PRE 14A 1 ny20024160x1_pre14a.htm PRE 14A

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U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
SCHEDULE 14A INFORMATION
Proxy Statement Pursuant to Section 14(a) of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Amendment No. )
Filed by the Registrant ☒
Filed by a Party other than the Registrant ☐
Check the appropriate box:

☒ | Preliminary Proxy Statement

☐ | Confidential, for Use of the Commission Only (as permitted by Rule 14a-6(e)(2))

☐ | Definitive Proxy Statement

☐ | Definitive Additional Materials

☐ | Soliciting Material under §240. Rule 14a-12

Applied Therapeutics, Inc.
(Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
(Name of Person(s) Filing Proxy Statement, if other than the Registrant)
Payment of Filing Fee (Check all boxes that apply):

☒ | No fee required

☐ | Fee paid previously with preliminary materials

☐ | Fee computed on table in exhibit required by Item 25(b) per Exchange Act Rules 14a-6(i)(1) and 0-11

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545 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1400
New York, NY 10017
April   , 2024
Dear Stockholder:
You are cordially invited to attend Applied Therapeutics, Inc.’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders on Thursday, June 6, 2024, at 10:00 a.m., Eastern Time, online at http://www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/APLT2024. The Annual Meeting of Stockholders will be held in a virtual-only meeting format.
The matters to be acted on at the Annual Meeting of Stockholders are described in the enclosed notice and proxy statement.
We realize that you may not be able to attend the Annual Meeting of Stockholders and vote your shares at the meeting. However, regardless of your meeting attendance, we need your vote. We urge you to ensure that your shares are represented by voting in advance of the meeting on the Internet or via a toll-free telephone number, as instructed in the Notice Regarding the Internet Availability of Proxy Materials, or if you have elected to receive a paper or email copy of the proxy materials, by completing, signing and returning the proxy card that is provided. If you decide to attend the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, you may revoke your proxy at that time and vote your shares at such meeting.
Please remember that this is your opportunity to voice your opinion on matters affecting the Company. We look forward to receiving your proxy and perhaps seeing you at the Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

| ​ | ​ | Sincerely,
| ​ | ​ |
| ​ | ​ |
| ​ | ​ |
| ​ | ​ | Shoshana Shendelman, Ph.D.
| ​ | ​ | Chair of the Board, President, Chief Executive Officer and Secretary

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545 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1400
New York, NY 10017
NOTICE OF ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS
TO BE HELD ON THURSDAY, JUNE 6, 2024
You are cordially invited to attend the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Annual Meeting”) of Applied Therapeutics, Inc. (the “Company”) to be held on Thursday, June 6, 2024, at 10:00 a.m., Eastern time, online at http://www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/APLT2024. The Annual Meeting of Stockholders will be held in a virtual-only meeting format.
At the Annual Meeting, stockholders will be invited to consider and vote upon the following matters:

1. | Election of two Class II directors to serve for a three-year term of office expiring at the 2027 Annual Meeting of Stockholders;

2. | Ratification of the appointment of Ernst & Young LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024;

3. | To approve an amendment to the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of shares of our common stock authorized for issuance from 200,000,000 shares to 250,000,000 shares (the “Authorized Shares Increase Proposal”);

4. | To authorize the adjournment of the Annual Meeting, if necessary, to solicit additional proxies if there are insufficient votes in favor of the Authorized Shares Increase Proposal; and

5. | Any other matter that properly comes before the Annual Meeting.

The foregoing items of business are more fully described in the proxy statement accompanying this Notice of Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
The board of directors has fixed the close of business on April 12, 2024 as the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to notice of, and to vote at, the Annual Meeting and any postponement or adjournment thereof. A list of stockholders entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting will be available for examination during ordinary business hours for 10 days prior to the Annual Meeting at our principal executive office at 545 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1400, New York, NY 10017. The stockholder list will also be available online during the Annual Meeting. Your vote is very important to the Company and all proxies are being solicited by the board of directors. So, whether or not you plan on attending the Annual Meeting, we encourage you to submit your proxy as soon as possible (i) by accessing the Internet site or by calling the toll-free number described in the proxy materials; or (ii) by signing, dating and returning a proxy card or instruction form provided to you. By submitting your proxy promptly, you will save the Company the expense of further proxy solicitation. Please note that all votes cast by telephone or on the Internet must be cast prior to 11:59 p.m., Eastern Time, on June 5, 2024.

