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UNITED S TATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025

OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from _______ to _______

(Exact Name of Company as Specified in its Charter)

Maryland (State of Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation) | 001-36695 (Commission File No.) | 38-3941859 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

214 West First Street

Oswego, NY 13126

(315) 343-0057

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value | PBHC | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this Chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ | Accelerated filer ☐ | Non-accelerated filer ☒ | Smaller reporting company ☒ | Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES ☐ NO ☒

As of May 12, 2025, there were 4,761,182 shares outstanding of the registrant’s Voting common stock an d 1,380,283 shar es outstanding of the registrant’s Series A Non-Voting common stock.

Table of Contents

PATHFINDER B ANCORP, INC.

INDEX

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  | PAGE NO.
Item 1. | Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) |  | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Condition |  | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Income |  | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity |  | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | 7
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 8
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Unaudited) |  | 44
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 60
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures |  | 60
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |  |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings |  | 61
Item 1A. | Risk Factor |  | 61
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 61
Item 3. | Defaults upon Senior Securities |  | 61
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures |  | 61
Item 5. | Other information |  | 61
Item 6. | Exhibits |  | 62
SIGNATURES |  | 63

# PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

# Item 1 – Consolidated Financial Statements

# Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.

# Consolidated State ments of Condition

(Unaudited)

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(In thousands, except share and per share data) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
ASSETS: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 18,606 |  |  | $ | 13,963 |
Interest-earning deposits |  |  | 32,862 |  |  |  | 17,609 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 51,468 |  |  |  | 31,572 |
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value |  |  | 284,051 |  |  |  | 269,331 |
Held-to-maturity securities, at amortized cost (fair value of $149,048 and $151,023, respectively) |  |  | 155,704 |  |  |  | 158,683 |
Marketable equity securities, at fair value |  |  | 4,401 |  |  |  | 4,076 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost |  |  | 2,906 |  |  |  | 4,590 |
Loans, net of deferred fees |  |  | 912,150 |  |  |  | 918,986 |
Less: Allowance for credit losses |  |  | 17,407 |  |  |  | 17,243 |
Loans receivable, net |  |  | 894,743 |  |  |  | 901,743 |
Premises and equipment, net |  |  | 19,233 |  |  |  | 19,009 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 1,356 |  |  |  | 1,391 |
Finance lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 16,478 |  |  |  | 16,676 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 6,748 |  |  |  | 6,881 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 5,832 |  |  |  | 5,989 |
Goodwill |  |  | 5,056 |  |  |  | 5,056 |
Bank owned life insurance |  |  | 24,889 |  |  |  | 24,727 |
Other assets |  |  | 22,472 |  |  |  | 25,150 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,495,337 |  |  | $ | 1,474,874 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY: |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing |  | $ | 1,061,166 |  |  | $ | 990,805 |
Noninterest-bearing |  |  | 203,314 |  |  |  | 213,719 |
Total deposits |  |  | 1,264,480 |  |  |  | 1,204,524 |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 27,000 |  |  |  | 61,000 |
Long-term borrowings |  |  | 17,628 |  |  |  | 27,068 |
Subordinated debt |  |  | 30,156 |  |  |  | 30,107 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 844 |  |  |  | 546 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 1,560 |  |  |  | 1,591 |
Finance lease liabilities |  |  | 16,655 |  |  |  | 16,745 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 12,118 |  |  |  | 11,810 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 1,370,441 |  |  |  | 1,353,391 |
Shareholders' equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Voting common stock, par value $0.01; 25,000,000 authorized shares; 4,761,182 and 4,745,366 shares issued and outstanding, respectively |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 47 |
Non-Voting common stock, par value $0.01; 1,505,283 authorized shares; 1,380,283 shares issued and outstanding, respectively |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 14 |
Additional paid in capital |  |  | 53,103 |  |  |  | 52,750 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 80,163 |  |  |  | 77,816 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (8,432 | ) |  |  | (9,144 | )
Total Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc. shareholders' equity |  |  | 124,896 |  |  |  | 121,483 |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity |  | $ | 1,495,337 |  |  | $ | 1,474,874 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

- 3 -

# Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.

# Consolidated Stat ements of Income

# (Unaudited)

|  | For the three months ended |
(In thousands, except per share data) |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | March 31, 2024 |
Interest and dividend income: |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including fees |  | $ | 13,672 |  |  | $ | 12,268 |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  |  | 5,185 |  |  |  | 5,607 |
Tax-exempt |  |  | 402 |  |  |  | 508 |
Dividends |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | 129 |
Federal funds sold and interest earning deposits |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | 98 |
Total interest and dividend income |  |  | 19,441 |  |  |  | 18,610 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on deposits |  |  | 6,945 |  |  |  | 7,411 |
Interest on short-term borrowings |  |  | 545 |  |  |  | 1,114 |
Interest on long-term borrowings |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 194 |
Interest on subordinated debt |  |  | 475 |  |  |  | 491 |
Total interest expense |  |  | 8,030 |  |  |  | 9,210 |
Net interest income |  |  | 11,411 |  |  |  | 9,400 |
Provision for (benefit from) credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  |  | 504 |  |  |  | 710 |
Held-to-maturity securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15 |
Unfunded commitments |  |  | (47 | ) |  |  | 1 |
Total provision for credit losses |  |  | 457 |  |  |  | 726 |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses |  |  | 10,954 |  |  |  | 8,674 |
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  |  | 374 |  |  |  | 309 |
Earnings and gain on bank owned life insurance |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | 157 |
Loan servicing fees |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | 88 |
Net realized losses on sales and redemptions of investment securities |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (148 | )
Net realized gains on sales of marketable equity securities |  |  | 218 |  |  |  | 108 |
Gains on sales of loans and foreclosed real estate |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 18 |
Debit card interchange fees |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 119 |
Insurance agency revenue (1) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 397 |
Other charges, commissions & fees |  |  | 284 |  |  |  | 689 |
Total noninterest income |  |  | 1,197 |  |  |  | 1,737 |
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  |  | 4,450 |  |  |  | 4,329 |
Building and occupancy |  |  | 1,347 |  |  |  | 816 |
Data processing |  |  | 666 |  |  |  | 528 |
Professional and other services |  |  | 606 |  |  |  | 562 |
Advertising |  |  | 141 |  |  |  | 105 |
FDIC assessments |  |  | 229 |  |  |  | 229 |
Audits and exams |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | 170 |
Amortization expense |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | 3 |
Insurance agency expense (1) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 285 |
Community service activities |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 52 |
Foreclosed real estate expenses |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 25 |
Other expenses |  |  | 691 |  |  |  | 602 |
Total noninterest expense |  |  | 8,433 |  |  |  | 7,706 |
Income before provision for income taxes |  |  | 3,718 |  |  |  | 2,705 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 744 |  |  |  | 532 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest and Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc. |  |  | 2,974 |  |  |  | 2,173 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  |  | - |  |  |  | 53 |
Net income attributable to Pathfinder Bancorp Inc. |  | $ | 2,974 |  |  | $ | 2,120 |
Voting Earnings per common share - basic |  | $ | 0.48 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |
Voting Earnings per common share - diluted |  | $ | 0.41 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |
Series A Non-Voting Earnings per common share- basic |  | $ | 0.48 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |
Series A Non-Voting Earnings per common share- diluted |  | $ | 0.41 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |
Dividends per common share (Voting and Series A Non-Voting) |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |

(1) See Item 2
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

- 4 -

Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(Unaudited)

|  | For the three months ended |
(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | March 31, 2024 |
Net income |  | $ | 2,974 |  |  | $ | 2,173 |
Other Comprehensive Income |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement Plans: |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement plan net gains recognized in plan expenses |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 37 |
Net unrealized gain on retirement plans |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 37 |
Unrealized holding gains on available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains arising during the period |  |  | 1,006 |  |  |  | 302 |
Reclassification adjustment for net losses included in net income |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 154 |
Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities |  |  | 1,011 |  |  |  | 456 |
Derivatives and hedging activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding (losses) gains arising during the period |  |  | (81 | ) |  |  | 513 |
Net unrealized (losses) gains on derivatives and hedging activities |  |  | (81 | ) |  |  | 513 |
Other comprehensive income, before tax |  |  | 964 |  |  |  | 1,006 |
Tax effect |  |  | (252 | ) |  |  | (263 | )
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  | 712 |  |  |  | 743 |
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 3,686 |  |  | $ | 2,916 |
Comprehensive income, attributable to noncontrolling interest |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 53 |
Comprehensive income attributable to Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc. |  | $ | 3,686 |  |  | $ | 2,863 |
Tax Effect Allocated to Each Component of Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement plan net gains recognized in plan expenses |  | $ | (9 | ) |  | $ | (10 | )
Unrealized holding gains on available-for-sale securities arising during the period |  |  | (263 | ) |  |  | (79 | )
Reclassification adjustment for net losses on available-for-sale securities included in net income |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (40 | )
Unrealized losses (gains) on derivatives and hedging arising during the period |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | (134 | )
Income tax effect related to other comprehensive income |  | $ | (252 | ) |  | $ | (263 | )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

- 5 -

Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc. |
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity |
Three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024 |
(Unaudited) |
(In thousands, except share and per share data) |  | Common Stock |  |  | Non-Voting Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid in Capital |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |  | Unearned ESOP shares |  |  | Non-controlling Interest |  |  | Total |
Balance, January 1, 2025 |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 52,750 |  |  | $ | 77,816 |  |  | $ | (9,144 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 121,483 |
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,974 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,974 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 712 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 712 |
Stock options exercised |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 353 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 354 |
Voting common stock dividends declared ($0.10 per share) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (476 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (476 | )
Non-Voting common stock dividends declared ($0.10 per share) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (138 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (138 | )
Warrant dividends declared ($0.10 per share) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (13 | )
Balance, March 31, 2025 |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 53,103 |  |  | $ | 80,163 |  |  | $ | (8,432 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 124,896 |
Balance, January 1, 2024 |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 53,114 |  |  | $ | 76,060 |  |  | $ | (9,605 | ) |  | $ | (135 | ) |  | $ | 761 |  |  | $ | 120,256 |
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,120 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 2,173 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 743 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 743 |
ESOP shares earned (6,111 shares) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 77 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5 |
Voting common stock dividends declared ($0.10 per share) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (471 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (471 | )
Non-Voting common stock dividends declared ($0.10 per share) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (138 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (138 | )
Warrant dividends declared ($0.10 per share) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (13 | )
Balance, March 31, 2024 |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 53,151 |  |  | $ | 77,558 |  |  | $ | (8,862 | ) |  | $ | (90 | ) |  | $ | 814 |  |  | $ | 122,632 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

- 6 -

Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

|  | For the three months ended March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc. |  | $ | 2,974 |  |  | $ | 2,120 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | 457 |  |  |  | 726 |
Proceeds from sales of loans held-for-sale |  |  | 2,600 |  |  |  | 1,042 |
Originations of loans held-for-sale |  |  | (2,535 | ) |  |  | (1,024 | )
Realized (gains) losses on sales, redemptions and calls of: |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  |  | (65 | ) |  |  | (18 | )
Available-for-sale investment securities |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 143 |
Held-to-maturity investment securities |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 5 |
Marketable securities |  |  | (218 | ) |  |  | (108 | )
Depreciation |  |  | 413 |  |  |  | 339 |
Amortization of mortgage servicing rights |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (14 | )
Amortization of deferred loan fees and costs |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (105 | )
Amortization of operating and finance leases |  |  | 112 |  |  |  | 28 |
Amortization of deferred financing fees from subordinated debt |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | 47 |
Earnings on bank owned life insurance |  |  | (162 | ) |  |  | (157 | )
Net amortization of premiums and discounts on investment securities |  |  | (46 | ) |  |  | 22 |
Net amortization of premiums on intangible assets |  |  | 143 |  |  |  | 5 |
Stock based compensation and ESOP expense |  |  | 174 |  |  |  | 77 |
Net change in accrued interest receivable |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 116 |
Net change in other assets and liabilities |  |  | 1,657 |  |  |  | (2,740 | )
Net cash inflows from operating activities |  |  | 5,697 |  |  |  | 504 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of available-for-sale securities |  |  | (25,882 | ) |  |  | (40,740 | )
Purchase of held-to-maturity securities |  |  | (6,196 | ) |  |  | (3,014 | )
Purchase of marketable securities |  |  | (107 | ) |  |  | (28 | )
Purchase of Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | (1,788 | ) |  |  | (2,896 | )
Proceeds from redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 3,472 |  |  |  | 4,613 |
Proceeds from maturities and principal reductions of available-for-sale securities |  |  | 10,473 |  |  |  | 16,029 |
Proceeds from maturities and principal reductions of held-to-maturity securities |  |  | 6,612 |  |  |  | 8,929 |
Proceeds from sales, redemptions and calls of: |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities |  |  | 2,995 |  |  |  | 3,434 |
Held-to-maturity securities |  |  | 2,507 |  |  |  | 696 |
Real estate acquired through foreclosure |  |  | - |  |  |  | 68 |
Net change in loans |  |  | 6,679 |  |  |  | 5,735 |
Purchase of premises and equipment |  |  | (637 | ) |  |  | (230 | )
Net cash outflows from investing activities |  |  | (1,872 | ) |  |  | (7,404 | )
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in demand deposits, NOW accounts, savings accounts, money management deposit accounts, MMDA accounts and escrow deposits |  |  | 63,551 |  |  |  | 6,271 |
Net change in time deposits |  |  | 8,347 |  |  |  | 23,657 |
Net change in brokered deposits |  |  | (11,942 | ) |  |  | (3,882 | )
Net change in short-term borrowings |  |  | (34,000 | ) |  |  | (34,103 | )
Payments on long-term borrowings |  |  | (9,440 | ) |  |  | (4,050 | )
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | 5 |
Cash dividends paid to common voting shareholders |  |  | (474 | ) |  |  | (424 | )
Cash dividends paid to common non-voting shareholders |  |  | (138 | ) |  |  | (124 | )
Cash dividends paid on warrants |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | (12 | )
Change in noncontrolling interest, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | 53 |
Net cash inflows (outflows) from financing activities |  |  | 16,071 |  |  |  | (12,609 | )
Change in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 19,896 |  |  |  | (19,509 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 31,572 |  |  |  | 48,732 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 51,468 |  |  | $ | 29,223 |
CASH PAID DURING THE PERIOD FOR: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest |  | $ | 7,732 |  |  | $ | 9,492 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

- 7 -

Notes to Consolidated Finan cial Statements (Unaudited)

#

# Note 1: Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc., (the “Company”), Pathfinder Bank (the “Bank”) and its other wholly owned subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for interim financial information, the instructions for Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes necessary for a complete presentation of consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals considered necessary for a fair presentation, have been included. Certain amounts in the 2024 consolidated financial statements may have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on net income or comprehensive income as previously reported. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2025 or any other interim period.

The Company's consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and follow practices within the banking industry. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions, and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the consolidated financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the consolidated financial statements could reflect different estimates, assumptions, and judgments. Certain accounting policies inherently have a greater reliance on the use of estimates, assumptions, and judgments and as such, have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different from originally reported. Estimates, assumptions, and judgments are necessary when assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value or when an asset or liability needs to be recorded contingent upon a future event. Carrying assets and liabilities at fair value inherently results in more financial statement volatility. The fair values and information used to record valuation adjustments for certain assets and liabilities are based on quoted market prices or are provided by unaffiliated third-party sources, when available. When third party information is not available, valuation adjustments are estimated in good faith by management.

- 8 -

# Note 2: New Accounting Pronouncements

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and, to a lesser extent, other authoritative rulemaking bodies promulgate generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) to regulate the standards of accounting in the United States. From time to time, the FASB issues new GAAP standards, known as Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”) some of which, upon adoption, may have the potential to change the way in which the Company recognizes or reports within its consolidated financial statements. The following table provides a description of the accounting standards that are not currently effective, but could have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

Standards Adopted as of March 31, 2025
Standard |  | Description | Required Date of Implementation | Effect on Consolidated Financial Statements
Income taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures 2023-09 |  | Amendments to ASC740 are being made to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The enhancements are made to provide information to better assess how an entity's operations and related tax risks and tax planning and operational opportunities affect its tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. The objective of these disclosure requirements is for an entity, particularly an entity operating in multiple jurisdictions, to disclose sufficient information to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature and magnitude of factors contributing to the difference between the effective tax rate and the statutory tax rate. | Public business entities are required to apply this guidance to annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. | The adoption of this ASU does not have a material impact to the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Standards Not Yet Adopted as of March 31, 2025
Standard |  | Description | Required Date of Implementation | Effect on Consolidated Financial Statements
Income Statement ASU 2024-03 (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses |  | ASU 2024-03 was issued to address requests from investors for more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented income statement captions. The ASU requires new financial statement disclosures, disaggregating certain expense categories, such as compensation, depreciation, and amortization of intangible assets. This disaggregation is to be presented in a tabular format and aims to provide enhanced transparency into the relevant components of income statement expenses. | Fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. | The Company is evaluating the adoption of the ASU but does not expect it will have a material impact to the Company's consolidated financial statements.

- 9 -

# Note 3: Earnings per Common Share

Following shareholder approval received on June 4, 2021, the Company converted 1,380,283 shares of its Series B Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock ("Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock") to an equal number of shares of its newly-created Series A Non-Voting Common Stock. The conversion, which was effective on June 28, 2021, represented 100% of the Company's Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock outstanding at the time of the conversion and retired the Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock in perpetuity.

The Company has voting common stock, non-voting common stock and a warrant that are all eligible to participate in dividends equal to the voting common stock dividends on a per share basis. Securities that participate in dividends, such as the Company’s non-voting common stock and warrant, are considered “participating securities”. The Company calculates net income available to voting common shareholders using the two-class method required for capital structures that include participating securities.

In applying the two-class method, basic net income per share was calculated by dividing net income (less any dividends on participating securities) by the weighted average number of shares of voting common stock and participating securities outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share may include the additional effect of other securities, if dilutive, in which case the dilutive effect of such securities is calculated by applying either the two-class method or the Treasury Stock method to the assumed exercise or vesting of potentially dilutive common shares. The method yielding the more dilutive result is ultimately reported for the applicable period. Potentially dilutive common stock equivalents primarily consist of employee stock options and restricted stock units. Unallocated common shares held by the ESOP are not included in the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for purposes of calculating earnings per common share until they are committed to be released to plan participants.

Anti-dilutive shares are common stock equivalents with average exercise prices in excess of the weighted average market price for the period presented. There were no anti-dilutive stock options excised for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, respectively.

