAQ Global Select, Global and Capital Markets, provided that: (i) such company does not have a "controlling shareholder"; and (ii) the company complies with the requirements of the foreign securities laws and stock exchange regulations applicable to companies which are incorporated under the laws of such foreign countries with regard to appointing independent directors and composition of the compensation and audit committees. Any company that satisfies the above criteria and elects to comply with the applicable foreign securities laws and stock exchange regulations, shall be exempt from the following rules under the Companies Law: (i) to have at least 2 external directors appointed to serve in a public company; (ii) at least one of the external directors is required to have financial and accounting expertise and the rest are required to have professional expertise; (iii) the external directors shall be appointed by the general meeting and subject to certain voting thresholds; (iv) if all of the board members who are not controlling shareholders are of one sex, the appointed external director shall be of the other sex; (v) all of the board committees which are empowered and authorized to exercise any of the board's authorities must consist of at least one external director. The exemption from these rules under Amendment 1 requires that the board be composed of both male and female directors.
External directors may be removed only by the same percentage of shareholders as is required for their election, or by a court, and then only if the external directors cease to meet the statutory qualifications for their appointment, violate their duty of loyalty to the company or are found by a court to be unable to perform their duties on a full time basis. External directors may also be removed by an Israeli court if they are found guilty of bribery, fraud, administrative offenses in a company or use of inside information. Each committee of a company's board of directors which has been granted any authority normally reserved for the board of directors must include at least one external director; provided, however, that the audit committee and compensation committee must each include all external directors then serving on the board of directors.
Following termination of service as an external director, a public company, a "controlling shareholder" thereof and any entity controlled by a "controlling shareholder", may not grant any benefit, directly or indirectly, to any person who served as an external director of such public company, or to his or her spouse or child, including, not appointing such person, or his or her spouse or child, as an office holder of such public company or of any entity controlled by a "controlling shareholder" of such public company, not employing such person or his or her spouse or child and not receiving professional services for pay from such person, either directly or indirectly, including through a corporation controlled by such person, all until the lapse of two years from termination of office with respect to the external director, his or her spouse or child; and with respect to other relatives of the former external director - until the lapse of one year from termination of office.
An external director is entitled to compensation as provided in regulations adopted under the Companies Law and is otherwise prohibited from receiving any other compensation, directly or indirectly, in connection with service provided as an external director. At the Annual Shareholders Meeting of the Company held on June 5, 2019, the shareholders of the Company re-elected Mr. Ilan Erez as an external director for a fourth three-year term and re-elected Ms. Ayelet Aya Hayak as an external director for a third three-year term.
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Audit Committee
The Companies Law requires public companies to appoint an audit committee. The responsibilities of the audit committee pursuant to the Companies Law include identifying irregularities in the management of our business and approving related party transactions as required by law, classifying company transactions as extraordinary transactions or non-extraordinary transactions and as material or non-material transactions in which an office holder has an interest (which will have the effect of determining the kind of corporate approvals required for such transaction), assessing the proper function of the company's internal audit regime and determining whether its internal auditor has the requisite tools and resources required to perform his or her role and to regulate the company's rules on employee complaints, reviewing the scope of work of the company's independent accountants and their fees, and implementing a whistleblower protection plan with respect to employee complaints of business irregularities. In addition, the responsibilities of the audit committee under the Companies Law also include the following matters: (i) to establish procedures to be followed in respect of related party transactions with a "controlling shareholder" (where such are not extraordinary transactions), which may include, where applicable, the establishment of a competitive process for such transaction, under the supervision of the audit committee, or individual, or other committee or body selected by the audit committee, in accordance with criteria determined by the audit committee; and (ii) to determine procedures for approving certain related party transactions with a "controlling shareholder", which were determined by the audit committee not to be extraordinary transactions, but which were also determined by the audit committee not to be negligible transactions.
Under the Companies Law, an audit committee must consist of at least three directors, including all the external directors of the company, and a majority of the members of the audit committee must be independent or external directors. The Companies Law defines independent directors as either external directors or directors who: (1) meet the requirements of an external director, other than the requirement to possess accounting and financial expertise or "professional qualifications", with Audit Committee confirmation of such; (2) have been directors in the company for an uninterrupted duration of less than 9 years (and any interim period during which such person was not a director which is less than 2 years shall not be deemed to interrupt the duration); and, (3) were classified as such by the company.
The following persons may not be a member of the audit committee:

• | The chairman of the board of directors;

• | Any director employed by or otherwise providing services to the company or to the "controlling shareholder" or entity under such controlling shareholder's control;

• | Any director who derives his salary primarily from a controlling shareholder;

• | A "controlling shareholder"; or

• | Any relative of a "controlling shareholder".

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According to the Companies Law, (1) the chairman of the audit committee must be an external director, (2) the required quorum for audit committee meetings and decisions is a majority of the committee members, of which the majority of members present must be independent and external directors, and (3) any person who is not eligible to serve on the audit committee is further restricted from participating in its meetings and votes, unless the chairman of the audit committee determines that such person's presence is necessary in order to present a certain matter, provided however, that company employees who are not controlling shareholders or relatives of such shareholders may be present in the meetings but not for the actual votes, and likewise, company counsel and company secretary who are not controlling shareholders or relatives of such shareholders may be present in the meetings and for the decisions if such presence is requested by the audit committee.
Pursuant to the Amendment to the Relief Regulations, companies whose shares are listed for trading on specified exchanges outside of Israel, including the NASDAQ Global Select, Global and Capital Markets, and which satisfy the criteria detailed above, are exempt from the following rules regarding the Audit Committee under the Companies Law: (i) the committee shall be comprised of at least 3 members, who shall include all of the external directors, and the majority of the members shall be independent; (ii) the audit committee may not include the chairman of the board, or any director employed by the Company, by a controlling shareholder or by any entity controlled by a controlling shareholder, or any director providing services to us, to a controlling shareholder or to any entity controlled by a controlling shareholder on a regular basis, or any director whose income is primarily dependent on a controlling shareholder, and may not include a controlling shareholder or any relatives of a controlling shareholder; (iii) the controlling shareholder or his relatives shall not be members of the audit committee; (iv) the chairman of the audit committee shall be an external director; (v) a person who is prohibited from being a member of the audit committee shall not be present at the committee's meetings; (vi) if the committee also serves as a financials committee, the rules applicable to the financials committee shall apply; (vii) the legal quorum shall be the majority of the committee members, provided that the majority of directors present are independent, at least one of whom is an external director.
Currently, Ms. Ayelet Aya Hayak, Mr. Ilan Erez and Mr. Eli Doron serve as members of our audit committee, and Mr. Ilan Erez serves as the chairperson.
Compensation Committee
Pursuant to the Companies Law, the Board of Directors of Israeli publicly traded companies are required to appoint a compensation committee comprised of at least three members, including all external directors, who must also comprise a majority of the members of the compensation committee. In addition, the chairman of the compensation committee must be an external director. Following the compensation committee's recommendations, the Board of Directors is required to establish a compensation policy, which includes a framework for establishing the terms of office and employment of the office holders and guidelines with respect to the structure of the variable pay of office holders. Such guidelines are the basis for adequate balance between the components of compensation, which exists when a linkage is maintained between compensation and performance and the creation of value for shareholders in the Company, while maintaining the Company's ability to recruit and maintain talented officeholders and incentivizing them to pursue the Company's objectives. In particular, an appropriate balance between the fixed component (base salary and additional benefits) and the variable component and capital compensation avoids placing an exaggerated emphasis on one component.
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The following persons may not be a member of the compensation committee:

• | The chairman of the board of directors;

• | Any director employed by or otherwise providing services to the company or to the controlling shareholder or entity under such controlling shareholder's control;

• | Any director who derives his salary primarily from a "controlling shareholder;"

• | A "controlling shareholder"; or

• | Any relative of a "controlling shareholder".

The responsibilities of the compensation committee include the following:

1. | To recommend to the Board of Directors as to a compensation policy for office holders of the company, as well as to recommend, once every three years to extend the compensation policy subject to receipt of the required corporate approvals;

2. | To recommend to the Board of Directors as to any updates to the compensation policy which may be required;

3. | To review the implementation of the compensation policy by the company;

4. | To approve transactions relating to terms of office and employment of certain company office holders, which require the approval of the compensation committee pursuant to the Companies Law; and

5. | To exempt, under certain circumstances, a transaction relating to terms of office and employment from the requirement of approval of the shareholders meeting.

In December 2012, our Board of Directors changed the composition of the members of our compensation committee by removing Mr. Avi Eizenman from the compensation committee, and appointing the Company's two external directors, Mr. Ilan Erez and Ms. Einat Domb-Har to our compensation committee, and appointing Mr. Ilan Erez as chairman of our compensation committee. On July 1, 2013, following the election of Ms. Ayelet Aya Hayak as an external director instead of Ms. Einat Domb-Har, Ms. Aya Hayak replaced Ms. Domb-Har on our compensation committee. Following the election of Mr. Eli Doron as a member of our board of directors, Mr. Eli Doron replaced Mr. Zohar Zisapel on our compensation committee. Our compensation committee has been nominated and empowered by the Board of Directors to act in accordance with the powers and prerogatives delegated to it by the Companies Law and take any decisions and make any recommendations to the Board all as set forth in the Companies Law.
Pursuant to Amendment 27 to the Companies Law, effective as of April 3, 2016 ("Amendment 27"), the audit committee may serve as the company's compensation committee, provided that it meets the composition requirements of the compensation committee.
Pursuant to the Amendment to the Relief Regulations, companies whose shares are listed for trading on specified exchanges outside of Israel, including the NASDAQ Global Select, Global and Capital Markets, and satisfying the criteria detailed above, are exempt from the following rules regarding the Compensation Committee under the Companies Law: (i) the board of a public company is required to appoint a compensation committee; (ii) the compensation committee shall be comprised of at least 3 members, all of the external directors shall be members and shall constitute the majority of its members and the rest of the members shall be members whose terms of service are as required under the Companies Law.
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Under Section 267B(a) and Parts A and B of Annex 1A of the Companies Law, which were legislated as part of Amendment 20, a company's compensation policy shall be determined based on, and take into account, the following parameters:

a. | Advancement of the goals of the company, its working plan and its long term policy;

b. | The creation of proper incentives for the office holders while taking into consideration, inter alia, the company's risk management policies;

c. | The company's size and nature of its operations;

d. | The contributions of the relevant office holders in achieving the goals of the company and profit in the long term in light of their positions;

e. | The education, skills, expertise and achievements of the relevant office holders;

f. | The role of the office holders, areas of their responsibilities and previous agreements with them;

g. | The correlation of the proposed compensation with the compensation of other employees of the company, and the effect of such differences in compensation on the employment relations in the company; and

h. | The long term performance of the office holder.

In addition, the compensation policy should take into account that in the event the compensation paid to office holders shall include variable components – it should address the ability of the board of directors to reduce the value of the variable component from time to time or to set a cap on the exercise value of convertible securities components that are not paid out in cash. Additionally, in the event that the terms of office and employment include grants or payments made upon termination – such grants should take into consideration the length of the term of office or period of employment, the terms of employment of the office holder during such period, the company's success during said period and the office holder's contribution to obtaining the company's goals and maximizing its profits as well as the circumstances and context of the termination.
In addition, the compensation policy must set forth standards and rules on the following issues: (a) with respect to variable components of compensation - basing the compensation on long term performance and measurable criteria (though a non-material portion of the variable components can be discretionary awards taking into account the contribution of the office holder to the company. Pursuant to Amendment 27, variable components in the amount of up to a three month salary of the relevant office holder, on an annual basis, shall be considered a non-material portion of the variable components); (b) establishing the appropriate ratio between variable components and fixed components and placing a cap on such variable components (including a cap on the grant date value of convertible securities components that are not paid out in cash); (c) setting forth a rule requiring an office holder to return amounts paid, in the event that it is later revealed that such amounts were paid on the basis of data which prove to be erroneous and resulted in an amendment and restatement of the company's financial statements; (d) determining minimum holding or vesting periods for equity based variable components of compensation, while taking into consideration appropriate long term incentives; and (e) setting a cap on grants or benefits paid upon termination.
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The board of directors of a company is obligated to adopt a compensation policy after considering the recommendations of the compensation committee. The final adoption of the compensation committee is subject to the approval of the shareholders of the company, which such approval is subject to certain special majority requirements, as set forth in the Companies Law, pursuant to which one of the following must be met:

(i) | the majority of the votes includes at least a majority of all the votes of shareholders who are not controlling shareholders of the company or who do not have a personal interest in the compensation policy and participating in the vote; abstentions shall not be included in the total of the votes of the aforesaid shareholders; or

(ii) | the total of opposing votes from among the shareholders described in Sub-section (i) above does not exceed 2% of all the voting rights in the company.

Nonetheless, even if the shareholders of the company do not approve the compensation policy, the board of directors of a company may approve the compensation policy, provided that the compensation committee and, thereafter, the board of directors determined, based on detailed, documented, reasons and after a second review of the compensation policy, that the approval of the compensation policy is for the benefit of the company.
Executive Compensation Policy
On July 31, 2013, an Extraordinary General Meeting of the Shareholders of the Company took place, approving the Executive Compensation Policy as later amended at the Annual General Meeting of the Shareholders held on June 5, 2019 (the "Policy"), which had been recommended by the Compensation Committee and approved by the Board of Directors, for the Company's directors and office holders, in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Law. The Policy was approved by our shareholders at the Annual General Meeting of our shareholders, which took place on June 5, 2019.
The Policy includes, among other issues prescribed by the Companies Law, a framework for establishing the terms of office and employment of the office holders, a recoupment policy, and guidelines with respect to the structure of the variable pay of office holders.
Each of our compensation committee and board of directors may engage compensation advisors and other professionals to assist in formulating compensation packages in line with the Policy, including, without limitation, to assist in collecting relevant data, framing the appropriate factors to be considered and evaluating the different factors being considered.
All compensation arrangements of office holders are to be approved in the manner prescribed by applicable law. Our office holders, including External Directors or Independent Directors, may waive their entitlement to their compensation, subject to applicable law.
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Our recoupment policy relating to office holder compensation allows for the recovery of all or a portion of any compensation paid to our office holders paid during the previous three years on the basis of financial data included in our financial statements in any fiscal year that were found to be inaccurate and were subsequently restated. In such event, we will seek reimbursement from the office holders to the extent such office holders would not have been entitled to all or a portion of such compensation, based on the financial data included in the restated financial statements. Our compensation committee will be responsible for approving the amounts to be recouped and for setting terms for such recoupment from time to time. Notwithstanding the aforesaid, the recoupment policy will not be triggered in the event of a financial restatement due to changes in the applicable reporting or accounting standards. The above noted recoupment policy does not derogate from any relevant recoupment or claw-back provisions under any applicable law or regulatory rules which apply to us.
All of our office holders (other than non-employee directors) may be incentivized through cash bonuses and long-term equity-based incentives to provide the office holder with a stake in our success – thus linking the office holder's long-term financial interests with the interests of our shareholders. In accordance with the Policy, the incentives are developed through a program that sets performance targets based on each office holder's role and scope. Actual payments are driven by the business and individual performance vis-à-vis the performance targets set at the beginning of the year. The formula for the performance targets and the maximum variable components payable to each office holder (other than directors) shall be presented and recommended by our Chief Executive Officer and reviewed and approved by our compensation committee and our board of directors. The formula for the performance targets and the maximum variable components payable to any employee office holders who are also directors shall be presented and recommended by our compensation committee and reviewed and approved by our board of directors and our shareholders. The maximum value of the variable compensation components for an office holder at the Company shall not exceed eighty percent of such office holder's total compensation package on an annual basis. The maximum annual value of the equity-based long-term compensation components and cash bonuses of all of our office holders shall not exceed two percent of our market cap.
Unless otherwise specified in the terms of the variable compensation of an office holder, our Policy dictates that the board of directors shall not have discretion to unilaterally reduce such office holder's variable compensation. Equity based compensation may be granted in any form permitted under our equity incentive plans, as in effect from time to time (collectively, the "Equity Incentive Plans"), including stock options, restricted share units and restricted stock. Equity grants to office holders shall be made in accordance with the terms of the Equity Incentive Plans. All equity-based incentives granted to our office holders shall be subject to vesting periods in order to promote long-term retention of the awarded office holders. Unless determined otherwise in a specific award agreement approved by the compensation committee and the board of directors, grants to our office holders other than directors shall vest gradually over a period of between two to four years. We do not have any equity ownership guidelines that require any of our office holders to hold a stated number or fixed percentage of our ordinary shares, nor do they have to continue to hold for any period of time shares in the Company which they acquired as a result of the exercise of fully vested equity grants. The value of the equity-based compensation shall be calculated on the grant date, according to acceptable valuation practices at the time of grant. The board of directors shall not have discretion to limit the value of the equity-based compensation at the time of exercise. The board of directors may, following approval by our compensation committee, extend the period of time for which an award to an office holder is to remain exercisable, or make provisions with respect to the acceleration of the vesting period of any office holder's awards, including, without limitation, in connection with a corporate transaction involving a change of control.
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Our compensation committee will periodically review the Policy and monitor its implementation, and recommend to our board of directors and shareholders to amend the Policy as it deems necessary from time to time. The term of the Policy shall be three years as of the date of its re-adoption on June 8, 2016, during which, the Board of Directors is required to examine the Policy and revise it from time to time, if the circumstances under which it had been adopted have materially changed.
Following such three-year term, the Policy, including any revisions recommended by our compensation committee and approved by our board of directors, as applicable, will be brought once again to the shareholders for approval.
Internal Auditor
Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint an internal auditor, who is nominated by the audit committee. The role of the internal auditor is to examine, among other matters, whether our actions comply with the law and orderly business procedure. Under the Companies Law, the internal auditor may be an employee of the company but not an office holder (as defined in Item 10 below), nor an affiliate, nor a relative of an office holder or affiliate, and he or she may not be our independent accountant or its representative. Yisrael Gewirtz of Fahn Kaneh Control Management Ltd. (a subsidiary of Fahn Kanne & Co. - Grant Thornton Israel) serves as our internal auditor.
D. Employees
The number of employees over the last three financial years is set forth in the table below.

As of December 31, |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
Total Employees |  |  | 255 |  |  |  | 270 |  |  |  | 260 |
Marketing, Sales, Customer Services |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 25 |
Research & Development |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 106 |
Manufacturing |  |  | 123 |  |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | 110 |
Corporate Operations and Administration |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 19 |

As of March 31, 2020, we had 268 employees, including 23 in marketing, sales and customer services, 113 in research and development, 114 in manufacturing, and 18 in corporate operations and administration. All such employees, except for 21 employees of our subsidiaries in the United States and 43 employees of our subsidiary in Denmark, are based in Israel. We consider our relations with our employees excellent and have never experienced a labor dispute, strike or work stoppage. None of our employees are represented by a labor union. We do not employ a significant number of temporary employees, but we do use temporary employees from time to time, as necessary.
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In Israel we are subject to certain labor statutes and national labor court precedent rulings, as well as to certain provisions of the collective bargaining agreements between the Histadrut (General Federation of Labor in Israel) and the Coordination Bureau of Economic Organizations including the Industrialists' Associations. These provisions of collective bargaining agreements are applicable to our Israeli employees by virtue of expansion orders issued in accordance with relevant labor laws by the Israeli Ministry of Labor and Welfare, and which apply such agreement provisions to our employees even though they are not directly part of a union that has signed a collective bargaining agreement. The laws and labor court rulings that apply to our employees principally concern the minimum wage laws, procedures for dismissing employees, determination of severance pay, leaves of absence (such as annual vacation or maternity leave), sick pay and other conditions for employment. The expansion orders which apply to our employees principally concern the requirement for length of the work day and workweek, mandatory contributions to a pension fund, annual recreation allowance, travel expenses payment and other conditions of employment. We generally provide our employees with benefits and working conditions beyond the required minimums.
Israeli law generally requires severance pay, which may be funded by managers' insurance and/or a pension fund described below, upon the retirement or death of an employee or termination of employment without cause (as defined in the law). The payments to the managers' insurance and/or pension fund in respect of severance pay amount to approximately 8.33% of an employee's wages, in the aggregate. Furthermore, Israeli employees and employers are required to pay predetermined sums to the National Insurance Institute, which is similar to the United States Social Security Administration. Such amounts also include payments for national health insurance. The payments to the National Insurance Institute (including payments for healthcare insurance) are paid on a differential basis, such that with respect to the part of the employer's wage which is equal to up to 60% of the average wage in Israel, the employer is required to pay an amount equal to 3.45% of such part of the employee's wage and the employee is required to pay an amount equal to 3.50% of such part of the employee's wage, and for the remainder of the employee's wage, the employer is required to pay an amount equal to 7.50% of such part of the employee's wage and the employee is required to pay an amount equal to 12% of such part of the employee's wage.
As required by applicable law, we contribute to either a fund known as managers' insurance or to a pension fund, or to a combination of both. Such practice was further reinforced in July 1, 2008, when we entered into agreements with a majority of our employees in order to implement Section 14 to the Severance Pay Law ("Section 14"), according to which the payment of monthly deposits by us into managers' insurance and/or pension fund are in respect of severance obligation to such employees. See Note 11 of our consolidated financial statements. These funds provide a combination of savings plan, insurance and severance pay benefits to the employee, giving the employee a lump sum payment upon retirement and securing the severance pay or part of it, if legally entitled, upon termination of employment. Each employee contributes an aggregate amount equal to 6% of his or her base salary to such funds, and we contribute, in the aggregate, an additional 14.83% to 15.83% of the employee's base salary, with such amount including the 8.33% which is contributed as severance pay as noted above. The monthly contributions as mentioned above constitute a majority of the required payment for severance pay. For employees without a Section 14 arrangement as of their commencement date, the Company designates a separate portion of its funds and attributes them to its severance payment obligations. Additionally, the Company makes provisions in its books concerning any additional severance payments liability.
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E. Share Ownership
The following table sets forth, as of March 31, 2020, the number of shares owned by our office holders, directors and senior management. The percentages shown are based on 7,231,907 ordinary shares outstanding as of March 31, 2020:

Name |  | Number of Shares and Options Owned1 |  |  | Percent of Outstanding Shares |
Avi Eizenmann |  |  | 305,750 |  |  |  | 4.13 | %
Shaike Orbach |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Eli Doron |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Ayelet Aya Hayak |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Ilan Erez |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Eran Gilad |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
All directors and office holders as a group |  |  | 372,248 |  |  |  | 5.03 | %

* | Denotes ownership of less than 1% of the outstanding shares.

