(b) Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management of the Company to make a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include, among other items, stock-based compensation, valuations, purchase price allocations and contingent consideration related to business combinations, expected future cash flows including growth rates, discount rates, terminal values and other assumptions and estimates used to evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets, goodwill and other intangible assets and the related amortization methods and periods, and estimated hours and costs to complete customer contracts for purposes of revenue recognition. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Concentration of Credit Risk

(d) Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist principally of trade accounts receivable, short term investments and cash equivalents. The Company believes that its credit risk is limited because the Company’s current contracts are with entities with a reliable payment history. The Company invests its excess cash in a money market fund and short term held-to maturity investments and does not believe that it is exposed to any significant risks related to its cash accounts, money market fund, or held-to maturity investments. Cash is also maintained at foreign financial institutions. Cash in foreign financial institutions as of January 31, 2023 was approximately $14,000.

For the nine months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had two and four customers whose revenues accounted for at least 10% of the Company’s consolidated revenues, respectively. These revenues accounted for approximately 28% and 58% of the Company’s total revenues for the respective periods. For the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had five and four customers whose revenues accounted for at least 10% of the Company’s consolidated revenues, respectively. These revenues accounted for approximately 63% and 71% of the Company’s total revenues for the respective periods.

Revenue Recognition

(f) Revenue Recognition

The Company accounts for revenues in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 606 (ASC 606) for contracts with customers and Accounting Standards Codification 842 (ASC 842) for leasing arrangements. In relation to ASC 606, which states that a performance obligation is the unit of account for revenue recognition, the Company assesses the goods or services promised in a contract with a customer and identifies as a performance obligation as either: a) a good or service (or a bundle of goods or services) that is distinct; or b) a series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. A contract may contain a single performance obligation or multiple performance obligations. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the contracted transaction price to each performance obligation based upon the relative standalone selling price, which represents the price the Company would sell a promised good or service separately to a customer. The Company determines the standalone selling price based upon the facts and circumstances of each obligated good or service. When no observable standalone selling price is available, the standalone selling price is generally estimated based upon the Company’s forecast of the total cost to satisfy the performance obligation plus an appropriate profit margin.

The nature of the Company’s contracts may give rise to several types of variable consideration, including unpriced change orders, liquidated damages and penalties. Variable consideration can also arise from modifications to the scope of services. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur once the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Our estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include such amounts in the transaction price are based largely on our assessment of legal enforceability, performance, and any other information (historical, current, and forecasted) that is reasonably available to us. There was no variable consideration as of January 31, 2023 or 2022. The Company presents shipping and handling costs, that occur after control of the promised goods or services transfer to the customer, as fulfillment costs in costs of goods sold and regular shipping and handling activities charged to operating expenses.

The Company recognizes revenue when or as it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a good or service to a customer, either (1) at a point in time or (2) over time. A good or service is transferred when or as the customer obtains control. The evaluation of whether control of each performance obligation is transferred at a point in time or over time is made at contract inception. Input measures such as costs incurred are utilized to assess progress against specific contractual performance obligations for the Company’s services. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the services to be provided. For the Company, the input method using costs incurred or labor hours best represents the measure of progress against the performance obligations incorporated within the contractual agreements. If estimated total costs on any contract project a loss, the Company charges the entire estimated loss to operations in the period the loss becomes known. The cumulative effect of revisions to revenue, estimated costs to complete contracts, including penalties, change orders, claims, anticipated losses, and others are recorded in the accounting period in which the events indicating a loss are known and the loss can be reasonably estimated. These loss projects are re-assessed for each subsequent reporting period until the project is complete. Such revisions could occur at any time and the effects may be material.

The Company’s contracts are either cost-plus contracts, fixed-price contracts, time and material agreements, lease or service agreements. Under cost plus contracts, customers are billed for actual expenses incurred plus an agreed-upon fee.

The Company has two types of fixed-price contracts, firm fixed-price and cost-sharing. Under firm fixed-price contracts, the Company receives an agreed-upon amount for providing products and services specified in the contract, and a profit or loss is recognized depending on whether actual costs are more or less than the agreed upon amount. Under cost-sharing contracts, the fixed amount agreed upon with the customer is only intended to fund a portion of the costs on a specific project. Under cost sharing contracts, an amount corresponding to the revenue is recorded in cost of revenues, resulting in gross profit on these contracts of zero. The Company’s share of the costs is recorded as product development expense. The Company reports its disaggregation of revenues by contract type since this method best represents the Company’s business. For the nine-month periods ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, all of the Company’s contracts were classified as firm fixed-price.

The Company at times enters into agreements with government agencies through Small Business Innovation Research (“SBIR”) contract agreements. These are typically fixed-priced agreements where the Company retains ownership of the data and grants the government a license with unlimited rights to use, disclose, reproduce, prepare derivative works and publicly distribute the data.

Time and materials agreements are billed based solely on the cost of time spent working on the contract and the material used.

As of January 31, 2023, the Company’s total remaining performance obligations, also referred to as backlog, totaled $2.5 million. The Company expects to recognize approximately 85%, or $2.1 million, for the remaining performance obligations as revenue over the next twelve months.

The Company also enters into lease arrangements for its PowerBuoys and Wave Adaptive Modular Vessels (“WAM-V®”) with certain customers. Revenue related to multiple-element arrangements is allocated to lease and non-lease elements based on their relative standalone selling prices or expected cost plus a margin approach. Lease elements generally include a PowerBuoy, WAM-V®, and components, while non-lease elements, which the Company expects to become more prevalent, generally include engineering, monitoring and support services. In the lease arrangement, the customer may be provided an option to extend the lease term or purchase the leased buoy or WAM-V® at some point during and/or at the end of the lease term.

At inception of a contract, the Company classifies leases as either operating or financing in accordance with the authoritative accounting guidance contained within ASC Topic 842, “Leases”. If the direct financing or sales-type classification criteria are met, then the lease is accounted for as a finance lease. All others are treated as operating leases.

The Company recognizes revenue from operating lease arrangements generally on a straight-line basis over the lease term, or as agreed upon in-use days are utilized, which is presented in Revenues in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. The below table represents the total revenue recognized under ASC 606 and ASC 842 for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022.

	Three months ended January 31, 2023						Three months ended January 31, 2022
	ASC 606		ASC 842		Total		ASC 606		ASC 842		Total
	(in thousands)						(in thousands)
Revenue	$	559	$	175	$	734	$	484	$	—	$	484

	Nine months ended January 31, 2023						Nine months ended January 31, 2022
	ASC 606		ASC 842		Total		ASC 606		ASC 842		Total
	(in thousands)						(in thousands)
Revenue	$	1,562	$	190	$	1,752	$	1,003	$	—	$	1,003

Net Loss per Common Share

(h) Net Loss per Common Share

Basic and diluted net loss per common share for all periods presented is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock and common stock equivalents outstanding during the period.

Due to the Company’s net losses, potentially dilutive securities, consisting of options to purchase shares of common stock, potential exercises of warrants on common stock and unvested restricted stock issued to employees and non-employee directors, were excluded from the diluted loss per share calculation due to their anti-dilutive effect.

In computing diluted net loss per common share on the Consolidated Statement of Operations, potential exercises of warrants on common stock, options to purchase shares of common stock and non-vested restricted stock issued to employees and non-employee directors, totaling 8,010,373 and 6,356,123 for the nine months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were excluded from each of the computations as the effect would have been anti-dilutive due to the net loss for the periods.