The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share.

|  | Three months ended March 31, |
(In thousands, except share and per share data) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Net income attributable to Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc. |  | $ | 2,974 |  |  | $ | 2,120 |
Series A Non-Voting Common Stock dividends |  |  | 138 |  |  |  | 138 |
Warrant dividends |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 13 |
Undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities |  |  | 565 |  |  |  | 363 |
Net income available to common shareholders - Voting |  | $ | 2,258 |  |  | $ | 1,606 |
Net income attributable to Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc. |  | $ | 2,974 |  |  | $ | 2,120 |
Voting Common Stock dividends |  |  | 476 |  |  |  | 471 |
Warrant dividends |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 13 |
Undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities |  |  | 1,829 |  |  |  | 1,165 |
Net income available to common shareholders - Non-Voting |  | $ | 656 |  |  | $ | 471 |
Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding - Voting |  |  | 4,749 |  |  |  | 4,701 |
Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding - Series A Non-Voting |  |  | 1,380 |  |  |  | 1,380 |
Basic earnings per common share-Voting |  | $ | 0.48 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |
Basic earnings per common share-Series A Non-Voting |  | $ | 0.48 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |
Diluted earnings per common share-Voting |  | $ | 0.41 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |
Diluted earnings per common share-Series A Non-Voting |  | $ | 0.41 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |

- 10 -

Note 4: Investment Securities

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities are summarized as follows:

|  | March 31, 2025 |
|  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross |  |  | Estimated |
|  | Amortized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |
(In thousands) |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Losses |  |  | Value |
Available-for-Sale Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs |  | $ | 72,073 |  |  | $ | 279 |  |  | $ | (3,172 | ) |  | $ | 69,180 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 35,279 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | (2,861 | ) |  |  | 32,433 |
Corporate |  |  | 10,946 |  |  |  | 156 |  |  |  | (217 | ) |  |  | 10,885 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | 18,687 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (219 | ) |  |  | 18,475 |
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency |  |  | 50,090 |  |  |  | 258 |  |  |  | (1,128 | ) |  |  | 49,220 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency |  |  | 15,809 |  |  |  | 166 |  |  |  | (778 | ) |  |  | 15,197 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label |  |  | 90,170 |  |  |  | 218 |  |  |  | (1,933 | ) |  |  | 88,455 |
Total |  |  | 293,054 |  |  |  | 1,099 |  |  |  | (10,308 | ) |  |  | 283,845 |
Equity investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock - financial services industry |  |  | 206 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 206 |
Total |  |  | 206 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 206 |
Total available-for-sale |  | $ | 293,260 |  |  | $ | 1,099 |  |  | $ | (10,308 | ) |  | $ | 284,051 |
Held-to-Maturity Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs |  | $ | 3,593 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (235 | ) |  | $ | 3,358 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 16,580 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | (1,648 | ) |  |  | 14,940 |
Corporate |  |  | 41,168 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | (1,501 | ) |  |  | 39,684 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | 12,566 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | (494 | ) |  |  | 12,084 |
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency |  |  | 9,484 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | (590 | ) |  |  | 8,928 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency |  |  | 11,556 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (1,077 | ) |  |  | 10,481 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label |  |  | 61,014 |  |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | (1,495 | ) |  |  | 59,573 |
Total |  |  | 155,961 |  |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | (7,040 | ) |  |  | 149,048 |
Less: Allowance for credit losses |  |  | 257 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total held-to-maturity, net of allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 155,704 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

- 11 -

|  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross |  |  | Estimated |
|  | Amortized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |
(In thousands) |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Losses |  |  | Value |
Available-for-Sale Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs |  | $ | 73,888 |  |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | (3,834 | ) |  | $ | 70,425 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 35,128 |  |  |  | 122 |  |  |  | (1,928 | ) |  |  | 33,322 |
Corporate |  |  | 10,956 |  |  |  | 209 |  |  |  | (284 | ) |  |  | 10,881 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | 18,934 |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | (473 | ) |  |  | 18,487 |
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency |  |  | 40,636 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | (1,500 | ) |  |  | 39,171 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency |  |  | 14,376 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | (891 | ) |  |  | 13,530 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label |  |  | 85,426 |  |  |  | 158 |  |  |  | (2,275 | ) |  |  | 83,309 |
Total |  |  | 279,344 |  |  |  | 966 |  |  |  | (11,185 | ) |  |  | 269,125 |
Equity investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock - financial services industry |  |  | 206 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 206 |
Total |  |  | 206 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 206 |
Total available-for-sale |  | $ | 279,550 |  |  | $ | 966 |  |  | $ | (11,185 | ) |  | $ | 269,331 |
Held-to-Maturity Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs |  | $ | 3,648 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (282 | ) |  | $ | 3,366 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 17,153 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | (1,833 | ) |  |  | 15,330 |
Corporate |  |  | 43,628 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | (1,740 | ) |  |  | 41,911 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | 13,050 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | (557 | ) |  |  | 12,501 |
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency |  |  | 9,575 |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | (728 | ) |  |  | 8,879 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency |  |  | 11,940 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (1,223 | ) |  |  | 10,720 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label |  |  | 59,946 |  |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | (1,670 | ) |  |  | 58,316 |
Total |  |  | 158,940 |  |  |  | 116 |  |  |  | (8,033 | ) |  |  | 151,023 |
Less: Allowance for credit losses |  |  | 257 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total held-to-maturity, net of allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 158,683 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt investments at March 31, 2025 by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties.

|  | Available-for-Sale |  |  | Held-to-Maturity |
|  | Amortized |  |  | Estimated |  |  | Amortized |  |  | Estimated |
(In thousands) |  | Cost |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Cost |  |  | Fair Value |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 6,558 |  |  | $ | 6,665 |  |  | $ | 5,929 |  |  | $ | 5,913 |
Due after one year through five years |  |  | 35,380 |  |  |  | 32,126 |  |  |  | 36,509 |  |  |  | 35,261 |
Due after five years through ten years |  |  | 14,904 |  |  |  | 14,103 |  |  |  | 18,179 |  |  |  | 16,378 |
Due after ten years |  |  | 80,143 |  |  |  | 78,079 |  |  |  | 13,290 |  |  |  | 12,514 |
Sub-total |  |  | 136,985 |  |  |  | 130,973 |  |  |  | 73,907 |  |  |  | 70,066 |
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency |  |  | 50,090 |  |  |  | 49,220 |  |  |  | 9,484 |  |  |  | 8,928 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency |  |  | 15,809 |  |  |  | 15,197 |  |  |  | 11,556 |  |  |  | 10,481 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label |  |  | 90,170 |  |  |  | 88,455 |  |  |  | 61,014 |  |  |  | 59,573 |
Totals |  | $ | 293,054 |  |  | $ | 283,845 |  |  | $ | 155,961 |  |  | $ | 149,048 |

- 12 -

The Company’s investment securities’ gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, are as follows:

|  | March 31, 2025 |
|  | Less than Twelve Months |  |  | Twelve Months or More |  |  | Total |
|  | Number of |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Number of |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Number of |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Individual |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |  |  | Individual |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |  |  | Individual |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |
(In thousands) |  | Securities |  |  | Losses |  |  | Value |  |  | Securities |  |  | Losses |  |  | Value |  |  | Securities |  |  | Losses |  |  | Value |
Available-for-Sale Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 209 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  | $ | (3,171 | ) |  | $ | 26,938 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  | $ | (3,172 | ) |  | $ | 27,147 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (157 | ) |  |  | 4,261 |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | (2,704 | ) |  |  | 26,292 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | (2,861 | ) |  |  | 30,553 |
Corporate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (217 | ) |  |  | 3,472 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (217 | ) |  |  | 3,472 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (91 | ) |  |  | 8,833 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (128 | ) |  |  | 5,936 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | (219 | ) |  |  | 14,769 |
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (283 | ) |  |  | 13,920 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | (845 | ) |  |  | 9,634 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | (1,128 | ) |  |  | 23,554 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | (778 | ) |  |  | 6,754 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | (778 | ) |  |  | 6,754 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | (115 | ) |  |  | 36,598 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | (1,818 | ) |  |  | 20,515 |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | (1,933 | ) |  |  | 57,113 |
Totals |  |  | 40 |  |  | $ | (647 | ) |  | $ | 63,821 |  |  |  | 78 |  |  | $ | (9,661 | ) |  | $ | 99,541 |  |  |  | 118 |  |  | $ | (10,308 | ) |  | $ | 163,362 |
Held-to-Maturity Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | (235 | ) |  | $ | 3,358 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | (235 | ) |  | $ | 3,358 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 358 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | (1,644 | ) |  |  | 12,675 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | (1,648 | ) |  |  | 13,033 |
Corporate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | (1,501 | ) |  |  | 28,829 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | (1,501 | ) |  |  | 28,829 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 491 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (491 | ) |  |  | 6,840 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (494 | ) |  |  | 7,331 |
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  | 2,863 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (540 | ) |  |  | 4,801 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (590 | ) |  |  | 7,664 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | (1,077 | ) |  |  | 9,957 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | (1,077 | ) |  |  | 9,957 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | 12,300 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | (1,441 | ) |  |  | 30,844 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | (1,495 | ) |  |  | 43,144 |
Totals |  |  | 11 |  |  | $ | (111 | ) |  | $ | 16,012 |  |  |  | 96 |  |  | $ | (6,929 | ) |  | $ | 97,304 |  |  |  | 107 |  |  | $ | (7,040 | ) |  | $ | 113,316 |

|  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | Less than Twelve Months |  |  | Twelve Months or More |  |  | Total |
|  | Number of |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Number of |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Number of |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Individual |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |  |  | Individual |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |  |  | Individual |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |
(In thousands) |  | Securities |  |  | Losses |  |  | Value |  |  | Securities |  |  | Losses |  |  | Value |  |  | Securities |  |  | Losses |  |  | Value |
Available-for-Sale Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | (132 | ) |  | $ | 18,790 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  | $ | (3,702 | ) |  | $ | 26,748 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  | $ | (3,834 | ) |  | $ | 45,538 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 900 |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | (1,925 | ) |  |  | 25,211 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | (1,928 | ) |  |  | 26,111 |
Corporate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (284 | ) |  |  | 3,410 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (284 | ) |  |  | 3,410 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (328 | ) |  |  | 3,608 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (145 | ) |  |  | 8,343 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | (473 | ) |  |  | 11,951 |
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | (794 | ) |  |  | 29,628 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | (706 | ) |  |  | 6,107 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | (1,500 | ) |  |  | 35,735 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | 1,937 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | (876 | ) |  |  | 6,972 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | (891 | ) |  |  | 8,909 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | (43 | ) |  |  | 15,561 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | (2,232 | ) |  |  | 23,309 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | (2,275 | ) |  |  | 38,870 |
Totals |  |  | 34 |  |  | $ | (1,315 | ) |  | $ | 70,424 |  |  |  | 80 |  |  | $ | (9,870 | ) |  | $ | 100,100 |  |  |  | 114 |  |  | $ | (11,185 | ) |  | $ | 170,524 |
Held-to-Maturity Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Treasury, agencies and GSE's |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | (282 | ) |  | $ | 3,366 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | (282 | ) |  | $ | 3,366 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | 1,438 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | (1,828 | ) |  |  | 12,561 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | (1,833 | ) |  |  | 13,999 |
Corporate |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | 993 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | (1,733 | ) |  |  | 28,603 |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | (1,740 | ) |  |  | 29,596 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | 2,241 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (552 | ) |  |  | 6,862 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (557 | ) |  |  | 9,103 |
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (115 | ) |  |  | 2,808 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (613 | ) |  |  | 4,866 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | (728 | ) |  |  | 7,674 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | (1,223 | ) |  |  | 10,121 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | (1,223 | ) |  |  | 10,121 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (55 | ) |  |  | 8,644 |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | (1,615 | ) |  |  | 34,539 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | (1,670 | ) |  |  | 43,183 |
Totals |  |  | 13 |  |  | $ | (187 | ) |  | $ | 16,124 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  | $ | (7,846 | ) |  | $ | 100,918 |  |  |  | 113 |  |  | $ | (8,033 | ) |  | $ | 117,042 |

Excluding the effects of changes in the characteristics of individual debt securities that potentially give rise to credit losses, as described below, the fair market value of a debt security as of a particular measurement date is highly dependent upon prevailing market and economic environmental factors at the measurement date relative to the prevailing market and economic environmental factors present at the time the debt security was acquired. The most significant market and environmental factors include, but are not limited to (1) the general level of interest rates, (2) the relationship between shorter-term interest rates and longer-term interest rates (referred to as the “slope” or "shape" of the interest rate yield curve),

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(3) general bond market liquidity, (4) the recent and expected near-term volume of new issuances of similar debt securities, and (5) changes in the market values of individual loan collateral underlying mortgage-backed an asset-backed debt securities. Changes in interest rates affect the fair market values of debt securities by influencing the discount rate applied to the securities’ future expected cash flows. The higher the discount rate, the lower the resultant security fair value at the measurement date. Conversely, the lower the discount rate, the higher the resultant security fair value at the measurement date. In addition, the cumulative amount and timing of undiscounted cash flows of debt securities may also be affected by changes in interest rates. For any given level of movement in the general market and economic environmental factors described above, the magnitude of any particular debt security’s price changes will also depend heavily upon security-specific factors such as (1) the duration of the security, (2) imbedded optionality contractually granted to the issuer of the security with respect to principal prepayments, and (3) changes in the level of market premiums demanded by investors for securities with imbedded credit risk (where applicable).

When the fair value of any individual security categorized as available-for-sale ("AFS") or held-to-maturity ("HTM") is less than its amortized cost basis, an assessment is made as to whether or not an adjustment to current earnings for credit loss is required. In assessing potential credit losses, management also makes a quantitative determination of potential credit loss for all HTM securities even if the risk of credit loss is considered remote and uses a best estimate threshold for securities categorized as AFS. The Company considers numerous factors when determining whether a potential credit loss exists. The principal factors considered are (1) the financial condition of the issue and (guarantor, if any) any adverse conditions specifically related to the security, industry or geographic area, (2) failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled interest or principal payments, (3) any changes to the rating of the security by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (“NRSRO”), and (4) the presence of contractual credit enhancements, if any, including the guarantee of the federal government or any of its agencies.

The Company carries all of its AFS investments at fair value with any unrealized gains or losses reported, net of income tax effects, as an adjustment to shareholders' equity and included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), except for the credit-related portion of debt securities’ credit losses, if any, which are charged to earnings. The Company's ability to fully realize the value of its investments in various securities, including corporate debt securities, is dependent on the underlying creditworthiness of the issuing organization. In evaluating the debt securities portfolio (both AFS and HTM) for credit losses, management considers (1) the intent to sell the security; (2) if it is “more likely than not” the security is required to be sold before recovery of its amortized cost basis; or (3) if the present value of expected cash flows is insufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis.

The portion of the investment securities portfolio, categorized as AFS, with an aggregate amortized historical cost of $293.3 million, had an aggregate fair value that was less than its aggregate amortized historical cost by $9.2 million, or -3.1%, at March 31, 2025. The AFS securities portfolio, with an aggregate amortized historical cost of $279.6 million, had an aggregate fair value that was less than its aggregate amortized historical cost by $10.2 million, or -3.7%, at December 31, 2024. The resultant $1.0 million total improvement in the fair value of the AFS investment portfolio's aggregate fair value relative to its aggregate amortized historical cost, in the three months ended March 31, 2025, was primarily due to changes in the interest rate environment (the general interest rate level and the relationships between shorter-term and longer-term interest rates, known as the 'yield curve') that occurred in that period. These changes in aggregate fair value relative to aggregate amortized historical cost that occurred in the three months ended March 31, 2025 did not represent any changes in credit loss estimations within the portfolio.

The portion of the investment securities portfolio, categorized as HTM, with an aggregate amortized historical cost of $156.0 million, had an aggregate fair value that was less than its aggregate amortized historical cost by $6.9 million, or -4.4%, at March 31, 2025. The portion of the investment securities portfolio, categorized as HTM, with an aggregate amortized historical cost of $158.9 million, had an aggregate fair value that was less than its aggregate amortized historical cost by $7.9 million, or -5.0%, at December 31, 2024. The resultant $1.0 million improvement in the aggregate fair value of the HTM investment portfolio, relative to its aggregate amortized historical cost, during the three months ended March 31, 2025, was primarily due to changes in the interest rate environment (the general interest rate level and the relationships between shorter-term and longer-term interest rates, known as the 'yield curve') that occurred in that period. These changes in aggregate fair value relative to aggregate amortized historical cost that occurred in the three months ended March 31, 2025 did not represent any changes in credit loss estimations within the portfolio. The Company does not intend to sell these

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securities, nor is it more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell these securities prior to the recovery of the amortized cost.

The following tables provide a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on investment securities classified as held-to-maturity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

(In thousands) | Government Issued and Government Sponsored Enterprise Securities |  | Mortgage and Asset-backed Securities |  | Securities Issued By State and Political Subdivisions |  | Corporate Securities |  | Total |
Balance, December 31, 2024 | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 256 |  | $ | 257 |
Provision for credit losses |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |
Allowance on purchased financial assets with credit deterioration |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |
Charge-offs of securities |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |
Recoveries |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |
Balance, March 31, 2025 | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 256 |  | $ | 257 |

| Government Issued and Government Sponsored Enterprise Securities |  | Mortgage and Asset-backed Securities |  | Securities Issued By State and Political Subdivisions |  | Corporate Securities |  | Total |
Balance, December 31, 2023 | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | 350 |  | $ | 352 |
Provision for credit losses |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 15 |  |  | 15 |
Allowance on purchased financial assets with credit deterioration |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |
Charge-offs of securities |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |
Recoveries |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |
Balance, March 31, 2024 | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | 365 |  | $ | 367 |

The Company monitors the credit quality of the debt securities categorized as HTM primarily through the use of NRSRO credit ratings. These assessments are made on a quarterly basis. The following tables summarize the amortized cost of debt securities categorized as HTM at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, aggregated by credit quality indicators:

(In thousands) | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |
AAA or equivalent | $ | 33,877 |  | $ | 38,304 |
AA or equivalent, including securities issued by the United States Government or Government Sponsored Enterprises |  | 44,874 |  |  | 40,429 |
A or equivalent |  | 8,717 |  |  | 12,602 |
BBB or equivalent |  | 12,031 |  |  | 15,265 |
BB or equivalent |  | 1,487 |  |  | 1,487 |
Unrated |  | 54,975 |  |  | 50,853 |
Total | $ | 155,961 |  | $ | 158,940 |

Gross realized (losses) gains on sales and redemptions of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities for the indicated periods are detailed below:

|  | For the three months
|  | ended March 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  |
Realized gains on investments |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 734 |  |  |
Realized losses on investments |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (882 | ) |  |
Total |  | $ | (8 | ) |  | $ | (148 | ) |  |

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As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, securities with a fair value of $153.3 million and $119.8 million, respectively, were pledged to collateralize certain municipal deposit relationships. As of the same dates, securities with a fair value of $105.8 million and $123.2 million, respectively, were pledged against certain borrowing arrangements.

Management has reviewed its loan and mortgage-backed securities portfolios and determined that, to the best of its knowledge, only minimal exposure exists to sub-prime or other high-risk residential mortgages. With limited exceptions in the Company’s investment portfolio involving the most senior tranches of securitized bonds, the Company is not in the practice of investing in, or originating, these types of investment securities.

Note 5: Pension and Postretirement Benefits

The Company has a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan covering most employees. The plan provides defined benefits based on years of service and final average salary. On May 14, 2012, the Company informed its employees of its decision to freeze participation and benefit accruals under the plan, primarily to reduce some of the volatility in earnings that can accompany the maintenance of a defined benefit plan. The plan was frozen on June 30, 2012. Compensation earned by employees up to June 30, 2012 is used for purposes of calculating benefits under the plan but there are no future benefit accruals after this date. Participants as of June 30, 2012 will continue to earn vesting credit with respect to their frozen accrued benefits as they continue to work. In addition, the Company provides certain health and life insurance benefits for a limited number of eligible retired employees. The healthcare plan is contributory with participants’ contributions adjusted annually; the life insurance plan is noncontributory. Employees with less than 14 years of service as of January 1, 1995, are not eligible for the health and life insurance retirement benefits.

The composition of net periodic pension plan and postretirement plan costs for the indicated periods is as follows:

|  | Pension Benefits |  |  | Postretirement Benefits |
|  | For the three months ended March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Service cost |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Interest cost |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | 139 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | (256 | ) |  |  | (253 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Amortization of prior service credits |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Amortization of net losses/(gains) |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Net periodic benefit plan (benefit) cost |  | $ | (77 | ) |  | $ | (74 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |

The Company will evaluate the need for further contributions to the defined benefit pension plan during 2025. The prepaid pension asset of $8.1 million and $7.9 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 respectively, is recorded in other assets on the consolidated statements of condition.

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Note 6: Loans

Major classifications of loans at the indicated dates are as follows:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Residential mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages |  | $ | 243,854 |  |  | $ | 251,373 |
Construction |  |  | 3,162 |  |  |  | 4,864 |
Total residential mortgage loans |  |  | 247,016 |  |  |  | 256,237 |
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate |  |  | 381,479 |  |  |  | 377,619 |
Lines of credit |  |  | 65,074 |  |  |  | 67,602 |
Other commercial and industrial |  |  | 91,644 |  |  |  | 89,800 |
Paycheck Protection Program loans |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 113 |
Tax exempt loans |  |  | 4,446 |  |  |  | 4,544 |
Total commercial loans |  |  | 542,739 |  |  |  | 539,678 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and junior liens |  |  | 52,315 |  |  |  | 51,948 |
Other consumer |  |  | 71,681 |  |  |  | 72,710 |
Total consumer loans |  |  | 123,996 |  |  |  | 124,658 |
Subtotal loans |  |  | 913,751 |  |  |  | 920,573 |
Net deferred loan fees |  |  | (1,601 | ) |  |  | (1,587 | )
Loans, net of deferred fees |  |  | 912,150 |  |  |  | 918,986 |
Less allowance for credit losses |  |  | 17,407 |  |  |  | 17,243 |
Loans receivable, net |  | $ | 894,743 |  |  | $ | 901,743 |

Although the Bank may sometimes purchase or fund loan participation interests outside its primary market areas, the Bank generally originates residential mortgage, commercial, and consumer loans largely to customers throughout Oswego and Onondaga counties. Although the Bank has a diversified loan portfolio, a substantial portion of its borrowers’ abilities to honor their loan contracts is dependent upon the counties’ employment and economic conditions.