(1) | The table above includes the number of shares and options that are exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2020. Ordinary shares subject to these options are deemed beneficially owned for the purpose of computing the ownership percentage of the person or group holding these options, but are not deemed outstanding for purposes of computing the ownership percentage of any other person. Except where otherwise indicated, and subject to applicable community property laws, based on information furnished to us by such owners or otherwise disclosed in any public filings, to our knowledge, the persons and entities named in the table have sole voting and dispositive power with respect to all shares shown as beneficially owned by them.

See also "Item 6 – Directors and Senior Management – Compensation".
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Item 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
A. Major Shareholders
The shareholders of the Company who beneficially own over 5% or more of each class of shares, as well as the number of shares owned and the percentage of outstanding shares owned by each, and additional information, is set forth below. The voting rights of our major shareholders do not differ from the voting rights of other holders of our ordinary shares. All of the information with respect to beneficial ownership of the Ordinary Shares is given to the best of our knowledge.

Name of Shareholder |  | Number of Shares and Options Owned(1) |  |  | Percentage of Outstanding Shares |
Wellington Management Group LLP(2) |  |  | 1,003,394 |  |  |  | 13.87 | %
Wellington Trust Company, NA(3) |  |  | 930,035 |  |  |  | 12.86 | %
Wellington Trust Company, National Association Multiple Common Trust Funds Trust, Micro Cap Equity Portfolio(4) |  |  | 425,033 |  |  |  | 5.88 | %
Zohar Zisapel(5) |  |  | 723,706 |  |  |  | 10.01 | %
Ibex Investors LLC/ Justin B. Borus, Ibex Israel Fund LLLP/Ibex GP LLC/Ibex Investment Holdings LLC/Ibex Investment Holdings II LLC (6) |  |  | 530,700 |  |  |  | 7.34 | %
Dov Yelin/Yair Lapidot/Yelin Lapidot Holdings Management Ltd./ Yelin Lapidot Mutual Funds Management Ltd. (7) |  |  | 470,091 |  |  |  | 6.50 | %

| (1) | The table above includes the number of shares and options that are exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2020. Ordinary shares subject to these options are deemed beneficially owned for the purpose of computing the ownership percentage of the person or group holding these options, but are not deemed outstanding for purposes of computing the ownership percentage of any other person. Except where otherwise indicated, and subject to applicable community property laws, based on information furnished to us by such owners or otherwise disclosed in any public filings, to our knowledge, the persons and entities named in the table have sole voting and dispositive power with respect to all shares shown as beneficially owned by them. All the information detailed in this table is as set forth in major shareholders' public filings, unless stated otherwise.

| (2) | As reported on the Schedule 13G/A filed by Wellington Management Group LLP, Wellington Group Holdings LLP, Wellington Investment Advisors Holdings LLP and Wellington Management Company LLP with the SEC on January 28, 2020. The securities as to which the Schedule was filed are owned of record by clients of one or more investment advisers, which are directly or indirectly owned by Wellington Management Group LLP.

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Those clients have the right to receive, or the power to direct the receipt of, dividends from, or the proceeds from the sale of, such securities. No such client is known to have such right or power with respect to more than 5% of this class of securities, except for: Wellington Trust Company, NA and Wellington Trust Company, National Association Multiple Common Trust Funds Trust, Micro Cap Equity Portfolio.
The relevant entities that beneficially own shares of the security class that were reported on the Schedule are: Wellington Group Holdings LLP, Wellington Investment Advisors LLP, Wellington Management Global Holdings, Ltd., one or more of the following investment advisers (the "Wellington Investment Advisers"): Wellington Management Company LLP, Wellington Management Canada LLC, Wellington Management Singapore Pte Ltd., Wellington Management Hong Kong Ltd., Wellington Management International Ltd., Wellington Management Japan Pte Ltd., Wellington Management Australia Pty Ltd.
The securities as to which the Schedule was filed by Wellington Management Group LLP, as parent holding company of certain holding companies and the Wellington Investment Advisers, are owned of record by clients of the Wellington Investment Advisers. Wellington Investment Advisors Holdings LLP controls directly, or indirectly through Wellington Management Global Holdings, Ltd., the Wellington Investment Advisers. Wellington Investment Advisors Holdings LLP is owned by Wellington Group Holdings LLP. Wellington Group Holdings LLP is owned by Wellington Management Group LLP.

| (3) | As reported on Schedule 13G filed by Wellington Trust Company, NA with the SEC on January 29, 2020. The securities as to which the Schedule was filed by Wellington Trust Company, NA, in its capacity as investment adviser, are owned of record by clients of Wellington Trust Company, NA. Those clients have the right to receive, or the power to direct the receipt of, dividends from, or the proceeds from the sale of, such securities. No such client is known to have such right or power with respect to more than five percent of this class of securities.

| (4) | As reported on Schedule 13G filed by Wellington Trust Company, National Association Multiple Common Trust Funds Trust, Micro Cap Equity Portfolio with the SEC on January 30, 2020.

| (5) | As reported on Schedule 13D/A filed by Zohar Zisapel with the SEC on January 16, 2019.

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| (6) | As reported on Schedule 13G filed by Ibex Investors LLC (the "Investment Manager"), Justin B. Borus, Ibex Israel Fund LLLP (the "Fund"), Ibex GP LLC (the "General Partner"), Ibex Investment Holdings LLC ("IM Holdings") and Ibex Investment Holdings II LLC ("GP Holdings") with the SEC on January 24, 2020, the Fund is a private investment vehicle. The Fund directly beneficially owns the Company's ordinary shares detailed in the Schedule. The Investment Manager is the investment manager of the Fund. IM Holdings is the sole member of the Investment Manager. The General Partner is the general partner of the Fund. GP Holdings is the sole member of the General Partner. Justin B. Borus is the manager of the Investment Manager, IM Holdings, the General Partner and GP Holdings. Justin B. Borus, the Investment Manager, IM Holdings, the General Partner and GP Holdings may be deemed to beneficially own the Company's ordinary shares reported in the Schedule, directly beneficially owned by the Fund. Each of the reporting person detailed in the Schedule disclaimed beneficial ownership with respect to any shares other than the shares directly beneficially owned by such reporting person.

| (7) | As reported on the Schedules 13G/A filed by each of Dov Yelin ("Yelin"), Yair Lapidot ("Lapidot"), Yelin Lapidot Holdings Management Ltd. ("Yelin Lapidot Holdings"), and Yelin Lapidot Mutual Funds Management Ltd. (collectively, "Yelin Lapidot") with the SEC on January 27, 2019, all ordinary shares of the Company are beneficially owned by provident funds managed by Yelin Lapidot Provident Funds Management Ltd. and/or mutual funds managed by Yelin Lapidot Mutual Funds Management Ltd. (the "Subsidiaries"), each a wholly-owned subsidiary of Yelin Lapidot Holdings. Messrs. Yelin and Lapidot each own 24.38% of the share capital and 25.004% of the voting rights of Yelin Lapidot Holdings, and are responsible for the day-to-day management of Yelin Lapidot Holdings. The Subsidiaries operate under independent management and make their own independent voting and investment decisions. Any economic interest or beneficial ownership in any of the securities covered by the Schedule is held for the benefit of the members of the provident funds or mutual funds, as the case may be. According to the Schedule, the Schedule shall not be construed as an admission by Messrs. Yelin and Lapidot, Yelin Lapidot Holdings or the Subsidiaries that he or it is the beneficial owner of any of the securities covered by the Schedule, and each of Messrs. Yelin and Lapidot, Yelin Lapidot Holdings, and the Subsidiaries disclaims beneficial ownership of any such securities.

The Company's major shareholders do not have different voting rights.
As of March 31, 2020, there were approximately 5 record holders of ordinary shares, including approximately 2 record holders in the United States. Collectively, these 2 record holders in the United States held less than 1% of the outstanding ordinary shares.
B. Related Party Transactions
All related party transactions and arrangements (or modifications of existing ones) with our related parties, transactions in which office holders of the Company have a personal interest, or transactions which raise issues of such office holders' fiduciary duties, are subject to the applicable corporate approvals under the Companies Law. Without giving effect to the buyback purchases described at Item 16E, the following transactions are considered "related party transactions" for this Item 7B:
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On July 22, 2002, our audit committee and the Board of Directors approved an Indemnification Agreement with our directors and office holders. Our shareholders approved the terms of this agreement in a General and Extraordinary Meeting held on January 7, 2004. In Amendment 3 to the Companies Law, effective as of 2005, the instances in which a company may indemnify its office holders and directors were broadened. In December 2007, each of our Audit Committee and Board of Directors approved a new form of Indemnification Agreement with our directors and office holders so as to reflect this amendment. Our shareholders approved the terms of this new Indemnification Agreement in January 2008. According to Amendment 16 to the Israeli Securities Law, and to a corresponding amendment to the Companies Law, both effective as of 2011, the ISA is authorized to impose administrative sanctions against companies like ours and their office holders for certain violations of the Israeli Securities Law or the Companies Law. These sanctions include monetary sanctions and certain restrictions on serving as a director or senior office holder of a public company for certain periods of time. The Israeli Securities Law and the Companies Law provide that only certain types of such liabilities may be reimbursed by indemnification and insurance. Specifically, legal expenses (including attorneys' fees) incurred by an individual in the applicable administrative enforcement proceeding and certain compensation payable to injured parties for damages suffered by them are permitted to be reimbursed via indemnification or insurance, provided that such indemnification and insurance are authorized by the company's articles of association, and receive the requisite corporate approvals. In January 2012, each of our audit committee and Board of Directors approved a new form of Indemnification Agreement with our directors and office holders so as to reflect this amendment, and our shareholders approved these amendments to the Articles of Association and a revised form of Indemnification Agreement for directors at the Annual General Meeting of the Shareholders held on April 11, 2012.
The Indemnification Agreement provides that our directors and office holders will be exempt from liability in certain circumstances. The Indemnification Agreement also provides for the indemnification by the Company for certain obligations and expenses imposed on the office holder in connection with act performed in his or her capacity as an office holder of the Company. This right to indemnification is limited, and does not cover, among other things, a breach of an office holder's duty of loyalty, a willful breach of an office holder's duty of care, or a reckless disregard for the circumstances or consequences of a breach of a duty of care. The right to indemnification also does not cover acts that are taken intentionally to unlawfully realize personal gain. The maximum amount of our liability under these Indemnification Agreements for any monetary obligation imposed on an office holder or a director in favor of another person by a judgment is currently US$ 3,000,000 for each instance of a covered scenario. In addition, we would be liable to indemnify the office holder or director for all reasonable litigation expenses with respect to certain proceedings. We have maintained liability insurance for our directors and office holders. On September 23, 2007, our shareholders approved the procurement of a policy, which provides for total coverage of up to US$ 4,000,000. All of our directors are parties to our Indemnification Agreements and are covered by our directors and office holders' insurance policy.
As per Amendment 20, it was decided on July 31, 2013, at the Extraordinary General Meeting of the Shareholders to adopt the Executive Compensation Policy of the Company, which was recommended by our Compensation Committee and approved by our Board of Directors, and was re-approved by our Compensation Committee, Board of Directors and Shareholders on June 8, 2016. Our approved Executive Compensation Policy includes the above referenced form of Indemnification Agreement to be entered into by the Company with our directors and office holders serving in such capacities from time to time, as well as the above referenced directors and office holders liability insurance policy. Under the Executive Compensation Policy, any change to the Indemnification Agreement or the insurance policy, including the cost and/or any changes which materially depart from the key terms of the current agreement and/or insurance policy (provided that such changes apply equally to all executives of the Company, including directors) will be submitted to the Company's compensation committee and the board of directors for their approval but shall not, unless required by law or the Company's Articles, be presented at a General Meeting of the shareholders.
See also "Item 6 – Directors and Senior Management – Compensation".
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Item 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
Our consolidated financial statements and other financial information are included herein on pages F-1 through F-44.
A1. See Item 18 for our consolidated financial statements.
A2. See Item 18 for our consolidated financial statements, which cover the last three financial years.
A3. See page F-3 for the audit report of our accountants, entitled "Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm".
A4. Not applicable.
A5. Not applicable.
A6. See Note 13A to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report for the geographic distribution of our sales based on the location of the customer.
A7. Litigation
As of the date of this Annual Report, we are not a party to any material litigation and we are not aware of any pending or threatened litigation that would have a material adverse effect on us or our business.
A8. Dividend Policy
On January 14, 2013, we announced that our Board of Directors has adopted a policy for distributing dividends, subject to all applicable laws. According to this policy, each year we will distribute a dividend of up to 50% of our annual distributable profits. Our Board of Directors reserves the right to declare additional dividend distributions, to change the rate of dividend distributions (either as a policy or on a one-time basis), to cancel a specific distribution or to cancel the policy as a whole at any time, at its sole discretion. According to the said policy, the actual distribution of a dividend will be subject to meeting the conditions required by applicable law, including the distribution tests set forth in Section 302 of the Companies Law, and to the specific decision of the Company's Board of Directors for each distribution. On March 15, 2018, our Board of Directors adopted a resolution to suspend the dividend policy until further notice.
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B. Significant Changes
Since the date of the annual financial statements included in this Annual Report, no significant changes have occurred.
Item 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING
A. Offer and Listing Details
Markets and Share Price History
Following our delisting from trading on the TASE, the only trading market for our ordinary shares is the NASDAQ Global Select Market, where our shares have been listed and traded under the symbol SILC since January 2, 2014. Prior thereto, our shares were listed and traded on the NASDAQ Global Market (previously NASDAQ National Market) under the symbol SILC (previously SILCF) from February 11, 2008. Prior thereto, our shares were listed and traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market (previously known as the NASDAQ Small-Cap).
The table below sets forth the high and low reported sales prices in Dollars of our ordinary shares, as reported by NASDAQ during the indicated periods:

PERIOD |  | LOW |  |  | HIGH |
LAST 6 CALENDAR MONTHS |  |  |  |  |  |
March 2020 |  |  | 20.93 |  |  |  | 31.49 |
February 2020 |  |  | 29.00 |  |  |  | 35.79 |
January 2020 |  |  | 32.75 |  |  |  | 37.60 |
December 2019 |  |  | 31.51 |  |  |  | 33.78 |
November 2019 |  |  | 30.19 |  |  |  | 34.20 |
October 2019 |  |  | 29.30 |  |  |  | 35.02 |
FINANCIAL QUARTERS DURING THE PAST TWO YEARS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Quarter 2020 |  |  | 20.93 |  |  |  | 37.60 |
Fourth Quarter 2019 |  |  | 29.30 |  |  |  | 35.02 |
Third Quarter 2019 |  |  | 28.59 |  |  |  | 34.03 |
Second Quarter 2019 |  |  | 28.63 |  |  |  | 39.70 |
First Quarter 2019 |  |  | 30.58 |  |  |  | 40.36 |
Fourth Quarter 2018 |  |  | 32.10 |  |  |  | 45.50 |
Third Quarter 2018 |  |  | 36.59 |  |  |  | 44.68 |
Second Quarter 2018 |  |  | 33.12 |  |  |  | 43.50 |
FIVE MOST RECENT FULL FINANCIAL YEARS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2019 |  |  | 28.59 |  |  |  | 40.36 |
2018 |  |  | 32.00 |  |  |  | 77.95 |
2017 |  |  | 34.86 |  |  |  | 77.05 |
2016 |  |  | 25.48 |  |  |  | 44.00 |
2015 |  |  | 24.86 |  |  |  | 48.43 |

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On December 27, 2005, our shares commenced trading on the TASE in Israel under the symbol "SILC". On October 26, 2015, our Board of Directors resolved to act to delist the Company's shares from trading on the TASE. The last trading day in our shares on the TASE was January 26, 2016, and on January 28, 2016, our shares were delisted from trading on the TASE. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low reported sales prices, in NIS, of the ordinary shares on the TASE, until delisted from trading as set forth above:

PERIOD |  | LOW |  |  | HIGH |
FIVE MOST RECENT FULL FINANCIAL YEARS |  |  |  |  |  |
2015 |  |  | 96.01 |  |  |  | 189.60 |

Item 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
A. Share Capital
Not applicable
B. Memorandum and Articles of Association
Articles of Association
Our shareholders approved our Amended and Restated Articles on January 24, 2008, as well as certain additional amendments to the Articles on April 11, 2012 and June 8, 2016. Our objective as stated in the Articles is to carry on any business and perform any act which is not prohibited by law.
We currently have only one class of outstanding shares, our Ordinary Shares, having a nominal value of NIS 0.01 per share. Holders of Ordinary Shares have one vote per share, and are entitled to participate equally in the payment of dividends and share distributions and, in the event of a liquidation of the Company, in the distribution of assets after satisfaction of liabilities to creditors. No preferred shares are currently authorized.
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Our Articles require that we hold our annual general meeting of shareholders each year no later than 15 months from the last annual meeting, at a time and place, either within or without the State of Israel, determined by the board of directors, upon 21 days' prior notice to our shareholders or 35 days' prior notice to the extent required with respect to certain matters as required under the regulations to the Companies Law. In general, no business may be commenced at a general meeting until a quorum of two or more shareholders holding at least 33 1/3% of the voting rights is present in person or by proxy. Shareholders may vote in person or by proxy.
In general, a simple majority is required to amend our Articles.
Pursuant to the Companies Law, resolutions regarding the following matters must be passed at a general meeting of shareholders:

• | Appointment or termination of our auditors;

• | Appointment and dismissal of external directors, unless the company elects to opt-in to the exemptions promulgated under the Amendment to the Relief Regulations as detailed above, under which there is no requirement to appoint external directors;

• | Approval of interested party acts and transactions requiring general meeting approval as provided in Sections 255 and 268 to 275 of the Companies Law;

• | A merger as provided in Section 320(a) of the Companies Law;

• | The exercise of the powers of the board of directors, if the board of directors is unable to exercise its powers and the exercise of any of its powers is vital for our proper management, as provided in Section 52(a) of the Companies Law;

• | Amendments to our Articles; and

• | Approval of an increase or decrease of the registered share capital.

An extraordinary general meeting may be convened by demand of two directors or by written request of one or more shareholders holding at least 5% of our issued share capital and 1% of the voting rights or one or more shareholders holding at least 5% of the voting rights. Shareholders requesting a special meeting must include in their request all relevant information, including the reason that such subject is proposed to be brought before the special meeting.
Our ordinary shares may generally be freely transferred under our amended and restated Articles, unless the transfer is restricted or prohibited by applicable law or the rules of the stock exchange on which the shares are traded. The ownership or voting of our ordinary shares by non-residents of Israel is not restricted in any way by our Amended and Restated Articles or the laws of the State of Israel, except under certain circumstances for ownership by nationals of certain countries that are, or have been, in a state of war with Israel.
The Companies Law
We are subject to the provisions of the Companies Law. The Companies Law codifies the fiduciary duties that "office holders", including directors and executive office holders, owe to a company. An office holder, as defined in the Companies Law, is a general manager (also referred to as the "chief executive officer"), chief business manager, deputy general manager, vice general manager, executive Vice-President, Vice-President, any other person assuming the responsibilities of any of the foregoing positions without regard to such person's title, as well as a director, or another manager directly subordinate to the general manager. Each person listed in the table in "Item 6 – Directors, Senior Management and Employees" above is an office holder of Silicom.
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The Companies Law requires that an office holder of a company promptly disclose, no later than the first board meeting in which such transaction is discussed, any personal interest that he or she may have and all related material information known to him or her, in connection with any existing or proposed transaction by the company. In addition, if the transaction is an extraordinary transaction, the office holder must also disclose any personal interest held by the office holder's relative (which includes for these purposes any members of his/her (or his/her spouse's) immediate family or the spouses of any such members of his or her (or his/her spouse's) immediate family), or by any corporation in which the office holder or the office holder's relative is a 5% or greater shareholder, holder of 5% or more of the voting power, director or general manager or in which he or she has the right to appoint at least one director or the general manager. An extraordinary transaction is defined as a transaction not in the ordinary course of business, not on market terms, or that is likely to have a material impact on the company's profitability, assets or liabilities.
In the case of a transaction in which an office holder of the company has a personal interest and which is not an extraordinary transaction, after the office holder complies with the above disclosure requirement, board approval is required unless the articles of association of the company provide otherwise. The transaction must be for the benefit of the company. If the transaction is an extraordinary transaction, then, in addition to any approval required by the articles of association, it must also be approved by the audit committee and by the board of directors, and, under specified circumstances, by a meeting of the shareholders, as well.
Subject to certain exceptions provided for in the regulations to the Companies Law, agreements regarding directors' terms of compensation require the approval of the compensation committee, board of directors and the shareholders of the company. The transaction must be for the benefit of the company.
In matters concerning an extraordinary transaction in which a person has a personal interest, as well as matters concerning his or her terms of compensation, he or she shall not be permitted to vote on the matter or be present in the audit committee or board of directors meeting in which the matter is considered, however, with respect to an office holder, he/she may be present at the meeting discussions if the chairman determines that the presence of the office holder is necessary in order to present the matter. However, if a majority of the audit committee or of the board of directors has a personal interest in the matter then:

• | All of the directors are permitted to vote on the matter and attend the meeting in which the matter is considered; and

• | The matter requires approval of the shareholders at a general meeting.