| ​ | ​ | By Order of the Board of Directors,
| ​ | ​ |
| ​ | ​ |
| ​ | ​ | Shoshana Shendelman, Ph.D.
| ​ | ​ | Chair of the Board, President, Chief Executive Officer and Secretary

New York, New York
April   , 2024

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| ​ | ​ | PAGE
INFORMATION ABOUT THE ANNUAL MEETING AND PROXY MATERIALS | ​ | ​ | 1
PROPOSAL 1 — ELECTION OF DIRECTORS | ​ | ​ | 5
PROPOSAL 2 — RATIFICATION OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM | ​ | ​ | 13
PROPOSAL 3 - APPROVAL OF AMENDMENT TO AMENDED AND RESTATED CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION | ​ | ​ | 14
PROPOSAL 4 – AUTHORIZATION OF ADJOURNMENT OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, IF NECESSARY, TO SOLICIT ADDITIONAL PROXIES | ​ | ​ | 16
AUDIT COMMITTEE REPORT | ​ | ​ | 17
PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS | ​ | ​ | 18
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND TRANSACTIONS | ​ | ​ | 36
STOCKHOLDER PROPOSALS FOR 2025 ANNUAL MEETING | ​ | ​ | 37
OTHER MATTERS | ​ | ​ | 38

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545 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1400
New York, NY 10017
PROXY STATEMENT
INFORMATION ABOUT THE ANNUAL MEETING AND PROXY MATERIALS
General
This proxy statement is furnished to stockholders of Applied Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), in connection with the solicitation of proxies for use at the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders of the Company (the “Annual Meeting”) to be held on Thursday, June 6, 2024, at 10:00 a.m., Eastern Time, online at http://www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/APLT2024. The Annual Meeting of Stockholders will be held in a virtual-only meeting format. This solicitation of proxies is made on behalf of our board of directors. Capitalized terms used, but not defined, herein shall have the meanings ascribed to them in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 (the “Annual Report”).
Important Notice Regarding the Availability of Proxy Materials for the
Annual Meeting to be Held on Thursday, June 6, 2024
Pursuant to the rules adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), we have elected to provide access to our proxy materials over the Internet. Accordingly, we are sending a Notice Regarding the Internet Availability of Proxy Materials (the “Internet Notice”) to certain of our stockholders of record. We are also sending a paper copy of the proxy materials and proxy card to other stockholders of record who have indicated they prefer receiving such materials in paper form. Brokers and other nominees who hold shares on behalf of beneficial owners will be sending their own similar Internet Notice. Such Internet Notice, or this proxy statement and proxy card or voting instruction form, as applicable, is being mailed to our stockholders on or about April   , 2024.
Stockholders will have the ability to access the proxy materials on the website referred to in the Internet Notice or may request to receive a paper copy of the proxy materials by mail or electronic copy by electronic mail on a one-time or ongoing basis. Instructions on how to request a printed copy by mail or electronically may be found on the Internet Notice.
The Internet Notice will also identify the date, the time and location of the Annual Meeting; the matters to be acted upon at the meeting and the board of directors’ recommendation with regard to each matter; a toll-free telephone number, an email address, and a website where stockholders can request to receive, free of charge, a paper or email copy of this proxy statement, our Annual Report and a proxy card relating to the Annual Meeting; information on how to access and vote the proxy card; and information on how to obtain instructions to attend the virtual meeting and vote in person at the virtual meeting, should stockholders choose to do so.
What Are You Voting On?
You will be asked to vote on the following proposals at the Annual Meeting:

1. | Election of two Class II directors to serve for a three-year term of office expiring at the 2027 Annual Meeting of Stockholders;

2. | Ratification of the appointment of Ernst & Young LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024; and

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3. | To approve an amendment to the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Common Stock”), authorized for issuance from 200,000,000 shares to 250,000,000 shares (the “Authorized Shares Increase Proposal”);

4. | To authorize the adjournment of the Annual Meeting, if necessary, to solicit additional proxies if there are insufficient votes in favor of the Authorized Shares Increase Proposal; and

5. | Any other matter that properly comes before the Annual Meeting.