Periodically, the Bank acquires diversified pools of loans, originated by unrelated third parties, as part of the Company’s overall balance sheet management strategies. These acquisitions took place with nine separate transactions, that occurred between 2017 and 2019, with an additional six transactions occurring in 2021, and one transaction in 2024. The following tables detail the purchased loan pool positions held by the Bank at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (the month/year of the earliest acquisition date is depicted in parentheses):

- 17 -

(In thousands, except number of loans) |  | March 31, 2025 |
|  | Original Balance |  |  | Current Balance |  |  | Unamortized Premium/ (Discount) |  |  | Number of Loans |  |  | Maturity Range (in years) |  | Cumulative net charge-offs |
Commercial and industrial loans (6/2019) |  | $ | 6,800 |  |  | $ | 1,100 |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 18 |  |  | 1-5 |  | $ | - |
Home equity lines of credit (8/2019) |  |  | 21,900 |  |  |  | 3,300 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 88 |  |  | 4-25 |  |  | 97 |
Unsecured consumer loan pool 2 (11/2019) |  |  | 26,600 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | 0-1 |  |  | - |
Residential real estate loans (12/2019) |  |  | 4,300 |  |  |  | 4,200 |  |  |  | 277 |  |  |  | 54 |  |  | 16-24 |  |  | - |
Unsecured consumer loan pool 1 (12/2019) |  |  | 5,400 |  |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 36 |  |  | 0-2 |  |  | - |
Unsecured consumer installment loans pool 3 (12/2019)(2) |  |  | 10,300 |  |  |  | 160 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 65 |  |  | 0-8 |  |  | 109 |
Secured consumer installment loans pool 4 (12/2020) |  |  | 14,500 |  |  |  | 9,000 |  |  |  | (1,212 | ) |  |  | 468 |  |  | 20-24 |  |  | 3 |
Unsecured consumer loans pool 5 (1/2021)(1) |  |  | 24,400 |  |  |  | 12,300 |  |  |  | (330 | ) |  |  | 585 |  |  | 6-21 |  |  | 1,192 |
Revolving commercial line of credit 1 (3/2021) |  |  | 11,600 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 0 |  |  | - |
Secured consumer installment loans (11/2021) |  |  | 21,300 |  |  |  | 16,000 |  |  |  | (2,541 | ) |  |  | 794 |  |  | 16-24 |  |  | 506 |
Unsecured consumer loans pool 6 (11/2021)(1) |  |  | 22,200 |  |  |  | 14,800 |  |  |  | (2,016 | ) |  |  | 500 |  |  | 6-23 |  |  | 1,145 |
Revolving commercial line of credit 1 (7/2024) |  |  | 1,050 |  |  |  | 7,000 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 0-1 |  |  | - |
Total |  | $ | 170,350 |  |  | $ | 68,264 |  |  | $ | (5,790 | ) |  |  | 2,613 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,052 |
(In thousands, except number of loans) |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | Original Balance |  |  | Current Balance |  |  | Unamortized Premium/ (Discount) |  |  | Number of Loans |  |  | Maturity Range (in years) |  | Cumulative net charge-offs |
Commercial and industrial loans (6/2019) |  | $ | 6,800 |  |  |  | 1,200 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 19 |  |  | 1-5 |  |  | - |
Home equity lines of credit (8/2019) |  |  | 21,900 |  |  |  | 3,500 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 92 |  |  | 4-25 |  |  | 97 |
Unsecured consumer loan pool 2 (11/2019) |  |  | 26,600 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12 |  |  | 0-1 |  |  | - |
Residential real estate loans (12/2019) |  |  | 4,300 |  |  |  | 4,200 |  |  |  | 278 |  |  |  | 54 |  |  | 16-25 |  |  | - |
Unsecured consumer loan pool 1 (12/2019) |  |  | 5,400 |  |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 41 |  |  | 1-2 |  |  | - |
Unsecured consumer installment loans pool 3 (12/2019)(2) |  |  | 10,300 |  |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 79 |  |  | 0-8 |  |  | 112 |
Secured consumer installment loans pool 4 (12/2020) |  |  | 14,500 |  |  |  | 9,300 |  |  |  | (1,257 | ) |  |  | 475 |  |  | 21-24 |  |  | 22 |
Unsecured consumer loans pool 5 (1/2021)(1) |  |  | 24,400 |  |  |  | 12,600 |  |  |  | (342 | ) |  |  | 595 |  |  | 6-21 |  |  | 1,124 |
Revolving commercial line of credit 1 (3/2021) |  |  | 11,600 |  |  |  | 7,900 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 0-1 |  |  | - |
Secured consumer installment loans (11/2021) |  |  | 21,300 |  |  |  | 16,300 |  |  |  | (2,613 | ) |  |  | 802 |  |  | 17-24 |  |  | 467 |
Unsecured consumer loans pool 6 (11/2021)(1) |  |  | 22,200 |  |  |  | 15,200 |  |  |  | (2,069 | ) |  |  | 506 |  |  | 7-23 |  |  | 1,196 |
Revolving commercial line of credit 1 (7/2024) |  |  | 1,050 |  |  |  | 4,800 |  |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 0-1 |  |  | - |
Total |  | $ | 170,350 |  |  | $ | 75,660 |  |  | $ | (5,964 | ) |  |  | 2,677 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,018 |

1 On December 7, 2023, the Bank settled two pay-fixed interest rate swap derivative contracts, previously established with an unaffiliated third party and designated as fair value interest rate hedges. The hedging swap contracts were related to two purchased consumer installment loan pools comprised of loans secured by residential home solar power infrastructure. These contracts were entered into on February 13, 2021 (notional amount of $12.2 million) and December 8, 2021 (notional amount of $8.5 million). The Bank realized gains related to the settlement of these two hedging contracts were $117,000 and $694,000, respectively. These gains on the extinguishment of the hedging swap contracts are reported as a reduction of the carrying value of the hedged loan pools and will be recognized as an enhancement to the reported yield on those loan pools over the original contractual life of the hedging swap contracts. The unamortized portion of these gains totaled $676,000 at March 31, 2025.

2 In December 2023, the primary servicer for a purchased pool of consumer installment loans declared bankruptcy and the Bank placed the loans within the serviced pool on nonaccrual status pending the release of collected funds by the U.S. Bankruptcy Court of jurisdiction. The current balance reflects anticipated principal payments that are expected to be received from the pool’s underlying borrowers. At March 31, 2025, approximately $155,000 remains due from borrowers under the scheduled repayment terms of their original loan agreements. Under a series of released orders from the Court, monthly payments to the Bank resumed in late 2024 and the Bank’s management expects to ultimately collect substantially all of the outstanding principal balance collected from the pool’s underlying borrowers. Therefore, management does not consider the loans in this pool to be impaired and the loans within the serviced pool are back on accrual status at March 31, 2025.

On both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the allowance for credit loss ("ACL") related to these pools was $3.9 million.

- 18 -

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, residential mortgage loans with a carrying value of $109.5 million and $113.8 million, respectively, have been pledged by the Company to the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”) under a blanket collateral agreement to secure the Company’s line of credit and term borrowings.

Loan Origination / Risk Management

The Company’s lending policies and procedures are presented in Note 5 to the audited consolidated financial statements included in the 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2025 and have not changed. As part of the execution of the Company’s overall balance sheet management strategies, the Bank will acquire participating interests in loans originated by unrelated third parties on an occasional basis. The purchase of participations in loans that are originated by third parties only occurs after the completion of thorough pre-acquisition due diligence. Loans in which the Company acquires a participating interest are determined to meet, in all material respects, the Company’s internal underwriting policies, including credit and collateral suitability thresholds, prior to acquisition. In addition, the financial condition of the originating financial institutions, which are generally retained as the ongoing loan servicing provider for participations acquired by the Bank, are analyzed prior to the acquisition of the participating interests and monitored on a regular basis thereafter for the life of those interests.

To develop and document a systematic methodology for determining the allowance for credit losses, the Company has divided the loan portfolio into three portfolio segments, each with different risk characteristics but with similar methodologies for assessing risk. Each portfolio segment is broken down into loan classes where appropriate. Loan classes contain unique measurement attributes, risk characteristics, and methods for monitoring and assessing risk that are necessary to develop the allowance for credit losses. Unique characteristics such as borrower type, loan type, collateral type, and risk characteristics define each class.

The following table illustrates the portfolio segments and classes for the Company’s loan portfolio:

Portfolio Segment | Class
Residential Mortgage Loans | 1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages
| Construction
Commercial Loans | Real estate
| Lines of credit
| Other commercial and industrial
| Tax exempt loans
Consumer Loans | Home equity and junior liens
| Other consumer

- 19 -

The following tables present the classes of the loan portfolio as of March 31, 2025, summarized by the aggregate pass rating and the classified ratings of special mention, substandard and doubtful within the Company's internal risk rating system as of the dates indicated:

|  | Term Loans By Origination Year |  |  | Revolving |  |  | Revolving loans converted to |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Prior |  |  | loans |  |  | term loans |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 10,901 |  |  | $ | 46,380 |  |  | $ | 46,770 |  |  | $ | 61,063 |  |  | $ | 49,483 |  |  | $ | 131,609 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 346,206 |
Special Mention |  |  | 2,483 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,509 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,037 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 14,029 |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | 838 |  |  |  | 4,147 |  |  |  | 8,616 |  |  |  | 4,708 |  |  |  | 2,727 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 21,036 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 208 |
Total commercial real estate |  |  | 13,384 |  |  |  | 47,218 |  |  |  | 51,067 |  |  |  | 77,188 |  |  |  | 54,191 |  |  |  | 138,431 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 381,479 |
Commercial lines of credit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 54,113 |  |  |  | 2,598 |  |  |  | 56,711 |
Special Mention |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,676 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,676 |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,133 |  |  |  | 554 |  |  |  | 1,687 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total commercial lines of credit |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 61,922 |  |  |  | 3,152 |  |  |  | 65,074 |
Other commercial and industrial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 3,776 |  |  |  | 14,430 |  |  |  | 19,958 |  |  |  | 13,477 |  |  |  | 3,429 |  |  |  | 17,362 |  |  |  | 7,073 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 79,505 |
Special Mention |  |  | 518 |  |  |  | 2,280 |  |  |  | 2,169 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 281 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,289 |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 128 |  |  |  | 1,077 |  |  |  | 199 |  |  |  | 4,665 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,069 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 328 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 429 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 781 |
Total other commercial and industrial |  |  | 4,294 |  |  |  | 16,710 |  |  |  | 22,583 |  |  |  | 14,592 |  |  |  | 4,338 |  |  |  | 22,054 |  |  |  | 7,073 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 91,644 |
Paycheck Protection Program loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 96 |
Special Mention |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total Paycheck Protection Program loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 96 |
Tax exempt loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | - |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,359 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,446 |
Special Mention |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total tax exempt loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,359 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,446 |

- 20 -

|  | Term Loans By Origination Year |  |  | Revolving |  |  | Revolving loans converted to |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Prior |  |  | loans |  |  | term loans |  |  | Total |
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 3,193 |  |  | $ | 8,524 |  |  | $ | 15,743 |  |  | $ | 28,242 |  |  | $ | 45,288 |  |  | $ | 139,885 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 240,875 |
Special Mention |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 599 |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 102 |  |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | 1,217 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,410 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 970 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 970 |
Total 1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages |  |  | 3,193 |  |  |  | 8,524 |  |  |  | 15,743 |  |  |  | 28,344 |  |  |  | 45,379 |  |  |  | 142,671 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 243,854 |
Construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,162 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,162 |
Special Mention |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total construction |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,162 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,162 |
Home equity and junior liens: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 3,684 |  |  |  | 2,753 |  |  |  | 3,888 |  |  |  | 3,053 |  |  |  | 2,816 |  |  |  | 12,531 |  |  |  | 21,502 |  |  |  | 903 |  |  |  | 51,130 |
Special Mention |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 73 |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 365 |  |  |  | 657 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 1,103 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 9 |
Total home equity and junior liens |  |  | 3,684 |  |  |  | 2,753 |  |  |  | 3,951 |  |  |  | 3,053 |  |  |  | 2,828 |  |  |  | 12,949 |  |  |  | 22,179 |  |  |  | 918 |  |  |  | 52,315 |
Other Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 1,668 |  |  |  | 3,442 |  |  |  | 58,071 |  |  |  | 3,542 |  |  |  | 1,886 |  |  |  | 2,951 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 71,560 |
Special Mention |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22 |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 99 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total other consumer |  |  | 1,668 |  |  |  | 3,442 |  |  |  | 58,095 |  |  |  | 3,559 |  |  |  | 1,951 |  |  |  | 2,966 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 71,681 |
Net deferred loan fees |  |  | (637 | ) |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | (180 | ) |  |  | (192 | ) |  |  | (747 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,601 | )
Total loans |  | $ | 25,586 |  |  | $ | 82,021 |  |  | $ | 151,469 |  |  | $ | 126,556 |  |  | $ | 108,495 |  |  | $ | 322,779 |  |  | $ | 91,174 |  |  | $ | 4,070 |  |  | $ | 912,150 |

- 21 -

The following tables present the classes of the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2024, summarized by the aggregate pass rating and the classified ratings of special mention, substandard and doubtful within the Company's internal risk rating system as of the dates indicated:

|  | Term Loans By Origination Year |  |  | Revolving |  |  | Revolving loans converted to |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Prior |  |  | loans |  |  | term loans |  |  | Total |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 45,123 |  |  | $ | 51,531 |  |  | $ | 61,943 |  |  | $ | 50,014 |  |  | $ | 27,688 |  |  | $ | 107,106 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 343,405 |
Special Mention |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16,160 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,370 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20,530 |
Substandard |  |  | 838 |  |  |  | 4,165 |  |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 4,819 |  |  |  | 215 |  |  |  | 2,938 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,475 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 209 |
Total commercial real estate |  |  | 45,961 |  |  |  | 55,846 |  |  |  | 78,603 |  |  |  | 54,833 |  |  |  | 27,903 |  |  |  | 114,473 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 377,619 |
Commercial lines of credit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 57,618 |  |  |  | 2,495 |  |  |  | 60,113 |
Special Mention |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,622 |  |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | 5,812 |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,309 |  |  |  | 368 |  |  |  | 1,677 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total commercial lines of credit |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 64,549 |  |  |  | 3,053 |  |  |  | 67,602 |
Other commercial and industrial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 14,141 |  |  |  | 20,814 |  |  |  | 14,160 |  |  |  | 4,186 |  |  |  | 3,987 |  |  |  | 14,609 |  |  |  | 6,022 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 77,919 |
Special Mention |  |  | 2,640 |  |  |  | 2,220 |  |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 258 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,217 |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | 132 |  |  |  | 1,041 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 312 |  |  |  | 4,398 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,883 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | 328 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 429 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 781 |
Total other commercial and industrial |  |  | 16,781 |  |  |  | 23,494 |  |  |  | 15,290 |  |  |  | 4,873 |  |  |  | 4,333 |  |  |  | 19,007 |  |  |  | 6,022 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 89,800 |
Paycheck Protection Program loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 113 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 113 |
Special Mention |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total Paycheck Protection Program loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 113 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 113 |
Tax exempt loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 4,363 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,544 |
Special Mention |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total tax exempt loans |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 4,363 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,544 |

- 22 -

|  | Term Loans By Origination Year |  |  | Revolving |  |  | Revolving loans converted to |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Prior |  |  | loans |  |  | term loans |  |  | Total |
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 11,085 |  |  | $ | 15,922 |  |  | $ | 29,167 |  |  | $ | 48,525 |  |  | $ | 35,973 |  |  | $ | 107,571 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 248,243 |
Special Mention |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 554 |  |  |  | 473 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,027 |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | 207 |  |  |  | 713 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,011 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 152 |  |  |  | 940 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,092 |
Total 1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages |  |  | 11,085 |  |  |  | 15,922 |  |  |  | 29,167 |  |  |  | 48,616 |  |  |  | 36,886 |  |  |  | 109,697 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 251,373 |
Construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 4,864 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,864 |
Special Mention |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total construction |  |  | 4,864 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,864 |
Home equity and junior liens: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 6,113 |  |  |  | 4,092 |  |  |  | 3,181 |  |  |  | 2,906 |  |  |  | 1,692 |  |  |  | 11,807 |  |  |  | 20,352 |  |  |  | 706 |  |  |  | 50,849 |
Special Mention |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 95 |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 320 |  |  |  | 657 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 995 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 9 |
Total home equity and junior liens |  |  | 6,113 |  |  |  | 4,092 |  |  |  | 3,181 |  |  |  | 2,918 |  |  |  | 1,692 |  |  |  | 12,202 |  |  |  | 21,029 |  |  |  | 721 |  |  |  | 51,948 |
Other Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 4,475 |  |  |  | 58,818 |  |  |  | 3,908 |  |  |  | 2,021 |  |  |  | 1,031 |  |  |  | 2,305 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 72,558 |
Special Mention |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 66 |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 86 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total other consumer |  |  | 4,477 |  |  |  | 58,820 |  |  |  | 3,938 |  |  |  | 2,102 |  |  |  | 1,055 |  |  |  | 2,318 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 72,710 |
Net deferred loan fees |  |  | (462 | ) |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | (171 | ) |  |  | (197 | ) |  |  | (70 | ) |  |  | (705 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,587 | )
Total loans |  | $ | 88,906 |  |  | $ | 158,192 |  |  | $ | 130,008 |  |  | $ | 113,145 |  |  | $ | 72,006 |  |  | $ | 261,355 |  |  | $ | 91,600 |  |  | $ | 3,774 |  |  | $ | 918,986 |

Management has reviewed its loan portfolio and determined that, to the best of its knowledge, no material exposure exists to sub-prime or other high-risk residential mortgages. The Company is not in the practice of originating these types of loans.

Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans

Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received within thirty days of the payment due date. Loans are placed on nonaccrual when the contractual payment of principal and interest has become 90 days past due or when management has serious doubts about further collectability of principal or interest, even though the loan may be currently performing.

- 23 -

An aging analysis of past due loans, not including net deferred loan costs, segregated by portfolio segment and class of loans, as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, are detailed in the following tables:

|  | As of March 31, 2025 |
|  | 30-59 Days |  |  | 60-89 Days |  |  | 90 Days |  |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  | Total Loans |
(In thousands) |  | Past Due |  |  | Past Due |  |  | and Over |  |  | Past Due |  |  | Current |  |  | Receivable |
Residential mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages |  | $ | 2,888 |  |  | $ | 546 |  |  | $ | 1,857 |  |  | $ | 5,291 |  |  | $ | 238,563 |  |  | $ | 243,854 |
Construction |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,162 |  |  |  | 3,162 |
Loans held-for-sale |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total residential mortgage loans |  |  | 2,888 |  |  |  | 546 |  |  |  | 1,857 |  |  |  | 5,291 |  |  |  | 241,725 |  |  |  | 247,016 |
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate |  |  | 2,970 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 6,962 |  |  |  | 9,982 |  |  |  | 371,497 |  |  |  | 381,479 |
Lines of credit |  |  | 2,502 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 452 |  |  |  | 2,954 |  |  |  | 62,120 |  |  |  | 65,074 |
Other commercial and industrial |  |  | 1,302 |  |  |  | 2,453 |  |  |  | 3,196 |  |  |  | 6,951 |  |  |  | 84,693 |  |  |  | 91,644 |
Paycheck Protection Program loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 96 |
Tax exempt loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,446 |  |  |  | 4,446 |
Total commercial loans |  |  | 6,774 |  |  |  | 2,503 |  |  |  | 10,610 |  |  |  | 19,887 |  |  |  | 522,852 |  |  |  | 542,739 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and junior liens |  |  | 634 |  |  |  | 442 |  |  |  | 370 |  |  |  | 1,446 |  |  |  | 50,869 |  |  |  | 52,315 |
Other consumer |  |  | 637 |  |  |  | 386 |  |  |  | 395 |  |  |  | 1,418 |  |  |  | 70,263 |  |  |  | 71,681 |
Total consumer loans |  |  | 1,271 |  |  |  | 828 |  |  |  | 765 |  |  |  | 2,864 |  |  |  | 121,132 |  |  |  | 123,996 |
Total loans |  | $ | 10,933 |  |  | $ | 3,877 |  |  | $ | 13,232 |  |  | $ | 28,042 |  |  | $ | 885,709 |  |  | $ | 913,751 |
|  | As of December 31, 2024 |
|  | 30-59 Days |  |  | 60-89 Days |  |  | 90 Days |  |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  | Total Loans |
(In thousands) |  | Past Due |  |  | Past Due |  |  | and Over |  |  | Past Due |  |  | Current |  |  | Receivable |
Residential mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages |  | $ | 2,262 |  |  | $ | 805 |  |  | $ | 3,162 |  |  | $ | 6,229 |  |  | $ | 245,144 |  |  | $ | 251,373 |
Construction |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,864 |  |  |  | 4,864 |
Loans held-for-sale |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total residential mortgage loans |  |  | 2,262 |  |  |  | 805 |  |  |  | 3,162 |  |  |  | 6,229 |  |  |  | 250,008 |  |  |  | 256,237 |
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate |  |  | 1,110 |  |  |  | 2,086 |  |  |  | 10,261 |  |  |  | 13,457 |  |  |  | 364,162 |  |  |  | 377,619 |
Lines of credit |  |  | 953 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 1,448 |  |  |  | 2,429 |  |  |  | 65,173 |  |  |  | 67,602 |
Other commercial and industrial |  |  | 3,022 |  |  |  | 366 |  |  |  | 6,503 |  |  |  | 9,891 |  |  |  | 79,909 |  |  |  | 89,800 |
Paycheck Protection Program loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 113 |  |  |  | 113 |
Tax exempt loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,544 |  |  |  | 4,544 |
Total commercial loans |  |  | 5,085 |  |  |  | 2,480 |  |  |  | 18,212 |  |  |  | 25,777 |  |  |  | 513,901 |  |  |  | 539,678 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and junior liens |  |  | 584 |  |  |  | 329 |  |  |  | 414 |  |  |  | 1,327 |  |  |  | 50,621 |  |  |  | 51,948 |
Other consumer |  |  | 912 |  |  |  | 560 |  |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | 1,768 |  |  |  | 70,942 |  |  |  | 72,710 |
Total consumer loans |  |  | 1,496 |  |  |  | 889 |  |  |  | 710 |  |  |  | 3,095 |  |  |  | 121,563 |  |  |  | 124,658 |
Total loans |  | $ | 8,843 |  |  | $ | 4,174 |  |  | $ | 22,084 |  |  | $ | 35,101 |  |  | $ | 885,472 |  |  | $ | 920,573 |

