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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024
o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 001-40457
PSQ Holdings, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 86-2062844
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
250 S. Australian Avenue, Suite 1300 West Palm Beach, Florida |  | 33401
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(877) 776-2402
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Not applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share |  | PSQH |  | New York Stock Exchange
Redeemable warrants, each whole warrant exercisable for one share of Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share |  | PSQH.WS |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer | o | Accelerated filer | o
Non-accelerated filer | x | Smaller reporting company | x
| Emerging growth company | x

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x
As of November 8, 2024, there were 31,548,544 shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, issued and outstanding and 3,213,678 shares of the registrant’s Class C common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, issued and outstanding.

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
PART 1 - FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 1
Item 1. | Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements: | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2024 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2023 | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited) | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited) | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited) | 4
| Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 5
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 34
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 51
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 51
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION | 52
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 52
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 52
Item 6. | Exhibits | 53
SIGNATURES | 54

i

Table of Contents
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
PSQ HOLDINGS, INC. (dba PublicSquare)
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (Unaudited) |  |
Assets |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 4,709,237 |  |  | $ | 16,446,030 |
Restricted cash | 966,529 |  |  | — |
Accounts receivable, net | 622,419 |  |  | 204,879 |
Loans held for investment, net of allowance for credit losses of $558,612 as of September 30, 2024 | 3,567,832 |  |  | — |
Interest Receivable | 304,599 |  |  | — |
Inventory | 1,500,715 |  |  | 1,439,182 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 4,288,699 |  |  | 3,084,576 |
Total current assets | 15,960,030 |  |  | 21,174,667 |
Loans held for investment, net of allowance for credit losses of $106,530 as of September 30, 2024, non-current | 680,400 |  |  | — |
Property and equipment, net | 299,768 |  |  | 127,139 |
Intangible assets, net | 15,948,378 |  |  | 3,557,029 |
Goodwill | 10,930,978 |  |  | — |
Operating lease, right-of-use assets | 350,782 |  |  | 324,238 |
Deposits | 75,579 |  |  | 63,546 |
Total assets | $ | 44,245,915 |  |  | $ | 25,246,619 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |
Revolving line of credit | $ | 3,108,871 |  |  | $ | — |
Accounts payable | 3,664,680 |  |  | 1,828,508 |
Accrued expenses | 906,745 |  |  | 1,641,553 |
Deferred revenue | 571,363 |  |  | 225,148 |
Operating lease liabilities, current portion | 167,749 |  |  | 310,911 |
Total current liabilities | 8,419,408 |  |  | 4,006,120 |
Convertible promissory notes, related party (Note 12) | 20,000,000 |  |  | — |
Convertible promissory notes | 8,449,500 |  |  | — |
Warrant liabilities | 2,632,500 |  |  | 10,130,000 |
Earn-out liabilities | 150,000 |  |  | 660,000 |
Operating lease liabilities | 191,502 |  |  | 16,457 |
Total liabilities | 39,842,910 |  |  | 14,812,577 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 16) |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 50,000,000 authorized shares; no shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 | — |  |  | — |
Class A Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 500,000,000 authorized shares; 29,451,684 shares and 24,410,075 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | 2,945 |  |  | 2,441 |
Class C Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 40,000,000 authorized shares; 3,213,678 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023 | 321 |  |  | 321 |
Additional paid in capital | 103,562,504 |  |  | 72,644,419 |
Accumulated deficit | (99,162,765) |  |  | (62,213,139) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 4,403,005 |  |  | 10,434,042 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 44,245,915 |  |  | $ | 25,246,619 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
1

Table of Contents
PSQ HOLDINGS, INC. (dba PublicSquare)
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited)

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenues, net | $ | 6,540,112 |  |  | $ | 2,030,900 |  |  | $ | 15,991,229 |  |  | $ | 2,938,641 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense shown below) | 609,270 |  |  | 569,502 |  |  | 1,738,729 |  |  | 1,189,440 |
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense shown below) | 1,771,109 |  |  | 903,672 |  |  | 4,601,360 |  |  | 903,672 |
Transaction costs incurred in connection with the Business Combination | — |  |  | 3,309,597 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,048,177 |
General and administrative | 12,295,934 |  |  | 4,311,199 |  |  | 33,552,605 |  |  | 7,448,015 |
Sales and marketing | 4,607,708 |  |  | 3,670,309 |  |  | 14,380,677 |  |  | 6,739,149 |
Research and development | 973,544 |  |  | 1,486,069 |  |  | 3,147,296 |  |  | 3,310,943 |
Depreciation and amortization | 975,090 |  |  | 759,745 |  |  | 2,202,561 |  |  | 2,004,319 |
Total costs and expenses | 21,232,655 |  |  | 15,010,093 |  |  | 59,623,228 |  |  | 28,643,715 |
Operating loss | (14,692,543) |  |  | (12,979,193) |  |  | (43,631,999) |  |  | (25,705,074) |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other (expense) income, net | (45,683) |  |  | 119,957 |  |  | 110,295 |  |  | 173,644 |
Change in fair value of convertible promissory notes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,571,109) |
Change in fair value of earn-out liabilities | 170,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | 510,000 |  |  | 450,000 |
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities | 2,175,000 |  |  | (7,783,000) |  |  | 7,497,500 |  |  | (7,783,000) |
Interest expense, net | (756,760) |  |  | (46,690) |  |  | (1,434,241) |  |  | (210,545) |
Loss before income taxes | (13,149,986) |  |  | (20,238,926) |  |  | (36,948,445) |  |  | (47,646,084) |
Income tax benefit (expense) | 12,437 |  |  | 262 |  |  | (1,181) |  |  | (1,527) |
Net loss | $ | (13,137,549) |  |  | $ | (20,238,664) |  |  | $ | (36,949,626) |  |  | $ | (47,647,611) |
Net loss per common share, basic and diluted | $ | (0.41) |  |  | $ | (0.77) |  |  | $ | (1.21) |  |  | $ | (2.38) |
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted | 31,758,032 |  | 26,265,627 |  | 30,526,102 |  | 20,058,726

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
2

Table of Contents
PSQ HOLDINGS, INC. (dba PublicSquare)
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

| Preferred Stock |  | Class A Common Stock |  | Class C Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Subscription Receivable |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | — |  | $ | — |  |  | 24,410,075 |  | $ | 2,441 |  |  | 3,213,678 |  | $ | 321 |  |  | $ | 72,644,419 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (62,213,139) |  |  | $ | 10,434,042 |
Issuance of common stock for Credova Merger | — |  | — |  | 2,920,993 |  | 292 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,137,314 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,137,606 |
Issuance of shares for consulting arrangement | — |  | — |  | 183,349 |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 887,391 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 887,409 |
Share-based compensation | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,410,894 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,410,894 |
Issuance of shares for fully vested restricted stock units | — |  | — |  | 663,500 |  | 66 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (66) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,576,831) |  |  | (12,576,831) |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | — |  | — |  | 28,177,917 |  | 2,817 |  |  | 3,213,678 |  |  | 321 |  |  | 93,079,952 |  |  | — |  |  | (74,789,970) |  |  | 18,293,120 |
Share-based compensation | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,171,761 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,171,761 |
Net loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11,235,246) |  |  | (11,235,246) |
Balance at June 30, 2024 | — |  | — |  | 28,177,917 |  | 2,817 |  |  | 3,213,678 |  |  | 321 |  |  | 98,251,713 |  |  | — |  |  | (86,025,216) |  |  | 12,229,635 |
Issuance of shares for fully vested restricted stock units | — |  | — |  | 1,273,767 |  | 128 |  | — |  | — |  | (486,032) |  | — |  | — |  | (485,904)
Share-based compensation | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,796,823 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,796,823 |
Net loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13,137,549) |  |  | (13,137,549) |
Balance at September 30, 2024 | — |  | $ | — |  |  | 29,451,684 |  | $ | 2,945 |  |  | 3,213,678 |  | $ | 321 |  |  | $ | 103,562,504 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (99,162,765) |  |  | $ | 4,403,005 |

| Preferred Stock |  | Class A Common Stock |  | Class C Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Subscription Receivable |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 771,155 |  |  | $ | 771 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,384,206 |  |  | $ | (99,612) |  |  | $ | (8,883,952) |  |  | $ | 3,401,413 |
Retroactive application of Business Combination | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,034,852 |  |  | 410 |  |  | 3,213,678 |  |  | 321 |  |  | (731) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,806,007 |  |  | 1,181 |  |  | 3,213,678 |  |  | 321 |  |  | 12,383,475 |  |  | (99,612) |  |  | (8,883,952) |  |  | 3,401,413 |
Issuance of common stock for cash | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,447,523 |  |  | 145 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,499,979 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,500,124 |
Receipt of subscription receivable | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100,012 |  |  | — |  |  | 100,012 |
Issuance of common stock for asset acquisition | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,071,229 |  |  | 107 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,334,751 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,334,858 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,687,640) |  |  | (6,687,640) |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,324,759 |  |  | 1,433 |  |  | 3,213,678 |  |  | 321 |  |  | 16,218,205 |  |  | 400 |  |  | (15,571,592) |  |  | 648,767 |
Repayment of subscription payable | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (400) |  |  | — |  |  | (400) |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,721,307) |  |  | (20,721,307) |
Balance at June 30, 2023 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,324,759 |  |  | 1,433 |  |  | 3,213,678 |  |  | 321 |  |  | 16,218,205 |  |  | — |  |  | (36,292,899) |  |  | (20,072,940) |
Conversion of notes to common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,984,388 |  |  | 397 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37,293,626 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37,294,023 |
Issuance of common stock upon Business Combination | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,735,151 |  |  | 774 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,426,006 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,426,780 |
Forfeiture of shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,704,223) |  |  | (170) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 170 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Share based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,095,889 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,095,889 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,238,664) |  |  | (20,238,664) |
Balance at September 30, 2023 | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 24,340,075 |  |  | $ | 2,434 |  |  | 3,213,678 |  |  | $ | 321 |  |  | $ | 68,033,896 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (56,531,563) |  |  | $ | 11,505,088 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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PSQ HOLDINGS, INC. (dba PublicSquare)
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

