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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025

OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________ to ________

Commission file number 333-259554

AEye, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 37-1827430
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
4670 Willow Road, Suite 125, Pleasanton, CA |  | 94588
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(925) 400-4366

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share | LIDR | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Warrants to purchase one share of common stock | LIDRW | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ☒
|  | Emerging growth company | ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 7, 2025, the registrant had 39,943,121 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

1

Table of Contents

AEye, Inc.

Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2025

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS | 3
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 8
| Notes To Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 9
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 23
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 35
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 36
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 37
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 37
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 71
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 71
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 71
Item 5. Other Information | 71
Item 6. Exhibits | 72
Signatures | 73

2

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which involve substantial risks and uncertainties. These statements reflect the current views of management with respect to future events and our financial performance. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as “outlook,” “believes,” “expects,” “potential,” “continues,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “seeks,” “approximately,” “predicts,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” or the negative version of these words or other comparable words or phrases, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. These forward-looking statements, which are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions about us, may include projections of our future financial performance, our anticipated growth strategies, and anticipated trends in our business.

These statements are only predictions based on our current expectations and projections about future events. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other important factors that could cause our actual results, level of activity, performance, or achievements to differ materially from the results, level of activity, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Given these risks, uncertainties, and other factors, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. These factors include the information set forth in Part 1, Item 1A, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 under the heading “Risk Factors,” and Part II, Item 1A, of this Quarterly Report under the heading “Risk Factors,” which we encourage you to carefully read. Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, level of activity, performance, or achievements. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Form 10-Q to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Form 10-Q or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.

3

Table of Contents

PART 1. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial statements (Unaudited)

AEYE, INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In thousands, except share amounts and par value data)

|  | June 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  | (Unaudited) |  |  |  |  |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CURRENT ASSETS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 2,374 |  |  | $ | 10,266 |
Marketable securities |  |  | 16,836 |  |  |  | 12,012 |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 11 |
Inventories, net |  |  | 232 |  |  |  | 176 |
Prepaid and other current assets |  |  | 943 |  |  |  | 2,706 |
Total current assets |  |  | 20,412 |  |  |  | 25,171 |
Right-of-use assets |  |  | 549 |  |  |  | 652 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 549 |  |  |  | 605 |
Other noncurrent assets |  |  | 592 |  |  |  | 692 |
Total assets |  | $ | 22,102 |  |  | $ | 27,120 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CURRENT LIABILITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 5,473 |  |  | $ | 3,598 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 3,117 |  |  |  | 7,709 |
Convertible note, current |  |  | 1,997 |  |  |  | — |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 10,587 |  |  |  | 11,307 |
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent |  |  | 361 |  |  |  | 479 |
Convertible note, noncurrent |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | 146 |
Other noncurrent liabilities |  |  | 826 |  |  |  | 64 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 11,920 |  |  |  | 11,996 |
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 17) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock—$0.0001 par value: 1,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock—$0.0001 par value: 600,000,000 shares authorized; 20,550,266 and 13,734,160 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 400,561 |  |  |  | 388,213 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (390,381 | ) |  |  | (373,095 | )
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 10,182 |  |  |  | 15,124 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 22,102 |  |  | $ | 27,120 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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AEYE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(In thousands, except share amounts and per share data)
(Unaudited)

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Revenue |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 52 |
Cost of revenue |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 160 |  |  | $ | 204 |  |  |  | 423 |
Gross loss |  |  | (86 | ) |  |  | (128 | ) |  |  | (118 | ) |  |  | (371 | )
OPERATING EXPENSES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  |  | 3,670 |  |  |  | 3,838 |  |  | $ | 7,160 |  |  |  | 8,370 |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 601 |  |  |  | 67 |  |  | $ | 984 |  |  |  | 408 |
General and administrative |  |  | 4,348 |  |  |  | 4,223 |  |  | $ | 7,243 |  |  |  | 9,838 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 8,619 |  |  |  | 8,128 |  |  |  | 15,387 |  |  |  | 18,616 |
LOSS FROM OPERATIONS |  |  | (8,705 | ) |  |  | (8,256 | ) |  |  | (15,505 | ) |  |  | (18,987 | )
OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of convertible note and warrant liabilities |  |  | (593 | ) |  |  | (15 | ) |  | $ | 87 |  |  |  | (13 | )
Interest income and other |  |  | 393 |  |  |  | 228 |  |  | $ | 607 |  |  |  | 423 |
Interest expense and other |  |  | (365 | ) |  |  | 56 |  |  | $ | (2,473 | ) |  |  | 373 |
Total other income (expense), net |  |  | (565 | ) |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | (1,779 | ) |  |  | 783 |
Loss before income tax expense |  |  | (9,270 | ) |  |  | (7,987 | ) |  |  | (17,284 | ) |  |  | (18,204 | )
Provision for income tax expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |
Net loss |  | $ | (9,270 | ) |  | $ | (7,987 | ) |  | $ | (17,286 | ) |  | $ | (18,206 | )
Change in net unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities, net of tax |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (18 | )
Comprehensive loss |  | $ | (9,276 | ) |  | $ | (7,991 | ) |  | $ | (17,291 | ) |  | $ | (18,224 | )
PER SHARE DATA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss per share (basic and diluted) |  | $ | (0.48 | ) |  | $ | (1.16 | ) |  | $ | (0.95 | ) |  | $ | (2.80 | )
Weighted average shares outstanding (basic and diluted) |  |  | 19,125,970 |  |  |  | 6,874,454 |  |  |  | 18,137,050 |  |  |  | 6,499,089 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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AEYE, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

(In thousands, except share amounts)

(Unaudited)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  | Accumulated Other |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
|  | Preferred Stock |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | Paid-in |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Stockholders’ |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Income (Loss) |  |  | Deficit |  |  | Equity |
BALANCE—December 31, 2024 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 13,734,160 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 388,213 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (373,095 | ) |  | $ | 15,124 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,501 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,501 |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 838,656 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (396,662 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (333 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (333 | )
Issuance of common stock under the Common Stock Purchase Agreements |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,514,023 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 7,815 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,816 |
Transaction costs related to the Common Stock Purchase Agreements |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (95 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (95 | )
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,016 | ) |  |  | (8,016 | )
BALANCE—March 31, 2025 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 18,690,177 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 398,101 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | (381,111 | ) |  | $ | 16,998 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,160 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,160 |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 126,766 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (44,536 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (31 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (31 | )
Issuance of common stock under the Common Stock Purchase Agreements |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 508,003 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 581 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 581 |
Transaction costs related to the Common Stock Purchase Agreements |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (18 | )
Conversions of convertible note into common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,184,549 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 716 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 716 |
Issuance of common stock through Employee Stock Purchase Plan |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 85,307 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 52 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6 | )
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (9,270 | ) |  |  | (9,270 | )
BALANCE—June 30, 2025 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 20,550,266 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 400,561 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (390,381 | ) |  | $ | 10,182 |

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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  | Accumulated Other |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
|  | Preferred Stock |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | Paid-in |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Stockholders’ |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Income (Loss) |  |  | Deficit |  |  | Equity |
BALANCE—December 31, 2023 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 6,310,090 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 366,647 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | (337,635 | ) |  | $ | 29,023 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,014 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,014 |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 98,623 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (34,694 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (45 | )
Issuance of common stock under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 129,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 165 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 165 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (14 | )
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (10,219 | ) |  |  | (10,219 | )
BALANCE—March 31, 2024 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,503,019 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 369,781 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (347,854 | ) |  |  | 21,924 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,740 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,740 |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 44,255 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 134 |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 167,143 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,292 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2 | )
Issuance of common stock under the Common Stock Purchase Agreements |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,693,929 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,395 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,395 |
Stock issuance costs related to Common Stock Purchase Agreements |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (416 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (416 | )
Issuance of common stock through Employee Stock Purchase Plan |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 30,679 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4 | )
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,987 | ) |  |  | (7,987 | )
BALANCE—June 30, 2024 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 8,437,733 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 376,658 |  |  | $ | (8 | ) |  | $ | (355,841 | ) |  | $ | 20,810 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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AEYE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

|  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (17,286 | ) |  | $ | (18,206 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 56 |
Noncash lease expense relating to operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 103 |  |  |  | 727 |
Gain on termination of operating lease, net |  |  | (1,612 | ) |  |  | — |
Common stock purchase agreement costs |  |  | 306 |  |  |  | — |
Debt issuance costs |  |  | 2,020 |  |  |  | — |
Inventory write-downs, net of scrapped inventory |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 112 |
Change in fair value of convertible note and warrant liabilities |  |  | (87 | ) |  |  | 13 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 3,661 |  |  |  | 4,754 |
Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts on marketable securities, net of change in accrued interest |  |  | (157 | ) |  |  | (428 | )
Expected credit losses, net of write-off |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 34 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | 90 |
Inventories, current and noncurrent, net |  |  | (114 | ) |  |  | 89 |
Prepaid and other current assets |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 724 |
Other noncurrent assets |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | 171 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 1,761 |  |  |  | 108 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | (1,522 | ) |  |  | (1,402 | )
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | (1,532 | ) |  |  | (799 | )
Contract liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 74 |
Other noncurrent liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | (358 | )
Net cash (used in) operating activities |  |  | (14,158 | ) |  |  | (14,241 | )
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | (234 | )
Purchases of marketable securities |  |  | (14,303 | ) |  |  | (15,173 | )
Proceeds from redemptions and maturities of marketable securities |  |  | 9,631 |  |  |  | 18,400 |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities |  |  | (4,686 | ) |  |  | 2,993 |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  |  | — |  |  |  | 134 |
Proceeds from issuance of convertible note |  |  | 2,950 |  |  |  | 146 |
Payments for convertible note redemptions |  |  | (750 | ) |  |  | — |
Transaction costs related to issuance of convertible note |  |  | (608 | ) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under Common Stock Purchase Agreements |  |  | 10,076 |  |  |  | 5,560 |
Stock issuance costs related to Common Stock Purchase Agreements |  |  | (404 | ) |  |  | (288 | )
Taxes paid related to the net share settlement of equity awards |  |  | (364 | ) |  |  | (47 | )
Proceeds from issuance of common stock through the Employee Stock Purchase Plan |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | 26 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 10,952 |  |  |  | 5,531 |
NET DECREASE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH |  |  | (7,892 | ) |  |  | (5,717 | )
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH—Beginning of period |  |  | 10,266 |  |  |  | 19,082 |
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH—End of period |  | $ | 2,374 |  |  | $ | 13,365 |
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refund |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Cash paid for interest |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF NONCASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noncash debt issuance costs |  | $ | 1,362 |  |  |  | — |
Stock issuance costs included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  | 213 |  |  |  | 128 |
Debt issuance costs included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | — |
Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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AEYE, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in thousands, except share and per share data or otherwise stated)

1. | ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

AEye, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries (the “Company” or “AEye”) is a provider of high-performance, active lidar systems for vehicle autonomy, advanced driver-assistance systems, or ADAS, and robotic vision applications. AEye’s Intelligent Sensing Platform includes a solid-state software definable active lidar sensor, an adaptive sensing SmartScan architecture to scan dynamic scenes/targets, and sophisticated signal processing capability that provides precise measurements and imaging for various safety-critical applications. The Intelligent Sensing Platform captures more information with less data, facilitating faster, more accurate, and more reliable perception of the environment.

AEye, formerly known as CF Finance Acquisition Corp. III, (“CF III”), was originally incorporated in Delaware on March 15, 2016 under the name CF SPAC Re Inc. On February 17, 2021, AEye Technologies, Inc., then known as AEye, Inc., entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger with CF III. Based on CF III’s business activities, it was a “shell company” as defined under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. On August 16, 2021, the business combination contemplated by the Agreement and Plan of Merger was closed and CF III changed its name to AEye, Inc.

The Company’s common stock and public warrants are listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) under the symbols “LIDR” and “LIDRW”, respectively. Unless otherwise specified, “we,” “us,” “our,” “AEye,” and the “Company” refers to AEye, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial statements and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for fair presentation have been included. The accompanying interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include lease termination liability, write-downs of inventory to the lower of cost or net realizable value, investments, embedded derivative and warrant liabilities, stock-based compensation, and convertible notes.

Principle of Consolidation and Liquidity

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of AEye, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

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Management is required to assess its ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date the financial statements are issued in accordance with ASC 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern. In each reporting period, including interim periods, an entity is required to assess conditions known and reasonably knowable as of the financial statement issuance date to determine whether it is probable an entity will not meet its financial obligations within one year from the financial statement issuance date. These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis.

As is common in early-stage companies with limited operating histories, the Company is subject to risks and uncertainties such as its ability to develop and commercialize its products; produce and deliver lidar and software products meeting acceptable performance metrics; attract new and retain existing customers; develop, obtain, or progress strategic partnerships; secure an automotive OEM design win; secure additional capital to support the business plan; and other risks and uncertainties.

Since its inception, the Company has incurred net losses and negative cash flows from operations. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $390,381. As the Company is still in its early stages, management expects to incur additional operating losses and negative operating cash flows as management continues to focus on achieving commercialization of its lidar solutions and execute on its strategic initiatives. As the Company incurs additional losses in the future, management may need to raise additional capital through issuances of equity and debt.

The Company has funded its operations primarily through the business combination and issuances of stock. As of June 30, 2025, the Company's existing sources of liquidity included cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities of $19,210. Subsequent to June 30, 2025, the Company successfully raised additional capital of $68,844 through its common stock purchase agreements and an exercise of warrants (see Note 18). As such, management believes that with total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities at June 30, 2025, together with the additional net proceeds raised subsequent to quarter-end, the Company currently has sufficient financial resources to fund operations and meet its capital requirements and anticipated obligations as they come due in the next twelve months from the date of issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

As such, management has concluded that the conditions and events that previously raised substantial doubt no longer exist.

Emerging Growth Company

The Company is an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), and it may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the independent registered public accounting firm attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in its periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. The Company has elected to take advantage of the benefits of the extended transition period for new or revised financial accounting standards. This may make it difficult or impossible to compare the Company’s financial results with the financial results of another public company that is either not an emerging growth company or is an emerging growth company that has chosen not to take advantage of the extended transition period exemptions because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities, and accounts receivable. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents with major financial institutions, which management assesses to be of high credit quality, to limit the exposure of each investment. The Company’s marketable securities have investment grade ratings when purchased which mitigates risk.

The Company’s accounts receivable are derived from customers located in the U.S., Europe, and Asia Pacific. The Company mitigates its credit risks by performing ongoing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial conditions. The Company generally does not require collateral.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to increase the transparency and usefulness of income tax information through improvements to the income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently assessing the effect that the updated standard will have on its financial statement disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires annual and interim disclosure of disaggregated disclosures of certain costs and expenses on the income statement. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. Amendments are applied on a prospective basis with retrospective application permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance.

2. | FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities is determined in accordance with the fair value hierarchy established in FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”). ASC 820 defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy of ASC 820 requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs when measuring fair value and classifies those inputs into three levels:

Level 1—Observable inputs, such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Observable inputs, other than Level 1 inputs, which are observable either directly or indirectly or can be corroborated by observable market data using quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.

The Company's financial instruments that are not remeasured at fair value include accounts receivable, prepaid and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses, other current and noncurrent liabilities, and the noncurrent convertible note. The carrying values of these financial instruments approximate their fair values.

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The Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the level of inputs used for such measurements were as follows (in thousands):

|  | Fair Value Measured as of June 30, 2025 Using: |
|  | Adjusted Cost |  |  | Unrealized Gains |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Cash and Cash Equivalent |  |  | Marketable Securities |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Level 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 1,085 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,085 |  |  | $ | 1,085 |  |  | $ | — |
Level 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 904 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 904 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 904 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | 10,049 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,049 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,049 |
Commercial paper |  |  | 3,396 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,396 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,396 |
U.S. Government securities |  |  | 2,487 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,487 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,487 |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 17,921 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 17,921 |  |  | $ | 1,085 |  |  | $ | 16,836 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Level 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private placement warrant liability |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Level 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Convertible note, current |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,997 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Derivative warrant liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 788 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total financial liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,785 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

|  | Fair Value Measured as of December 31, 2024 Using: |
|  | Adjusted Cost |  |  | Unrealized Gains |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Cash and Cash Equivalent |  |  | Marketable Securities |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Level 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 5,823 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,823 |  |  | $ | 5,823 |  |  | $ | — |
Level 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds |  |  | 9,660 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 9,664 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,664 |
Commercial paper |  |  | 945 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 945 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 945 |
U.S. Government securities |  |  | 1,402 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1,403 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,403 |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 17,830 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 17,835 |  |  | $ | 5,823 |  |  | $ | 12,012 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Level 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private placement warrant liability |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Level 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative warrant liability |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total financial liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

The Company’s financial assets and liabilities subject to fair value procedures were comprised of the following:

Money Market Funds: The Company holds financial assets consisting of money market funds. These securities are valued using observable inputs, such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

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Marketable Securities: The Company holds financial assets consisting of fixed-income U.S. government agency securities, corporate bonds, and commercial paper. The securities are valued using prices from independent pricing services based on quoted prices of identical instruments in less active or inactive markets. Additionally, quoted prices of similar instruments in active market or industry models using data inputs such as interest rates and prices that can be directly observed or corroborated in active markets are used to value marketable securities.

2025 Convertible Note: In January 2025, the Company entered into a convertible note agreement with a face value of $3,240 (the "2025 Note"). The Company elected the fair value option to account for the 2025 Note. The fair value estimate of the 2025 Note is based on a binomial-lattice model, which represents Level 3 measurements. Significant assumptions include the discount rate used in the model, remaining term, stock price, and volatility. The changes in fair value are recognized in other income (expense), net for each reporting period. See Note 7 for details of the terms and conditions of the 2025 Note.

Derivative Warrant Liabilities: On September 15, 2022, the Company entered into a convertible note agreement with a face value of $10,500 (the "2022 Note"). The Company issued warrants as part of the 2022 Note. The warrants are recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The fair value is based on unobservable inputs, which represent Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. The fair value estimate of the warrants was based on a Monte-Carlo simulation model. Inherent in a Monte-Carlo simulation model are assumptions related to price, volatility, risk-free interest rate, term to expiration, and dividend yield. Changes in fair value are recognized in other income (expense) for each reporting period. Derivative Warrant Liability is included within other noncurrent liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. These warrants were cancelled on July 28, 2025.

In January 2025, in connection with the 2025 Note, the Company issued warrants, which are recorded on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The fair value is based on unobservable inputs, which represent Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. The fair value estimate of the warrants was based on a Black-Scholes model. Inherent in a Black-Scholes model are assumptions related to price, volatility, risk-free interest rate, term to expiration, and dividend yield. Changes in fair value are recognized in other income (expense) for each reporting period. Derivative Warrant Liability is included within other noncurrent liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. These warrants were exercised in full on July 28, 2025.

Private Placement Warrant Liability: The Private Placement Warrants are recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The fair value is based on observable Level 2 inputs, specifically, the observable input of the Company's public warrants, as terms of both warrants are substantially similar. Any changes in the fair value of the liability are reflected in other income (expense), net, on the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Private Placement Warrant liability is included within other noncurrent liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, there were no net transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 inputs.

The following table presents a summary of the changes in fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial instruments for the six months ended June 30, 2025 (in thousands):

|  | Derivative Warrant Liabilities |  |  | 2025 Note |  |  | Total |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26 |
Additions |  |  | 1,046 |  |  |  | 3,266 |  |  |  | 4,312 |
Payments and conversions |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,466 | ) |  |  | (1,466 | )
Change in fair value included in other income (expense), net |  |  | (284 | ) |  |  | 197 |  |  |  | (87 | )
Balance at June 30, 2025 |  | $ | 788 |  |  | $ | 1,997 |  |  | $ | 2,785 |

The key inputs into the Black-Scholes model for the derivative warrant liability from the 2025 Note valued at June 30, 2025 are as follows:

|  | June 30, 2025 |
Expected term (years) |  |  | 4.0 |
Expected volatility |  |  | 190.0 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 3.7 | %
Dividend yield |  |  | — | %
Exercise price |  | $ | 2.22 |

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The key inputs into the binomial-lattice model for the 2025 Note valued at June 30, 2025 are as follows:

|  | June 30, 2025 |
Expected term (years) |  |  | 0.7 |
Expected volatility |  |  | 190.0 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 4.1 | %
Dividend yield |  |  | — | %
Estimated credit spread |  |  | 35.9 | %

If factors or assumptions change, the estimated fair values could be materially different. The value of the Company’s convertible note and derivative warrant liabilities would increase if a higher risk-free interest rate was used and would decrease if a lower risk-free interest rate was used. Similarly, a higher volatility assumption would increase the value of the liabilities, and a lower volatility assumption would decrease the value of the liabilities.

3. | INVENTORIES

Inventory, net of write-downs, as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

|  | June 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |  |
Raw materials |  | $ | 214 |  |  | $ | 158 |
Work in-process |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Finished goods |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 18 |
Total inventory, net |  | $ | 232 |  |  | $ | 176 |

The Company also had $243 and $209 of noncurrent inventory (raw materials), net of write-downs, classified within other noncurrent assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The Company’s current and noncurrent inventory as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was written down by $4,648 and $4,659, respectively, in order to reduce inventory to the lower of cost or net realizable value.

4. | PREPAID AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Prepaid and other current assets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

|  | June 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses |  | $ | 886 |  |  | $ | 966 |
Receivable for issuance of common stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,679 |
Other |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 61 |
Total prepaid and other current assets |  | $ | 943 |  |  | $ | 2,706 |

The Company’s advances to suppliers as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were written down by $1,041 and $1,041, respectively, associated with the winding down of its legacy Non-Automotive product as part of its revised strategic plan. See Note 15, Restructuring, for further details.

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5. | LEASES

The Company leases office facilities in Northern California under non-cancelable operating leases. In July 2024, the Company entered into two new long-term leases, one of which the Company uses as its headquarters.

In August 2024, one of the Company's existing leases, originally set to expire on November 30, 2026 was terminated early. In conjunction with the early termination, the Company recorded a net gain of $491 on termination of the operating lease during the year ended December 31, 2024. The net gain included a gain of $5,954, comprised of a $16,325 net liability reduction, partially offset by a $10,371 decrease in its remaining right of use asset. Additionally, in accordance with terms in the lease agreement and based on certain assumptions, the Company recorded a lease termination loss of $5,463, representing estimated unpaid rent for the remaining term. The net gain was recorded in general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. The lease termination liability was reduced by the draw-down of the $2,150 letter of credit by the landlord in August 2024; the remaining liability of $3,313 as of December 31, 2024 was recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

On April 28, 2025, the Company and the former landlord entered into a settlement agreement to resolve all outstanding disputes related to the early termination of the lease. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company paid $1,400 in cash and will issue a warrant to purchase up to 350,000 shares of the Company's common stock at an initial exercise price of $2.22 per share with an estimated fair value of $301. The Company recorded a net gain on termination of operating lease of $1,612 during the six months ended June 30, 2025. See Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies, for further discussion.