- 24 -

A s of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amount of interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans and the cost basis of nonaccrual loans, for which there is no ACL, are detailed in the following tables. All loans greater than 90 days past due are classified as nonaccrual.

|  | As of and for the three months ended |
|  | March 31, 2025 |
(In thousands) |  | Nonaccrual Loans |  |  | Nonaccrual loans without related allowance for credit loss |  |  | Recognized interest income |
Residential mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages |  | $ | 1,857 |  |  | $ | 639 |  |  | $ | 23 |
Total residential mortgage loans |  |  | 1,857 |  |  |  | 639 |  |  |  | 23 |
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate |  |  | 6,962 |  |  |  | 5,078 |  |  |  | 19 |
Lines of credit |  |  | 452 |  |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | 1 |
Other commercial and industrial |  |  | 3,196 |  |  |  | 1,037 |  |  |  | 44 |
Total commercial loans |  |  | 10,610 |  |  |  | 6,365 |  |  |  | 64 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and junior liens |  |  | 395 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8 |
Other consumer |  |  | 370 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3 |
Total consumer loans |  |  | 765 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11 |
Total nonaccrual loans |  | $ | 13,232 |  |  | $ | 7,004 |  |  | $ | 98 |

|  | As of and for the year ended |
|  | December 31, 2024 |
(In thousands) |  | Nonaccrual Loans |  |  | Nonaccrual loans without related allowance for credit loss |  |  | Recognized interest income |
Residential mortgage loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-4 family first-lien residential mortgages |  | $ | 3,162 |  |  | $ | 641 |  |  | $ | 102 |
Total residential mortgage loans |  |  | 3,162 |  |  |  | 641 |  |  |  | 102 |
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate |  |  | 10,261 |  |  |  | 4,537 |  |  |  | 302 |
Lines of credit |  |  | 1,448 |  |  |  | 1,255 |  |  |  | 81 |
Other commercial and industrial |  |  | 6,503 |  |  |  | 1,921 |  |  |  | 258 |
Total commercial loans |  |  | 18,212 |  |  |  | 7,713 |  |  |  | 641 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and junior liens |  |  | 414 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10 |
Other consumer |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 21 |
Total consumer loans |  |  | 710 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 31 |
Total nonaccrual loans |  | $ | 22,084 |  |  | $ | 8,354 |  |  | $ | 774 |

At March 31, 2025, the Bank's 80 nonperforming loans represented 1.5% of total loans, with an aggregate outstanding balance of $13.2 million, as compared to 93 loans, representing 2.4% of total loans, with an aggregate outstanding balance of $22.1 million at December 31, 2024. This decrease in nonaccrual balances of $8.9 million was primarily the result of three large commercial loans returning to accrual status during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

The measurement of individually evaluated loans is generally based upon the present value of future cash flows discounted at the historical effective interest rate, except that all collateral-dependent loans are measured based on the fair value of the collateral, less costs to sell. The Company utilizes the Discounted Cash Flow (“DCF”) method for its pooled segment calculation. The DCF method implements a probability of default with loss given default and loss exposure at default

- 25 -

estimation. The probability of default and loss given default are applied to future cash flows that are adjusted to present value and these discounted expected losses become the Allowance for Credit Losses.

Loans Modified With Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

When the Company modifies a loan with a borrower experiencing financial difficulty, a potential impairment is analyzed either based on the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the interest rate of the original loan terms or the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell. If it is determined that the value of the loan is less than its recorded investment, then impairment is recognized as a component of the provision for credit losses, an associated increase to the allowance for credit losses or as a charge-off to the allowance for credit losses in the current period.

Because the effect of most loan modifications made with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses, a change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification. In some cases, the Company will modify a certain loan by providing multiple types of concessions. Typically, one type of concession, such as a term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another concession such as an interest rate reduction, may be granted. Nonaccrual loans that are modified will remain on nonaccrual status, but may move to accrual status after they have performed according to the modified terms for a period of time of at least six months.

The financial impact of commercial real estate loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficult during the three months ended March 31, 2025 related to one borrower that was granted a maturity extension of 48 months. The Company closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The payment status of modified loans were current during the three months ending March 31, 2025. There were no loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 that were experiencing financial difficulty and modified, by class and by type of modification.

| As of March 31, 2025 |
(In thousands) | Term Extension |  | Total Class of Receivable |
Residential mortgage loans | $ | - |  |  | - |
Commercial real estate |  | 2,031 |  |  | 1 | %
Commercial lines of credit |  | - |  |  | - |
Commercial and industrial |  | - |  |  | - |
Home equity and consumer |  | - |  |  | - |
Total | $ | 2,031 |  |  | 1 | %

| As of December 31, 2024 |
(In thousands) | Term Extension |  | Total Class of Receivable |
Residential mortgage loans | $ | - |  |  | - |
Commercial real estate |  | 2,096 |  |  | 1 | %
Commercial lines of credit |  | - |  |  | - |
Commercial and industrial |  | - |  |  | - |
Home equity and consumer |  | - |  |  | - |
Total | $ | 2,096 |  |  | 1 | %

Note 7: Allowance for Credit Losses

Management extensively reviews recent trends in historical losses, qualitative factors, including concentrations of loans to related borrowers and concentrations of loans by collateral type, and specific reserve requirements on loans individually evaluated in its determination of the adequacy of the credit losses. The Company recorded $457,000 in provision for credit losses ("PCL") for the three month period ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $726,000 for the three month period ended March 31, 2024.

- 26 -

There was a $269,000 decrease in provision for credit losses in the three months ended March 31, 2025, when compared to the same three month period in 2024. During the first quarter of 2025, the Company recorded a $504,000 increase to provision for credit losses related to its loan portfolio and a reduction to its reserves related to unfunded commitments in the amount of $47,000. The provision in the quarter ended March 31, 2025 was reflective of the qualitative factors used in determining the adequacy of the ACL and changes in the levels of delinquent and nonaccrual loans. The first quarter PCL reflects an addition to reserves considering asset quality metrics.

The following table summarizes all activity related to the ACL from December 31, 2024 to March 31, 2025 and to the recorded PCL for the three months ended March 31, 2025 (in thousands):

ACL - Loans | Reserves as of December 31, 2024 |  | Q1 2025 Charge-Offs |  | Q1 2025 Recoveries |  | Q1 2025 PCL |  | Reserves as of March 31, 2025 |
Individually evaluated | $ | 2,485 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | 2,490 |
Overdraft |  | - |  |  | (38 | ) |  | 9 |  |  | 29 |  |  | - |
Pooled - quantitative |  | 6,570 |  |  | (263 | ) |  | 20 |  |  | 311 |  |  | 6,638 |
Pooled - qualitative |  | 4,269 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 159 |  |  | 4,428 |
Purchased |  | 3,919 |  |  | (207 | ) |  | 139 |  |  | - |  |  | 3,851 |
Total ACL - Loans | $ | 17,243 |  | $ | (508 | ) | $ | 168 |  | $ | 504 |  | $ | 17,407 |
ACL - Held-To-Maturity |  | 257 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 257 |
Other Liabilities - Unfunded Commitments |  | 550 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (47 | ) |  | 503 |
Total ACL | $ | 18,050 |  | $ | (508 | ) | $ | 168 |  | $ | 457 |  | $ | 18,167 |

The following table summarizes all activity related to the ACL from December 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024 and to the recorded PCL for the three months ended March 31, 2024 (in thousands):

ACL - Loans | Reserves as of December 31, 2023 |  | Q1 2024 Charge-Offs |  | Q1 2024 Recoveries |  | Q1 2024 PCL |  | Reserves as of March 31, 2024 |
Individually evaluated | $ | 3,716 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 100 |  | $ | 3,816 |
Overdraft |  | 364 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | - |  |  | 363 |
Pooled - quantitative |  | 6,203 |  |  | (63 | ) |  | 34 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 6,275 |
Pooled - qualitative |  | 3,566 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 509 |  |  | 4,075 |
Purchased |  | 2,126 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 2,126 |
Total ACL - Loans | $ | 15,975 |  | $ | (68 | ) | $ | 38 |  | $ | 710 |  | $ | 16,655 |
ACL - Held-To-Maturity |  | 352 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 15 |  |  | 367 |
Other Liabilities - Unfunded Commitments |  | 589 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 1 |  |  | 590 |
Total ACL | $ | 16,916 |  | $ | (68 | ) | $ | 38 |  | $ | 726 |  | $ | 17,612 |

- 27 -

Summarized in the tables below are changes in the allowance for credit losses for loans for the indicated periods and information pertaining to the allocation of the balances of the credit losses, loans receivable based on individual, and collective evaluation by loan portfolio class. An allocation of a portion of the allowance to a given portfolio class does not limit the Company’s ability to absorb losses in another portfolio class.

|  | As of and for the three months ended March 31, 2025 |
|  | 1-4 family |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | first-lien |  |  | Residential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  | Paycheck |
|  | residential |  |  | construction |  |  | Commercial |  |  | Commercial |  |  | commercial |  |  | Protection |
(In thousands) |  | mortgage |  |  | mortgage |  |  | real estate |  |  | lines of credit |  |  | and industrial |  |  | Program |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning Balance |  | $ | 1,467 |  |  | $ | 592 |  |  | $ | 6,746 |  |  | $ | 749 |  |  | $ | 2,879 |  |  | $ | - |
Charge-offs |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (92 | ) |  |  | (80 | ) |  |  | - |
Recoveries |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | - |
Provisions (credits) |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | (88 | ) |  |  | 332 |  |  |  | 254 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | - |
Ending balance |  | $ | 1,433 |  |  | $ | 504 |  |  | $ | 7,079 |  |  | $ | 911 |  |  | $ | 2,848 |  |  | $ | - |
Ending balance: related to loans individually evaluated |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,004 |  |  | $ | 253 |  |  | $ | 1,012 |  |  | $ | - |
Ending balance: related to loans collectively evaluated |  | $ | 1,392 |  |  | $ | 504 |  |  | $ | 6,075 |  |  | $ | 658 |  |  | $ | 1,836 |  |  | $ | - |
Loans receivables: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance |  | $ | 243,854 |  |  | $ | 3,162 |  |  | $ | 381,479 |  |  | $ | 65,074 |  |  | $ | 91,644 |  |  | $ | 96 |
Ending balance: individually evaluated |  | $ | 1,170 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 10,650 |  |  | $ | 503 |  |  | $ | 2,945 |  |  | $ | - |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated |  | $ | 242,684 |  |  | $ | 3,162 |  |  | $ | 370,829 |  |  | $ | 64,571 |  |  | $ | 88,699 |  |  | $ | 96 |
|  |  |  |  | Home equity |  |  | Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Tax exempt |  |  | and junior liens |  |  | Consumer |  |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning Balance |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 715 |  |  | $ | 4,091 |  |  |  | 17,243 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (336 | ) |  |  | (508 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 159 |  |  |  | 168 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provisions (credits) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 504 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 694 |  |  | $ | 3,936 |  |  | $ | 17,407 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: related to loans individually evaluated |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 180 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,490 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: related to loans collectively evaluated |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 514 |  |  | $ | 3,936 |  |  | $ | 14,917 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans receivables: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance |  | $ | 4,446 |  |  | $ | 52,315 |  |  | $ | 71,681 |  |  | $ | 913,751 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: individually evaluated |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 530 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 15,798 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated |  | $ | 4,446 |  |  | $ | 51,785 |  |  | $ | 71,681 |  |  | $ | 897,953 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

- 28 -

|  | As of and for the three months ended March 31, 2024 |
|  | 1-4 family |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | first-lien |  |  | Residential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  | Paycheck |
|  | residential |  |  | construction |  |  | Commercial |  |  | Commercial |  |  | commercial |  |  | Protection |
(In thousands) |  | mortgage |  |  | mortgage |  |  | real estate |  |  | lines of credit |  |  | and industrial |  |  | Program |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning Balance |  | $ | 1,608 |  |  | $ | 858 |  |  | $ | 5,751 |  |  | $ | 1,674 |  |  | $ | 3,281 |  |  | $ | - |
Charge-offs |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Recoveries |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | - |
Provisions (credits) |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | (56 | ) |  |  | 810 |  |  |  | (283 | ) |  |  | 117 |  |  |  | - |
Ending balance |  | $ | 1,619 |  |  | $ | 802 |  |  | $ | 6,567 |  |  | $ | 1,391 |  |  | $ | 3,403 |  |  | $ | - |
Ending balance: related to loans individually evaluated |  | $ | 138 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,057 |  |  | $ | 725 |  |  | $ | 1,710 |  |  | $ | - |
Ending balance: related to loans collectively evaluated |  | $ | 1,481 |  |  | $ | 802 |  |  | $ | 5,510 |  |  | $ | 666 |  |  | $ | 1,693 |  |  | $ | - |
Loans receivables: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance |  | $ | 252,026 |  |  | $ | 1,689 |  |  | $ | 363,467 |  |  | $ | 67,416 |  |  | $ | 91,178 |  |  | $ | 147 |
Ending balance: individually evaluated |  | $ | 2,129 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 12,138 |  |  | $ | 1,270 |  |  | $ | 6,849 |  |  | $ | - |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated |  | $ | 249,897 |  |  | $ | 1,689 |  |  | $ | 351,329 |  |  | $ | 66,146 |  |  | $ | 84,329 |  |  | $ | 147 |
|  |  |  |  | Home equity |  |  | Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Tax exempt |  |  | and junior liens |  |  | Consumer |  |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning Balance |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 657 |  |  | $ | 2,145 |  |  | $ | 15,975 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (68 | ) |  |  | (68 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provisions |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 107 |  |  |  | 710 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 662 |  |  | $ | 2,209 |  |  | $ | 16,655 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: related to loans individually evaluated |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 3,846 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: related to loans collectively evaluated |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 516 |  |  | $ | 2,139 |  |  | $ | 12,809 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans receivables: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance |  | $ | 3,374 |  |  | $ | 35,723 |  |  | $ | 77,106 |  |  | $ | 892,126 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: individually evaluated |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 715 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 23,171 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated |  | $ | 3,374 |  |  | $ | 35,008 |  |  | $ | 77,036 |  |  | $ | 868,955 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The Company’s methodology for determining its allowance for credit losses includes an analysis of qualitative factors that are added to the historical loss rates in arriving at the total allowance for credit losses needed for this general pool of loans. The qualitative factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

•
Changes in national and local economic trends;
•
The rate of growth in the portfolio;
•
Trends of delinquencies and nonaccrual balances;
•
Changes in loan policy; and
•
Changes in lending management experience and related staffing.

- 29 -

Each factor is assigned a value to reflect improving, stable or declining conditions based on management’s best judgment using relevant information available at the time of the evaluation. These qualitative factors, applied to each product class, make the evaluation inherently subjective, as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available. Adjustments to the factors are supported through documentation of changes in conditions in a narrative accompanying the allowance for credit losses analysis and calculation.

The allocation of the allowance for credit losses summarized on the basis of the Company’s calculation methodology was as follows:

|  | As of March 31, 2025 |
|  | 1-4 family |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | first-lien |  |  | Residential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other |
|  | residential |  |  | construction |  |  | Commercial |  |  | Commercial |  |  | commercial |
(In thousands) |  | mortgage |  |  | mortgage |  |  | real estate |  |  | lines of credit |  |  | and industrial |
Specifically reserved |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,004 |  |  | $ | 253 |  |  | $ | 1,012 |
Historical loss rate |  |  | 1,440 |  |  |  | 504 |  |  |  | 2,880 |  |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | 1,111 |
Qualitative factors |  |  | (48 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,195 |  |  |  | 504 |  |  |  | 725 |
Total |  | $ | 1,433 |  |  | $ | 504 |  |  | $ | 7,079 |  |  | $ | 911 |  |  | $ | 2,848 |
|  |  |  |  | Home equity |  |  | Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Tax exempt |  |  | and junior liens |  |  | consumer |  |  | Total |  |  |  |
Specifically reserved |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 392 |  |  | $ | 3,639 |  |  | $ | 6,341 |  |  |  |
Historical loss rate |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 281 |  |  |  | 266 |  |  |  | 6,638 |  |  |  |
Qualitative factors |  |  | - |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 4,428 |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 694 |  |  | $ | 3,936 |  |  | $ | 17,407 |  |  |  |

|  | As of December 31, 2024 |
|  | 1-4 family |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | first-lien |  |  | Residential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other |
|  | residential |  |  | construction |  |  | Commercial |  |  | Commercial |  |  | commercial |
(In thousands) |  | mortgage |  |  | mortgage |  |  | real estate |  |  | lines of credit |  |  | and industrial |
Specifically reserved |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 853 |  |  | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | 1,165 |
Historical loss rate |  |  | 1,474 |  |  |  | 592 |  |  |  | 2,779 |  |  |  | 126 |  |  |  | 1,032 |
Qualitative factors |  |  | (49 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,114 |  |  |  | 469 |  |  |  | 682 |
Total |  | $ | 1,467 |  |  | $ | 592 |  |  | $ | 6,746 |  |  | $ | 749 |  |  | $ | 2,879 |
|  |  |  |  | Home equity |  |  | Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Tax exempt |  |  | and junior liens |  |  | consumer |  |  | Total |  |  |  |
Specifically reserved |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 416 |  |  | $ | 3,774 |  |  | $ | 6,404 |  |  |  |
Historical loss rate |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 278 |  |  |  | 285 |  |  |  | 6,570 |  |  |  |
Qualitative factors |  |  | - |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 4,269 |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 715 |  |  | $ | 4,091 |  |  | $ | 17,243 |  |  |  |

Collateral Dependent Disclosures

The Company has certain loans for which repayment is dependent upon the operation or sale of collateral, as the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The underlying collateral can vary based upon the type of loan. The following provides more detail about the types of collateral that secure collateral dependent loans:

•
Commercial real estate loans can be secured by either owner occupied commercial real estate or non-owner occupied investment commercial real estate. Typically, owner occupied commercial real estate loans are secured by office buildings, warehouses, manufacturing facilities and other commercial and industrial properties occupied by operating companies. Non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans are generally secured by office buildings and complexes, retail facilities, multifamily complexes, land under development, industrial properties, as well as other commercial or industrial real estate.
•
Residential real estate loans are typically secured by first mortgages, and in some cases could be secured by a second mortgage.

- 30 -

•
Home equity lines of credit are generally secured by second mortgages on residential real estate property.
•
Consumer loans are generally secured by automobiles, motorcycles, recreational vehicles and other personal property. Some consumer loans are unsecured and have no underlying collateral.

The following table details the amortized cost of collateral dependent loans at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

(In thousands) | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |
Commercial and industrial | $ | 3,349 |  | $ | 7,478 |
Commercial real estate |  | 10,650 |  |  | 8,591 |
Residential (1-4 family) first mortgages |  | 373 |  |  | 374 |
Home equity loans and lines of credit |  | 504 |  |  | 528 |
Consumer loans |  | - |  |  | 67 |
Total loans | $ | 14,876 |  | $ | 17,038 |

Note 8: Foreclosed Real Estate

The Company is required to disclose the carrying amount of foreclosed real estate properties held as a result of obtaining physical possession of the property at each reporting period.

(In thousands) |  | Number of properties |  |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | Number of properties |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Foreclosed real estate |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company reported $1.6 million and $1.2 million, respectively, in real estate loans in the process of foreclosure.

Note 9: Guarantees

The Company does not issue any guarantees that would require liability recognition or disclosure, other than its standby letters of credit. Generally, all letters of credit when issued have expiration dates within one year. The credit risks involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as those that are involved in extending loan facilities to customers. The Company generally holds collateral and/or personal guarantees supporting these commitments. The Company had $2.5 million and $2.4 million of standby letters of credit as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Management believes that the proceeds obtained through a liquidation of collateral and the enforcement of guarantees would be sufficient to cover the potential amount of future payments required under the corresponding guarantees. The fair value of standby letters of credit was not significant to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Note 10: Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements, specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs have created the following fair value hierarchy:

Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets.

Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

- 31 -

An asset’s or liability’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

In determining fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs, minimize the use of unobservable inputs, to the extent possible, and considers counterparty credit risk in its assessment of fair value.