| For the nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Cash Flows from Operating Activities |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (36,949,626) |  |  | $ | (47,647,611) |
Adjustment to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
Change in fair value of convertible promissory notes | — |  |  | 14,571,109 |
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities | (7,497,500) |  |  | 7,783,000 |
Change in fair value of earn-out liabilities | (510,000) |  |  | (450,000) |
Share-based compensation | 16,855,006 |  |  | 2,095,889 |
Realized gain on short term investment | — |  |  | (173,644) |
Amortization of step-up in loans held for investment | 501,112 |  |  | — |
Provision for credit losses on loans held for investment | 549,985 |  |  | — |
Origination of loans and leases for resale | (17,315,173) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of loans and leases for resale | 19,689,911 |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of loans and leases | (2,374,738) |  |  | — |
Depreciation and amortization | 2,202,561 |  |  | 2,004,319 |
Non-cash operating lease expense | 314,577 |  |  | 129,216 |
Interest expense | — |  |  | 58,455 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | (722,139) |  |  | (67,604) |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 65,810 |  |  | (681,471) |
Inventory | (61,533) |  |  | (1,476,085) |
Deposits | (12,033) |  |  | (70,202) |
Accounts payable | (1,577,703) |  |  | 2,597,462 |
Accrued expenses | (322,928) |  |  | 2,845,964 |
Deferred revenue | 346,215 |  |  | 199,304 |
Operating lease payments | (309,238) |  |  | (130,429) |
Net cash used in operating activities | (27,127,434) |  |  | (18,412,328) |
Cash flows from Investing Activities |  |  |
Software development costs | (2,818,954) |  |  | (1,840,066) |
Principal paydowns on loans held for investment | 8,897,046 |  |  | — |
Disbursements for loans held for investment | (7,168,697) |  |  | — |
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired | 141,215 |  |  | — |
Purchase of short-term investments | — |  |  | (10,049,870) |
Proceeds from the sale of short-term investments | — |  |  | 10,223,514 |
Purchase of intangible assets and trademarks | — |  |  | (86,600) |
Purchases of property and equipment | — |  |  | (113,065) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (949,390) |  |  | (1,866,087) |
Cash flows from Financing Activities |  |  |
Proceeds from convertible note payable, related party (Note 12) | 20,000,000 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from convertible note payable | — |  |  | 22,500,000 |
Proceeds from reverse recapitalization | — |  |  | 18,104,194 |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under stock plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes | (485,904) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock | — |  |  | 2,600,125 |
Repayments on revolving line of credit | (2,207,536) |  |  | — |
Repayment of subscription payable | — |  |  | (400) |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 17,306,560 |  |  | 43,203,919 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | (10,770,264) |  |  | 22,925,504 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash beginning of period | 16,446,030 |  |  | 2,330,405 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash end of the period | $ | 5,675,766 |  |  | $ | 25,255,909 |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 4,709,237 |  |  | $ | 25,255,909 |
Restricted cash | 966,529 |  |  | — |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of the period | $ | 5,675,766 |  |  | $ | 25,255,909 |
Supplemental Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activity |  |  |
Promissory notes, inclusive of accrued interest, converted to equity | $ | — |  |  | $ | 37,294,023 |
Initial recognition of earn-out liability | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,400,000 |
Acquisition of warrant liability | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,816,500 |
Prepaid expenses assumed in connection with Business Combination | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,570,594 |
Liabilities assumed in connection with Business Combination | $ | — |  |  | $ | 92,929 |
Liabilities paid through the trust | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,778,672 |
Accrued variable compensation settled with RSU grants | $ | 411,878 |  |  | $ | — |
Shares issued in connection with Credova Merger | $ | 14,137,606 |  |  | $ | — |
Note Exchange in connection with Credova Merger | $ | 8,449,500 |  |  | $ | — |
Stock for stock transfer | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,334,858 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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PSQ HOLDINGS, INC. (dba PublicSquare)
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1 - Organization and Business Operations
PSQ Holdings, Inc. (collectively “PublicSquare”, “PSQ”, “PSQH” or the “Company”) is a commerce and payments ecosystem, valuing life, family, and liberty. PublicSquare operates under three segments: Marketplace, Financial Technology, and Brands (“Marketplace”, “Financial Technology”, and “Brands”). The primary mission of the Marketplace segment is to help consumers “shop their values” and put purpose behind their purchases. PublicSquare leverages data and insights from the Marketplace to assess its customers’ needs and provide wholly-owned quality financial products and brands. PublicSquare’s Financial Technology segment comprises of Credova, a consumer financing and PublicSquare Payments, a payments company. PublicSquare’s Brands segment comprises EveryLife, a premium direct-to-consumer (“D2C”) life-affirming baby products company, and PSQLink, LLC (“PSQLink”), a digital marketing and customer relationship management (“CRM”) platform.
EveryLife Asset Acquisition
In February 2023, the Company acquired the assets of EveryLife, Inc. (“EveryLife”). On July 13, 2023, the Company launched the brand and began generating revenue from sales of diapers and wipes from this operation. See Note 5 for further information.
Merger Agreement
On July 19, 2023, in accordance with the plan of arrangement to reorganize PSQ Holdings. Inc, the Company finalized a business combination (the “Business Combination”) with Colombier Acquisition Corp. (“Colombier”). On closing, the common shares of PSQ Holdings Inc. were listed on the New York Stock Exchange and commenced trading under the symbol “NYSE:PSQH”. See Note 4 for further information.
Credova Merger
On March 13, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement and plan of merger (the “Credova Merger Agreement”) with Cello Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary (“Merger Sub”) of the Company, Credova Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Credova”), and Samuel L. Paul, in the capacity as the Seller Representative in accordance with the terms of the Credova Merger Agreement (“Credova Merger”). See Note 5 for further information.
The Company’s operations are comprised of three operating segments which are Marketplace, Brands and Financial Technology a summary of which is below:
Marketplace
The PSQ platform (the “Platform”) can be accessed through two primary means:
•Mobile application - Our mobile app is available for both iOS and Android-based devices.
•Web - Users can access our full platform at PublicSquare.com.
Brands
Our brand revenues have been derived primarily from our sale of products. EveryLife is a direct-to-consumer baby care company with a mission to provide premium products to every miraculous life. EveryLife is committed to its core values, ensuring product quality, and demonstrating generosity by donating diapers and wipes to moms in need. This commitment has quickly set EveryLife apart, elevating both its brand and products. Since its launch in July 2023, EveryLife has been delivering high-performing and price-accessible products that align with the values of our consumers.
Additionally, the Company has built out PSQLink, which is generating revenues through Business-to-Business (“B2B”) sales by providing its customers with a digital marketing and CRM platform.
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Financial Technology
Credova assists consumers, lenders, and retailers in offering point-of-sale financing products. Credova has developed and maintains an internet-based proprietary retail finance platform and related application programming interfaces (“APIs”) through which Credova, certain Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) and National Credit Union Administration (“NCUA”) insured financial institutions, other financial institutions authorized by Credova (each a “Financing Partner”), and merchants can dynamically offer certain financing products.
Credova’s offerings fall into four main categories: (i) Merchant-originated products; (ii) Bank Partner-originated closed-end installment loans; (iii) Credova-originated loan products; and (iv) Zero-interest installment products (“Pay-in-4”).
In addition to Credova, the Company is developing a payments stack, PSQPayments LLC (“PublicSquare Payments”), which will consist of a framework of technological components and services that the Company’s customers can utilize to manage their payment processes, which falls under the Financial Technology segment. As of September 30, 2024, there has been no revenue generated from PublicSquare Payments.
Note 2 - Liquidity
Historically, the Company’s primary sources of liquidity have been funds from financing activities. The Company reported net losses of $36.9 million and $47.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and had negative cash flows from operations of $27.1 million and $18.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had aggregate unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, of $4.7 million and $16.4 million and net working capital of $7.5 million and $17.2 million, respectively.
On October 24, 2024, the Company closed a private investment in public equity transaction (“PIPE”) pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement (“PIPE Purchase Agreement”) dated October 22, 2024, for the purchase of $5.35 million of Class A common stock at $2.70 per share with three investors: (i) an affiliate of a PSQH board member, (ii), a party related to a PSQH board member and executive officer, and (ii) an unaffiliated accredited investor (the “Purchasers”) (see Note 17 for additional information).
The Company’s Board of Directors and executive team have outlined a plan to improve the Company’s cash position which involves a variety of cash management initiatives. These initiatives include reduction and reallocation of resources to more profitable segments of the business and reducing corporate operating expenses. The reduction of resources, which included a staff reduction of 35% along with terminating or reducing contractor and consulting agreements was performed in October 2024 and is expected to result in annualized cash savings of approximately $11.0 million. Additionally, the plan considers further options such as completing a capital raise, entering into a revolving line of credit agreement, and refining inventory purchase timing which will reduce excess stock levels.
The Company believes that, as a result of these initiatives, along with its existing cash and cash equivalents and the cash flow from the Brands and Financial Technology segments, the Company will be able to fund operations and capital needs for the next year from the date these condensed consolidated financial statements were available to be issued.
The Company’s future capital requirements will depend on many factors including the Company’s revenue growth rate, the timing and extent of spending to support further sales and marketing and research and development efforts. In order to finance these opportunities, the Company may need to raise additional financing. While there can be no assurances, the Company may need to pursue issuances of additional equity raises and debt rounds of financing. If additional financing is required from outside sources, the Company may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to the Company or at all. If the Company is unable to raise additional capital when desired, the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially and adversely affected.
Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been omitted. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation have
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been included. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024.
All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date, but does not include all disclosures, including notes, required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying footnotes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its year ended December 31, 2023.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates are adjusted to reflect actual experience when necessary. Such estimates include, but are not limited to, revenue recognition, allowance for credit losses, fair values of net assets acquired, intangible assets, inventory valuation, estimates related to useful lives of long-lived assets, estimation of contingencies, recoverability of deferred tax assets, the incremental borrowing rate applied to lease accounting, valuation of earn out liabilities and warrant liabilities, and estimation of income taxes. These estimates, judgments, and assumptions are reviewed periodically, and the impact of any revisions are reflected in the condensed consolidated financial statements in the period in which such revisions are made. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates, judgments, or assumptions, and such differences could be material to the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations.
Earnings (Loss) Per Share
The Company computes basic loss per share (“EPS”) by dividing loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the reporting period. All securities that meet the definition of a participating security, irrespective of whether the securities are convertible, nonconvertible, or potential common stock securities, shall be included in the computation of basic EPS using the two-class method. However, when the different classes of units have identical rights and privileges except voting rights, whereby they share equally in dividends and residual net assets on a per unit basis, the classes can be combined and presented as one class for EPS purposes. As such, the Company has combined the Class A and Class C Common stock for purposes of the EPS calculation.
Diluted loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding. During the periods when there are anti-dilutive, common stock equivalents, these are not considered in the computation. As of September 30, 2024, the Company’s restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and Warrants were not considered in the computation as they are anti-dilutive. As of September 30, 2024, there were no anti-dilutive shares or common stock equivalents outstanding.
Revenue Recognition
[1]Marketplace Revenues
E-commerce revenues
The Platform features a single cart shopping experience where consumers can purchase a variety of products from multiple vendors in one transaction. The Company is not the seller of record in these transactions. The commissions revenue earned from these arrangements is recognized on a net basis, which equates to the commission and processing fees earned in exchange for the seller marketplace services. The commission and processing fees are recognized net of estimated refunds when the buyer and seller confirm the corresponding transaction. The Company does not take title to inventory sold or assume risk of loss at any point in time during the transaction and is authorized to collect consideration from the buyer and remit net consideration to the seller to facilitate the processing of the confirmed purchase transaction. The Company currently records processing fees from its merchant service providers as a component of Cost of revenues on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.
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Advertising services
The Company enters into advertising subscription arrangements with its customers. Revenue is recognized over-time as the ads are displayed over the subscription period. The Company is providing a service and the service is being consumed by the customer simultaneously over the period of service. In general, the Company reports advertising revenue on a gross basis, since the Company controls the advertising inventory before it is transferred to our customers. Our control is evidenced by our sole ability to monetize the advertising inventory before it is transferred to customers.
The Company also sells push notifications and email blasts and recognizes revenue at a point in time when delivered. Push notifications and email blasts are considered delivered when an ad is displayed to users. When a customer enters into an advertising subscription arrangement that includes push notifications and/or email blasts, the Company allocates a portion of the total consideration to the push notification and email blast performance obligations based on the residual approach.
In June 2024, the Company launched its cost per mille (“CPM”) advertising model. The advertising revenue related to CPM is recognized based on the number of impressions received from advertising on websites or mobile device applications, or as the advertiser’s previously agreed-upon performance criteria are satisfied.
[2]Brand Revenues
Product sales
The Company generates revenue through the sale of diapers and wipes to consumers by way of the Company’s Platform and EveryLife’s website. Additionally, EveryLife provides discounted products to non-profit organizations and other strategic partners through bulk sales at discounted prices. The Company considers customer orders to be the contracts with the customer. There is a single performance obligation, which is the Company’s promise to transfer its product to customers based on specific payment and shipping terms in the arrangement. The entire transaction price is allocated to this single performance obligation. Product revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of the product, which occurs at shipment. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring products.
The Company evaluated principal versus agent considerations to determine whether it is appropriate to record third-party logistics provider fees paid as an expense. These fees are recorded as shipping and handling expenses within cost of goods sold and are not recorded as a reduction of revenue because the Company owns and controls all the goods before they are transferred to the customer. The Company can, at any time, direct the third-party logistics provider to return the Company’s inventories to any location specified by the Company. It is the Company’s responsibility to process any returns made by customers directly to logistic providers and the Company retains the back-end inventory risk. Further, the Company is subject to credit risk (i.e., credit card chargebacks), establishes prices of its products, fulfills the goods to the customer and can limit quantities or stop selling the goods at any time.
Product Returns
Consistent with industry practice, the Company generally offers customers a limited right of return for products purchased. The Company reviews its receivables quarterly and records a reserve, if necessary. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $0 and $15,000, respectively, recorded as an allowance for sales returns.
B2B Sales
PSQLink generates recurring software as a service (“SaaS”) revenues through B2B sales by providing its customers with a digital marketing and CRM platform.
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[3]Financial Technology Revenues
Financing Revenues
The Company principally generates financing revenue from four activities: revenue from sale of loan and lease contracts, revenue from interest earned on loans, revenue from retailer discounts, and origination fees paid by lending institutions (direct revenue) earned in connection with providing financing on consumer goods. Revenue from leases is recognized over time when the Company satisfies a performance obligation based on the agreed upon financing terms. Revenue from the Company’s sales of loans and leases is recognized at a point in time when the Company satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of the loans to a third party. Interest on loans is calculated by the simple-interest method on daily balances of the principal amount outstanding. Revenue from retailer discounts is recognized at a point in time when the Company satisfies performance obligations by purchasing the contract from the merchant in connection with a merchant-originated consumer financing product. Origination fees from lenders are recognized at the time of loan origination.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of 90 days or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The Company maintains cash accounts with financial institutions. At times, balances in these accounts may exceed federally insured limits. No losses have been incurred to date on any deposits.
Restricted cash
The Company has two Deposit Account Control Agreements (“DACA”) with lenders. With these agreements, the Company assigned the rights to a collateral account to the lenders. The DACA accounts are utilized to collect the consumer payments on loans and leases. Funds are then distributed in accordance with the loan security agreement. Funds cover payments for servicing, interest on revolving loans, and paying down revolving loans.
Loans held for Investment, net
Loans are unsecured and are stated at the amount of unpaid principal. Interest on loans is calculated by the simple-interest method on daily balances of the principal amount outstanding. Accrued interest on loans is discontinued when management believes that, after considering collection efforts and economic and business conditions, the collection of interest is doubtful. The Company’s policy is to stop accruing interest when the loan becomes 120 days’ delinquent.
All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on nonaccrual status or subsequently charged-off is reversed against interest income which is included in revenues, net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Income is subsequently recognized on the cash basis until, in management’s judgment, the borrower’s ability to make periodic and future principal and interest payments are reasonably assured, in which case the loan is returned to accrual status. The Company classifies its loans as either current or past due. Amounts are considered past due if a scheduled payment is not paid on its due date. The Company does not modify the terms of its existing loans with customers.
Allowance for credit losses Loans held for investment
The Company identifies its portfolio segments and measures the allowance for credit losses based on similar economic risk characteristics. The allowance for credit losses for each portfolio is determined based on the Company’s current estimate of expected credit losses over the remaining contractual term, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate, and incorporates evaluations of known and inherent risks in our portfolio, historical credit losses, consumer payment trends, estimates of recoveries, current economic conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not included in the collective evaluation.
Business Combinations
The Company evaluates whether acquired net assets should be accounted for as a business combination or an asset acquisition by first applying a screen test to determine whether substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. If so, the transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition. If not, the Company applies its judgment to determine whether the acquired net assets meets the definition of a business by considering if the set includes an acquired input, process, and the ability to create outputs.
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The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method when it has obtained control. The Company measures goodwill as the fair value of the consideration transferred including the fair value of any non-controlling interest recognized, less the net recognized amount of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, all measured at their fair value as of the acquisition date. Transaction costs, other than those associated with the issuance of debt or equity securities, that the Company incurs in connection with a business combination are expensed as incurred.
Any contingent consideration (“Earn-out liabilities”) is measured at fair value at the acquisition date. For contingent consideration that does not meet all the criteria for equity classification, such contingent consideration is required to be recorded at their initial fair value at the acquisition date, and on each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of liability-classified contingent consideration are recognized on the condensed consolidated statements of operations in the period of change.
When the initial accounting for a business combination has not been finalized by the end of the reporting period in which the transaction occurs, the Company reports provisional amounts. Provisional amounts are adjusted during the measurement period, which does not exceed one year from the acquisition date. These adjustments, or recognition of additional assets or liabilities, reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date that, if known, would have affected the amounts recognized at that date.
Inventory
Inventory consists of finished goods and is stated at lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is measured by using an adjusted standard cost method which approximates FIFO (first in, first out). The net realizable value of the Company’s inventory is estimated based on current and forecasted demand, and market conditions. The allowance for excess and obsolete inventory requires management to make assumptions and to apply judgment regarding a number of factors, including estimates applying past and projected sales performance to current inventory levels. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no reserve for inventory has been recorded.
Goodwill and acquired intangible assets
Goodwill in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements resulted from the Credova Merger, while the acquired intangible assets recorded in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements resulted from both the EveryLife asset acquisition and the Credova Merger.
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price in a business combination over the fair value of identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is not amortized as it is estimated to have an indefinite life. As such, goodwill is subject to an annual impairment test.
The Company allocates goodwill to reporting units based on the expected benefit from the business combination. Reporting units are evaluated when changes in the Company’s operating structure occur, and if necessary, goodwill is reassigned using a relative fair value allocation approach.
Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other ("ASC 350") requires goodwill to be tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill may be impaired. The Company elects to perform an annual impairment test of goodwill as of December 31 of each year. The accounting guidance gives the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary. The qualitative assessment considers events and circumstances that might indicate that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount. If it is determined, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a quantitative test is performed.
Separately acquired intangible assets are measured on initial recognition at cost including directly attributable costs. Intangible assets acquired in a business combination are measured at fair value at the acquisition date. Acquired identifiable finite-lived intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the respective asset. Each period the Company evaluates the estimated remaining useful lives of its intangible assets and whether events or changes in circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization. Acquired indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but are tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the intangible asset may be impaired.
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Capitalized Software
The Company capitalizes costs related to the development of its internal software and certain projects for internal use in accordance with ASC 350-40, Internal-Use Software ("ASC 350-40"). The Company capitalizes costs to develop its mobile application and website when preliminary development efforts are successfully completed, management has authorized and committed project funding, it is probable that the project will be completed, and the software will be used as intended. Costs incurred during the preliminary planning and evaluation stage of the project and during the post implementation operational stage, including maintenance, are expensed as incurred. Costs incurred for enhancements that are expected to result in additional functionality are capitalized and expensed over the estimated useful life of the upgrades on a per project basis. Amortization is computed on an individual product basis over the estimated economic life of the product using the straight-line method. Software development costs expensed and not capitalized, which are included in research and development expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations, were approximately $0.08 million and $0.08 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $0.2 million and $1.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company reviews long-lived assets, including intangible assets, capitalized software and lease assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured first by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are impaired, an impairment loss would be recognized based on the excess of the carrying amount of the asset above the fair value of the asset. No impairment of the Company’s long-lived assets were recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.
Convertible Promissory Notes
The Company may enter into convertible promissory notes, some of which contain predominantly fixed rate conversion features, whereby the holder may convert the outstanding principal and accrued interest into common shares at a fixed discount to the market price of the common stock at the time of conversion. In this case, the convertible promissory notes represent a financial instrument other than an outstanding share that embodies a conditional obligation that the issuer must or may settle by issuing a variable number of its equity shares. The Company records the convertible note liability at its fixed monetary amount by measuring and recording a premium, as applicable, on the convertible notes date with a charge to expense in accordance with ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity ("ASC 480").
Warrant Liabilities
The Company evaluates all of its financial instruments, including issued share purchase warrants, to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives, pursuant to ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815-40”). The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is re-assessed at the end of each reporting period. The Company accounts for the Public Warrants (as defined in Note 11) and the Private Placement Warrants (collectively, with the Public Warrants, the “Warrants”) in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC 815-40 under which the Warrants do not meet the criteria for equity treatment and must be recorded as liabilities. Accordingly, the Company classifies the Warrants as liabilities at their fair value and adjusts the Warrants to fair value at each reporting period. This liability is subject to re-measurement at each reporting period until exercised, and any change in fair value is recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Warrants for periods where no observable traded price was available are valued using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. For the Public Warrants, quoted market price will be used as the fair value as of each relevant date.
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Leases
The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. For leases where the Company is the lessee, right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent the Company’s right to use the underlying asset for the term of the lease and the lease liabilities represent an obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The Company’s lease agreement contains rent escalation provisions, which are considered in determining the ROU assets and lease liabilities. The Company begins recognizing rent expense when the lessor makes the underlying asset available for use by the Company. Lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the future lease payments over the lease term. Lease renewal periods are considered on a lease-by-lease basis in determining the lease term. The interest rate the Company uses to determine the present value of future lease payments is the Company’s incremental borrowing rate because the rate implicit in the Company’s leases is not readily determinable. The incremental borrowing rate is a hypothetical rate for collateralized borrowings in economic environments where the leased asset is located based on credit rating factors. The ROU asset is determined based on the lease liability initially established and adjusted for any prepaid lease payments and any lease incentives received. The lease term to calculate the ROU asset and related lease liability includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the option. Certain leases contain variable costs, such as common area maintenance, real estate taxes or other costs. Variable lease costs are expensed as incurred on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Operating leases are included in the ROU assets and lease liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company has no finance leases.
Share Based Compensation
The Company recognizes an expense for share-based compensation awards based on the estimated fair value of the award on the date of grant. For certain awards, the Company has determined that the service inception date precedes the grant date as (a) the awards were authorized prior to establishing an accounting grant date, (b) the recipients began providing services prior to the grant date, and (c) there are performance conditions that, if not met by the accounting grant date, will result in the forfeiture of the awards. As the service inception date precedes the accounting grant date, the Company recognizes share-based compensation expense over the requisite service period based on the fair value on the award grant date.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset, or the amount paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. There is a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). The Company classifies fair value balances based on the observability of those inputs. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1 - | Inputs based on unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.
Level 2 - | Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3 - | Inputs reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. The inputs are both unobservable for the asset and liability in the market and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

