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Derivative Financial Instruments | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2016
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] |
Derivative Financial Instruments | NOTE L — DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS The following tables summarize the components of our derivative liabilities and linked common shares as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 and the amounts that were reflected in our income related to our derivatives for the periods then ended:
|  | March 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Embedded derivatives derived from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2014 Convertible Promissory Notes |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,396,191 |
|  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,396,191 |
Warrant derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior Convertible Notes |  |  | 64,941 |  |  |  | 6,225 |
Warrant derivatives |  |  | 64,941 |  |  |  | 6,225 |
Total derivative liabilities |  | $ | 64,941 |  |  | $ | 3,402,416 |
|  | March 31, 2016 |  |  | December 31, 2015 |
Common shares linked to derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Embedded derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2014 Convertible Promissory Notes* |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,174,604 |
|  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,174,604 |
Warrant derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior Convertible Notes |  |  | 130,208 |  |  |  | 130,208 |
|  |  | 130,208 |  |  |  | 130,208 |
Total common shares linked to derivative liabilities |  |  | 130,208 |  |  |  | 3,304,812 |
* | The common shares indexed to the 2014 Convertible Promissory Notes are shares indexed to Oceanica.
|  | Three months ended March 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Derivative income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) from fair value changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior Convertible Notes |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
2014 Convertible Promissory Notes |  |  | 3,396,190 |  |  |  | (479,126 | )
Warrant derivatives |  |  | (58,716 | ) |  |  | 16,223 |
Total derivative income (expense) |  | $ | 3,337,474 |  |  | $ | (462,903 | )
Current accounting principles that are provided in ASC 815 - Derivatives and Hedging require derivative financial instruments to be classified in liabilities and carried at fair value with changes recorded in income. In addition, the standards do not permit an issuer to account separately for individual derivative terms and features embedded in hybrid financial instruments that require bifurcation and liability classification as derivative financial instruments. Rather, such terms and features must be bundled together and fair valued as a single, compound embedded derivative. We have selected the Monte Carlo Simulations valuation technique to fair value the compound embedded derivative because we believe that this technique is reflective of all significant assumption types, and ranges of assumption inputs, that market participants would likely consider in transactions involving compound embedded derivatives. Such assumptions include, among other inputs, interest risk assumptions, credit risk assumptions and redemption behaviors in addition to traditional inputs for option models such as market trading volatility and risk free rates. We have selected Binomial Lattice to fair value our warrant derivatives because we believe this technique is reflective of all significant assumption types market participants would likely consider in transactions involving freestanding warrants derivatives. The Monte Carlo Simulations (“MCS”) technique is a level three valuation technique because it requires the development of significant internal assumptions in addition to observable market indicators. Significant inputs and results arising from the Monte Carlo Simulations process are as follows for the share purchase options that have been bifurcated from our Monaco Notes and classified in liabilities as of March 8, 2016 (Modification Date), December 31, 2015, and the inception dates (Tranche 1 – August 14, 2014, Tranche 2 – October 1, 2014, Tranche 3 – December 1, 2014):
Tranche 1 – August 14, 2014: |  | March 8, 2016*** |  | December 31, 2015 |  | August 14, 2014
Underlying price on valuation date* |  | $1.25 |  | $2.50 |  | $2.50
Contractual conversion rate |  | $3.15 |  | $3.15 |  | $3.15
Contractual term to maturity** |  | 1.82 Years |  | 2.00 Years |  | 2.00 Years
Implied expected term to maturity |  | 1.24 Years |  | 1.82 Years |  | 1.85 Years
Market volatility: |  |  |  |  |  |
Range of volatilities |  | 96.0% - 154.0% |  | 85.2% - 109.8% |  | 37.0% - 62.2%
Equivalent volatilities |  | 120.1% |  | 98.1% |  | 51.2%
Contractual interest rate |  | 11.00% |  | 11.00% |  | 8.0% - 11.0%
Equivalent market risk adjusted interest rates |  | 11.60% |  | 11.00% |  | 9.50%
Range of credit risk adjusted yields |  | 3.49% - 5.02% |  | 3.29% - 4.22% |  | 3.94% - 4.45%
Equivalent credit risk adjusted yield |  | 4.13% |  | 3.76% |  | 4.15%
Tranche 2 – October 1, 2014: |  | March 8, 2016*** |  | December 31, 2015 |  | October 1, 2014
Underlying price on valuation date* |  | $1.25 |  | $2.50 |  | $2.50
Contractual conversion rate |  | $3.15 |  | $3.15 |  | $3.15
Contractual term to maturity** |  | 1.82 Years |  | 2.00 Years |  | 2.00 Years
Implied expected term to maturity |  | 1.24 Years |  | 1.82 Years |  | 1.79 Years
Market volatility: |  |  |  |  |  |
Range of volatilities |  | 96.0% - 154.0% |  | 85.2% - 109.8% |  | 58.6% - 75.3%
Equivalent volatilities |  | 120.1% |  | 98.1% |  | 68.00%
Contractual interest rate |  | 11.00% |  | 11.00% |  | 8.0% - 11.0%
Equivalent market risk adjusted interest rates |  | 11.60% |  | 11.00% |  | 9.25%
Range of credit risk adjusted yields |  | 3.49% - 5.02% |  | 3.29% - 4.22% |  | 3.97% - 4.61%
Equivalent credit risk adjusted yield |  | 4.13% |  | 3.76% |  | 4.24%
Tranche 3 – December 1, 2014: |  | March 8, 2016*** |  | December 31, 2015 |  | December 1, 2014
Underlying price on valuation date* |  | $1.25 |  | $2.50 |  | $2.50
Contractual conversion rate |  | $3.15 |  | $3.15 |  | $3.15