The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value:

Investment securities: The fair values of available-for-sale and marketable equity securities are obtained from an independent third party and are based on quoted prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges where available (Level 1). If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured by utilizing matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities (Level 2). Management made no adjustment to the fair value quotes that were received from the independent third party pricing service. Level 3 securities are assets whose fair value cannot be determined by using observable measures, such as market prices or pricing models. Level 3 assets are typically very illiquid, and fair values can only be calculated using estimates or risk-adjusted value ranges. Management applies known factors, such as currently applicable discount rates, to the valuation of those investments in order to determine fair value at the reporting date.

The Company holds two corporate investment securities with an amortized historical cost of $4.1 million and an aggregate fair market value of $4.2 million as of both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. These securities have an aggregate valuation that is determined using published net asset values (NAV) derived by an analysis of the securities’ underlying assets. These securities are comprised primarily of broadly-diversified real estate holdings and are traded in secondary markets on an infrequent basis. While these securities are redeemable at least annually through tender offers made by respective issuers, the liquidation value of these securities may be below stated NAVs and also subject to restrictions as to the amount that can be redeemed at any single scheduled redemption. The Company anticipates that these securities will be redeemed by respective issuers on indeterminate future dates as a consequence of the ultimate liquidation strategies employed by the managers of these portfolios.

The Company also holds two limited partnership investments managed by an unrelated third party with an aggregate fair market value of $4.4 million and $4.1 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The investments are funds comprised of marketable equity securities, primarily issued by community banks and financial technology companies. These investments are recorded at fair value at the end of each reporting period using NAV valuation techniques. Unrealized changes in the fair value of these investments are recorded as components of periodic net income in the period in which the changes occur.

Interest rate derivatives: The fair value of the interest rate derivatives, characterized as either fair value or cash flow hedges, are calculated based on a discounted cash flow model. All future floating rate cash flows are projected and both floating rate and fixed rate cash flows are discounted to the valuation date. The benchmark interest rate curve utilized for projecting cash flows and applying appropriate discount rates is built by obtaining publicly available third party market quotes for various swap maturity terms. These investments are recorded at fair value at the end of each reporting period using Level 1 valuation techniques.

Individually evaluated loans: Individually evaluated loans are those loans in which the Company has measured impairment based on the fair value of the loan’s collateral or the discounted value of expected future cash flows. Fair value is generally determined based upon market value evaluations by third parties of the properties and/or estimates by management of working capital collateral or discounted cash flows based upon expected proceeds. These appraisals may include up to three approaches to value: the sales comparison approach, the income approach (for income-producing property), and the cost approach. Management modifies the appraised values, if needed, to take into account recent developments in the market or other factors, such as, changes in absorption rates or market conditions from the time of valuation and anticipated sales values considering management’s plans for disposition. Such modifications to the appraised values could result in lower valuations of such collateral. Estimated costs to sell are based on current amounts of disposal costs for similar assets. These measurements are classified as Level 3 within the valuation hierarchy. Individually evaluated loans are subject to nonrecurring fair value adjustments upon initial recognition or subsequent impairment. A portion of the allowance for credit losses is allocated to individually evaluated loans if the value of such loans is deemed to be less than the unpaid balance.

- 32 -

The following tables summarize assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of the indicated dates, segregated by the level of valuation inputs within the hierarchy utilized to measure fair value:

|  | March 31, 2025 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total Fair |
(In thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Value |
Available-for-Sale Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 69,180 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 69,180 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | - |  |  |  | 32,433 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 32,433 |
Corporate |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,692 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,692 |
Corporate issuances measured at NAV |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,193 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18,475 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18,475 |
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | 49,220 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 49,220 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,197 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,197 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label |  |  | - |  |  |  | 88,455 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 88,455 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | 279,652 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 283,845 |
Equity investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock - financial services industry |  |  | 206 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 206 |
Total available-for-sale securities |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 279,652 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 284,051 |
Marketable equity securities measured at NAV |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 4,401 |
Interest rate swap derivative fair value hedges (unrealized gain carried as receivable from derivative counterparties) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,110 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,110 |

|  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total Fair |
(In thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Value |
Available-for-Sale Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Treasury, agencies and GSEs |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 70,425 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 70,425 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | - |  |  |  | 33,322 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 33,322 |
Corporate |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,636 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,636 |
Corporate issuances measured at NAV |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,245 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18,487 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18,487 |
Residential mortgage-backed - US agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | 39,171 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 39,171 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - US agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,530 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,530 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - Private label |  |  | - |  |  |  | 83,309 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 83,309 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | 264,880 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 269,125 |
Equity investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock - financial services industry |  |  | 206 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 206 |
Total available-for-sale securities |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 264,880 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 269,331 |
Marketable equity securities measured at NAV |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 4,076 |
Interest rate swap derivative fair value hedges (unrealized gain carried as receivable from derivative counterparties) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 6,086 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 6,086 |

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Pathfinder Bank had the following assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  |  |  |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total Fair |
(In thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Value |
Individually evaluated loans |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,985 |  |  | $ | 3,985 |
Foreclosed real estate |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |

|  |  |  |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total Fair |
(In thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Value |
Individually evaluated loans |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 13,020 |  |  | $ | 13,020 |
Foreclosed real estate |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |

The following table presents additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and for which Level 3 inputs were used to determine fair value at the indicated dates.

|  | Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements |
| Valuation | Unobservable | Range
| Techniques | Input | (Weighted Avg.)
At March 31, 2025 |  |  |
Individually evaluated loans | Appraisal of collateral | Discounted Cash Flow | 12% - 50% (27%)
Foreclosed real estate | Appraisal of collateral | Costs to Sell | 21% - 24% (22%)

|  | Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements |
| Valuation | Unobservable | Range
| Techniques | Input | (Weighted Avg.)
At December 31, 2024 |  |  |
Individually evaluated loans | Appraisal of collateral | Discounted Cash Flow | 10% - 75% (21%)
Foreclosed real estate | Appraisal of collateral | Costs to Sell | 21% - 24% (22%)

There have been no transfers of assets into or out of any fair value measurement level during the three months ended March 31, 2025 or 2024.

Required disclosures include fair value information of financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the consolidated statements of condition, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. In that regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in immediate settlement of the instrument.

The Company has various processes and controls in place to ensure that fair value is reasonably estimated. The Company performs due diligence procedures over third-party pricing service providers in order to support their use in the valuation process.

While the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.

Management uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments; however, there are inherent limitations in any estimation technique. Therefore, for substantially all financial instruments, the fair value estimates herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could have realized in a sales transaction on the dates indicated. The estimated fair value amounts have been measured as of their respective period-ends, and have not been re-evaluated or updated for purposes of these financial statements subsequent to those respective dates. As such, the

- 34 -

estimated fair values of these financial instruments subsequent to the respective reporting dates may be different than the amounts reported at each period-end.

Under FASB ASC Topic 820 for Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, the financial assets and liabilities were valued at a price that represents the Company’s exit price or the price at which these instruments would be sold or transferred.

The following information should not be interpreted as an estimate of the fair value of the entire Company since a fair value calculation is only provided for a limited portion of the Company’s assets and liabilities. Due to a wide range of valuation techniques and the degree of subjectivity used in making the estimates, comparisons between the Company’s disclosures and those of other companies may not be meaningful. The Company, in estimating its fair value disclosures for financial instruments, used the following methods and assumptions:

Cash and cash equivalents – The carrying amounts of these assets approximate their fair value and are classified as Level 1.

Federal Home Loan Bank stock – The carrying amount of these assets approximates their fair value and are classified as Level 2.

Net loans – For variable-rate loans that re-price frequently, fair value is based on carrying amounts. The fair value of other loans (for example, fixed-rate commercial real estate loans, mortgage loans, and commercial and industrial loans) is estimated using discounted cash flow analysis, based on interest rates currently being offered in the market for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality. Loan value estimates include judgments based on expected prepayment rates. The measurement of the fair value of loans, including individually evaluated loans, is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Accrued interest receivable and payable – The carrying amount of these assets approximates their fair value and are classified as Level 1.

Deposits – The fair values disclosed for demand deposits (e.g., interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing checking, passbook savings and certain types of money management accounts) are, by definition, equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (i.e., their carrying amounts) and are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Fair values for fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered in the market on certificates of deposits to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities on time deposits. Measurements of the fair value of time deposits are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Borrowings – Fixed/variable term “bullet” structures are valued using a replacement cost of funds approach. These borrowings are discounted to the FHLBNY advance curve. Option structured borrowings’ fair values are determined by the FHLB for borrowings that include a call or conversion option. If market pricing is not available from this source, current market indications from the FHLBNY are obtained and the borrowings are discounted to the FHLBNY advance curve less an appropriate spread to adjust for the option. These measurements are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

Subordinated debt – The Company secures quotes from its pricing service based on a discounted cash flow methodology or utilizes observations of recent highly-similar transactions which result in a Level 2 classification.

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The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s financial instruments as of the indicated dates are presented in the following table:

|  |  |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | Fair Value |  | Carrying |  | Estimated |  |  | Carrying |  | Estimated |
(In thousands) |  | Hierarchy |  | Amounts |  | Fair Values |  |  | Amounts |  | Fair Values |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 1 |  | $ | 51,468 |  | $ | 51,468 |  |  | $ | 31,572 |  | $ | 31,572 |
Investment securities - available-for-sale |  | 2 |  |  | 279,858 |  |  | 279,858 |  |  |  | 264,880 |  |  | 264,880 |
Investment securities - available-for-sale |  | NAV |  |  | 4,193 |  |  | 4,193 |  |  |  | 4,245 |  |  | 4,245 |
Investment securities - marketable equity |  | NAV |  |  | 4,401 |  |  | 4,401 |  |  |  | 4,076 |  |  | 4,076 |
Investment securities - held-to-maturity |  | 2 |  |  | 155,704 |  |  | 149,048 |  |  |  | 158,683 |  |  | 151,023 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | 2 |  |  | 2,906 |  |  | 2,906 |  |  |  | 4,590 |  |  | 4,590 |
Net loans |  | 3 |  |  | 894,743 |  |  | 850,926 |  |  |  | 901,743 |  |  | 852,743 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 1 |  |  | 6,748 |  |  | 6,748 |  |  |  | 6,881 |  |  | 6,881 |
Interest rate derivative fair value hedges receivable - AFS investments |  | 2 |  |  | 1,994 |  |  | 1,994 |  |  |  | 3,199 |  |  | 3,199 |
Interest rate derivative fair value hedges receivable - loans |  | 2 |  |  | 1,116 |  |  | 1,116 |  |  |  | 2,887 |  |  | 2,887 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand Deposits, Savings, NOW and MMDA |  | 1 |  | $ | 764,842 |  | $ | 764,842 |  |  | $ | 701,477 |  | $ | 701,477 |
Time Deposits |  | 2 |  |  | 499,638 |  |  | 497,411 |  |  |  | 503,047 |  |  | 500,638 |
Borrowings |  | 2 |  |  | 44,628 |  |  | 44,435 |  |  |  | 88,068 |  |  | 87,707 |
Subordinated debt |  | 2 |  |  | 30,156 |  |  | 26,331 |  |  |  | 30,107 |  |  | 25,347 |
Accrued interest payable |  | 1 |  |  | 844 |  |  | 844 |  |  |  | 546 |  |  | 546 |

Note 11: Interest Rate Derivatives

The Company is exposed to certain risks related to both its business operations and changes in economic conditions. As part of managing interest rate risk, the Company periodically enters into standardized interest rate derivative contracts (designated as hedging agreements) to modify the repricing characteristics of certain portions of the Company’s earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities portfolios. The Company designates interest rate hedging agreements utilized in the management of interest rate risk as either fair value hedges or cash flow hedges. Interest rate hedging agreements are recorded at fair value as other assets or liabilities. The Company had no material derivative contracts not designated as hedging agreements at March 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

As a result of interest rate fluctuations, fixed-rate interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities will appreciate or depreciate in fair value. When effectively hedged, this fair value appreciation or depreciation will generally be offset by substantially identical changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that are linked to the hedged assets and liabilities. This strategy is referred to as fair value hedging and the derivative instruments employed in this strategy are therefore designated as fair value hedges. In a fair value hedge, the fair value of the derivative (the interest rate hedging agreement) is recorded in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet with the corresponding gain or loss recognized as an adjustment to the carrying balance of the hedged asset or liability. Changes in the correlation between the hedging instrument and the hedged asset or liability that give rise to differences between the changes in the fair value of the interest rate hedging agreements and the hedged items represents hedge ineffectiveness and are recorded as adjustments to the interest income or interest expense of the respective hedged instrument. In the case of pay-fixed or receive-fixed interest rate swap agreements, designated as fair value hedges, the periodic difference in the net cash flows due to (due from) the Company from (to) a counterparty are recorded in current period earnings as adjustments to the interest income or interest expense of the respective hedged asset or liability.

Cash flows related to floating rate assets and liabilities will fluctuate with changes in underlying rate indices. When effectively hedged, the increases or decreases in cash flows related to the floating-rate asset or liability will generally be offset by changes in cash flows of the derivative instruments designated as a hedge. This strategy is referred to as cash flow hedging and the derivative instruments employed in these strategies are therefore designated as cash flow hedges. In a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the derivative’s gain or loss is initially reported as a component of accumulated other

- 36 -

comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into earnings when the forecasted transaction affects earnings. In the case of pay-fixed or receive-fixed interest rate swap agreements, designated as cash flow hedges, the periodic difference in the net cash flows due to (due from) the Company from (to) a counterparty are recorded in current period earnings as adjustments to the interest income or interest expense of the respective hedged asset or liability.

Among the array of interest rate hedging contracts, potentially available to the Company, are interest rate swap and interest rate cap (or floor) contracts. The Company uses interest rate swaps, cap or floor contracts as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount. An interest rate cap is a type of interest rate derivative in which the buyer receives payments at the end of each contractual period in which the index interest rate exceeds the contractually agreed upon strike price rate. The purchaser of a cap contract will continue to benefit from any rise in interest rates above the strike price. Similarly, an interest rate floor is a derivative contract in which the buyer receives payments at the end of each period in which the interest rate is below the agreed strike price. The purchaser of a floor contract will continue to benefit from any decrease in interest rates below the strike price. The Company had no interest rate cap or floor contracts in place at March 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

- 37 -

The Company records various hedges in the consolidated statements of condition at fair value. The Company’s accounting treatment for these derivative instruments is based on the instrument's hedge designation determined at the inception of each derivative instrument's contractual term. The following tables show the Company’s outstanding fair value hedges at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

(In thousands) |  | Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets at March 31, 2025 |  |  | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Subtracted/(Added) from Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets at March 31, 2025 |  |  | Hedge-Adjusted Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets at December 31, 2024 |  |  | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Subtracted from Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets at December 31, 2024 |
Line item on the balance sheet in which the hedged item is included: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities (1) |  | $ | 76,279 |  |  | $ | 1,994 |  |  | $ | 76,303 |  |  | $ | 3,199 |
Loans receivable (2) |  | $ | 132,246 |  |  | $ | 1,116 |  |  | $ | 133,765 |  |  | $ | 2,887 |

(1)
The $76.3 million carrying amount of hedged assets represents the hedge-adjusted amortized cost basis of individually evaluated municipal, private label, and GSE-backed securities designated as the underlying assets for the hedging relationships. The notional amount of the designated hedges were $78.2 million and $73.9 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The fair value of the derivatives (an unrealized gain, receivable from derivative counterparties) recorded in other assets resulted in a net asset position of $2.0 million and $3.2 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company's participation in fair value hedging transactions increased investment security interest income by $302,000 and $632,000 in the three month periods ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, respectively.

(2)
The $132.2 million net carrying amount of hedged assets represents the hedge-adjusted amortized cost of a designated pool of residential
mortgages and the aggregate hedge-adjusted amortized cost of four specified purchased consumer loan pools. These pools of loans were
designated as the underlying assets for the hedging relationships in which the hedged underlying asset's notional amounts were the amortized cost projected to be remaining at the end of the contractual term of the hedging instruments. The amount of the designated hedged items were $133.4 million and $128.9 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. At March 31, 2025, the fair value of the derivatives recorded in other assets (an unrealized gain, receivable from derivative counterparties) resulted in a net asset position of $1.1 million, recorded by the Company as a component of other assets. The Company’s participation in fair value hedging transactions increased interest income by $267,000 and $628,000, for the three month periods ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, respectively. Details of the two hedging strategies, in place at March 31, 2025 are presented below:

a.
On April 7, 2023 the Bank entered into an amortizing swap transaction with an initial notional amount of $100.0 million whereby
the Bank will receive 3-month SOFR rate monthly, based on the notional amount of the swap contract at the beginning of each month until the swap transaction expires in 2035. The notional amount of the swap declines monthly according to a predetermined amortization schedule and was $74.6 million at March 31, 2025. The Bank will pay a fixed rate of 3.208% to the contract's counterparty throughout the life of the contract based on each month's beginning notional balance. The fair value of this swap contract was $1.5 million at March 31, 2025.

b.
On December 7, 2023, the Bank entered into five fixed-pay interest rate swap contracts with a total notional amount of $50.0
million, whereby the Bank will receive 3-month SOFR monthly until the respective maturity dates of the contracts. The contracts
expire in annual increments on December 1 of 2025 ($5.0 million, fixed rate of 4.463%), 2026 ($5.0 million, fixed rate of 4.136%), 2027 ($10.0 million, fixed rate of 3.973%), 2028 ($15.0 million, fixed rate of 3.887%), and 2029 ($15.0 million, fixed rate of 3.845%). The fair value of these swap contracts in aggregate was a reduction of $377,000 at March 31, 2025.

- 38 -

The following tables summarize the net effects of the Company's fair value and cash flow hedges for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, respectively:

Fair Value Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |
Hedge Category | Average Notional Balance |  | Period Ending Notional Balance |  | Net Cash Received Recorded In Net Income |  | Fair Value Receivable at Period End |
Investments | $ | 73,283 |  | $ | 73,061 |  | $ | 301 |  | $ | 1,994 |
Loans |  | 126,980 |  |  | 126,047 |  |  | 267 |  |  | 1,116 |
Total | $ | 200,263 |  | $ | 199,108 |  | $ | 568 |  | $ | 3,110 |
| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |
Hedge Category | Average Notional Balance |  | Period Ending Notional Balance |  | Net Cash Received Recorded In Net Income |  | Fair Value Receivable at Period End |
Investments | $ | 87,500 |  | $ | 83,519 |  | $ | 632 |  | $ | 3,509 |
Loans |  | 138,903 |  |  | 137,850 |  |  | 628 |  |  | 3,035 |
Total | $ | 226,403 |  | $ | 221,369 |  | $ | 1,260 |  | $ | 6,544 |

Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |
Hedge Category | Average Notional Balance |  | Period Ending Notional Balance |  | Net Cash Received Recorded In Net Income |  | Fair Value Receivable at Period End |
Borrowed Funds | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 80 |  | $ | - |
| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |
Hedge Category | Average Notional Balance |  | Period Ending Notional Balance |  | Net Cash Received Recorded In Net Income |  | Fair Value Receivable at Period End |
Borrowed Funds | $ | 40,000 |  | $ | 40,000 |  | $ | 157 |  | $ | 556 |

On April 17, 2024 the Bank elected to settle its previously established cash flow hedges designated against $40.0 million of floating-rate liabilities. This election was made in response to planned reductions in the Bank’s future levels of floating rate brokered certificates of deposit. Due to increases in interest rates since the inception dates of the cash flow hedges, the Bank realized a cash basis gain of $766,000 on that date, recorded for financial statement purposes, as a deferred gain in other assets. $458,000 of this gain will be recognized, as a reduction of interest expense, in substantially equal monthly installments through April 30, 2026 and $308,000 of this gain will be recognized, as a reduction in interest expense, in substantially equal monthly installments through April 30, 2027, which were the respective original maturity dates of the settled hedging contracts.

The amounts of hedge ineffectiveness, recognized at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 for cash flow hedges were not material to the Company’s consolidated results of operations. A portion of, or the entire amount included in accumulated other comprehensive loss would be reclassified into current earnings should a portion of, or the entire hedge, no longer be considered effective. Management believes that the hedges will remain fully effective during the remaining term of the respective hedging contracts. The changes in the fair values of the interest rate hedging agreements primarily result from the effects of changing index interest rates and the reduction of the time each quarter between the measurement date and the contractual maturity date of the hedging instrument.

The Company manages its potential credit exposure on interest rate swap transactions by entering into bilateral credit support agreements with each contractual counterparty. These agreements require collateralization of credit exposures beyond specified minimum threshold amounts. Interest rate hedging agreements are entered into with counterparties that

- 39 -

meet the Company's established credit standards and the agreements contain master netting, collateral and/or settlement provisions protecting the at-risk party. Based on adherence to the Company’s credit standards and the presence of the netting, collateral or settlement provisions, the Company believes that the credit risk inherent in these contracts was not material at March 31, 2025.