Who Can Vote?
Only holders of record of shares of our common stock as of the close of business on the record date, April 12, 2024 (the “Record Date”), are entitled to receive notice of, and to vote at, the Annual Meeting. Each share of common stock entitles the holder thereof to one vote. Your shares of common stock may be voted at the Annual Meeting, or any adjournment or postponement thereof, only if you are present in person at the virtual meeting or your shares are represented by a valid proxy.
Difference between a Stockholder of Record and a “Street Name” Holder
If your shares are registered directly in your name, you are considered the stockholder of record with respect to those shares.
If your shares are held in a stock brokerage account or by a bank, trust or other nominee, then the broker, bank, trust or other nominee is considered to be the stockholder of record with respect to those shares. However, you are still considered to be the beneficial owner of those shares, and your shares are said to be held in “street name.” Street name holders generally cannot submit a proxy or vote their shares directly and must instead instruct the broker, bank, trust or other nominee how to vote their shares using the methods described below under the heading “Voting Your Shares.”
Quorum
At the close of business on the Record Date, there were      shares of our common stock outstanding and entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting. The presence of a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock entitled to vote constitutes a quorum, which is required in order to hold and conduct business at the Annual Meeting. Your shares are counted as present at the Annual Meeting if you:

• | Are present in person at the virtual Annual Meeting; or

• | Have properly submitted a proxy card by mail or submitted a proxy by telephone or over the Internet.

If you submit your proxy, regardless of whether you abstain from voting on one or more matters, your shares will be counted as present at the Annual Meeting for the purpose of determining a quorum. If your shares are held in “street name,” your shares are counted as present for purposes of determining a quorum if your broker, bank, trust or other nominee submits a proxy covering your shares. Your broker, bank, trust or other nominee is entitled to submit a proxy covering your shares as to certain “routine” matters, even if you have not instructed your broker, bank, trust or other nominee on how to vote on those matters. Please see below under “— Broker Non-Votes.”
Voting Your Shares
The Annual Meeting will be held entirely online this year. You may vote in person by attending the virtual Annual Meeting or by submitting a proxy. The method of voting by proxy differs (1) depending on whether you are viewing this proxy statement on the Internet or receiving a paper copy and (2) for shares held as a record holder and shares held in “street name.”
If you are a record holder, you may vote by submitting a proxy over the Internet or by telephone by following the instructions on the website referred to in the proxy card or the Internet Notice mailed to you. Alternatively, if you received a paper copy of your proxy card, you may vote your shares by submitting a proxy over the Internet or by telephone by following the instructions on the proxy card, or by completing, dating and signing the proxy card that was included with this proxy statement and promptly returning it in the pre-addressed, postage-paid envelope provided to you.
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If your shares are held in “street name,” your broker, bank or other street name holder will provide you with instructions that you must follow to have your shares voted.
Deadline for Submitting Your Proxy on the Internet or by Telephone
Internet and telephone voting will close at 11:59 p.m., Eastern Time, on June 5, 2024. Stockholders who submit a proxy by Internet or telephone need not return a proxy card or the voting instruction form forwarded by your broker, bank, trust or other nominee by mail.
YOUR VOTE IS VERY IMPORTANT. Please submit your vote in advance even if you plan to attend the Annual Meeting.
Voting at the Annual Meeting
If you plan to attend the Annual Meeting, you may vote during the virtual meeting. Please note that if your shares are held in “street name” and you wish to vote during the meeting, you must obtain a proxy issued in your name from your broker, bank or other street name holder. Even if you intend to attend the Annual Meeting, we encourage you to submit your proxy or voting instructions to vote your shares in advance of the Annual Meeting. Please see the important instructions and requirements below under “—Attendance at the Annual Meeting.”
Changing Your Vote
As a stockholder of record, if you vote by proxy, you may revoke that proxy at any time before it is voted at the Annual Meeting. Stockholders of record may revoke a proxy prior to the Annual Meeting by (i) delivering a written notice of revocation to the attention of the Secretary of the Company at our principal executive office at 545 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1400, New York, NY 10017, (ii) duly submitting a later-dated proxy over the Internet, by mail, or if applicable, by telephone, or (iii) attending the virtual Annual Meeting and voting during the meeting. Attendance at the Annual Meeting will not, by itself, revoke a proxy.
If your shares are held in the name of a broker, bank, trust or other nominee, you may change your voting instructions by following the instructions of your broker, bank, trust or other nominee.
If You Receive More Than One Proxy Card or Internet Notice
If you receive more than one proxy card or Internet Notice, it means you hold shares that are registered in more than one account. To ensure that all of your shares are voted, sign and return each proxy card or, if you submit a proxy by telephone or the Internet, submit one proxy for each proxy card or Internet Notice you receive.
How Your Shares Will Be Voted
Shares represented by proxies that are properly executed and returned, and not revoked, will be voted as specified. YOUR VOTE IS VERY IMPORTANT.
If You Do Not Specify How You Want Your Shares Voted
If you are the record holder of your shares and submit your proxy without specifying how your shares are to be voted, your shares will be voted as follows:

• | FOR the election of the two nominees for Class II director;

• | FOR the ratification of the appointment of Ernst & Young LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024;

• | FOR the Authorized Shares Increase Proposal; and

• | FOR the adjournment of the meeting, if necessary, to solicit additional proxies if there are insufficient votes in favor of the Authorized Shares Increase Proposal.

In addition, the proxy holders named in the proxy are authorized to vote in their discretion on any other matters that may properly come before the Annual Meeting and at any postponement or adjournment thereof. The board of directors knows of no other items of business that will be presented for consideration at the Annual Meeting other than those described in this proxy statement.
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Broker Non Votes
A “broker non-vote” occurs when a nominee holding shares for a beneficial owner has not received voting instructions from the beneficial owner and does not have discretionary authority to vote the shares. If you hold your shares in street name and do not provide voting instructions to your broker or other nominee, your shares will be considered to be broker non-votes and will not be voted on any proposal on which your broker or other nominee does not have discretionary authority to vote. Shares that constitute broker non-votes will be counted as present at the Annual Meeting for the purpose of determining a quorum, but will not be considered entitled to vote on the proposal in question. Brokers generally have discretionary authority to vote on the ratification of the selection of Ernst & Young LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm. Brokers do not have discretionary authority, however, to vote on the election of directors to serve on our board of directors, the Authorized Shares Increase Proposal and the adjournment of the Annual Meeting, if necessary.
Votes Required
The following table summarizes the voting requirements and the effects of broker non-votes and “withhold” votes or abstentions on each of the proposals to be voted on at the Annual Meeting:

Proposals | ​ | ​ | Required Vote | ​ | ​ | Effect of Broker Non-Votes | ​ | ​ | Effect of “Withhold” Votes or Abstentions
1. Election of Directors | ​ | ​ | Plurality of votes cast for each nominee | ​ | ​ | None | ​ | ​ | None
| ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
2. Ratification of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | ​ | ​ | Majority of the shares present and entitled to vote | ​ | ​ | Not applicable | ​ | ​ | Against
| ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
3. Approval of the Authorized Shares Increase Proposal | ​ | ​ | Majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting | ​ | ​ | Against | ​ | ​ | Against
| ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
4. Authorization of the adjournment of the Annual Meeting, if necessary | ​ | ​ | Majority of the shares present in person, including by remote communication, or represented by proxy | ​ | ​ | Against | ​ | ​ | Against