In some circumstances, the inputs used to measure fair value might be categorized within different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In those instances, the fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety in the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company establishes the fair value of its assets and liabilities using the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date and establishes a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used to measure fair value. The recorded amounts of certain financial instruments, including money markets classified as cash equivalents, accounts receivable, loans held for investment at fixed interest rates, accounts payable, accrued expenses, debt at fixed interest rates, and other liabilities approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturities.
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The Company’s policy is to record transfers between levels, if any, as of the beginning of the fiscal year. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 no transfers between levels have been recognized.
Segment Reporting
Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which separate discrete financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company has determined that the Company has three reportable segments comprised of Marketplace, Brands and Financial Technology.
Concentration of Risks
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a significant concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. Cash balances may exceed the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts.
For the three months ended September 30, 2024, one customer accounted for 10.6% of the Company’s revenue. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, no customer accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s revenue.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, no customer accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s revenue.
As of September 30, 2024, one customer accounted for 18.5% of the Company’s accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2023, no customer accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s accounts receivable.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In March 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2024-01, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards (“ASU 2024-01”), which intends to improve clarity and comparability without changing the existing guidance. ASU 2024-01 provides an illustrative example intended to demonstrate how entities that account for profits interest and similar awards would determine whether a profits interest award should be accounted for in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation ("ASC 718"). Entities can apply the guidance either retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements or prospectively to profits interest and similar awards granted or modified on or after the date of adoption. ASU 2024-01 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting ASU 2024-01 on its condensed consolidated financial statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses ("ASU 2024-03"), which is intended to improve the disclosures of expenses by providing more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The ASU requires entities to disclose the amounts of purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation and intangible asset amortization included in each relevant expense caption; as well as a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively. The amendment also requires disclosure of the total amount of selling expense and, in annual reporting periods, an entity’s definition of selling expenses. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027; however early adoption is permitted. The ASU can be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting ASU 2024-01 on its condensed consolidated financial statements.
The Company has assessed the adoption impacts of recently issued accounting standards by the FASB on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements as well as material updates to previous assessments, if any, to the Company’s annual audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Note 4 - Recapitalization
On July 19, 2023, the Company consummated the Business Combination, pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement dated February 27, 2023 with Colombier.
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At Closing, pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement and after giving effect to the redemptions of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of Colombier (the “Colombier Class A Common Stock”) by public stockholders of Colombier:
•all options, convertible notes, warrants and other rights to subscribe for or purchase any capital stock of PSQ or securities convertible into or exchangeable for, or that otherwise conferred on the holder any right to acquire, any capital stock of PSQ which remained outstanding and had not been exercised or did not convert automatically into shares of PSQ Common Stock (as defined below) prior to the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”) were canceled without consideration;
•each share of PSQ Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share (“PSQ Common Stock”), including shares of PSQ Common Stock issued upon conversion of outstanding convertible notes of PSQ that automatically converted into shares of PSQ Common Stock immediately prior to the completion of the Merger, in each case other than shares of PSQ Common Stock held by the CEO, was automatically converted into the right to receive 19.476836 shares of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of the Company (“Class A Common Stock”); and
•each share of PSQ Common Stock held by the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) was automatically converted into the right to receive 19.476836 shares of Class C Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of the Company (“Class C Common Stock” and, together with Class A Common Stock, “Company Common Stock”).
In addition to the right of holders’ of PSQ Common Stock immediately prior to the Effective Time (the “PSQ Stockholders”) to receive Class A Common Stock or Class C Common Stock, as applicable, in the Merger, PSQ Stockholders and certain executive officers, employees and service providers of PSQ (the “Deemed Equity Holders” and, together with the PSQ Stockholders, the “Participating Equity Holders”) will be entitled to receive up to 3,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Earnout Shares”) in the event certain trading price-based metrics are satisfied during the five (5)-year period commencing on the date of the Closing and ending on the fifth anniversary thereof (the “Earnout Period”), or, if earlier, upon the occurrence of a change of control transaction (as defined in the Merger Agreement) during the Earnout Period with an implied per share price that exceeds the relevant trading price-based metrics. Specifically, Earnout Shares will be earned if one or more of the three (3) triggering events described below occurs:
•in the event that, and upon the date during the Earnout Period on which, the volume-weighted average trading price of Class A Common Stock quoted on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) (or such other exchange on which the shares of Class A Common Stock are then listed) for any twenty (20) trading days within any thirty (30) consecutive trading day period (the “Earnout Trading Price”) is greater than or equal to $12.50 , the Participating Equity Holders will be entitled to receive an aggregate of 1,000,000 Earnout Shares;
•in the event that, and upon the date during the Earnout Period on which, the Earnout Trading Price is greater than or equal to $15.00, the Participating Equity Holders will be entitled to receive an aggregate of 1,000,000 additional Earnout Shares; and
•in the event that, and upon the date during the Earnout Period on which, the Earnout Trading Price is greater than or equal to $17.50, the Participating Equity Holders will be entitled to receive an aggregate of 1,000,000 additional Earnout Shares.
Each share of the Company’s Class C Common Stock entitles its holder, initially the CEO, to a number of votes per share (rounded up to the nearest whole number) equal to (a) the aggregate number of outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock entitled to vote on the applicable matter as of the applicable record date plus 100, divided by (b) the aggregate number of outstanding shares of Class C Common Stock (the “Per Share Class C Voting Power”). As of the Closing Date, as a result of his ownership of 100% of the outstanding Class C Common Stock, the CEO has approximately 52.62% of the voting power of the Company, and the result of most matters to be voted upon by the Company’s stockholders will be controlled by the CEO, who can base his vote upon his best judgment and his fiduciary duties to PSQ stockholders. Each share of Class C Common Stock held by the CEO may be converted by the CEO at any time into one (1) share of Class A Common Stock.
PSQ has been determined to be the accounting acquirer based on evaluation of the following facts and circumstances:
•PSQ’s existing stockholders will have the ability to control decisions regarding election and removal of directors and officers of the Company;
•PSQ is the larger entity in terms of substantive operations and employee base;
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•PSQ will comprise the ongoing operations of the Company; and
•PSQ’s existing senior management will be the senior management of the Company.
Accordingly, the Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Under this method of accounting, although Colombier acquired all the outstanding equity interests of PSQ in the Business Combination, Colombier was treated as the “acquired” company and PSQ was treated as the accounting acquirer for financial statement reporting purposes. Accordingly, the Business Combination was treated as the equivalent of PSQ issuing stock for the net assets of Colombier, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Colombier were stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Operations prior to the Business Combination will be those of PSQ.
Transaction Proceeds
Upon closing of the Business Combination, the Company received gross proceeds of $34.9 million from the Business Combination, offset by total transaction costs of $16.8 million. The following table reconciles the elements of the Business Combination to the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows and the condensed consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ equity:

Cash-trust and cash, net of redemptions | $ | 34,938,880 |
Less: transaction costs and advisory fees, paid | (16,834,686) |
Net proceeds from the Business Combination | 18,104,194 |
Less: public and private placement warrant liabilities | (8,816,500) |
Less: earn-out liabilities | (2,400,000) |
Add: amounts paid in advance | 2,570,919 |
Add: Transaction costs in accounts payable and accrued expenses | 2,967,393 |
Reverse recapitalization, net | $ | 12,426,006 |

The number of shares of Common Stock issued immediately following the consummation of the Business Combination were:

Colombier Class A common stock, outstanding prior to the Business Combination | 17,250,000
Less: Redemption of Colombier Class A common stock | (13,827,349)
Class A common stock of Colombier | 3,422,651
Colombier Class B common stock, outstanding prior to the Business Combination | 4,312,500
Business Combination shares | 7,735,151
PSQ Shares | 21,522,825
Common Stock immediately after the Business Combination | 29,257,976

The number of PSQ shares was determined as follows:

| PSQ Shares |  | PSQ Shares after conversion ratio
Class A Common Stock | 940,044 |  | 18,309,147
Class C Common Stock | 165,000 |  | 3,213,678
Total | 1,105,044 |  | 21,522,825

Public and private placement warrants
The Public Warrants issued in Colombier’s Initial Public Offering (“IPO”) and 5,700,000 warrants issued in connection with private placement at the time of Colombier’s IPO (the “Private Placement Warrants”) remained outstanding and became warrants for the Company (see Note 11).
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Redemption
Prior to the closing of the Business Combination, certain Colombier public shareholders exercised their right to redeem certain of their outstanding shares for cash, resulting in the redemption of 13,827,349 shares of Colombier Class A common stock for an aggregate payment of $141,151,432.
Note 5 - Acquisitions
Credova
On March 13, 2024, the Company entered into the Credova Merger Agreement.
Pursuant to the Credova Merger Agreement, on March 13, 2024, Merger Sub merged with and into Credova. In connection with the Merger, each share of Credova’s equity was converted into the right to receive newly-issued shares of PSQ Class A common stock, and was delivered to the Credova stockholders at the closing (“Credova Stockholders”).
Credova Merger Consideration
As consideration for the Credova Merger, Credova Stockholders received 2,920,993 newly-issued shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Consideration Shares”). A number of Consideration Shares equal to ten percent (10%) of the Consideration Shares (the “Escrow Shares”) was placed in an escrow account for indemnity claims made under the Credova Merger Agreement. Assuming they are not subject to indemnity claims, the Escrow Shares remaining in escrow upon the 12-month anniversary of the closing will be released and distributed pro rata to the former Credova Stockholders.
The acquisition of Credova was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method pursuant to ASC 805, Business Combinations ("ASC 805"). As the acquirer for accounting purposes, the Company estimated the purchase price, assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date, with the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired recognized as goodwill.
The purchase price allocation as of the acquisition date is presented as follows:

| March 13, 2024
Purchase consideration: |
Common Stock, at fair value | $ | 14,137,606 |
Assumption of notes payable | 8,449,500 |
Cash paid | 1,587,184 |
Total purchase consideration | $ | 24,174,290 |
Purchase price allocation: |
Cash | $ | 1,728,400 |
Loans held for investment | 7,027,678 |
Fixed assets | 243,879 |
Intangible assets | 11,720,000 |
Prepaid expenses | 1,269,933 |
Goodwill | 10,930,978 |
Operating lease right of use asset | 341,121 |
Accounts payable and other current liabilities | (3,430,171) |
Lease liability | (341,121) |
Revolving line of credit | (5,316,407) |
Fair value of net assets acquired | $ | 24,174,290 |

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The excess of purchase consideration over the fair value of net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired was recorded as goodwill and is primarily attributed to the synergies expected from expanded market opportunities when integrating the acquired developed technologies with the Company’s offerings as well as acquiring an assembled workforce. The goodwill balance is not deductible for income tax purposes.
Acquisition-related costs of $2.3 million associated with the Credova Merger were included in general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Since the acquisition date, $3.2 million of revenue and $1.1 million of net loss have been included in the condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and $6.6 million of revenue and $2.5 million of net loss have been included in the condensed consolidated statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
The following table sets forth the components of identifiable intangible assets acquired and their estimated useful lives as of the date of acquisition (in years):

| Fair value |  | Useful life
Trademarks and Tradenames | $ | 1,700,000 |  |  | 5
Internally developed software | 3,600,000 |  |  | 3
Merchant relationships | 5,900,000 |  |  | 5
State operating licenses | 520,000 |  |  | Indefinite
Total intangible assets | $ | 11,720,000 |  |  |

The following unaudited supplemental pro forma combined financial information presents the Company’s combined results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 as if the Credova Merger had occurred on January 1, 2023. The pro forma financial information is presented for comparative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the Company’s operating results that may have occurred had the Credova Merger been completed on January 1, 2023. In addition, the unaudited pro forma financial information does not give effect to any anticipated cost savings, operating efficiencies or other synergies that may be associated with the merger, or any estimated costs that have been or will be incurred by the Company to integrate the assets and operations of Credova.

| Three months ended September 30, 2024 |  | Nine months ended September 30, 2024
Revenue | $ | 6,540,112 |  |  | $ | 18,904,794 |
Net loss | $ | (13,137,549) |  |  | $ | (35,558,372) |

| Three months ended September 30, 2023 |  | Nine months ended September 30, 2023
Revenue | $ | 5,600,958 |  |  | $ | 13,895,120 |
Net loss | $ | (20,987,828) |  |  | $ | (52,109,581) |

The unaudited pro forma financial information reflects pro forma adjustments to present the combined pro forma results of operations as if the acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2023 to give effect to certain events the Company believes to be directly attributable to the acquisition. These pro forma adjustments primarily include:
(i)the elimination of Credova historical depreciation and amortization expense and the recognition of new depreciation and amortization expense;
(ii)an adjustment to present acquisition-related transaction costs and other one-time costs directly attributable to the acquisition as if they were incurred in the earliest period presented; and
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(iii)the related income tax effects of the adjustments noted above, as applicable.
EveryLife
In February 2023, the Company acquired the assets of EveryLife, by way of a stock for stock exchange with a company wholly owned by an insider. Pursuant to that agreement, the Company acquired a brand name in exchange for 1,071,229 shares of the Company’s common stock. Through the stock for stock exchange agreement, the Company acquired EveryLife’s marketing related intangibles which consist of a brand name. On July 13, 2023, the Company launched the brand and began generating revenue from sales of diapers and wipes from this operation.
This acquisition was accounted for as an asset purchase. The cost of a group of assets acquired in an asset acquisition shall be allocated to the individual assets acquired or liabilities assumed based on their relative fair values and shall not give rise to goodwill.
The following table presents the acquisition date fair value of the asset acquired:

Assets acquired: |
Balance - January 1, 2023 | $ | — |
Issuance of common stock at fair value | 1,334,850 |
Legal costs capitalized | 42,611 |
Balance - December 31, 2023 | $ | 1,377,461 |

Note 6 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net
Goodwill as of September 30, 2024 was $10.9 million, which resulted from the Credova Merger (See Note 5) and is included in the Financial Technology segment.
The following table summarizes intangible assets, net:

| Useful Life |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Capitalized software development costs | 1-5 years |  | $ | 7,748,105 |  |  | $ | 5,011,519 |
Trademark and tradenames | 5 years |  | 1,700,000 |  |  | — |
Internally developed software | 3 years |  | 3,600,000 |  |  | — |
Merchant relationships | 5 years |  | 5,900,000 |  |  | — |
State operating licenses | Indefinite |  | 520,000 |  |  | — |
Purchased technology | 1-15 years |  | 247,489 |  |  | 247,489 |
Brand name | 10 years |  | 1,377,461 |  |  | 1,377,461 |
Total intangible assets |  |  | 21,093,055 |  |  | 6,636,469 |
Less: Accumulated amortization |  |  | (5,144,677) |  |  | (3,079,440) |
Total intangible assets, net |  |  | $ | 15,948,378 |  |  | $ | 3,557,029 |