Note 12: Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income

Changes in the components of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income (“AOCI”), net of tax, for the periods indicated are summarized in the tables below.

|  | For the three months ended March 31, 2025 |
(In thousands) |  | Net Unrealized Loss on Retirement Plans |  |  | Unrealized Loss on Available-for-Sale Securities |  |  | Unrealized Gain on Derivatives and Hedging Activities |  |  | Total |
Beginning balance |  | $ | (1,991 | ) |  | $ | (7,548 | ) |  | $ | 395 |  |  | $ | (9,144 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  |  | - |  |  |  | 743 |  |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | 683 |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 29 |
Ending balance |  | $ | (1,966 | ) |  | $ | (6,801 | ) |  | $ | 335 |  |  | $ | (8,432 | )

|  | For the three months ended March 31, 2024 |
(In thousands) |  | Net Unrealized Loss on Retirement Plans |  |  | Unrealized Loss on Available-for-Sale Securities |  |  | Unrealized Gain on Derivatives and Hedging Activities |  |  | Total |
Beginning balance |  | $ | (2,073 | ) |  | $ | (7,564 | ) |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | (9,605 | )
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications |  |  | - |  |  |  | 223 |  |  |  | 379 |  |  |  | 602 |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 141 |
Ending balance |  | $ | (2,046 | ) |  | $ | (7,227 | ) |  | $ | 411 |  |  | $ | (8,862 | )

The following table presents the amounts reclassified out of each component of AOCI for the indicated period:

|  |  |  | Amount Reclassified |
|  |  |  | from AOCI (1) |
|  |  |  | (Unaudited) |
(In thousands) |  |  |  | For the three months ended |
Details about AOCI (1) components |  | Affected Line Item in the Statement of Income |  | March 31, 2025 |  | March 31, 2024 |
Retirement plan items |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement plan net gains recognized in plan expenses (2) |  | Salaries and employee benefits |  | $ | (34 | ) | $ | (37 | )
Tax effect |  | Provision for income taxes |  |  | 9 |  |  | 10 |
|  | Net Income |  | $ | (25 | ) | $ | (27 | )
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized losses on sale of securities |  | Net losses on sales and redemptions of investment securities |  | $ | (5 | ) | $ | (154 | )
Tax effect |  | Provision for income taxes |  |  | 1 |  |  | 40 |
|  | Net Income |  | $ | (4 | ) | $ | (114 | )

(1)
Amounts in parentheses indicates debits in net income.
(2)
These items are included in net periodic pension cost. See Note 5 for additional information.

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Note 13: Noninterest Income

The Company has included the following table regarding the Company’s noninterest income for the periods presented.

|  | For the three months ended |
(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | March 31, 2024 |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  |  |  |  |  |
Insufficient funds fees |  | $ | 208 |  |  | $ | 179 |
Deposit related fees |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | 109 |
ATM fees |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 21 |
Total service charges on deposit accounts |  |  | 374 |  |  |  | 309 |
Fee Income |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance agency revenue |  |  | - |  |  |  | 397 |
Investment services revenue |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | 142 |
ATM fees surcharge |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 50 |
Banking house rents collected |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | 55 |
Total fee income |  |  | 235 |  |  |  | 644 |
Card income |  |  |  |  |  |
Debit card interchange fees |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 119 |
Merchant card fees |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 12 |
Total card income |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 131 |
Mortgage fee income and realized gains on sales of loans and foreclosed real estate |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan servicing fees |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | 88 |
Net gains on sales of loans and foreclosed real estate |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 18 |
Total mortgage fee income and realized gains on sales of loans and foreclosed real estate |  |  | 166 |  |  |  | 106 |
Total |  |  | 787 |  |  |  | 1,190 |
Earnings and gains on bank owned life insurance |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | 157 |
Net realized losses on sales and redemptions of investment securities |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (148 | )
Net realized gains on sales of marketable equity securities |  |  | 218 |  |  |  | 108 |
Non-recurring gain on lease renegotiations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 245 |
Other miscellaneous income |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 185 |
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 1,197 |  |  | $ | 1,737 |

The following is a discussion of key revenues within the scope of ASC 606 guidance:

•
Service charges on deposit accounts – Revenue is earned through insufficient funds fees, customer initiated activities or passage of time for deposit related fees, and ATM service fees. Transaction-based fees are recognized at the time the transaction is executed, which is the same time the Company’s performance obligation is satisfied. Account maintenance fees are earned over the course of the month as the monthly maintenance performance obligation to the customer is satisfied.
•
Fee income – Revenue is earned through commissions on insurance and securities sales, ATM surcharge fees, and banking house rents collected. The Company earns investment advisory fee income by providing investment management services to customers under investment management contracts. As the direction of investment management accounts is provided over time, the performance obligation to investment management customers is satisfied over time, and therefore, revenue is recognized over time.
•
Card income – Card income consists of interchange fees from consumer debit card networks and other related services. Interchange rates are set by the card networks. Interchange fees are based on purchase volumes and other factors and are recognized as transactions occur.
•
Mortgage fee income and realized gain on sale of loans and foreclosed real estate – Revenue from mortgage fee income and realized gain on sale of loans and foreclosed real estate is earned through the origination of residential and commercial mortgage loans, sales of one-to-four family residential mortgage loans, sales of government

- 41 -

guarantees portions of Small Business Administration loans (“SBA loans”), and sales of foreclosed real estate, and is earned as the transaction occurs.

Note 14: Leases

The Company has operating and finance leases for certain banking offices and land under noncancelable agreements. Our leases have remaining lease terms that vary fro m less than one year up to twenty-eight years, some of which include options to extend the leases for various renewal periods. All options to renew are included in the current lease term when it is reasonably certain that the renewal options will be exercised.

The components of lease expense are as follows:

|  | For the three months ended |
(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | March 31, 2024 |
Operating lease cost |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 49 |
Finance lease cost |  |  | 429 |  |  |  | 108 |

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

|  | For the three months ended |
(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | March 31, 2024 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 45 |
Operating cash flows from finance leases |  |  | 429 |  |  |  | 108 |
Financing cash flows from finance leases |  |  | 111 |  |  |  | 32 |

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

(In thousands, except lease term and discount rate) |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Operating Leases: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 1,356 |  |  | $ | 1,391 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 1,560 |  |  |  | 1,591 |
Finance Leases: |  |  |  |  |  |
Finance lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 16,478 |  |  | $ | 16,676 |
Finance lease liabilities |  |  | 16,655 |  |  |  | 16,745 |
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 17.07 years |  |  | 17.08 years |
Finance leases |  | 21.77 years |  |  | 22.01 years |
Weighted Average Discount Rate: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  | 3.90 | % |  |  | 3.90 | %
Finance leases |  |  | 6.01 | % |  |  | 6.01 | %

- 42 -

As of March 31, 2025, future maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:

Twelve Months Ending March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | Operating Leases |  |  | Finance Leases |
2026 |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 361 |
2027 |  |  | 117 |  |  |  | 381 |
2028 |  |  | 123 |  |  |  | 401 |
2029 |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | 426 |
2030 |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 450 |
Thereafter |  |  | 1,046 |  |  |  | 14,636 |
Total future maturities of lease liabilities |  | $ | 1,560 |  |  | $ | 16,655 |

The Company owns certain properties that it leases to unaffiliated third parties at market rates. Lease rental income was $61,000 and $55,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The leas e agreements in which the Company is the lessor are a mix of operating and finance leases.

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Item 2 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Fina ncial Condition and Results of Operations (Unaudited)

General

The Company is a Maryland corporation headquartered in Oswego, New York. The Company is 100% owned by public shareholders. The primary business of the Company is its investment in Pathfinder Bank (the "Bank"), a New York State chartered commercial bank, which is 100% owned by the Company. The Bank has two wholly owned operating subsidiaries, Pathfinder Risk Management Company, Inc. (“PRMC”) and Whispering Oaks Development Corp. All significant inter-company accounts and activity have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Bank owns 100% of Pathfinder Risk Management Company, Inc., ("PRMC") which was established to record the 51% controlling interest upon the December 2013 purchase of FitzGibbons Agency, LLC (the “Agency”), an Oswego County property, casualty and life insurance brokerage business. The Company completed the sale of its majority membership interest in the FitzGibbons Agency to Marshall & Sterling Enterprises, Inc. in October 2024.

Although the Company previously owned, through its wholly owned subsidiary PRMC, 51% of the membership interest in the Agency until its October 2024 sale, the Company is required to consolidate 100% of the Agency within the consolidated financial statements. The 49% of the Agency, which the Company did not own, is accounted for separately as noncontrolling interests within the consolidated financial statements.

At March 31, 2025, the Company and subsidiaries had total consolidated assets of $1.50 billion, total consolidated liabilities of $1.37 billion and shareholders' equity of $124.9 million.

The following discussion reviews the Company's financial condition at March 31, 2025 and the results of operations for the three month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025 or any other period.

The following material under the heading "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" is written with the presumption that the users of the interim financial statements have read, or have access to, the Company's latest audited financial statements and notes thereto, together with Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in the 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2025 (“the consolidated annual financial statements”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the two years then ended. Therefore, only material changes in financial condition and results of operations are discussed in the remainder of Item 2.

Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This report includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Sections 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that involve inherent risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements concern the financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance and business of Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiary, including statements preceded by, followed by or that include words or phrases such as “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “trend,” “objective,” “continue,” “remain,” “pattern” or similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “might,” “can,” “may” or similar expressions. There are a number of important factors that could cause future results to differ materially from historical performance and these forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to: (1) general economic conditions may be less favorable than expected; (2) competitive pressures among depository institutions may increase significantly; (3) changes in the interest rate environment may reduce interest margins; (4) loan origination and sale volumes, charge-offs and credit loss provisions may vary substantially from period to period; (5) the impact of a pandemic or other health crises and the government's response to such pandemic or crises on our operations as well as those of our customers and on the economy generally and in our market area specifically; (6) political developments, tariffs, wars or other hostilities may disrupt or increase volatility in securities markets or other economic conditions; (7) legislative or regulatory changes or actions may adversely affect the businesses in which Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc. is engaged; (8) changes and trends in the securities markets may adversely impact Pathfinder Bancorp, Inc.; (9) a delayed or incomplete resolution of regulatory issues could adversely impact our planning; (10) difficulties in integrating any businesses that we may acquire, including our acquisition of the East Syracuse branch of Berkshire Bank, which may increase our expenses and delay the achievement of any benefits that we may expect from such acquisitions; (11) the impact of reputation risk created by the developments discussed above on such matters as business generation and retention, funding

- 44 -

and liquidity could be significant; (12) our ability to prevent or mitigate fraudulent activity and cybersecurity threats; and (13) the outcome of any future regulatory and legal investigations and proceedings may not be anticipated.

Because of these and other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we disclaim any obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to reflect future events or developments.

Application of Critical Accounting Estimates

The Company's consolidated quarterly financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and follow practices within the banking industry. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated quarterly financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions, and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the financial statements could reflect different estimates, assumptions, and judgments. Certain accounting policies inherently have a greater reliance on the use of estimates, assumptions, and judgments and, as such, have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different from originally reported. Estimates, assumptions, and judgments are necessary when assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value or when an asset or liability needs to be recorded contingent upon a future event. Carrying assets and liabilities at fair value inherently results in more financial statement volatility. The fair values and information used to record valuation adjustments for certain assets and liabilities are based on quoted market prices or are provided by unaffiliated third-party sources, when available. When third party information is not available, valuation adjustments are estimated in good faith by management.

The most significant accounting policies followed by the Company are presented in Note 1 to the annual audited consolidated financial statements. These policies, along with the disclosures presented in the other financial statement notes and in this discussion, provide information on how significant assets and liabilities are valued in the consolidated quarterly financial statements and how those values are determined. Based on the valuation techniques used and the sensitivity of financial statement amounts to the methods, assumptions, and estimates underlying those amounts, management has identified the allowance for credit losses, deferred income taxes, pension obligations, the evaluation of investment securities for credit losses, the estimation of fair values for accounting and disclosure purposes, and the evaluation of goodwill for impairment to be the accounting areas that require the most subjective and complex judgments. These areas could be the most subject to revision as new information becomes available.

The ACL represents management's estimate of lifetime credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio. Determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses is considered a critical accounting estimate because it requires significant judgment on the use of estimates related to the amount and timing of expected future cash flows on individually evaluated loans, estimated losses on pools of homogeneous loans based on historical loss experience, and environmental factors, all of which may be susceptible to significant change. The Company establishes a specific allowance for all commercial loans in excess of the total related credit threshold of $100,000 and single borrower residential mortgage loans in excess of the total related credit threshold of $300,000 identified as being individually evaluated which are on nonaccrual and have been risk rated under the Company’s risk rating system as substandard, doubtful, or loss. In addition, an accruing substandard loan could be identified as being individually evaluated.

The measurement of individually evaluated loans is measured by determining the present value of expected future cash flows or, for collateral-dependent loans, the fair value of the collateral adjusted for market conditions and selling expenses as compared to the loan carrying value. For all other loans and leases, the Company uses the general allocation methodology that establishes an allowance to estimate the lifetime incurred loss for each risk-rating category. The measurement of individually evaluated loans is generally based upon the present value of future cash flows discounted at the historical effective interest rate, except that all collateral-dependent loans are measured based on the fair value of the collateral, less costs to sell. At March 31, 2025, the Bank’s position in individually evaluated loans consisted of 44 loans totaling $15.8 million. Of these loans, 14 loans, totaling $923,000, were valued using the present value of future cash flows method; and 30 loans, totaling $14.9 million, were valued based on a collateral analysis. For all other loans, the Company uses the general allocation methodology that establishes an allowance to estimate the lifetime incurred loss for each risk-rating category.

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In estimating the ACL on loans, management considers the sensitivity of the model and significant judgments and assumptions that could result in an amount that is materially different from management’s estimate. At March 31, 2025, the Bank held $542.7 million in commercial real estate and commercial & industrial loans (collectively, commercial loans) representing 59.0% of the Bank’s entire loan portfolio. The Bank allocated $10.8 million to the ACL for these loans, including $4.4 million derived from the use of qualitative factors in the calculation. Given the concentration of ACL allocation to the total commercial loan portfolio and the significant judgments made by management in deriving the qualitative loss factors, management considers the impact that changes in judgments could have on the ACL. The ACL could increase (or decrease) by approximately $1.1 million, assuming a 25% negative (or positive) change within the group of qualitative factors used to determine the ACL for commercial loans. The sensitivity and related range of impacts for various judgments on the ACL is a hypothetical analysis and is used to determine management’s judgments or assumptions of qualitative loss factors that were utilized at March 31, 2025 in the final recorded estimation of the ACL on loans recognized on the Statements of Financial Condition.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined using the liability method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is recognized for the future tax consequences. This is attributable to the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases as well as net operating and capital loss carry-forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates applied to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income tax expense in the period that includes the enactment date. If current available evidence about the future raises doubt about the likelihood of a deferred tax asset being realized, a valuation allowance is established. The judgment about the level of future taxable income, including that which is considered capital, is inherently subjective and is reviewed on a continual basis as regulatory and business factors change.

The Company’s effective tax rate typically differs from the 21% federal statutory tax rate due primarily to New York State income taxes, partially offset by tax-exempt income from specific types of investment securities and loans, bank owned life insurance, and to a much lesser degree, the utilization of low income housing tax credits. In addition, the tax effects of certain incentive stock option activity may reduce the Company’s effective tax rate on a sporadic basis.

We maintain a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan covering most employees. The plan provides defined benefits based on years of service and final average salary. On May 14, 2012, we informed our employees of our decision to freeze participation and benefit accruals under the plan, primarily to reduce some of the volatility in earnings that can accompany the maintenance of a defined benefit plan. Pension and post-retirement benefit plan liabilities and expenses are based upon actuarial assumptions of future events; including fair value of plan assets, interest rates, and the length of time the Company will have to provide those benefits. The assumptions used by management are discussed in Note 14 to the consolidated annual financial statements.

When the fair value of a security categorized as available-for-sale ("AFS") or held-to-maturity ("HTM") is less than its amortized cost basis, an assessment is made as to whether or not credit loss is present. Management makes a quantitative determination of potential credit loss for all HTM securities even if the risk of credit loss is considered remote and uses a best estimate threshold for securities categorized as AFS. The Company considers numerous factors when determining whether a potential credit loss exists. The principal factors considered are (1) the financial condition of the issue and (guarantor, if any) and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, industry or geographic area, (2) failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled interest or principal payments, (3) any changes to the rating of the security by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (“NRSRO”), and (4) the presence of contractual credit enhancements, if any, including the guarantee of the federal government or any of its agencies.

The Company carries all of its AFS investments at fair value with any unrealized gains or losses reported, net of tax, as an adjustment to shareholders' equity and included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), except for the credit-related portion of debt securities’ credit losses securities which are charged to earnings. The Company's ability to fully realize the value of its investments in various securities, including corporate debt securities, is dependent on the underlying creditworthiness of the issuing organization. In evaluating the debt securities portfolio, for both AFS and HTM securities for credit losses, management considers (1) if we intend to sell the security; (2) if it is “more likely than not” we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis; or (3) if the present value of expected cash flows is insufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis.

- 46 -

The estimation of fair value is significant to several of our assets; including AFS and marketable equity investment securities, intangible assets, foreclosed real estate, and the value of loan collateral when valuing loans. These are all recorded at either fair value, or the lower of cost or fair value. Fair values are determined based on third party sources, when available. Furthermore, accounting principles generally accepted in the United States require disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments as a part of the notes to the annual audited consolidated financial statements. Fair values on our AFS securities may be influenced by a number of factors including market interest rates, prepayment speeds, discount rates, and the shape of yield curves.

Fair values for AFS securities are obtained from unaffiliated third party pricing services. Where available, fair values are based on quoted prices on a nationally recognized securities exchange. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using quoted market prices for similar benchmark securities. Management made no adjustments to the fair value quotes that were provided by the pricing sources. Fair values for marketable equity securities are based on quoted prices on a nationally recognized securities exchange for similar benchmark securities. The fair values of foreclosed real estate and the underlying collateral value of individually evaluated loans are typically determined based on evaluations by third parties, less estimated costs to sell. When necessary, appraisals are updated to reflect changes in market conditions.

Management performs an annual evaluation of our goodwill for possible impairment at each of our reporting units. Based on the December 31, 2024 evaluation, management has determined that the carrying value of goodwill was not impaired as of that date. Management will continuously evaluate all relevant economic and operational factors potentially affecting the Bank or the fair value of its assets, including goodwill. Should future economic consequences require a significant and sustained change in the operations of the Bank, re-evaluations of the Bank’s goodwill valuation will be conducted on a more frequent basis.

Recent Events

On March 31, 2025, the Company announced that its Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.10 per share on the Company's voting common and non-voting common stock, and a cash dividend of $0.10 per notional share for the issued warrant relating to the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2025. The dividends are payable to all shareholders of record on April 18, 2025 and will be paid on May 9, 2025.

Overview and Results of Operations

The Company recorded net income of $3.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to net income of $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The $854,000 increase in net income was due primarily to a $1.2 million decrease in total interest expense, a $831,000 increase in total interest and dividend income, and a $269,000 decrease in provision for credit losses. These quarter-over-quarter changes were partially offset by a $727,000 increase in total noninterest expense, a $540,000 decrease in total noninterest income, and a $212,000 increase in provision for income taxes.

Net interest income before the provision for credit losses increased $2.0 million, or 21.4%, to $11.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $9.4 million for the same three month period in 2024. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to a 36 basis points decrease in the average cost of total interest-bearing liabilities in the first quarter of 2025, as compared to the same quarter in 2024, combined with a $22.0 million decrease in the average balance of total interest-bearing liabilities for the same comparative periods. The decrease in the average balance of total interest-bearing liabilities was mostly due to a $67.1 million decrease in average total borrowings, partially offset by a $45.1 million increase in the average balance of interest-bearing deposits. The decrease in the average rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities in the first quarter of 2025, as compared to the same quarter in 2024, reflects significant reductions in borrowings, continued changes in the Bank's funding mix, as well as deliberate deposit pricing adjustments.

The increase in net interest income was also due to a 19 basis points increase in the average yield of total interest-earning assets in the first quarter of 2025, as compared to the same quarter in 2024, combined with a $10.7 million increase in the average balance of total interest-earning assets. The increase in the average balance of total interest-earning assets was mostly due to a $20.9 million increase in average loans, partially offset by a $9.3 million decrease in the average balance of total investment securities, and a $934,000 decrease in average federal funds sold and interest-earning deposits. The increase in the average yield received on interest-earning assets in the first quarter of 2025, as compared to the same quarter in 2024, reflects generally increased rates of interest for newly funded loans and investment securities, as compared to the average

- 47 -

yields within these portfolios, as well as increases in rates for certain adjustable-rate loans and securities in the higher interest rate environment that has occurred in 2024 and the first quarter of 2025.