Inspector of Election
All votes will be tabulated by the inspector of election appointed for the Annual Meeting, who will separately tabulate affirmative and negative votes, abstentions and broker non-votes.
Solicitation of Proxies
We will bear the cost of soliciting proxies. Copies of solicitation materials will be furnished to banks, brokerage houses, fiduciaries and custodians holding shares of our common stock in their names that are beneficially owned by others to forward to those beneficial owners. We may reimburse persons representing beneficial owners for their costs of forwarding the solicitation materials to the beneficial owners. Original solicitation of proxies may be supplemented by telephone, facsimile, electronic mail or personal solicitation by our directors, officers or other employees. No additional compensation will be paid to our directors, officers or other employees for such services.
Attendance at the Annual Meeting
You may attend the Annual Meeting, as well as vote and submit questions during the Annual Meeting, by visiting http://www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/APLT2024. You will need your unique control number, which appears in the Internet Notice, the proxy card or voting instructions that accompanied the proxy materials. In the event that you do not have a control number, please contact your broker, bank or other nominee as soon as possible so that you can be provided with a control number and gain access to the meeting.
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PROPOSAL 1 — ELECTION OF DIRECTORS
Our board of directors currently consists of six members. In accordance with our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Incorporation”) our board of directors is divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms. At each annual general meeting of stockholders, the successors to directors whose terms then expire will be elected to serve from the time of election and qualification until the third annual meeting following election. Our directors are divided among the three classes as follows:

Class | ​ | ​ | Term Expiration | ​ | ​ | Director | ​ | ​ | Age
Class I | ​ | ​ | 2026 | ​ | ​ | Les Funtleyder | ​ | ​ | 54
​ |  | ​ | ​ | Stacy J. Kanter | ​ | ​ | 65
Class II | ​ | ​ | 2024 | ​ | ​ | Joel S. Marcus | ​ | ​ | 76
​ |  | ​ | ​ | Jay S. Skyler, M.D., MACP | ​ | ​ | 77
Class III | ​ | ​ | 2025 | ​ | ​ | Teena Lerner, Ph.D. | ​ | ​ | 66
​ |  | ​ | ​ | Shoshana Shendelman, Ph.D. | ​ | ​ | 45