Contractual term to maturity** |  | 1.82 Years |  | 2.00 Years |  | 2.00 Years
Implied expected term to maturity |  | 1.24 Years |  | 1.82 Years |  | 1.76 Years
Market volatility: |  |  |  |  |  |
Range of volatilities |  | 96.0% - 154.0% |  | 85.2% - 109.8% |  | 61.8% - 79.8%
Equivalent volatilities |  | 120.1% |  | 98.1% |  | 72.2%
Contractual interest rate |  | 11.00% |  | 11.00% |  | 8.0% - 11.0%
Equivalent market risk adjusted interest rates |  | 11.60% |  | 11.00% |  | 9.25%
Range of credit risk adjusted yields |  | 3.49% - 5.02% |  | 3.29% - 4.22% |  | 4.29% - 4.84%
Equivalent credit risk adjusted yield |  | 4.13% |  | 3.76% |  | 4.52%
* | The instrument is convertible into shares of the Company’s subsidiary, Oceanica, which is not a publicly-traded entity. Therefore its shares do not trade on a public exchange. As a result, the underlying value was originally based on private sales of the subsidiary’s shares because that was the best indicator of the value of the shares in the past. The last sale of Oceanica’s shares in which a private investor accumulated 24% of the shares of which their last purchase price was for $2.50 per share in December 2013. Accordingly the underlying price used in the past in the MCS calculations was the $2.50 for the inception dates and December 31, 2015. Being far removed from December 2013 while considering the modification in March 2016 of the new option price of $1.00 and other market conditions currently prevailing, management determined $1.25 to be fairly representative of the per share fair value.
** | On December 10, 2015 the term was extended to December 31, 2017.
In March 2016 the term was extended to March 8, 2018.
*** | In March 2016 the purchase price of the share purchase options was modified to $1.00 per share. As a result of the re-pricing, the share purchase options no longer require measurement as derivative liabilities. The MCS were calculated for the instruments just prior to the modification on March 8, 2016.
The following table reflects the issuances of the Share Purchase Option derivatives and changes in fair value inputs and assumptions for these derivatives during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.
|  | For the three months ended March 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Balances at January 1 |  | $ | 3,396,191 |  |  | $ | 2,115,318 |
Issuances |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Modification |  |  | (1,456,826 | ) |  |  | — |
Changes in fair value inputs and assumptions reflected in income |  |  | (1,939,365 | ) |  |  | 479,126 |
Balances at March 31 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,594,444 |
The fair value of all Share Purchase Option derivatives is significantly influenced by our trading market price, the price volatility in trading and the risk free interest components of the Binomial Lattice technique. On October 11, 2010, we also issued warrants to acquire 150,000 of our common shares in connection with the Series G Convertible Preferred Stock Financing. During April 4-8, 2011, we issued warrants to acquire 43,750 of our common shares in connection the Series G Convertible Preferred Stock and Warrant Settlement Transaction. Finally, on November 8, 2011, we issued warrants to acquire 108,507 of our common shares in connection with the Senior Convertible Note Financing Transaction. These warrants required liability classification as derivative financial instruments because certain down-round anti-dilution protection or price protection features included in the warrant agreements are not consistent with the concept of equity. We applied the Binomial Lattice valuation technique in estimating the fair value of the warrants because we believe that this technique is most appropriate and reflects all of the assumptions that market participants would likely consider in transactions involving the warrants, including the potential incremental value associated with the down-round anti-dilution protections. The Binomial Lattice technique is a level three valuation technique because it requires the development of significant internal assumptions in addition to observable market indicators. All remaining warrants linked to 1,725,000 shares of common stock were exercised on October 11, 2013. All remaining warrants linked to 525,000 shares of common stock expired unexercised on April 13, 2014. Therefore, the warrants linked to 525,000 shares of common stock were not outstanding as of March 31, 2016 or December 31, 2015. Significant assumptions and utilized in the Binomial Lattice process are as follows for the warrants linked to 130,208 shares of common stock as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:
|  | March 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
Linked common shares |  | 130,208 |  | 130,208
Quoted market price on valuation date |  | $6.79 |  | $3.24
Contractual exercise price |  | $43.20 |  | $43.20
Term (years) |  | 1.10 |  | 1.35
Range of market volatilities |  | 106.7% - 139.4% |  | 92.9% - 113.2%
Risk free rates using zero coupon US Treasury Security rates |  | 0.21% - 0.59% |  | 0.16% - 0.65%
Of the 108,507 common shares for which the warrant issued on November 8, 2011 could be exercised, 36,169 of those common shares were accessible only based upon the Company’s election to require the lender to provide the additional financing. When the lender provided additional financing of $8,000,000 on May 10, 2012, the additional 36,169 of common shares became accessible. Warrants indexed to an additional 260,417 were issued in conjunction with the additional financing. The following table reflects the issuances of derivative warrants and changes in fair value inputs and assumptions related to the derivative warrants during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015.
|  | Three months ended March 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Balances at January 1 |  | $ | 6,225 |  |  | $ | 111,127 |
Changes in fair value inputs and assumptions reflected in income |  |  | 58,716 |  |  |  | (16,223 | )
Balances at March 31 |  | $ | 64,941 |  |  | $ | 94,904 |
The fair value of all warrant derivatives is significantly influenced by our trading market price, the price volatility in trading and the risk free interest components of the Binomial Lattice technique.

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