The Company's noninterest income for the first quarter of 2025 amounted to $1.2 million, reflecting a decrease of $540,000, compared to the same quarter of 2024. This decrease was primarily attributable to a $397,000 decrease in insurance agency revenue, as a result of the sale of the Company's insurance agency in October 2024. All other components of recurring noninterest income decreased $195,000, or 17.5%, during the same period. Other charges, commissions and fees decreased by $160,000, or 36.0%, in the quarter ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the same three month period in 2024, primarily as a result of New York State cumulative mortgage recording tax refunds in the amount of $141,000. Debit card interchange fees decreased $118,000 for the first quarter of 2025, as compared to the same quarter in 2024, driven by non-recurring catch up expenses related to prior periods of $158,000. Offsetting these decreases were increases of $65,000 in service charges on deposit accounts and $5,000 in earnings and gain on bank owned life insurance ("BOLI").

The quarter-over-quarter increase of $52,000, or 23.3%, in all other nonrecurring categories of noninterest income was primarily due to a $140,000 decrease in losses on sales and redemptions of investment securities, a $110,000 increase in gains on marketable equity securities, and a $47,000 increase in gain on sales of loans and foreclosed real estate. This cumulative gain of $297,000 was mostly offset by the recognition of a $245,000 refund received from cumulative lessor related pass-through operating expense charges for a leased branch location during the first quarter of 2024.

Total noninterest expense for the first quarter of 2025 was $8.4 million, an increase of $727,000, or 9.4%, compared to the same three month period in 2024. The increase was mostly the result of a $531,000 increase in building and occupancy, primarily due to ongoing facility-related costs associated with operating the East Syracuse branch acquired in July 2024. Other contributors to this quarter-over-quarter increase mostly related to the opening of the new East Syracuse branch include a $154,000 increase in amortization expense, a $138,000 increase in data processing, and a $121,000 increase in salaries and benefits. Partially offsetting these increases was a $285,000 decrease in insurance agency expense, as a result of the sale of the Company's insurance agency in October 2024.

Management extensively reviews recent trends in changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio, historical loss experience, qualitative factors, and specific reserve requirements on loans individually evaluated, in its determination of the adequacy of the ACL. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, $457,000 was recorded in PCL as compared to $726,000 in the same prior year three month period. The provision in the quarter ended March 31, 2025 was reflective of the qualitative factors used in determining the adequacy of the ACL and changes in the levels of delinquent and nonaccrual loans. The first quarter PCL reflects an addition to reserves considering loan growth and asset quality metrics. The credit-sensitive portfolios continue to be carefully monitored, and the Bank will consistently apply its loan classification and reserve building methodologies to the analysis of these portfolios.

The total PCL for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $457,000, with $504,000 related to the Company's loan portfolio, which was partially offset by a benefit of $47,000 for reserves related to unfunded commitments. The ACL related to loans was therefore $17.4 million at March 31, 2025.

In comparing the year-over-year first quarter periods, the Company’s return on average assets increased 22 basis points to 0.81% due to the combined effects of the increase in net income (the numerator in the ratio) outpacing the increase in average assets (the denominator in the ratio). Average assets increased mostly due to an increase of $20.9 million in the average balance of loans in the first quarter of 2025, as compared to the same quarter of 2024.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income is the Company's primary source of operating income for payment of operating expenses and providing for credit losses. It is the amount by which interest earned on loans, interest-earning deposits, and investment securities, exceeds the interest paid on deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities. Changes in net interest income and net interest margin result from the interaction between the volume and composition of interest-earning assets, interest-bearing liabilities, related yields, and associated funding costs.

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The following table sets forth information concerning average interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the average yields and rates thereon for the periods indicated. Interest income and resultant yield information in the table has not been adjusted for tax equivalency. Averages are computed on the daily average balance for each month in the period divided by the number of days in the period. Nonaccrual loans have been included in interest-earning assets for purposes of these calculations.

|  | (Unaudited) |
|  | For the three months ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | Average |  |  |  |  |  | Average Yield / |  |  | Average |  |  |  |  |  | Average Yield / |
(In thousands) |  | Balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Cost |  |  | Balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Cost |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  | $ | 916,207 |  |  | $ | 13,672 |  |  |  | 5.97 | % |  | $ | 895,335 |  |  | $ | 12,268 |  |  |  | 5.48 | %
Taxable investment securities |  |  | 416,558 |  |  |  | 5,278 |  |  |  | 5.07 | % |  |  | 431,114 |  |  |  | 5,736 |  |  |  | 5.32 | %
Tax-exempt investment securities |  |  | 34,475 |  |  |  | 402 |  |  |  | 4.66 | % |  |  | 29,171 |  |  |  | 508 |  |  |  | 6.97 | %
Fed funds sold and interest-earning deposits |  |  | 12,939 |  |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | 2.75 | % |  |  | 13,873 |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | 2.83 | %
Total interest-earning assets |  |  | 1,380,179 |  |  |  | 19,441 |  |  |  | 5.63 | % |  |  | 1,369,493 |  |  |  | 18,610 |  |  |  | 5.44 | %
Noninterest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  |  | 114,882 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 94,677 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses |  |  | (17,413 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (16,081 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities |  |  | (9,947 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11,187 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,467,701 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,436,902 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NOW accounts |  | $ | 111,643 |  |  | $ | 298 |  |  |  | 1.07 | % |  | $ | 99,688 |  |  | $ | 263 |  |  |  | 1.06 | %
Money management accounts |  |  | 10,906 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 0.11 | % |  |  | 11,653 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 0.10 | %
MMDA accounts |  |  | 256,186 |  |  |  | 1,960 |  |  |  | 3.06 | % |  |  | 213,897 |  |  |  | 1,933 |  |  |  | 3.61 | %
Savings and club accounts |  |  | 129,769 |  |  |  | 81 |  |  |  | 0.25 | % |  |  | 112,719 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 0.26 | %
Time deposits |  |  | 498,963 |  |  |  | 4,603 |  |  |  | 3.69 | % |  |  | 524,368 |  |  |  | 5,139 |  |  |  | 3.92 | %
Subordinated debt |  |  | 30,123 |  |  |  | 475 |  |  |  | 6.31 | % |  |  | 29,930 |  |  |  | 491 |  |  |  | 6.56 | %
Borrowings |  |  | 70,575 |  |  |  | 610 |  |  |  | 3.46 | % |  |  | 137,882 |  |  |  | 1,308 |  |  |  | 3.79 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 1,108,165 |  |  |  | 8,030 |  |  |  | 2.90 | % |  |  | 1,130,137 |  |  |  | 9,210 |  |  |  | 3.26 | %
Noninterest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits |  |  | 206,137 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 169,748 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  |  | 29,961 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,986 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities |  |  | 1,344,263 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,315,871 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders' equity |  |  | 123,438 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 121,031 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities & shareholders' equity |  | $ | 1,467,701 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,436,902 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,411 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,400 |  |  |  |
Net interest rate spread |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.73 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.18 | %
Net interest margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.31 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.75 | %
Ratio of average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 124.55 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 121.18 | %

First quarter 2025 net interest income was $11.4 million, an increase of $2.0 million, or 21.4%, from the first quarter of 2024. The increase in interest and dividend income of $831,000 from the year-ago period was primarily attributed to an increase in interest from loans of $1.4 million, partially offset by average yield decreases of 231 basis points on tax-exempt investment securities and 25 basis points on taxable investment securities. The corresponding decreases in income from tax-exempt and taxable investment securities from the first quarter of 2024 were $106,000 and $458,000, respectively. The increase in interest from loans from the year-ago period reflected a benefit of approximately $347,000, including $247,000 of 2024 interest recovered from loans removed from nonaccrual status and $100,000 of first quarter 2025 prepayment fees.

A decrease in interest expense of $1.2 million from the first quarter of 2024 was primarily attributed to average balance decreases for time deposits and borrowings coupled with average cost decreases of 32 basis points for interest-bearing deposits, 25 basis points for subordinated debt, and 33 basis points for borrowings. The corresponding decreases in deposits and borrowings expense from the year-ago period were $466,000 and $698,000 respectively. These reductions reflect continued changes in the Bank’s funding mix, including growing core deposits, as well as deliberate deposit pricing adjustments and significant reductions in borrowings.

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Net interest margin was 3.31% in the first quarter of 2025 compared to 2.75% in the first quarter of 2024. The increase reflected significant reductions in deposit and borrowing costs, as well as increased interest income associated with loans.

Rate/Volume Analysis

Net interest income can also be analyzed in terms of the impact of changing interest rates on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and changes in the volume or amount of these assets and liabilities. The following table represents the extent to which changes in interest rates and changes in the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities have affected the Company’s interest income and interest expense during the periods indicated. Information is provided in each category with respect to: (i) changes attributable to changes in volume (change in volume multiplied by prior rate); (ii) changes attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume); and (iii) total increase or decrease. Changes attributable to both rate and volume have been allocated ratably. Tax-exempt securities have not been adjusted for tax equivalency.

|  | Three months ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 vs. 2024 |
|  | Increase/(Decrease) Due to |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
Unaudited |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Increase |
(In thousands) |  | Volume |  |  | Rate |  |  | (Decrease) |
Interest Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  | $ | 291 |  |  | $ | 1,113 |  |  | $ | 1,404 |
Taxable investment securities |  |  | (190 | ) |  |  | (268 | ) |  |  | (458 | )
Tax-exempt investment securities |  |  | 82 |  |  |  | (188 | ) |  |  | (106 | )
Interest-earning deposits |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (9 | )
Total interest income |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 654 |  |  |  | 831 |
Interest Expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NOW accounts |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 35 |
Money management accounts |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
MMDA accounts |  |  | 349 |  |  |  | (322 | ) |  |  | 27 |
Savings and club accounts |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 8 |
Time deposits |  |  | (242 | ) |  |  | (294 | ) |  |  | (536 | )
Subordinated debt |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | (16 | )
Borrowings |  |  | (590 | ) |  |  | (108 | ) |  |  | (698 | )
Total interest expense |  |  | (437 | ) |  |  | (743 | ) |  |  | (1,180 | )
Net change in net interest income |  | $ | 614 |  |  | $ | 1,397 |  |  | $ | 2,011 |

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Deposits

The Company’s deposit base is drawn from eleven full-service branches and one motor bank in its market area. The deposit base consists of demand deposits, money management and money market deposit accounts, savings, and time deposits. Total deposits increased by $60.0 million, or 5.0% from December 31, 2024. The increase in consumer and business deposits during the quarter ended March 31, 2025, reflected the Bank’s increased market penetration among both non-business and business customers. For the quarter ended March 31, 2025, 78.3% of the Company's deposit base of $1.1 billion consisted of core deposits. Core deposits, which exclude brokered deposits and certificates of deposit of $250,000 or more, are considered to be more stable and generally provide the Company with a lower cost of funds than brokered and time deposits. The Company will continue to emphasize retail and business core deposits in the future by providing depositors with a full range of deposit product offerings and will maintain its recent focus on deposit gathering within the Syracuse market.

A summary of deposits by category at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 is as follows:

(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Savings accounts |  | $ | 129,898 |  |  | $ | 128,753 |
Time accounts |  |  | 349,673 |  |  |  | 360,716 |
Time accounts in excess of $250,000 |  |  | 149,922 |  |  |  | 142,473 |
Money management accounts |  |  | 10,774 |  |  |  | 11,583 |
MMDA accounts |  |  | 306,281 |  |  |  | 239,016 |
Demand deposit interest-bearing |  |  | 109,941 |  |  |  | 101,080 |
Demand deposit noninterest-bearing |  |  | 203,314 |  |  |  | 213,719 |
Mortgage escrow funds |  |  | 4,677 |  |  |  | 7,184 |
Total Deposits |  | $ | 1,264,480 |  |  | $ | 1,204,524 |

In addition to deposits obtained from its business operations within its target market areas, the Bank also obtains brokered deposits through various programs administered by IntraFi Network and through other unaffiliated third-party financial institutions.

The following table sets forth our nonbrokered and brokered deposit activities at the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
(In thousands) |  | Nonbrokered |  |  | Brokered |  |  | Total |  |  | Nonbrokered |  |  | Brokered |  |  | Total |
Savings accounts |  | $ | 129,898 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 129,898 |  |  | $ | 128,753 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 128,753 |
Time accounts |  |  | 227,344 |  |  |  | 122,329 |  |  |  | 349,673 |  |  |  | 226,445 |  |  |  | 134,271 |  |  |  | 360,716 |
Time accounts of $250,000 or more |  |  | 149,922 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 149,922 |  |  |  | 142,473 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 142,473 |
Money management accounts |  |  | 10,774 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,774 |  |  |  | 11,583 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11,583 |
MMDA accounts |  |  | 306,281 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 306,281 |  |  |  | 239,016 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 239,016 |
Demand deposit interest-bearing |  |  | 107,941 |  |  |  | 2,000 |  |  |  | 109,941 |  |  |  | 99,080 |  |  |  | 2,000 |  |  |  | 101,080 |
Demand deposit noninterest-bearing |  |  | 203,314 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 203,314 |  |  |  | 213,719 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 213,719 |
Mortgage escrow funds |  |  | 4,677 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,677 |  |  |  | 7,184 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,184 |
Total Deposits |  | $ | 1,140,151 |  |  | $ | 124,329 |  |  | $ | 1,264,480 |  |  | $ | 1,068,253 |  |  | $ | 136,271 |  |  | $ | 1,204,524 |

Provision for Credit Losses

We establish a provision for credit losses, which is charged to operations, at a level management believes is appropriate to absorb lifetime credit losses in the loan portfolio. In evaluating the level of the allowance for credit losses, management considers historical loss experience, the types of loans and the amount of loans in the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, and prevailing economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available or as future events change. The provision for credit losses represents management’s estimate of the amount necessary to maintain the allowance for credit losses at an adequate level.

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The Company recorded $457,000 in provision for credit losses for the three month period ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $726,000 for the three month period ended March 31, 2024. The provisioning in the first quarter of 2025 and 2024 reflects management’s determination of the appropriate level of additions to reserves, the composition of the loan portfolio, changes in quantifiable econometric data statistically correlated to historical charge-off rates, subjective qualitative assessments of changes in a broad array of factors including changes to underwriting criteria, loan staffing and local market conditions and changes in the levels of delinquent and nonaccrual loans. This represents a $269,000 decrease in provision for credit losses in the first quarter of 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. The first quarter PCL reflects an addition to reserves considering loan growth and asset quality metrics. The Bank's credit sensitive portfolios continue to be carefully monitored, and the Bank will consistently apply its loan classification and reserve building methodologies to the analysis of these portfolios. Please refer to the asset quality section below for a further discussion of asset quality as it relates to the allowance for credit losses.

The Company measures delinquency based on the amount of past due loans as a percentage of total loans. The ratio of delinquent loans to total loans decreased to 3.1% at March 31, 2025 as compared to 3.8% at December 31, 2024. Delinquent loans (numerator) decreased $7.1 million while total loan balances (denominator) decreased $6.8 million at March 31, 2025, as compared to December 31, 2024. The decrease in past due loans between these two periods was driven by an $8.9 million decrease in loans delinquent 90 days and over, and a decrease of $297,000 in loans delinquent 60-89 days, partially offset by an increase of $2.1 million in loans delinquent 30-59 days.

At March 31, 2025, there were $28.0 million in loans past due including $10.9 million in loans 30-59 days past due, $3.9 million in loans 60-89 days past due and $13.2 million in loans 90 or more days past due. At December 31, 2024, there were $35.1 million in loans past due including $8.8 million in loans 30-59 days past due, $4.2 million in loans 60-89 days past due and $22.1 million in loans 90 or more days past due.

The Bank continues to diligently monitor credit portfolios, particularly those considered sensitive to prevailing economic stressors, and apply conservative loan classification and reserve building methodologies.

Noninterest Income

The Company's noninterest income is primarily comprised of fees on deposit account balances and transactions, loan servicing, commissions, including insurance agency commissions, and net gains on sales of securities, loans, and foreclosed real estate.

The following table sets forth certain information on noninterest income for the periods indicated:

|  | For the three months ended, |
(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | March 31, 2024 |  |  | Change |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  | $ | 374 |  |  | $ | 309 |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  |  | 21.0 | %
Earnings and gain on bank owned life insurance |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 3.2 | %
Loan servicing fees |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | 88 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 14.8 | %
Debit card interchange fees |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | (118 | ) |  |  | -99.2 | %
Insurance agency revenue |  |  | - |  |  |  | 397 |  |  |  | (397 | ) |  |  | -100.0 | %
Other charges, commissions and fees |  |  | 284 |  |  |  | 444 |  |  |  | (160 | ) |  |  | -36.0 | %
Noninterest income before gains and losses |  |  | 922 |  |  |  | 1,514 |  |  |  | (592 | ) |  |  | -39.1 | %
Gains on sales and redemptions of investment securities |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (148 | ) |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | 94.6 | %
Gain on sales of loans and foreclosed real estate |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 261.1 | %
Non-recurring gain on lease renegotiations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | (245 | ) |  |  | -100.0 | %
Gains (losses) on marketable equity securities |  |  | 218 |  |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 101.9 | %
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 1,197 |  |  | $ | 1,737 |  |  | $ | (540 | ) |  |  | -31.1 | %

First quarter 2025 noninterest income totaled $1.2 million and no longer includes contributions from the insurance agency business sold in October 2024. First quarter 2024 noninterest income totaled $1.7 million, including $397,000 in insurance revenue.

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Compared to the year-ago period, first quarter 2025 noninterest income reflected a reduction of $264,000 in debit card interchange fees driven by $158,000 of non-recurring catch up expenses and seasonal reductions estimated at $100,000, as well as decreases of $31,000 in service charges on deposit accounts and $7,000 in earnings and gain on bank owned life insurance (“BOLI”). Compared to the linked quarter, first quarter 2025 noninterest income also reflected increases of $52,000 in net realized gains on sales of marketable equity securities and $26,000 in gains on sales of loans and foreclosed real estate, as well as a decrease of $257,000 in net realized gains on sales and redemptions of investment securities.

Compared to the year-ago period, first quarter 2025 noninterest income included increases of $65,000 in service charges on deposit accounts, $13,000 in loan servicing fees, and $5,000 in earnings and gain on BOLI, as well as a decline of $118,000 in debit card interchange fees driven by $158,000 of non-recurring catch up expenses related to prior periods. Noninterest income growth from the year-ago quarter also reflected a $140,000 decrease in net realized losses on sales and redemptions of investment securities and increases of $110,000 in net realized gains on sales of marketable equity securities and $47,000 in gains on sales of loans and foreclosed real estate.

Noninterest Expense

The following table sets forth certain information on noninterest expense for the periods indicated:

|  | For the three months ended, |
(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | March 31, 2024 |  |  | Change |
Salaries and employee benefits |  | $ | 4,450 |  |  | $ | 4,329 |  |  | $ | 121 |  |  |  | 2.8 | %
Building and occupancy |  |  | 1,347 |  |  |  | 816 |  |  |  | 531 |  |  |  | 65.1 | %
Data processing |  |  | 666 |  |  |  | 528 |  |  |  | 138 |  |  |  | 26.1 | %
Professional and other services |  |  | 606 |  |  |  | 562 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 7.8 | %
Advertising |  |  | 141 |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 34.3 | %
FDIC assessments |  |  | 229 |  |  |  | 229 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.0 | %
Audits and exams |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | 170 |  |  |  | (56 | ) |  |  | -32.9 | %
Amortization expense |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | 5133.3 | %
Insurance agency expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 285 |  |  |  | (285 | ) |  |  | -100.0 | %
Community service activities |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | (41 | ) |  |  | -78.8 | %
Foreclosed real estate expenses |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | -16.0 | %
Other expenses |  |  | 691 |  |  |  | 602 |  |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | 14.8 | %
Total noninterest expenses |  | $ | 8,433 |  |  | $ | 7,706 |  |  | $ | 727 |  |  |  | 9.4 | %

Total noninterest expense for the first quarter of 2025 was $8.4 million, an increase of $727,000, or 9.4%, compared to the same three month period in 2024. Salaries and benefits were $4.5 million in the first quarter of 2025, increasing $121,000 from the year-ago same period. The increase from the first quarter of 2024 was primarily attributed to a $95,000 increase in stock-based compensation and $123,000 in other salary and benefits expenses associated with personnel in the East Syracuse branch acquired in July 2024.

Building and occupancy was $1.3 million in the first quarter of 2025, increasing $531,000 from the year-ago quarter. The increase from the first quarter of last year was primarily due to ongoing facilities-related costs associated with operating the East Syracuse branch acquired in July 2024.

Data processing expense was $666,000 in the first quarter of 2025, increasing $138,000 from the year-ago period. The increase from the first quarter of 2024 was primarily attributed to the ongoing operations of the East Syracuse branch acquired in July 2024.

Partially offsetting these increases was a $285,000 decrease in insurance agency expense, as a result of the sale to the Company's insurance agency in October 2024.

We anticipate making planned investments in our workforce, filling vacancies, introducing additional performance-based compensation programs, and making targeted compensation adjustments in order to retain top talent and incentivize desired operational and financial outcomes. Such strategic staffing enhancements are believed to be integral to maintaining our competitive position and achieving long-term success in the dynamic banking landscape.