According to the Companies Law, the personal interest disclosure requirements discussed above also apply to a "controlling shareholder" of a public company. Such requirements also apply to certain shareholders of a public company who have a personal interest in the adoption by the shareholders of certain proposals with respect to (i) certain private placements that will increase their relative holdings in the company, (ii) certain special tender offers or forced bring along share purchase transactions, (iii) election of external directors, (iv) approval of a compensation policy governing the terms of employment and compensation of office holders, (v) approval of the terms of employment and compensation of the general manager, (vi) approval of the terms of employment and compensation of office holders of the company when such terms deviate from the compensation policy previously approved by the company's shareholders, and (vii) approving the appointment of either (1) the chairman of the board or his/her relative as the chief executive officer of the company, or (2) the chief executive officer or his/her relative as the chairman of the board of directors of the company. If any shareholder casting a vote at a shareholders meeting in connection with such proposals as aforesaid does not notify the company if he, she or it has a personal interest with respect to such proposal, his, her or its vote with respect to the proposal will be disqualified.
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The term "controlling shareholder" is defined as a shareholder who has the ability to direct the activities of a company, other than if this power derives solely from the shareholder's position on the board of directors or any other position with the company, and the definition of "controlling shareholder" in connection with matters governing: (i) extraordinary transactions with a "controlling shareholder" or in which a "controlling shareholder" has a personal interest, (ii) certain private placements in which the "controlling shareholder" has a personal interest, (iii) certain transactions with a "controlling shareholder" or relative with respect to services provided to or employment by the company, (iv) the terms of employment and compensation of the general manager, and (v) the terms of employment and compensation of office holders of the company when such terms deviate from the compensation policy previously approved by the company's shareholders, also includes shareholders that hold 25% or more of the voting rights if no other shareholder owns more than 50% of the voting rights in the company (and the holdings of two or more shareholders which each have a personal interest in such matter will be aggregated for the purposes of determining such threshold).
In general, extraordinary transactions with a "controlling shareholder" or in which a "controlling shareholder" has a personal interest, and agreements relating to non-office holder employment and compensation terms of a "controlling shareholder" (or a relative of such) or to the provision of services to the company by such "controlling shareholder" (or relative of such), require the approval of the audit committee, the board of directors and the shareholders of the company. Agreements relating to the terms of office and employment of a "controlling shareholder" (or relative of such) as an office holder in the company require the approval of the compensation committee, the board of directors and the shareholders of the company.
The shareholder approval for such matters requiring shareholder disclosure of a personal interest as noted above, generally must either include at least a majority of the shares held by non-controlling and disinterested shareholders who actively participate in the voting process (without taking abstaining votes into account), or, alternatively, the total shareholdings of the non-controlling and disinterested shareholders who vote against the transaction must not represent more than two percent of the voting rights in the company. The shareholder approval for approving the appointment of either (1) the chairman of the board or his/her relative as the chief executive officer of the company, or (2) the chief executive officer or his/her relative as the chairman of the board of directors of the company, must either include at least two-thirds of the shares held by non-controlling and disinterested shareholders who actively participate in the voting process (without taking abstaining votes into account), or, alternatively, the total shareholdings of the non-controlling and disinterested shareholders who vote against the transaction must not represent more than two percent of the voting rights in the company. Agreements and extraordinary transactions with a "controlling shareholder" or in which a "controlling shareholder" has a personal interest, or agreements relating to any employment terms of a "controlling shareholder" (or relative if such) or to the provision of services to the company by such "controlling shareholder" (or relative if such), as aforesaid, with duration exceeding three years, are subject to re-approval once every three years by the audit committee (or compensation committee, as applicable), the board of directors and the shareholders of the company. Extraordinary transactions with a "controlling shareholder" or in which a "controlling shareholder" has a personal interest may be approved in advance for a period exceeding three years if the audit committee determines such approval reasonable under the circumstances. In addition, agreements and extraordinary transactions with duration exceeding three years which were approved prior to Amendment 16 to the Companies Law, which was passed by the Israeli legislature, the Knesset, in March 2011, and which came into effect gradually during the year 2011 ("Amendment 16"), will need to be re-approved by the proper corporate actions at the later of (i) the first general meeting held after May 14, 2011, (ii) November 14, 2011, or (iii) the expiration of three years from the date on which they were originally approved, even though they were properly approved prior to the passing of the Amendment 16.
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The board of directors of an Israeli company whose shares or debentures are publicly traded is obligated to adopt a compensation policy governing the terms of office and employment of office holders, after considering the recommendations of the compensation committee. The final adoption of the compensation policy is subject to the approval of the shareholders of the company. Such shareholder approval is subject to certain special majority requirements, as set forth in the Companies Law, pursuant to which the shareholder majority approval must also either include at least a majority of the shares held by non-controlling and disinterested shareholders who actively participate in the voting process (without taking abstaining votes into account), or, alternatively, the total shareholdings of the non-controlling and disinterested shareholders who voted against the transaction must not represent more than two percent of the voting rights in the company.
Nonetheless, even if the shareholders of the company do not approve the proposed compensation policy, the board of directors of a company may approve the proposed compensation policy, provided that the compensation committee and, thereafter, the board of directors resolved, based on detailed, documented, reasons and after a second review of the compensation policy, that the approval of such compensation policy is for the benefit of the company.
Pursuant to the Companies Law, the terms of office and employment of an office holder in a public company should be in accordance with the company's compensation policy. Nonetheless, provisions were established in the Companies Law that allow a company, under special circumstances, to approve terms of office and employment that are not in line with the approved compensation policy.
Terms of office and employment of office holders who are neither directors nor the general manager and which comply with the company's compensation policy require approval by the (i) compensation committee; and (ii) the board of directors. Approval of terms of office and employment for such office holders which do not comply with the compensation policy may nonetheless be approved subject to two cumulative conditions: (i) the compensation committee and thereafter the board of directors, approved the terms after having taken into account the various policy considerations and mandatory requirements set forth in the Companies Law with respect to office holder compensation, and (ii) the shareholders of the company approved the terms of office and employment for such office holders by means of the special majority required for approving the compensation policy (as detailed above). Following the Amendment to the Affiliation Regulations, non-material changes to the terms of compensation of office holders who are subordinated to the company general manager will require only general manager approval, provided that the company's compensation policy includes a reasonable range for such non-material changes.
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Terms of office and employment of the general manager which comply with the company's compensation policy require approval by the (i) compensation committee; (ii) the board of directors; and (iii) the shareholders of the company by means of the special majority required for approving the compensation policy (as detailed above). Approval of terms of office and employment for the general manager which do not comply with the compensation policy may nonetheless be approved subject to two cumulative conditions: (i) the compensation committee and thereafter the board of directors, approved the terms after having taken into account the various policy considerations and mandatory requirements set forth in the Companies Law with respect to office holder compensation, and (ii) the shareholders of the company approved the terms of office and employment for the general manager which deviate from the compensation policy by means of the special majority required for approving the compensation policy (as detailed above). Notwithstanding the foregoing, a company may be exempted from receiving shareholder approval with respect to the terms of office and employment of a proposed candidate for general manager if such candidate meets certain independence criteria, the terms of office and employment are in line with the compensation policy, and the compensation committee has determined for specified reasons that presenting the matter for shareholder approval would thwart the proposed engagement. In addition, following the Amendment to the Affiliation Regulations, the terms of compensation of the general manager will not require shareholders' approval when extending or re-approving the company's engagement with its general manager, provided that such terms are not more beneficial compared to his previous compensation terms approved by the shareholders pursuant to the Companies Law and provided that such terms comply with the company's compensation policy.
Terms of office and employment of office holders (including the general manager) that are not directors may nonetheless be approved by the company despite shareholder rejection, provided that a company's compensation committee and thereafter the board of directors have determined to approve such terms of office and employment based on detailed reasoning, after having re-examined the proposed terms of office and employment, and having taken the shareholder rejection into consideration.
Terms of office and employment of directors which comply with the company's compensation policy require approval by the (i) compensation committee; (ii) the board of directors and (iii) the shareholders of the company. Approval of terms of office and employment for directors of a company which do not comply with the compensation policy may nonetheless be approved subject to two cumulative conditions: (i) the compensation committee and thereafter the board of directors, approved the terms after having taken into account the various policy considerations and mandatory requirements set forth in the Companies Law with respect to office holder compensation, and (ii) the shareholders of the company have approved the terms by means of the special majority required for approving the compensation policy (as detailed above).
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Private placements in a public company require approval by a company's board of directors and shareholders in the following cases:

1. | A private placement that meets all of the following conditions:

| • | The private placement will increase the relative holdings of a shareholder that holds five percent or more of the company's outstanding share capital, assuming the exercise of all of the securities convertible into shares held by that person, or that will cause any person to become, as a result of the issuance, a holder of more than five percent of the company's outstanding share capital.

| • | 20 percent or more of the voting rights in the company prior to such issuance are being offered.

| • | All or part of the consideration for the offering is not cash or registered securities, or the private placement is not being offered at market terms.

2. | A private placement which results in anyone becoming a "controlling shareholder" of the public company.

In addition, under the Companies Law, certain transactions or a series of transactions are considered to be one private placement. A private placement that meets all of the above conditions, and which must be approved by the shareholders, must also be for the benefit of the company.
Any placement of securities that does not fit the above description may be issued at the discretion of the board of directors.
Under the Companies Law, a shareholder has a duty to act in good faith towards the company and other shareholders when exercising his or her rights and refrain from abusing his power in the company, including, among other things, voting in the general meeting of shareholders on the following matters:

• | Any amendment to the articles of association;

• | An increase of the company's authorized share capital;

• | A merger; or

• | Approval of interested party acts and transactions that require general meeting approval as provided in Sections 255 and 268 to 275 of the Companies Law.

Furthermore, the Companies Law requires that a shareholder refrain from acting in a discriminatory manner towards other shareholders.
The Companies Law does not describe the substance of the aforementioned duties of shareholders, but provides that laws applicable to a breach of contract, adjusted according to the circumstances shall apply to a breach of such duties. With respect to the obligation to refrain from acting discriminatorily, a shareholder that is discriminated against can petition the court to instruct the company to remove or prevent the discrimination, as well as provide instructions with respect to future actions.
In addition, any "controlling shareholder", any shareholder who knows that it possesses power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote and any shareholder who, pursuant to the provisions of a company's articles of association, has the power to appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder in the company is under a duty to act with fairness towards the company. The breach of such duty is governed by Israeli contract laws. The Companies Law does not describe the substance of this duty to act with fairness, but provides that laws applicable to a breach of contract, adjusted according to the circumstances, and taking into account the status within the company of such shareholder, shall apply to a breach of such duty.
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The Companies Law requires that specified types of transactions, actions and arrangements be approved as provided for in a company's articles of association and in some circumstances by the audit committee or compensation committee, by the board of directors and by the general meeting of the shareholders.
In addition, the Companies Law includes a code of recommended corporate governance practices, which was added to the Companies Law following the enactment of Amendment 16. In the explanatory notes to Amendment 16, the Knesset noted that an "adopt or disclose non-adoption" regulation would be issued by the ISA with respect to such code. As of the date of this Annual Report, the ISA has issued reporting instructions with respect to this code which are applicable only to publicly traded companies whose securities are traded solely on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and which report solely to the ISA.
The ISA is authorized to impose fines on any person or company performing a violation, in connection with a publicly traded company which reports to the ISA, and specifically designated as a violation under Amendment 16.
Although we expect to be in compliance with the Companies Law, there is no assurance that we will not be required to adjust our current corporate governance practices, as discussed in this annual report, pursuant to the provisions of the Companies Law.
The Israeli Securities Law
The Israeli Securities Law includes provisions relating to administrative enforcement procedure which are applicable to Israeli public companies, including companies which are listed for trading on the NASDAQ Global Market, which are designated to enable the ISA to enhance the efficacy of enforcement in the securities market in Israel. The administrative enforcement procedure may be applied to any company or person (including director, office holder or shareholder of a company) performing any of the actions specifically designated as breaches of law under the Securities Law.
Furthermore, the Securities Law requires that the chief executive officer of a company supervise and take all reasonable measures to prevent the company or any of its employees from breaching the Securities Law.
Under the Securities Law, a company cannot obtain insurance against or indemnify a third party (including its office holders and/or employees) for any administrative procedure and/or monetary fine (other than for certain legal expenses and payments of damages to an injured party). The Securities Law permits insurance and/or indemnification for expenses related to an administrative procedure, such as reasonable legal fees, provided that it is permitted under the company's articles of association. In January 2012, each of our Audit Committee and Board of Directors approved a new form of Indemnification Agreement with our directors and office holders serving in such positions from time to time so as to reflect this amendment, subject to approval of our shareholders to the relevant changes required to our Articles. Our shareholders approved these amendments to the Articles and a revised form of Indemnification Agreement for directors serving in such capacity from time to time, at the Annual General Meeting of the Shareholders held on April 11, 2012. As per Amendment 20, it was decided on July 31, 2013, at the Extraordinary General Meeting of the Shareholders to adopt the Executive Compensation Policy of the Company, which had been recommended by our Compensation Committee and approved by our Board of Directors. The Policy was re-approved by our shareholders at the Annual General Meeting which took place on June 8, 2016. Our approved Executive Compensation Policy includes the above referenced form of Indemnification Agreement to be entered into by the Company with our directors and office holders serving in such capacities from time to time.
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We periodically review all of our internal policies and procedures in order to ensure compliance with all the securities laws to which we are subject. There is no assurance that we will not be required to take certain actions in order to enhance our compliance with the securities laws to which we are subject, such as adopting and implementing an internal enforcement plan as well as additional internal policies and procedures in order to reduce our exposure to potential breaches of the Securities Law.
NASDAQ Listing Rules and Home Country Practices
Below is a concise summary of the significant ways in which our corporate practices, which are in accordance with Israeli law and practice, including the provisions of the Companies Law, differ from the requirements which may be applicable to domestic U.S. listed companies:

• | Distribution of annual and quarterly reports to shareholders – Under Israeli law we are not required to distribute annual and quarterly reports directly to shareholders and the generally accepted business practice in Israel is not to distribute such reports to shareholders. We do however make our audited financial statements available to our shareholders prior to our annual general meeting and furnish our quarterly and annual financial results with the SEC on Form 6-K.

• | Independence, Nomination and Compensation of Directors – A majority of our board of directors may not necessarily be comprised of independent directors as defined in NASDAQ Listing Rule 5605(a)(2). Our board of directors contains two external directors in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Law. Israeli law does not require, nor do our external directors conduct, regularly scheduled meetings at which only they are present. In addition, with the exception of our external directors, our directors are elected to our board of directors in accordance with the provisions set forth in our Amended and Restated Articles of Association, as approved by our shareholders on the Annual General Meeting which took place on June 8, 2016. According to our Amended and Restated Articles of Association, directors are divided into three groups, Group A, Group B and Group C. Each group is brought for re-election once every three years, on a rotating basis, such that at each annual general meeting of the shareholders a given group of directors is brought for election, to serve on a continuous basis for a three-year term, until the third annual general meeting following the meeting on which such group was elected for service and until their respective successors are duly elected, at which point their term in office shall expire. At each annual general meeting, the annual general meeting shall be entitled to elect directors to replace the directors whose three-year term in office has expired, and so on ad infinitum, so that each year, the term in office of one group of directors shall expire. The nominations for director which are presented to our shareholders are generally made by our board of directors. One or more shareholders of a company holding at least one percent of the voting power of the company may nominate a currently serving external director for an additional three-year term. Israeli law does not require the adoption of, and our board has not adopted, a formal written charter or board resolution addressing the nomination process and related matters. Compensation of our directors and other office holders of the Company is determined in accordance with Israeli law.

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• | Audit Committee – Our audit committee does not meet with all the requirements of NASDAQ Listing Rule 5605. We are of the opinion that the members of our audit committee comply with the requirements of NASDAQ Listing Rule 5605(c)(3) and Rule 10A-3(b) of the general rules and regulations promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933 and all requirements under Israeli law. Our audit committee has not adopted a formal written audit committee charter specifying the items enumerated in NASDAQ Listing Rule 5605(c)(1).

• | Compensation Committee – We follow the provisions of the Companies Law with respect to matters in connection with the composition and responsibilities of our compensation committee, office holder compensation, and any required approval by the shareholders of such compensation. Israeli law, and our amended and restated Articles, do not require that a compensation committee composed solely of independent members of our board of directors determine (or recommend to the board of directors for determination) an executive officer's compensation, as required under NASDAQ's listing standards related to compensation committee independence and responsibilities; nor do they require that the Company adopt and file a compensation committee charter. Instead, our compensation committee has been established and conducts itself in accordance with provisions governing the composition of and the responsibilities of a compensation committee as set forth in the Companies Law. Furthermore, the compensation of office holders is determined and approved by our compensation committee and our board of directors, and in certain circumstances by our shareholders, either in consistency with our previously approved Executive Compensation Policy or, in special circumstances in deviation therefrom, taking into account certain considerations set forth in the Companies Law. The requirements for shareholder approval of any office holder compensation, and the relevant majority or special majority for such approval, are all as set forth in the Companies Law. Thus, we will seek shareholder approval for all corporate actions with respect to office holder compensation requiring such approval under the requirements of the Companies Law, including seeking prior approval of the shareholders for the Executive Compensation Policy and for certain office holder compensation, rather than seeking approval for such corporate actions in accordance with NASDAQ Listing Rules.

• | Quorum – Under Israeli law a company is entitled to determine in its articles of association the number of shareholders and percentage of holdings required for a quorum at a shareholders meeting. Our Articles provide that a quorum of two or more shareholders, present in person or by proxy, holding shares conferring in the aggregate more than thirty three and a third (33 1/3 %) percent of the voting power of the Company is required for commencement of business at a general meeting.

• | Approval of Related Party Transactions – All related party transactions are approved in accordance with the requirements and procedures for approval of interested party acts and transactions, set forth in Sections 268 to 275 of the Companies Law.

• | Shareholder Approval – We seek shareholder approval for all corporate action requiring such approval, in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Law.

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• | Equity Compensation Plans – We do not necessarily seek shareholder approval for the establishment of, and amendments to, stock option or equity compensation plans (as set forth in NASDAQ Listing Rule 5635(c)), as such matters are not subject to shareholder approval under Israeli law. We will attempt to seek shareholder approval for our stock option or equity compensation plans (and the relevant annexes thereto) to the extent required in order to ensure they are tax qualified for our employees in the United States. However, even if such approval is not received, then the stock option or equity compensation plans will continue to be in effect, but the Company will be unable to grant options to its U.S. employees that qualify as Incentive Stock Options for U.S. federal tax purpose. Our stock option or other equity compensation plans are also available to our non-U.S. employees, and provide features necessary to comply with applicable non-U.S. tax laws.