Amortization expenses were approximately $0.9 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $2.1 million and $2.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
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As of September 30, 2024, estimated future amortization expense is expected as follows:

Remainder of 2024 | $ | 1,168,960 |
2025 | 3,793,004 |
2026 | 3,793,004 |
2027 | 2,791,739 |
2028 | 2,894,054 |
Thereafter | 1,507,617 |
| $ | 15,948,378 |

Note 7 - Loans Held for Investment, Net
The Company classifies its loans as either current or past due. The following reflects the credit quality of the Company’s loans held for investment, as delinquency status has been identified as the primary credit quality indicator, based on the recorded amount of the receivable in delinquent status as of September 30, 2024:

|  |  | Past Due |  |
| Current |  | 30-59 Days |  | 60-89 days |  | > 90 days |  | Total
Loans held for investment | $ | 4,770,333 |  |  | $ | 66,839 |  |  | $ | 46,173 |  |  | $ | 30,029 |  |  | $ | 4,913,374 |
Allowance for credit losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (665,142) |
Loans held for investment, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,248,232 |

These loans have a variety of lending terms as well as original maturities ranging from six weeks to thirty-six months, with the large majority of the Company’s loans having a term of approximately two years. The average remaining life of the Company’s loans was approximately 12 months as of September 30, 2024. Given that the Company’s loan portfolio focuses on unsecured installment loans, the Company evaluates the portfolio as a single homogeneous loan portfolio and performs further analysis by product type as needed.
The Company closely monitors credit quality for its loans held for investment to manage and evaluate exposure to credit risk. Credit risk management begins with initial underwriting, where a consumer is assessed based on the Company’s underwriting and credit policy. This includes Know Your Customer (“KYC”) identification, traditional credit scoring models, and various Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”) permissible consumer credit and risk data. Credit quality is monitored subsequent to underwriting based on performance metrics that include, but are not limited to, delinquency and default metrics. The Company uses software that monitors credit quality of the respective portfolio and performs analysis on credit data.
The changes in allowance for credit losses on loans held for investment as of September 30, 2024 is as follows:

Balance at January 1, 2024 | $ | — |
Balance acquired from Credova Merger | 1,130,515 |
Charge-offs | (1,015,358) |
Provision for credit losses | 549,985 |
Balance at September 30, 2024 | $ | 665,142 |

Note 8 - Revolving Line of Credit
The Company assumed a $10.0 million revolving loan with a finance company through the Credova Merger (Note 5) which bears interest at a rate of 15% and requires minimum monthly interest payments. The funding termination date is June 30, 2024. The borrowing base is based upon a percentage of eligible receivables which are valued as the outstanding principal amount, less adjustments for loans held for investment that are more than thirty-one days but no more than sixty days past due. For calculating the borrowing base, receivables more than sixty days past due are excluded. The total amount that can be borrowed under the loan is reduced to the amount of the borrowing base if that amount is lower.
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On July 1, 2024 the Company entered into Amendment No. 5 to the Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement. The amendment extended the funding period for an additional 12 months beginning July 1, 2024. The line of credit will bear interest at an annual rate of 14.5% with minimum interest requirement. The borrowing base is set at 89% of the unpaid principal balance of pledge receivables that are no more than sixty days past due. The amendment contains customary covenants, trigger events, representations and warranties. Certain assets at Credova are assigned as collateral.
The revolving line of credit maturity date is subsequent to the revolving period, which is the earlier of: (a) nine (9) months following the funding termination date (June 30, 2025) and (b) the remittance date on which the aggregate outstanding advances are $1.0 million or below.
Monthly remittance remains in effect with a borrowing base calculation. During the amortization period, the Company will repay the aggregate outstanding advances until such aggregate outstanding advances do not exceed the borrowing base, and then 100% of the remaining collections until the aggregate outstanding advances have been reduced to zero.
As of September 30, 2024, the outstanding advances under this revolving loan totaled $3.1 million.
Note 9 - Convertible Promissory Notes
Promissory Note Exchange
Prior to the execution of the Credova Merger Agreement, Credova, PSQ and certain holders of outstanding subordinated notes (“Subdebt Notes”) issued by Credova (the “Participating Noteholders”) entered into a Note Exchange Agreement (the “Note Exchange Agreement”) pursuant to which, immediately prior to the Closing, the Participating Noteholders delivered their Subdebt Notes of Credova for cancellation, in exchange for newly-issued replacement notes issued by PSQ, convertible into shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Replacement Notes”). The Replacement Notes have 9.75% simple interest per annum and 10-year maturity dates.
Pursuant to the terms of the Replacement Notes, at any time after the Closing, Participating Noteholders may elect to convert their Replacement Notes into a number of shares of Class A Common Stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the outstanding principal amount of the Replacement Note to be converted plus accrued and unpaid interest by (y) 4.63641, subject to adjustment for stock splits and other similar transactions (the “Conversion Price”). At any time, the Company may call the Replacement Notes for a cash amount equal to accrued interest plus (i) between the Closing and the first anniversary of the Closing, 120% of the then outstanding principal amount, (ii) between the first anniversary and the second anniversary of the Closing, 105% of the then outstanding principal amount and (iii) after the second anniversary of the Closing, the then outstanding principal amount of the Replacement Note. Further, the Replacement Notes permit the Company, in its discretion, to require conversion of the Replacement Notes into shares of Class A Common Stock if the daily volume-weighted average trading price of the Company Class A Common Stock exceeds 140% of the Conversion Price on each of at least ten consecutive trading days during the twenty trading day period prior to notice of such required conversion. The Company determined the embedded derivatives did not require bifurcation.
Credova Subdebt Notes not exchanged for Replacement Notes at Closing were canceled following payment in full in cash.
As of September 30, 2024, the convertible promissory notes payable was $8.4 million.
Convertible Promissory Notes – Related Party
In March 2024, the Company entered into a note purchase agreement for a 9.75% private placement convertible note for $10.0 million invested by a board member and his affiliates. Terms for the note were priced based on notes exchanged as part of the Credova Merger described above.
In August 2024, the Company entered into an agreement for a $10.0 million convertible note in a private placement with a board member and affiliates. The note has identical terms to the notes offered in March 2024 (see Note 12).
Convertible Promissory Notes
The Company had issued convertible promissory notes (the “Note” or “Notes”) in the total amount of $22.5 million that accrued interest at the rate of 5% per annum until converted or paid in full upon maturity being December 31, 2024.
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As described in Note 1, on July 19, 2023, the Company consummated the Business Combination and became a publicly-traded company at which time the balance under each Note converted automatically into shares of PSQ Common Stock at a conversion price per share based upon an implied $100 million fully diluted pre-money valuation, excluding the Notes.
The Notes are required to be recorded at their initial fair value on the date of issuance under ASC 480-10-25-14, and each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the Notes are recognized as non-cash gains or losses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The change in the fair value of the Notes measured with Level 3 inputs through September 30, 2023 are summarized as follows:

| Convertible Promissory Notes
Fair value as of January 1, 2023 | $ | — |
Principal balance of convertible notes issued | 2,050,000 |
Change in valuation inputs or other assumptions | 1,147,905 |
Fair value as of March 31, 2023 | 3,197,905 |
Principal balance of convertible notes issued | 20,450,000 |
Change in valuation inputs or other assumptions | 13,423,204 |
Fair value as of June 30, 2023 | 37,071,109 |
Conversion of convertible notes | (37,071,109) |
Fair value as of September 30, 2023 | $ | — |

The following table provides quantitative information regarding Level 3 fair value measurements inputs at their measurement dates:

Exercise Price | $ | — |
Risk-Free Rate | 4.1 | %
Maturity (in years) | 1.8
Volatility | 75.0 | %

Note 10 - Leases
As of September 30, 2024, the Company had three active leases for office suites: a short-term lease in California, a long-term lease in Florida set to expire in January 2025, and a long-term lease in Montana, detailed in the subsequent paragraph. The previous long-term California lease expired in August 2024. Termination of any lease is prohibited unless there is a violation under the lease agreement. The Florida lease has payments of $16,457 per month for the term of the lease. At lease commencement date, the Company estimated the lease liability and the right-of-use assets at present value using the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate of 10.5%.
In conjunction with the Credova Merger, the Company acquired a lease agreement for its corporate office in Montana which had a commencement date of May 2022 and contains annual rent increases through April 2027. There is no purchase option or transfer of title of the leased premises at the end of the lease. The Company is responsible for all expenses, maintenance and taxes on the leased premises during the lease term. The Company has the option to renew the lease for an additional five-year period at prevailing rental rates at that time. In determining the length of the lease term, the Company did not include the optional renewal as on commencement date that renewal was not probable. At acquisition date, the Company estimated the lease liability and the right-of-use assets at present value using the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate of 9.75%.
Rent expense under the operating leases included in the results of operations, inclusive of common area maintenance charges and real estate taxes, was approximately $0.1 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and approximately $0.4 million and $0.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
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The following amounts were recorded in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets relating to its operating lease and other supplemental information:

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
ROU assets | $ | 350,782 |  |  | $ | 324,238 |
Lease liabilities: |  |  |
Current lease liabilities | $ | 167,749 |  |  | $ | 310,911 |
Non-current lease liabilities | 191,502 |  |  | 16,457 |
Total lease liabilities | $ | 359,251 |  |  | $ | 327,368 |
Other supplemental information: |  |  |
Weighted average remaining lease term | 2.4 years |  | 1 year
Weighted average discount rate | 10.0 | % |  | 10.5 | %

The following table presents the lease payments relating to the Company’s operating leases:

Fiscal Year |  | September 30, 2024
Remainder of 2024 |  | $ | 80,775 |
2025 |  | 144,273 |
2026 |  | 131,196 |
2027 |  | 44,112 |
Total lease payments |  | 400,356 |
Less: imputed interest |  | (41,105) |
Present value of operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 359,251 |

Note 11 - Warrant Liabilities
As part of Colombier’s IPO, Colombier issued warrants to third-party investors where each whole warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share (the “Public Warrants”). Simultaneously with the closing of the IPO, Colombier completed the private sale of warrants where each warrant allows the holder to purchase one share of the Company’s common stock at $11.50 per share. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were 5,750,000 Public Warrants and 5,700,000 Private Placement warrants outstanding.
These warrants expire on the fifth anniversary of the Business Combination or earlier upon redemption or liquidation and are exercisable commencing 30 days after the Business Combination, provided that the Company has an effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants and a current prospectus relating to them is available (or the Company permits holders to exercise their warrants on a cashless basis under the circumstances specified in the warrant agreement) and registered, qualified or exempt from registration under the securities, or blue sky, laws of the state of residence of the holder.
Once the warrants become exercisable, the Company may redeem the outstanding warrants:
•in whole and not in part;
•at a price of $0.01 per warrant;
•upon not less than 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption given after the warrants become exercisable to each warrant holder; and
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•if, and only if, the reported last sale price of the Class A common stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period commencing once the warrants become exercisable and ending three business days before the Company sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders.
The Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants are recognized as derivative liabilities in accordance with ASC 815. Accordingly, the Company recognized the warrant instruments as liabilities at fair value as of the Closing Date, with an offsetting entry to additional paid-in capital and adjusts the carrying value of the instruments to fair value through other income (expense) on the condensed consolidated statement of operations at each reporting period until they are exercised. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants liabilities are presented within warrant liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
Note 12 - Related Parties
In March 2024, the Company entered into a 10-year note purchase agreement for a 9.75% private placement convertible note for $10.0 million invested by a board member and his affiliates. The private placement convertible note matures in March 2034. Terms for the note were priced based on notes exchanged as part of the Credova Merger. The Company’s stockholders have approved the issuance of the underlying shares as part of the annual stockholder meeting in April 2024 and the funds were received on May 3, 2024.
In August 2024, the Company entered into an agreement for a $10.0 million 10-year convertible note in a private placement with a board member and affiliates. The funds were received on August 29, 2024. The private placement convertible note matures in August 2034. The note has identical terms to the notes offered in March 2024 (Note 9).
In August 2023, the Company and its former Chief Operating Officer (“Former COO”) entered into a separation and release of claims agreement (the “Separation Agreement”) providing for the Former COO’s departure from his position to pursue other business opportunities. The effective date of the Former COO’s departure was August 25, 2023 (the “Separation Date”). Pursuant to the Separation Agreement, the Former COO is entitled to receive continued payment of his 2023 annual base salary for a period of 12 months, subject to his compliance with the Separation Agreement, including a release of claims in favor of the Company, certain restrictive covenants described below and the forfeiture to the Company by the Former COO of 1,704,223 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock. In addition, the Separation Agreement provides that the Former COO will not be granted further equity of the Company, including restricted stock units or earn-out compensation; however, the Former COO remains eligible to receive certain earn-out compensation as a former shareholder of PublicSq. Inc. Subject to eligibility, the Separation Agreement provides for continued payment by the Company of the Company’s share of COBRA premiums for the Former COO’s health benefit coverage for a period of up to 12 months following the Separation Date. The Separation Agreement also provides for, among other things, non-disclosure and non-solicitation obligations applicable to the Former COO and mutual non-disparagement obligations.
In August 2023, the Company signed a one-year strategic consulting agreement, with a monthly auto-renewal feature thereafter, with a consulting company that is controlled by a board member. The consulting company was engaged by the Company to provide strategic advice and assistance to the Company in connection with capital markets strategy, acquisition strategy, investor relations strategy, and other strategic matters for a fixed fee of $80,000 per month plus expenses. As of January 1, 2024, the monthly amount was amended from $80,000 to $60,000 a month. As of September 30, 2024, the Company has incurred and paid $900,000 relating to this agreement. Please refer to Note 17 for additional information. In December 2023 the Company entered into a letter agreement (the “Letter Agreement”) with the same consulting company to engage the consulting company as an advisor to the Company in connection with the Credova Merger. The term of the Letter Agreement was the earlier of twelve (12) months from the date of the agreement or the consummation of the Credova Merger, which occurred on March 13, 2024. As consideration, the consulting company received $150,000 paid at the closing of the Credova Merger and 183,349 shares of Class A Common Stock, for a value of $887,809, in the Company with respect to the Credova Merger. In April 2024, the Company entered into a second letter agreement (the “Second Letter Agreement”) with the same strategic consulting company to engage the consulting company as an advisor to the Company in connection with potential acquisitions. The term of the Second Letter Agreement was the earlier of twelve (12) months from the date of the agreement or the consummation of an acquisition. As consideration, the consulting company will receive 1.5% of the total consideration paid for an acquisition.
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In June 2023, the Company signed a consulting agreement with a board member to provide advisory services to EveryLife. In exchange, the board member receives $10,000 per month and 40,000 RSUs that vest at the completion of the consulting agreement. On November 29, 2023, the Company entered into a new consulting agreement with the same board member, through his consulting company. In connection with the execution of the November 2023 consulting agreement, the previous consulting agreement was terminated. Pursuant to the November 2023 consulting agreement, the board member receives $30,000 per month and was granted 120,000 RSUs, subject to approval by the Company’s board, in connection with consulting services provided to the Company, including in regard to outreach, marketing and growth initiatives for the Company and EveryLife. Pursuant to the consulting agreement, 30,000 RSUs vested on January 31, 2024, 60,000 RSUs were to vest on May 3, 2024, and 30,000 RSUs will vest on November 1, 2024. On February 27, 2024, the November 2023 consulting agreement was amended to reduce the monthly fee from $30,000 to $15,000, and to remove the RSU grant of the 60,000 RSUs set to vest on May 3, 2024. For the three and nine months September 30, 2024, the Company has expensed $45,000 and $187,000, respectively, and paid approximately $30,000 and $172,000, respectively, relating to this agreement, including travel reimbursements.
Note 13 - Share Based Compensation
On July 25, 2023, the Board of Directors of the Company approved the PSQ Holdings, Inc. 2023 Stock Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) as well as the 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, whereby it may grant to certain employees, consultants and advisors an award, such as (a) incentive stock options, (b) non-qualified stock options, (c) restricted stock and (d) RSUs, of the Company.
2023 Stock incentive plan
Awards may be made under the Plan for up to such number of shares of Class A Common Stock of the Company as is equal to the sum of:
(A)a number of shares of Class A Common Stock equal to fifteen percent (15%) of the outstanding shares of all classes of Company Common Stock, determined immediately following the closing of the Merger Agreement.
(B)an annual increase to be added on the first day of each fiscal year, commencing on January 1, 2024 and continuing for each fiscal year until, and including, January 1, 2033, equal to the lesser of (i) 5% of the outstanding shares of all classes of Company Common Stock on such date and (ii) the number of shares of Class A Common Stock determined by the Board.
2023 Employee Stock Purchase plan
The purpose of this plan is to provide eligible employees opportunities to purchase shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock. For this purpose, the Board approved 600,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, plus an annual increase to be added on the first day of each fiscal year, commencing on January 1, 2024 and continuing for each fiscal year until, and including, January 1, 2033, equal to the least of (i) 425,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, (ii) 1% of the outstanding shares of all classes of Company common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, on such date and (iii) a number of shares of Class A Common Stock determined by the Board.
Restricted Stock Units
There were no RSUs granted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company issued RSU’s under the 2023 Stock Incentive Plan to employees, advisors, and board of directors. Each RSU entitles the recipient to one share of our common stock upon vesting. The Company measures the fair value of RSUs using the stock price on the date of grant.
Share-based compensation expense for RSUs is recorded ratably over their vesting period.
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A summary of the activity with respect to, and status of, RSUs during the three and nine-month period ended September 30, 2024 is presented below:

| Number of RSUs |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Value
Unvested as of January 1, 2024 | 1,655,542 |  | $ | 9.61 |
Granted | 2,276,710 |  | 8.10 |
Forfeited | (108,000) |  | 10.12 |
Vested | (638,629) |  | 6.91 |
Unvested as of March 31, 2024 | 3,185,623 |  | $ | 8.93 |
Granted | 490,140 |  | 3.48 |
Forfeited | (5,000) |  | 10.12 |
Vested | (642,204) |  | 6.44 |
Unvested as of June 30, 2024 | 3,028,559 |  | $ | 6.65 |
Granted | 150,000 |  | 2.71 |
Forfeited | (133,981) |  | 7.01 |
Vested | (609,336) |  | 6.02 |
Unvested as of September 30, 2024 | 2,435,242 |  | $ | 6.64 |

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 there were 5,023,858 and 2,354,989 RSUs outstanding, respectively.
As of September 30, 2024, unrecognized compensation cost related to the grant of RSUs was approximately $19.2 million. Unvested outstanding RSUs as of September 30, 2024 had a weighted average remaining vesting period of 1.78.
Share based compensation relating to earn-out
In accordance with ASC 718, these are awards granted with a market condition. The effect of this market condition was reflected in the grant-date fair value of an award. The fair value of the earn-out shares was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation utilizing assumptions related to the contractual term of the instruments, estimated volatility of the price of the Common Stock and current interest rates. Below are the key assumptions used in valuing the earn-out shares:

| As of 7/19/2023
PSQH Stock Price | $ | 9.08 |
Volatility | 40.0 | %
Risk free rate of return | 4.6 | %
Expected term (in years) | 4.8 years

The Company recorded $0.9 million and $2.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, of share-based compensation expense, related to the earn-out shares. As of September 30, 2024, unrecognized compensation cost related to the earn-out shares was approximately $13.1 million. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded $0.8 million of share-based compensation expense, related to the earn-out shares.
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During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded the following share-based compensation expense, related to RSUs, earn-out shares and Credova Merger:

| For the three months ended September 30, 2024 |  | For the nine months ended September 30, 2024
Cost of sales | $ | 28,407 |  |  | $ | 108,392 |
General and administrative expenses | 4,092,365 |  |  | 9,948,361 |
Research and development | 411,470 |  |  | 1,149,456 |
Sales and marketing | 1,264,581 |  |  | 4,761,388 |
Transaction costs incurred in connection with Credova Merger | — |  |  | 887,409 |
| $ | 5,796,823 |  |  | $ | 16,855,006 |

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded the following share-based compensation expense, related to RSUs and earn-out shares:

| For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023
Cost of sales | $ | 2,239 |
General and administrative expenses | 587,717 |
Research and development | 201,810 |
Sales and marketing | 393,323 |
Transaction incurred in connection with the Business Combination | 910,800 |
| $ | 2,095,889 |

Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements
The Company accounts for certain assets and liabilities at fair value and classifies these assets and liabilities within the fair value hierarchy (Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3).
Assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements are as follows:

| As of September 30, 2024
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents - Money market | $ | 2,523,424 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,523,424 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Warrant liabilities - Public Warrants | $ | 1,207,500 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,207,500 |
Warrant liabilities - Private placement warrants (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,425,000 |  |  | 1,425,000 |
Earn-out liabilities (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150,000 |  |  | 150,000 |
Total liabilities | $ | 1,207,500 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,575,000 |  |  | $ | 2,782,500 |

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| As of December 31, 2023
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents - Money market | $ | 10,301,371 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,301,371 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Warrant liabilities - Public Warrants | $ | 4,715,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,715,000 |
Warrant liabilities - Private placement warrants (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,415,000 |  |  | 5,415,000 |
Earn-out liabilities (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 660,000 |  |  | 660,000 |
Total liabilities | $ | 4,715,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,075,000 |  |  | $ | 10,790,000 |

(1)Private Placement Warrants were estimated using a Black-Scholes option pricing model utilizing assumptions related to the contractual term of the instruments, estimated volatility of the price of the Common Stock and current interest rates.
(2)The fair value of the earn-out liabilities was estimated using Monte Carlo simulation utilizing assumptions related to the contractual term of the instruments, estimated volatility of the price of the Common Stock and current interest rates.
The following tables present the changes in fair value of the private placements warrants:

| For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024
Liability at January 1, 2024 | $ | 5,415,000 |
Change in fair value | (1,254,000) |
Balance as of March 31, 2024 | 4,161,000 |
Change in fair value | (1,596,000) |
Balance as of June 30, 2024 | 2,565,000 |
Change in fair value | (1,140,000) |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 | $ | 1,425,000 |

| For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023
Liability at beginning of the period | $ | — |
Assumed in the Business Combination | 4,389,000 |
Change in fair value | 4,218,000 |
Balance as of September 30, 2023 | $ | 8,607,000 |

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The following tables present the changes in fair value of the earn-out liabilities:

| For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024
Liability at January 1, 2024 | $ | 660,000 |
Change in fair value | (120,000) |
Balance as of March 31, 2024 | 540,000 |
Change in fair value | (220,000) |
Balance as of June 30, 2024 | 320,000 |
Change in fair value | (170,000) |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 | $ | 150,000 |

| For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023
Liability at beginning of the period | $ | — |
Assumed in the Business Combination | 2,400,000 |
Change in fair value | (450,000) |
Balance as of September 30, 2023 | $ | 1,950,000 |

Note 15 - Segments
The Company routinely evaluates whether its operating and reportable segments continue to reflect the way the CODM evaluates the business. The determination is based on: (1) how the Company’s CODM evaluates the performance of the business, including resource allocation decisions, and (2) whether discrete financial information for each operating segment is available. The Company considers the Chief Executive Officer to be its CODM.
As of September 30, 2024, the Company’s operating and reportable segments include:
•Marketplace: PSQ has created a marketplace platform to access consumers that are drawn to patriotic values. The Company generates revenue from advertising and e-commerce transaction revenues.
•Brands: Our wholly owned brands include:
•EveryLife, Inc., which generates revenue from online and wholesale sales of diapers and wipes.
•PSQLink, LLC, which generates revenues through B2B sales, by providing its customers with a digital marketing and CRM platform.
•Financial Technology: Our wholly owned Financial Technology subsidiaries include:
•Credova Holdings, Inc., which generates revenue primarily through four activities: revenue from sale of loan and lease contracts, revenue from interest earned on loans, revenue from retailer discounts and origination fees paid by lending institutions (direct revenue) earned in connection with providing financing on consumer goods.
•PSQPayments LLC (also referred to as “PublicSquare Payments”), is a wholly owned subsidiary of PSQH which will generate revenue from launching a merchant servicer platform to provide its customers with a payments stack which will comprise of a framework of technological components and services that the Company’s customers can utilize to manage their payment processes.
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The CODM measures and evaluates the Company’s performance based on segment gross revenue, segment gross profit margin and segment operating income, before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (“EBITDA”). Adjusted EBITDA is defined as earnings (loss) from operations less depreciation and amortization, share based compensation and transaction costs. Earnings (loss) from operations excludes interest, interest expense, (gain) loss on sale of equipment, change in fair value of financial instruments and other expenses. The Company believes that Adjusted EBITDA is an appropriate measure for evaluating the operating performance of the Company’s business segments because it is the primary measure used by the Company’s chief operating decision maker to evaluate the performance of and allocate resources to the Company’s businesses.
Segment performance, as defined by the Company, is not necessarily comparable to other similarly titled captions of other companies.
The following tables set forth the Company’s revenues, net and direct contribution for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenues, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketplace |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advertising and e-commerce sales | $ | 717,692 |  |  | $ | 875,546 |  |  | $ | 2,389,801 |  |  | $ | 1,783,287 |
Brands |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Product sales | 2,824,540 |  |  | 1,387,951 |  |  | 7,653,505 |  |  | 1,387,951 |
Other sales | 18,789 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,527 |  |  | — |
Returns and discounts | (228,317) |  |  | (232,597) |  |  | (642,037) |  |  | (232,597) |
Total Brand revenues, net | 2,615,012 |  |  | 1,155,354 |  |  | 7,048,995 |  |  | 1,155,354 |
Financial Technology |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct revenue | 1,150,951 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,272,818 |  |  | — |
Interest income on loans | 749,199 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,850,115 |  |  | — |
Loan and lease contracts sold, net | 1,307,258 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,429,500 |  |  | — |
Total Financial Technology revenues, net | 3,207,408 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,552,433 |  |  | — |
Total revenues, net | $ | 6,540,112 |  |  | $ | 2,030,900 |  |  | $ | 15,991,229 |  |  | $ | 2,938,641 |

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| For the three months ended September 30, 2024
| Marketplace |  | Brands |  | Financial Technology |  | Total
Revenues, net | $ | 717,692 |  |  | $ | 2,615,012 |  |  | $ | 3,207,408 |  |  | $ | 6,540,112 |
Segment cost of revenues | (582,614) |  |  | (4,358) |  |  | (22,298) |  |  | (609,270) |
Segment cost of goods sold | — |  |  | (1,771,109) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,771,109) |
Segment gross profit | 135,078 |  |  | 839,545 |  |  | 3,185,110 |  |  | 4,159,733 |
Segment operating costs | (3,701,865) |  |  | (1,457,446) |  |  | (3,417,409) |  |  | (8,576,720) |
Adjusted EBITDA | (3,566,787) |  |  | (617,901) |  |  | (232,299) |  |  | (4,416,987) |
Corporate operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,503,643) |
Transaction costs incurred in connection with acquisitions |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Share-based compensation (exclusive of what is included in transaction costs above) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,796,823) |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  | (975,090) |
Other expense, net |  |  |  |  |  |  | (45,683) |
Change in fair value of convertible notes |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Change in fair value of earn-out liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 170,000 |
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,175,000 |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  |  |  |  | (756,760) |
Income tax benefit |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,437 |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (13,137,549) |

| For the three months ended September 30, 2023
| Marketplace |  | Brands |  | Financial Technology |  | Total
Revenues, net | $ | 875,546 |  |  | $ | 1,155,354 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,030,900 |
Segment cost of revenues | (569,493) |  |  | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | (569,502) |
Segment cost of goods sold | — |  |  | (903,672) |  |  | — |  |  | (903,672) |
Segment gross profit | 306,053 |  |  | 251,673 |  |  | — |  |  | 557,726 |
Segment operating costs | (2,871,552) |  |  | (1,636,670) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,508,222) |
Adjusted EBITDA | (2,565,499) |  |  | (1,384,997) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,950,496) |
Corporate operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,774,266) |
Transaction costs incurred in connection with the Business Combination |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,309,597) |
Share-based compensation (exclusive of what is included in transaction costs above) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,185,089) |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  | (759,745) |
Other income, net |  |  |  |  |  |  | 119,957 |
Change in fair value of convertible notes |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Change in fair value of earn-out liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 450,000 |
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,783,000) |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  |  |  |  | (46,690) |
Income tax benefit |  |  |  |  |  |  | 262 |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (20,238,664) |

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| For the nine months ended September 30, 2024
| Marketplace |  | Brands |  | Financial Technology |  | Total
Revenues, net | $ | 2,389,801 |  |  | $ | 7,048,995 |  |  | $ | 6,552,433 |  |  | $ | 15,991,229 |
Segment cost of revenues | (1,635,237) |  |  | (4,358) |  |  | (99,134) |  |  | (1,738,729) |
Segment cost of goods sold | — |  |  | (4,601,360) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,601,360) |
Segment gross profit | 754,564 |  |  | 2,443,277 |  |  | 6,453,299 |  |  | 9,651,140 |
Segment operating costs | (9,807,606) |  |  | (4,079,486) |  |  | (6,992,869) |  |  | (20,879,961) |
Adjusted EBITDA | (9,053,042) |  |  | (1,636,209) |  |  | (539,570) |  |  | (11,228,821) |
Corporate operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11,937,517) |
Transaction costs incurred in connection with acquisitions |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,295,502) |
Share-based compensation (exclusive of what is included in transaction costs above) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (15,967,598) |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,202,561) |
Other income, net |  |  |  |  |  |  | 110,295 |
Change in fair value of convertible notes |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Change in fair value of earn-out liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 510,000 |
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,497,500 |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,434,241) |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,181) |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (36,949,626) |

| For the nine months ended September 30, 2023
| Marketplace |  | Brands |  | Financial Technology |  | Total
Revenues, net | $ | 1,783,287 |  |  | $ | 1,155,354 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,938,641 |
Segment cost of revenues | (1,189,431) |  |  | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,189,440) |
Segment cost of goods sold | — |  |  | (903,672) |  |  | — |  |  | (903,672) |
Segment gross profit | 593,856 |  |  | 251,673 |  |  | — |  |  | 845,529 |
Segment operating costs | (6,445,931) |  |  | (1,636,670) |  |  | — |  |  | (8,082,601) |
Adjusted EBITDA | (5,852,075) |  |  | (1,384,997) |  |  | — |  |  | (7,237,072) |
Corporate operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | (8,230,417) |
Transaction costs incurred in connection with the Business Combination |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,048,177) |
Share-based compensation (exclusive of what is included in transaction costs above) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,185,089) |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,004,319) |
Other income, net |  |  |  |  |  |  | 173,644 |
Change in fair value of convertible notes |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14,571,109) |
Change in fair value of earn-out liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 450,000 |
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,783,000) |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  |  |  |  | (210,545) |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,527) |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (47,647,611) |