The components of operating lease expenses, excluding the gain on early termination of operating lease, for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Operating lease cost |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 582 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 1,171 |
Variable lease cost |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 169 |
Total operating lease cost |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 667 |  |  | $ | 149 |  |  | $ | 1,340 |

Maturities of lease liabilities, excluding the lease termination liability, are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Operating leases |
Years ending - December 31: |  | (unaudited) |
2025 (remaining six months) |  | $ | 139 |
2026 |  |  | 283 |
2027 |  |  | 258 |
Total lease payments |  |  | 680 |
Less amount to discount to present value |  |  | (67 | )
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 613 |

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6. | ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | June 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |  |
Lease termination liability |  | $ | 301 |  |  | $ | 3,313 |
Accrued payroll |  |  | 342 |  |  |  | 347 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 253 |  |  |  | 267 |
Accrued payroll taxes |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 159 |
Accrued bonuses |  |  | 1,248 |  |  |  | 2,875 |
Accrued other |  |  | 868 |  |  |  | 748 |
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  | $ | 3,117 |  |  | $ | 7,709 |

7. | CONVERTIBLE NOTES

2024 Promissory Note

On May 10, 2024, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with an investor for the sale and issuance of 330,823 shares of common stock and a 5-year promissory note with a principal balance of $146 ( “May 2024 Note”) for total gross cash proceeds of $1,000. The May 2024 Note bears interest at an annual rate equal to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 1.0%, which is compounded quarterly in arrears, and has a maturity date of June 4, 2029. At maturity, the principal balance and accrued, unpaid and uncapitalized interest can be settled in cash, shares of common stock based on the closing price of the common stock as of the immediately preceding trading day, or any combination of the foregoing at the option of the investor. ﻿

2025 Convertible Note

In January 2025, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with a certain institutional investor and issued (i) a senior unsecured convertible promissory note (the "2025 Note") for an aggregate principal amount of $3,240 for an aggregate purchase price of $3,000 and (ii) a warrant to purchase up to 805,263 shares of the Company’s common stock. The 2025 Note, subject to an original issue discount of 7.4%, has a term of eighteen months and accrues interest at the rate of 7% per annum. The interest may be settled in cash or shares at the option of the Company and is payable together with monthly redemptions of the outstanding principal amount of the Note. The 2025 Note is convertible into Common Stock, at a per share conversion price equal to $2.22, subject to adjustments noted in the Note.

Monthly redemptions began in April 2025 and are due on the first of each subsequent month (each a "Monthly Redemption Date or an "Installment Date"). The Company shall redeem the Monthly Redemption Amount until the 2025 Note is fully redeemed, payable in cash or, so long as certain equity conditions are met, shares of Common Stock, at the option of the Company. The equity conditions that must be met in order for the Company to settle the Monthly Redemption Amount in shares include requirements for the daily volume weighted average price of the Company's Common Stock to exceed $0.50 and the average daily trading volume of the Company's Common Stock to exceed $100 for the twenty (20) trading days prior to the applicable Installment Notice Date (which is the sixth (6th) trading day prior to each Installment Date). The Monthly Redemption Amount, in most instances, will be 1/15th of the original principal amount, plus any amount accelerated pursuant to the 2025 Note, accrued but unpaid interest, and late fees, if any. If the Company elects to settle such redemptions in shares of Common Stock, the number of shares to be settled shall be based on an Installment Conversion Price equal to the lower of (i) $2.22 or (ii) the greater of $0.30 and 90% of average volume weighted average price of the Common Stock during the five (5) trading days immediately preceding the applicable Monthly Redemption Date. The investor is permitted, not exceeding five times, to accelerate up to one Monthly Installment Amount, between Installments, (each, an "Acceleration," and each such amount, an "Acceleration Amount", and the Conversion Date of any such Acceleration, each an "Acceleration Date") at the Acceleration Conversion Price. The Acceleration Conversion Price shall be the lower of (i) $2.22 or (ii) the greater of $0.30 and 90% of average volume weighted average price of the Common Stock during the five (5) trading days immediately preceding the applicable Acceleration Date.

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The 2025 Note may not be converted into Common Stock to the extent such conversion would result in the investor and its affiliates having beneficial ownership of more than 19.99% of our then outstanding shares of Common Stock. This limitation is waived if the Company either obtains stockholder approval as required by the applicable exchange rules or secures a satisfactory written opinion from its counsel stating that such approval is unnecessary.

The Company and investor entered into a registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) to which the Company is required to file a registration statement registering the resale by the investor of any shares of the Company’s common stock issuable upon conversion, including the resale of shares issuable upon exercise of the associated warrants. The Company is required to meet certain obligations with respect to the timeliness of the filing and effectiveness of the registration statement. The Company filed such registration statement on January 16, 2025, and an amendment thereto on February 25, 2025, which was declared effective by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 4, 2025.

The Company elected to apply the fair value option to the measurement of the 2025 Note. As a result of adopting the fair value option, no embedded derivatives are bifurcated from the 2025 Note. The Company classifies the 2025 Note as a liability at fair value and will remeasure the 2025 Note to fair value at each reporting period. The total proceeds received from the investor of $3,000 is allocated between the 2025 Note and the related warrants issued using the relative fair value method at issuance date. This resulted in an initial fair value of $3,266 being allocated to the 2025 Note, and $1,046 allocated to the associated warrants (see Note 2 for further details). The Company recorded a non-cash issuance cost of $1,312, representing the difference between the fair value and proceeds received, within Interest expense and other on the condensed consolidated statement of operations. The fair value measurement includes the assumption of accrued interest and expense and thus a separate amount is not reflected on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

As of June 30, 2025, the 2025 Note has an outstanding principal balance and accrued interest of $1,958 and is recorded as a current liability at fair value of $1,997.

8. | INTEREST EXPENSE AND OTHER

Interest expense and other for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Common stock purchase agreements costs |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 306 |  |  | $ | — |
Debt issuance costs |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,020 |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of premiums (accretion of discounts) on marketable securities, net |  |  | (90 | ) |  |  | (170 | ) |  |  | (181 | ) |  |  | (441 | )
Expected credit losses |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 34 |
Other |  |  | 222 |  |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 326 |  |  |  | 34 |
Interest expense and other |  | $ | 365 |  |  | $ | (56 | ) |  | $ | 2,473 |  |  | $ | (373 | )

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9. | STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

New Circle Principal Investments LLC (“New Circle”) Common Stock Purchase Agreement (the “CSPA”)

On July 25, 2024, the Company entered into a CSPA and a Registration Rights Agreement with New Circle. Under the terms and subject to the conditions of the CSPA, the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to sell to New Circle, and New Circle is obligated to purchase up to the lesser of (i) $50,000 of the Company’s common stock, or (ii) the Exchange Cap equal to 1,721,755 shares of the Company's common stock, unless the Company’s stockholders approve the issuance of shares in excess of the Exchange Cap, or the average price of all applicable sales of common stock to New Circle equals or exceeds $1.41 per share. The Company has sole discretion to initiate such sales of common stock over a period of 36 months. In all instances, the Company may not sell shares of its common stock to New Circle under the CSPA if doing so would result in New Circle beneficially owning more than 4.99% of the Company's common stock.

The purchase price per share to be purchased by New Circle shall equal either (i) the lowest volume-weighted average price for common stock over a one-day trading period or intraday trading period on the applicable purchase date multiplied by 96.5%, or (ii) the volume-weighted average price for common stock for the three consecutive trading days commencing on the purchase notice date multiplied by 97.5%. The maximum number of shares the Company may sell to New Circle on any single business day is the lesser of (i) the number of shares equal to 100.0% of the average daily trading volume of the common stock of the Company during the five trading days immediately preceding the purchase notice, and (ii) 400,000 shares of common stock.

In connection with the CSPA, the Company issued to New Circle 225,563 shares of common stock in the Company as commitment shares for the facility. At issuance, the 225,563 shares of common stock had a fair value of $282. The Company also recorded a final cash commitment fee of $200. The fair value of the commitment shares and the final commitment fee were recorded to Interest expense and other in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company determined that the right to sell additional shares represents a freestanding put option under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and as such, the financial instrument was classified as a derivative asset with a fair value of zero at inception of the CSPA on July 25, 2024.

The Company has issued 3,480,713 shares of its common stock to New Circle under the CSPA for gross proceeds totaling $6,480 through June 30, 2025.

Alliance Global Partners (“A.G.P.”) At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”)

On September 12, 2024, the Company entered into the ATM and a Registration Rights Agreement with A.G.P. Under the terms and subject to the conditions of the ATM Agreement, the Company may issue and sell through AGP the Company’s common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $2,600 ("Placement Shares") from time to time through an "at-the-market" equity offering program. The Company has sole discretion to initiate such sales of common stock over a period of 36 months. Under the terms and subject to the conditions of the ATM Agreement, the Company will set the parameters for the sale of shares, including the number or dollar amount of Placement Shares to be issued, the time period during which sales are requested to be made, any limitation on the number or dollar amount of Placement Shares that may be sold in any one trading day and any minimum price below which sales may not be made. The Company will pay a cash commission rate of up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sale of Placement Shares sold pursuant to the ATM Agreement.

In January 2025, the Company increased the amount of the Company's common stock that it may issue and sell through A.G.P. under the ATM Agreement, having a new aggregate value offering of up to $15,292. The Company has sold 6,395,643 shares under the ATM Agreement for gross proceeds totaling $8,825 through June 30, 2025.

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10. | ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 5 |
Other comprehensive gain, net of tax |  |  | 1 |
Balance at March 31, 2025 |  | $ | 6 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  |  | (6 | )
Balance at June 30, 2025 |  | $ | — |

|  | Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 10 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  |  | (14 | )
Balance at March 31, 2024 |  | $ | (4 | )
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  | (4 | )
Balance at June 30, 2024 |  | $ | (8 | )

11. | NET LOSS PER SHARE

The following table sets forth the basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods presented (in thousands, except share amounts and per share data):

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders |  | $ | (9,270 | ) |  | $ | (7,987 | ) |  | $ | (17,286 | ) |  | $ | (18,206 | )
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - Basic |  |  | 19,125,970 |  |  |  | 6,874,454 |  |  |  | 18,137,050 |  |  |  | 6,499,089 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - Diluted |  |  | 19,125,970 |  |  |  | 6,874,454 |  |  |  | 18,137,050 |  |  |  | 6,499,089 |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders - Basic and Diluted |  | $ | (0.48 | ) |  | $ | (1.16 | ) |  | $ | (0.95 | ) |  | $ | (2.80 | )

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Due to net losses for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, basic and diluted net loss per share were the same, as the effect of all potentially dilutive securities would have been anti-dilutive. The following table sets forth the anti-dilutive common share equivalents for the periods listed:

|  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Common stock options issued and outstanding |  |  | 131,142 |  |  |  | 144,287 |
Unvested restricted stock units |  |  | 747,470 |  |  |  | 715,297 |
Warrants |  |  | 1,124,706 |  |  |  | 319,443 |
Common Stock Purchase Agreements |  |  | 27,572,156 |  |  |  | 206,780 |
Conversion of convertible note |  |  | 1,790,955 |  |  |  | 75,469 |
ESPP |  |  | 18,513 |  |  |  | 30,679 |
Total |  |  | 31,384,942 |  |  |  | 1,491,955 |

12. | STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense recorded in each financial statement line item in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Research and development |  | $ | 316 |  |  | $ | 499 |  |  |  | 1,011 |  |  |  | 1,708 |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 126 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 255 |  |  |  | 185 |
General and administrative |  |  | 718 |  |  |  | 1,238 |  |  |  | 2,395 |  |  |  | 2,861 |
Total stock-based compensation |  | $ | 1,160 |  |  | $ | 1,740 |  |  | $ | 3,661 |  |  | $ | 4,754 |

13. | SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 during the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company has one reportable segment managed on a consolidated basis by the Chief Executive Officer who is the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). In identifying one reportable segment, the Company considered the basis of organization for the design and development of high-performance, active lidar systems and applications.

The accounting policies of the segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. The CODM assesses performance and decides how to allocate resources based on consolidated net loss as reported in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. There are no other expense categories regularly provided to the CODM that are not already included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities.

14. | REVENUE

Sale of Prototypes

The Company recorded revenue for prototype sales of $22 and $22 in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and $6 and $26 in the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. The Company does not incur significant contract costs in fulfilling or obtaining its contracts with customers.

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D evelopment Contracts

The Company has entered into research and development contracts as well as a sales, marketing and technical support services contract with companies in both the Automotive and in Non-Automotive industries. The Company assessed the number of performance obligations associated with the promises under each agreement, primarily the delivery of customized perception-related goods and services, and recognized $0 and $64 in revenue for performance obligations that had been satisfied as of the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and $26 during both the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company recognized the following revenues by geographic area based on the primary billing address of the customer and by the timing of the transfer of goods or services to customers (point in time or over time), as it believes such criteria best depict how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of its revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. Total revenue based on the disaggregation criteria described above is as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Revenue by primary geographical market: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 41 |
Europe |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 11 |
Asia-Pacific |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 52 |
Revenue by timing of recognition: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recognized at a point in time |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 26 |
Recognized over time |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | 26 |
Total |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 52 |

Contract Liabilities

The Company had $0 and $74 in contract liabilities balance as of June 30, 2025 and 2024. There were no remaining performance obligations as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Remaining Performance Obligations

Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations represents the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that are unsatisfied, or partially unsatisfied. It includes unearned revenue and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods and does not include contracts where the customer is not committed. The customer is not considered committed where they are able to terminate for convenience without payment of a substantive penalty under the contract. Additionally, as a practical expedient, the Company has not disclosed the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected length of one year or less. The contract liabilities balance represents the remaining performance obligations for contracts with an original duration of greater than one year.

15. | RESTRUCTURING

In 2023, the Company implemented a revised strategic plan, which focused on reducing fixed operating activities by simplifying business operations and focusing development and commercial activities on a single unifying product for both the Automotive and Non-Automotive markets. As part of its effort to reduce fixed operating costs, focus operations, simplify supply chains, and streamline manufacturing to unify around a single product, Apollo, the company wound down support for its legacy Non-Automotive product. In August 2024, the Company further reduced fixed operating costs and terminated its headquarters lease and in 2025, settled the amount of the lease termination liability. See discussion in Note 5, Leases and Note 17, Commitment and Contingencies for further discussion regarding the settlement of the lease termination liability.

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Restructuring charges are summarized as follows for the six months ended June 30, 2025 (in thousands):

|  | Losses on purchase commitments |  |  | Lease Termination Liability |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 297 |  |  | $ | 3,313 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 3,615 |
Adjustments |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,612 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,612 | )
Cash payments |  |  | (30 | ) |  |  | (1,400 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,430 | )
Balance as of June 30, 2025 |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 301 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 573 |

16. | INCOME TAXES

For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized $2 and $2 provision for income taxes, respectively. The income tax rates vary from the federal and state statutory rates due to the valuation allowances on the Company’s net operating losses and foreign tax rate differences. The Company computes its quarterly income tax provision by using a forecasted annual effective tax rate and adjusts for any discrete items arising during the quarter.

17. | COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Legal matters

The Company may be subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. Litigation can be expensive and disruptive to normal business operations. Moreover, the results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict and the Company’s view of these matters may change in the future as the litigation and events related thereto unfold. The Company expenses legal fees as incurred. The Company records a provision for contingent losses when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.

On August 28, 2024, the Company was served with a complaint that was filed in the Superior Court of California for the County of Alameda on August 26, 2024 that (1) alleged the Company was in breach of the lease for its former headquarters office in Dublin, California because of the Company’s failure to pay rent as required by the lease and (2) provided notice that the lease had been terminated by the landlord effective as of August 23, 2024. The landlord claimed that the amount owed could be up to $8,500. Thereafter, in August 2024, the landlord fully drew down the standby letter of credit of $2,150, which was held as security for the payment of rent, due to the alleged default of the lease. On April 28, 2025, the Company and the former landlord entered into a settlement agreement to resolve all outstanding disputes related to the early termination of the lease. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company paid $1,400 in cash in May 2025, and will issue warrants to purchase up to 350,000 shares of common stock at an initial exercise price of $2.22 per share.

18. | SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Subsequent to June 30, 2025, the Company issued 17,889,400 shares of its common stock under the common stock purchase agreements for total gross proceeds of $67,057. Additionally, a noteholder exercised warrants to purchase 805,263 shares of common stock for a total exercise price of $1,788.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements that are based on current expectations, estimates, assumptions, and projections about our industry, business, and future financial results. Our actual results and the timing of events may differ materially from those described in or implied by these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those discussed below and those set forth under “Risk Factors” herein and other filings we make with the SEC from time to time. Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations to “we,” “our,” “us,” and “AEye,” refer to the business and operations of AEye, Inc.

Overview

This overview provides a high-level discussion of our operating results and some of the trends that affect our business. We believe that an understanding of these trends is important to understanding our financial results for the six months ended June 30, 2025, as well as our future prospects. This summary is not intended to be exhaustive, nor is it intended to be a substitute for the detailed discussion and analysis provided elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, including our condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes.

All dollar amounts expressed in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations are in thousands of dollars, except for per share amounts and unless otherwise specified.

Key Factors Affecting Our Operating Results

We believe that our future performance and success depends, to a substantial extent, on our ability to capitalize on the opportunities described herein, which in turn are subject to significant risks and challenges, including those discussed below and the risk factors described in the “Risk Factors” section of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

We are subject to those risks common in the technology industry and also those risks common to early stage companies including, but not limited to:

| • | the possibility of not being able to successfully develop or commercialize our products;

| • | securing additional capital in a timely manner in order to meet operating cash flow needs; doing so on terms that are favorable to us, or at all, which may be challenging given the current capital markets and overall macroeconomic conditions;

| • | maintain and establish relationships with one or more Tier 1 automotive suppliers to facilitate “design wins” with potential end customers, which in our case are automotive OEMs;

| • | develop and protect our intellectual property;
| • | changing international trade policies, including the imposition or modification of tariffs, increasing trade tensions, and the implementation of potential trade restrictions;

| • | comply with existing and new or modified laws and regulations applicable to our business;

| • | maintain and enhance the value of our reputation and brand;

| • | hire, integrate, and retain talented people at all levels of our organization; and

| • | successfully develop new solutions to enhance the experience of, and deliver value to, our customers.

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Market Trends and Uncertainties

We anticipate growing demand for our Intelligent Sensing Platform across our two major markets, Automotive and Non-Automotive, and we believe this expected growth will enable us to capture market share across both the Automotive and Non-Automotive markets. We plan to pursue opportunities in advanced driver-assistance systems, or ADAS, autonomous driving, and commercial trucking, while also exploring opportunities in the Non-Automotive market, such as in the railway, airport safety and security, perimeter monitoring, transportation logistics, and intelligent transportation systems, or ITS segments. This diversified approach provides us with multiple opportunities for sustained growth by enabling new applications and product features across a broad range of industries and market segments. However, as our customers continue their R&D projects to commercialize solutions that rely on lidar technology, it is difficult to estimate the timing of ultimate end market demand and customer adoption. In the Automotive market for example, our growth and financial performance will be heavily influenced by our ability to successfully integrate into OEM programs that require years of development, testing, and validation. Because of the size and complexity of these OEM programs, having Tier 1 partnerships should provide a substantial competitive advantage over our competitors given their large scale, mass-production capabilities, and existing OEM relationships held by our Tier 1 partners. If we fail to remain engaged with one or more Tier 1 automotive suppliers, it may have an adverse effect on our business. The markets for lidar are projected to see significant growth in both the near and long-term.

We recently raised additional capital that we expect will provide us with an operating runway for at least the next 12 months and allow us to fund our short- and mid-term strategic initiatives. As is common in early-stage companies with limited operating histories, we are subject to risks and uncertainties such as those described in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Since inception, we have incurred net losses and negative cash flows from operations and expect to continue incurring losses until at least commercialization. Accordingly, we expect to remain dependent on raising additional capital to provide the cash necessary to continue our ongoing operations. As a result, it remains critical for us to preserve cash and manage spending to extend our liquidity. We also plan to improve our liquidity position through securing additional financing, engaging with partners and OEMs, and executing on our critical milestones. However, successfully raising capital is outside of our control, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to us, on a timely basis, or at all.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, we raised $11,637 in gross proceeds through share issuances through our common stock purchase agreements and a convertible note. Subsequent to June 30, 2025, we raised $68,844 in gross proceeds through issuance of shares through our common stock purchase agreements and an exercise of warrants. We also have additional liquidity available through our equity line of credit and ATM facilities.

Partnerships and Commercialization

Our technology is designed to be a key enabler in certain Automotive and Non-Automotive market applications. Because our technology must be integrated into a broader solution by our customers, it is critical that we achieve design wins with these customers. The time to achieve a design win varies based on the market and application. We consider design wins to be critical to our future success, although the revenue that may be generated by each design win and the time necessary to achieve such a design win can vary significantly, making it difficult to predict our financial performance. In large part, we plan to unify our supply chain for the Automotive and Non-Automotive markets and leverage our Tier 1 automotive suppliers to produce products for our resale in our Non-Automotive markets, whereas in the Automotive markets, we anticipate licensing our technology to our Tier 1 suppliers in exchange for a royalty. The unified supply chain should allow us to leverage the scale, efficiencies, and volume associated with supplying the Automotive market to benefit our Non-Automotive market customers. During 2023, as part of our effort to reduce fixed operating costs, focus operations, simplify supply chains, and streamline manufacturing, we wound down support for our legacy Non-Automotive product. Since the launch of our new product, Apollo, in 2024, we have seen renewed interest from Non-Automotive customers across a broad range of sectors and are actively engaged on multiple opportunities.

In early 2024, we engaged LITEON as our Tier 1 automotive supplier and are actively working with them to bring our product to market. We recently announced the successful production of the first Apollo units by LITEON, which we believe demonstrates an ability to produce units at scale. This partnership has enabled us to leverage LITEON’s manufacturing expertise to produce high-quality samples that meet stringent performance standards, which is a critical step towards scaling production and delivering our advanced lidar solutions to the market. In May 2024, we announced a strategic partnership with ATI and LighTekton Co., Ltd to manufacture and distribute our products in China. This collaboration provides us with access to a potential $2.5 billion market opportunity. By leveraging ATI's and LighTekton's extensive networks and manufacturing capabilities, we aim to accelerate our market penetration and deliver our advanced lidar solutions to a broader audience.

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We have also made substantial progress in our collaboration efforts with Nvidia. Most recently, we announced the integration of our lidar technology into Nvidia’s DRIVE AGX Orin platform, which we believe represents a significant milestone in expanding our reach within the automotive ecosystem. This integration is expected to open new opportunities to engage with global automotive OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers as they adopt Nvidia’s autonomous driving solutions. In addition, we continue to demonstrate significant advances in the high-speed and long-range detection performance of our lidar systems, which we believe positions us well for future integration with Nvidia’s Hyperion platform. Given these engagements are relatively recent, there is no guarantee that these endeavors will be successful.

We believe our revenue and profitability will also be dependent upon our success in licensing our technology to Tier 1 automotive suppliers, such as our current Tier 1 partner, LITEON, and these partners securing program awards from OEMS and scaling to high volume production of our lidar sensors. Delays in autonomy programs by OEMs that we are currently or plan to be working with through our Tier 1 partners could result in us being unable to achieve our revenue and profitability targets in the time frame we anticipate, or at all.