Class II Director Nominees for Election — Term Expiring 2027
The current term of the Class II directors will expire at the Annual Meeting. Our board of directors nominated each of Joel S. Marcus and Jay S. Skyler for re-election at the Annual Meeting as a Class II director to hold office until the 2027 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified or until her earlier death, resignation or removal. The nominees have consented to serve a term as Class II directors. Should any of the nominees become unable to serve for any reason prior to the Annual Meeting, the board of directors may designate a substitute nominee, in which event the persons named in the enclosed proxy will vote for the election of such substitute nominee, or may reduce the number of directors on the board of directors.
Below is a biography of each of the Class II directors standing for re-election at the Annual Meeting:
Joel S. Marcus
Joel S. Marcus, JD, CPA, 76, has served on our board of directors since January 2017. Mr. Marcus is Executive Chairman and Founder of Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (NYSE: ARE) (“Alexandria”), a best-in-class, mission-driven life science REIT that pioneered life science real estate from a specialty niche to a mainstream asset class and today is the preeminent and longest-tenured owner, operator, and developer uniquely focused on collaborative life science, agtech, and technology campuses in AAA innovation cluster locations. Since co-founding the company in 1994 as a garage startup with $19 million in Series A capital and a mission to advance human health, he has led the remarkable growth of Alexandria into an S&P 500 company that as of December 31, 2022 has a total market capitalization of $35.0 billion and a total equity capitalization of $24.9 billion that ranks in the top 10% among all publicly traded U.S. REITs. Alexandria, which celebrated its 25th anniversary as a New York Stock Exchange listed company in May 2022, has a total shareholder return exceeding 1,670% as of December 31, 2022. Mr. Marcus also leads Alexandria Venture Investments, the company’s strategic venture capital platform, which he founded in 1996. With over $1.6 billion in carrying value, Alexandria Venture Investments actively invests in disruptive life science companies as well as promising agrifoodtech, climate innovation, and technology companies that are advancing new, transformative therapeutic modalities and platforms to meaningfully improve human health. Mr. Marcus also currently serves on the boards of directors of Frequency Therapeutics, Inc. and Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc., publicly traded biopharmaceutical companies. He earned his undergraduate and Juris Doctor degrees from the University of California, Los Angeles. We believe that Mr. Marcus’ extensive experience in the life sciences industry and as a chief executive officer and attorney qualifies him to serve on our board of directors.
Jay S. Skyler
Jay S. Skyler, M.D., MACP, FRCP, 77, has served on our board of directors since April 2019 and currently serves as the chair of our nominating and corporate governance committee and as the chair of our compensation committee. Dr. Skyler is a Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics and Psychology and Deputy Director of the Diabetes Research Institute at the University of Miami in Florida, where he has been employed since 1976. Dr. Skyler has also served as Study Chairman for the National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases Type 1
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Diabetes clinical trials network. He was previously the President of the American Diabetes Association and Vice-President of the International Diabetes Federation. Dr. Skyler served as a director of Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a pharmaceutical company, until its acquisition by Bristol-Myers Squibb Company in August 2012, and served as a director of MiniMed, Inc., a medical device company, until its acquisition by Medtronic plc. in 2001. From 2002 to 2023, Dr. Skyler served on the board of directors of DexCom, Inc., a publicly traded medical device company. Dr. Skyler received a B.S. from Pennsylvania State and an M.D. from Jefferson Medical College. We believe that Dr. Skyler’s extensive expertise in the life sciences industry and his experience serving on the board of directors of other public companies qualifies him to serve on our board of directors.
Required Vote
The directors will be elected by a plurality of the votes of the shares present in person, or represented by proxy, and entitled to vote.
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS A VOTE IN FAVOR OF THE ABOVE NOMINEES FOR ELECTION AS CLASS II DIRECTORS TO THE BOARD.
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Class I and III Directors Continuing in Office
Below are biographies of the directors continuing in office:
Les Funtleyder
Les Funtleyder, 54, has served as a member of our board of directors since June 2016 and since November 2023 has served as our Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Funtleyder has served as a healthcare portfolio manager at E Squared Capital Management, LLC since January 2014, a role from which he is currently taking a sabbatical, as a senior external advisor with McKinsey and Co. since June 2017, and as a consulting partner at Bluecloud Health, a private equity healthcare fund, from December 2013 to April 2020. Mr. Funtleyder previously served as the director of strategic investments and communications of OPKO Health Inc. (Nasdaq: OPK), a publicly traded healthcare company. Mr. Funtleyder currently serves on the board of directors of several private healthcare companies and foundations while also serving on the board of directors of Nasdaq-listed Reviva Pharmaceuticals (Nasdaq: RVPH) and as an advisor at Zentynel Frontier Investments. Mr. Funtleyder is an adjunct professor at Columbia University Medical Center and an adjunct professor of healthcare investors at the Columbia University School of Public Health. Mr. Funtleyder received his B.A. from Tulane University and MPH from Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. We believe that Mr. Funtleyder’s extensive experience managing and investing in the healthcare industry qualifies him to serve on our board of directors.
Stacy J. Kanter
Stacy J. Kanter, 65, has served as a member of our board of directors since May 2019 and is also currently serving as a member of the board of directors of Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. since October 2023. Ms. Kanter has also served as a member of the board of directors of Oppenheimer Holdings (NYSE: OPY) since October 2023. Ms. Kanter practiced law for more than 30 years with Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, where she was a partner from 1993 until December 2018 and Head of the Global Capital Markets practice from 2009 until December 2018 and was Of Counsel from January 2019 until joining our board of directors. Ms. Kanter also chaired Skadden’s Global Diversity and Inclusion Committee. Ms. Kanter was an associate at Skadden from 1984 to 1986 and from 1988 to 1993. Ms. Kanter served as a law clerk to the Honorable Raymond J. Dearie, United States District Court Judge for the Eastern District of New York from 1986 to 1987. Ms. Kanter received her B.S. in Business Administration and Management from the University at Albany School of Business and her J.D. from Brooklyn Law School. We believe that Ms. Kanter’s extensive legal and business expertise in corporate finance and capital markets, corporate governance and mergers and acquisitions qualifies her to serve on our board of directors.
Teena Lerner, Ph.D.
Teena Lerner, Ph.D., 66, has served as a member of our board of directors since March 2017. Dr. Lerner has served on the Technology Transfer Advisory Committee of The Rockefeller University since 2000. In 2002, Dr. Lerner founded Rx Capital Management LP, a healthcare equity hedge fund, and served as the Chief Executive Officer until 2006. Prior to that, she was a portfolio manager at Pequot Capital Management, Inc., an investment advisory firm, and served as a Managing Director, Equity Research at Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc., a global financial services firm. Dr. Lerner received a B.S. from City University of New York-Brooklyn College, an MBA from New York University, Stern School of Business, a Ph.D. in Molecular Biology/Retrovirology from The Rockefeller University and a CFA charter from the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts. We believe that Dr. Lerner's extensive expertise in various areas of the healthcare industry, including as investment banking and research, qualifies her to serve on our board of directors.