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No asset information has been disclosed as the CODM does not regularly review asset information by reportable segment.
Note 16 - Commitments and Contingencies
Advertising Commitment
In October 2023, the Company entered into a one-year advertising agreement with a media group for the purpose of promoting the Company and its services on a national platform. In connection with this agreement, the Company has committed to pay $1.0 million in six equal installments of $0.2 million. As of September 30, 2024, the Company has completed five of the six installments, for total amount paid of $0.8 million.
In June 2024, the Company entered into a one-year advertising agreement with an independent media company for the purpose of promoting the Company and its services on a national platform. In connection with this agreement, the Company has committed to pay $0.8 million in twelve equal installments of $0.1 million. The Company canceled this contract in August 2024, and has no further commitments related to this agreement. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had completed three installments, for total amount paid of $0.2 million.
Legal Proceedings
The Company’s subsidiary, Credova, which the Company acquired on March 13, 2024, is responding to inquiries from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) regarding Credova’s lease products. In connection with this, the CFPB informed Credova that it is authorized to pursue a resolution or file an enforcement action, and has suggested certain injunctive relief. No assurance can be given that a settlement will be reached or about the terms of any such settlement. At this time the Company is unable to state the exact nature of any relief that might be sought in any such action or resolution, including monetary relief or penalties, if any.
From time to time in the ordinary course of business, the Company may be subject to various claims, charges, and litigation. At September 30, 2024, except as described in the preceding paragraph, the Company did not have any pending claims, charges or litigation that were expected to have a material adverse impact on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Note 17 - Subsequent Events
The Company has evaluated and recognized or disclosed subsequent events, as appropriate, from the condensed consolidated balance sheet date through the date the condensed consolidated financial statements were available to be issued.
On October 6, 2024, the Company canceled its Business Summit, originally scheduled for October 10, 2024 to October 11, 2024, due to Hurricane Milton. As of September 30, 2024, the Company recorded advanced payments received for the Business Summit of $0.3 million in deferred revenue and prepayments for expenses of $1.2 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets with the intent they would be recognized in October 2024. Due to the cancellation, the related cash proceeds were returned to customers/merchants and approximately $0.9 million, or 72%, of the related cash disbursements were returned to the Company.
On October 16, 2024, the Company amended the November 2023 consulting agreement referenced in Note 12 to reduce the monthly fee from $15,000 to zero. The monthly fee for October 2024 was prorated, and the full reduction in the fee will be effective November 1, 2024
On October 22, 2024, the Company completed the implementation of a strategic plan (the “Strategic Plan”) to streamline the organization, reducing staff by over 35% and focusing on the people critical to the Company’s B2B focused sales and marketing positioning going forward. The Company expects a non-recurring charge for severance of $0.4 million, in addition to one month of COBRA estimated to total $37,000 for those electing to utilize it, primarily incurred in the fourth quarter of 2024. The Company may incur additional costs not currently contemplated due to events associated with or resulting from the Strategic Plan.
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On October 24, 2024, the Company closed a private investment in public equity transaction (“PIPE”) pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement (“PIPE Purchase Agreement”) dated October 22, 2024, for the purchase of $5.35 million of Class A common stock at $2.70 per share with three investors: (i) an affiliate of a PSQH board member, (ii), a party related to a PSQH board member and executive officer, and (ii) an unaffiliated accredited investor (the “Purchasers”). The purchase price was slightly in excess of the 14-day average closing price of the Company’s stock on the New York Stock Exchange. The Purchasers also entered into a Registration Rights Agreement (the “PIPE Registration Rights Agreement”) with the Company, pursuant to which, among other things, require the Company to file a registration statement to register the resale of the shares within a certain period after the closing of the PIPE Purchase Agreement. The PIPE Purchase Agreement also contained a lock-up provision pursuant to which, for a period of 12 months after the closing of the PIPE Purchase Agreement, the shares will be subject to trading restrictions and the Purchasers will be restricted from selling short or hedging PSQ securities subject to certain exceptions.
On October 28, 2024, the Company officially launched the PublicSquare Payments platform. On November 4, 2024, the first merchant transaction was successfully processed through the Company's proprietary gateway, leveraging an independent token vault and global scale processors.
On October 31, 2024, the Company sent a 30 day termination notice regarding the strategic consulting agreement with a consulting company that is controlled by a board member. The Company expects the monthly fee starting December 1, 2024, to be significantly less than the previous monthly fee of $60,000.
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ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes hereto included in Part I, Item 1 of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 14, 2024. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in Part II of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in any subsequent filing we make with the SEC.
Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” to “PSQ,” “we”, “us”, “our”, and the “Company” are intended to refer to (i) following the Business Combination, the business and operations of PSQ Holdings, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, and (ii) prior to the Business Combination, Private PSQ (the predecessor entity in existence prior to the consummation of the Business Combination) and its consolidated subsidiaries.
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This report, including, without limitation, statements under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act. These forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the words “believes,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “may,” “will,” “potential,” “projects,” “predicts,” “continue,” or “should,” or, in each case, their negative or other variations or comparable terminology. There can be no assurance that actual results will not materially differ from expectations. Such statements include, but are not limited to, the future financial performance of the company, our growth plans and opportunities, our financial performance, our ability to raise additional funds, and any other statements that are not statements of current or historical facts.
The forward-looking statements contained in this report are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us. Future developments affecting us may not be those that we have anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) and other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those factors described under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which are incorporated by reference herein. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable law. These risks and others described under “Risk Factors” may not be exhaustive.
By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. We caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and developments in the industry in which we operate may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this report. In addition, even if our results or operations, financial condition and liquidity, and developments in the industry in which we operate are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this report, those results or developments may not be indicative of results or developments in subsequent periods.
Overview
PSQ Holdings, Inc. (collectively “PublicSquare”, “PSQ”, “PSQH” or the “Company”) is a commerce and payments ecosystem, valuing life, family, and liberty. PublicSquare operates under three segments: Marketplace, Financial Technology, and Brands (“Marketplace”, “Financial Technology”, and “Brands”). The primary mission of the Marketplace segment is to help consumers “shop their values” and put purpose behind their purchases. PublicSquare leverages data and insights from the Marketplace to assess its customers’ needs and provide wholly-owned quality financial products and brands. PublicSquare’s Financial Technology segment comprises Credova, a consumer financing and payments company. PublicSquare’s Brands segment comprises EveryLife, a premium direct-to-consumer (“D2C”) life-affirming baby products company and PSQLink, LLC ("PSQLink"), a digital marketing and customer relationship management ("CRM") platform.
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We incorporated PSQ Holdings, Inc. in February of 2021, began development of our digital platform (mobile app and website) in May 2021 and launched our initial product regionally in San Diego County, California in October 2021 on iOS, Android and on our website. After 10 months of testing in various markets and courting member feedback, we launched the PSQ platform (the “Platform”) nationwide on July 4, 2022.
On February 23, 2023, we completed a stock-for-stock transaction to purchase 100% of the outstanding shares of EveryLife, Inc. (“EveryLife”), a Delaware corporation, in exchange for 1,071,229 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, of Private PSQ (“Private PSQ Common Stock”).
On July 19, 2023, in accordance with the plan of arrangement to reorganize PSQ Holdings. Inc, the Company finalized a business combination (the “Business Combination”) with Colombier Acquisition Corp. (“Colombier”). On closing, the common shares of PSQ Holdings Inc. were listed on the New York Stock Exchange and commenced trading under the symbol “NYSE:PSQH”.
On March 13, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement and plan of merger (the “Credova Merger Agreement”) with Cello Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and our wholly-owned subsidiary (“Merger Sub” and, together with PSQ, the “Buyer Parties”), Credova Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Credova”), and Samuel L. Paul, in the capacity as the Seller Representative in accordance with the terms of the Credova Merger Agreement (“Credova Merger”).
Recent Developments
Private Placement
On March 13, 2024, we entered into a note purchase agreement for a 9.75% private placement convertible note for $10.0 million invested by a board member and his affiliates. Terms for the note were priced based on notes exchanged as part of the Credova transaction. Our stockholders have approved the issuance of the underlying shares as part of our annual stockholder meeting in April 2024 and the funds were received May 3, 2024.
In August 2024, the Company entered into an agreement for a $10.0 million convertible note in a private placement with a board member and affiliates. Funds were received August 29, 2024. The note has identical terms to the notes offered in March 2024.
Credova Acquisition
On March 13, 2024, the Company acquired Credova.
Credova assists consumers, lenders, and retailers in offering point-of-sale financing products. Credova has developed and maintains an internet-based proprietary retail finance platform and related application programming interfaces (“APIs”) through which Credova, certain Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) and National Credit Union Administration (“NCUA”) insured financial institutions, and other financial institutions authorized by Credova (each a “Financing Partner”), and merchants can dynamically offer certain financing products (collectively, the “Services”).
As consideration for the Credova Merger, Credova stockholders received 2,920,993 newly-issued shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Consideration Shares”). A number of Consideration Shares equal to ten percent (10%) of the Consideration Shares (the “Escrow Shares”) was placed in an escrow account for indemnity claims made under the Credova Merger Agreement. Assuming they are not subject to indemnity claims, the Escrow Shares remaining in escrow upon the 12-month anniversary of the Closing will be released and distributed pro rata to the former stockholders of Credova.
The acquisition of Credova was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method pursuant to ASC 805, Business Combinations ("ASC 805"). As the acquirer for accounting purposes, the Company had estimated assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date, with the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired recognized as goodwill.
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Promissory Note Exchange
Prior to the Credova acquisition, Credova, PSQ and certain holders of outstanding subordinated notes (“Subdebt Notes”) issued by Credova (the “Participating Noteholders”) entered into a Note Exchange Agreement (the “Note Exchange Agreement”) pursuant to which, immediately prior to closing the Credova acquisition, the Participating Noteholders delivered their Subdebt Notes of Credova for cancellation, in exchange for newly-issued replacement notes issued by PSQ, convertible into shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Replacement Notes”). The Replacement Notes have 9.75% simple interest per annum and ten-year maturity dates.
Pursuant to the terms of the Replacement Notes, at any time after the Closing, Participating Noteholders may elect to convert their Replacement Notes into a number of shares of Class A Common Stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the outstanding principal amount of the Replacement Note to be converted plus accrued and unpaid interest by (y) 4.63641, subject to adjustment for stock splits and other similar transactions (the “Conversion Price”). At any time, the Company may call the Replacement Notes for a cash amount equal to accrued interest plus (i) between the Closing and the first anniversary of the Closing, 120% of the then outstanding principal amount, (ii) between the first anniversary and the second anniversary of the Closing, 105% of the then outstanding principal amount and (iii) after the second anniversary of the Closing, the then outstanding principal amount of the Replacement Note. Further, the Replacement Notes permit the Company, in its discretion, to require conversion of the Replacement Notes into shares of Class A Common Stock if the daily volume-weighted average trading price of the Company Class A Common Stock exceeds 140% of the Conversion Price on each of at least ten consecutive trading days during the twenty trading day period prior to notice of such required conversion.
Key Business Metrics and Selected Financial Data
We use the following key metrics and non-GAAP measures to evaluate our performance, identify trends affecting our business, and make strategic decisions:
•Segment Revenue (see discussion below in “Results of Operations”);
•Adjusted EBITDA (see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a discussion of Adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of net loss, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA); and
•Gross Merchandise Volume (“GMV”) of Financial Technology Segment.
For GMV, these metrics are based on internal company data, assumptions, and estimates and are used in managing our business. We believe that these figures are reasonable estimates, and we actively take measures to improve their accuracy, such as eliminating known fictitious or duplicate accounts. There are, however, inherent challenges in gathering accurate data across large online and mobile populations.
Adjusted EBITDA
We define adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, as earnings (loss) before interest expense, income tax expense (benefit), depreciation and amortization, as adjusted to exclude change in fair value of our financial instruments, other income (expense), net, transaction expenses and share-based compensation expense. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of GAAP net loss to adjusted EBITDA.
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GMV of Financial Technology Segment
In addition to revenue, net loss, adjusted EBITDA, and other results under U.S. GAAP, the following table sets forth key operating metrics we use to evaluate our Financial Technology segment. The information below represents proforma information as if the Credova Merger closed on January 1, 2023:

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | % Change
Gross merchandise volume (“GMV”) | $ | 15,532,649 |  |  | $ | 14,133,498 |  |  | 10 | %

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | % Change
Gross merchandise volume (“GMV”) | $ | 45,703,460 |  |  | $ | 40,074,958 |  |  | 14 | %