In July 2025, we announced the launch of OPTISTM, a complete physical AI solution designed to enhance legacy infrastructure and deliver actionable intelligence across a wide range of industries. OPTISTM combines our software-defined Apollo lidar technology with advanced computing to bridge the gap between perception and action in real time. This solution is intended to not only address critical needs in transportation, safety, and security, but also opens our platform to third-party partners and developers, creating an ecosystem for innovation and growth beyond automotive applications.

Gross Margin

Our gross margins will depend on numerous factors, including, among others, the selling price of our products, pricing of our development contracts with customers, royalty rates on licenses we grant to our customers, unit volumes, product mix, component costs, personnel costs, contract manufacturing costs, overhead costs, and product features. Our gross margins have in the past, and may continue to be, negatively impacted by inventory write-downs. In the future, we expect to generate attractive gross margins from licensing our lidar technology and software to our Tier 1 partners in the Automotive market. We also anticipate being able to leverage on our foundation in the Automotive market to move to other markets.

To date, our revenue has primarily been generated through development contracts with OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers, as well as unit sales of our products to Non-Automotive customers. These development contracts primarily focus on customization of our product's capabilities to our customers’ applications, typically involving software implementation to assist with sensor connection and control, customization of scan patterns, and enhancement of particular perception capabilities to meet specific customer needs. In general, development contracts that require more complex configurations have higher prices. We expect development contracts to remain a significant part of our business in the near term, but represent a smaller share of our total revenue over time as we increase our focus on technology licensing in the Automotive market and leverage these economies of scale to expand into the Non-Automotive market.

Investment and Innovation

Our proprietary adaptive intelligent lidar technology delivers industry-leading performance, addressing the toughest challenges in achieving partial or full autonomy. Unlike traditional sensing systems that passively collect data, our active Intelligent Sensing Platform employs principles from automated targeting systems and biomimicry to actively scan the environment, intelligently focusing on critical elements to enable safer, smarter, and faster decisions in complex scenarios.

In June 2024, we introduced Apollo, our next-generation lidar sensor. Apollo offers best-in-class range and resolution in a compact, power-efficient, and cost-effective form factor, making it ideal for both automotive and non-automotive applications. Apollo can be integrated behind the windshield, on the roof, or in the grille, allowing OEMs to implement essential safety features with minimal impact on vehicle design. This innovative sensor leverages our Intelligent Sensing Platform, providing a highly programmable and customizable lidar solution that can be continually enhanced via software updates. With a horizontal field of view up to 120° and long-range detection capabilities of up to 1 kilometer, Apollo is poised to be a key player in advancing vehicle safety and autonomy, as well as smart infrastructure and logistics applications.

In July 2025, we announced OPTIS™, a physical AI solution designed to modernize legacy infrastructure by delivering actionable intelligence in real time. This platform opens our ecosystem to third-party partners and developers, creating opportunities for growth across industries.

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We believe our financial performance is significantly dependent on our ability to maintain a technology leadership position. This is further dependent on the investments we make in research and development and our ability to commercialize our products. We believe price is becoming a critical differentiator in the marketplace and OEMs are favoring companies that have the infrastructure to build lower cost products at higher volumes. It is essential that we continually identify and respond to rapidly evolving customer requirements, develop and introduce innovative new products, enhance and service existing products, lower bill of materials, or BOM, costs, industrialize the manufacturing process, and generate strong market demand for our products. If we fail to do this, our market position and revenue may be adversely affected, and our investments in that area will not be recovered.

Basis of Presentation

We currently conduct our business through one operating segment.

Components of Results of Operations

Total Revenues

Our prototype sales revenue primarily related to unit sales of our lidar products. Revenue from prototype sales is typically recognized at a point in time when the control of goods is transferred to the customer, generally upon delivery or shipment to the customer. Revenue from development and/or collaboration arrangement contracts are earned from R&D activities and collaboration with OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers. These contracts primarily focus on customization of our product's capabilities to our customers’ applications, typically involving software implementation to assist with sensor connection and control, customization of scan patterns, and enhancement of perception capabilities to meet specific customer needs. Revenue from development contracts is recognized when we satisfy performance obligations in the contract, which can result in recognition at either a point in time or over time. This assessment is made at the outset of the arrangement for each performance obligation.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue includes the costs directly associated with the production of prototypes and certain costs associated with development contracts. Such costs for prototypes include direct materials, direct labor, indirect labor, inventory write downs, losses on purchase commitments, warranty expense, and allocation of overhead. Costs associated with development contracts include the direct costs and allocation of overhead costs involved in the execution of the contracts.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development

Our research and development, or R&D, efforts are focused primarily on hardware, software, and system engineering related to the design and development of our advanced lidar solutions. R&D expenses include:

| • | personnel-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, one-time termination benefits, and stock-based compensation expense, net of allocations to other departments;

| • | third-party engineering and contractor costs;

| • | lab equipment;

| • | engineering parts and test units;

| • | new hardware and software expenses; and

| • | allocated personnel and overhead expenses.

R&D costs are expensed as they are incurred. We expect our R&D costs to increase from 2024 as we continue to invest in the development and commercialization of our products.

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Sales and Marketing

Our sales and marketing, or S&M, efforts are focused primarily on sales, business development, and marketing programs in pursuit of revenue contracts from potential and existing customers. S&M expenses include:

| • | personnel-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, one-time termination benefits, and stock-based compensation expense;

| • | demonstration equipment;

| • | trade shows expenses, advertising, and promotions expenses for press releases and other public relations services; and

| • | allocated personnel and overhead expenses.

We expect our S&M expenses to increase from 2024 as we pursue Non-Automotive opportunities to accelerate profitability while continuing to leverage our Tier 1 partners to commercialize our products and manage relationships with the OEMs in the Automotive market.

General and Administrative

Our general and administrative, or G&A, spending supports all business functions. G&A expenses include:

| • | personnel-related costs, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, one-time termination benefits, and stock-based compensation expense for executive, finance, legal, operations, human resources, technical support, and other administrative personnel, net of allocations to other departments;

| • | consulting, accounting, audit, legal, and other professional fees;

| • | insurance premiums, software and computer equipment costs, general office expenses; and

| • | allocated overhead expenses.

We expect our G&A expenses to decrease slightly from 2024 with reduced facility costs, while continuing to incur expenses to support other departments as we continue to develop and commercialize our products.

Change in Fair Value of Convertible Note and Warrant Liabilities

The changes in fair value of the 2025 Note and warrant liabilities are the result of the change in fair value at each reporting date. The 2025 Note and warrant liabilities are recorded at fair value for each reporting period, and the changes in fair value are reported within other income (expense), net during the period. We also elected to record interest expense on the 2025 Note as changes in fair value. We expect the change in fair value of warrant liability to decrease given that subsequent to June 30, 2025, the warrants associated with the 2022 convertible note were cancelled and the warrants associated with the 2025 convertible note were exercised in full.

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Interest Income, Interest Expense and Other

Interest income and other consists primarily of interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities. These amounts will vary based on our cash and cash equivalents balances and market rates. Interest income and other also includes gains on sale of property and equipment. Interest expense and other consists primarily of financing costs, and amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts on marketable securities, net. We expect interest income will increase due to funds raised subsequent to June 30, 2025.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

The results of operations presented below should be reviewed in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this report. The following table sets forth our consolidated results of operations data for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except for percentages):

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  | Change |  |  | Change |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Revenue |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | (10 | ) |  |  | (31 | )%
Cost of revenue |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 160 |  |  |  | (52 | ) |  |  | (33 | )%
Gross loss |  |  | (86 | ) |  |  | (128 | ) |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | (33 | )%
Research and development |  |  | 3,670 |  |  |  | 3,838 |  |  |  | (168 | ) |  |  | (4 | )%
Sales and marketing |  |  | 601 |  |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 534 |  |  |  | 797 | %
General and administrative |  |  | 4,348 |  |  |  | 4,223 |  |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | 3 | %
Total operating expenses |  |  | 8,619 |  |  |  | 8,128 |  |  |  | 491 |  |  |  | 6 | %
Loss from operations |  |  | (8,705 | ) |  |  | (8,256 | ) |  |  | (449 | ) |  |  | 5 | %
Change in fair value of convertible note and warrant liabilities |  |  | (593 | ) |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | (578 | ) |  |  | 3853 | %
Interest income and other |  |  | 393 |  |  |  | 228 |  |  |  | 165 |  |  |  | 72 | %
Interest expense and other |  |  | (365 | ) |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | (421 | ) |  |  | (752 | )%
Total other income (expense), net |  |  | (565 | ) |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | (834 | ) |  |  | (310 | )%
Loss before income tax expense |  |  | (9,270 | ) |  |  | (7,987 | ) |  |  | (1,283 | ) |  |  | 16 | %
Provision for income tax expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — | %
Net loss |  | $ | (9,270 | ) |  | $ | (7,987 | ) |  | $ | (1,283 | ) |  |  | 16 | %

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Revenue

Revenues decreased by $10, or 31%, to $22 for the three months ended June 30, 2025, from $32 for the three months ended June 30, 2024. This decrease is primarily due to lower contract development revenues, partially offset by an increase in the number of prototype unit sales in the current quarter.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue decreased by $52, or 33%, to $108 for the three months ended June 30, 2025, from $160 for the three months ended June 30, 2024. This decrease was primarily due to lower contract development costs in the current quarter and inventory write-downs recorded in the three months ended June 30, 2024.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development

Research and development expenses decreased by $168, or 4%, to $3,670 for the three months ended June 30, 2025, from $3,838 for the three months ended June 30, 2024. This decrease was primarily driven by decreases in stock-based compensation expense of $189 and information technology and facilities expense of $431. The decreases were offset by a $361 increase in fees paid to third parties for development work and personnel costs, net of allocations, of $120.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $534, or 797%, to $601 for the three months ended June 30, 2025, from $67 for the three months ended June 30, 2024. This increase was primarily driven by increases in allocated personnel costs and stock-based compensation of $484 and marketing and consulting costs of $60 as we pursue Non-Automotive opportunities.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses increased by $125, or 3%, to $4,348 for the three months ended June 30, 2025, from $4,223 for the three months ended June 30, 2024. This increase was primarily driven by increases in accounting, legal and consulting fees of $554, partially offset by decreases in stock-based compensation and personnel costs, net of allocations, of $515.

Change in Fair Value of Convertible Note and Warrant Liabilities

Change in fair value of convertible note and warrant liabilities increased by $578 to $593 for the three months ended June 30, 2025, from $15 for the three months ended June 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to the change in fair value of the 2025 Note and related warrants, which were newly issued in 2025.

Interest Income and Other

Interest income and other increased by $165, or 72%, to $393 for the three months ended June 30, 2025, from $228 for the three months ended June 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to insurance proceeds received of $250, partially offset by lower interest earned on our cash equivalents and marketable securities in the current period.

Interest Expense and Other

Interest expense and other increased by $421, or 752%, to a net expense of $365 for the three months ended June 30, 2025, from a net income of $56 for the three months ended June 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to an increase in costs related to financing arrangements of $231 and foreign exchange losses.

Provision for Income Tax Expense

Provision for income tax expenses remained constant at $0 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024.

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Net Loss

Net loss increased by $1,283, or 16%, to $9,270 for the three months ended June 30, 2025, from $7,987 for the three months ended June 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to increased personnel costs, investments in the development of Apollo and changes in fair value of convertible note and warrants, partially offset by decreases in stock-based compensation and facilities expenses.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

The results of operations presented below should be reviewed in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this report. The following table sets forth our consolidated results of operations data for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except for percentages):

|  | Six months ended June 30, |  |  | Change |  |  | Change |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | $ |  |  |  | %
Total revenue |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 65 | %
Cost of revenue |  |  | 204 |  |  |  | 423 |  |  |  | (219 | ) |  |  | (52 | )%
Gross loss |  |  | (118 | ) |  |  | (371 | ) |  |  | 253 |  |  |  | (68 | )%
Research and development |  |  | 7,160 |  |  |  | 8,370 |  |  |  | (1,210 | ) |  |  | (14 | )%
Sales and marketing |  |  | 984 |  |  |  | 408 |  |  |  | 576 |  |  |  | 141 | %
General and administrative |  |  | 7,243 |  |  |  | 9,838 |  |  |  | (2,595 | ) |  |  | (26 | )%
Total operating expenses |  |  | 15,387 |  |  |  | 18,616 |  |  |  | (3,229 | ) |  |  | (17 | )%
Loss from operations |  |  | (15,505 | ) |  |  | (18,987 | ) |  |  | 3,482 |  |  |  | (18 | )%
Change in fair value of convertible note and warrant liabilities |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | (769 | )%
Interest income and other |  |  | 607 |  |  |  | 423 |  |  |  | 184 |  |  |  | 43 | %
Interest expense and other |  |  | (2,473 | ) |  |  | 373 |  |  |  | (2,846 | ) |  |  | (763 | )%
Total other income (expense), net |  |  | (1,779 | ) |  |  | 783 |  |  |  | (2,562 | ) |  |  | (327 | )%
Loss before income tax expense |  |  | (17,284 | ) |  |  | (18,204 | ) |  |  | 920 |  |  |  | (5 | )%
Provision for income tax expense |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — | %
Net loss |  | $ | (17,286 | ) |  | $ | (18,206 | ) |  | $ | 920 |  |  |  | (5 | )%

Revenue

Revenues increased by $34, or 65%, to $86 for the six months ended June 30, 2025, from $52 for the six months ended June 30, 2024. This increase is primarily due to higher contract development revenues, partially offset by lower prototype unit sales in the current quarter.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue decreased by $219, or 52%, to $204 for the six months ended June 30, 2025, from $423 for the six months ended June 30, 2024. This decrease was primarily due to inventory write-downs and losses on purchase commitments recorded in the six months ended June 30, 2024, resulting from implementation of our strategic plan to wind down support for our legacy Non-Automotive product.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development

Research and development expenses decreased by $1,210, or 14% to $7,160 for the six months ended June 30, 2025, from $8,370 for the six months ended June 30, 2024. This decrease was primarily driven by decreases in stock-based compensation expense and personnel costs, net of allocation, of $869, and information technology and facilities expense of $893. The decreases were offset by a $711 increase in fees paid to third parties for development work.

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Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $576, or 141% to $984 for the six months ended June 30, 2025, from $408 for the six months ended June 30, 2024. This increase was primarily driven by increases in allocated personnel and stock-based compensation costs of $778 and marketing and consultant spend of $85 as we pursue Non-Automotive opportunities.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses decreased by $2,595, or 26%, to $7,243 for the six months ended June 30, 2025, from $9,838 for the six months ended June 30, 2024. This decrease was primarily driven by a favorable adjustment of $1,612 upon settlement of a lease dispute, decreases in stock-based compensation and personnel cost, net of allocations, of $1,202. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in accounting, legal, and professional fees of $579.

Change in Fair Value of Convertible Note and Warrant Liabilities

Change in fair value of convertible note and warrant liabilities increased by $100 to $87 for the six months ended June 30, 2025, from a net gain $13 for the six months ended June 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to the change in fair value of the 2025 Note and related warrants, which were newly issued in 2025.

Interest Income and Other

Interest income and other increased by $184 or 43%, to $607 for the six months ended June 30, 2025, from $423 for the six months ended June 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to insurance proceeds received of $250, partially offset by lower interest earned on our cash equivalents and marketable securities in the current period.

Interest Expense and Other

Interest expense and other increased by $2,846, or 763%, to a net expense of $2,473 for the six months ended June 30, 2025, from a net income of $373 for the six months ended June 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to an increase in costs related to financing arrangements in the current period and a decrease in amortization of premiums on marketable securities, net.

Provision for Income Tax Expense

Provision for income tax expenses remained constant at $2 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024.

Net Loss

Net loss decreased by $920, or 5% to $17,286 for the six months ended June 30, 2025, from $18,206 for the six months ended June 30, 2024. This decrease was primarily due to decreases in stock-based compensation, personnel and facilities expenses, partially offset by the increase in the change in fair value of convertible note and warrants, and investments in the development of Apollo.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

Our capital requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not exclusively, sales volume and timing of revenue, our efforts to establish and maintain a relationship with one or more Tier 1 automotive suppliers and the timing of any OEM design wins, our ability to effectively and efficiently manage our expenses, the timing and extent of spending to support R&D efforts, how quickly we can commercialize our products, and the market adoption of new and enhanced products and features. As of June 30, 2025, our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities totaled $19,210. Subsequent to June 30, 2025, we successfully raised additional capital of $68,844 on the issuance of shares from our common stock purchase agreements and the exercise of certain warrants. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, we had a net loss of $17,286 and $18,206, respectively. We anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for at least the next several years.

Our principal source of liquidity are the proceeds received from the issuance of equity. We recently raised additional capital that we expect will provide us with an operating runway for at least 12 months and allow us to fund our short- and mid-term strategic initiatives.

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Tumim Stone Transaction

In December 2021, we entered into a Purchase Agreement with Tumim Stone Capital LLC, or Tumim Stone, pursuant to which we had the right, but not the obligation, to issue and sell to Tumim Stone over a 36-month period, up to $125,000 of our common stock. On May 6, 2022, we filed a Registration Statement on Form S-1, which related to the offer and resale of up to 1,028,847 shares of our common stock to be purchased by Tumim Stone, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. On July 24, 2024, this Purchase Agreement was terminated in conjunction with us entering into a Common Stock Purchase Agreement with New Circle. In total, 996,866 shares were issued under the Tumim Stone Purchase Agreement for gross proceeds totaling $5,516.

2022 Convertible Note

In September 2022, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement, with an investor allowing for the sale and issuance of up to two convertible notes, each with cash proceeds of $10,000, for a total of $20,000 in proceeds between the two issuances (each, a "Note Closing"). On September 15, 2022, we closed the first Note Closing with the investor and received cash proceeds of $9,850 (net of fees paid to the investor). On March 15, 2024, our right to effect a Second Closing under the Securities Purchase Agreement terminated.

Shelf Registration

On September 26, 2023, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission declared our registration statement on Form S-3 to be effective, which allows us to raise up to $200,000 in capital over the next three years subject to a limitation of one-third of our public float over a rolling twelve-month period, when our public float is below $75 million, which is referred to as the “baby shelf" rules. As of July 28, 2025, we were no longer subject to the "baby shelf" rules.

Dowslake Transaction

On May 10, 2024, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with Dowslake Microsystems Corporation, or Dowslake, pursuant to which Dowslake agreed to purchase 330,823 shares of common stock for a purchase price of $854, which represents a per share purchase price of $2.58, and an unsecured promissory note in the principal amount of $146 for an aggregate purchase price of $1,000.

Registered Direct Offering

On May 29, 2024, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with certain institutional investors pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell, in a registered direct offering, an aggregate of 727,706 shares of common stock at a per share purchase price of $3.448 for gross proceeds of approximately $2,509, before deducting estimated offering expenses payable by us.

New Circle Transaction

On July 25, 2024, we entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with New Circle Principal Investments LLC, or New Circle, pursuant to which we have the right, but not the obligation, to sell to New Circle, and New Circle is obligated to purchase, up to $50,000 of our common stock. Such sales of common stock by us, if any, and may occur from time to time at our sole discretion, over a 36-month period. As of June 30, 2025, we have issued 3,480,713 shares of our common stock to New Circle under the CSPA for gross proceeds totaling $6,480.

A.G.P. Transaction

On September 12, 2024, we entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement with Alliance Global Partners, or A.G.P., pursuant to which we may issue and sell through A.G.P., up to $15,292 of our common stock from time to time through an "at-the-market" equity offering program. Such sales of common stock by us, if any, may occur from time to time at our sole discretion, over a 36-month period. As of June 30, 2025, we have sold 6,395,643 shares under the ATM Agreement for gross proceeds totaling $8,825.

2025 Convertible Note

In January 2025, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement to finance an aggregate principal amount of up to $3,240 with a certain institutional investor and issued (i) a senior unsecured convertible promissory note (the "2025 Note") for an aggregate purchase price of $3,000 and (ii) a warrant to purchase up to 805,263 shares of the Company’s common stock. The 2025 Note, subject to an original issue discount of 7.4%, has a term of eighteen months and accrues interest at the rate of 7.0% per annum. The 2025 Note is convertible into Common Stock, at a per share conversion price equal to $2.22, subject to adjustments noted in the Note. The Warrant has an initial exercise price of $2.22, and is exercisable after the six month and one day anniversary of its issuance (the “Initial Exercisability Date”) until for four years following the Initial Exercisability Date.

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Until we are able to generate sufficient revenue from the sale of our products to cover operating expenses, working capital, and capital expenditures, we expect the funds raised in the transactions described earlier, and other potential sources of capital, is sufficient to fund our near-term cash needs.

If we are required to raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, dilution of stockholders will result. Any debt securities issued may also have rights, preferences, and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. The terms of debt securities or borrowings could impose significant restrictions on our operations. We may also be unable to raise additional capital through the sale of securities and debt financing, or to do so on terms that are favorable to us, particularly given current capital market and overall macroeconomic conditions.

Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Subtopic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern, requires us to assess our ability to meet our future financial obligations as they become due within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. We expect that our expenses will continue to exceed our operating income and, as a result, we may need additional capital resources to fund our operations. We believe that our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities at June 30, 2025, together with the additional proceeds raised subsequent to quarter-end of $68,844, we currently have sufficient financial resources to fund our operating expenses, working capital, and capital expenditure requirements for a period of at least twelve months from the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Given the current macroeconomic environment, OEMs appear to be more cautious about their capital spending and investments into new technologies and as a result we have seen the timelines for certain opportunities delayed, which may negatively impact the time for us to reach positive cash flows from operations. Our plans for the use of cash in the long term (beyond twelve months from this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q) are primarily related to funding operating expenses to support the commercialization of our products. For additional information regarding our cash requirements from contractual obligations, see Note 17 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 1of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Cash Flow Summary

|  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | (in thousands) |
Net cash provided by (used in): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating activities |  | $ | (14,158 | ) |  | $ | (14,241 | )
Investing activities |  | $ | (4,686 | ) |  | $ | 2,993 |
Financing activities |  | $ | 10,952 |  |  | $ | 5,531 |

Operating Activities

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, net cash used in operating activities was $14,158. Factors affecting our operating cash flows during this period were net loss of $17,286, a gain on termination of an operating lease of $1,612, and change in fair value of convertible notes and warrant liabilities of $87, partially offset by stock-based compensation of $3,661, debt issuance costs of $2,020, and common stock purchase agreement costs of $306. Within operating activities, the net changes in operating assets and liabilities were cash used of $1,207, primarily driven by decreases in accrued expenses and other liabilities and operating lease liabilities of $1,522 and $1,532, respectively. Cash used was offset by cash provided by decreases in prepaid and other current assets and other noncurrent assets of $84 and $134, respectively, and an increase in accounts payable of $1,761.

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, net cash used in operating activities was $14,241. Factors affecting our operating cash flows during this period were a net loss of $18,206, amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts on marketable securities, net of $428, offset by stock-based compensation of $4,754, and noncash lease expense of $727. Within operating activities, the net changes in operating assets and liabilities were cash used of $1,303, primarily driven by decreases in accrued expenses and other liabilities, operating lease liabilities, and other noncurrent liabilities of $1,402, $799, and $358, respectively. Cash used was offset by cash provided by a decrease in prepaid and other current assets of $724 and an increase in accounts payable of $108.