C. Material Contracts
All of our contracts over the past two years have been entered into in the ordinary course of business.
Fiberblaze Share Purchase Agreement
On December 10, 2014, we entered into the Fiberblaze SPA with Fiberblaze, Fiberblaze Holding, Hilmer, Jakob Hilmer and Nikolaj Herman (Fiberblaze Holding and Hilmer together, the "Selling Shareholders"). Under the Fiberblaze SPA, we purchased all of the share capital of Fiberblaze and Fiberblaze US LLC, a New York company and wholly owned subsidiary of Fiberblaze, for consideration of approximately US$ 10,000,000 in cash (of which US$ 3,000,000 was deposited in an escrow account to be distributed in accordance with specific terms or to be released to the Selling Shareholders upon the lapse of 18 months from the date of the Fiberblaze SPA), subject to certain adjustments, as well as additional consideration to be paid upon the attainment of future performance milestones relating to Fiberblaze revenues and achievement of design wins until August 31, 2015 (the "Additional Consideration"). Under the terms of the Fiberblaze SPA, ninety percent of the Additional Consideration, which amounted to US$ 1,460,000, was paid in cash during 2016, and the remaining ten percent was paid by way of a grant of 6,704 options to purchase the Company's ordinary shares with an exercise price equal to the closing trading price of the Company's ordinary shares on the NASDAQ Stock Market on the date of grant. For additional information see Note 3B to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report (in which Fiberblaze is referred to as Silicom Denmark).
ADI Engineering Asset Purchase Agreement
On September 30, 2015, we, together with one of our wholly owned subsidiaries, Silicom Connectivity Solutions, Inc., entered into the ADI APA with ADI, Steve Yates and Patricia Yates. Under the ADI APA, we purchased ADI's assets in consideration for an amount equal to US$ 10,000,000 in cash at closing, as well as the Excess Consideration to be paid upon the attainment of future performance milestones for each of the years 2015, 2016 and 2017. In April 2016, we paid the Excess Consideration for the attainment of the 2015 performance milestone detailed in the ADI APA, in the amount of US$ 3,000,000. In 2017 and 2018 we did not pay any Excess Consideration since the respective performance milestones for 2016 and for 2017, respectively, were not attained. For additional information see Note 3A to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
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Information regarding our real property leases is provided in "Item 4 – Information on the Company – Property, Plant and Equipment" and "Item 19 – Exhibits".
D. Exchange Controls
Under current Israeli laws and regulations, any dividends or other distributions paid in respect of our ordinary shares purchased by nonresidents of Israel with certain non-Israeli currencies (including U.S. Dollars) and any amounts payable upon the dissolution, liquidation or winding up of our affairs, as well as the proceeds of any sale in Israel of our securities to an Israeli resident, will be freely repatriable in such non-Israeli currencies, provided that Israeli income tax has been paid on (or withheld from) such payments.
There are currently no Israeli currency control restrictions on remittances of dividends on our ordinary shares, proceeds from the sale of the shares or interest or other payments to non-residents of Israel, except under certain circumstances, for shareholders who are subjects of countries that are, or have been, in a state of war with Israel.
E. Taxation
The following is a summary of some of the current tax law applicable to companies in Israel, with special reference to its effect on us. The following also contains a discussion of specified Israeli tax consequences to our shareholders and government programs from which we benefit. To the extent that the discussion is based on tax legislation (including the legislation passed as part of the recent tax reform in Israel) that has not been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation, there can be no assurance that the views expressed in the discussion will be accepted by the tax authorities or courts.
The discussion is not intended, and should not be construed, as legal or professional tax advice and is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations.
Holders of our ordinary shares should consult their own tax advisors as to the United States, Israeli or other tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares, or receipt of any dividend distributions made to our shareholders, including, in particular, the effect of any foreign, state or local taxes, including pursuant to the Tax Act (as defined below), and of any taxes withheld at source by the Company.
General Corporate Tax
Israeli companies are subject to corporate tax at the rate of 25% as of 2016, 24% as of 2017, and 23% as from 2018. However, the effective tax rate payable by a company which derives income from a "Benefited Enterprise" or from a "Preferred Enterprise" (as further discussed below) may be considerably less.
In 2006, transfer pricing regulations came into force, following the introduction of Section 85A of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance (New Version), 5721-1961, referred to herein as the Israeli Tax Ordinance, under Amendment 132. In principal, the transfer pricing rules require that cross-border transactions between related parties be carried out implementing an arms' length principle and reported and taxed accordingly.
In 2008, an amendment to the Income Tax Law (Inflationary Adjustments), 1985 was enacted which limits the scope of the law starting in 2008 and thereafter. Starting in 2008, the revenues for tax purposes are measured in nominal values, excluding certain adjustments for changes in the Israeli Consumer Price Index carried out in the period up to December 31, 2007. The amended law includes, among other provisions, the elimination of the inflationary additions and deductions and the additional deduction for depreciation for the period starting in 2008.
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The Encouragement of Capital Investments Law, 1959 (the "Investment Law")
Pursuant to the Investment Law, a "Preferred Enterprise" is entitled to a reduced corporate flat tax rate of 15% with respect to its preferred income derived by its "Preferred Enterprise" in 2011-2012, unless the "Preferred Enterprise" is located in a certain development zone, in which case the rate will be 10%. Such corporate tax rates are 16% and 7.5% with respect to 2017 and thereafter. Income derived by a "Special Preferred Enterprise" (as such term is defined in the Investment Law) are entitled, during a benefits period of 10 years, to further reduced tax rates of 8%, or to 5% if the "Special Preferred Enterprise" is located in a certain development zone. Under the Investment Law, most of the tax incentives offered are not dependent on minimum qualified investments or on foreign ownership. Companies may be able to enjoy both government grants and tax benefits concurrently.
"Preferred Income" is defined as income from the sale of products of the "Preferred Enterprise" (including components that were produced by other enterprises); income from the sale of semiconductors by other non-related enterprises which use the Preferred Enterprise's self-developed know-how; income for providing a right to use the Preferred Enterprise's know-how or software; royalties from the use of the know-how or software which was confirmed by the chief of the appointed authority to be related to the production activity of the "Preferred Enterprise" and services with respect to the aforementioned sales. In addition, the definition of "Preferred Income" also includes income from the provision of industrial R&D services to foreign residents to the extent that the services were approved by the Head of Research for the Industrial Development and Administration.
"Preferred Enterprise" is defined as an Industrial Enterprise (including, inter alia, an enterprise which develops software, an enterprise which provides approved R&D services to foreign residents and an enterprise which the IIA confirmed is carrying out R&D in the field of alternative energy), which generally more than 25% of its business income is from export to market consisting more than 14 million residents.
Chapter B2 of the Investment Law determines the conditions and limitations applying to the tax benefits offered to a "Special Preferred Enterprise". Chapter B2 determines that a "Special Preferred Enterprise" is entitled to benefited corporate income tax rate: of 5% if located in a preferred zone and 8% if not.
"Special Preferred Enterprise" is defined as a "Preferred Enterprise" which meets one of the following conditions: (a) its Preferred Income is equal to or exceeds NIS 1 billion; (b) the total income of the company which owns the "Preferred Enterprise" or which operates in the same field of the "Preferred Enterprise" and which consolidates in its financial reports the company that owns the "Preferred Enterprise" equals or exceeds NIS 10 billion; and (c) its business plan was approved by the authorities as significantly benefitting the Israeli economy, either by an investment of at least NIS 400 - 800 million in assets; Annual growth of 100 - 150 million NIS in R&D (or half of this amount if the average annual R&D is above NIS 500 million) compared to the average R&D in the three tax years prior to the year of approval; or the employment of at least 250 to 500 new employees, for preferred zones and regular zones, respectively.
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Dividends paid out of income attributed to a "Preferred Enterprise" are generally subject to withholding tax at source at a rate of 20% (15% until 2014) or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty, subject to the submission and approval of a request submitted on behalf of the recipient of such dividends to the Israel Tax Authority. However, if such dividends are paid to an Israeli company no tax will be withheld.
The Company elected in 2014 to be taxed as a "Preferred Enterprise" under the Investment Law, commencing with the 2014 fiscal year.
There can be no assurance that we will comply with the conditions of the Investment Law in the future or that we will be entitled to any additional benefits under the Investment Law and whether the influence of any changes to the Investment Law will be beneficial to the Company or not.
Law for the Encouragement of Industrial Research and Development, 1984
Under the terms of the pre-R&D Amendment regime, research and development programs approved by the Research Committee (the "Research Committee") of the OCS were eligible for grants or loans if they met certain criteria, in return for the payment of royalties from the sale of the product developed in accordance with the program and subject to other restrictions. Once a project was approved, the OCS would award grants of up to 50% of the project's expenditures in return for royalties, usually at the rate of 3% to 5% of sales of products developed with such grants. For projects approved after January 1, 1999, the amount of royalties payable is up to a dollar-linked amount equal to 100% of such grants plus interest at LIBOR.
The terms of these grants prohibited the manufacture outside of Israel of the product developed in accordance with the program without the prior consent of the Research Committee of the OCS. Such approval, if granted, was generally subject to an increase in the total amount to be repaid to the OCS to between 120% and 300% of the amount granted, depending on the extent of the manufacturing to be conducted outside of Israel.
The R&D Law, as in effect prior to the R&D Amendment, also provided that know-how from the research and development, which is used to produce the product, may not be transferred to Israeli third parties without the approval of the Research Committee. Until 2005, the Research Law stated that such know-how may not be transferred to non-Israeli third parties at all. An amendment to the Research Law set forth certain exceptions to this rule; however, the practical implications of such exceptions were quite limited. The R&D Law, as in effect prior to the R&D Amendment, stressed that it is not just transfer of know-how that is prohibited, but also transfer of any rights in such know-how. Such restriction did not apply to exports from Israel of final products developed with such technologies. It was possible to receive approval of the transfer only if the transferee undertook to abide by all of the provisions of the R&D Law and regulations promulgated thereunder, including the restrictions on the transfer of know-how and the obligation to pay royalties. There could be no assurance that such consent, if requested, would be granted or, if granted, that such consent would be on reasonable commercial terms. For additional information regarding the R&D Law and R&D Amendment, see "Item 4.B. – Information on the Company – Business Overview – Governmental Regulation Affecting the Company".
Tax Benefits for Research and Development
Israeli tax law allows, under certain conditions, a tax deduction in the year incurred for expenditures (including capital expenditures) in scientific research and development projects, if the expenditures are approved by the relevant Israeli Government Ministry (determined by the field of research) and the research and development is for the promotion of the enterprise and is carried out by or on behalf of the company seeking such deduction. Such expenditures not so approved are required to be deducted over a three-year period.
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Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969
Under the Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969 (the "Industry Encouragement Law"), Industrial Companies (as defined below) are entitled to the following tax benefits:

(a) | Amortization of expenses incurred in connection with certain public securities issuances over a three-year period; and

(b) | Accelerated depreciation rates on know-how, patents and/or right to use a patent or certain other intangible property rights.

Eligibility for benefits under the Industry Encouragement Law is not subject to receipt of prior approval from any governmental authority. Under the Industry Encouragement Law, an "Industrial Company" is defined as a company resident in Israel, at least 90% of the income of which, in any tax year, determined in Israeli currency, exclusive of income from government loans, is derived from an "Industrial Enterprise" owned by it. An "Industrial Enterprise" is defined as an enterprise whose major activity in a given tax year is industrial production activity.
We believe that we currently qualify as an "Industrial Company" within the definition of the Industry Encouragement Law. No assurance can be given that we will continue to qualify as an "Industrial Company" or that the benefits described above will be available in the future.
Calculation of Results for Tax Purposes
The Israeli Income Tax Regulations (Rules for Maintaining Accounting Records of Foreign Investors' Companies and Certain Partnerships and Determining Their Taxable Income), 1986, provide that as a "Foreign Investors' Company" (as defined in the Investment Law described above) is eligible to calculate its taxable income in accordance with these regulations, and therefore, if we elect to follow such regulations, our taxable income or loss is to be calculated in Dollars. We have elected to apply these regulations and accordingly our taxable income or loss is calculated in Dollars in the manner set forth in such regulations.
Taxation of our Shareholders
Capital Gains Taxes Applicable to Israeli Resident Shareholders.
In general, an individual is subject to a 25% tax rate on real capital gains derived from the sale of shares, as long as the individual is not a "substantial shareholder" in the company issuing the shares. A "substantial shareholder" is generally a person who alone, or together with his relative or another person who collaborates with him on a permanent basis, holds, directly or indirectly, at least 10% of any of the "Means of control" of the corporation. "Means of control" generally include the right to vote, receive profits, nominate a director or an office holder, receive assets upo liquidation, or order someone who holds any of the aforesaid rights how to act, and all regardless of the source of such right.
A "substantial shareholder" will be subject to a withholding tax rate of 30% in respect of real capital gains derived from the sale of shares issued by a company in which he or she is a "substantial shareholder". The determination of whether the individual is a "substantial shareholder" will be made on the date on which the securities are sold. In addition, the individual will be deemed to be a "substantial shareholder" if at any time during the 12 months preceding the date of sale, he or she was a "substantial shareholder".
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Capital Gains Taxes Applicable to Non-Israeli Resident Shareholders.
Shareholders that are not Israeli residents are generally exempt from Israeli capital gains tax on any gains derived from the sale, exchange or disposition of our shares, provided that such share is not traded on the TASE on the day of the sale and such gains were not derived from a permanent establishment or business activity of such shareholders in Israel. However, non-Israeli corporations will not be entitled to the foregoing exemptions if an Israeli resident(s) (i) have a controlling interest of more than 25% in such non-Israeli corporation; or (ii) are the beneficiaries of or are entitled to 25% or more of the revenues or profits of such non-Israeli corporation, whether directly or indirectly.
In addition, under the U.S.-Israel Income Tax Treaty, 1995, or the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, the sale, exchange or disposition of our shares by a shareholder who is a U.S. resident (for purposes of the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty) holding the shares as a capital asset is exempt from Israeli capital gains tax unless either (i) the shareholder holds, directly or indirectly, shares representing 10% or more of our voting capital during any part of the 12-month period preceding such sale, exchange or disposition; or (ii) the capital gains arising from such sale are attributable to a permanent establishment of the shareholder located in Israel; or (iii) the shareholder, being an individual, was present in Israel for a period of time or several periods of time, which aggregate to a total of 183 days or more, during a single taxable year. In either case, the sale, exchange or disposition of the shares would be subject to Israeli tax, to the extent applicable; however, under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, the U.S. resident would be permitted to claim a credit for the tax against the U.S. federal income tax imposed with respect to the sale, exchange or disposition, subject to the limitations in U.S. laws applicable to foreign tax credits. The U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty does not relate to U.S. state or local taxes.
Shareholders may be required to demonstrate that they are exempt from tax on their capital gains in order to avoid withholding of tax at source at the time of sale.
Taxation of Israeli Shareholders on Receipt of Dividends.
Residents of Israel who are individuals are generally subject to Israeli income tax on the receipt of dividends paid on our shares at the rate of 25%, which tax will be withheld at the source. With respect to a person who is a "substantial shareholder" at the time of receiving the dividend or on any date within the 12 months preceding such date, the applicable tax rate is 30%.
Israeli resident corporations are generally exempt from Israeli tax for dividends paid on our shares.
In case of dividends paid out of the profits of a "Preferred Enterprise", the applicable tax rate is 20% for an individual and 0% for a corporation.
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Taxation of Non-Israeli Shareholders on Receipt of Dividends.
Non-residents of Israel are generally subject to Israeli income tax on the receipt of dividends paid on our shares at the rate of 25% or 30%, if such person (including a non-Israeli corporation) is a "substantial shareholder" at the time of recipient of the dividend or on any date in the 12 months preceding such date, which tax will be withheld at the source, unless a different rate is provided in a tax treaty between Israel and the shareholder's country of residence. Under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, the maximum rate of tax withheld in Israel on dividends paid to a holder of our ordinary shares who is a U.S. resident (for purposes of the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty) is 25% or 15% in the case of dividends paid out of the profits of a "Benefited Enterprise" (as such term is defined in the Investment Law), subject to certain conditions. However, generally, the maximum rate of withholding tax on dividends that are paid to a U.S. corporation holding 10% or more of our outstanding voting capital throughout the tax year in which the dividend is distributed as well as the previous tax year and the dividend is not paid from the profits of a "Benefited Enterprise", the Israeli tax withheld may not exceed 12.5%, subject to certain conditions. A non-resident of Israel who receives dividends from which tax was withheld is generally exempt from the duty to file returns in Israel in respect of such income, provided such income was not derived from a business conducted in Israel by the taxpayer, and the taxpayer has no other taxable sources of income in Israel.
In case of dividends paid out of the profits of a "Preferred Enterprise", the applicable tax rate is 20% for individuals and for non-Israeli corporations.
Residents of the United States will generally have taxes in Israel withheld at source.
Excess Tax.
Individuals who are subject to tax in Israel are also subject to an additional tax at a rate of 3% in 2017 and thereafter (2% in 2013-2016) on annual income exceeding a certain threshold (NIS 649,560 as of 2019, NIS 641,880 as of 2018, and NIS 640,000), including, but not limited to, dividends, interest and capital gains.
Passive Foreign Investment Company Status under U.S. Federal Income Tax Law
In general, a non-U.S. corporation will be classified for U.S. tax purposes as a passive foreign investment company (hereafter also referred to as a "PFIC") in any taxable year in which either (i) 75% or more of its gross income (including the pro-rata gross income of any company (U.S. or foreign) in which it is considered to own 25% or more of the ordinary shares by value) for the taxable year is passive income, or (ii) at least 50% of the average value of all of its gross assets (including the pro-rata fair market value of the assets of any company in which it is considered to own 25% or more of the ordinary shares by value) during the taxable year, calculated quarterly by value, produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. Passive income for these purposes includes items such as dividends, interest, royalties, rents and gains from commodities and securities transactions.
If we are classified as a passive foreign investment company, highly complex rules will apply to our U.S. shareholders. Accordingly, U.S. shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of such rules.
If a corporation is a passive foreign investment company, a U.S. shareholder will be subject to one of three alternative taxing regimes:
The simplest is the "QEF" regime. If the shareholder elects to treat the PFIC as a QEF, then each year the shareholder includes in its gross income a proportionate share of the PFIC's ordinary income and net capital gain. We do not currently intend to prepare or provide the information that would enable you to make a Qualified Election Fund election. A second regime may be elected if the PFIC stock is "marketable". The U.S. shareholder may elect to "mark the stock to market" each year. At the end of each taxable year, the shareholder recognizes gain equal to the excess of the fair market value of the PFIC stock over the shareholder's tax basis in the stock. Losses may also be recognized to the extent of previously recognized gains.
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A U.S. shareholder making neither of these elections is subject to the "excess distribution" regime. The tax is triggered when the shareholder receives an "excess distribution" from the PFIC. An "excess distribution" is either (1) a distribution with respect to stock that is greater than 125% of the average of such distributions over the preceding three years, or (2) 100% of the gain from the disposition of shares in the PFIC.
An "excess distribution" is subject to special tax rules. In most cases, only a portion of it is included in the gross income of the U.S. shareholder and taxed at normal rates. The remainder is never so included, but is used as the basis for calculating a "deferred tax amount", which is simply added to the shareholder's tax liability.
The deferred tax amount is computed as follows. The "excess distribution" is first ratably allocated, share by share, to each day of the shareholder's holding period. Portions allocated to the current year, and to any pre-PFIC years (that is, years before 1987, when there were no PFICs, or years before the first year in which the company was a PFIC with respect to that shareholder), are included in ordinary income for the current year. Portions allocated to prior PFIC years are hypothetically taxed at the highest marginal rate in effect for those years (without regard to the shareholder's actual rate or to any deductions or credits for those years). To this hypothetical tax is added the interest that the shareholder would have paid if it were simply paying that tax late for that year. The sum of the tax and the interest charge is the deferred tax amount, which cannot be offset or otherwise affected by current net operating losses or other deductions.
A U.S. person who inherits shares in a foreign corporation that was a PFIC in the hands of the decedent (other than a decedent who was a nonresident alien at all times during his holding period in the shares) who did not make either of the elections described above, is denied the otherwise available step-up in the tax basis of such shares to fair market value at the date of death. The U.S. person steps into the shoes of the decedent and will be subject to the rules described above.
Although a determination as to a corporation's PFIC status is made annually, an initial determination that a corporation is a PFIC for any taxable year generally will cause the above-described consequences to apply for all future years as to U.S. shareholders who held shares in the corporation at any time during the PFIC taxable year and who made neither a valid QEF election with respect to such shares nor a valid election to mark such shares to market. This will be true even if the corporation loses its PFIC status in later years. However, with respect to a PFIC that does not make any distributions or deemed distributions, the above tax treatment would apply only to gains realized on the disposition of such shares by a U.S. shareholder.
If we are classified as a PFIC, complicated rules will apply to our U.S. shareholders. Our status in future years will depend on our assets and activities in those years, although shareholders will be treated as continuing to own an interest in a passive foreign investment company if we are a passive foreign investment company in any year in which a shareholder owns our shares, unless certain elections are made.
This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to a U.S. shareholder in light of his or her particular circumstances or to a U.S. shareholder subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax law. We do not currently intend to prepare or provide the information that would enable you to make a Qualified Election Fund election. U.S. shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors about the U.S. federal income taxation rules to which they will be subject, as well as the PFIC rules, including the advisability, procedure and timing of making a mark-to-market election, in connection with their holding of our shares, including warrants or rights to acquire our shares.
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Certain Reporting Requirements
Certain U.S. investors are required to file IRS Form 926, Return by U.S. Transferor of Property to a Foreign Corporation, and certain U.S. Investors may be required to file IRS Form 5471, Information Return of U.S. Persons with Respect to Certain Foreign Corporations, reporting transfers of cash or other property to us and information relating to the U.S. investor and us. Substantial penalties may be imposed upon a U.S. investor that fails to comply. Each U.S. investor should consult its own tax advisor regarding these requirements.
In addition, recently enacted legislation imposes new reporting requirements for the holder of certain foreign financial assets, including equity of foreign entities, if the aggregate value of all of these assets exceeds certain thresholds. Our shares are expected to be subject to these new reporting requirements unless the shares are held in an account at a domestic financial institution. Penalties may apply to any failure to comply with such reporting requirements. U.S. investors should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of this legislation.
Backup Withholding Tax and Information Reporting Requirements
Generally, information reporting requirements will apply to distributions with respect to our shares or proceeds on the disposition of our shares paid within the United States (and, in certain cases, outside the United States) to U.S. investors other than certain exempt recipients, such as corporations. Furthermore, backup withholding (currently at 28%) may apply to such amounts if the U.S. investor fails to (i) provide a correct taxpayer identification number, (ii) report interest and dividends required to be shown on its U.S. federal income tax return, or (iii) make other appropriate certifications in the required manner. U.S. investors who are required to establish their exempt status generally must provide such certification on IRS Form W-9.
Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding from a payment may be credited against a U.S. investor's U.S. federal income tax liability and such U.S. investor may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld by filing the appropriate claim for refund with the IRS and furnishing any required information in a timely manner.
Tax Assessment
The company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in Israel, U.S.A and Denmark.
The Israeli tax returns of the Company are open for examination by the Israeli Tax Authority for tax years beginning in 2015.
The Federal tax returns of our U.S. subsidiary are open for examination by the Federal Tax Authorities for tax years beginning in 2016. The New Jersey state tax returns of the U.S. subsidiary are open for examination by the New Jersey State Tax Authority for the tax years beginning in 2015. The California State Tax returns of the U.S. subsidiary are open for examination by the California State Tax Authority for tax years beginning in 2015. The Virginia State Tax returns of the U.S. subsidiary are open for examination by the Virginia State Tax Authority for tax periods beginning in 2016. The Tennessee State Tax returns of the U.S. subsidiary are open for examination by the Tennessee State Tax Authority for tax years beginning in 2016. The New Mexico and New York State Tax returns of the U.S. subsidiary are open for examination by the respective jurisdiction tax authorities for tax years beginning in 2017. The Texas State Tax returns of the U.S. subsidiary are open for examination by the Texas State tax authorities for tax years beginning in 2018.
The Danish tax returns of our Danish subsidiary are open for examination by the Danish Tax Authority for tax years beginning on September 1, 2014.
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Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed into law H.R. 1, originally known as the "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act" (the "Tax Act") which reformed the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The Tax Act instituted fundamental changes to the US tax system. The Tax Act also permanently reduces the corporate income tax rate to 21% effective as of January 1, 2018, which will impact us by reduction of the corporate income tax rate of our US subsidiary to 21% effective January 1, 2018.
F. Dividends and Paying Agents
Not applicable
G. Statement by experts
Not applicable
H. Documents on Display
We are required to file reports and other information with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act") and the regulations thereunder applicable to foreign private issuers. Although as a foreign private issuer we are not required to file periodic information as frequently or as promptly as United States companies, we generally do publicly announce our quarterly and year-end results promptly and file periodic information with the SEC under cover of Form 6-K. We are also exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements and our office holders, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and other provisions in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.
You may review a copy of our filings with the SEC, including any exhibits and schedules, at the SEC's public reference room at 100 F Street N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference room. As a foreign private issuer, all documents which were filed after November 4, 2002 on the SEC's EDGAR system will be available for retrieval on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. These SEC filings are also available to the public on (i) the ISA's Magna website at www.magna.isa.gov.il, (ii) the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange website at http://www.maya.tase.co.il, and (iii) from commercial document retrieval services. The documents referred to in this document may be inspected at the Company's offices, located at 14 Atir Yeda Street, Kfar Sava, Israel 4464323.
Any statement in this annual report about any of our contracts or other documents is not necessarily complete. If the contract or document is filed as an exhibit to the annual report the contract or document is deemed to modify the description contained in this annual report. We urge you to review the exhibits themselves for a complete description of the contract or document.
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Our website is http://www.silicom.co.il. We do not intend for any information contained on our internet website to be considered part of this annual report, and we have included our website address in this annual report solely as an inactive textual reference. We will post on our website any materials required to be posted on such website under applicable corporate or securities laws and regulations, including posting any XBRL interactive financial data required to be filed with the SEC, and any notices of general meetings of our shareholders.
I. Subsidiary information
Not applicable
Item 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market risk is the risk of loss related to changes in market prices, including interest rates and foreign exchange rates, of financial instruments that may adversely impact our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Our primary market risk exposures relate to our investment portfolio and fluctuation of the exchange rate of the US Dollar, which is the primary currency in which we conduct our operations, against the NIS with respect to the Company's Israeli operations, and against the DKK and Euro with respect to Danish operations.
Interest Rate Risk
As of December 31, 2019, our investment portfolio consisted of approximately US$ 60.6 million invested in corporate and government debt securities. These securities are classified as "held to maturity". All of the Company's investments are in fixed-rate instruments. In addition, since the securities are "held to maturity", any changes in fair value of the Company's instruments due to fluctuations in the interest rates that are not classified as other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI), do not affect the Company's profit or loss.
For quantitative information on the Company's marketable securities, please see Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
As of December 31, 2019, we did not have any short or long term interest bearing loans or debts, hence with respect to the Company's business operations, we do not have any exposure to interest rate risk.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Most of our revenues are generated in U.S. Dollars. In addition, most of our costs are denominated and determined in U.S. Dollars and NIS. According to the salient economic factors indicated in ASC 830 "Foreign Currency Matters" (formerly SFAS No. 52), "Foreign Currency Translation", our cash flow, sale price, sales market, expense, financing and inter-company transactions, and arrangement indicators, are predominantly denominated in U.S. Dollars, and so, the U.S. dollar is the primary currency of the economic environment in which we operate. Thus, the U.S. dollar is our functional and reporting currency. In our balance sheet, we re-measure into U.S. Dollars all monetary accounts (principally cash and cash equivalents and liabilities) that are maintained in other currencies. For this re-measurement, we use the relevant foreign exchange rate at the balance sheet date. Any gain or loss that results from this re-measurement is reflected in the statement of operations as appropriate. We measure and record non-monetary accounts in our balance sheet in U.S. Dollars. For this measurement, we use the U.S. dollar value in effect at the date that the asset or liability was initially recorded in our balance sheet (the date of the transaction).
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As of December 31, 2019, we had accounts receivable in NIS or in funds linked thereto in the amount of US$ 3,890 thousand. Market risk was estimated as the potential decrease in balance resulting from a hypothetical 10% increase in the year-end Dollar exchange rate. Assuming such increase in the Dollar exchange rate, the balance of our accounts receivable would decrease by US$ 354 thousand. As of December 31, 2019, we had accounts payable in NIS or linked thereto in the amount of US$ 10,573 thousand. Market risk was estimated as the potential increase in balance resulting from a hypothetical 10% decrease in the year-end Dollar exchange rate. Assuming such decrease in the Dollar exchange rate, the balance of our accounts payable would increase by US$ 1,175 thousand.
As of December 31, 2019, we had accounts receivable in EURO and DKK, or in funds linked thereto, in the amount of US$ 238 thousand. Market risk was estimated as the potential decrease in balance resulting from a hypothetical 10% increase in the year-end Dollar exchange rate. Assuming such increase in the Dollar exchange rate, the balance of our accounts receivable would decrease by US$ 22 thousand. As of December 31, 2019, we had accounts payable in EURO and DKK, or linked thereto, in the amount of US$ 811 thousand. Market risk was estimated as the potential increase in balance resulting from a hypothetical 10% decrease in the year-end Dollar exchange rate. Assuming such decrease in the Dollar exchange rate, the balance of our accounts payable would increase by US$ 90 thousand.
In 2019, there was a decrease of 7.79% in the Dollar exchange rate to the NIS which resulted in an aggregate increase in the fair value of our assets of US$ 539 thousand and an aggregate increase in the fair value of our liabilities of US$ 1,033 thousand.
Since the majority of our revenues is denominated and paid in U.S. Dollars, we believe that fluctuations in the U.S. Dollar exchange rate do not have a significant effect on our accounts receivable. Inflation in Israel and the Israeli currency as well as U.S. Dollar exchange rate fluctuations may have only a limited effect on our accounts payable, as described above. Inflation in Denmark and the Danish currency as well as U.S. Dollar exchange rate fluctuations are expected to have only a limited effect on our accounts payable.
Our operating expenses may be affected by fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar as it relates to the NIS. By way of example, a hypothetical 10% weakening in the value of the U.S. Dollar relative to the NIS in 2019 would have resulted in an increase in operating expenses of approximately US$ 1,083 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2019. In addition, our operating expenses may be affected by fluctuations in the value of the U.S. Dollar as it relates to the DKK. By way of example, a hypothetical 10% weakening in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the DKK in 2019, would have resulted in an increase in operating expenses of approximately US$ 534 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2019.
As of December 31, 2019, all of our investments, other than a portion of our cash and cash equivalents comprising a small portion of our overall investment portfolio, consisted of investments denominated in U.S. Dollars, and our portfolio is therefore not subject to significant exposure to foreign currency exchange risk.
As of December 31, 2019, we were not engaged in any hedging or other transactions intended to manage the risks relating to foreign currency exchange rate or interest rate fluctuations.
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Credit Risk
Our investment portfolio includes "held to maturity" marketable securities. These securities include investments issued by highly rated corporations. As of December 31, 2019, the rating of the securities in our portfolio was at least A-. Nonetheless, these investments are subject to general credit and counterparty risks (such as that the counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations), which were exacerbated by the recent turmoil that has affected the financial markets and the global economy and caused credit issues for a number of reputable financial institutions. Any changes in fair value of our investment securities due to credit risk do not affect our profit or loss unless there is other than temporary impairment (see Note 2G to our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019). For additional information see "Item 3.D. Key Information – Risk Factors".
As of December 31, 2019, we were not required to adjust the carrying value of our investment securities since there were no other-than-temporary impairments.
Our top three customers accounted for approximately 35% of our revenues in 2019. We expect that a small number of customers will continue to account for a significant portion of our revenues for the foreseeable future. Difficulties in the fulfillment of the financial obligations of one or more of such customers may expose us to credit risk and may have a material adverse effect on our business and our financial condition and results. For additional information see "Item 3.D. Key Information – Risk Factors". Difficulties in the fulfillment of financial obligations of one or more of our customers may have an adverse effect on our ability to consummate the collection of consideration payable under purchase orders placed by, or invoiced to, such customers under one or more Design Wins in relation to which such customers operate" and Note 13B to our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Item 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
Not Applicable.
PART II.
Item 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
None.
Item 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
None.
Item 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in its Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined under Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e), as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 20-F. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
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Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Management assessed our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, the end of our fiscal year. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in "Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013)".
Based on our assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We reviewed the results of management's assessment with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.
This annual report includes, on page F-4 of this form 20-F, an attestation report of the Company's registered public accounting firm on management's assessment of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
Internal control over financial reporting has inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitation, there is a risk that material misstatements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.
Item 15A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Not Applicable.
Item 16. Reserved
Item 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
Our board of directors had determined that both Ms. Ayelet Aya Hayak and Mr. Ilan Erez were our audit committee financial experts.
105

