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Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Federal Home Loan Banks [Abstract]  
Summary of Common Stock Warrants Outstanding
The following table summarizes our common stock warrants outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022:
 
Issue Date
  
December 31,

2023
    
December 31,

2022
    
Exercise
Price
    
Termination
Date
 
6/10/2022
     4,848,963        4,939,515      $ 3.35        12/10/2027  
3/6/2023
     3,703,703        —       $ 3.78        3/6/2026  
Various 2020
     551,378        551,378      $ 3.99        ** 
12/1/2023
     1,411,769        —       $ 4.25        12/1/2026  
8/14/2020
     —         131,816      $ 4.67        8/14/2023  
8/25/2020
     1,873,622        1,873,622      $ 4.75        2/25/2024  
7/19/2019
     196,135        196,135      $ 5.76        7/8/2024  
12/1/2023
     211,569        —       $ 7.09        12/1/2026  
11/2/2018
     —         700,000      $ 7.16        11/2/2023  
  
 
 
    
 
 
       
     12,797,139        8,392,466        
  
 
 
    
 
 
       
 
**
A five-year term commences upon the earliest occurrence of either Trigger Date A or Trigger Date B. Trigger Date A is the date on which the Claimholder ceases the Subject Claim for any reason other than (i) a full and final arbitral award against the Claimholder or (ii) a full and final monetary settlement of the claim, see NOTE 12 Fair Value Financial Instruments – Litigation Financing. Trigger Date B is the date on which Proceeds are deposited into the Escrow Account.
Summary of Preferred Stock Allocated to Investors The Stock Purchase Agreement provides for the Company to issue and sell to the Investor shares of the Company’s preferred stock in the amounts set forth in the following table (numbers have been adjusted for the February 2016 reverse stock split):
 
Convertible Preferred Stock
  
Shares
    
Price Per
Share
    
Total

Investment
 
SeriesAA-1
     8,427,004      $ 12.00      $ 101,124,048  
SeriesAA-2
     7,223,145      $ 6.00        43,338,870  
  
 
 
       
 
 
 
     15,650,149         $ 144,462,918  
  
 
 
       
 
 
 
Summary of Options Valued in Estimated on Date of Grant Using Black-Scholes Option-Pricing Model with Following Assumptions Used for Grants Issued The value of the stock options granted was determined using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model, which values options based on the stock price at the grant date, the expected life of the option, the estimated volatility of the stock, the expected dividend payments, and the risk-free interest rate over the life of the option. The options were valued with the following assumptions used for grants issued in the table below. Expected volatilities are based on historical volatility of our Common Stock. The expected term (in years) is determined using historical data to estimate option exercise patterns. The expected dividend yield is based on the annualized dividend rate over the vesting period. The risk-free interest rate is based on the rate for US Treasury bonds commensurate with the expected term of the granted option. Options issued to officers and employees typically vest over a three-year period. Options issued to directors vest immediately.
 
    
November 15,
2023
   
August 7,
2023
   
June 9, 2023
   
May 24,
2023
   
December 9,
2022
 
Risk free interest rate
     4.52     4.16     3.92     3.76     3.75
Expected life
     5 years       5 years       5 years       5 years       5 years  
Expected volatility
     63.67     64.18     63.88     63.75     83.56
Expected dividend yield
     —        —        —        —        —   
Grant-date fair value
     2.10       2.12       2.01       1.70       2.45  
Additionally, on December 8, 2022, we granted 17,105 stock options to a non-employee contractor as an incentive. We did not grant stock options to any third parties in 2023. The fair value of each option grant to the third-party consultant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions used for grants issued in the table below.
 
    
December 8,
2022
 
Risk free interest rate
     3.71
Expected life
     5 years  
Expected volatility
     83.53
Expected dividend yield
     —   
Grant-date fair value
     2.34  
Summary of Stock Option Activity
Additional information with respect to both plans’ stock option activity is as follows:
 
    
Number
of Shares
    
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
    
Weighted
Average
Life
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2021
     238,651      $ 15.95     
Granted
     621,348      $ 3.60     
Exercised
     —       $ —      
Cancelled
     —       $ —      
  
 
 
       
Outstanding at December 31, 2022
     859,999      $ 7.02     
Granted
     264,458      $ 3.55     
Exercised
     (62,846      3.60     
Cancelled
     (123,987      17.42     
  
 
 
       
Outstanding at December 31, 2023
     937,624      $ 4.90        3.62  
  
 
 
       
Options exercisable at December 31, 2021
     238,651      $ 15.95        4.82  
  
 
 
       
Options exercisable at December 31, 2022
     602,591      $ 8.49        3.71  
  
 
 
       
Options exercisable at December 31, 2023
     615,014      $ 5.60        3.25  
  
 
 
       
Stock Options Outstanding
The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2023:
 
    
Stock Options Outstanding
 
Range of Exercise Prices
  
Number of
Shares
Outstanding
    
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life in
Years
    
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
 
$12.48 - $12.84
     141,000        1.00      $ 12.49  
$2.02 - $3.60
     796,624        4.08      $ 3.55  
  
 
 
       
     937,624        3.62      $ 4.90  
  
 
 
       
Estimated Fair Value of Restricted Stock Award
The estimated fair value of each restricted stock award is calculated using the share price at the date of the grant. A summary of the status of the restricted stock awards as of December 31, 2023 and changes during the year ended December 31, 2023 is presented as follows:
 
    
Number of
Shares
    
Weighted
Average
Grant
Date Fair
Value
 
Unvested at December 31, 2022
     45,618      $ 6.54  
Granted
     —      
Vested
     (31,537   
Cancelled
     (3,994   
  
 
 
    
Unvested at December 31, 2023
     10,087      $ 3.41