Investing Activities

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, net cash used in investing activities was $4,686. The primary factors affecting net cash used in investing activities during this period were the purchases of marketable securities of $14,303, partially offset by redemptions and maturities of marketable securities of $9,631.

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For the six months ended June 30, 2024, net cash provided by investing activities was $2,993. The primary factors affecting net cash provided by investing activities during this period were the proceeds from redemptions and maturities of marketable securities of $18,400, partially offset by the purchases of marketable securities of $15,173 and purchases of property and equipment of $234.

Financing Activities

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, net cash provided by financing activities was $10,952. The primary factors affecting our financing cash flows during this period were proceeds from common stock purchase agreements of $10,076 and from the issuance of a convertible note of $2,950, partially offset by payments on convertible note of $750, payments of debt issuance costs of $608, taxes paid on net settlement of equity awards of $364 and payments of stock issuance costs related to common stock purchase agreements of $404.

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, net cash used in financing activities was $5,531. The primary factors affecting our financing cash flows during this period were proceeds from the exercise of the common stock purchase agreement of $5,560, partially offset by payments for taxes related to net settlement of equity awards of $47.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our condensed consolidated financial statements are in accordance with GAAP. We are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements, the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods, fair value measures, and the related disclosures in the condensed consolidated financial statements. Our actual results may differ significantly from these estimates due to changes in judgments, assumptions and conditions as a result of unforeseen events or otherwise, which could have a material impact on our financial position and results of operations. We believe our critical accounting estimates involve the greatest degree of judgment and complexity and have the greatest potential impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, there were no significant changes in our critical accounting estimates as compared to those previously disclosed in “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” in “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Emerging Growth Company Status

Section 102(b)(1) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can choose not to take advantage of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies, and any such election to not take advantage of the extended transition period is irrevocable.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, and we have elected to take advantage of the benefits of the extended transition period for new or revised financial accounting standards. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which the market value of common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the end of that year’s second fiscal quarter, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of $1.07 billion or more during such fiscal year (as indexed for inflation), (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt in the prior three-year period, or (iv) December 31, 2025. We expect to continue to take advantage of the benefits of the extended transition period, although we may decide to adopt such new or revised accounting standards early to the extent permitted by such standards. This may make it difficult or impossible to compare our financial results with the financial results of another public company that is either not an emerging growth company or is an emerging growth company that has chosen not to take advantage of the extended transition period exemptions because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for recently adopted accounting pronouncements as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates.

We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition. Nonetheless, if our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Interest Rate Risk

As of June 30, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities of $19,210, which consisted primarily of deposits in our bank accounts, money market funds, and marketable securities. Such interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. Our investment policy is focused on the preservation of capital and supporting our liquidity needs. We invest in highly rated securities, while limiting the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer other than the U.S. government. A hypothetical 10% change in interest rates would not have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations due to the short-term nature of our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities.

Credit Risk

Our concentration of credit risk is determined by evaluating each customer and each vendor that accounts for more than 10% of our accounts receivable and accounts payable, respectively. As of June 30, 2025, there were four customers accounting for 10% or more of our accounts receivable and one vendor accounting for 10% or more of our accounts payable.

We perform credit evaluations as needed and generally do not require collateral for our customers. We analyze accounts receivable, historical percentages of uncollectible accounts, and changes in payment history when evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts for potential credit losses on customers’ accounts. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, we had write-offs of $2 and 0, respectively and recorded a provision for expected credit losses of $2 and $34, respectively.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Our foreign currency exchange gains and losses have been generated primarily from fluctuations in the euro versus the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of all our entities is the U.S. dollar. Monetary assets and liabilities and transactions denominated in currencies other than an entity’s functional currency are remeasured into its functional currency using current exchange rates, whereas non-monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured using historical exchange rates. We recognize gains and losses from such remeasurements within interest income and other, or interest expense and other, as applicable on the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the period of occurrence. We have in the past experienced, and in the future expect to experience, foreign currency exchange gains and losses on our non-functional currency-denominated balances. Foreign currency exchange gains and losses could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. To date, we have not engaged in exchange rate hedging activities, and we do not expect to do so in the foreseeable future.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We have established disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as required under Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of June 30, 2025. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of June 30, 2025.

Management’s Report on Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting

As discussed in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, we concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has determined that our internal controls are reasonably designed and implemented to assure reliable financial reporting and preparation of our financial statements. However, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of controls to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may become involved in actions, claims, suits, and other legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business, including assertions by third parties relating to intellectual property infringement, breaches of contract or warranties, stockholder litigation, or employment-related matters. We are not currently a party to any actions, claims, suits, or other legal proceedings the outcome of which, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate have a material effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

On August 28, 2024, AEye, Inc. was purported to be served with a complaint that was filed in the Superior Court of California for the County of Alameda on August 26, 2024 that (1) alleges that we were in breach of the lease at our former headquarters office in Dublin, California because of our failure to pay rent as required by the lease and (2) provides notice that the lease had been terminated by the landlord effective as of August 23, 2024. The landlord claimed that the amount we owed could be up to $8,500. Thereafter, in August 2024, the landlord fully drew down the standby letter of credit of $2,150, which was held as security for the payment of rent, due to the alleged default of the lease. On April 28, 2025, the former landlord and us entered into a settlement agreement to resolve all outstanding disputes related to the early termination of the lease. Under the terms of the agreement, we paid $1,400 in cash and agreed to issue a warrant to purchase up to 350,000 shares of our common stock at an initial exercise price of $2.22 per share.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

In conducting our business, we may face risks and uncertainties that may interfere with our business objectives. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, as well as all of the other information contained in this Quarterly Report, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. The risks and uncertainties below are not the only ones that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. The occurrence of any of the following risks, or others specified below, could materially and adversely affect our business, strategies, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. In such cases, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Summary of Risk Factors

As noted above, our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in this “Risk Factors” section, that represent challenges that we face in connection with the successful implementation of our strategy and growth of our business. The occurrence of one or more of the events or circumstances described in the section titled “Risk Factors,” alone or in combination with other events or circumstances may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Such risks include, but are not limited to:

| • | We are an early stage company with a history of losses and we expect to incur significant expenses and continuing losses for at least the next several years.

| • | We substantially rely on relationships with Tier 1 automotive suppliers and our business could be materially and adversely affected if we cannot establish or maintain relationships with one or more Tier 1 partners, or if we, through our relationship with various Tier 1 partners, are unable to obtain a sufficient number of design wins and successfully enter into definitive agreements or other commercial arrangements with automotive OEMs with respect to such design wins.

| • | We may need to raise additional capital in order to execute our business plan and to respond to changing market conditions, which additional capital may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

| • | If our deterministic artificial intelligence-driven sensing system is not selected for inclusion in advanced driver-assistance systems, or ADAS, by any automotive OEMs or their suppliers, our business will be materially and adversely affected.

| • | We heavily rely on third-party suppliers and because some of the raw materials and key components in our products come from limited or single source suppliers, our ability to control the costs of such components and raw materials is uncertain; moreover, regardless of cost, we are susceptible to supply shortages and longer than anticipated lead times for components, either of which could disrupt our supply chain, could delay deliveries of our products to customers, and could negatively impact the adoption of our products and accordingly, our financial condition and operating results.

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| • | Our global supply chain and international customer base expose us to risks associated with tariffs, trade restrictions, trade tensions, and evolving international trade policies. Changes in U.S. or foreign government trade regulations, including the imposition of new tariffs or other retaliatory measures, could increase our costs, disrupt our supply chain, or limit our ability to sell products in certain markets, adversely affecting our financial condition.

| • | Although we believe that lidar is an essential technology for autonomous vehicles and other emerging applications, market adoption of lidar is uncertain. If market adoption of lidar does not continue to develop, or adoption is deferred, or otherwise develops more slowly than we expect, our business will be adversely affected.

| • | The complexity of our products could result in unforeseen delays or expenses from undetected defects, errors, or reliability issues in our hardware or software which could reduce the market adoption of our products, damage our reputation with current or prospective customers, and expose us to product liability and other claims, thereby adversely affecting our operating costs.

| • | Shareholder activism has caused us to incur significant additional expense, disrupted our business, and resulted in a proxy contest, all of which could negatively impact our stock price.

Risk Factors Relating to Our Business and Industry

We are an early stage company with a history of losses and we expect to incur significant expenses and continuing losses for at least the next few years.

We have incurred net losses in each year since our inception. In the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, we incurred net losses of approximately $17.3 million and $18.2 million, respectively. We expect that we will continue to incur significant losses through at least the next few years as we:

| • | continue to utilize our third-party partners for design, testing, and commercialization;

| • | expand our operations and supply chain capabilities to produce our lidar components and systems, including costs associated with outsourcing the production which, in some instances, requires significant upfront payments by us;

| • | expand our design, development, and commercialization;

| • | build up inventories of parts and components for our lidar solutions; and

| • | maintain a level of general and administrative spending to meet the requirements of operating as a public company.

As of June 30, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $390.4 million. Even if we are able to increase sales or licensing of our products, there can be no assurance that we will be commercially successful. Since we will incur the costs and expenses from these efforts prior to receiving incremental revenues with respect thereto, our losses in future periods may be significant. In the past, design wins, the first step towards commercialization with a particular OEM, have taken longer than originally expected. Such delays, including delays that may occur in the future, will impact the timing of our revenue. If our products do not achieve sufficient market acceptance, we will not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable, or if we are unable to fund our continuing losses, we may be unable to continue our business operations. There can be no assurance that we will ever achieve or sustain profitability.

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Our business model for the Automotive market substantially relies on us maintaining a relationship with one or more Tier 1 automotive suppliers; our business could be materially and adversely affected if we are unable to establish or maintain a relationship with one or more Tier 1 automotive suppliers, or even if we establish and maintain a relationship with one or more Tier 1 automotive supplies, if such Tier 1 automotive suppliers are unable to obtain a sufficient number of design wins and enter into definitive agreements or other commercial arrangements with automotive OEMs with respect to such design wins.

Our business prospects in the Automotive market are substantially based on us establishing and maintaining a relationship with one or more Tier 1 automotive suppliers. In 2021, we entered into an agreement with a subsidiary of Continental AG, a well-established Tier 1 automotive supplier, pursuant to which Continental licensed from us the rights to manufacture and integrate our lidar solution into automotive OEM model lines through long-term series production contracts with automotive OEMs. In late 2023, Continental informed us that they intended to discontinue our joint lidar development program due to their internal restructuring. Thereafter, we engaged LITEON as our new Tier 1 automotive partner and are actively working with LITEON to bring our products to market. If we fail to establish or maintain a relationship with one or more Tier 1 automotive suppliers, it may have a material and adverse effect on our business. There can be no assurance that we will be able to establish or maintain a relationship with any Tier 1 automotive supplier, or, even if we are successful in doing so, that the Tier 1 automotive suppliers will be in a position to secure orders for our product designs and software. If we are unable to maintain or progress our relationship with a Tier 1 automotive supplier, or if any Tier 1 automotive supplier is unable to secure a sufficient number of design wins and enter into definitive agreements or other commercial arrangements with automotive OEMs, then our business could be materially and adversely affected.

We may need to raise additional capital in order to execute our business plan and to respond to changing market conditions, which additional capital may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

We may need to raise additional capital either by issuing equity, debt, or a combination of the two, in order to respond to market timing delays, technological advancements, competition, competitive technologies, customer demands, business opportunities, other challenges, potential acquisitions, unforeseen circumstances, or other reasons. In order to further business relationships with current or potential customers or partners, we may issue equity or equity-linked securities to such customers or partners. Despite the need for additional capital, we may not be able to timely secure additional debt or equity financing on favorable terms, or at all, especially given current market conditions where raising additional capital has proven particularly challenging. If we raise additional capital through the issuance of equity or convertible debt or other equity-linked securities or if we issue equity or equity-linked securities to current or potential customers to further our business relationships, our existing stockholders would likely experience dilution, which may be significant. Any debt financing obtained by us in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital or to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited.

Additionally, under current SEC regulations, if our public float is less than $75 million at the time we file our Annual Report on Form 10-K, and for so long as our public float remains less than $75 million thereafter, the amount we can raise through primary public offerings of securities in any twelve-month period after such filing using a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 will be limited to an aggregate of one-third of our public float, which is referred to as the “baby shelf” rules. In the recent past, we have been subject to the “baby shelf” rules and we may become subject to such rules again. In the event we again become subject to the “baby shelf” rules, it would limit our ability to raise additional capital.

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Any restructuring actions and cost reduction initiatives that we undertook, or may undertake in the future, may not deliver the results we expect, and these actions may adversely affect our business.

Since 2023, we have implemented multiple restructuring actions aimed at focusing the organization on the commercialization of our automotive products, while reducing fixed operating costs, including the elimination of our internal sales and marketing teams. Our capital light business model allows us to leverage one or more Tier 1 partners and their manufacturing capabilities, supply chains, OEM relationships, and sales teams to bring our products to market. Our recent restructurings could result in disruptions to our operations and adversely affect our business and our ability to maintain or obtain additional Tier 1 partners. For example, we are actively working with our current Tier 1 partner to pursue available RFQ opportunities and if our restructuring actions impede our ability to win these awards, this could materially impact our business. In addition, we cannot be sure that the cost reduction initiatives will be successful in reducing our overall expenses to the extent anticipated, or that unexpected costs will not offset any such reductions or related initiatives. If our operating costs are higher than we expect, or if we do not maintain adequate control of our costs and expenses, our operating results could be materially and adversely affected.

Our financial results could vary significantly from quarter to quarter and are difficult to predict, particularly in light of the current economic environment, which in turn could cause volatility in our stock price.

Our quarterly results of operations have fluctuated in the past and may vary significantly in the future. As such, historical comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful. In particular, because our sales to date have primarily been to customers making purchases for their own R&D, sales in any given quarter can fluctuate based on the timing and success of our customers’ development projects. Accordingly, the results of any one quarter should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. We base our current and future expense levels on our internal operating plans and sales forecasts, and our operating costs are to a large extent, fixed. As a result, we may not be able to reduce our costs sufficiently to compensate for an unexpected shortfall in revenues, and even a small shortfall in revenues could disproportionately and adversely affect financial results for that quarter. This was particularly true for 2023, as we implemented significant cost-reduction measures making it more difficult for us to further reduce our operating expenses without a material adverse impact on our prospects in future periods. We have and may continue to incur significant or unanticipated expenses related to long-lived asset impairments, inventory write-downs, and one-time termination benefits to restructure our business. For example, in 2023, we impaired $9.9 million of long-lived assets, wrote down $8.6 million of inventory and other current assets, and incurred $3.3 million of one-time termination benefit costs, primarily relating to our decision to wind down our legacy Non-Automotive product line as part of our effort to reduce fixed operating costs, focus operations, simplify supply chains and streamline manufacturing to unify around a single product – Apollo.

Our quarterly financial results may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business. These fluctuations could adversely affect our ability to meet our expectations or those of securities analysts, ratings agencies, or investors. If we do not meet these expectations for any period, the value of our business and our securities could decline significantly.

Factors that may cause these quarterly fluctuations include, without limitation:

| • | the timing and magnitude of orders and shipments of our products in any quarter;

| • | decreases in pricing we may adopt to drive market adoption or in response to competitive pressure;

| • | our ability to retain our existing customers and strategic partners and attract new customers and strategic partners;

| • | our ability to develop, introduce, manufacture, and ship, in a timely manner, products that meet customer requirements;

| • | disruptions in our sales channels or termination of our relationships with important channel partners;

| • | delays in customers’ purchasing cycles or deferments of customers’ purchases in anticipation of new products or updates from us or our competitors;

| • | the timing of charges related to impairments of long-lived assets;

| • | non-routine write-downs of inventory;

| • | one-time termination benefits and other restructuring costs;

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| • | fluctuations in demand for our products;

| • | the mix of products sold or licensed by us in any given quarter;

| • | the duration or worsening of the military conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, and the time it will take for the economic recovery for such impact to occur;

| • | changing international trade policies, including the imposition or modification of tariffs, increasing trade tensions, and the implementation of potential trade restrictions;

| • | the timing and rate of broader market adoption of ADAS or autonomous systems utilizing our solutions across the Automotive and other market sectors;

| • | the timing and scale of the market acceptance of lidar generally;

| • | further technological advancements by our competitors and other market participants;

| • | the ability of our customers and strategic partners to commercialize systems that incorporate our products;

| • | any change in the competitive dynamics of our markets, including consolidation of competitors, regulatory developments, and new market entrants;

| • | our ability to effectively manage or outsource management of our inventory;

| • | changes in the source, cost, availability of, and regulations pertaining to components and materials we use in our products;

| • | impact of foreign currency fluctuations;

| • | adverse litigation, judgments, settlements, or other litigation-related costs, or claims that may give rise to such costs;

| • | general economic, industry, and market conditions, including trade disputes.

Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and the risks and challenges we may encounter.

We have been focused on developing our deterministic artificial intelligence-driven sensing system for vehicle autonomy, ADAS, and Non-Automotive applications since 2013. This relatively limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and the risks and challenges we may encounter, which include our ability to:

| • | develop and commercialize our products;

| • | produce and deliver lidar and software products meeting acceptable performance metrics;

| • | forecast our revenue and budget for and manage our expenses;

| • | attract new customers and retain existing customers;

| • | develop, obtain, or progress strategic partnerships;

| • | comply with existing and new or modified laws and regulations applicable to our business;

| • | plan for and manage capital expenditures for our current and future products, and manage our supply chain and supplier relationships related to our current and future products;

| • | anticipate and respond to macroeconomic changes as well as changes in the markets in which we operate;

| • | maintain and enhance the value of our reputation and brand;

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| • | effectively manage our growth and business operations, including the lingering impacts of macroeconomic factors on our business, such as the wars in Ukraine and in the Middle East;

| • | effectively manage our supply chain to address changing international trade policies, including tariffs, trade tensions, and potential trade restrictions;

| • | develop and protect our intellectual property;

| • | hire, integrate, and retain talented people at all levels of our organization; and

| • | successfully develop new solutions to enhance the experience of customers.

If we fail to address the risks and difficulties that we face, including those associated with the challenges listed above as well as those described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected. Further, because we have limited historical financial data and operate in a rapidly evolving market, any predictions about our future revenue and expenses may not be as accurate as those predictions would be if we had a longer operating history or operated in a more predictable market. We have encountered in the past, and will continue to encounter in the future, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies with limited operating histories in rapidly changing industries. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan and operate our business, are incorrect or change, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our results of operations could differ materially from our expectations and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We continue to implement strategic initiatives designed to grow our business. These initiatives may prove more costly than we currently anticipate and we may not succeed in increasing our revenue in an amount sufficient to offset the costs of these initiatives or to achieve and maintain profitability.

We continue to make investments and implement initiatives designed to grow our business, including:

| • | investing in R&D and commercialization;

| • | further enhancing our manufacturing processes and partnerships;

| • | protecting our intellectual property; and

| • | investing in legal, accounting, and other administrative functions necessary to support our operations as a public company.

These initiatives may prove more expensive than we currently anticipate, and we may not succeed in increasing our revenue, if at all, in an amount sufficient to offset these higher expenses or to achieve and maintain profitability. The market opportunities we are pursuing are at an early stage of development, and it may be many years before the end markets we expect to serve generate demand for our products at scale, if at all. Our revenue may be adversely affected for a number of reasons, including the development and/or market acceptance of new technology that competes with our products, if automotive original equipment manufacturers, or automotive OEMs, Tier 1 automotive suppliers, or other market participants change their view towards autonomous vehicles or ADAS technologies or strategies (as Continental did at the end of 2023), the failure of our customers to commercialize autonomous systems that include our solutions, our inability to effectively manage or outsource the management of our inventory, manufacturing, or contract manufacturing of products at scale, our inability to enter new markets or to help our customers adapt our products for new applications, or our failure to attract new customers or secure production orders from existing customers currently analyzing our solutions, or increasing competition. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict the size and growth rate of our target markets, customer demand for our products, commercialization timelines, developments in autonomous sensing, developments in ADAS and related technologies, the entry of competitive products, or the success of existing competitive products and services. For these reasons, we do not expect to achieve profitability over the near term. If our revenue does not grow over the long term, our ability to achieve and maintain profitability may be adversely affected, and the value of our business may significantly decrease.

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The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile and could decline significantly.

The stock markets, including Nasdaq on which we list our shares of common stock, have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. Even if an active, liquid, and orderly trading market develops and is sustained for our common stock, the market price of our common stock may continue to be volatile and could decline significantly. As previously disclosed, on January 20, 2023, we received notice from Nasdaq that we were no longer in compliance with the $1.00 per share minimum bid price requirement for continued listing on Nasdaq. To ensure compliance with the minimum bid price requirement by January 16, 2024, we held a special meeting of stockholders on December 12, 2023, to consider and authorize our Board of Directors to effect a reverse stock split. Thereafter, the Board resolved to effect a reverse stock split of our issued common stock at a ratio of one-for-thirty (the "Reverse Stock Split"), and pursuant to that resolution, on December 26, 2023, we caused a Certificate of Amendment to our Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, to be filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware. The Reverse Stock Split became effective upon the filing of the Certificate and our common stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis on The Nasdaq Capital Market at the opening of trading on December 27, 2023. Companies that implement a reverse stock split often see a materially negative impact on their stock price. In addition, as previously disclosed, on March 11, 2025, we received notice from Nasdaq that we were again no longer in compliance with the $1.00 per share minimum bid price requirement for continued listing on Nasdaq, however, on July 30, 2025, Nasdaq notified us that we had regained compliance with the requirement and that the matter was now closed. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements in the future.

More recently, since January 27, 2025, our stock has closed below $1.00 per share. As previously disclosed, on March 11, 2025, we received notice from Nasdaq that we were no longer in compliance with the $1.00 per share minimum bid price requirement for continued listing on Nasdaq. On July 30, 2025, Nasdaq notified us that we had regained compliance with the requirement and that the matter was now closed. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements in the future. In addition, the trading volume of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, which can have significant impact on the price of our common stock. If the market price of our common stock declines significantly, you may be unable to resell your shares at an attractive price, or at all. We cannot assure you that the market price of our common stock will not fluctuate widely or decline significantly in the future.

If our deterministic artificial intelligence-driven sensing system is not selected for inclusion in ADAS technology by automotive OEMs or their suppliers, our business will be materially and adversely affected.

Automotive OEMs and their suppliers design and develop ADAS technology over several years. These automotive OEMs and suppliers undertake extensive testing or qualification processes prior to placing orders for large quantities of products, such as our lidar products, because such products will function as part of a larger system or platform and must meet specifications that we do not control or dictate. We have spent, and will continue to spend, significant time and resources to have our products selected by automotive OEMs and their suppliers, which we refer to as a “design win.” In the case of autonomous driving and ADAS technology, a design win means our lidar product has been selected for use in a particular vehicle model or models. If we do not achieve a design win with respect to a particular vehicle model, we may not have an opportunity to supply our products to the automotive OEM or its supplier for that vehicle model for a period of many years. In many cases, this period can be as long as five to seven years (or more). If our products are not selected by an automotive OEM or our suppliers for one vehicle model or if our products are not successful in that vehicle model, it is less likely that our product will be deployed in other vehicle models of that automotive OEM. If we fail to obtain design wins for a significant number of vehicle models from one or more automotive OEMs or their suppliers, our business, results of operations, and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected.