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Annualized noninterest expense represented 2.33% of average assets in the first quarter of 2025, compared to 2.16% in the year-ago period, including costs associated with transactions of the divested insurance agency business. The efficiency ratio improved to 66.84% in the first quarter of 2025 as revenue growth outpaced increases in noninterest expense, compared to 68.29% in the year-ago period. The efficiency ratio, which is not a financial metric under GAAP, is a measure that the Company believes is helpful to understanding its level of non-interest expense as a percentage of total revenue.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense increased $212,000 to $744,000, with an effective tax rate of 20.0%, for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $532,000 with an effective tax rate of 19.7% for the same three month period in 2024. The increase in income tax expense for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the same quarter in 2024, was primarily driven by an increase of $1.0 million in income before taxes. The effective income tax rate increased 30 basis points to 20.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to 19.7% for the same three month period in 2024. The increase in the tax rate in the first quarter of 2025, as compared to the same quarter in 2024, was primarily related to fluctuations in permanent tax differences.

The Company’s tax liability is a function of the 21% statutory federal tax rate, the level of pretax income, the varying effects of New York State income taxes, and is partially reduced by tax-exempt income from specific types of investment securities and loans, bank owned life insurance, and, to a much lesser degree, the utilization of low income housing tax credits. In addition, the tax effects of certain incentive stock option activity may reduce the Company’s effective tax rate on a sporadic basis.

Earnings per Share

Basic and diluted earnings per Voting and Series A Non-Voting share were $0.48 and $0.41 per share for the first quarter of 2025, respectively. The difference between basic and diluted earnings per share reflects the accounting impact of restricted stock units granted to senior executive officers during the period under the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan, which was approved by shareholders at the 2024 annual meeting.

For the first quarter of 2024, both basic and diluted earnings per Voting and Series A Non-Voting share were $0.34 per share. The increase in earnings per share between these two periods was due to the increase in net income between these two time periods. Further information on earnings per share can be found in Note 3 of the unaudited consolidated financial statements of this Form 10-Q.

Changes in Financial Condition

Assets

Total assets increased $20.5 million, or 1.39%, to $1.50 billion at March 31, 2025 as compared to December 31, 2024. This increase was due primarily to increases in total cash and cash equivalents.

Loans totaled $912.2 million at March 31, 2025, a decrease of $6.8 million, or 0.74%, compared to $919.0 million at December 31, 2024. This was primarily due to decreases of $9.2 million in total residential mortgage loans and $662,000 in total consumer loans, partially offset by increases of $3.1 million in commercial loans. Total cash and cash equivalents totaled $51.5 million at March 31, 2025, an increase of $19.9 million, or 63.0%, compared to $31.6 million at December 31, 2024. This was due to increases of $15.3 million in interest-earning deposits, and increases in cash and due from banks of $4.6 million.

Total increases in assets were also due to an increase in investment securities, including investment in FHLB-NY stock, of $10.4 million, or 2.4%, to $447.1 million at March 31, 2025, as compared to December 31, 2024. This was due to increases of $14.7 million in available-for-sale securities and $325,000 in marketable equity securities, partially offset by decreases of $3.0 million in held-to-maturity securities and $1.7 million in FHLB-NY stock.

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Liabilities

Total liabilities increased $17.1 million, or 1.3%, to $1.37 billion at March 31, 2025 as compared to December 31, 2024. This increase was due primarily to an increase in total deposits of $60.0 million, or 5.0%, to $1.26 billion at March 31, 2025, from $1.20 billion at December 31, 2024. Interest-bearing deposits increased $70.4 million, or 7.1% from December 31, 2024 to March 31, 2025, while noninterest-bearing deposits decreased $10.4 million, or 4.9%, during the same period.

Total increases in liabilities were offset partially by a $43.4 million, or 49.3% decrease in borrowed funds balances from the FHLB-NY of $44.6 million at March 31, 2025, as compared to December 31, 2024. This decrease in borrowed funds includes a decrease of $34.0 million in short-term borrowing, and $9.4 million in long term borrowing.

Shareholders’ Equity

Shareholders' equity increased by $3.4 million, or 2.8%, from $121.5 million at December 31, 2024, to $124.9 million on March 31, 2025. This increase was primarily due to the Company’s $2.3 million increase in retained earnings and a decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss of $712,000, partially reduced by declared dividends to shareholders of $627,000.

Capital

Capital adequacy is evaluated primarily by the use of ratios which measure capital against total assets, as well as against total assets that are weighted based on defined risk characteristics. The Company’s goal is to maintain a strong capital position, consistent with the risk profile of its banking operations. This strong capital position serves to support growth and expansion activities while at the same time exceeding regulatory standards. At March 31, 2025, the Bank met the regulatory definition of a “well-capitalized” institution, i.e. a leverage capital ratio exceeding 5%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio exceeding 8%, Tier 1 common equity exceeding 6.5%, and a total risk-based capital ratio exceeding 10%.

In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. The buffer is separate from the capital ratios required under the Prompt Corrective Actions (“PCA”) standards. In order to avoid these restrictions, the capital conservation buffer effectively increases the minimum levels of the following capital to risk-weighted assets ratios: (1) Core Capital, (2) Total Capital and (3) Common Equity. At March 31, 2025, the Bank exceeded all regulatory required minimum capital ratios, including the capital buffer requirements.

Pathfinder Bank’s capital amounts and ratios as of the indicated dates are presented in the following table:

|  | Actual |  |  | Minimum For Capital Adequacy Purposes |  |  | Minimum To Be "Well-Capitalized" Under Prompt Corrective Provisions |  |  | Minimum For Capital Adequacy with Buffer |
(In thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |
As of March 31, 2025: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Core Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 154,310 |  |  |  | 14.86 | % |  | $ | 83,054 |  |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 103,817 |  |  |  | 10.00 | % |  | $ | 109,008 |  |  |  | 10.50 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 141,269 |  |  |  | 13.61 | % |  | $ | 62,290 |  |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | $ | 83,054 |  |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 88,244 |  |  |  | 8.50 | %
Tier 1 Common Equity (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 141,269 |  |  |  | 13.61 | % |  | $ | 46,718 |  |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | $ | 67,481 |  |  |  | 6.50 | % |  | $ | 72,672 |  |  |  | 7.00 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Assets) |  | $ | 141,269 |  |  |  | 9.80 | % |  | $ | 57,646 |  |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 72,058 |  |  |  | 5.00 | % |  | $ | 72,058 |  |  |  | 5.00 | %
As of December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Core Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 151,747 |  |  |  | 14.65 | % |  | $ | 82,845 |  |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 103,556 |  |  |  | 10.00 | % |  | $ | 108,733 |  |  |  | 10.50 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 138,740 |  |  |  | 13.40 | % |  | $ | 62,133 |  |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | $ | 82,845 |  |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 88,022 |  |  |  | 8.50 | %
Tier 1 Common Equity (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 138,740 |  |  |  | 13.40 | % |  | $ | 46,600 |  |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | $ | 67,311 |  |  |  | 6.50 | % |  | $ | 72,489 |  |  |  | 7.00 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Assets) |  | $ | 138,740 |  |  |  | 9.64 | % |  | $ | 41,422 |  |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 51,778 |  |  |  | 5.00 | % |  | $ | 71,960 |  |  |  | 5.00 | %

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Regulation G, a rule adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), applies to certain SEC filings, including earnings releases, made by registered companies that contain “non-GAAP financial measures.” GAAP is generally accepted

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accounting principles in the United States of America. Under Regulation G, companies making public disclosures containing non-GAAP financial measures must also disclose, along with each non-GAAP financial measure, certain additional information, including a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the closest comparable GAAP financial measure (if a comparable GAAP measure exists) and a statement of the Company’s reasons for utilizing the non-GAAP financial measure as part of its financial disclosures. The SEC has exempted from the definition of “non-GAAP financial measures” certain commonly used financial measures that are not based on GAAP. When these exempted measures are included in public disclosures, supplemental information is not required. Financial institutions like the Company and its subsidiary bank are subject to an array of bank regulatory capital measures that are financial in nature but are not based on GAAP. The Company follows industry practice in disclosing its financial condition under these various regulatory capital measures, including period-end regulatory capital ratios for its subsidiary bank, in its periodic reports filed with the SEC. The Company provides, below, an explanation of the calculations, as supplemental information, for non-GAAP measures included in the consolidated annual financial statements. In addition, the Company provides a reconciliation of its subsidiary bank’s disclosed regulatory capital measures, below.

| March 31, |  |  | December 31, |  |
(In thousands) | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |
Regulatory Capital Ratios (Bank only) |  |  |  |  |  |
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |
Total equity (GAAP) | $ | 143,725 |  |  | $ | 140,641 |  |
Goodwill |  | (5,056 | ) |  |  | (5,056 | ) |
Intangible assets |  | (5,832 | ) |  |  | (5,989 | ) |
Addback: Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | 8,432 |  |  |  | 9,144 |  |
Total Tier 1 Capital | $ | 141,269 |  |  | $ | 138,740 |  |
Allowance for credit losses (subject to regulatory limits) |  | 13,041 |  |  |  | 13,007 |  |
Total Tier 2 Capital | $ | 13,041 |  |  | $ | 13,007 |  |
Total Tier 1 plus Tier 2 Capital (numerator) | $ | 154,310 |  |  | $ | 151,747 |  |
Risk-weighted assets (denominator) |  | 1,038,170 |  |  |  | 1,035,557 |  |
Total core capital to risk-weighted assets |  | 14.86 |  | % |  | 14.65 |  | %
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Tier 1 capital (numerator) | $ | 141,269 |  |  | $ | 138,740 |  |
Risk-weighted assets (denominator) |  | 1,038,170 |  |  |  | 1,035,557 |  |
Total capital to risk-weighted assets |  | 13.61 |  | % |  | 13.40 |  | %
Tier 1 capital (to adjusted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Tier 1 capital (numerator) | $ | 141,269 |  |  | $ | 138,740 |  |
Total average assets |  | 1,452,043 |  |  |  | 1,450,254 |  |
Goodwill |  | (5,056 | ) |  |  | (5,056 | ) |
Intangible assets |  | (5,832 | ) |  |  | (5,989 | ) |
Adjusted assets (denominator) | $ | 1,441,155 |  |  | $ | 1,439,209 |  |
Total capital to adjusted assets |  | 9.80 |  | % |  | 9.64 |  | %
Tier 1 Common Equity (to risk-weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Tier 1 capital (numerator) | $ | 141,269 |  |  | $ | 138,740 |  |
Risk-weighted assets (denominator) |  | 1,038,170 |  |  |  | 1,035,557 |  |
Total Tier 1 Common Equity to risk-weighted assets |  | 13.61 |  | % |  | 13.40 |  | %

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Loan and Asset Quality and Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table represents information concerning the aggregate amount of non-accrual loans at the indicated dates:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |  |  | March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2024 |
Nonaccrual loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and commercial real estate loans |  | $ | 10,610 |  |  | $ | 18,212 |  |  | $ | 14,305 |
Consumer |  |  | 765 |  |  |  | 710 |  |  |  | 3,572 |
Residential mortgage loans |  |  | 1,857 |  |  |  | 3,162 |  |  |  | 1,775 |
Total nonaccrual loans |  |  | 13,232 |  |  |  | 22,084 |  |  |  | 19,652 |
Total nonperforming loans |  |  | 13,232 |  |  |  | 22,084 |  |  |  | 19,652 |
Foreclosed real estate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 82 |
Total nonperforming assets |  | $ | 13,232 |  |  | $ | 22,084 |  |  | $ | 19,734 |
Nonperforming loans to total loans |  |  | 1.45 | % |  |  | 2.40 | % |  |  | 2.20 | %
Nonperforming assets to total assets |  |  | 0.88 | % |  |  | 1.50 | % |  |  | 1.36 | %

Nonperforming assets include nonaccrual loans, and foreclosed real estate (‘‘FRE”).

As indicated in the table above, nonperforming assets at March 31, 2025 were $13.2 million, and were $8.9 million lower than the $22.1 million reported at December 31, 2024 and $6.5 million lower than the $19.7 million reported at March 31, 2024. The decrease in the nonperforming loans on March 31, 2025, as compared to December 31, 2024, was primarily the result of certain commercial loans returning to accrual status.

Fair values for commercial FRE are initially recorded based on market value evaluations by third parties, less costs to sell (“initial cost basis”). On a prospective basis, residential FRE assets will be initially recorded at the lower of the net amount of loan receivable or the real estate’s fair value less costs to sell. Any write-downs required when the related loan receivable is exchanged for the underlying real estate collateral at the time of transfer to FRE are charged to the allowance for credit losses. Values are derived from appraisals of underlying collateral or discounted cash flow analysis. Subsequent to foreclosure, valuations are updated periodically and assets are marked to current fair value, not to exceed the initial cost basis for the FRE property.

The allowance for credit losses on loans represents management’s estimate of the lifetime losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the date of the statement of condition. The allowance for credit losses was $17.4 million and $17.2 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The ratio of the allowance for credit losses to total loans was 1.91% as of March 31, 2025, as compared to 1.88% at December 31, 2024 and 1.87% at March 31, 2024. Management performs a quarterly evaluation of the allowance for credit losses based on quantitative and qualitative factors and has determined that the current level of the allowance for credit losses is adequate to absorb the losses in the loan portfolio as of March 31, 2025.

Loans purchased outside the Bank’s general market area are subject to substantial pre-purchase due diligence. Homogenous pools of purchased loans are subject to pre-purchase analyses led by a team of the Bank’s senior executives and credit analysts. In each case, the Bank’s analytical processes consider the types of loans being evaluated, the underwriting criteria employed by the originating entity, the historical performance of such loans, the offered collateral enhancements and other credit loss mitigation factors offered by the seller and the capabilities and financial stability of the servicing entities involved. From a credit risk perspective, these loan pools also benefit from broad diversification, including wide geographic dispersion, the readily-verifiable historical performance of similar loans issued by the originators, as well as the overall experience and skill of the underwriters and servicing entities involved as counterparties to the Bank in these transactions. The performance of all purchased loan pools are monitored regularly from detailed reports and remittance reconciliations provided at least monthly by the external servicing entities.

The projected credit losses related to purchased loan pools are evaluated prior to purchase and the performance of those loans against expectations are analyzed at least monthly. Over the life of the purchased loan pools, the allowance for credit losses is adjusted, through the provision for credit losses, for expected loss experience, over the projected life of the loans.

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The expected credit loss experience is determined at the time of purchase and is modified, to the extent necessary, during the life of the purchased loan pools. The Bank does not initially increase the allowance for credit losses on the purchase date of the loan pools.

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had $15.8 million and $20.0 million in loans, respectively, which were individually analyzed, having established specific reserves of $2.5 million, respectively, on these loans.

Appraisals are obtained at the time a real estate secured loan is originated. For commercial real estate held as collateral, the property is inspected every two years.

Management has identified certain loans with potential credit profiles that may result in the borrowers not being able to comply with the current loan repayment terms and which may result in possible future identified loan reporting. Potential problem loans totaled $58.5 million at March 31, 2025, a decrease of $2.1 million, as compared to $56.4 million at December 31, 2024. These loans have been internally classified as special mention, substandard, or doubtful, yet are not currently considered individually evaluated.

In the normal course of business, the Bank has, from time to time, sold residential mortgage loans and participation interests in commercial loans. As is typical in the industry, the Bank makes certain representations and warranties to the buyer. Pathfinder Bank maintains a quality control program for closed loans and considers the risks and uncertainties associated with potential repurchase requirements to be minimal.

The future performance of the Company’s loan portfolios with respect to credit losses will be highly dependent upon the course and duration, both nationally and within the Company’s market area, of the concentrations in the Company’s loan portfolio. Concentrations of loans within a portfolio that are made to a single borrower, to a related group of borrowers, or to a limited number of industries, are generally considered to be additional risk factors in estimating future credit losses. Therefore, the Company monitors all of its credit relationships to ensure that the total loan amounts extended to one borrower, or to a related group of borrowers, does not exceed the maximum permissible levels defined by applicable regulation or the Company’s generally more restrictive internal policy limits.

Liquidity

Liquidity management involves the Company’s ability to generate cash or otherwise obtain funds at reasonable rates to support asset growth, meet deposit withdrawals, maintain reserve requirements, and otherwise operate the Company on an ongoing basis. The Company's primary sources of funds are deposits, borrowed funds, amortization and prepayment of loans and maturities of investment securities and other short-term investments, and earnings and funds provided from operations. While scheduled principal repayments on loans are a relatively predictable source of funds, deposit flows and loan prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition. The Company manages the pricing of deposits to maintain a desired deposit composition and balance. In addition, the Company invests excess funds in short-term interest-earning and other assets, which provide liquidity to meet lending requirements.

The Company's liquidity has been enhanced by its ability to borrow from the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”), whose competitive advance programs and lines of credit provide the Company with a safe, reliable, and convenient source of funds. A significant decrease in deposits in the future could result in the Company having to seek other sources of funds for liquidity purposes. Such sources could include, but are not limited to, additional borrowings, brokered deposits, negotiated time deposits, the sale of "available-for-sale" investment securities, the sale of securitized loans, or the sale of whole loans. Such actions could result in higher interest expense and/or losses on the sale of securities or loans.

Through the first three months of 2025, as indicated in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, the Company reported net cash inflows from financing activities of $16.1 million and $5.7 million from operating activities. The net cash inflows from financing activities was primarily due to increases of $60.0 million in net deposit balances, partially offset by a $43.4 million decrease in net borrowings, and a $445,000 decrease in net cash from all other financing sources, including dividends paid to common voting and non-voting shareholders and warrants of $625,000. The Company reported net cash outflows of $1.9 million related to investing activities, generated primarily by decreases of $7.9 million and $637,000 in net

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investment activity and premises and equipment, respectively, offset partially by increases of $6.7 million in net loan activity.

The Bank’s management monitors liquidity on a continuous basis through a broad range of internal programs and considers effective liquidity management to be one of its primary objectives. At March 31, 2025 the Bank had deposits of $1.26 billion, of which a portion were nominally uninsured, as they were above the insurance limits established by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) on that date. Of the nominally uninsured deposits at March 31, 2025, $107.0 million were insured through a long-standing reciprocal deposit program managed by a third-party entity. In addition, $138.0 million in municipal deposits are fully protected against principal loss by a collateral program whereby the Bank places high-quality securities with an independent custodian as collateral. The Bank had $150.0 million in deposits, representing 13.2% of all deposits, that were considered to be uninsured at March 31, 2025.

The Company has a number of existing credit facilities available to it. At March 31, 2025, total credit available under the existing lines of credit was approximately $224.5 million at FHLBNY, the Federal Reserve Bank, and two other correspondent banks. At March 31, 2025, the Company had $44.6 million of the available lines of credit utilized on its existing lines of credit with the remainder of $179.8 million available.

The Asset Liability Management Committee of the Company is responsible for implementing the policies and guidelines for the maintenance of prudent levels of liquidity. As of March 31, 2025, management reported to the Board of Directors that the Company is in compliance with its liquidity policy guidelines.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company is also a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. At March 31, 2025, the Company had $211.2 million in outstanding commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit.

The Company's exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance related to off-balance sheet arrangements is proportional to the contractual amount of those instruments. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded. The Company records an allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures, unless such commitments are unconditionally cancelable, through the provision for credit losses expense. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures as of March 31, 2025 was $513,000 and is included in other liabilities on the Company's consolidated Statements of Condition.

Item 3 – Quantitative and Qualitat ive Disclosures About Market Risk

A smaller reporting company is not required to provide the information relating to this item.

Item 4 – Control s and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) (the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer), management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of March 31, 2025. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2025, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of that date.

We did not make any changes in internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 31, 2025 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHE R INFORMATION

Item 1 – Lega l Proceedings

At March 31, 2025, the Company is not currently a named party in a legal proceeding, the outcome of which would have a material and adverse effect on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company.

Item 1A – R isk Factors

A smaller reporting company is not required to provide the information relating to this item.

Item 2 – Unregistered Sales of Equ ity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  |  | Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs |
January 1, 2025 through January 31, 2025 |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 74,292 |
February 1, 2025 through February 28, 2025 |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 74,292 |
March 1, 2025 through March 31, 2025 |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 74,292 |

(1)
On August 29, 2016, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 217,692 shares of our common stock, or 5% of the Company’s shares outstanding as of that date.

Item 3 – Defaults Upo n Senior Securities

None

Item 4 – Mine Saf ety Disclosures

Not applicable

Item 5 – Othe r Information

During the first quarter of 2025, none of our directors or officers adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as that term is used in SEC regulations.

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Item 6 – E xhibits

Exhibit No. | Description
31.1 | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer
31.2 | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Chief Financial Officer
32 | Section 1350 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer
101 | Interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL): (i) the Consolidated Statements of Condition, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements tagged as blocks of text.
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).

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SIGNAT URES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

PATHFINDER BANCORP, INC.

(registrant)

May 15, 2025 | /s/ James A. Dowd |
| James A. Dowd |
| President and Chief Executive Officer |
May 15, 2025 | /s/ Justin K. Bigham |
| Justin K. Bigham |
| Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer |

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