Item 16B. CODE OF ETHICS
Our company has adopted a code of ethics, which applies to all our employees, office holders and directors, including our Chief Executive Officer, our Chief Financial Officer, our Director of Finance and our Corporate Controller.
Item 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The following table presents fees for professional services for the audit of the Company's consolidated annual financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, audit-related services and tax services rendered by Somekh Chaikin, a member firm of KPMG International.

|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Audit Fees(1) |  | $ | 120,000 |  |  | $ | 120,000 |
Audit-Related Fees(2) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Tax Fees(3) |  | $ | 9,234 |  |  | $ | 10,000 |

(1) | Audit fees consist of fees for professional services rendered for the audit of the Company's annual consolidated financial statements and services normally provided by the independent auditor in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements.

(2) | Audit-Related Fees consist of accounting consultation and consultation on financial accounting standards, not arising as part of the audit.

(3) | Tax Fees are the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered for tax compliance, transfer pricing studies, and tax advice other than in connection with the Audit. Tax compliance involves audit of original and amended tax returns, tax planning and tax advice.

Audit committee's pre-approval policies and procedures
We are required to obtain the approval of our audit committee (and subsequently the consent of the board of directors and shareholders) before engaging our independent auditors, Somekh Chaikin, a member firm of KPMG International, to audit our consolidated financial statements, as well as to provide other audit or permitted non-audit services to us. This policy, which is designed to assure that such engagements do not impair the independence of our auditors, requires pre-approval from the audit committee on an annual basis for the various audit and non-audit services that may be performed by our auditors. Our audit committee is not permitted to approve the engagement of our auditors for any services that would be inconsistent with maintaining the auditor's independence or that are not permitted by applicable law.
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Item 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
Not Applicable.
Item 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  |  | Average Price Paid per Share (US$) |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan |  |  | Approximate Dollar Value that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan (US$) |
May 22, 2019 - May 31, 2019 |  |  | 12,027 |  |  |  | 30.074 |  |  |  | 12,027 |  |  |  | 14,638,294 |
June 1, 2019 - June 30, 2019 |  |  | 28,098 |  |  |  | 30.141 |  |  |  | 40,125 |  |  |  | 13,791,381 |
July 1, 2019 - July 31, 2019 |  |  | 37,934 |  |  |  | 30.888 |  |  |  | 78,059 |  |  |  | 12,619,661 |
August 1, 2019 - August 31, 2019 |  |  | 37,190 |  |  |  | 30.902 |  |  |  | 115,249 |  |  |  | 11,470,400 |
September 1, 2019 - September 30, 2019 |  |  | 29,406 |  |  |  | 32.263 |  |  |  | 144,655 |  |  |  | 10,521,675 |
October 1, 2019 - October 31, 2019 |  |  | 37,707 |  |  |  | 31.744 |  |  |  | 182,362 |  |  |  | 9,324,699 |
November 1, 2019 - November 30, 2019 |  |  | 40,838 |  |  |  | 32.378 |  |  |  | 223,200 |  |  |  | 8,002,442 |
December 1, 2019 - December 31, 2019 |  |  | 29,188 |  |  |  | 32.710 |  |  |  | 252,388 |  |  |  | 7,047,695 |
January 1, 2020 - January 31, 2020 |  |  | 40,164 |  |  |  | 35.631 |  |  |  | 292,552 |  |  |  | 5,616,603 |
February 1, 2020 - February 29, 2020 |  |  | 43,176 |  |  |  | 33.619 |  |  |  | 335,728 |  |  |  | 4,165,059 |
March 1, 2020 - March 30, 2020 |  |  | 75,070 |  |  |  | 26.235 |  |  |  | 410,798 |  |  |  | 2,195,622 |

(1) On May 2, 2019, our Board of Directors authorized and began implementation of a one-year share repurchase plan to repurchase up to $15 million of our ordinary shares. Repurchases may be made through May 1, 2020, in the open market and will be in accordance with applicable securities laws and regulations. The timing and amount of each repurchase transaction may depend on a variety of factors. The share repurchase plan does not obligate the Company to acquire any specific number of ordinary shares and may be suspended or terminated at any time at management's discretion.
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Item 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT'S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
Not Applicable.
Item 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Our corporate governance practices differ from those followed by domestic companies as required under the listing standards of the NASDAQ Global Market, due to an exemption that we obtained from NASDAQ as foreign private issuer which enables us to comply with our home country laws of the State of Israel, including the provisions of the Companies Law, in lieu of NASDAQ Listing Rules. Below is a concise summary of the significant ways in which our corporate governance practices differ from the corporate governance requirements of NASDAQ applicable to domestic U.S. listed companies:

• | We are not required to distribute annual and quarterly reports directly to shareholders, but we do make our audited financial statements available to our shareholders prior to our annual general meeting and furnish our quarterly and annual financial results with the SEC on Form 6-K;

• | A majority of our board of directors may not necessarily be comprised of independent directors as defined in the NASDAQ Listing Rules, but our board of directors contains two external directors in accordance with the Companies Law. Israeli law does not require, nor do our external directors conduct, regularly scheduled meetings at which only they are present. In addition, with the exception of our external directors, in addition, with the exception of our external directors, our directors are elected to our board of directors in accordance with the new directors voting mechanism approved by our shareholders on the Annual General Meeting which took place on June 8, 2016. According to said directors voting mechanism, directors are divided into three groups, Group A, Group B and Group C. Each group is brought for re-election once every three years, on a rotating basis, such that at each annual general meeting of the shareholders a given group of directors is brought for election, to serve on a continuous basis for a three-year term, until the third annual general meeting following the meeting on which such group was elected for service and until their respective successors are duly elected, at which point their term in office shall expire. At each annual general meeting, the annual general meeting shall be entitled to elect directors to replace the directors whose three-year term in office has expired, and so on ad infinitum, so that each year, the term in office of one group of directors shall expire. The nominations for director which are presented to our shareholders are generally made by our board of directors. Pursuant to the Companies Law, one or more shareholders of a company holding at least one percent of the voting power of the company may nominate a currently serving external director for an additional three-year term. Israeli law does not require the adoption of, and our board has not adopted, a formal written charter or board resolution addressing the nomination process and related matters. Compensation of our directors and other office holders of the Company is determined in accordance with Israeli law;

108

• | Our audit committee has not adopted a formal written audit committee charter specifying the items enumerated in NASDAQ Listing Rule 5605(c)(1). We believe that the members of our audit committee comply with the requirements of the Israeli law, as well as NASDAQ Listing Rule 5605(c)(3) and Rule 10A-3(b) of the general rules and regulations promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933. For a detailed discussion please refer to "Item 6 – Directors, Senior Management and Employees – Audit Committee";

• | As opposed to NASDAQ Listing Rule 5620(c)(3), which sets forth a minimum quorum for a shareholders meeting, under Israeli law a company is entitled to determine in its articles of association the number of shareholders and percentage of holdings required for a quorum at a shareholders meeting. Our current Articles provide that a quorum of two or more shareholders, present in person or by proxy, holding shares conferring in the aggregate more than thirty three and a third (33 1/3 %) percent of the voting power of the Company is required;

• | All related party transactions are approved in accordance with the requirements and procedures for approval of interested party acts and transactions set forth in the Companies Law, and are not subject to the review process set forth in NASDAQ Listing Rule 5630. For a detailed discussion please refer to "Item 10 – Additional Information – the Companies Law";

• | We seek shareholder approval for all corporate action requiring such approval in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Law rather than under the requirements of the NASDAQ Marketplace Rules, including (but not limited to) the appointment or termination of auditors, appointment and dismissal of directors, approval of interested party acts and transactions requiring general meeting approval as discussed above and a merger;

• | We follow the provisions of the Companies Law with respect to matters in connection with the composition and responsibilities of our compensation committee, office holder compensation, and any required approval by the shareholders of such compensation. Israeli law, and our amended and restated Articles, do not require that a compensation committee composed solely of independent members of our board of directors determine (or recommend to the board of directors for determination) an executive officer's compensation, as required under NASDAQ listing standards related to compensation committee independence and responsibilities; nor do they require that the Company adopt and file a compensation committee charter. Instead, our compensation committee has been established and conducts itself in accordance with provisions governing the composition of and the responsibilities of a compensation committee as set forth in the Companies Law. Furthermore, the compensation of office holders is determined and approved by our compensation committee and our board of directors, and in certain circumstances by our shareholders, either in consistency with our previously approved Executive Compensation Policy or, in special circumstances in deviation therefrom, taking into account certain considerations set forth in the Companies Law. The requirements for approval by the shareholders for any office holder compensation, and the relevant majority or special majority for such approval, are all as set forth in the Companies Law. Thus, we will seek shareholder approval for all corporate actions with respect to office holder compensation requiring such approval under the requirements of the Companies Law, including seeking prior approval of the shareholders for the Executive Compensation Policy and for certain office holder compensation, rather than seeking approval for such corporate actions in accordance with NASDAQ Listing Rules; and

109

• | We do not necessarily seek shareholder approval for the establishment of, and amendments to, stock option or equity compensation plans (as set forth in NASDAQ Listing Rule 5635(c)), as such matters are not subject to shareholder approval under Israeli law. We will attempt to seek shareholder approval for our stock option or equity compensation plans (and the relevant annexes thereto) to the extent required in order to ensure they are tax qualified for our employees in the United States. However, if such approval is not received, then the stock option or equity compensation plans will continue to be in effect, but the Company will be unable to grant options to its U.S. employees that qualify as Incentive Stock Options for U.S. federal tax purpose. Our stock option or other equity compensation plans are also available to our non-U.S. employees, and provide features necessary to comply with applicable non-U.S. tax laws.

Item 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Not Applicable.
PART III.
Item 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Not Applicable.
Item 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
See pages F-1 to F-41.
Item 19. EXHIBITS

1.1 | Amended and Restated Articles of Association, adopted on January 24, 2008, filed by us as an Exhibit to our registration statement on Form S-8, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 11, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.

1.2 | Amendment to Articles of Association of the Registrant incorporated by reference to Proposal 5 found in Exhibit 2 to the Form 6-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference.

1.3 | Amendment to Articles of Association of the Registrant incorporated by reference to Annex B found in Exhibit 2 to the Form 6-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 26, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.

4.1 | Lease between the Company, C.P.M Medical Equipment Ltd. and Klimotech Ltd., for premises in Kfar Sava, Israel, dated December 3, 2014, filed by us as Exhibit 4.2 to our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 24, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. As this lease is written in Hebrew, a summary is included in the Exhibit.

4.2 | Lease between the Company and C.P.M Medical Equipment Ltd., for additional space in our premises in Kfar Sava, Israel, dated December 23, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 25, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. As this lease is written in Hebrew, a summary is included in the Exhibit.

4.3 | Sublease Agreement between the Company and Lumenis Ltd. for the site of our manufacturing facility in Yokne'am, Israel, dated August 1, 2013, and an amendment dated November 21, 2013, filed by us as an Exhibit to our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 20, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. As this sublease agreement and the amendment are written in Hebrew, a summary was included in the Exhibit.

4.4 | Lease between the Company and Naji Ezekiel & Sons - Management and Maintenance Ltd., for office space in Yokne'am Illit, dated as of August 15, 2016, filed by us as an Exhibit to our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 28, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. As this lease agreement is written in Hebrew, a summary was included in the Exhibit.

4.5 | Amendment to the lease agreement between the Company and Naji Ezekiel & Sons - Management and Maintenance Ltd., dated January 22, 2019, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 25, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. As this sublease agreement and the amendment are written in Hebrew, a summary was included in the Exhibit.

4.6 | Lease between Silicom Connectivity Solutions, Inc. and RAD Data Communications Inc., for space in Mahwah, New Jersey, dated as of September 1, 1997, filed by us as an Exhibit to our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2000, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 30, 2001, and incorporated herein by reference.

4.7 | Lease agreement between Silicom Connectivity Solutions, Inc. and York Property, LLC for space in Charlottesville, Virginia. (*)

4.8 | Lease agreement between Silicom Connectivity Solutions, Inc. and Zohar Zisapel Properties, Inc. and Yehuda Zisapel Properties, Inc., for space in Paramus, New Jersey, dated January 25, 2017, filed by us as an Exhibit to our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 28, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference.

4.9 | Lease agreement between Silicom Ltd. and the Lessor (as defied therein) for space in Yokne'am, Israel dated March 22, 2020, as this sublease agreement and the amendment are written in Hebrew, a summary was included in the Exhibit. (*)

4.10 | The Executive Compensation Policy of the Company approved by the Shareholders on July 31, 2013, filed by us as Annex A to Proposal 1 found in Exhibit 2 to the Form 6-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference.

110

4.11 | Share Purchase Agreement by and among the Company, Fiberblaze A/S, Fiberblaze Holding APS, and Hilmer APS, dated December 10, 2014, filed by us as an Exhibit to our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 24, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference.

4.12 | Asset Purchase Agreement by and among the Company, the Company's wholly owned subsidiary Silicom Connectivity Solutions, Inc., ADI Engineering, Inc., Steve Yates and Patricia Yates, dated September 30, 2015, filed by us as an Exhibit to our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 26, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.

8. | List of subsidiaries. (*)

11.1 | Code of Ethics, filed by us as an Exhibit to our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 26, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.

12.1 | Certification by Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. (*)

12.2 | Certification by Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. (*)

13.1 | Certification by Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. (*)

13.2 | Certification by Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. (*)

15.1 | Consent of Somekh Chaikin, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, a member firm of KPMG International. (*)

(*) | Filed herewith.