The integration of our lidar technology into Nvidia’s DRIVE AGX Orin platform does not guarantee that automotive OEMs will select our lidar technology for their ADAS or autonomous driving solutions, even if such automotive OEMs select the Nvidia DRIVE AGX Orin platform instead of the platform of one of Nvidia’s competitors or the automotive OEM decides to use an in-house solution. The Nvidia DRIVE AGX Orin platform supports a number of lidar sensors that are competitive to our solution and Nvidia is expected to remain neutral with respect to the automotive OEM’s decision as to choice of lidar sensor for that automotive OEM’s solution. It is difficult to predict how many automotive OEMs will ultimately adopt the Nvidia DRIVE AGX Orin platform.

Our forward-looking estimates of certain financial metrics may prove inaccurate.

We use various estimates in formulating our business plans. We base our estimates upon a number of assumptions that are inherently subject to significant business and economic uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. Our estimates therefore may prove inaccurate, causing the actual amount to differ from our estimates. These factors include, without limitation:

| • | the extent to which we meet contractual terms and conditions;

| • | the extent to which our technology is successfully integrated into our customers’ vehicles;

| • | the timing of when our customers adopt our technology into their vehicles on a commercial basis which could be delayed for regulatory, safety, or reliability issues unrelated to our technology;

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| • | undetected or unknown errors, defects, or reliability issues in our hardware or software which could reduce the market adoption of our existing or new products;

| • | loss of business with respect to the failure or lack of commercial success of a vehicle model for which we are a significant supplier for reasons unrelated to our technology;

| • | a decline, for any reason, in the production levels of our customers, particularly with respect to models which incorporate our technology;

| • | customer cancellations of their contracts;

| • | if our products are included as part of a vehicle option package, the extent to which end customers select it; and

| • | other risk factors set forth in this Quarterly Report.

The period of time from a design win to implementation is long and we are subject to the risks of cancellation or postponement of the contract or unsuccessful implementation.

Prospective customers, including those in the automotive industry, generally must make significant commitments of resources to test and validate products like ours and confirm that they can integrate these products with other technologies before including them in any particular system, product, or model. The development cycles for our products with new customers varies widely depending on the application, market, customer, and the complexity of the product. In the Automotive market, for example, this development cycle can be five to seven years (or more). The development cycle in Non-Automotive markets can be months to one or two years (or more). These development cycles result in us investing our resources prior to realizing any revenue from commercialization. Further, we are subject to the risk that customers cancel or postpone implementation of our technology or our customers are unable to integrate our technology successfully into a larger system. If our customers face financial difficulties, they may also cancel current or future product programs that could materially and adversely impact our financial results. Further, our revenue could be less than forecasted if the system, product, or vehicle model that includes our lidar products is unsuccessful, including for reasons unrelated to our technology. Long development cycles and product cancellations or postponements may adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

A significant portion of the components used in our products are manufactured abroad, which subjects us to various international risks and costs, including foreign trade issues, tariffs, trade wars, currency exchange rate fluctuations, shipment delays, supply chain disruptions, and political instability, any of which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Most of our products, and the components thereof, are manufactured abroad. Relying on foreign-produced products subjects us to risks relating to changes in import duties, quotas, the potential for introduction of U.S. taxes on imported goods, the potential loss of “most favored nation” status with the U.S., and freight cost increases, as well as economic and political uncertainties, that could result in a trade war causing ever-increasing tariffs. We may also experience shipment delays caused by shipping port constraints, labor strikes, work stoppages, acts of war, including the current conflicts in Ukraine and in the Middle East, and terrorism, or other supply chain disruptions, including those caused by extreme weather, natural disasters, and pandemics or other public health concerns. Specifically, the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused delays in the manufacturing and shipping of our products and the associated raw materials. To the extent the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic result in continuation or worsening of manufacturing and shipping delays and constraints, our suppliers will continue to have challenges obtaining the materials necessary for the production of our products.

If any of these or other factors, including trade tensions between the U.S. and other nations, including China and Russia, as a result of the war in Ukraine or otherwise, were to cause a disruption of trade from other countries, and in particular, Taiwan, our ability to source products, components, or raw materials could be adversely affected. We may need to seek alternative suppliers or vendors, which may not be available, or make changes to our operations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition. Also, the prices charged by foreign manufacturers for production or the acquisition of raw materials or components, may be affected by the fluctuation of their local currency against the U.S. dollar, which could cause the cost of our products to increase and negatively impact our business. In addition, if the supply of components for our products becomes more limited than we anticipated, competition to acquire the limited supply of components will drive prices higher than planned, negatively impacting our cash flows and gross margins.

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Our products require key components and critical raw materials and our inability to reduce and control the cost of such components and raw materials could negatively impact the adoption of our products and accordingly, our financial condition and operating results.

The production of our components is dependent on sourcing certain key components and raw materials at acceptable price levels. We have experienced, and may continue to experience, supply chain-induced shortages of key components, leading to a scarcity of such components, a limited availability of such components at greatly inflated prices, or both. This scarcity and limited availability, of components may be further exacerbated by increasing trade tensions around the globe. If we or our licensees or contract manufacturers are unable to adequately reduce and control the costs of such key components, we or they will be unable to realize manufacturing costs targets, which could reduce the market adoption of our products, damage our reputation with current or prospective customers, and have an adverse effect on our brand, business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.

Continued pricing pressures, automotive OEM and Tier 1 supplier cost reduction initiatives, and the ability of automotive OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers to source alternatives or cancel vehicle or technology programs may result in lower than anticipated revenues, or cause substantial losses, which may adversely affect our business.

Cost-cutting initiatives adopted by our customers may result in continued downward pressure on pricing. Our agreements and partnerships with automotive OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers may require step-downs in pricing over the term of the agreement or partnership, or if commercialized, over the period of production. In addition, our automotive OEM and Tier 1 suppliers often reserve the right to terminate their supply contracts for convenience, which enhances their ability to obtain price concessions. Automotive OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers also possess significant leverage over their suppliers, including us, because the automotive component supply industry is highly competitive, serves a limited number of customers, and has a high fixed cost base. See also the risk factor entitled, “We operate in a highly competitive market involving emerging technology. We compete against a number of competitors, some of whom have substantially greater resources than us,” below.

Automotive OEMs, like many manufacturers, are price sensitive to components used in their end products. We and our Tier 1 suppliers are sensitive to the cost we quote to such automotive OEMs to mitigate the risk of being eliminated from contention based solely on price. Despite our efforts, and the efforts of our Tier 1 suppliers, to reduce the overall cost of our products, we are not always able to achieve the cost targets we are seeking. The inability to reach our cost targets could have a material adverse impact on our ability to gain market acceptance for our products, regardless of the ability of our products to achieve the automotive OEMs’ specifications.

Accordingly, we expect to be subject to substantial and continuing pricing pressure from automotive OEMs, Tier 1 suppliers, and lidar competitors, which may impact the revenue we receive from licensing our product designs or selling our products. It is possible that pricing pressures beyond our expectations could intensify as automotive OEMs, Tier 1 suppliers, and lidar competitors pursue restructuring, consolidation, and cost-cutting initiatives. If we are unable to identify sufficient design cost savings to meet the expectations of automotive OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers, our revenue and profitability would be adversely affected.

We expect to continue investing in R&D and commercializing new products, which could significantly reduce our profitability and may never result in revenue to us.

Our future growth depends on penetrating new markets, adapting existing products to new applications and customer requirements, achieving volume-based component price reductions, and introducing new products that achieve market acceptance. We expect to continue to incur R&D costs as part of our efforts to design, develop, manufacture, and commercialize new products and enhance existing products. Our R&D expenses were approximately $7.2 million and $8.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and may increase in the future. Because we account for R&D as an operating expense, these expenditures will adversely affect our results of operations in the future. Further, our R&D program may not produce successful results, and our new products may not achieve market acceptance, create additional revenue, or become profitable.

In July 2025 we introduced OPTIS™, a full-stack physical AI solution for the Non-Automotive market. For OPTIS™ to be successful it will require that we find and integrate the products of partners who have created compatible perception, analytics, and other relevant software products and are willing to integrate those products onto the OPTIS™ platform. If we are unable to find software partners that will allow us to incorporate their products into OPTIS™ or the partners we do obtain are not acceptable to our customers, OPTIS™ may not be successful. OPTIS™ is a new product that has not been offered before and therefore overall market acceptance is unknown. As is common with new and complex products incorporating leading-edge technologies, we may encounter reliability, compatibility, design, or manufacturing issues as we begin volume production and initial installations at customer sites. We also run the risk that the third-party software we incorporate into OPTIS™ will not function as intended, which would negatively impact the market perception of OPTIS™. There can be no assurance that we will discover any reliability, compatibility, design, or manufacturing issues prior to sale or, that if such issues arise after a sale, that the issue can be resolved to the customers’ satisfaction or that the resolution of such problems will not cause us to incur significant additional development costs or warranty expenses or to cause us to lose significant sales opportunities.

Our strategic partnerships may not result in OEM program wins or commercial success, and the success of our OPTIS™ strategy depends on attracting developers and partners to expand our ecosystem.

We rely on strategic partnerships, such as our collaboration with Nvidia, to enhance the capabilities and market reach of our lidar solutions and to facilitate integration with broader intelligent infrastructure platforms. While these partnerships may help position our technology for adoption by OEM and other end customers, there can be no assurance that our collaborations will result in design wins, commercial agreements, or large-scale adoption by OEMs or other customers. The integration of our lidar technology into platforms such as Nvidia’s DRIVE AGX Orin is an important milestone, but it does not guarantee that automotive OEMs or Tier 1 suppliers will select our solutions for their production programs, or that such programs will be successful or generate significant revenue for us. Delays, changes in OEM strategies, or the selection of competing technologies could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, the success of our recently launched OPTIS™ product is highly dependent on our ability to attract and engage a broad ecosystem of software developers, technology partners, and third-party solution providers. If we are unable to attract a critical mass of software developers, or if third-party partners do not adopt or support our platform, the potential and value of OPTIS™ may be diminished, and we may not achieve the anticipated growth of our business or technology. Furthermore, the development of a robust ecosystem requires significant investment of time and resources, and there is no guarantee that these efforts will be successful or that the ecosystem will reach the scale necessary to drive meaningful revenue or market adoption.

Our inability to secure OEM program wins through our partnerships, or to successfully build and expand the OPTIS™ ecosystem, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

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Although we believe that lidar is an essential technology for autonomous vehicles and other emerging applications, market adoption of lidar is uncertain. If market adoption of lidar does not continue to develop, or adoption is deferred, or otherwise develops more slowly than we expect, our business will be adversely affected.

Our lidar-based sensing system can be applied to different use cases across end markets. Despite the fact that the automotive industry has expended considerable effort to research and test lidar products for ADAS and autonomous driving applications, the automotive industry may not introduce lidar products in commercially available vehicles on a time frame that matches our expectations, or at all. We have experienced a number of instances where potential automotive OEMs have delayed their programs for the inclusion of lidar in their end products. We continually study emerging and competing sensing technologies and methodologies, and we may incorporate new sensing technologies to our product portfolio over time. However, lidar products for use in the Automotive market remain relatively new and it is possible that other sensing modalities, or a new disruptive modality based on new or existing technologies, including a combination of technologies, will achieve acceptance or leadership in the ADAS and autonomous driving space. Even if lidar products are used in initial generations of autonomous driving technology and ADAS products, we cannot guarantee that lidar products will be designed into or included in subsequent generations of such commercialized technology. The speed of market adoption and growth for ADAS or autonomous vehicles is difficult, if not impossible, to predict, and it is more difficult to predict this market’s future growth in light of the economic consequences of the unresolved global conflicts and increasing trade tensions, as well as other macroeconomic factors. Although we currently believe we have a differentiated market leading technology for the autonomous vehicle market, by the time mass market adoption of autonomous vehicle technology is achieved, we expect competition among providers of sensing technology based on lidar and other modalities to increase substantially. If, by the time autonomous vehicle technology achieves mass market adoption, commercialization of lidar products is not successful, or not as successful as we or the market expects, or if other sensing modalities gain acceptance by developers of ADAS products, automotive OEMs, regulators, safety organizations, or other market participants, our business, results of operations, and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected.

Over the longer term, we believe that our overall revenue growth, if any, will depend in part on our ability to expand within Non-Automotive markets such as aerospace and defense, shuttle, delivery vehicle, drone, railway, intelligent transport, mining and other markets as they emerge. Each of these markets presents distinct risks and, in many cases, requires that we expend our resources to address the particular requirements of that market.

Addressing these requirements can be time-consuming and costly. The market for lidar technology is relatively new, rapidly developing, and unproven in many markets and industries. Many of our prospective customers are still in the testing and development phases and we cannot be certain that they will commercialize products or systems with our lidar products, or at all. We cannot be certain that lidar will be sold into these markets, or that lidar will be sold into any markets at scale. Adoption of lidar products, including our products, will depend on numerous factors, including whether the technological capabilities of lidar and lidar-based products meet users’ current or anticipated needs, whether the benefits associated with designing lidar into larger sensing systems outweighs the costs, complexity, and time needed to deploy such technology or replace or modify existing systems that may have used other modalities, such as cameras and radar, whether users in other applications can move beyond the testing and development phases and proceed to commercializing systems supported by lidar technology and whether lidar developers such as us can keep pace with the expected rapid technological change in certain developing markets, and the global response to the unresolved global conflicts and increasing trade tensions, as well as other macroeconomic factors, and the length of any associated economic recovery. If lidar technology does not achieve commercial success, or if adoption of lidar is deferred or the market otherwise develops at a pace slower than we expect, our business, results of operations, and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected.

We may experience difficulties in managing our growth and expanding our operations.

Over the long term, we may experience significant growth in the scope and nature of our operations. Our ability to manage our operations and future growth will require us to continue to improve our operational, financial, and management controls, legal and compliance programs, and reporting systems. We may not be able to implement improvements in an efficient or timely manner and may discover deficiencies in existing controls, programs, systems, and procedures, which could have an adverse effect on our business, reputation, and financial results. In addition, we currently operate with a limited number of employees, particularly in sales, marketing, and customer support. This limited resourcing could constrain our ability to scale operations, meet customer demand, and execute on growth opportunities if interest in our technology exceed expectations. Failure to adequately expand and support these functions as interest increases could negatively impact our ability to achieve our strategic objectives.

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We rely on third-party suppliers and because some of the raw materials and key components in our products come from limited or single source suppliers, we are susceptible to supply shortages, longer than anticipated lead times for components, and supply changes, any of which could disrupt our supply chain and could delay deliveries of our products to customers.

Most of the components that go into the manufacturing of our solutions are sourced from third-party suppliers. To date, we have produced our products in relatively limited quantities for use in R&D programs. Although we do not have any experience in managing our supply chain to manufacture and deliver our products at scale, our future success will depend on our ability to do so. Some of the key components used to manufacture our products come from limited or single source suppliers. We are therefore subject to the risk of shortages and long lead times in the supply of these components and the risk that our suppliers discontinue or modify components used in our products. As we rely on a global supply chain, the potential for other epidemics and outbreaks of contagions, should they materialize, unresolved and continuing global conflicts, and increasing trade tensions, as well as other macroeconomic factors may adversely affect our ability to source components in a timely or cost-effective manner from our third-party suppliers due to, among other things, work stoppages or interruptions. For example, our products depend on lasers. Any shortage in the availability of these lasers could materially and adversely affect our ability to manufacture our solutions. In addition, the lead times associated with certain components are lengthy and preclude rapid changes in quantities and delivery schedules. While we have entered into agreements with some suppliers for the supply of certain components at set prices, such quantities are limited given we are not yet producing at scale. Therefore, we have in the past experienced, and may in the future experience, component shortages and significant price fluctuations of key components and materials, and the predictability of the availability and pricing of these components may be limited. Component shortages or pricing fluctuations could be material in the future, which could be exacerbated by employee retention issues at any of our suppliers. In the event of a component shortage, supply interruption, or a material pricing change from suppliers of these components, we may not be able to develop alternate sources in a timely manner, or at all, especially in the case of sole or limited source items. Developing alternate sources of supply for these components may be time-consuming, difficult, and costly and we may not be able to source these components on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all, which may undermine our ability to meet our requirements or to fill customer orders in a timely manner. Any interruption or delay in the supply of any of these parts or components, or the inability to obtain these parts or components from alternate sources at acceptable prices and within a reasonable amount of time, would adversely affect our ability to meet our scheduled product deliveries to our customers. This could adversely affect our relationships with our customers and partners and could cause delays in shipment of our products and adversely affect our operating results. In addition, increased component costs could result in lower gross margins. Even where we are able to pass increased component costs along to our customers, there may be a lapse of time before we are able to do so such that we will be required to absorb some or all of the increased cost. If we are unable to buy these components in quantities sufficient to meet our requirements on a timely basis, we will not be able to deliver products to our customers, which may result in such customers using competitive products instead of our products.

We may face risks associated with our reliance on certain deterministic artificial intelligence and machine learning models.

We rely on deterministic artificial intelligence and machine learning models in the development of our solutions for vehicle autonomy, ADAS, and Non-Automotive applications. The models that we use are developed or trained using various data sets. If the models are incorrectly designed, the data we use to train them is incomplete, inadequate, or biased in some way, or if we do not have sufficient rights to use the data on which our models rely, the performance of our products, services, and business, as well as our reputation, could suffer or we could incur liability through the violation of laws, third-party privacy or other rights, or contracts to which we are a party.

Our outsourced manufacturing business model for the Non-Automotive market may not be successful, which could harm our ability to deliver products and recognize revenue in the Non-Automotive market.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, we made the decision to wind down our legacy Non-Automotive product. Our new product, OPTISTM, is intended to address the Non-Automotive market. Our manufacturing strategy for the Non-Automotive market had been focused on outsourcing volume manufacturing to contract manufacturers, or our Tier 1 manufacturing partners, while maintaining the design, engineering, prototyping, testing, and pilot manufacturing in-house at our facility in Pleasanton, California.

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Reliance on third-party manufacturers reduces our control over the manufacturing process, including reduced control over quality, product costs, product supply, and timing. We may experience delays in shipments or issues concerning product quality from our third-party manufacturers. If any of our third-party manufacturers experience interruptions, delays, or disruptions in supplying our products, including by (i) natural disasters, (ii) the effects of any epidemics or outbreaks of other contagions, such as "bird-flu," (iii) increased military conflict, especially in Ukraine and the Middle East, (iv) increasing trade tensions around the globe, or (v) work stoppages or capacity constraints, our ability to ship products would be delayed. In addition, unfavorable economic conditions could result in financial distress among third-party manufacturers upon which we rely, thereby increasing the risk of disruption of supplies necessary to fulfill our production requirements and meet customer demands. Additionally, if any of our third-party manufacturers experience quality control problems in their manufacturing operations and our products do not meet customer or regulatory requirements, we could be required to cover the cost of repair or replacement of any defective products. These delays or product quality issues could have an immediate and material adverse effect on our ability to fulfill orders and could have a negative effect on our operating results. In addition, such delays or issues with product quality could adversely affect our reputation and our relationship with our channel partners. If our third-party manufacturers experience financial, operational, manufacturing capacity, or other difficulties, or experience shortages in required components, or if they are otherwise unable or unwilling to continue to manufacture our products in required volumes or at all, our supply may be disrupted, we may be required to seek alternate manufacturers, and we may be required to redesign our products. It would be time-consuming, and could be costly and impracticable, to begin to use new manufacturers or designs, and such changes could cause significant interruptions in supply and could have an adverse effect on our ability to meet our scheduled product deliveries, and may subsequently lead to the loss of sales. While we take measures to protect our trade secrets, the use of third-party manufacturers may also risk disclosure of our innovative and proprietary manufacturing methodologies, which could adversely affect our business.

We have begun engagement with a manufacturing partner, based in China in an effort to penetrate the lidar market in China, initially focused on the autonomous trucking and railway segments. Given this is a new endeavor, there is no guarantee that this will be successful or be effective at mitigating the risks associated with our outsourced manufacturing business model.

Our sales and operations in international markets expose us to associated operational, financial, and regulatory risks.

Sales to international customers accounted for 95% and 21% of our revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. In May 2024, we announced that we have partnered with Accelight Technologies, Inc. and LighTekton Co., Ltd. to deliver our lidar solutions to the China market, specifically focused on the autonomous trucking and railway segments, as the market in China appears to be ahead of the rest of the world in lidar adoption. However, we have not previously sold into the China market and our partners, although they regularly conduct business in China, do not have experience in the lidar market. There is also significant competition in China from local lidar manufacturers. We can provide no assurances that we will be successful in the China lidar market.

In general, international operations are subject to a number of other risks, including:

| • | the impact of tariffs and any escalation of a trade war between the U.S. and its trading partners;

| • | exchange rate fluctuations;

| • | political and economic instability, international terrorism, and anti-American sentiment, particularly in emerging markets;

| • | global or regional health crises, such as epidemics or outbreaks of other contagions;

| • | military conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East;

| • | potential for violations of anti-corruption laws and regulations, such as those related to bribery and fraud;

| • | preference for locally branded products, and laws and business practices favoring local competition;

| • | potential consequences of, and uncertainty related to, the “Brexit” process in the United Kingdom, which could lead to additional expense and complexity in doing business there;

| • | increased difficulty in managing inventory;

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| • | delayed revenue recognition;

| • | the potential for less effective protection of intellectual property;

| • | stringent regulation of autonomous driving or other systems or products using our products and stringent consumer protection and product compliance regulations, including, but not limited, to the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR in the European Union, European competition law, the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive, or RoHS, the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive, or WEEE, and the European Ecodesign Directive, all of which are costly to comply with and may vary from country to country;

| • | difficulties and costs of staffing and managing foreign operations;

| • | import and export laws and associated regulations;

| • | changes in local tax and customs duty laws or changes in the enforcement, application, or interpretation of such laws; and

| • | the U.S. government’s restrictions on technology transfers to certain countries.

The occurrence of any of these risks could negatively affect our international business and consequently our business, operating results, and financial condition.

The complexity of our products could result in unforeseen delays or expenses from undetected defects, errors, or reliability issues in our hardware or software which could reduce the market adoption of our products, damage our reputation with current or prospective customers, expose us to product liability and other claims, and thereby adversely affect our operating costs.

Our products are highly technical, very complex, and require high standards to manufacture. Our products have in the past experienced, and will likely in the future experience, defects, errors, or reliability issues at various stages of development, production, and use. We may be unable to timely release new products, manufacture existing products, correct problems that have arisen, or correct such problems to our customers’ satisfaction. Additionally, undetected errors, defects, or security vulnerabilities, especially as new products are introduced or as new versions are released, could result in serious injury to the end users of the technology incorporating our products, or those in the surrounding area, our customers never being able to commercialize technology incorporating our products, litigation against us, negative publicity, and other consequences. These risks are particularly prevalent in the highly competitive autonomous driving and ADAS markets. Some errors or defects in our products may only be discovered after they have been tested, commercialized, and deployed by customers. If that is the case, we may incur significant additional development costs and product recall, repair, or replacement costs. These problems may also result in claims, including class actions, against us. Our reputation or brand may be damaged as a result of these problems and customers may be reluctant to buy our products thereafter, which could adversely affect our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers, and could adversely affect our financial results.