We measure GMV to assess the volume of transactions that take place on our platform. We define GMV as the total dollar amount of all transactions generated from the Financial Technology segment during the applicable period, net of refunds. GMV does not represent revenue earned by us; however, it is an indicator of the success of our merchants and the strength of our platform.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, GMV was $15.5 million and $45.7 million, respectively, which represented an approximate change of 10% and 14%, respectively, as compared to the same period in 2023. Overall, the increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 in GMV was primarily driven by and expanding active merchant base and growth in active consumers, complemented by heightened sales related to election year demand in the firearm segment. Additionally, the increase reflects stronger consumer adoption of our bank-originated financial product.
For the three months ended September 30, 2024, our GMV growth aligned with broader industry patterns historically seen in federal election cycles. According to the National Shooting Sports Foundation (NSSF), there were no month-over-month increases in background checks from December 2023 until July 2024, highlighting a market trend correlated with election-year activity that positively impacted GMV.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, our top five merchants and platform partners represented approximately 43% and 42% of total GMV, respectively, as compared to 46% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 52% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. GMV attributable to our largest merchant during both the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024 represented 16 % and 16%, respectively, of total GMV, compared to 20% and 18% for the same period in 2023. The shift in volume from our top five merchants demonstrates healthy diversification in our merchant portfolio and highlights our success in broadening our revenue base.
Components of Results of Operations
During the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, our net loss was $13.1 million and $20.2 million, respectively, and during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, our net loss was $36.9 million and $47.6 million, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, our net loss decreased $7.1 million as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023, due to a gain of $2.2 million relating to the change in fair value of the warrant liabilities. This is offset by a $1.7 million increase in our operating loss due to the expansion of the business. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, our net loss decreased $10.7 million as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023, due to the fact that in 2023 there was a $14.6 million loss for the change in fair value of the convertible promissory notes and in 2024 there was a gain of $7.5 million relating to the change in fair value of the warrant liabilities. This is offset by a $17.9 million increase in our operating loss due to the expansion of the business. Following the completion of the Strategic Plan to streamline the organization in October 2024, reducing staff by over 35% and focusing on the people critical to the Company’s B2B focused sales and marketing positioning going forward, our expenses will decline and operations will become more concentrated. We have not been profitable since inception. As of September 30, 2024, our accumulated deficit was $99.2 million. Since inception, we have financed our operations primarily through financing activities.
Revenues, net
We generate revenues from our three segments: Marketplace, Brands and Financial Technology; a summary of each is described below.
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Marketplace
Our advertising revenues are derived from short-term, typically multi-month, fixed price contracts for advertising subscription arrangements. Revenues from subscription contracts are recognized using the “over-time” method of revenue recognition. Accordingly, we recognize revenues over-time as the advertisements are displayed over the subscription period and the service is being consumed by the business member simultaneously over the period of service. Over-time revenue recognition is based on an input measure of progress. Each advertisement has a contractual revenue value and an estimated cost. The over-time revenue is recognized over the contract term as the Company performs on its performance obligation.
Additionally, we recognize advertising revenue from push notifications and email blasts at the point of delivery. Push notifications and email blasts are considered delivered when an advertisement is displayed to users.
In June 2024, the Company launched its cost per mille (“CPM”) advertising model. The advertising revenue related to CPM is recognized based on the number of impressions received based on advertising on websites or mobile device applications or as the advertiser’s previously agreed-upon performance criteria are satisfied.
E-commerce revenue is generated from the Platform. The Platform features a single cart shopping experience where consumers can purchase a variety of products from multiple vendors in one transaction. The Company is not the seller of record in these transactions. The commissions revenue earned from these arrangements are recognized at the point of sale on a net basis, which equates to the commission and processing fees earned in exchange for the seller marketplace services.
In the future, in addition to greater levels of advertising revenue expected as a result of the growth of our marketplace, we also expect to realize increased amounts of business-to-business (“B2B”) revenue and e-commerce transactional revenue as we expand our business operations into those areas.
Brands
Our brand revenues have been derived primarily from our sale of products and services.
In July 2023, the Company launched the EveryLife business and began to generate revenue through the sale of diapers and wipes to consumers by way of the EveryLife’s website. In November 2023, EveryLife’s products became available for purchase on the Platform. The Company considers customer orders to be the contracts with the customer. There is a single performance obligation, which is the Company’s promise to transfer the Company’s product to customers based on specific payment and shipping terms in the arrangement.
PSQLink generates recurring software as a service (“SaaS”) revenues through B2B sales by providing its customers with a digital marketing and CRM tool.
Financial Technology
The Company principally generates financing revenue from four activities: revenue from sale of loan and lease contracts, revenue from interest earned on loans, and revenue from retailer discounts and origination fees paid by lending institutions (direct revenue) earned in connection with providing financing on consumer goods. Revenue from the Company’s sales of loan and lease contracts is recognized at a point in time when the Company satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of the leases to a third party. Revenue from loans and leases is recognized over time when the Company satisfies a performance obligation based on the agreed upon financing terms. Interest on loans is calculated by the simple-interest method on daily balances of the principal amount outstanding. Revenue from retailer discounts is recognized at a point in time when the Company satisfies performance obligations by purchasing the contract from the merchant in connection with a merchant-originated consumer financing product. Origination fees from lenders are recognized at time of loan origination.
For a description of our revenue recognition policies, see Note 3, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
Cost of Revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) consists of the direct costs incurred in building and running the Platform, as well as underwriting and transaction costs related to our Financial Technology segment.
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Cost of Goods Sold (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) includes the purchase price of merchandise sold to customers, inbound and outbound shipping and handling costs, freight and duties, shipping and packaging supplies and warehouse fulfillment costs incurred.
Operating Expenses
Operating expenses primarily include general and administrative, sales and marketing, research and development, and depreciation and amortization. The most significant component of our operating expenses is personnel-related costs such as salaries, benefits, share-based and variable compensation. We expect our personnel-related costs as a percentage of total costs to decrease over time.
As we focus on cost-saving measures including resource reduction and reallocation, we anticipate that each of the following categories of operating expenses will decrease in absolute dollar amounts and decline as a percentage of revenue for the foreseeable future.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses for our finance, legal, human resources and administrative personnel, as well as the costs of information technology, professional services, insurance, travel, and other administrative expenses. We expect to continue incurring expenses associated with operating as a public company, including legal, audit, tax and accounting costs, investor relations costs, insurance premiums and compliance costs. As a result of cost-saving measures, we expect that general and administrative expenses will decrease in absolute dollars in future periods and decline as a percentage of total revenue over time. Our inability to scale our expenses could negatively impact profitability.
Sales and Marketing Expenses
Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of salaries, employee benefits, consultant fees, commissions, and direct marketing costs related to the promotion of PSQ’s platforms/solutions and certain costs related to the acquisition of both consumer and business members on the Platform. As a result, we expect that sales and marketing expenses will decrease in absolute dollars in future periods as we scale back paid marketing efforts and focus on monetizing current customer base, and decline as a percentage of total revenue over time. Our inability to scale our expenses could negatively impact profitability.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries, employee benefits and consultant fees related to our development activities to originate, develop, and enhance the Platform and build the PublicSquare Payments ecosystem.
Depreciation and Amortization Expense
Depreciation and amortization expense consists primarily of amortization of capitalized software development costs.
Non-Operating Income and Other Items
Other (Expense) Income, Net
Other (expense) income, net primarily relates to interest income earned on the money market account and the write-off of an other receivable for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Change in fair value of convertible promissory notes
Changes in the fair value of the convertible promissory notes are recorded in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. The convertible promissory notes represent a financial instrument other than an outstanding share that embodies a conditional obligation that the issuer must or may settle by issuing a variable number of its equity shares. We record the convertible promissory notes liability at its fixed monetary amount by measuring and recording a premium, as applicable, on the convertible promissory notes’ issuance date with a charge to expense. The convertible promissory notes were converted to equity at the close of the Business Combination.
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Change in fair value of earn-out liabilities
Changes in the fair value of earn-out liabilities are recorded in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. The earn-out liabilities represent a financial instrument other than an outstanding share that embodies a conditional obligation that the issuer must or may settle by issuing a variable number of its equity shares. We record the earn-out liability at its fair value at each reporting period.
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities
Changes in the fair value of warrant liabilities are recorded in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. The warrant liabilities represent a financial instrument other than an outstanding share that embodies a conditional obligation that the issuer must or may settle by issuing a variable number of its equity shares. We record the warrant liabilities at its fair value at each reporting period.
Interest Expense, net
Interest expense incurred consists of interest accrued on revolving line of credit and convertible promissory notes issued.
Income Tax Expense
We are subject to income taxes in the United States, but due to our net operating loss (“NOL”) position, we have recognized a minimal provision or benefit in recent years. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We have established a full valuation allowance to offset our U.S. net deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty of realizing future tax benefits from our NOL carryforwards and other deferred tax assets.
Results of Operations
The results of operations presented below should be reviewed in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 which can be found elsewhere in this document.
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The following table sets forth our condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage change between the two periods:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Variance ($) |  | Variance (%)
Revenues, net | $ | 6,540,112 |  |  | $ | 2,030,900 |  |  | $ | 4,509,212 |  |  | 222 | %
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense shown below) | 609,270 |  |  | 569,502 |  |  | 39,768 |  |  | 7 | %
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense shown below) | 1,771,109 |  |  | 903,672 |  |  | 867,437 |  |  | 96 | %
Transaction costs incurred in connection with the Business Combination | — |  |  | 3,309,597 |  |  | (3,309,597) |  |  | (100) | %
General and administrative | 12,295,934 |  |  | 4,311,199 |  |  | 7,984,735 |  |  | 185 | %
Sales and marketing | 4,607,708 |  |  | 3,670,309 |  |  | 937,399 |  |  | 26 | %
Research and development | 973,544 |  |  | 1,486,069 |  |  | (512,525) |  |  | (34) | %
Depreciation and amortization | 975,090 |  |  | 759,745 |  |  | 215,345 |  |  | 28 | %
Total costs and expenses | 21,232,655 |  |  | 15,010,093 |  |  | 6,222,562 |  |  | 41 | %
Operating loss | (14,692,543) |  |  | (12,979,193) |  |  | (1,713,350) |  |  | 13 | %
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other (expense) income, net | (45,683) |  |  | 119,957 |  |  | (165,640) |  |  | (138) | %
Change in fair value of convertible promissory notes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | NM*
Change in fair value of earn-out liabilities | 170,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | (280,000) |  |  | (62) | %
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities | 2,175,000 |  |  | (7,783,000) |  |  | 9,958,000 |  |  | (128) | %
Interest expense, net | (756,760) |  |  | (46,690) |  |  | (710,070) |  |  | 1521 | %
Loss before income taxes | (13,149,986) |  |  | (20,238,926) |  |  | 7,088,940 |  |  | (35) | %
Income tax benefit (expense) | 12,437 |  |  | 262 |  |  | 12,175 |  |  | 4647 | %
Net loss | $ | (13,137,549) |  |  | $ | (20,238,664) |  |  | $ | 7,101,115 |  |  | (35) | %

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| For the nine months ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Variance ($) |  | Variance (%)
Revenues, net | $ | 15,991,229 |  |  | $ | 2,938,641 |  |  | $ | 13,052,588 |  |  | 444 | %
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense shown below) | 1,738,729 |  |  | 1,189,440 |  |  | 549,289 |  |  | 46 | %
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense shown below) | 4,601,360 |  |  | 903,672 |  |  | 3,697,688 |  |  | 409 | %
Transaction costs incurred in connection with the Business Combination | — |  |  | 7,048,177 |  |  | (7,048,177) |  |  | (100) | %
General and administrative | 33,552,605 |  |  | 7,448,015 |  |  | 26,104,590 |  |  | 350 | %
Sales and marketing | 14,380,677 |  |  | 6,739,149 |  |  | 7,641,528 |  |  | 113 | %
Research and development | 3,147,296 |  |  | 3,310,943 |  |  | (163,647) |  |  | (5) | %
Depreciation and amortization | 2,202,561 |  |  | 2,004,319 |  |  | 198,242 |  |  | 10 | %
Total costs and expenses | 59,623,228 |  |  | 28,643,715 |  |  | 30,979,513 |  |  | 108 | %
Operating loss | (43,631,999) |  |  | (25,705,074) |  |  | (17,926,925) |  |  | 70 | %
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other (expense) income, net | 110,295 |  |  | 173,644 |  |  | (63,349) |  |  | (36) | %
Change in fair value of convertible promissory notes | — |  |  | (14,571,109) |  |  | 14,571,109 |  |  | (100) | %
Change in fair value of earn-out liabilities | 510,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | 60,000 |  |  | 13 | %
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities | 7,497,500 |  |  | (7,783,000) |  |  | 15,280,500 |  |  | (196) | %
Interest expense, net | (1,434,241) |  |  | (210,545) |  |  | (1,223,696) |  |  | 581 | %
Loss before income taxes | (36,948,445) |  |  | (47,646,084) |  |  | 10,697,639 |  |  | (22) | %
Income tax benefit (expense) | (1,181) |  |  | (1,527) |  |  | 346 |  |  | (23) | %
Net loss | $ | (36,949,626) |  |  | $ | (47,647,611) |  |  | $ | 10,697,985 |  |  | (22) | %

NM* - Percentage change not meaningful.
Revenues, net

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenues, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketplace |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advertising and e-commerce sales | $ | 717,692 |  |  | $ | 875,546 |  |  | $ | 2,389,801 |  |  | $ | 1,783,287 |
Brands |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Product sales | 2,824,540 |  |  | 1,387,951 |  |  | 7,653,505 |  |  | 1,387,951 |
Other sales | 18,789 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,527 |  |  | — |
Returns and discounts | (228,317) |  |  | (232,597) |  |  | (642,037) |  |  | (232,597) |
Total Brand revenues, net | 2,615,012 |  |  | 1,155,354 |  |  | 7,048,995 |  |  | 1,155,354 |
Financial Technology |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct revenue | 1,150,951 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,272,818 |  |  | — |
Interest income on loans | 749,199 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,850,115 |  |  | — |
Loan and lease contracts sold, net | 1,307,258 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,429,500 |  |  | — |
Total Financial Technology revenues, net | 3,207,408 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,552,433 |  |  | — |
Total revenues, net | $ | 6,540,112 |  |  | $ | 2,030,900 |  |  | $ | 15,991,229 |  |  | $ | 2,938,641 |

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Revenues, net increased by $4.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was driven by an increase in Brands sales of $1.5 million, a decrease in Marketplace sales by $0.2 million, and the Credova Merger accounted for an additional $3.2 million in revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2024.
Revenues, net increased by $13.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was driven by an increase in product sales and e-commerce of $6.5 million and the Credova Merger accounted for an additional $6.6 million revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) increased by $0.04 million, or 7%, and $0.5 million, or 46%, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was mainly due to an increase in personnel expenses.
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) increased by $0.9 million, or 96% and $3.7 million, or 409%, respectively, for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was mainly due to the sale of products.
General and Administrative Expense
General and administrative expense increased by $8.0 million, or 185%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was due to a $1.6 million increase in staffing-related costs, $3.4 million in share-based compensation expense, and $3.0 million increase in other administrative expenses, which include accounting, legal, and other administrative services.
General and administrative expense increased by $26.1 million, or 350%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to a $7.7 million increase in staffing-related costs, $10.3 million of share-based compensation expense, $3.3 million of professional services and $4.6 million increase in other administrative expenses, which include insurance, rent, utilities, and other administrative services.
Sales and Marketing Expense
Sales and marketing expense increased by $0.9 million, or 26%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was due to $1 million of share-based compensation expense and $0.9 million increase in other marketing and public relation activities offset by a reduction in contractors and commissions of $1 million.
Sales and marketing expense increased by $7.6 million, or 113%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was due to $4.5 million of share-based compensation expense and a $3.1 million increase in other marketing and public relation activities.
Research and Development Expense
Research and development expense decreased by $0.5 million, or 34%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was due to increased capitalization of expenditures related to the development of operating software.
Research and development expense decreased by $0.2 million, or 5%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was due to increased capitalization of expenditures related to the development of operating software.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense increased $0.2 million, or 28%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily related to the amortization of version 2.0 of the Platform along with amortization of the loan receivable.
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Depreciation and amortization expense increased by $0.2 million, or 10%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily related to the amortization of version 2.0 of the Platform along with amortization of the loan receivable.
Other (Expense) Income, net
Other (expense) income, net changed by $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, is primarily due to interest income earned on the money market accounts partially offset by a write-off of an other receivable.
Interest Expense, net
Interest expense, net increased by $0.7 million and $1.2 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was due to the interest payable in relation to the convertible promissory notes recorded as of the reporting date, along with interest paid on the Revolving Line of Credit.
Change in Fair Value of Convertible Promissory Notes
Change in fair value of convertible promissory notes was zero for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to zero and $14.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. The change in fair value of convertible promissory notes represents the premium recorded on the convertible promissory note’s date with a charge to expense. The convertible promissory notes were converted to equity at the close of the Business Combination.
Change in Fair Value of Earn-out Liabilities
Changes in the fair value of earn-out liabilities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 was a gain of $0.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively, compared to a gain of $0.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. The gain was due to a decrease in the fair value of the earn-out liabilities at each reporting period.
Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liabilities
Changes in the fair value of warrant liabilities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 was a gain of $2.2 million and $7.5 million, respectively, compared to a loss of $7.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. The gain for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 was due to a decrease in fair value of the warrant liabilities from December 31, 2023 through September 30, 2024.
Income Tax Benefit (Expense)
Income tax expense increased by an insignificant amount for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Historically, our primary sources of liquidity have been funds from financing activities. We have reported net losses of $36.9 million and $47.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and had negative cash flows from operations of $27.1 million and $18.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had aggregate unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, of $4.7 million and $16.4 million and net working capital of $7.5 million and $17.2 million, respectively.
On October 24, 2024, the Company closed a private investment in public equity transaction (“PIPE”) pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement (“PIPE Purchase Agreement”) dated October 22, 2024, for the purchase of $5.35 million of Class A common stock at $2.70 per share with three investors: (i) an affiliate of a PSQH board member, (ii), a party related to a PSQH board member and executive officer, and (ii) an unaffiliated accredited investor (the “Purchasers”) (see Note 17 for additional information).
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Our Board of Directors and executive team have outlined a plan to improve the Company’s cash position which involves a variety of cash management initiatives. These initiatives include reduction and reallocation of resources to more profitable segments of the business and reducing corporate operating expenses. The reduction of resources included a staff reduction of 35% performed in October 2024, which resulted in expected future savings of $11.0 million, along with terminating or reducing contractor and consulting agreements. Additionally, the plan considers further options such as completing a capital raise, entering into a revolving line of credit agreement, and refining inventory purchase timing which will reduce excess stock levels.
We believe that, as a result of these initiatives, along with our existing cash and cash equivalents and the cash flow from the Brands and Financial Technology segments, the Company will be able to fund operations and capital needs for the next year from the date these condensed consolidated financial statements were available to be issued.
Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors including our revenue growth rate, the timing and extent of spending to support further sales and marketing and research and development efforts. In order to finance these opportunities, we may need to raise additional financing. While there can be no assurances, the Company may need to pursue issuances of additional equity raises and debt rounds of financing. If additional financing is required from outside sources, we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to the Company or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially and adversely affected.
Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023
The following table shows our cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities, investing activities and financing activities for the stated periods:

| For the nine months ended September 30, |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Variance
Net cash used in operating activities | $ | (27,127,434) |  |  | $ | (18,412,328) |  |  | $ | (8,715,106) |
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (949,390) |  |  | $ | (1,866,087) |  |  | $ | 916,697 |
Net cash provided by financing activities | $ | 17,306,560 |  |  | $ | 43,203,919 |  |  | $ | (25,897,359) |