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SIGNATURES
The Registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

| SILICOM LIMITED By: /s/ Shaike Orbach Shaike Orbach Chief Executive Officer

April 27, 2020
112

Silicom Ltd.
and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated
Financial Statements
As of and for the year ended
December 31, 2019

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2019

Contents

|  | Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |  | F - 3
Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | F - 5
Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | F - 7
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity |  | F - 8
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | F - 9
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |  | F - 10

F - 2

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of
Silicom Ltd.:
Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Silicom Ltd. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Change in accounting principle
As discussed in Note 2N to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for leases as of January 1, 2019 due to the adoption of ASC 842 Leases.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Form 6-K. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
F - 3

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Somekh Chaikin
Certified Public Accountants (Isr.)
Member Firm of KPMG International
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1997.
Tel Aviv, Israel
March 16, 2020
F - 4

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31

|  |  |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
|  | Note |  |  | US$ thousands |  |  | US$ thousands |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 26,808 |  |  |  | 16,469 |
Short-term bank deposits |  |  | 2F |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,542 |
Marketable securities |  |  | 2G, 5 |  |  |  | 1,600 |  |  |  | 14,045 |
Accounts receivable: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade, net |  |  | 2H |  |  |  | 23,453 |  |  |  | 24,936 |
Other |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 9,487 |  |  |  | 4,964 |
Related parties |  |  |  |  |  |  | 364 |  |  |  | - |
Inventories |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 42,369 |  |  |  | 36,491 |
Total current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | 104,081 |  |  |  | 110,447 |
Marketable securities |  |  | 2G, 5 |  |  |  | 45,612 |  |  |  | 46,542 |
Assets held for employees' severance benefits |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 1,517 |  |  |  | 1,640 |
Deferred tax assets |  |  | 15G |  |  |  | 894 |  |  |  | 1,798 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 3,670 |  |  |  | 3,574 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 966 |  |  |  | 1,718 |
Operating leases right-of-use, net |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,783 |
Goodwill |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25,561 |  |  |  | 25,561 |
Total assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | 182,301 |  |  |  | 195,063 |

Avi Eizenman |  | Shaike Orbach |  | Eran Gilad
Chairman of the Board of Directors |  | Chief Executive Officer |  | Chief Financial Officer

Kfar-Saba, Israel
March 16, 2020
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F - 5

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31 (Continued)

|  |  |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
|  | Note |  |  | US$ thousands |  |  | US$ thousands |
Liabilities and shareholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade accounts payable |  |  |  |  |  | 15,389 |  |  |  | 16,419 |
Other accounts payable and accrued expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 6,133 |  |  |  | 8,823 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,090 |
Related parties |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | - |
Total current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21,540 |  |  |  | 26,332 |
Long-term liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,693 |
Liability for employees' severance benefits |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 2,612 |  |  |  | 2,910 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 15G |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 205 |
Total liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24,152 |  |  |  | 32,140 |
Shareholders' equity |  |  | 12 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ordinary shares, ILS 0.01 par value; 10,000,000 shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
authorized; 7,574,176 and 7,618,676 issued as at |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively; |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
7,559,205 and 7,351,317 outstanding as at |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 22 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  |  |  |  |  | 54,621 |  |  |  | 57,130 |
Treasury shares (at cost) - 14,971 and 267,359 ordinary shares as at |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively |  |  |  |  |  |  | (38 | ) |  |  | (8,009 | )
Retained earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  | 103,544 |  |  |  | 113,780 |
Total shareholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |  | 158,149 |  |  |  | 162,923 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  | 182,301 |  |  |  | 195,063 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F - 6

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Year Ended December 31

|  |  |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
|  |  |  |  | US$ thousands |
|  | Note |  |  | Except for share and per share data |
Sales* |  |  | 2O, 13 |  |  |  | 125,690 |  |  |  | 133,753 |  |  |  | 105,240 |
Cost of sales |  |  |  |  |  |  | 79,762 |  |  |  | 91,697 |  |  |  | 69,146 |
Gross profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | 45,928 |  |  |  | 42,056 |  |  |  | 36,094 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development** |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,915 |  |  |  | 14,820 |  |  |  | 15,075 |
Sales and marketing |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,722 |  |  |  | 6,642 |  |  |  | 6,647 |
General and administrative |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,507 |  |  |  | 3,943 |  |  |  | 4,159 |
Contingent consideration |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (4,642 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,502 |  |  |  | 25,405 |  |  |  | 25,881 |
Operating income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25,426 |  |  |  | 16,651 |  |  |  | 10,213 |
Financial income, net |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 156 |  |  |  | 923 |  |  |  | 1,646 |
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25,582 |  |  |  | 17,574 |  |  |  | 11,859 |
Income taxes |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 3,868 |  |  |  | 2,937 |  |  |  | 1,623 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21,714 |  |  |  | 14,637 |  |  |  | 10,236 |
Income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic income per ordinary share (US$) |  |  | 2U |  |  |  | 2.912 |  |  |  | 1.938 |  |  |  | 1.361 |
Diluted income per ordinary share (US$) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.856 |  |  |  | 1.912 |  |  |  | 1.352 |
Weighted average number of ordinary |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
shares used to compute basic income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
per share (in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,456 |  |  |  | 7,552 |  |  |  | 7,520 |
Weighted average number of ordinary |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
shares used to compute diluted income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
per share (in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,602 |  |  |  | 7,657 |  |  |  | 7,573 |

* Including sales to related parties in the amount of US$ 1,275 thousand, US$ 1,063 thousand and US$ 0 in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
** Including services from related parties in the amount of US$ 170 thousand, US$ 311 thousand and US$ 0 in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F - 7

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity

|  | Ordinary shares |  |  | Additional paid-in capital |  |  | Treasury shares |  |  | Retained earnings |  |  | Total shareholders’ equity |
|  | Number of shares(1) |  |  | US$ thousands |
Balance at |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
January 1, 2017 |  |  | 7,381,613 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 46,833 |  |  |  | (38 | ) |  |  | 74,575 |  |  |  | 121,392 |
Exercise of options and RSUs(2) |  |  | 167,918 |  |  |  | *- |  |  |  | 2,651 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,651 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,425 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,425 |
Dividend (US $1.00 per share) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (7,382 | ) |  |  | (7,382 | )
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 21,714 |  |  |  | 21,714 |
Balance at |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2017 |  |  | 7,549,531 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 51,909 |  |  |  | (38 | ) |  |  | 88,907 |  |  |  | 140,800 |
Exercise of options and RSUs(2) |  |  | 9,674 |  |  |  | *- |  |  |  | 288 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 288 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,424 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,424 |
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 14,637 |  |  |  | 14,637 |
Balance at |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2018 |  |  | 7,559,205 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 54,621 |  |  |  | (38 | ) |  |  | 103,544 |  |  |  | 158,149 |
Exercise of options and RSUs(2) |  |  | 44,500 |  |  |  | *- |  |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 154 |
Purchase of treasury shares |  |  | (252,388 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (7,971 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (7,971 | )
Share-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,355 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,355 |
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,236 |  |  |  | 10,236 |
Balance at |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2019 |  |  | 7,351,317 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 57,130 |  |  |  | (8,009 | ) |  |  | 113,780 |  |  |  | 162,923 |

(1) | Net of shares held by Silicom Inc. and Silicom Ltd. |  |  |  |
(2) | Restricted share units (hereinafter - "RSUs") |  |  |  |
* | Less than 1 thousand. |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F - 8

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Year Ended December 31

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
|  | US$ thousands |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  | 21,714 |  |  |  | 14,637 |  |  |  | 10,236 |
Adjustments required to reconcile net income to |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 3,799 |  |  |  | 3,293 |  |  |  | 1,997 |
Write-down of obsolete inventory |  |  | 2,918 |  |  |  | 6,211 |  |  |  | 2,106 |
Discount on marketable securities, net |  |  | 217 |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 144 |
Share-based compensation expense |  |  | 2,425 |  |  |  | 2,424 |  |  |  | 2,355 |
Deferred taxes, net |  |  | 453 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (699 | )
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable - trade |  |  | (13,237 | ) |  |  | 16,985 |  |  |  | (1,441 | )
Accounts receivable - other |  |  | (2,475 | ) |  |  | (3,384 | ) |  |  | 4,385 |
Accounts receivable - related parties |  |  | (208 | ) |  |  | 261 |  |  |  | 364 |
Change in liability for employees' severance benefits, net |  |  | 171 |  |  |  | (79 | ) |  |  | 175 |
Inventories |  |  | (10,287 | ) |  |  | 2,540 |  |  |  | 3,529 |
Trade accounts payable |  |  | 1,698 |  |  |  | 3,059 |  |  |  | 769 |
Other accounts payable and accrued expenses |  |  | (1,144 | ) |  |  | (314 | ) |  |  | 2,824 |
Contingent consideration benefit |  |  | (4,642 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Accounts payable - related parties |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | (18 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 1,408 |  |  |  | 45,678 |  |  |  | 26,726 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment in short-term bank deposits, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (13,542 | )
Purchase of property, plant and equipment |  |  | (1,690 | ) |  |  | (1,345 | ) |  |  | (1,441 | )
Investment in intangible assets |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | (1,022 | ) |  |  | (1,018 | )
Proceeds from maturity of marketable securities |  |  | 16,175 |  |  |  | 7,750 |  |  |  | 1,997 |
Purchases of marketable securities |  |  | (5,961 | ) |  |  | (41,670 | ) |  |  | (15,604 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | 8,513 |  |  |  | (36,287 | ) |  |  | (29,608 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercise of options |  |  | 2,651 |  |  |  | 288 |  |  |  | 154 |
Dividend |  |  | (7,382 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Purchase of treasury shares |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (7,971 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | (4,731 | ) |  |  | 288 |  |  |  | (7,817 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash balances held |  |  | (86 | ) |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 360 |
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 5,104 |  |  |  | 9,787 |  |  |  | (10,339 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  |  | 11,917 |  |  |  | 17,021 |  |  |  | 26,808 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  |  | 17,021 |  |  |  | 26,808 |  |  |  | 16,469 |
Supplementary cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
A. Non-cash transactions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments in property, plant and equipment |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | 97 |
B. Cash paid during the year for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income taxes |  |  | 4,584 |  |  |  | 3,260 |  |  |  | 1,103 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F - 9

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1 - General
Silicom Ltd. is an Israeli corporation engaged in designing, manufacturing, marketing and supporting high performance networking and data infrastructure solutions for a broad range of servers, server based systems and communications devices.
The Company's shares have been traded in the United States on the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System ("NASDAQ") since February 1994. Since January 2, 2014 the Company's shares have been traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (prior thereto they were traded on the NASDAQ Global Market).
In these financial statements the terms "Company" or "Silicom" refer to Silicom Ltd. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Silicom Connectivity Solutions, Inc. (hereinafter - "Silicom Inc.") and Silicom Denmark A/S (Fiberblaze A/S) (hereinafter – "Silicom Denmark"), whereas the term "subsidiaries" refers to Silicom Inc. and Silicom Denmark.
Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The significant accounting policies, which are applied consistently throughout the periods presented, are as follows:

A. | Financial statements in US dollars

Substantially all sales of the Company are made outside of Israel (see Note 13A regarding geographical distribution), in US dollars ("dollars"). Most purchases of materials and components, and a significant part of the marketing costs are made or incurred, primarily in dollars. Therefore, the dollar is the currency that represents the principal economic environment in which the Company operates and is thus its functional currency.
Transactions and monetary balances in other currencies are translated into the functional currency using the current exchange rate.
All exchange gains and losses from remeasurement of monetary balance sheet items denominated in non-dollar currencies are reflected in earnings when they arise.

B. | Basis of presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
F - 10

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 2 - Summary of significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)

C. | Estimates and assumptions

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include income taxes, inventories, marketable securities, goodwill, intangible assets and share-based compensation.

D. | Business combinations

The Company accounts for business combination in accordance with ASC No. 805, "Business Combinations". ASC No. 805 requires recognition of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, measured at their fair values as of that date. Any excess of the fair value of net assets acquired over purchase price and any subsequent changes in estimated contingencies are to be recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.

E. | Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less from the date of deposit to be cash equivalents.

F. | Short-term bank deposits

Short term bank deposits consist of bank deposits with original maturities of more than three months and up to twelve months.
As of December 31, 2019, the Company's short-term bank deposits consist of bank deposits in US dollars carrying a weighted average interest rate of 2.58%. These short-term bank deposits are held with a major Israeli bank, and their use and withdrawal are not subject to any restrictions.

G. | Marketable securities

The Company classifies its marketable securities as held-to-maturity as they are debt securities in which the Company has the intent and ability to hold to maturity. Held-to-maturity (HTM) debt securities are recorded at amortized cost adjusted for the amortization or accretion of premiums or discounts.
Premiums and discounts on debt securities are amortized or accreted over the life of the related held-to-maturity security as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. Such amortization and accretion are included in the "Financial income, net" line item in the consolidated statements of operations.
F - 11

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 2 - Summary of significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)
G. Marketable securities (cont’d)
When other-than-temporary impairment has occurred, the amount of the other-than-temporary impairment recognized in earnings depends on whether the Company intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss.
A decline in the market value of HTM security below cost that is deemed to be other than temporary results in an impairment to reduce the carrying amount to fair value. To determine whether an impairment is other than temporary, the Company considers all available information relevant to the collectibility of the security, including past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts when developing estimate of cash flows expected to be collected. Evidence considered in this assessment includes the reasons for the impairment, the severity and duration of the impairment, changes in value subsequent to year end, forecasted performance of the investee, and the general market condition in the geographic area or industry the investee operates in.
If the Company intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss, the other-than-temporary impairment is recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. If the Company does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss, the other-than-temporary impairment is separated into the amount representing the credit loss and the amount related to all other factors. The amount of the total other-than-temporary impairment related to the credit loss is recognized in earnings.

H. | Trade accounts receivable, net

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. Amounts collected on trade accounts receivable are included in net cash provided by operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses inherent in its accounts receivable portfolio. In establishing the required allowance, management considers historical losses adjusted to take into account current market conditions and its customers’ financial condition, the amount of receivables in dispute, and the current receivables aging and current payment patterns.
As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the provision for doubtful accounts receivable amounted to US$ 20 thousand.

I. | Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined using the "weighted average-cost" method.
The Company writes down obsolete or slow moving inventory to its net realizable value.
F - 12

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 2 - Summary of significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)

J. | Assets held for employees’ severance benefits

Assets held for employees’ severance benefits represent contributions to severance pay funds and cash surrender value of insurance policies. The assets are recorded at their current cash redemption value.

K. | Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the assets at the following annual rates:

|  | %
Machinery and equipment | 15 - 33
Office furniture and equipment | 6 - 33
Leasehold improvements | *

* Over the shorter term of the lease or the useful life of the asset

L. | Goodwill and other intangible assets

Goodwill reflects the excess of the purchase price of business acquired over the fair value of net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized but instead is tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be impaired.
The Company operates in one operating segment and this segment comprises one reporting unit.
Goodwill is reviewed for impairment at least annually in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other. ASC 350 provides an entity the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount prior to performing the two-step goodwill impairment test. If this is the case, the two-step goodwill impairment test is required. If it is more likely than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, the two-step goodwill impairment test is not required.
If the two-step goodwill impairment test is required, first, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared with its carrying amount (including goodwill). If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, an indication of goodwill impairment exists for the reporting unit and the entity must perform step two of the impairment test (measurement). Under step two, an impairment loss is recognized for any excess of the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill over the implied fair value of that goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined by allocating the fair value of the reporting unit in a manner similar to a purchase price allocation and the residual fair value after this allocation is the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, step two does not need to be performed. During the year ended December 31, 2019, no impairments were found and therefore no impairment losses were recorded.
F - 13

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 2 - Summary of significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)
L. Goodwill and other intangible assets (cont’d)
Intangible assets that are not considered to have an indefinite useful life are amortized over their estimated useful lives in proportion to the economic benefits realized. This accounting policy results in amortization of such intangible assets in the straight-line method.

M. | Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

In accordance with Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets Subsections of FASB ASC Subtopic 360-10, Property, Plant, and Equipment – Overall. Long-lived assets, such as property, plant, equipment and purchased intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or an asset group to be tested for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset or asset group to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third party independent appraisals, as considered necessary.
F - 14

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 2 - Summary of significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)

N. | Leases

In February 2016, the FASB established Topic 842, Leases, by issuing Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-02. The guidance establishes a right-of-use model ("ROU") that requires a lessee to recognize a ROU asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with a term longer than 12 months. The Company determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at contract inception.
A modified retrospective transition approach is required, applying the new standard to all leases existing at the date of initial application. The Company adopted the new accounting standard ASC 842 "Leases" and all the related amendments on January 1, 2019 and used the effective date as the Company’s date of initial application. Consequently, financial information was not updated and the disclosures required under the new standard are not provided for dates and periods before January 1, 2019.
ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease.
Leases are classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement.
As of December 31, 2019, all of the company's leases are operating leases.
The new standard provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. The Company chose to apply the following permitted practical expedients:

• | Not to reassess its prior conclusions regarding lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs under the new standard.

• | Applying the practical expedient pertaining to the use-of hindsight.

• | Short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases with a term shorter than 12 months. This means, that for those leases, the Company does not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities but recognizes lease expenses over the lease term on a straight-line basis.

• | Applying the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for all of the Company’s leases, other than leases of real estate.

The company did not separate lease and non-lease components for all contracts entered into before January 1, 2019 and identified as leases in accordance with Topic 840.
F - 15

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 2 - Summary of significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)
N. Leases (cont’d)
On the commencement date, the lease payments shall include variable lease payments that depend on an index (such as the Consumer Price Index), initially measured using the index at the commencement date. The Company does not remeasure the lease liability for changes in future lease payments arising from changes in an index unless the lease liability is remeasured for another reason. Therefore, after initial recognition, such variable lease payments are recognized in profit or loss as they are incurred.
Variable payments that depends on use of the underlying asset are not included in the lease payments. Such variable payments are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs.
Upon initial recognition, the Company recognizes a liability at the present value of the lease payments to be made over the lease term, and concurrently recognizes a ROU asset at the same amount of the liability, adjusted for any prepaid lease payments.
The Company’s incremental borrowing rate for a lease is the rate of interest it would have to pay on a collateralized basis to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments, the lease term and the effect on that rate of designating specific collateral with a value equal to the unpaid lease payments for that lease.
After lease commencement, the Company measures the lease liability at the present value of the remaining lease payments using the discount rate determined at lease commencement (as long as the discount rate hasn’t been updated as a result of a reassessment event). The Company subsequently measures the ROU asset at the present value of the remaining lease payments, adjusted for the remaining balance of any cumulative prepaid or accrued rent if the lease payments are uneven throughout the lease term.
The Company’s lease agreements have remaining lease terms up to 7.5 years. Some of these agreements include options to extend the leases for up to 5 years and some include options to terminate the leases immediately. Some of our vehicle lease agreements include rental payments based on the actual usage of the vehicles and other lease agreements include rental payments adjusted periodically for inflation. The agreements related to leases in Israel are in Israeli Shekel ("ILS") or in ILS, linked to the Israeli Consumer Price Index or to the US Dollars. The agreements related to leases in the USA are in US Dollars and the agreements related to leases in Denmark are in Danish Krone ("DKK"). The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees. See Note 10.
F - 16

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 2 - Summary of significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)
N. Leases (cont’d)
Prior to the adoption of the new lease standard, the Company leases consisted of real estate and cars for use in its operations, which have been classified as operating leases.
Effects of the initial application of the new standard on the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2019:

|  | According to the previous accounting policy |  |  | The change |  |  | As presented according to Topic 842 |
|  |  |  |  | US$ thousands |  |  |  |
Operating leases right-of-use |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,424 |  |  |  | 3,424 |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | (90 | ) |  |  | - |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,334 | ) |  |  | (3,334 | )

O. Revenue recognition
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, a new accounting standard related to revenue recognition. ASC 606 supersedes nearly all U.S. GAAP on revenue recognition and eliminated industry-specific guidance. The underlying principle of ASC 606 is to recognize revenue when a customer obtains control of the promised goods at an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received in exchange for those goods. It also requires increased disclosures including the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows related to contracts with customers. The Company adopted ASC 606 at the beginning of the first quarter of fiscal 2018, and implemented new accounting policies and internal controls necessary to support the requirements of ASC 606. The adoption of ASC 606 did not have any impact on the Company's revenue recognition.
The Company recognizes revenue upon transfer of control of the promised goods in a contract with a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those products. Transfer of control occurs once the customer has the contractual right to use the product, generally upon shipment or once delivery and risk of loss has transferred to the customer. The Company accounts for a contract with customer when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties and payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. The Company identifies separated contractual performance obligations and evaluates each distinct performance obligation within a contract, whether it is satisfied at a point in time or over time. All of the Company's performance obligations for the reported periods were satisfied at a point in time.
Revenue is allocated among performance obligations in a manner that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to be entitled to for the promised goods based on standalone selling prices (SSP). SSP are estimated for each distinct performance obligation and judgment may be required in their determination. The best evidence of SSP is the observable price of the product when the Company sell the goods separately in similar circumstances and to similar customers.
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Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 2 - Summary of significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)

O. | Revenue recognition (cont’d)

Until January 1, 2018, revenues from sales of products were recognized upon delivery provided that the collection of the resulting receivable was reasonably assured, there was persuasive evidence of an arrangement, no significant obligations remained and the price was fixed or determinable.
Sales taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are accounted for on a net basis and, therefore, are excluded from revenues in the consolidated statements of operations.

P. | Research and development costs

Capitalization of software development costs related to programmable components incorporated into the Company's products, are charged to expense until technological feasibility has been established for the product. Once technological feasibility is established, all software costs are capitalized until the product is available for general release to customers. Judgment is required in determining when technological feasibility of a product is established. The company has determined that technological feasibility for its software components of hardware products is reached after all high-risk development issues have been resolved through coding and testing. Amortization begins once the software is ready for its intended use, generally based on the pattern in which the economic benefits will be consumed. The amortization of these costs is included in cost of revenue over the estimated life of the products. The Company started to capitalize internal software development costs during 2018. The Company did not capitalize any internal software development costs for the year ended December 31, 2017, because the cost incurred and the time between technological feasibility and product release was insignificant. Other costs incurred in the research and development of the Company’s products are expensed as incurred.

Q. | Allowance for product warranty

The Company grants service warranties related to certain products to end-users. The Company estimates its obligation for such warranties to be immaterial on the basis of historical experience. Accordingly, these financial statements do not include an accrual for warranty obligations.