Our products are intended to be combined with third-party hardware and software as part of a larger system. These larger systems are also highly technical, complex, and require high standards to manufacture. The third-party components incorporated into these larger systems, have been and will be subject to defects, errors, and reliability issues during development, production, and use. Should these third-party components, in which our products are intended to be combined with, fail or require action to correct defects or errors, it would likely delay the sale of the larger system in which our products are to be incorporated, thereby adversely affecting our financial results. As the production of third-party components is largely outside of our control, we are subject to such third parties investing sufficient time and resources to manufacture their products without minimal defects. For example, if a third-party reseller intended to overlay perception software on our product prior to resale, but such perception software contained defects or errors such that it could not be introduced into the market, the sales of our products would be delayed or cancelled, thereby adversely affecting our financial results.

In addition, we could face material legal claims for breach of contract, product liability, fraud, tort, or breach of warranty as a result. Defending a lawsuit, regardless of its merit, could be costly and may divert management’s attention and adversely affect the market’s perception of us and our products. In addition, any insurance coverage we may have could prove inadequate with respect to a claim and future coverage may be unavailable on acceptable terms, or at all. These product-related issues could result in claims against us and our business could be adversely affected.

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We may be subject to product liability or warranty claims that could result in significant direct or indirect costs, which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

Our customers intend to use our solutions in autonomous driving and ADAS applications; the operation of motor vehicles, even with our solutions embedded, presents the risk of significant injury, including fatalities. We may be subject to claims if a product using our lidar technology is involved in an accident and persons are injured or purport to be injured. Any insurance that we carry may not be sufficient or it may not apply to all situations. Similarly, our customers could be subjected to claims as a result of such accidents and bring legal claims against us to attempt to hold us liable. In addition, if lawmakers or governmental agencies were to determine that the use of our products, autonomous driving, or certain other ADAS applications increased the risk of injury to all or a subset of our customers, they may pass laws or adopt regulations that limit the use of our products, increase the liability associated with the use of our products, or regulate the use of or delay the deployment of autonomous driving and ADAS technology. Any of these events could adversely affect our brand, relationships with customers, operating results, or financial condition.

Suppliers to automotive OEMs may require that we provide a warranty, either directly or indirectly, on our products, including our embedded software. The occurrence of any material defects in our products during the warranty period could make us liable for damages and warranty claims. In addition, we could incur significant costs to correct any defects, warranty claims, or other problems, including costs related to product recalls. Any negative publicity related to the perceived quality of our products could affect our brand image, partner and customer demand, and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. Also, warranty, recall and product liability claims may result in litigation, including class actions, the occurrence of which could be costly, lengthy, and distracting, and adversely affect our business and operating results.

If we do not maintain sufficient inventory or if we do not adequately manage our inventory, we could lose sales or incur higher inventory-related expenses, including write-downs related to obsolete or excess items, which could negatively affect our operating results.

To ensure adequate inventory, we must forecast inventory needs and expenses, place orders sufficiently in advance with our suppliers and manufacturing partners, and manufacture products based on our estimates of future demand for particular products. Fluctuations in the adoption of lidar products may affect our ability to forecast our future operating results, including revenue, gross margins, cash flows, and profitability. Our ability to accurately forecast demand for our products could be affected by many factors, including the accuracy of the forecasts that we receive from our customers, the rapidly changing nature of the autonomous driving and ADAS markets in which we operate, the uncertainty surrounding the market acceptance and commercialization of lidar technology, the emergence of new markets, an increase or decrease in customer demand for our products or for products and services of our competitors, product introductions by competitors, epidemics or outbreaks of other contagions, such as "bird-flu," should they materialize, any work stoppages or interruptions, unanticipated changes in general market conditions, and the general weakening of economic conditions or consumer confidence, which may be exacerbated by the on-going military actions in Ukraine and the Middle East, or escalating trade tensions around the globe. If our lidar products are commercialized in autonomous driving and ADAS applications, both of which are experiencing rapid growth in demand, we may face challenges acquiring adequate supplies to manufacture our products and/or we and our manufacturing partners may not be able to manufacture our products at a rate necessary to satisfy the levels of demand, which would negatively affect our revenue. This risk may be enhanced by the fact that we may not carry or be able to obtain for our manufacturing partners a significant level of inventory to satisfy short-term increases in demand. If we fail to accurately forecast customer demand, we may experience excess inventory levels or a shortage of products available for sale.

Inventory levels in excess of customer demand may result in inventory write-downs or write-offs and the sale of excess inventory at discounted prices, which would adversely affect our financial results, including our gross margin, and have a negative effect on our brand. In the past, including in the fourth quarter of 2023, we took inventory write-downs for obsolete and excess components associated with our decision to wind down our legacy Non-Automotive product line. Conversely, if we underestimate customer demand for our products, we, or our manufacturing partners, may not be able to deliver products to meet our requirements, and this could result in damage to our brand and customer relationships, and adversely affect our revenue and operating results.

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The average selling prices of our products or our fees or royalties from technology licenses could decrease rapidly over the life of the product or license term, which may negatively affect our revenue and gross margin.

We may experience declines in the average selling prices of our products generally as our customers seek to commercialize autonomous systems at prices low enough to achieve market acceptance or due to competitive pressures. In order to sell products that have a falling average unit selling price and maintain margins at the same time, we will need to continually reduce product and manufacturing costs. To manage manufacturing costs, we and our Tier 1 partners must continually engineer the most cost-effective design for our products. In addition, we continuously drive initiatives to reduce assembly cost, improve efficiency, reduce the cost of materials, use fewer materials, and further lower overall product costs by carefully managing component prices, inventory, and shipping costs. We also need to continually introduce new and competitive products in order to maintain our overall gross margin. We may also experience declines in fees or royalties from licensing our technology as customers reduce the prices of products incorporating our licensed technology in order to achieve market acceptance or due to competitive pressures. If we are unable to manage the cost structure of our products, successfully introduce new products with higher gross margins, and develop new technology that we can license at attractive royalty rates, our revenue and overall gross margin would likely decline.

Adverse conditions in the automotive industry or downturns in domestic or global economic conditions, or other macroeconomic factors more generally, could have adverse effects on our results of operations.

While we make our strategic planning decisions based on the assumption that the markets we are targeting will grow, our business is dependent, in large part on, and directly affected by, business cycles and other factors affecting the global automotive industry and the global economy generally. Automotive production and sales are highly cyclical and depend on general economic conditions and other factors, including consumer spending and preferences, changes in interest rates (which significantly increased beginning in 2022) and credit availability, changes in inflation rates (which the U.S. has recently experienced and may continue to do so), consumer confidence (which may be starting to wane), fuel costs, fuel availability, environmental impact, tariffs (especially those targeting automobiles or components used by the automotive industry in particular, such as steel and aluminum), governmental incentives and regulatory requirements, and political volatility, especially in energy-producing countries and growth markets. Increases in interest rates, especially if coupled with reduced government spending and volatility in financial markets, may have the effect of further increasing economic uncertainty and heightening these risks, which may impact our ability to raise additional capital in the future. In addition, the ongoing hostilities between Russia and Ukraine, the war in the Middle East, and global reactions thereto have caused significant fluctuations in U.S. domestic and global energy prices. Oil supply disruptions related to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and sanctions and other measures taken by the U.S. and its allies, could lead to higher costs for gas, food, and goods in the U.S. and exacerbate the inflationary pressures on the economy, with potentially adverse impacts on our customers and on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Moreover, certain raw materials needed to produce components that are incorporated into our products, and the products of our customers, are primarily derived in the region in which the Russia-Ukraine conflict is occurring. The longer the Russia-Ukraine conflict continues and the more damage to Ukrainian infrastructure that occurs, the greater the impact could be on the supply of such raw materials, and the failure to have access to such raw materials could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. In addition, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, or CISA, has in the past warned organizations in the U.S. to be on guard against possible cyber-attacks coming from Russia which has the potential to disrupt business operations, limit access to essential services, and threaten public safety.

Automotive production and sales can also be significantly affected by our automotive OEM and Tier 1 supplier customers’ ability to operate effectively in the face of challenging economic conditions and in response to labor relations issues, regulatory requirements, and other factors, such as the unavailability of unrelated components in the assembly of automobiles, an example of which is the shortage of semiconductors necessary for automobile production. In addition, ongoing global trade disputes, and the resulting imposition or modification of tariffs (including those specifically targeting the automotive industry, including the components used in automobile manufacturing), increasing trade tensions, and the implementation of potential trade restrictions, are expected to negatively impact automotive OEMs and their Tier 1 suppliers. The volume of automotive production in North America, Europe, and other key markets has fluctuated, sometimes significantly, from year to year, and we expect such volatility to continue, especially in light of these additional issues. Any significant adverse change in any of these factors may result in a reduction in automotive sales and production by our automotive OEM and Tier 1 supplier customers, which could, in turn, reduce demand for our products and licenses of our technology, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

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Customers with which we enter into supply agreements may require changes to our products or may be subject to renegotiation or termination in a short time period, which would materially and adversely affect our business.

If we and our partners are able to secure design wins so that our solutions are included in autonomous driving and ADAS products, we expect that we, or our Tier 1 partners will enter into supply agreements with that customer. Market practice dictates that these supply agreements typically require us to supply a customer’s requirements for a particular vehicle model or autonomous driving or ADAS product, rather than supply a set number of products. These arrangements can have short terms, be subject to renegotiation, or may be reduced or otherwise terminated, the occurrence of any of which may affect product pricing and future profitability. Therefore, even if we are successful in obtaining design wins, and we or our Tier 1 partners are able to enter into definitive agreements with OEMs, and the systems into which our products are built are commercialized, the discontinuation of, the loss of business with respect to, or a lack of commercial success of a particular vehicle model or technology package for which we are a significant supplier could mean that the expected sales of our products will not materialize, materially and adversely affecting our business.

Since many of the markets in which we compete are new and rapidly evolving, it is difficult to forecast long-term end-customer adoption rates and demand for our products.

We are pursuing opportunities in markets that are undergoing rapid changes, including technological and regulatory changes, and it is difficult to predict the timing and size of the opportunities. For example, autonomous driving and lidar-based ADAS applications require the utilization of complex technology. Because these systems depend on technology from many companies, commercialization of autonomous driving or ADAS products could be delayed or impaired on account of certain technological components not being ready to be deployed in automobiles. We are in the process of developing necessary relationships with commercial partners which may not result in the commercialization of our technology immediately, or at all. Regulatory, safety, or reliability developments, many of which are outside of our control, could also cause delays or otherwise impair commercial adoption of these new technologies, which will adversely affect our growth. Our future financial performance will depend on our ability to make timely investments in emerging market opportunities. If one or more of these markets experience a shift in customer or prospective customer demand, our products may not compete as effectively, if at all, and they may not be designed into commercialized products. Given the evolving nature of the markets in which we operate, it is difficult to predict customer demand or adoption rates for our products or the future growth of these markets. If demand does not develop or if we cannot accurately forecast customer demand, the size or timing of our markets, inventory requirements, or our future financial results, our business, results of operations, and financial condition will be adversely affected.

We currently have and target many customers that are large corporations with substantial negotiating power, exacting product standards, and potentially competitive internal solutions. If we are unable to sell our products to these customers, our prospects and results of operations will be adversely affected.

Many of our current and potential customers are large, multinational corporations with substantial negotiating power relative to us and, in some instances, may have internal solutions that are competitive to our products. These large, multinational corporations also have significant development resources, which may allow them to acquire or develop independently, or in partnership with others, competitive technologies. Meeting the technical requirements and securing design wins with any of these companies will require a substantial investment of our time and resources. We cannot assure you that our products will secure design wins from these or other companies or that we will generate meaningful revenue from the sales of our products to these key potential customers. If our products are not selected by these potential customers or if these potential customers develop or acquire competitive technology, it will have an adverse effect on our business.

In many Non-Automotive markets, customers often rely on system integrators, distributors, or other intermediaries to design, deploy, and maintain solutions that incorporate our technology. Our ability to cultivate strong relationships with these third parties may significantly influence our ability to access and succeed in these markets. If we are unable to identify, attract, and retain qualified integrators or partners, or if these partners fail to effectively promote, integrate, or support our products, our growth in Non-Automotive markets could be limited. Additionally, reliance on third parties introduces risks related to quality control, customer experience, and pricing, any of which could adversely affect our reputation, business, and financial results.

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Our business could be materially and adversely affected if we lose any of our customers or strategic partners, if their demand for our products declined due to factors outside of our control, including component shortages (whether related to our products or otherwise) that impact our customers’ overall production plans or product development plans, or if our customers were unable to pay their invoices.

Although we have and continue to pursue a broad customer base, in the Automotive markets, there exist only limited number of customers, most of which have strong purchasing power and for which the relationships continue to develop. In the Non-Automotive markets, there are considerably more potential customers, but the market is highly fragmented. The loss of business from any of our existing or potential customers (whether by lower overall demand for our products, component shortages that impact our customers’ production plans or product development plans, cancellation of existing contracts or product orders, or the failure to design in our products) could have a material adverse effect on our business.

To the extent vehicle autonomy and ADAS become accepted by major automotive OEMs, we expect that we will rely increasingly for our revenue on Tier 1 suppliers through which automotive OEMs procure products. We expect that these Tier 1 suppliers will be responsible for certain hardware and software configuration activities specific to each automotive OEM, and they may not exclusively carry our solutions.

There is also a risk that one or more of our major customers could be unable to pay our invoices as they become due or that a customer will simply refuse to make such payments if it experiences financial difficulties, or otherwise. If our customers face financial difficulties, they may also cancel current or future product programs that could materially and adversely impact our financial results. If a major customer were to enter into bankruptcy proceedings or similar proceedings whereby contractual commitments are subject to a stay and the possibility of modifications, we could be forced to record a substantial loss.

If we are unable to establish and maintain confidence in our long-term business prospects among customers and analysts within our industry or we are subject to negative publicity, then our financial condition, operating results, business prospects, and access to capital may suffer materially.

Customers may be less likely to purchase our lidar solutions if they are not convinced that our business will succeed or that our service and support and other operations will continue in the long term.

Similarly, suppliers and other third parties will be less likely to invest time and resources in developing business relationships with us if they are not convinced that our business will succeed. Accordingly, in order to build and maintain our business, we must maintain confidence among customers, suppliers, analysts, ratings agencies, and others in our products, long-term financial viability, and business prospects. Maintaining such confidence may be particularly complicated by certain factors including those that are largely outside of our control, such as our limited operating history, our ability to continue to raise funding for ourselves until we reach profitability, customer familiarity with our lidar solutions, any delays in scaling production, delivery, and service operations to meet demand, competition, uncertainty regarding the future of autonomous vehicles, and our production and sales performance compared with market expectations.

Our investments in educating our customers and potential customers about the advantages of lidar and our applications may not result in sales of our products.

Educating our prospective customers, and to a lesser extent, our existing customers, about lidar, our advantages over other sensing technologies, and lidar’s ability to convey value in different industries and deployments is an integral part of developing new business and the lidar market generally. If prospective customers have a negative perception of, or experience with, lidar, or a competitor’s lidar products, they may be reluctant to adopt lidar in general or specifically our products. Adverse statements about lidar by influential market participants, such as negative comments about lidar’s role in autonomous vehicles repeatedly made by Elon Musk, the CEO of Tesla, Inc., may also deter adoption. Some of our competitors have significant financial or marketing resources that may allow them to engage in public marketing campaigns about their alternative technology, lidar generally, or our solutions specifically. Our efforts to educate potential customers and the market generally, and to counter any adverse statements made by competitors or other market participants, will require significant financial and personnel resources. These educational efforts may not be successful, and we may not be in a position to offset the costs of such efforts with revenue from new customers. If we are unable to acquire new customers to offset these expenses or if the market accepts such adverse statements, our financial condition will be adversely affected.

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We operate in a highly competitive market involving emerging technology. We compete against a number of competitors, some of whom have substantially greater resources than us.

The markets for sensing technology applicable to autonomous solutions across numerous industries are highly competitive. Our future success will depend on our ability to achieve a leadership position in our targeted markets by continuing to develop, and protect from infringement, advanced lidar technology in a timely manner and to stay ahead of existing and new competitors. Our competitors compete with us directly by offering lidar products and indirectly by attempting to solve some of the same challenges with different technologies. Our current and future competitors may enjoy competitive advantages, such as greater name recognition, established relationships, or existing contracts with Tier 1 suppliers and/or OEMs, and substantially greater financial, technical, and other resources. Because automotive lidar technology appears to have been successfully commercialized in China, our competitors in that market have likely gained experience that comes with productization that suppliers outside of China, including us, have yet to gain. We face competition from a number of sources including camera and radar companies, other developers of lidar products, Tier 1 suppliers, and other technology and automotive supply companies. In the Automotive market, our competitors have commercialized both lidar and non-lidar-based ADAS technology that has achieved market adoption, strong brand recognition, and is expected to improve over time. Other competitors are working towards commercializing autonomous driving technology and either by themselves or with a publicly announced partner, and have substantial financial, marketing, R&D, and other resources. Some of our customers in the autonomous vehicle and ADAS markets have announced development efforts or made acquisitions directed at creating their own lidar-based or other sensing technologies, which would compete with our solutions. We do not know how close these competitors are to commercializing autonomous driving systems or novel ADAS applications. In the Non-Automotive markets, our competitors seek to develop new sensing applications across industries. Even in these emerging markets, we face substantial competition from numerous competitors seeking to prove the value of their technology.

Additionally, competition may result in pricing pressure and reduced margins, and may impede our ability to secure design wins, successfully enter into definitive agreements or other commercial arrangements, or successfully commercialize our products at scale, which may prevent us from achieving our projected market share. In particular, our competitors have in the past offered, and may in the future offer, their products and services on terms that we and/or our Tier 1 partners are unwilling to match, or our competitors could introduce new products with competitive price and performance characteristics, which may adversely affect our market share.

The markets in which we compete are characterized by rapid technological change, which requires us to continue to develop new products and product innovations, and could adversely affect market adoption of our products.

While we intend to invest substantial resources to remain on the forefront of technological development, continuing technological changes in sensing technology and lidar, and the markets for these products, including the ADAS and autonomous driving space, could adversely affect adoption of lidar and/or our products, either generally or for particular applications. Our future success will depend upon our ability to develop and introduce a variety of new capabilities and innovations to our existing product offerings, as well as introduce a variety of new product offerings, to address the changing needs of the markets in which we offer our products. We cannot guarantee that such new products will be released in a timely manner, or at all, or achieve market acceptance. Delays in delivering new products that meet customer requirements could damage our relationships with customers and lead them to seek alternative sources of supply. In addition, to date, we have focused on the delivery of our solutions to R&D programs in which developers are investing substantial capital to develop new systems that incorporate our solutions. Our future success relies heavily on the outcome of the R&D efforts by these customers. As autonomous technology reaches the stage of large-scale commercialization, we will be required to develop and deliver solutions at price points that enable wider and ultimately mass-market adoption. Delays in introducing products and innovations, the failure to choose correctly among technical alternatives, or the failure to offer innovative products or configurations at competitive prices may cause existing and potential customers to purchase our competitors’ products or turn to alternative sensing technologies.

If we are unable to devote adequate resources to develop products or cannot otherwise successfully develop products or system configurations that meet customer requirements on a timely basis or that remain competitive with alternatives, our products will lose market share, our revenue will decline, we will experience operating losses, and our business and prospects will be adversely affected.

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Developments in alternative technologies may adversely affect the demand for our technology.

Significant developments in alternative technologies, such as cameras and radar, may materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results in ways we do not currently anticipate. Existing and future camera and radar technologies may emerge as customers’ preferred alternative to our solutions. Any failure by us to develop new or enhanced technologies or processes, or to react to changes in existing technologies, could materially delay our development and introduction of new and enhanced products in the autonomous vehicle industry, which could result in the loss of competitiveness of our lidar solutions, decreased revenue, and a loss of market share to competitors (or a failure to increase revenue and/or market share). Our R&D efforts may not be sufficient to adapt to changes in technology. As technologies change, we plan to upgrade or adapt our lidar solutions with the latest technology. However, our solutions may not compete effectively with alternative systems if we are not able to source and integrate the latest technology into our existing lidar solutions.

The New Circle Purchase Agreement contains contractual limitations that may not allow us to draw all of the $50 million committed under the Purchase Agreement and to the extent we do draw under the Purchase Agreement, existing stockholders will be diluted.

On July 25, 2024, we entered into the Purchase Agreement with New Circle Principal Investments LLC, or New Circle, pursuant to which New Circle committed to purchase, subject to certain limitations, up to $50 million of our Common Stock should we elect to sell our common stock to them. Should we decide to sell our common stock to New Circle, existing stockholders at such time will experience dilution of their interest in us, which dilution will be heightened if the price at which we sell common stock is low, as there is no minimum price at which we can sell our common stock under the Purchase Agreement. Under the Purchase Agreement, we can only sell to New Circle up to 1,721,755 shares of our common stock, which is equal to 19.99% of the shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding as of the date of the Purchase Agreement, unless we first obtain stockholder approval or the average purchase price per share paid by New Circle exceeds $1.41, which is the lower of the closing price on the execution date of the Purchase Agreement, and the average closing prices for our common stock during the 5-trading day period immediately preceding the execution of the Purchase Agreement. Moreover, we may not issue shares to New Circle whereby they would own more than 4.99% of our outstanding shares at any one time, which on June 30, 2025, was equal to 1,025,458 shares. At values below $2.00 per share, we would likely not be in a position to realize the full commitment of $50 million under the Purchase Agreement and existing stockholders would experience significant dilution. Therefore, the actual number of shares we will be able to sell to New Circle, the amount of dilution our stockholders will experience upon the sale of our common stock under the Purchase Agreement, and the total proceeds that we will derive from such sales, cannot be determined at this time.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be adversely affected.

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and the rules and regulations of Nasdaq. We expect that the requirements of these rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal, accounting, and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming, and costly, and place significant strain on our personnel, systems, and resources.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are continuing to develop and refine our disclosure controls, internal control over financial reporting, and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we will file with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules of and on the forms required by the SEC, and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive and financial officers.

Our current controls, and any new controls that we develop, may be inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. Further, weaknesses in our internal controls may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls, or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement, could adversely affect our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations, and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal controls also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we are required to include in the periodic reports we will file with the SEC under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and a lack of internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information.

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In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting, we have expended, and anticipate that we will continue to expend, significant resources, including accounting-related costs, and provide significant management oversight. Any failure to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, or consequent inability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, could increase our operating costs and could materially and adversely affect our ability to operate our business. If our internal controls are perceived as inadequate or that we are unable to produce timely or accurate financial statements, investors may lose confidence in our operating results and the price of our common stock could decline.

Our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until we are no longer an emerging growth company or a non-accelerated filer. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed, or operating. Any failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting could have a material and adverse effect on our business and operating results.