Shoshana Shendelman, Ph.D.
Shoshana Shendelman, Ph.D., 45, is our founder and has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer and as chair of our board of directors since January 2016. Prior to founding our company, she founded Clearpoint Strategy Group LLC, a boutique life sciences consulting firm. Prior to that, she served as a scientific consultant and analyst at Bridge Scientific Consulting LLC. Dr. Shendelman received her B.S. in biochemistry from Brandeis University and a Ph.D. in Cellular, Molecular and Biophysical Studies (CMBS) from Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons. Dr. Shendelman is also a member of the Clinical
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Advisory Board of Columbia University Medical Center and Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, where she serves on the Nominating Committee and the Committee on Innovation and Entrepreneurship. We believe that Dr. Shendelman’s extensive knowledge of our company as founder, President and Chief Executive Officer and her management background and experience in the healthcare industry qualify her to serve on our board of directors.
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General Information About the Board of Directors
Board and Committees
Our board of directors held eighteen meetings during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. Each incumbent director serving during 2023 attended at least 80% of the aggregate of all meetings of the board of directors and all meetings of committees of which such director was a member. All directors are encouraged to attend our annual meeting of stockholders. All of our directors attended our 2023 annual meeting of stockholders.
Director Independence
Under the listing standards of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (the “Nasdaq Listing Rules”), at least a majority of our board of directors must be independent directors. Our board of directors has undertaken a review of its composition, the composition of its committees and the independence of each director. Based upon information requested from and provided by each director concerning his or her background, employment and affiliations, including family relationships, our board of directors has determined that all of our directors, except Dr. Shoshana Shendelman, our Chief Executive Officer, and Mr. Funtleyder, our Chief Financial Officer, are “independent” as that term is defined under the applicable rules of the SEC and the Nasdaq Listing Rules. In making this determination, our board of directors considered the current and prior relationships that each non-employee director has with our company and all other facts and circumstances our board of directors deemed relevant in determining their independence, including the beneficial ownership of our capital stock by each non-employee director, and in the case of Mr. Marcus, the lease agreement with ARE LaunchLabs NYC LLC, a subsidiary of Alexandria for the use of specified premises within the Alexandria LaunchLabs space, and the beneficial ownership interests of the Alexandria Entities (as defined below).
Board Leadership Structure
Our Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Shoshana Shendelman, currently serves as the chair of our board. Our Corporate Governance Guidelines provide that the role of chair and Chief Executive Officer may be separate or, if the board of directors determines, combined. In the event that the chair is not an independent director, the board of directors will select one of the independent directors to act as a lead director to coordinate the other independent directors and to chair the executive sessions of independent directors (the “Lead Independent Director”). Our current Lead Independent Director is Dr. Teena Lerner. As set forth in our Corporate Governance Guidelines, the Lead Independent Director’s duties include: (i) presiding at all board meetings at which the chair is not present, including executive sessions of the independent directors; (ii) acting as liaison between the independent directors and the Chief Executive Officer and chair; (iii) presiding over executive sessions of the independent directors; (iv) consulting with the chair in planning and setting schedules and agendas for board meetings; and (v) performing such other functions as the board of directors may delegate. We do not believe there should be a fixed rule regarding the positions of Chief Executive Officer and chair being held by different individuals, or whether the chair should be an employee of the Company or should be elected from among the non-employee directors. The needs of the Company and the individuals available to assume these roles may require different outcomes at different times, and the board of directors believes that retaining flexibility in these decisions is in the best interests of the Company. The nominating and corporate governance committee will periodically review our leadership structure and make any recommendations to the board of directors.
Board’s Role in Risk Oversight
Our management is responsible for identifying risks facing our Company, including strategic, financial, operational and regulatory risks, implementing risk management policies and procedures and managing our day-to-day risk exposure.
The audit committee reviews and discusses with management and the Company’s auditors, as appropriate, (i) the Company’s guidelines and policies with respect to financial risk management and financial risk assessment, including the Company’s major financial risk exposures and the steps taken by management to monitor and control these exposures and (ii) management risks relating to data privacy, technology and information security, including cyber security and back-up of information systems, and the steps the Company has taken to monitor and control such exposures.
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The compensation committee reviews the Company’s practices and policies of employee compensation as they relate to risk management and risk-taking incentives, to determine whether such compensation policies and practices are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company.
The nominating and corporate governance committee reviews, and recommends any changes to the Company’s insider trading policies and also oversees and reviews the Company’s major legal compliance risk exposures and the steps management has taken to monitor or mitigate such exposures, including the Company’s procedures and any related policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management.
In addition, the board of directors is regularly presented with information at its regularly scheduled and special meetings regarding risks facing our Company, and management provides more frequent, informal communications to the board of directors between regularly scheduled meetings which are designed to give the board of directors regular updates about our business. The board of directors considers this information and provides feedback, makes recommendations, and, as appropriate, authorizes or directs management to address particular exposures to risk.
Committees of the Board of Directors
Our board of directors has established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee. Our board of directors may establish other committees to facilitate the management of our business. The composition and functions of each committee are described below. Members serve on these committees until their resignation or until otherwise determined by our board of directors. Each committee has adopted a written charter that satisfies the applicable rules of the SEC and Nasdaq Listing Rules, which we have posted on our website at www.appliedtherapeutics.com.