R. | Treasury shares

Treasury shares are recorded at cost and presented as a reduction of shareholders' equity.
F - 18

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 2 - Summary of significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)

S. | Income taxes

Deferred taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method based on the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statements carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are presented as non-current assets and liabilities and measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs.

T. | Share-based compensation

The Company recognizes compensation expense based on estimated grant date fair value in accordance with ASC Topic 718, Compensation -Stock Compensation as follows:
When portions of an award vest in increments during the requisite service period (graded-vesting award), the Company’s accounting policy is to recognize compensation cost for the award over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award.
F - 19

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 2 - Summary of significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)

U. | Basic and diluted earnings per share

Basic income per ordinary share is calculated by dividing the net income attributable to ordinary shares, by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding. Diluted income per ordinary share calculation is similar to basic income per ordinary share except that the weighted average of common shares outstanding is increased to include outstanding potential common shares during the period if dilutive. Potential common shares arise from stock options and RSUs, and the dilutive effect is reflected by the application of the treasury stock method.
The following table summarizes information related to the computation of basic and diluted income per ordinary share for the years indicated.

|  | Year ended December 31 |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
Net income attributable to ordinary shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(US$ thousands) |  |  | 21,714 |  |  |  | 14,637 |  |  |  | 10,236 |
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
used in basic income per ordinary share calculation |  |  | 7,455,528 |  |  |  | 7,552,094 |  |  |  | 7,520,389 |
Add assumed exercise of outstanding dilutive potential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ordinary shares |  |  | 146,443 |  |  |  | 105,236 |  |  |  | 52,228 |
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
used in diluted income per ordinary share calculation |  |  | 7,601,971 |  |  |  | 7,657,330 |  |  |  | 7,572,617 |
Basic income per ordinary shares (US$) |  |  | 2.912 |  |  |  | 1.938 |  |  |  | 1.361 |
Diluted income per ordinary shares (US$) |  |  | 2.856 |  |  |  | 1.912 |  |  |  | 1.352 |
Weighted average number of shares related to options |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
and RSUs excluded from the diluted earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
calculation because of anti-dilutive effect |  |  | - |  |  |  | 171,086 |  |  |  | 351,610 |

F - 20

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)
V. Comprehensive Income
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, comprehensive income equals net income.
W. Fair Value Measurements
The Company's financial instruments consist mainly of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, trade and other receivables and trade accounts payable. The carrying amounts of these financial instruments, except for marketable securities, approximate their fair value because of the short maturity of these investments. The fair value of marketable securities is presented in Note 5 to these consolidated financial statements. Assets held for severance benefits are recorded at their current cash redemption value.
The Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company determines fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in one of the following levels:
Level 1 Inputs: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date.
Level 2 Inputs: Other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
Level 3 Inputs: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at measurement date.
F - 21

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)
X. Concentrations of risks
(1) Credit risk
Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk, consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, short-term bank deposits, marketable securities, trade receivables and assets held for employees’ severance benefits. Cash and cash equivalents balances of the Company, which are subject to credit risk, consist of cash accounts held with major financial institutions. Short-term bank deposits balances of the Company, which are subject to credit risk, consist of short-term bank deposits held with a major Israeli Bank. Marketable securities consist of held to maturity marketable securities issued by highly rated corporations. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the ratings of the securities in the Company's portfolio was at least A-. Nonetheless, these investments are subject to general credit and counterparty risks (such as that the counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations). The Company closely monitors extensions of credit and has never experienced significant credit losses.
(2) Significant customers
The Company's top three customers accounted for approximately 35% of its revenues in 2019. The Company expects that a small number of customers will continue to account for a significant portion of its revenues for the foreseeable future. See note 13.
Y. Liabilities for loss contingencies
Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.
Z. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

(1) | In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which significantly changes the way entities recognize impairment of many financial assets by requiring immediate recognition of estimated credit losses expected to occur over their remaining life. This ASU is effective for annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-11, which includes several amendments to the credit losses standard (ASU 2016-13), including amendments to the reporting of expected recoveries. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the provisions of ASU 2016-13 on its financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

(2) | In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, which removes certain exceptions for: recognizing deferred taxes for investments, performing intraperiod allocation and calculating income taxes in interim periods. The ASU also adds guidance to reduce complexity in certain areas, including recognizing deferred taxes for tax goodwill and allocating taxes to members of a consolidated group. This ASU is effective for annual periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2019-12 to have a material impact on its consolidated balance sheets, results of operations, cash flows or presentation thereof.

F - 22

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)
Z. Recent Accounting Pronouncements (cont’d)

(3) | In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment,” which eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill in Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. Under ASU 2017-04, goodwill impairment charges will be based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value as determined in Step 1 of the testing. ASU 2017-04 is effective for interim and annual testing dates after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for interim and annual goodwill impairment testing dates after January 1, 2017. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2017-04 to have a material impact on its consolidated balance sheets, results of operations, cash flows or presentation thereof.

F - 23

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 3 – Acquisitions

| A. | ADI Engineering, Inc.

On October 28, 2015 (hereinafter – "closing date") the Company acquired certain assets from ADI Engineering, Inc. (hereinafter – "ADI"), a privately-held, US-based provider of custom embedded communications and networking products, for an aggregate purchase price of US$ 10,000 thousand in cash and estimated contingent consideration of US$ 7,802 thousand in cash and in options to ordinary shares, payable in three yearly payments, after the closing, subject to the attainment of certain performance milestones until December 31, 2017. The fair value measurement of the contingent consideration was classified at level 2 and level 3 of the fair value hierarchy (see Note 2W). Of the total purchase price of US$ 17,802 thousand, US$ 222 thousand was attributed to tangible assets, US$ 4,261 thousand was attributed to intangible assets and US$ 13,319 thousand was attributed to goodwill. The goodwill is primarily attributable to the synergies expected to arise after the acquisition. The recognized goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes for 10 years.
In connection with the contingent consideration, during 2016 the Company paid ADI an amount of US$ 3,000 thousand. Any amount not paid was charged to the statement of operations as an income.

| B. | Silicom Denmark

On December 10, 2014 (hereinafter – "closing date"), the Company completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares and voting interests of Silicom Denmark, a provider of high performance application acceleration solutions, for an aggregate purchase price of US$ 10,161 thousand in cash and estimated contingent consideration of US$ 4,683 thousand in cash and in options to ordinary shares, subject to the attainment of certain performance milestones until August 31, 2015. The fair value measurement of the contingent consideration was classified at level 3 of the fair value hierarchy (see Note 2W). Of the total estimated purchase price of US$ 14,844 thousand, US$ 2,022 thousand was attributed to tangible assets, US$ 1,996 thousand was attributed to intangible assets, US$ 12,242 thousand was attributed to goodwill and US$ 1,416 was attributed to liabilities assumed. The goodwill is primarily attributable to the synergies expected to arise after the acquisition. None of the recognized goodwill is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.
In connection with the contingent consideration, during 2016 the Company paid to the Silicom Denmark sellers an amount of US$ 1,463 thousand, of which 90% was paid in cash and 10% in options to ordinary shares of the Company.
In relation to this acquisition, on April 18, 2016, the Company granted, in the aggregate, 22,795 options to the Silicom Denmark sellers and to the Silicom Denmark employees (see Note 12I). Any amount not paid was charged to the statement of operations as an income.
F - 24

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 4 - Cash and Cash Equivalents |  |  |  |  |

|  | December 31 |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
|  | US$ thousands |
Cash |  |  | 16,147 |  |  |  | 13,382 |
Cash equivalents * |  |  | 10,661 |  |  |  | 3,087 |
|  |  | 26,808 |  |  |  | 16,469 |

* | Comprised mainly of deposits in banks as at December 31, 2018 and 2019 carrying a weighted average interest rate of 2.79% and 1.04%, respectively. |

F - 25

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 5 - Marketable Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The Company's investment in marketable securities as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 are classified as ''held-to-maturity'' and consist of the following:

|  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | unrealized |  |  | unrealized |  |  |  |
|  | Amortized |  |  | holding |  |  | holding |  |  | Aggregate |
|  | cost basis** |  |  | gains |  |  | (losses) |  |  | fair value* |
|  | US$ thousands |
At December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities and government debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current |  |  | 14,170 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | (97 | ) |  |  | 14,097 |
Non-Current |  |  | 46,955 |  |  |  | 408 |  |  |  | (112 | ) |  |  | 47,251 |
|  |  | 61,125 |  |  |  | 432 |  |  |  | (209 | ) |  |  | 61,348 |
At December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities and government debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current |  |  | 1,610 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | 1,588 |
Non-Current |  |  | 46,052 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (778 | ) |  |  | 45,274 |
|  |  | 47,662 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (800 | ) |  |  | 46,862 |

* | Fair value is being determined using quoted market prices in active markets (Level 2).
** | Including accrued interest in the amount of US$ 450 thousand and US$ 538 thousand as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 respectively. The accrued interest is presented as part of other account receivable on the balance sheet.

Activity in marketable securities in 2019 |  | US$ thousands |
Balance at January 1, 2019 |  |  | 47,662 |
Purchases of marketable securities |  |  | 15,604 |
Discount on marketable securities, net |  |  | (144 | )
Proceeds from maturity of marketable securities |  |  | (1,997 | )
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  |  | 61,125 |

F - 26

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 5 - Marketable Securities (Cont’d) |  |

The following table summarizes the gross unrealized losses on investment securities for which other-than-temporary impairments have not been recognized and the fair value of those securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31, 2019:

|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or more |  |  | Total |
|  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair value |
Held to maturity:
Corporate debt securities and government debt securities |  |  | (38 | ) |  |  | 4,968 |  |  |  | (171 | ) |  |  | 20,100 |  |  |  | (209 | ) |  |  | 25,068 |

The unrealized losses on the investments were caused by changes in interest rate. The Company has the ability and intent to hold these investments until maturity and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell any of the securities before recovery; therefore these investments are not considered other than temporarily impaired.

Note 6 - Other Receivables |  |  |  |

|  | December 31 |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
|  | US$ thousands |
Advances to suppliers |  |  | 5,260 |  |  |  | 805 |
Government authorities |  |  | 2,916 |  |  |  | 2,758 |
Prepaid expense |  |  | 884 |  |  |  | 553 |
Other receivables |  |  | 427 |  |  |  | 848 |
|  |  | 9,487 |  |  |  | 4,964 |

Note 7 - Inventories

|  | December 31 |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
|  | US$ thousands |
Raw materials and components |  |  | 19,088 |  |  |  | 20,986 |
Products in process |  |  | 10,883 |  |  |  | 7,137 |
Finished products |  |  | 12,398 |  |  |  | 8,368 |
|  |  | 42,369 |  |  |  | 36,491 |

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Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 8 - Property, Plant and Equipment, Net

|  | December 31 |
|  |  | 2018 |  |  |  | 2019 |
|  | US$ thousands |
Machinery and equipment |  |  | 12,150 |  |  |  | 13,374 |
Office furniture and equipment |  |  | 725 |  |  |  | 924 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 2,375 |  |  |  | 2,528 |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  | 15,250 |  |  |  | 16,826 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  | (11,580 | ) |  |  | (13,252 | )
Property, Plant and equipment, net |  |  | 3,670 |  |  |  | 3,574 |

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 were US$ 1,911 thousand, US$ 2,190 thousand and US$ 1,731 thousand, respectively.
F - 28

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 9 - Intangible Assets |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  |  |  | December 31 |
|  |  |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
|  | Useful life |  |  | US$ thousands |
Original cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capitalization of software development costs |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 928 |  |  |  | 1,946 |
Licenses |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 106 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,034 |  |  |  | 2,052 |
Accumulated amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capitalization of software development costs |  |  |  |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 274 |
Licenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 60 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 334 |
Intangible assets, Net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capitalization of software development costs |  |  |  |  |  |  | 891 |  |  |  | 1,672 |
Licenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 46 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 966 |  |  |  | 1,718 |

Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 were US$ 1,888 thousand, US$ 1,103 thousand and US$ 266 thousand, respectively.
F - 29

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 10 – Leases

A. | The components of operating lease cost for the year ended December 31, 2019 were as follows: |
|  |  | Year ended December 31 |
|  |  | 2019 |
|  |  | US$ thousands |
| Operating lease cost |  |  | 1,494 |
| Variable lease payments not included in the lease liability |  |  | 2 |
| Short-term lease cost |  |  | 287 |
| Total operating lease cost |  |  | 1,783 |

B. | Supplemental cash flow information related to operating leases was as follows: |
|  |  | Year ended December 31 |
|  |  | 2019 |
|  |  | US$ thousands |
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |
| Operating cash flows from operating leases |  |  | 1,541 |
| Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations (non-cash): |
| Operating leases |  |  | 1,524 |

C. | Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases was as follows: |
|  |  | December 31, 2019 |
|  |  | US$ thousands |
| Operating leases: |  |  |  |
| Operating leases right-of-use |  |  | 3,783 |
| Current operating lease liabilities |  |  | 1,090 |
| Non-current operating lease liabilities |  |  | 2,693 |
| Total operating lease liabilities |  |  | 3,783 |
|  |  | December 31, 2019 |
|  |  | US$ thousands |
| Weighted average remaining lease term |  |  |  |
| Operating leases |  | 4.8 years |
| Weighted average discount rate |  |  |  |
| Operating leases |  |  | 3.3 | %

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Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 10 – Leases (cont’d) |

D. | Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2019 were as follows: |
|  |  | December 31, 2019 |
|  |  | US$ thousands |
| 2020 |  |  | 1,209 |
| 2021 |  |  | 831 |
| 2022 |  |  | 641 |
| 2023 |  |  | 576 |
| After 2024 |  |  | 709 |
| Total operating lease payments |  |  | 3,966 |
| Less: imputed interest |  |  | (183 | )
| Present value of lease liabilities |  |  | 3,783 |

E. | Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2018, under ASC 840, Leases were as follows: |
|  |  | December 31, 2018 |
|  |  | US$ thousands |
| 2019 |  |  | 1,394 |
| 2020 |  |  | 643 |
| 2021 |  |  | 449 |
| 2022 |  |  | 363 |
| 2023 |  |  | 363 |
| After 2024 |  |  | 643 |
| Total operating lease payments |  |  | 3,855 |

F - 31

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 11 - Assets Held and Liability for Employees' Severance Benefits

| A. | Under Israeli law and labor agreements, Silicom is required to make severance payments to retired or dismissed employees and to employees leaving employment in certain other circumstances.

In respect of the liability to the employees, individual insurance policies are purchased and deposits are made with recognized severance pay funds.
The liability for severance pay is calculated on the basis of the latest salary paid to each employee multiplied by the number of years of employment. The liability is covered by the amounts deposited including accumulated income thereon as well as by the unfunded provision.

| B. | According to Section 14 to the Severance Pay Law ("Section 14") the payment of monthly deposits by a company into recognized severance and pension funds or insurance policies releases it from any additional severance obligation to the employees that have entered into agreements with the company pursuant to such Section 14. Commencing July 1, 2008, the Company has entered into agreements with a majority of its employees in order to implement Section 14. Therefore, as of that date, the payment of monthly deposits by the Company into recognized severance and pension funds or insurance policies releases it from any additional severance obligation to those employees that have entered into such agreements and therefore the Company incurs no additional liability since that date with respect to such employees. Amounts accumulated in the pension funds or insurance policies pursuant to Section 14 are not supervised or administrated by the Company and therefore neither such amounts nor the corresponding accrual are reflected in the balance sheet.

| C. | Consequently, the assets held for employees' severance benefits reported on the balance sheet, in respect of deposits for those employees who have signed agreements pursuant to Section 14, represent the redemption value of deposits made through June 30, 2008. The liability for employee severance benefits, with respect to those employees, represents the liability of the Company for employees' severance benefits as of June 30, 2008.

As a result of the implementation of Section 14, as described above, the liability with respect to those employees is calculated on the basis of number of years of employment as of June 30, 2008, multiplied by the latest salary paid. The liability is covered by the amounts deposited, including accumulated income thereon, as well as by the unfunded provision. Such liability will be removed, either upon termination of employment or retirement.

| D. | Expenses recorded with respect to employees' severance payments for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 were US$ 830 thousand, US$ 605 thousand and US$ 929 thousand, respectively.

F - 32

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 12 - Shareholders' Equity
Capital and reserves
On May 2, 2019, the Company's Board of Directors authorized and began implementation of a one-year share repurchase plan to repurchase up to $15 million of the Company's ordinary shares. Repurchases may be made in the open market and will be in accordance with applicable securities laws and regulations. The timing and amount of each repurchase transaction may depend on a variety of factors. The share repurchase plan does not obligate the Company to acquire any specific number of ordinary shares and may be suspended or terminated at any time at management’s discretion.
Share based compensation

| A. | On October 21, 2013 the Board resolved to adopt the Global Share Incentive Plan (2013) (the "2013 Plan") and to reserve up to 500,000 ordinary shares for issuance under the 2013 Plan to employees, directors, officers and consultants of the Company or of any subsidiary or affiliate of the Company. In January 2018, our Board approved the increase of the number of ordinary shares reserved for issuance under the 2013 Plan by 600,000 additional ordinary shares. Grants under the 2013 Plan, whether as options, restricted stock units, restricted stock or other equity based awards, including their terms, are subject to the Board of Directors' approval. Grants to directors and certain other officers are generally subject to the approvals of the Compensation Committee as well as Board of Directors, and grants to directors or a CEO (and under certain circumstances certain other officers) will also have to be approved by the Shareholders.

| B. | Options or RSUs granted to Israeli residents may be granted under Section 102 of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance pursuant to which the awards of options, or the ordinary shares issued upon their exercise, must be deposited with a trustee for at least two years following the date of grant. Under Section 102, any tax payable by an employee from the grant or exercise of the awards is deferred until the transfer of the awards or ordinary shares by the trustee to the employee or upon the sale of the awards or ordinary shares.

Capital gains on awards granted under the plans are subjected to tax of 25% to be paid by the employee, and the Company is not entitled to a tax deduction.
Gains which are not capital gains on awards under the plans are subjected to regular tax rates on individuals, and the Company is entitled to a tax deduction for such gains.
F - 33

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 12 - Shareholders' Equity (cont'd)
Share based compensation (cont'd)

| C. | During 2014, 2015 and 2017, the Company granted 74,000, 8,000 and 78,000 RSUs respectively to certain of its directors, employees and consultants under the 2013 Plan. In relation to those grants:

| 1. | The vesting period of the RSUs ranges between 2 to 3 years from the date of grant.

| 2. | The fair value of RSUs is estimated based on the market value of the Company’s stock on the date of grant, less an estimate of dividends that will not accrue to RSUs holders prior to vesting.

| 3. | The Company recognizes compensation expenses on these RSUs based on estimated grant date fair value, with the following assumptions:

|  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2017 |
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 2.06 | % |  |  | 3.22 | % |  |  | 2.68 | %
Termination rate |  |  | 4.35 | % |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 1.74 | %

F - 34

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 12 - Shareholders' Equity (cont'd)
Share based compensation (cont'd)

| D. | On July 28, 2015, the Company granted, in the aggregate, 89,907 options to certain of its directors and employees under the 2013 Plan. In relation to this grant:

| 1. | The exercise price for the options (per ordinary share) was US$ 26.91 and the Option expiration date was the earlier to occur of: (a) July 28, 2023; and (b) the closing price of the shares falling below US$ 13.46 at any time after the date of grant. The options vest and become exercisable on the second anniversary of the date of grant.

| 2. | The Company recognizes compensation expenses on these options based on estimated grant date fair value using the Binomial option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

Average Risk-free interest rate (a) |  |  | 2.08 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 2.09 | %
Average expected volatility (b) |  |  | 53.01 | %
Termination rate |  |  | 9 | %
Suboptimal factor (c) |  |  | 3.4 |

(a) | Risk-free interest rate represents risk free US$ zero-coupon US Government Bonds at time of grant.
(b) | Expected average volatility represents a weighted average standard deviation rate for the price of the Company’s ordinary shares on the NASDAQ National Market.
(c) | Suboptimal factor represents the multiple of the increase in the market share price on the day of grant of the option which, should it come to pass, will lead to exercise of the option by the employee. It is the average suboptimal factor of the Company and similar companies.

F - 35

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 12 - Shareholders' Equity (cont'd)
Share based compensation (cont'd)
E. On June 8, 2016, the Company granted, in the aggregate, 93,660 options to certain of its directors and employees under the 2013 Plan. In relation to this grant:

| 1. | The exercise price for the options (per ordinary share) was US$ 28.38 and the Option expiration date was the earlier to occur of: (a) June 8, 2024; and (b) the closing price of the shares falling below US$ 14.19 at any time after the date of grant. The options vest and become exercisable on the second anniversary of the date of grant.

| 2. | The Company recognizes compensation expenses on these options based on estimated grant date fair value using the Binomial option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

Average Risk-free interest rate (a) |  |  | 1.58 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 2.42 | %
Average expected volatility (b) |  |  | 47.90 | %
Termination rate |  |  | 9 | %
Suboptimal factor (c) |  |  | 3.32 |

(a) | Risk-free interest rate represents risk free US$ zero-coupon US Government Bonds at time of grant.
(b) | Expected average volatility represents a weighted average standard deviation rate for the price of the Company’s ordinary shares on the NASDAQ National Market.
(c) | Suboptimal factor represents the multiple of the increase in the market share price on the day of grant of the option which, should it come to pass, will lead to exercise of the option by the employee. It is the average suboptimal factor of the Company and similar companies.