A significant portion of the components used in our products are manufactured abroad, which subjects us to various international risks and costs, including foreign trade issues, tariffs, trade wars, currency exchange rate fluctuations, shipment delays, supply chain disruptions, and political instability, any of which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Most of our products, and the components thereof, are manufactured abroad. Relying on foreign-produced products subjects us to risks relating to changes in import duties, quotas, the potential for introduction of U.S. taxes on imported goods, the potential loss of “most favored nation” status with the U.S., and freight cost increases, as well as economic and political uncertainties, that could result in a trade war causing ever-increasing tariffs. We may also experience shipment delays caused by shipping port constraints, labor strikes, work stoppages, acts of war, including the current conflicts in Ukraine and in the Middle East, and terrorism, or other supply chain disruptions, including those caused by extreme weather, natural disasters, and pandemics or other public health concerns.

If any of these or other factors, including trade tensions between the U.S. and other nations, including China and Russia, as a result of the war in Ukraine or otherwise, were to cause a disruption of trade from other countries, and in particular, Taiwan, our ability to source products, components, or raw materials could be adversely affected. We may need to seek alternative suppliers or vendors, which may not be available, or make changes to our operations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition. Also, the prices charged by foreign manufacturers for production or the acquisition of raw materials or components, may be affected by the fluctuation of their local currency against the U.S. dollar, which could cause the cost of our products to increase and negatively impact our business. In addition, if the supply of components for our products becomes more limited than we anticipated, competition to acquire the limited supply of components will drive prices higher than planned, negatively impacting our cash flows and gross margins.

Changes in tax laws or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could affect our future profitability.

Factors that could materially affect our future effective tax rates include, but are not limited, to:

| • | changes in tax laws (including tax rates) or the regulatory environment;

| • | changes in accounting and tax standards or practices;

| • | changes in the composition of operating income by tax jurisdiction; and

| • | our operating results before taxes.

Because we do not have a long history of operating at our present scale and we have significant expansion plans, our effective tax rate may fluctuate in the future. Future effective tax rates could be affected by operating losses in jurisdictions where no tax benefit can be recorded under GAAP, changes in the composition of earnings in countries with differing tax rates, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities, or changes in tax laws.

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On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or the Tax Act, was signed into law making significant changes to the U.S. Tax Code. In particular, sweeping changes were made to the U.S. taxation of foreign operations. Changes include, but are not limited to, a permanent reduction to the corporate income tax rate, limiting interest deductions, adopting elements of a territorial tax system, assessing a repatriation tax or “toll-charge” on undistributed earnings and profits of U.S.-owned foreign corporations, and introducing certain anti-base erosion provisions, including a new minimum tax on global intangible low-taxed income, or GILTI, and base erosion and anti-abuse tax, or BEAT. The new legislation had no effect on our 2023 or 2022 provision for income taxes because we generated net tax losses and offset our deferred tax assets on the consolidated balance sheets with a full valuation allowance due to our current loss position and forecasted losses for the near future. The overall impact of this tax reform is uncertain, and our business and financial condition, including with respect to our non-U.S. operations, could be adversely affected.

In addition to the impact of the Tax Act on our federal taxes, the Tax Act may impact our taxation in other jurisdictions, including with respect to state income taxes. State legislatures have generally not responded to the Tax Act. Accordingly, there is uncertainty as to how the laws will apply in the various state jurisdictions. Additionally, other foreign governing bodies may enact changes to their tax laws in reaction to the Tax Act that could result in changes to our global tax position and materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Additionally, the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, and several foreign tax authorities have increasingly focused attention on intercompany transfer pricing with respect to sales of products and services and the use of intangibles. Tax authorities could disagree with our future intercompany charges, cross-jurisdictional transfer pricing, or other matters and assess additional taxes. If we do not prevail in any such disagreements, our profitability may be affected.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $284 million of U.S. federal, and approximately $242 million of state net operating loss carryforwards available to reduce future taxable income. Of the approximately $284 million in U.S. federal operating loss carryforwards, approximately $272 million will be carried forward indefinitely for U.S. federal tax purposes and approximately $12 million will begin to expire in 2033. All of our U.S. state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2029. It is possible that we will not generate taxable income in time to use these net operating loss carryforwards before their expiration, or at all. Under legislative changes made in December 2017, U.S. federal net operating losses incurred in 2018 and in future years may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such net operating losses is limited. It is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to the newly enacted federal tax law. In addition, the federal and state net operating loss carryforwards and certain tax credits may be subject to significant limitations under Section 382 and Section 383 of the U.S. Tax Code, respectively, and similar provisions of state law. Under those sections of the U.S. Tax Code, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation’s ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change attributes, such as research tax credits, to offset our post-change income or tax may be limited. In general, an “ownership change” will occur if there is a cumulative change in our ownership by “5-percent shareholders” that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws.

We are highly dependent on the services of our executive officers.

We are highly dependent on our executive officers, in particular, Matthew Fisch, our Chief Executive Officer, Andrew S. Hughes, our General Counsel, and Conor Tierney, our Chief Financial Officer. The loss of any of our executive officers or other senior executives could adversely affect our business because the loss could make it more difficult to, among other things, compete with other market participants, continue to develop innovative product designs, and retain existing customers or cultivate new ones. Negative public perception of, or negative news related to any of our executive officers or senior executives may adversely affect our brand, relationship with customers, or standing in the industry. In the past, we have lost the services of some of our executive officers for various reasons, including the departure of Luis C. Dussan as of November 15, 2023, who, until that time, was our Chief Technology Officer and Chief Product Strategist, but continues as a member of our Board of Directors, and T.R. Ramachandran, who resigned, effective April 5, 2024, as our Chief Operating Officer.

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Our business depends substantially on the efforts of our executive officers and highly skilled personnel, and our operations may be severely disrupted if we lost their services.

Competition for highly skilled personnel is often intense, especially in the San Francisco Bay Area, where we are headquartered, and we may incur significant costs to attract the highly skilled personnel we require. We may not be successful in attracting, integrating, or retaining qualified personnel to fulfill our current or future needs. We have, from time to time, experienced, and we expect to continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining highly skilled employees with appropriate qualifications, especially those with engineering skills. Our ability to attract and retain the highly skilled personnel we require has been further hampered by the overall reductions in personnel we have implemented, which places more responsibility on fewer individuals, our focus on cash conservation, which has limited our ability to provide increases in compensation, and the decline in our stock price, which has decreased the retention value of the stock awards we have made to our employees. In addition, our equity plan is not well funded. We asked stockholders to approve an increase in the number of shares issuable under our equity plan at the 2024 and 2025 annual meeting of stockholders. Our stockholders failed to approve the additional shares, therefore we have been unable to issue what we believe is sufficient equity to our employees, thereby decreasing our ability to retain them. In addition, our executive officers have not received an equity grant as part of our long-term incentive program for more than two years, substantially increasing the risk of retention. Even if stockholders had approved the additional shares, the retention value of such shares may have been insufficient to adequately retain some or all of our employees including our executive officers. Moreover, with the personnel reductions we have implemented, it may create, in some instances, single points of failure, such that if certain individuals voluntarily resign from the Company, it may adversely impact, or significantly delay, our ability to bring our products to market, which would severely impact our operations and have an adverse impact on our business prospects.

In 2025, we engaged in a proxy dispute with a group of dissident shareholders who had proposed measures that would, among other things, prevent the replenishment of our employee equity incentive plan. Those proposals were successful and have significantly impaired our ability to offer competitive equity-based compensation, which is a key component of our strategy to attract, retain, and motivate employees. We may experience proxy contests in the future and the uncertainty surrounding the outcome of any proxy contest may also create internal disruption, reduce employee morale, and make it more difficult to recruit new talent. Any loss of key personnel or inability to attract and retain qualified employees could materially and adversely affect our business, product development efforts, and long-term growth prospects.

In addition, job candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the perceived value of our equity or our equity awards decline, which has occurred in the past and may continue into the future, it may adversely affect our ability to retain highly skilled employees. If we fail to attract new personnel or we fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business and future growth prospects could be adversely affected.

Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fires, floods, and other natural catastrophic events, pandemics, and interruptions by manufactured events, such as terrorism. Material disruptions of our business or information systems resulting from these events could adversely affect our operating results.

A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire, flood, hurricane, or significant power outage or other similar events, such as infectious disease outbreaks or pandemic events, could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results. Our corporate headquarters and major operations are located in the San Francisco Bay Area of California, which is a region known for significant seismic activity. In addition, natural disasters, acts of terrorism, or war could cause disruptions in our operations, or the operations of our customers’, channel partners’, or suppliers’, or the economy as a whole. We also rely on information technology systems to communicate among our workforce and with third parties. Any disruption to our communications, whether caused by a natural disaster or by manufactured events, such as power disruptions, could adversely affect our business. We do not have a formal disaster recovery plan or policy in place and do not currently require that our suppliers have such plans or policies in place. To the extent that any such disruptions result in delays or cancellations of orders or impede our suppliers’ ability to timely deliver components, or the deployment of our products, our business, operating results, and financial condition would be adversely affected.

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We, as well as our suppliers and partners, are subject to cybersecurity risks to operational systems, security systems, infrastructure, integrated software in our lidar solutions, and the data processed by those solutions, and any material failure, weakness, interruption, cyber event, incident, or breach of security could adversely affect our business by causing a disruption of our operations, a compromise or corruption of our confidential or other business-critical information, and/or damage our business relationships, all of which could negatively impact our business financial condition, and operating results.

We are at risk for interruptions, outages, and breaches of our operational systems, including our business, financial, accounting, product development, and production processes, owned by us, our suppliers or our partners; our facility security systems, owned by us, our suppliers, or our partners; our in-product technology owned by us, our suppliers, or our partners; the integrated software in our lidar solutions; or the data that we process or our suppliers process on our behalf. In March 2025, we experienced a physical break-in at our headquarters. Although it does not appear any property, personal or intellectual, was taken, the break-in did cause a temporary disruption to our operations. In mid-2022, our previous partner, Continental, experienced a cyberattack in which data was improperly taken from their servers. To date, Continental has not notified us that any data belonging to us was compromised. A cyber incident is considered to be any adverse event that threatens the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of our information resources. These incidents may be an intentional attack or an unintentional event and could involve gaining unauthorized access to our information systems or those of our third-party vendors for purposes of misappropriating assets, stealing confidential information, corrupting data, or causing operational disruption. Such cyber incidents could materially disrupt operational systems; result in loss of intellectual property, trade secrets or other proprietary or competitively sensitive information; compromise certain information of employees, suppliers, or others; jeopardize the security of our facilities; or affect the performance of in-product technology and the integrated software in our lidar solutions. A cyber incident could be caused by disasters, insiders (through inadvertence or with malicious intent), or malicious third parties (including nation-states or nation-state supported actors) using sophisticated, targeted methods to circumvent firewalls, encryption, and other security defenses, including hacking, fraud, trickery, phishing, or other forms of deception. The risks of a cybersecurity breach against companies based in the U.S., like us, may be enhanced as a byproduct of the on-going war in Ukraine, or by state-sponsored actors, primarily located in, or sponsored by, China, Russia, or North Korea. Despite careful security and controls design, our information technology systems and the systems used by our third-party vendors, may be subject to security breaches and cyberattacks the result of which could include disrupted operations, misstated or unreliable financial data, liability for stolen assets or information, increased cybersecurity protection and insurance costs, litigation, and damage to business relationships.

The techniques used by cyber attackers change frequently and may be difficult to detect for long periods of time. Continental, for example, failed to provide notice of the mid-2022 breach to us for about one month. Although we maintain information technology measures designed to protect us against intellectual property theft, data breaches, and other cyber incidents, such measures will require continual updates and improvements, and we cannot guarantee that such measures will be adequate to detect, prevent, or mitigate cyber incidents. The implementation, maintenance, segregation, and improvement of these systems requires significant management time, support, and cost. Moreover, there are inherent risks associated with developing, improving, expanding, and updating current systems, including the disruption of our data management, procurement, production execution, finance, supply chain, and sales and service processes. These risks may affect our ability to manage our data and inventory; procure parts or supplies; produce, sell, deliver, or service our solutions; adequately protect our intellectual property; or achieve and maintain compliance with, or realize available benefits under, applicable laws, regulations, and contracts. We cannot be sure that the systems upon which we rely, including those of our third-party vendors or suppliers, will be effectively implemented, maintained, or expanded as planned. If we do not successfully implement, maintain, or expand these systems as planned, our operations may be disrupted, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results could be impaired, and deficiencies may arise in our internal control over financial reporting, which may impact our ability to certify our financial results. Moreover, our proprietary information or intellectual property could be compromised or misappropriated, and our reputation may be adversely affected. If these systems do not operate as we expect them to, we may be required to expend significant resources to make corrections or find alternative sources for performing these functions. We have implemented processes, procedures, and internal controls to help mitigate cybersecurity risks and cyber intrusions, but these measures, as well as our increased awareness of the nature and extent of a risk of a cyber-incident, do not guarantee that a cyber-incident will not occur and/or that our financial results, operations, or confidential information will not be negatively impacted by such an incident. Further, we generally permit remote working for many of our employees which heighten our vulnerability to a cybersecurity risk or incident.

A significant cyber incident could impact production capability, harm our reputation, cause us to breach our contracts with other parties, or subject us to regulatory actions and litigation, any of which could materially affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results. In addition, our insurance coverage for cyber-attacks may not be sufficient to cover all the losses we may experience as a result of a cyber incident.

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Our cash and cash equivalents could be adversely affected if the financial institutions in which we hold our cash and cash equivalents fail.

We regularly maintain cash balances at third-party financial institutions, including Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limit. When SVB was seized by regulators in March of 2023, we maintained our operating account at SVB. Shortly after the seizure by regulators, all of our funds were returned to us. Had the funds not been returned to us, it would have had a significant impact on our liquidity. We continue to maintain an operating account at SVB, but have established operating accounts at other financial institutions as well to mitigate the risk of any one bank failure. However, the failure of any depository institution to return any of our deposits, or if a depository institution is subject to other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets, could impact access to our cash or cash equivalents and could adversely impact our operating liquidity and financial performance.

As part of growing our business, we may make acquisitions. If we fail to successfully select, execute, or integrate our acquisitions, then our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected, and our stock price could decline.

From time to time, we may undertake acquisitions to add new products and technologies, acquire talent, gain new sales channels, or enter into new markets or sales territories. In addition to possible stockholder approval, we may need approvals and licenses from relevant governmental authorities for the acquisitions and to comply with any applicable laws and regulations, which could result in increased delays and costs, and may disrupt our business strategy if we fail to obtain such required approvals. Furthermore, acquisitions and the subsequent integration of new assets, businesses, key personnel, customers, vendors, and suppliers will require significant attention from our management and could result in a diversion of resources from our existing business, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our operations. Acquired assets or businesses may not generate the financial results we expect. Acquisitions could result in the use of substantial amounts of cash, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, the occurrence of significant goodwill impairment charges, amortization expenses for other intangible assets, and exposure to potential unknown liabilities of the acquired business. Moreover, the costs of identifying and closing acquisitions may be significant.

To date, we have very limited experience with acquisitions and the integration of acquired technology and personnel. Failure to successfully identify, complete, manage, and integrate acquisitions could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations and could cause our stock price to decline.

Actions that we have taken or may take in the future, related to the implementation of our strategic initiatives may be costly and not successful.

Given the rapidly evolving nature of the lidar and autonomous vehicle market, we have in the past, and anticipate that in the future, we will revise our strategic plan to allow us to realign our resources and significantly reduce operating expenses in line with the direction of the marketplace. In 2023, for example, we shifted our strategic focus away from our legacy product for the Non-Automotive market. We cannot guarantee that the implementation of any revised strategic plan will achieve or sustain the anticipated benefits, or that the benefits, even if achieved, will be adequate to meet long-term expectations. As a result of revising any strategic plan, we have incurred additional costs in the near term, including cash expenditures for separation payments, employee benefits, and related costs. Additional risks associated with the continuing impact of a revised strategic plan include, employee attrition beyond our intended reduction-in-force and adverse effects on employee morale, diversion of management attention, adverse effects to our reputation as an employer (which could make it more difficult for us to hire employees in the future), and potential failure or delays to meet our shift in focus from research and development to commercialization. If we do not realize the expected benefits of any revised strategic plan on a timely basis or at all, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

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Legal and Regulatory Risks Related to Our Business

We are subject to governmental import and export control laws and regulations. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations could have an adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our products and solutions are subject to import and export laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, other regulations issued by U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and various economic and trade sanctions administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control. U.S. export control laws and regulations and economic sanctions prohibit the shipment of certain products and services to U.S. embargoed or sanctioned countries, and specified persons and entities. In addition, complying with export control and sanctions regulations for a particular sale may be time-consuming and result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. Exports of our products and technology must be made in compliance with these laws and regulations. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we and certain of our employees could be subject to substantial civil or criminal penalties, including the possible loss of export or import privileges, and fines, which may be imposed on us and the employees or officers responsible to prohibit such shipments and, in extreme cases, the incarceration of the employees or officers responsible.

Changes to trade policy, tariffs, and import/export regulations may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Changes in global political, regulatory, and economic conditions or in laws and policies governing foreign trade, manufacturing, development, and investment in the territories or countries where we currently purchase our components, sell our products, and conduct our business, could adversely affect our business. Since the beginning of 2025, the U.S. has continued to institute and propose changes in trade policies that include the negotiation or termination of trade agreements, the imposition of higher tariffs on imports into the U.S., economic sanctions on individuals, corporations, and countries, and other government regulations affecting trade between the U.S. and other countries where we conduct our business. A number of other nations have proposed or instituted similar measures directed at trade with the U.S. in response. As a result of these developments, there may be greater restrictions and economic disincentives on international trade that could adversely affect our business. For example, such changes could adversely affect the Automotive market, our ability to access key components or raw materials needed to manufacture our products (including rare earth metals), our ability to sell our products or license our product designs and software to customers outside of the U.S., and the overall demand for our products. It may be time-consuming and expensive for us to alter our business operations to adapt to or comply with any such changes, and any failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We have and may become involved in legal and regulatory proceedings and commercial or contractual disputes, which could have an adverse effect on our profitability and consolidated financial position.

We have been and may be, from time to time, involved in litigation, regulatory proceedings, and commercial or contractual disputes that may be significant. These matters may include disputes with our suppliers and customers, intellectual property claims, stockholder litigation, government investigations, class action lawsuits, personal injury claims, environmental issues, customs and value-added tax disputes, and employment and tax issues.

On August 28, 2024, we were purported to be served with a complaint that alleges we were in breach of a lease for office space in Dublin, California, entered into by our subsidiary, AEye Technologies, Inc. in 2019, because of an alleged failure to pay rent. The landlord claimed that the amount owed could be up to $8.5 million. We disputed, among other things, that the total damages claimed by the landlord equal the amount claimed. On April 28, 2025, the Company and the former landlord entered into a settlement agreement to resolve all outstanding disputes related to the early termination of the lease. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company paid $1,400 in cash and agreed to issue a warrant to purchase up to 350,000 shares of common stock at an initial exercise price of $2.22 per share.

Additionally, in early 2023, we discovered that there may have been some uncertainty with respect to the validity of our Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, which was approved by our stockholders at the special meeting of stockholders held on August 12, 2021. While this matter has been fully resolved, we cannot provide assurances that other matters similar in nature may not arise in the future.

We could face in the future a variety of labor and employment claims against us, which could include, but is not limited to, general discrimination, wage and hour, privacy, ERISA, or disability claims. In such matters, government agencies or private parties may seek to recover from us very large, indeterminate amounts in penalties or monetary damages (including, in some cases, treble or punitive damages), or seek to limit our operations in some way.

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Any of these types of lawsuits, whether initiated by us or a third party, could require significant management time and attention or could involve substantial legal liability, adverse regulatory outcomes, and/or substantial expenses to defend. Often these cases raise complex factual and legal issues and create risks and uncertainties. No assurances can be given that any proceedings or claims will not have a material adverse impact on our operating results and consolidated financial position or that our established reserves or our available insurance will mitigate this impact.

Unforeseen issues could result in damage to certain property which could result in adverse effects on our business and reputation.

Our lidar utilizes lasers for performing 3D sensing. While we have developed system components designed to prevent our lidar lasers from causing property damage (including to cameras), in the event an unforeseen issue arises that results in property damage, our reputation or brand may be damaged and we could face material legal claims for breach of contract, product liability, tort, or breach of warranty as a result. Defending a lawsuit, regardless of merit, could be costly and may divert management’s attention and adversely affect the market’s perception of us and our products. In addition, our business liability insurance coverage could prove inadequate with respect to any claim and future coverage may be unavailable on acceptable terms, or at all.

We are subject to, and must remain in compliance with, numerous laws and governmental regulations concerning the manufacturing, use, distribution, and sale of our products. Some of our customers also require that we comply with the customers’ own unique requirements relating to these matters.

We manufacture and sell products that contain electronic components, and such components may contain materials that are subject to government regulation in both the locations where we manufacture and assemble our products, as well as the locations where we sell our products. For example, certain regulations limit the use of lead in electronic components. Since we operate on a global basis, ensuring simultaneous compliance in multiple jurisdictions is a complex process which requires continual monitoring of regulations and an ongoing compliance process to ensure we and our suppliers are in compliance with existing regulations in each market where we operate. If new, unanticipated regulations significantly impact our use and sourcing of various components or require more expensive components, those regulations could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our products are intended to be used for autonomous driving and ADAS applications, which are subject to complicated and evolving regulatory schemes that vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. These are rapidly evolving areas where new regulations could impose limitations on the use of lidar generally or our products specifically. If we fail to adhere to these new regulations or fail to continually monitor the updates, we may be subject to litigation, loss of customers, or negative publicity and our business, results of operations, and financial condition will be adversely affected.

We are subject to various environmental laws and regulations that could impose substantial costs upon us and cause delays in building our production facilities.

Concerns over environmental pollution and climate change have produced significant legislative and regulatory efforts on a global basis, and we believe this will continue both in scope and in the number of countries participating. In addition, as climate change issues become more prevalent, foreign, federal, state, and local governments and our customers have been responding to these issues. The increased focus on environmental sustainability may result in new regulations and customer requirements, or changes in current regulations and customer requirements, which could materially and adversely impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition. If we are unable to effectively manage real or perceived issues, including concerns about environmental impacts or similar matters, sentiments toward us or our products could be negatively impacted, and our business, results of operations, and financial condition could suffer. In addition, any new environmental regulations or laws might increase the cost of raw materials or key components we use in our products. Environmental regulations require us to reduce product energy usage, monitor and exclude an expanding list of restricted substances, and participate in required recovery and recycling of our products. Environmental and health and safety laws and regulations can be complex, and we have limited experience complying with such laws and regulations. Capital and operating expenses needed to comply with environmental laws and regulations can be significant, and violations may result in substantial fines and penalties, damages, suspension of production, or a cessation of our operations.

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Contamination at properties we currently operate at, where we formerly operated, or to which hazardous substances were sent by us, may subject us to liability pursuant to environmental laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, commonly known as CERCLA, which can impose liability for the full amount of remediation-related costs without regard to fault, for the investigation and cleanup of contaminated soil and ground water, for remediating contamination and impacts to human health, and for damages to natural resources. The costs of complying with environmental laws and regulations and any claims concerning noncompliance, or liability with respect to contamination in the future, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or operating results. We may face unexpected delays in obtaining the requisite permit and approvals in connection with our planned production facilities that could require significant time and financial resources and delay our ability to operate these facilities, which would adversely impact our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.