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $27.1 million compared to $18.4 million used in operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in cash used in operating activities was due to an overall increase in operating expenses, resulting in an increased operating loss of $17.9 million. This was partially offset by an increase in non-cash expenses for share based compensation and change in fair value warrant liabilities of $14.8 million and $15.3 million, respectively. Also offsetting this was a decrease in cash provided by operating assets and liabilities of $5.8 million.
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
Net cash used by investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $0.9 million as compared to $1.9 million the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Cash used by investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 primarily related to $2.8 million of software development costs offset by $1.7 million net loans held for investment.
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $17.3 million as compared to $43.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 primarily related to proceeds from the issuance of the convertible note payable of $20.0 million offset by repayments on the line of credit of $2.2 million, compared to $22.5 million of proceeds received for convertible notes payable, $18.1 million of proceeds from the reverse recapitalization, and $2.6 million of proceeds from the issuance of common stock for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The non-GAAP financial measures below have not been calculated in accordance with GAAP and should be considered in addition to results prepared in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered as a substitute for, or superior to, GAAP results. In addition, Adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as indicators of our operating performance, liquidity or cash flows generated by operating, investing and financing activities, as there may be significant factors or trends that they fail to address. We caution investors that non-GAAP financial information, by its nature, departs from traditional accounting conventions. Therefore, its use can make it difficult to compare our current results with our results from other reporting periods and with the results of other companies.
Our management uses these non-GAAP financial measures, in conjunction with GAAP financial measures, as an integral part of managing our business and to, among other things: (i) monitor and evaluate the performance of our business operations and financial performance; (ii) facilitate internal comparisons of the historical operating performance of our business operations; (iii) facilitate external comparisons of the results of our overall business to the historical operating performance of other companies that may have different capital structures and debt levels; (iv) review and assess the operating performance of our management team; (v) analyze and evaluate financial and strategic planning decisions regarding future operating investments; and (vi) plan for and prepare future annual operating budgets and determine appropriate levels of operating investments.
Adjusted EBITDA
We define adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, as net earnings (loss) before interest and other expenses, net, income tax expense, depreciation and amortization, as adjusted to exclude change in fair value of our financial instruments, other income (expense), net, transaction expenses and share-based compensation expense. We utilize adjusted EBITDA as an internal performance measure in the management of our operations because we believe the exclusion of these non-cash and non-recurring charges allow for a more relevant comparison of our results of operations to other companies in our industry. Adjusted EBITDA should not be viewed as a substitute for net loss calculated in accordance with GAAP, and other companies may define adjusted EBITDA differently.
The following table provides a reconciliation of net loss to adjusted EBITDA to net loss for the periods presented:

| For the three months ended September 30, |  | For the nine months ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (13,137,549) |  |  | $ | (20,238,664) |  |  | $ | (36,949,626) |  |  | $ | (47,647,611) |  |  |  |  |
Excluding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, net | 756,760 |  |  | 46,690 |  |  | 1,434,241 |  |  | 210,545 |  |  |  |  |
Income tax (benefit) expense | (12,437) |  |  | (262) |  |  | 1,181 |  |  | 1,527 |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of convertible promissory notes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,571,109 |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of earn-out liabilities | (170,000) |  |  | (450,000) |  |  | (510,000) |  |  | (450,000) |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities | (2,175,000) |  |  | 7,783,000 |  |  | (7,497,500) |  |  | 7,783,000 |  |  |  |  |
Other expense (income), net | 45,683 |  |  | (119,957) |  |  | (110,295) |  |  | (173,644) |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 975,090 |  |  | 759,745 |  |  | 2,202,561 |  |  | 2,004,319 |  |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation (exclusive of what is shown above in transaction costs) | 5,796,823 |  |  | 1,185,089 |  |  | 15,967,598 |  |  | 1,185,089 |  |  |  |  |
Transaction costs incurred in connection with acquisitions | — |  |  | 3,309,597 |  |  | 2,295,502 |  |  | 7,048,177 |  |  |  |  |
Corporate operating expenses | 3,503,643 |  |  | 3,774,266 |  |  | 11,937,517 |  |  | 8,230,417 |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | (4,416,987) |  |  | $ | (3,950,496) |  |  | $ | (11,228,821) |  |  | $ | (7,237,072) |  |  |  |  |

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Critical Accounting Estimates
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of consolidated financial statements also requires we make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ significantly from the estimates made by our management. To the extent that there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, balance sheet, results of operations and cash flows will be affected. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving our management’s judgments and estimates. Critical accounting policies and estimates are those that we consider the most important to the portrayal of our balance sheet and results of operations because they require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain.
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in those consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Although we believe that the estimates we use are reasonable, due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making those estimates, actual results reported in future periods could differ from those estimates. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 3 to our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for the three-month and nine-month period ended September 30, 2024 included elsewhere in this report. Our critical accounting policies are described below.
Revenue Recognition
[1]Marketplace Revenues
E-commerce revenues
The Platform features a single cart shopping experience where consumers can purchase a variety of products from multiple vendors in one transaction. The Company is not the seller of record in these transactions. The commission revenue earned from these arrangements is recognized on a net basis, which equates to the commission and processing fees earned in exchange for the seller marketplace services. The commission and processing fees are recognized net of estimated refunds when the corresponding transaction is confirmed by the buyer and seller. The Company does not take title to inventory sold or assume risk of loss at any point in time during the transaction and is authorized to collect consideration from the buyer and remit net consideration to the seller to facilitate the processing of the confirmed purchase transaction. The Company currently records processing fees from its merchant service providers as a component of Cost of sales - services on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.
Advertising services
The Company enters into advertising subscription arrangements with its customers. Revenue is recognized over-time as the ads are displayed over the subscription period. The Company is providing a service and the service is being consumed by the customer simultaneously over the period of service. In general, the Company reports advertising revenue on a gross basis, since the Company controls the advertising inventory before it is transferred to our customers. Our control is evidenced by our sole ability to monetize the advertising inventory before it is transferred to customers.
The Company also sells push notifications and email blasts and recognizes revenue at a point in time when delivered. Push notifications and email blasts are considered delivered when an ad is displayed to users. When a customer enters into an advertising subscription arrangement that includes push notifications and/or email blasts, the Company allocates a portion of the total consideration to the push notification and email blast performance obligations based on the residual approach.
In June 2024, the Company launched its cost per mille (“CPM”) advertising model. The advertising revenue related to CPM is recognized based on the number of impressions received based on advertising on websites or mobile device applications or as the advertiser’s previously agreed-upon performance criteria are satisfied.
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[2]Brand Revenues
Product sales
The Company generates revenue through the sale of diapers and wipes to consumers by way of the Company’s Platform and EveryLife’s website. Additionally, EveryLife provides discounted products to non-profit organizations through bulk sales. The Company considers customer orders to be the contracts with the customer. There is a single performance obligation, which is the Company’s promise to transfer its product to customers based on specific payment and shipping terms in the arrangement. The entire transaction price is allocated to this single performance obligation. Product revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of the product, which occurs at shipment. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring products.
The Company evaluated principal versus agent considerations to determine whether it is appropriate to record third-party logistics provider fees paid as an expense. These fees are recorded as shipping and handling expenses within cost of goods sold and are not recorded as a reduction of revenue because the Company owns and controls all the goods before they are transferred to the customer. The Company can, at any time, direct the third-party logistics provider to return the Company’s inventories to any location specified by the Company. It is the Company’s responsibility to process any returns made by customers directly to logistic providers and the Company retains the back-end inventory risk. Further, the Company is subject to credit risk (i.e., credit card chargebacks), establishes prices of its products, fulfills the goods to the customer and can limit quantities or stop selling the goods at any time.
Product Returns
Consistent with industry practice, the Company generally offers customers a limited right of return for products purchased. The Company reviews its receivables quarterly and records a reserve, if necessary.
B2B Sales
PSQLink generates revenues through B2B sales by providing its customers with a digital marketing and CRM platform.
[3]Financial Technology Revenues
Financing Revenues
The Company principally generates revenue from four activities: revenue from sale of loan and lease contracts, revenue from interest earned on loans, revenue from retailer discounts, and origination fees paid by lending institutions (direct revenue) earned in connection with providing financing on consumer goods. Revenue from the Company’s sales of loans and leases is recognized at a point in time when the Company satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of the loans and leases to a third party. Interest on loans is calculated by the simple-interest method on daily balances of the principal amount outstanding. Revenue from retailer discounts is recognized at a point in time when the Company satisfies performance obligations by purchasing the contract from the merchant in connection with a merchant-originated consumer financing product. Origination fees from lenders are recognized at time of loan origination.
Loans Held for Investment, Net
Loans are unsecured and are stated at the amount of unpaid principal. Interest on loans is calculated by the simple-interest method on daily balances of the principal amount outstanding. Accrued interest on loans is discontinued when management believes that, after considering collection efforts and economic and business conditions, the collection of interest is doubtful. The Company’s policy is to stop accruing interest when the loan becomes 120 days’ delinquent.
All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on nonaccrual status or subsequently charged-off is reversed against interest income. Income is subsequently recognized on the cash basis until, in management’s judgment, the borrower’s ability to make periodic principal and interest payments returns and future payments are reasonably assured, in which case the loan is returned to accrual status. The Company classifies its loans as either current or past due. Amounts are considered past due if a scheduled payment is not paid on its due date. The Company does not modify the terms of its existing loans with customers.
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Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Held for Investment
The Company identifies its portfolio segments and measures the allowance for credit losses based on similar economic risk characteristics The allowance for credit losses for each portfolio is determined based on our current estimate of expected credit losses over the remaining contractual term, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate, and incorporates evaluations of known and inherent risks in our portfolio, historical credit losses, consumer payment trends, estimates of recoveries, current economic conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not included in the collective evaluation.
Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets
Goodwill and acquired intangible assets recorded in the Company’s financial statements result from both business combinations. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price in a business combination over the fair value of identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is not amortized as it is estimated to have an indefinite life. As such, goodwill is subject to an annual impairment test.
The Company allocates goodwill to reporting units based on the expected benefit from the business combination. Reporting units are evaluated when changes in the Company’s operating structure occur, and if necessary, goodwill is reassigned using a relative fair value allocation approach. The Company operates in one operating segment, and this segment is the only reporting unit.
ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”) requires goodwill to be tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill may be impaired. The Company elects to perform an annual impairment test of goodwill as of December 31 of each year. The accounting guidance gives the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary. The qualitative assessment considers events and circumstances that might indicate that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount. If it is determined, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a quantitative test is performed.
Separately acquired intangible assets are measured on initial recognition at cost including directly attributable costs. Intangible assets acquired in a business combination are measured at fair value at the acquisition date. Acquired identifiable finite-lived intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the respective asset. Each period the Company evaluates the estimated remaining useful lives of its intangible assets and whether events or changes in circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization. Acquired indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but are tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the intangible asset may be impaired.
Capitalized Software
The Company capitalizes costs related to the development of its internal accounting software and certain projects for internal use in accordance with ASC 350-40, Internal-Use Software ("ASC 350-40"). The Company capitalizes costs to develop its mobile application and website when preliminary development efforts are successfully completed, management has authorized and committed project funding, and it is probable that the project will be completed, and the software will be used as intended. Costs incurred during the preliminary planning and evaluation stage of the project and during the post implementation operational stage, including maintenance, are expensed as incurred. Costs incurred for enhancements that are expected to result in additional functionality are capitalized and expensed over the estimated useful life of the upgrades on a per project basis. Amortization is computed on an individual product basis over the estimated economic life of the product using the straight-line method.
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Warrant Liabilities
The Company does not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow, market, or foreign currency risks. The Company evaluates all of its financial instruments, including issued share purchase warrants, to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives, pursuant to Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification Topic, ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815-40”). The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is re-assessed at the end of each reporting period. The Company accounts for the Public Warrants (as defined in Note 11) and the Private Placement Warrants (collectively, with the Public Warrants, the “Warrants”) in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC 815-40 under which the Warrants do not meet the criteria for equity treatment and must be recorded as liabilities. Accordingly, the Company classifies the Warrants as liabilities at their fair value and adjusts the Warrants to fair value at each reporting period. This liability is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date until exercised, and any change in fair value is recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Warrants for periods where no observable traded price was available are valued using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. For periods subsequent to the detachment of the Public Warrants from the Units, the Public Warrant quoted market price will be used as the fair value as of each relevant date.
Share Based Compensation
The Company recognizes an expense for share-based compensation awards based on the estimated fair value of the award on the date of grant.
The Company accounts for share-based compensation under the provisions of ASC Topic 718. As noted above, ASC Topic 718 requires that share-based payment transactions with employees and non-employees, in certain cases, be recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements based on their fair value.
Income Taxes
We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized by applying the statutory tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences between the financial reporting and tax filing bases of existing assets and liabilities are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized.
We utilize a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain income tax positions (tax contingencies). The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount which is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. We make estimates, assumptions and judgments to determine the provision for income taxes and also for deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowances recorded against deferred tax assets. Actual future operating results and the underlying amount and type of income could differ materially from our estimates, assumptions and judgments thereby impacting the Company’s financial position and results of operations.
Business Combinations
The Company evaluates whether acquired net assets should be accounted for as a business combination or an asset acquisition by first applying a screen test to determine whether substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. If so, the transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition. If not, the Company applies its judgment to determine whether the acquired net assets meet the definition of a business by considering if the set includes an acquired input, process, and the ability to create outputs.
The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method when it has obtained control. The Company measures goodwill as the fair value of the consideration transferred including the fair value of any non-controlling interest recognized, less the net recognized amount of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, all measured at their fair value as of the acquisition date. Transaction costs, other than those associated with the issuance of debt or equity securities, that the Company incurs in connection with a business combination are expensed as incurred.
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Any contingent consideration (“Earn-out liabilities”) is measured at fair value at the acquisition date. For contingent consideration that does not meet all the criteria for equity classification, such contingent consideration is required to be recorded at the initial fair value at the acquisition date and on each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of liability-classified contingent consideration are recognized on the consolidated statements of operations in the period of change.
When the initial accounting for a business combination has not been finalized by the end of the reporting period in which the transaction occurs, the Company reports provisional amounts. Provisional amounts are adjusted during the measurement period, which does not exceed one year from the acquisition date. These adjustments, or recognition of additional assets or liabilities, reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date that, if known, would have affected the amounts recognized at that date.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this Item.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e)) as of September 30, 2024. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of that date, due to the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, including controls surrounding the preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of cash flows. As a result, we performed additional analysis as deemed necessary to ensure that our financial statements were prepared in accordance with GAAP. Accordingly, management believes that the financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q present fairly in all material respects our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the period presented.
Management intends to implement remediation steps to improve our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting. Specifically, we intend to expand and improve our review process for complex transactions. We plan to further improve this process by enhancing access to accounting literature, identification of third-party professionals with whom to consult regarding complex accounting applications, and onboarding of additional staff with the requisite experience and training to supplement existing accounting professionals.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
During the quarter ended September 30, 2024, the Company had onboarded additional staff with requisite experience as accounting professionals, as well as identified and retained third-party professionals with whom to consult regarding complex accounting applications. Management believes these actions will enhance our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Except as noted above, and in the preceding two sentences, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
Refer Note 16 in the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
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Item 6. Exhibits.
The following exhibits are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Form 10-Q.

Exhibit |  | Description
3.1 |  | Restated Certificate of Incorporation of PSQ Holdings, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 25, 2023)
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of PSQ Holdings, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 25, 2023)
4.1 |  | Form of Private Placement 9.75% Convertible Note (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 14, 2024).
10.1 |  | Amendment No. 5 to Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated July 1, 2024, by and among Credova SPV I, LLC, PFM Credit Recovery Fund I, LLC and OHPC LP (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 8, 2024).
10.2 |  | Form of Amendment to Lock-Up Agreement, dated as of July 23, 2024, by and between PSQ Holdings, Inc. and each person named on the signature page thereto.
10.3 |  | Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 13, 2024, by and between PSQ Holdings, Inc. and Fountain Ripple V, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 14, 2024).
10.4 |  | Private Placement Registration Rights Agreement, by and between PSQ Holdings, Inc. and Fountain Ripple V, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 14, 2024).
10.5 |  | Private Placement Note Purchaser Lock-Up Agreement, by and between PSQ Holdings, Inc. and Fountain Ripple V, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 14, 2024).
10.6 |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of October 22, 2024, by and among the Company and the Purchasers signed thereto.
10.7 |  | Form of Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of October 22, 2024, by and among the Company and the Purchasers signed thereto.
31.1* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a), as adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2* |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a), as adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1** |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2** |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document.
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (Embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit).

*Filed herewith.
**Furnished herewith.
†Schedules and similar attachments to this Exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Registration S-K. The Company hereby agrees to furnish a copy of any omitted schedules to the SEC upon request.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| PSQ Holdings, Inc.
Date: November 12, 2024 |  | /s/ Michael Seifert
| Name: | Michael Seifert
| Title: | President and Chief Executive Officer
|  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: November 12, 2024 |  | /s/ Bradley Searle
| Name: | Bradley Searle
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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