F - 36

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 12 - Shareholders' Equity (cont'd)
Share based compensation (cont'd)

| F. | On January 30, 2017, the Company granted, in the aggregate, 119,925 options to certain of its directors and employees under the 2013 Plan. In relation to this grant:

| 1. | The exercise price for the options (per ordinary share) was US$ 39.62 and the Option expiration date was the earlier to occur of: (a) January 30, 2025; and (b) the closing price of the shares falling below US$ 19.81 at any time after the date of grant. The options vest and become exercisable on the second anniversary of the date of grant.

| 2. | The Company recognizes compensation expenses on these options based on estimated grant date fair value using the Binomial option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

Average Risk-free interest rate (a) |  |  | 2.35 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 2.42 | %
Average expected volatility (b) |  |  | 43.71 | %
Termination rate |  |  | 9 | %
Suboptimal factor (c) |  |  | 3.28 |

(a) | Risk-free interest rate represents risk free US$ zero-coupon US Government Bonds at time of grant.
(b) | Expected average volatility represents a weighted average standard deviation rate for the price of the Company’s ordinary shares on the NASDAQ National Market.
(c) | Suboptimal factor represents the multiple of the increase in the market share price on the day of grant of the option which, should it come to pass, will lead to exercise of the option by the employee. It is the average suboptimal factor of the Company and similar companies.

F - 37

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 12 - Shareholders' Equity (cont'd)
Share based compensation (cont'd)

| G. | On April 30, 2018, the Company granted, in the aggregate, 137,010 options to certain of its directors and employees under the 2013 Plan. In relation to this grant:

| 1. | The exercise price for the options (per ordinary share) was US$ 36.11 and the Option expiration date was the earlier to occur of: (a) April 30, 2026; and (b) the closing price of the shares falling below US$ 18.06 at any time after the date of grant. The options vest and become exercisable on the second anniversary of the date of grant.

| 2. | The Company recognizes compensation expenses on these options based on estimated grant date fair value using the Binomial option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

Average Risk-free interest rate (a) |  |  | 2.92 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 0.0 | %
Average expected volatility (b) |  |  | 45.13 | %
Termination rate |  |  | 9 | %
Suboptimal factor (c) |  |  | 3.2 |

(a) | Risk-free interest rate represents risk free US$ zero-coupon US Government Bonds at time of grant.
(b) | Expected average volatility represents a weighted average standard deviation rate for the price of the Company’s ordinary shares on the NASDAQ National Market.
(c) | Suboptimal factor represents the multiple of the increase in the market share price on the day of grant of the option which, should it come to pass, will lead to exercise of the option by the employee. It is the average suboptimal factor of the Company and similar companies.

F - 38

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 12 - Shareholders' Equity (cont'd)
Share based compensation (cont'd)

| H. | On January 31, 2019, the Company granted, in the aggregate, 141,928 options to certain of its directors and employees under the 2013 Plan. In relation to this grant:

| 1. | The exercise price for the options (per ordinary share) was US$ 33.83 and the Option expiration date was the earlier to occur of: (a) January 31, 2027; and (b) the closing price of the shares falling below US$ 16.92 at any time after the date of grant. The options vest and become exercisable on the second anniversary of the date of grant.

| 2. | The Company recognizes compensation expenses on these options based on estimated grant date fair value using the Binomial option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

Average Risk-free interest rate (a) |  |  | 2.55 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 0.0 | %
Average expected volatility (b) |  |  | 44.62 | %
Termination rate |  |  | 9 | %
Suboptimal factor (c) |  |  | 3.18 |

(a) | Risk-free interest rate represents risk free US$ zero-coupon US Government Bonds at time of grant.
(b) | Expected average volatility represents a weighted average standard deviation rate for the price of the Company’s ordinary shares on the NASDAQ National Market.
(c) | Suboptimal factor represents the multiple of the increase in the market share price on the day of grant of the option which, should it come to pass, will lead to exercise of the option by the employee. It is the average suboptimal factor of the Company and similar companies.

F - 39

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 12 - Shareholders' Equity (cont'd)
Share based compensation (cont'd)

| I. | The following table summarizes information regarding stock options as at December 31, 2019:

|  |  | Options outstanding |  |  | Options exercisable |
|  |  |  |  |  | Weighted average |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted average |
|  |  |  |  |  | remaining |  |  |  |  |  | remaining |
Exercise price |  |  | Number |  |  | contractual life |  |  | Number |  |  | contractual life |
US$ |  |  | of options |  |  | (in years) |  |  | of options |  |  | (in years) |
15.28 |  |  |  | 6,575 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 6,575 |  |  |  | 0.7 |
26.91 |  |  |  | 19,332 |  |  |  | 3.6 |  |  |  | 19,332 |  |  |  | 3.6 |
33.27 |  |  |  | 19,706 |  |  |  | 6.3 |  |  |  | 19,706 |  |  |  | 6.3 |
28.38 |  |  |  | 72,198 |  |  |  | 4.4 |  |  |  | 72,198 |  |  |  | 4.4 |
39.62 |  |  |  | 101,838 |  |  |  | 5.1 |  |  |  | 101,838 |  |  |  | 5.1 |
36.11 |  |  |  | 116,257 |  |  |  | 6.3 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
33.83 |  |  |  | 129,341 |  |  |  | 7.1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
|  |  |  | 465,247 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 219,649 |  |  |  |  |

The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 is US$ 835 thousand and US$ 593 thousand, respectively.
The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercisable as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 is US$ 835 thousand and US$ 593 thousand, respectively.
The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, is US$ 67 thousand and US$ 28 thousand, respectively.
F - 40

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 12 - Shareholders' Equity (cont'd) |  |

Share based compensation (cont'd)

| J. | The stock option activity under the abovementioned plans is as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted |
|  |  |  |  | Weighted |  |  | average |
|  | Number |  |  | average |  |  | grant date |
|  | of options |  |  | exercise price |  |  | fair value |
|  |  |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Balance at January 1, 2017 |  |  | 266,005 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 119,925 |  |  |  | 39.62 |  |  |  | 11.89 |
Exercised |  |  | (124,918 | ) |  |  | 21.46 |  |  |  | 8.46 |
Forfeited |  |  | (11,101 | ) |  |  | 33.18 |  |  |  | 10.87 |
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  |  | 249,911 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 137,010 |  |  |  | 36.11 |  |  |  | 14.71 |
Exercised |  |  | (9,674 | ) |  |  | 28.02 |  |  |  | 9.94 |
Forfeited |  |  | (11,752 | ) |  |  | 36.73 |  |  |  | 13.05 |
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 365,495 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 141,928 |  |  |  | 33.83 |  |  |  | 13.35 |
Exercised |  |  | (5,500 | ) |  |  | 28.09 |  |  |  | 10.03 |
Forfeited |  |  | (36,676 | ) |  |  | 35.88 |  |  |  | 13.50 |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  |  | 465,247 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercisable at December 31, 2019 |  |  | 219,649 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

F - 41

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 12 - Shareholders' Equity (cont'd)
Share based compensation (cont'd)

| K. | The Restricted Share Units activity under the abovementioned plans is as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Weighted |
|  | Number of |  |  | average |
|  | Restricted |  |  | grant date |
|  | Share Units |  |  | fair value |
|  |  |  |  | US$ |
Balance at January 1, 2017 |  |  | 43,000 |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 78,000 |  |  |  | 34.90 |
Vested |  |  | (43,000 | ) |  |  | 42.52 |
Balance at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018 |  |  | 78,000 |  |  |  |  |
Vested |  |  | (39,000 | ) |  |  | 35.36 |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  |  | 39,000 |  |  |  |  |

The aggregate intrinsic value of RSUs outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019 is US$ 2,725 thousand and US$ 1,297 thousand, respectively.
F - 42

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 12 - Shareholders' Equity (cont'd)
Share based compensation (cont'd)

| L. | During 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Company recorded share-based compensation expenses. The following summarizes the allocation of the stock-based compensation expenses:

|  | Year ended December 31 |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
|  | US$ thousands |
Cost of sales |  |  | 320 |  |  |  | 372 |  |  |  | 437 |
Research and development costs |  |  | 832 |  |  |  | 953 |  |  |  | 900 |
Selling and marketing expenses |  |  | 537 |  |  |  | 569 |  |  |  | 493 |
General and administrative expenses |  |  | 736 |  |  |  | 530 |  |  |  | 525 |
|  |  | 2,425 |  |  |  | 2,424 |  |  |  | 2,355 |

As of December 31, 2019, there were US$ 1,313 thousand of unrecognized compensation costs related to outstanding stock options and RSUs to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.88 years.
F - 43

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 13 - Geographic areas and major customers

| A. | Information on sales by geographic distribution:

The Company has one operating segment.
Sales are attributed to geographic distribution based on the location of the customer.

|  | Year ended December 31 |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
|  | US$ thousands |
North America |  |  | 100,434 |  |  |  | 108,024 |  |  |  | 77,161 |
Europe |  |  | 20,156 |  |  |  | 21,038 |  |  |  | 20,956 |
Asia-Pacific |  |  | 5,100 |  |  |  | 4,691 |  |  |  | 7,123 |
|  |  | 125,690 |  |  |  | 133,753 |  |  |  | 105,240 |

| B. | Sales to single customers exceeding 10% of sales (US$ thousands):

|  | Year ended December 31 |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
|  | US$ thousands |
Customer "A" |  |  | 16,915 |  |  |  | 18,855 |  |  |  | 17,107 |
Customer "B" |  |  | * |  |  |  | 14,506 |  |  |  | 11,030 |
Customer "C" |  |  | * |  |  |  | 14,220 |  |  |  | * |
Customer "D" |  |  | 25,888 |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |

| * | Less than 10% of sales.

F - 44

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 13 - Geographic areas and major customers (cont'd)

| C. | Information on Long-Lived Assets - Property, Plant and Equipment and ROU assets by geographic areas:

The following table presents the locations of the Company’s long-lived assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2019:

|  | Year ended December 31 |
|  | 2018 |  |  |  | *2019 |
|  | US$ thousands |
North America |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | 1,189 |
Europe |  |  | 235 |  |  |  | 198 |
Israel |  |  | 3,389 |  |  |  | 5,970 |
|  |  | 3,670 |  |  |  | 7,357 |

* The company adopted ASC 842 "Leases" as of January 1, 2019. Therefore, the ROU asset is to be included in the long-lived assets as of December 31, 2019.
F - 45

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 14 - Financial Income (Expenses), Net

|  | Year ended December 31 |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
|  | US$ thousands |
Interest income |  |  | 527 |  |  |  | 840 |  |  |  | 2,295 |
Discount on marketable securities, net |  |  | (217 | ) |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | (144 | )
Exchange rate differences, net |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  | 208 |  |  |  | (357 | )
Bank charges |  |  | (109 | ) |  |  | (93 | ) |  |  | (148 | )
|  |  | 156 |  |  |  | 923 |  |  |  | 1,646 |

F - 46

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 15 - Taxes on Income

| A. | Measurement of results for tax purposes under the Israeli Income Tax Regulations (Rules for Maintaining Accounting Records of Foreign Invested Companies and Certain Partnerships and Determining Their Taxable Income) - 1986

As a "foreign invested company" (as defined in the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments-1959), the Company's taxable income or loss is calculated in US Dollars.

| B. | Corporate tax rate in Israel

Taxable income of Israeli companies was subject to tax at a rate of 24% in 2017 and at a rate of 23% from 2018 onwards.

| C. | Tax benefits under the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 (hereinafter - the "Law")

| 1. | On December 29, 2010 the Knesset approved the Economic Policy Law for 2011-2012, which includes an amendment to the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments – 1959 (hereinafter – "the Amendment to the Law"). The Amendment to the Law is effective from January 1, 2011 and its provisions will apply to preferred income derived or accrued in 2011 and thereafter by a Preferred Company, per the definition of these terms in the Amendment to the Law.

Companies can choose to not be included in the scope of the Amendment to the Law and to stay in the scope of the law before its amendment until the end of the benefits period.
Under the Amendment to the Law, upon an irrevocable election made by a company, a uniform corporate tax rate will apply to all preferred income of such company. The Company elected to apply the uniform corporate tax rate as of 2014. From 2017 onwards, the uniform tax rate is to be 7.5% in areas in Israel designated as Development Zone A and 16% elsewhere in Israel. The company has two facilities in Israel of which one of them is located in Development Zone A. The profits of these Preferred Companies will be freely distributable as dividends, subject to a withholding tax of 20% (or a lower rate under an applicable tax treaty).
Should the Company derive income from sources other than the Preferred Company, such income will be taxable at the regular corporate tax rates for the applicable year.
F - 47

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 15 - Taxes on Income (cont’d)

| C. | Tax benefits under the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 (hereinafter - the "Law") (cont'd)

| 2. | In the event of distribution by the Company of dividends out of its retained earnings that were generated prior to 2014 tax year and were tax exempt under the "Approved Enterprise" or "Benefited Enterprise" status, the Company would be subjected to a maximum of 25% corporate tax on the amount distributed, and a further 15% withholding tax would be deducted from the amounts distributed to the shareholders.

Out of the Company’s retained earnings as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, approximately US$ 46,581 thousand and US$ 50,516 thousand respectively are tax-exempt, under the previous "Approved Enterprise" and "Benefited Enterprise" status. If such tax-exempt income is distributed as a dividend (including a liquidation dividend), it would be taxed at the reduced corporate tax rate applicable to such profits (up to 25%) and an income tax liability of up to approximately US$ 11,645 thousand and US$ 12,629 thousand would be incurred as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The Company anticipates that any future dividends distributed pursuant to its dividend policy, will be distributed from income sources which will not impose additional tax liabilities on the Company. The Company intends to reinvest the amount of its tax-exempt income. Accordingly, no deferred income taxes have been provided on income attributable to the Company’s "Approved Enterprise" or "Benefited Enterprise". If the Company was to declare a dividend from its tax-exempt income, an income tax expense would be recognized in the period a dividend is declared.
F - 48

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 15 - Taxes on Income (cont’d)
D. Taxation of the subsidiaries

| 1. | The subsidiary Silicom Inc. files tax returns to US federal tax authorities and to state tax authorities in the states of New Jersey, California, Virginia, New York, New Mexico, Tennessee and Texas.

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Acts was enacted into law. The new legislation impacted the company by reduction of the Federal corporate income tax rate to 21% effective January 1, 2018.

| 2. | The subsidiary Silicom Denmark is taxed according to the tax laws in Denmark.

| 3. | The Company has not provided for Israeli income and foreign withholding taxes on US$ 7,221 thousand of its non-Israeli subsidiaries' undistributed earnings as of December 31, 2019. The earnings could become subject to tax if earnings are remitted or deemed remitted as dividends or upon sale of a subsidiary.

The Company currently has no plans to repatriate those funds and intends to indefinitely reinvest them in its non-Israeli operations. The unrecognized deferred tax liability associated with these temporary differences was approximately US$ 1,030 thousand at December 31, 2019.

| 4. | As of December 31, 2019, the net operating loss carry-forwards of the Companys’ subsidiaries for tax purposes amounted to approximately US$ 900 thousand. These losses are available to offset any future taxable income.

E. Tax assessments

| 1. | For the Israeli jurisdiction the Company has final tax assessments for all years up to and including the tax year ended December 31, 2014.

| 2. | For the US Federal jurisdiction, Silicom Inc. has final tax assessments for all years up to and including the tax year ended December 31, 2015. For the New Jersey and California state jurisdictions, Silicom Inc. has final tax assessments for all years up to and including the tax year ended December 31, 2014. For the Virginia state jurisdiction, Silicom Inc. has open tax assessments for the years 2016 through 2019. For the Tennessee state jurisdiction, Silicom Inc. has open tax assessments for the years 2016 through 2019. For the New Mexico and New York state jurisdictions, Silicom Inc. has open tax assessments for the years 2017 through 2019. For the Texas state jurisdiction, Silicom Inc. has open tax assessments for the years 2018 and 2019.

| 3. | For the Danish jurisdiction, Silicom Denmark has final tax assessments for all years up to and including the tax year ended August 31, 2014.

F - 49

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 15 - Taxes on Income (cont'd)

| F. | Income before income taxes and income taxes expense (benefit) included in the consolidated statements of operations

|  | Year ended December 31 |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
|  | US$ thousands |
Income before income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Israel |  |  | 23,226 |  |  |  | 14,703 |  |  |  | 9,339 |
Foreign jurisdiction |  |  | 2,356 |  |  |  | 2,871 |  |  |  | 2,520 |
|  |  | 25,582 |  |  |  | 17,574 |  |  |  | 11,859 |
Current taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Israel |  |  | 2,379 |  |  |  | 2,400 |  |  |  | 1,732 |
Foreign jurisdiction |  |  | 1,095 |  |  |  | 831 |  |  |  | 611 |
|  |  | 3,474 |  |  |  | 3,231 |  |  |  | 2,343 |
Current tax (benefits) expenses relating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
to prior years: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Israel |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | (73 | ) |  |  | (17 | )
Foreign jurisdiction |  |  | (71 | ) |  |  | (226 | ) |  |  | (4 | )
|  |  | (59 | ) |  |  | (299 | ) |  |  | (21 | )
Deferred taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Israel |  |  | 549 |  |  |  | (106 | ) |  |  | (904 | )
Foreign jurisdiction |  |  | (96 | ) |  |  | 111 |  |  |  | 205 |
|  |  | 453 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (699 | )
Income tax expense |  |  | 3,868 |  |  |  | 2,937 |  |  |  | 1,623 |

F - 50

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 15 - Taxes on Income (cont’d)
G. Deferred tax assets and liabilities
The tax effects of significant items comprising the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

|  | December 31 |  |  | December 31 |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
|  | US$ thousands |  |  | US$ thousands |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued employee benefits |  |  | 281 |  |  |  | 327 |
Research and development costs |  |  | 842 |  |  |  | 1,597 |
Tax loss carryforwards |  |  | 169 |  |  |  | 196 |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 31 |
Share based compensation |  |  | 348 |  |  |  | 374 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 347 |
Other |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | - |
Total gross deferred tax assets |  |  | 1,913 |  |  |  | 2,872 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets |  |  | (212 | ) |  |  | (397 | )
Goodwill |  |  | (807 | ) |  |  | (879 | )
Other |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3 | )
Total gross deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (1,019 | ) |  |  | (1,279 | )
Net deferred tax assets |  |  | 894 |  |  |  | 1,593 |
In Israel |  |  | 894 |  |  |  | 1,798 |
Foreign jurisdictions |  |  | - |  |  |  | (205 | )
Net deferred tax assets |  |  | 894 |  |  |  | 1,593 |
Non-current deferred tax assets |  |  | 894 |  |  |  | 1,798 |
Non-current deferred tax liabilities |  |  | - |  |  |  | (205 | )

F - 51

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 15 - Taxes on Income (cont'd)

| H. | Reconciliation of the statutory tax expense to actual tax expense

|  | Year ended December 31 |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
|  | US$ thousands |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 25,582 |  |  |  | 17,574 |  |  |  | 11,859 |
Statutory tax rate in Israel |  |  | 24.0 | % |  |  | 23.0 | % |  |  | 23.0 | %
|  |  | 6,140 |  |  |  | 4,042 |  |  |  | 2,728 |
Increase (decrease) in taxes resulting from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-deductible operating expenses, net |  |  | 364 |  |  |  | 295 |  |  |  | 417 |
Non-taxable income |  |  | (1,114 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Prior years adjustments |  |  | (59 | ) |  |  | (299 | ) |  |  | (21 | )
Tax effect due to |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
"Preferred Enterprise" status* |  |  | (2,361 | ) |  |  | (1,398 | ) |  |  | (1,099 | )
Taxes related to foreign jurisdictions |  |  | 632 |  |  |  | 176 |  |  |  | 18 |
Changes in tax rate |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7 |
Creation of deferred taxes for tax losses and |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
benefits from previous years for which deferred |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
taxes were not created in the past |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (476 | )
Other |  |  | 104 |  |  |  | 121 |  |  |  | 49 |
Income tax expense |  |  | 3,868 |  |  |  | 2,937 |  |  |  | 1,623 |

* The effect of the benefit resulting from the "Preferred Enterprise" status on net earnings per ordinary share is as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31 |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |
Basic |  |  | 0.32 |  |  |  | 0.19 |  |  |  | 0.15 |
Diluted |  |  | 0.31 |  |  |  | 0.18 |  |  |  | 0.15 |

F - 52

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 15 - Taxes on Income (cont’d)
I. Accounting for uncertainty in income taxes
The accounting literature clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements. The standards prescribe a minimum recognition threshold a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements. It also requires significant judgment in determining what constitutes an individual tax position as well as assessing the outcome of each tax position.
During 2017, 2018 and 2019 the Company and its subsidiaries did not have any significant unrecognized tax benefits and thus, no related interest and penalties were accrued.
In addition, the Company and its subsidiaries do not expect that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will change significantly within the next twelve months.
F - 53

Silicom Ltd. and its Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 16 - Subsequent Events

| (1) | In January 2020, the Company’s compensation committee and board of directors, respectively, have approved the grant of a total of 148,426 options and 86,000 RSUs under the Global Share Incentive Plan (2013), of which options and RSUs granted to directors and office holders are subject to the approval of the Annual General Meeting, which is currently scheduled to convene no later than June 2020, as prescribed under the Israeli Companies Law, 1999 and the Company's Amended and Restated Articles of Association.

| (2) | Pursuant to the share repurchase plan approved on May 2, 2019, the Company has purchased 97,577 shares of the Company's ordinary shares subsequent to December 31, 2019 and through March 6, 2020 for a total cost of US$ 3,326 thousand inclusive of transaction costs, bringing the total shares repurchased under the plan to 349,965.

| (3) | In late December 2019, the World Health Organization was informed of a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause discovered in Wuhan, Hubei province, in China. A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was identified, with cases confirmed in multiple provinces in China as well as in other countries. The outbreak of such communicable diseases could result in a widespread health crisis that could adversely affect the general commercial activity and the economies and financial markets of many countries. Although, to date, the Company did not experience any material adverse effects as a result of the ongoing novel coronavirus, if it continues to spread, the Company’s operations could experience a slowdown or temporary suspension in production. In the event that the slowdown or suspension carries for a long period of time, the Company’s business could be materially and adversely affected. Countries affected may adopt certain hygiene measures, including quarantining visitors from places where any of the contagious diseases were rampant. Any prolonged restrictive measures taken by the governments of countries affected in order to control the contagious disease or other adverse public health developments may have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations.

F - 54