We are subject to U.S. and foreign anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws and regulations. We can face criminal liability and other serious consequences for violations, which can harm our business.

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, and other anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents, contractors, and other collaborators from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or anything else of value to recipients in the public or private sector. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, agents, contractors, and other collaborators, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. Any violations of the laws and regulations described above may result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties, imprisonment, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm, and other consequences.

Our business may be adversely affected by changes in regulations of automobiles and lasers or concerns that drive further regulation of the Automotive and laser markets.

Government product safety regulations are an important factor for our business. Historically, these regulations imposed ever-more stringent safety regulations for automobiles and laser products. These safety regulations often require, or customers demand, automobiles have more safety features per vehicle and incorporate more advanced safety products.

While we believe increasing automotive and laser safety standards will present a market opportunity for our products, governmental safety regulations are subject to change based on a number of factors that are not within our control, including new scientific or technological data, adverse publicity regarding industry recalls and safety risks of autonomous driving and ADAS products, accidents involving our products, domestic and foreign political developments or considerations, and litigation relating to our products and our competitors’ products. Changes in government regulations, especially in the autonomous driving and ADAS industries could adversely affect our business. If government priorities shift and we are unable to adapt to changing regulations, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

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Federal, state, and local regulators impose more stringent compliance and reporting requirements in response to product recalls and safety issues in the automotive industry. As the cars that utilize our sensors go into production, we will be subject to the existing stringent requirements of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, or the Vehicle Safety Act, including a duty to report, subject to strict timing requirements, safety defects with our products. The Vehicle Safety Act imposes potentially significant civil penalties for violations, including the failure to comply with such reporting actions. We are also subject to the existing U.S. Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability and Documentation Act, or TREAD, which requires equipment manufacturers, such as us, to comply with “early warning” requirements by reporting certain information to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, or NHTSA, such as information related to defects or reports of injury related to our products. TREAD imposes criminal liability for violating such requirements if a defect subsequently causes death or bodily injury. In addition, the Vehicle Safety Act authorizes NHTSA to require a manufacturer to recall and repair vehicles that contain safety defects or fail to comply with U.S. federal motor vehicle safety standards. Sales into foreign countries may be subject to similar regulations. If we cannot rapidly address any safety concerns or defects with our products, our business, results of operations, and financial condition may be adversely affected.

The adoption of autonomous and ADAS features by automotive OEMs may be delayed and our business impacted, as additional emissions and safety requirements are imposed on vehicle manufacturers.

Vehicle regulators globally continue to consider new and enhanced emissions requirements, including electrification, to meet environmental and economic needs as well as pursue new safety standards to address emerging traffic risks. To control new vehicle prices, among other concerns, automotive OEMs may need to dedicate technology and cost additions to new vehicle designs to meet these emissions and safety requirements and postpone the additional costs associated with new autonomous and ADAS features. In the past year, we have seen what we reasonably believe to be delays in the implementation of ADAS features by OEMs that may utilize lidar technology, hence delaying sales of our products.

Our business may be adversely affected if we fail to comply with the regulatory requirements under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act or other requirements imposed by the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA.

As a lidar technology company, we rely on laser technology in our products and are therefore subject to the Electronic Product Radiation Control Provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. These requirements are enforced by the FDA. Electronic product radiation includes laser technology. Regulations governing these products are intended to protect the public from hazardous and unnecessary exposure. Manufacturers are required to certify by way of product labeling and reports to the FDA that their products comply with applicable performance standards as well as maintain manufacturing, testing, and distribution records for their products. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in enforcement action by the FDA, which could require us to cease distribution of our products, recall or remediate products already distributed to customers, or subject us to FDA enforcement actions.

Failures, or perceived failures, to comply with privacy, data protection, and information security requirements in the variety of jurisdictions in which we operate, may adversely impact our business, and such legal requirements are evolving, uncertain, and may require improvements in, or changes to, our policies and operations.

Our current and potential future operations and sales subject us to existing and future laws and regulations addressing privacy and the collection, use, storage, disclosure, transfer, and protection of various types of data. For example, the European Commission has adopted the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, and California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, both of which provide for potentially material penalties for non-compliance. These statutory regimes may, among other things, impose data security requirements, disclosure requirements, and restrictions on data collection, uses, and sharing that may impact our operations and the development of our business. While, generally, we do not have access to, collect, store, process, or share information collected by our solutions, unless our customers choose to proactively provide such information to us, our products may evolve both to address potential customer requirements or to add new features and functionality. Therefore, the full impact of these privacy regimes on our business is rapidly evolving across jurisdictions and remains uncertain at this time.

We may also be affected by cyber-attacks and other means of gaining unauthorized access to our products, systems, and data. For instance, cyber criminals or insiders may target us or third parties with which we have a business relationship in order to obtain data, or in a manner that disrupts our operations or compromises our products, or the systems into which our products are integrated.

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We are assessing the continually evolving privacy and data security regimes and measures we believe are appropriate in response. Since these privacy and data security regimes are evolving, uncertain, and complex, especially for a global business like ours, we may need to update or enhance our compliance measures as our products, markets, and customer demands further develop, and these updates or enhancements may require implementation costs, which may be material. In addition, we may not be able to monitor and react to all developments in a timely manner. The compliance measures we adopt may prove ineffective. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with current and future regulatory or customer-driven privacy, data protection, and information security requirements, or to prevent or mitigate security breaches, cyber-attacks, or improper access to, use of, or disclosure of data, or any security issues or cyber-attacks affecting us, could result in significant liability, costs (including the costs of mitigation and recovery), and a material loss of revenue resulting from the adverse impact on our reputation and brand, loss of proprietary information and data, disruption to our business and relationships, and diminished ability to retain or attract customers and business partners. Such events may result in governmental enforcement actions and prosecutions, private litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity, and could cause our customers and business partners to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business.

Regulations related to conflict minerals may cause us to incur additional expenses and could limit the supply and increase the costs of certain metals used in the manufacturing of our products.

We are subject to the requirements of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, or the Dodd-Frank Act, which requires us to determine, disclose, and report whether our products contain metals sourced from specified geographies; these metals are generally referred to as “conflict minerals.” The implementation of these requirements could adversely affect the sourcing, availability, and pricing of the materials used in the manufacture of components used in our products. In addition, we will incur additional costs to comply with the disclosure requirements, including costs related to conducting diligence procedures to determine the sources of conflict minerals that may be used in or necessary to the production of our products and, if applicable, potential changes to products, processes, or sources of supply as a consequence of such verification activities. It is also possible that our reputation may be adversely affected if we determine that certain of our products contain minerals not determined to be conflict-free or if we are unable to alter our products, processes, or sources of supply to avoid use of such materials.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Despite the actions we take to defend and protect our intellectual property, we may not be able to adequately protect or enforce our intellectual property rights or prevent unauthorized parties from copying or reverse engineering our solutions. Our efforts to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights and prevent third parties from violating our rights may be costly.

The success of our products and our business depends in large part on our ability to obtain patents and other intellectual property rights and maintain adequate legal protection for our products in the United States and other foreign jurisdictions. We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality agreements and other contractual restrictions, to establish and protect our proprietary rights, all of which can only provide limited protection.

We cannot guarantee that any patents will be issued with respect to our currently pending patent applications or that any trademarks will be registered with respect to our currently pending applications in a manner that gives us adequate defensive protection or competitive advantages, if at all, or that any patents issued to us or any trademarks registered by us will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented. We have filed for patents and trademarks in the United States and in certain foreign jurisdictions, but such protections may not be available in all countries in which we operate or in which we seek to enforce our intellectual property rights, or may be difficult to enforce in practice. Our currently issued patents and trademarks, and any patents and trademarks that may be issued or registered, as applicable, in the future with respect to pending or future applications, may not provide sufficiently broad protection or may not prove to be enforceable in actions against alleged infringers. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use of our technology or the reverse engineering of our technology. Moreover, others may independently develop technologies that are competitive to us or infringe our intellectual property.

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Protecting against the unauthorized use of our intellectual property, products, and other proprietary rights is expensive and can be difficult, particularly outside of the United States. Unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or reverse engineer our lidar technology or certain aspects of our solutions that we consider proprietary. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights, to prevent unauthorized parties from copying or reverse engineering our solutions, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others, or to block the importation of infringing products into the United States.

Any such litigation, whether initiated by us or a third party, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management resources, either of which could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition. Even if we obtain favorable outcomes in litigation, we may not be able to enforce the remedies, especially in the context of unauthorized parties copying or reverse engineering our solutions.

Further, many of our current and potential competitors may have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to defending intellectual property infringement claims and to enforcing their intellectual property rights than we can. Attempts to enforce our rights against third parties could also provoke these third parties to assert their own intellectual property or other rights against us or result in a decision that invalidates or narrows the scope of our rights, in whole or in part. Effective patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret protection may not be available in every country in which our products are available, and competitors based in other countries may sell infringing products in one or more markets. Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property rights could result in our competitors offering similar products, potentially resulting in the loss of some of our competitive advantage and a decrease in our revenue, which would adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and prospects.

Third-party claims that we are infringing intellectual property, whether successful or not, could subject us to costly and time-consuming litigation or expensive licenses, and our business could be adversely affected.

Although we believe we hold key patents related to our products, a number of companies, both within and outside of the lidar industry, hold other patents covering various aspects of lidar products. In addition to these patents, participants in this industry typically also protect their technology, especially embedded software, through copyrights and trade secrets. As a result, there is frequent litigation based on allegations of infringement, misappropriation, or other violations of intellectual property rights. We have received, and in the future may receive, inquiries from other intellectual property holders and may become subject to claims that we infringe their intellectual property rights, particularly as we expand our presence in the market, expand to new use cases, and face increasing competition. In addition, parties may claim that the names and branding of our products infringe their trademark rights in certain countries or territories. If such a claim were to prevail, we may have to change the names and branding of our products in the affected territories, and we could incur other costs.

We currently have a number of agreements in effect pursuant to which we have agreed to defend, indemnify, and hold harmless our customers, suppliers, and channel partners and other partners from damages and costs which may arise from the infringement of our products by third-party patents or other intellectual property rights. The scope of these indemnity obligations varies, but may, in some instances, include indemnification for damages and expenses, including attorneys’ fees. Our insurance may not cover any or all intellectual property infringement claims. A claim that our products infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, even if untrue, could adversely affect our relationships with our customers, may deter future customers from purchasing our products, and could expose us to costly litigation and settlement expenses. Even if we are not a party to any litigation between a customer and a third party relating to the infringement of our products, an adverse outcome in any such litigation could make it more difficult for us to defend our products against intellectual property infringement claims in any subsequent litigation in which we are a named party. Any of these results could adversely affect our brand and operating results.

Our defense of intellectual property rights claims brought against us or our customers, suppliers, or channel partners, with or without merit, could be time-consuming, expensive to litigate or settle, divert management resources and attention, and force us to acquire intellectual property rights and licenses, which may involve substantial royalty or other payments and may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Further, a party making such a claim, if successful, could secure a judgment that requires us to pay substantial damages or obtain an injunction prohibiting us from continuing to sell certain products. An adverse determination also could invalidate our intellectual property rights and could adversely affect our ability to offer our products to our customers and may require that we procure or develop substitute products that do not infringe, which could require significant effort and expense. Any of these events could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and prospects.

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Any patent applications we file may not ultimately issue or be registered, as we anticipated, or at all, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from commercially exploiting products similar to ours.

We cannot be certain that we are the first inventor of the subject matter to which we have filed a particular patent application, or if we are the first party to file such a patent application. If another party has filed a patent application regarding the same subject matter as we have, we may not be entitled to the protection sought by the patent application. We also cannot be certain whether the claims included in a patent application will ultimately be allowed in the applicable issued patent. Further, the scope of protection of issued patent claims is often difficult to determine. As a result, we cannot be certain that the patent applications that we file will ultimately issue, or that our issued patents will afford protection against competitors with similar technology. In addition, our competitors may design around our issued patents, which may adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.

In addition to patented technology, we rely on our unpatented proprietary technology, trade secrets, processes, and know-how.

We rely on trade secrets, designs, know-how, and other confidential information to protect our intellectual property that may not be patentable or subject to copyright, trademark, trade dress, or service mark protection, or that we believe is best protected by means that do not require public disclosure. We generally seek to protect this information by entering into confidentiality agreements, or consulting services or employment agreements that contain non-disclosure and non-use provisions with our employees, consultants, contractors, commercial partners, vendors, and other third parties. However, we may fail to enter into the necessary agreements, and even if entered into, these agreements may be breached or may otherwise fail to provide adequate protection, prevent disclosure, third-party infringement, or misappropriation of our trade secrets, may be limited as to their term, and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure or use of proprietary information. We have limited control over the protection of trade secrets used by our current or future manufacturing partners and suppliers and could lose future trade secret protection if any unauthorized disclosure of such information occurs. In addition, our proprietary information may otherwise become known or be independently developed by our competitors or other third parties. To the extent that our employees, consultants, contractors, advisors, and other third parties use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us or designated in the agreements between such parties and us to be jointly owned, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain protection for our proprietary information could adversely affect our competitive business position. Furthermore, laws regarding trade secret rights in certain markets where we operate may afford little or no protection to our trade secrets.

We also rely on physical and electronic security measures to protect our proprietary information, but we cannot provide assurance that these security measures will not be breached or will provide adequate protection for our property. There is a risk that third parties may obtain and improperly utilize our proprietary information to our competitive disadvantage. We may not be able to detect or prevent the unauthorized use of such information or take appropriate and timely steps to enforce our intellectual property rights.

We employ third-party licensed software for use in our business, and the inability to maintain these licenses, errors in the software, or the terms of open source licenses could result in increased costs or reduced service levels, which would adversely affect our business.

Our business relies on certain third-party software obtained under licenses from other companies. We anticipate that it will continue to rely on such third-party software in the future. Although we believe that there are commercially reasonable alternatives to the third-party software we currently license, these alternatives may not always be available, or it may be difficult or costly to switch to an alternative. In addition, integration of new third-party software may require significant work and require substantial investment of our time and resources. Our use of additional or alternative third-party software would require us to enter into license agreements with third parties, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Many of the risks associated with the use of third-party software cannot be eliminated, and these risks could negatively affect our business.

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Some of the third-party software used by us is licensed under the terms of open source software licenses. Companies that incorporate open source software into their technologies have, from time to time, faced claims challenging the use of open source software and/or compliance with open source license terms. As a result, we could be subject to lawsuits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software or claiming noncompliance with open source licensing terms. Some open source software licenses require users who distribute such software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such software and/or make available any derivative works of the open source code, which could include valuable proprietary code of the user, on unfavorable terms or at no cost. While we monitor the use of open source software and attempt to ensure that open source software is not used in a manner that would require us to disclose our internally developed source code or that would otherwise breach the terms of an open source agreement, such use could inadvertently occur. Any requirement to disclose our internally developed source code or pay damages for breach of contract or copyright infringement could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations and could help our competitors develop services that are similar to or better than ours.

We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that we or our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of our employees’ former employers.

We may be subject to claims that we or our employees have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of an employee’s former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail to adequately defend such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. A loss of key personnel or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize our products, which could severely harm our business. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and demand on management resources.

Risks Related to Being a Public Company

We will incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will devote substantial time to compliance initiatives.

We expect to incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company, and these expenses will likely increase after we are no longer an emerging growth company, in 2026, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act. As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the Dodd-Frank Act, as well as rules adopted, and to be adopted, by the SEC and Nasdaq. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, we expect these rules and regulations to substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. These increased costs will increase our net loss. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs we may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees, or as executive officers.

Additionally, there continues to be public interest and increased legislative pressure related to environmental, social, and governance, or ESG, activities of public companies. For example, there is a growing number of states requiring organizations to report their board composition as well as mandating gender diversity and representation from underrepresented communities. We risk negative stockholder reaction, including from proxy advisory services, as well as damage to our brand and reputation, if we do not act responsibly in a number of key areas, including diversity and inclusion, environmental stewardship, support for local communities, corporate governance and transparency, and considering ESG and human capital factors in our operations.

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Our management team has limited experience managing a public company.

Most of the members of our management team have limited experience managing a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors, and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage their roles and responsibilities. Being a public company subjects us to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. These obligations and constituents will require significant attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Our business and operations could be negatively affected if we become subject to stockholder activism, which could cause us to incur significant expense, disrupt our business, result in a proxy contest or litigation, or impact our stock price.

Stockholder activism, which can take many forms or arise in a variety of situations, including making public demands that we consider certain strategic alternatives, engaging in public campaigns to attempt to influence our corporate governance and/or our management, and commencing proxy contests to attempt to elect the activists’ representatives or others to our Board, has been increasing recently. In conjunction with our 2025 annual meeting of stockholders, a group of dissident stockholders engaged in a proxy contest with us. Although we were ultimately successful, the proxy contest significantly increased the costs associated with our annual meeting and caused significant management distraction. We may be subject to proxy contests in the future. Volatility in the price of our common stock or other reasons has caused, and may continue in the future to cause, us to become the target of securities litigation or stockholder activism. Activist stockholders who disagree with the composition of our Board, our strategy, or the way our Company is managed may seek to effect change through various strategies and channels, such as through commencing a proxy contest, making public statements critical of our performance or business, or engaging in other similar activities. Responding to any actions by activist stockholders, including proxy contests, can be costly and time-consuming, has diverted the attention of management, our Board, and our employees, and may be disruptive to our operations. We may be required to incur significant fees and other expenses related to activist stockholder matters, including for third-party advisors.

Our stock price has been and could be subject to significant fluctuation or otherwise be adversely affected by the events, risks, and uncertainties of any stockholder activism. Additionally, perceived uncertainties as to our future direction as a result of stockholder activism, including potential changes to the composition of our Board, may lead to the perception of a change in the strategic direction of our business; the loss of key employees, including our executive officers; a perception of instability or lack of continuity, particularly if the stockholder activism campaign results in the appointment of one or more activist stockholders to our Board, which may cause concern to our existing or potential collaboration partners (including Tier 1 automotive suppliers), employees, and other stockholders; may be exploited by our competitors; may result in the loss of potential business opportunities or limit our ability to develop and commercialize our products; and may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel and business partners. In addition, activist directors may make overly burdensome demands of Company management and materially and unnecessarily increase management’s workload. Furthermore, if customers choose to delay, defer, or reduce transactions with us or do business with our competitors instead of us, then our business, financial condition, and operating results would be adversely affected. In addition, our share price could experience periods of increased volatility as a result of stockholder activism.

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Our Charter provides, subject to limited exceptions, that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the sole and exclusive forums for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our Charter requires, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, that derivative actions brought in our name, actions against our directors, officers, and employees for breach of fiduciary duty, and other similar actions may be brought only in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware except any action (A) as to which the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery within ten days following such determination), (B) which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than the Court of Chancery, or (C) for which the Court of Chancery does not have subject matter jurisdiction. In regard to any action arising under the Exchange Act, our Charter provides that the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the sole and exclusive forum. In regard to any action arising under the Securities Act or the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, our Charter provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum.

Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all lawsuits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provision will not apply to lawsuits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Our Charter provides that the exclusive forum provision will be applicable to the Securities Act to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. We note that there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce the exclusive forum provision and that this exclusive forum provision does not purport to waive compliance with any federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. If a court were to find such provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in another jurisdiction, which could harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our common stock shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the forum provisions in our Charter. This choice of forum provision may limit the ability of one of our stockholders to bring a claim in a judicial forum that such stockholder might believe is more favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, other employees, or stockholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims, although our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our Charter to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in another jurisdiction, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The provision of our Charter that authorizes our board of directors to issue preferred stock from time to time based on terms approved by our board of directors may delay, defer, or prevent a tender offer or takeover attempt that stockholders might consider in their best interest.

The provision of our Charter that authorizes our board of directors to issue preferred stock from time to time based on terms approved by our board of directors may delay, defer, or prevent a tender offer or takeover attempt that stockholders might consider to be in their best interest.

If securities or industry analysts cease publishing research or reports about us, our business, our competitors, or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our common stock adversely, then the price and trading volume of our common stock could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our competitors, or our market. If any of the analysts who may cover us change their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of our common stock would likely decline. In the past, analysts that previously covered us, stopped their coverage of us. If no analysts cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

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Interest in our common stock from retail and other individual investors could result in increased volatility in the market price of our common stock, which could have a material adverse impact on the market price of our common stock and your investment.

Retail and other individual investors, which we believe make up a significant segment of our overall stockholder base, may have played a significant role in the market dynamics that have resulted in substantial volatility in the trading volume and market price of our stock, similar to what has been experienced by, for example, the common stock of GameStop Corp., AMC Entertainment Holdings, Inc. and certain other so-called “meme” stocks. At such times, the rapid and substantial increases or decreases in the trading volume or market price of our stock may be unrelated to our operating performance, macroeconomic trends, or industry fundamentals, and substantial increases in the trading volume or value of our stock at such times may obscure the significant risks and uncertainties that we face. This volatility has been attributed, in part, to strong and atypical retail investor interest, which may be expressed on financial trading and other social media sites and online forums.

We have in the past and may in the future experience significant interest in our common stock from such investors, and as a result the trading volume and market price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile. There is no guarantee that we will continue to benefit from such retail and individual investor interest, even if our business or financial performance is strong. If investor sentiment changes, this could have a material adverse impact on the market price of our common stock and your investment.

Retail and individual investor sentiment (including as may be expressed on financial trading and other social media sites and online forums) may also influence the amount and status of short interest in our common stock. This could increase the likelihood of our common stock being the target of a “short squeeze,” particularly because a proportion of our common stock has been in the past and may in the future be traded by short sellers. A short squeeze and/or focused investor trading in anticipation of a short squeeze could lead to volatile price movements in shares of our common stock that may be unrelated or disproportionate to our operating performance or prospects. Or, if investors no longer believe a short squeeze is viable, the market price of our common stock may rapidly decline. Accordingly, investors that purchase shares of our common stock during what may be considered a short squeeze may lose a significant portion of their investment.

We do not expect to declare any dividends in the foreseeable future.

We do not anticipate declaring any cash dividends to holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future. Consequently, our stockholders may need to rely on sales of their shares after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number | Description | Form | File Number | Exhibit/Appendix Reference | Filing Date | Filed Herewith
3.1 | Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of AEye, Inc. | 8-K | 001-39699 | 3.1 | 08/23/2021 |
3.2 | Certificate of Amendment of the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of AEye, Inc. | 10-Q | 001-39699 | 3.2 | 05/11/2023 |
3.3 | Certificate of Amendment of the Second amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of AEye, Inc. | 8-K | 001-39699 | 3.1 | 12/29/2023 |
3.4 | Amended and Restated Bylaws of AEye, Inc. | 8-K | 001-39699 | 3.1 | 03/07/2025 |
31.1 | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15(d)-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  | X
31.2 | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15(d)-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  | X
32.1* | Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  | X
101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document |  |  |  |  | X
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |  |  | X
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  | X
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  | X
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  | X
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  | X
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |  |  |  | X

* The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 that accompanies this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are deemed furnished and not filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of AEye, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Dated: August 8, 2025

AEye, Inc.

By: /s/ Matthew Fisch

Matthew Fisch

Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board

(Principal Executive Officer)

By: /s/ Conor Tierney

Conor Tierney

Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

(Principal Financial Officer)

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