Name | ​ | ​ | Audit Committee | ​ | ​ | Compensation Committee | ​ | ​ | Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee
Shoshana Shendelman, Ph.D.(1) | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
Les Funtleyder | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
Stacy J. Kanter | ​ | ​ | Chair | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | *
Teena Lerner, Ph.D.(2) | ​ | ​ | * | ​ | ​ | * | ​ | ​ | *
Joel S. Marcus | ​ | ​ | * | ​ | ​ | * | ​ | ​ | *
Jay S. Skyler, M.D., MACP | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | Chair | ​ | ​ | Chair

(1) | Chair of the board of directors

(2) | Lead Independent Director

Audit Committee
The audit committee is responsible for assisting our board of directors in its oversight of the integrity of our financial statements, the qualifications and independence of our independent auditors and our internal financial and accounting controls. The audit committee has direct responsibility for the appointment, compensation, retention (including termination) and oversight of our independent auditors, and our independent auditors report directly to the audit committee. The audit committee also prepares the audit committee report that the SEC requires to be included in our annual proxy statement. The audit committee held four meetings during 2023.
Our audit committee consists of Stacy J. Kanter, Teena Lerner and Joel S. Marcus. Our board of directors has determined that all three members are independent under the Nasdaq Listing Rules and Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). The chair of our audit committee is Ms. Kanter. Our board of directors has determined that each of Dr. Lerner and Mr. Marcus qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as such term is defined in Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K. Our board of directors has also determined that each member of our audit committee can read and understand fundamental financial statements, in accordance with applicable requirements. In arriving at these determinations, the board of directors has examined each audit committee member’s scope of experience and the nature of their employment in the corporate finance sector.
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Compensation Committee
The compensation committee approves the compensation objectives for the company, the compensation of the Chief Executive Officer and approves, or recommends to our board of directors for approval, the compensation for other executives. The compensation committee reviews all compensation components, including base salary, bonus and benefits. The compensation committee held four meetings during 2023.
Our compensation committee consists of Teena Lerner, Joel S. Marcus and Jay S. Skyler. Our board of directors has determined that all members are independent under the Nasdaq Listing Rules and are “non-employee directors” as defined in Rule 16b-3 under the Exchange Act. The chair of our compensation committee is Dr. Skyler.
For a description of our processes and procedures for the consideration and determination of executive and director compensation, see “Executive and Director Compensation — Narrative to the Summary Compensation Table” later in this proxy statement.
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
The nominating and corporate governance committee makes recommendations regarding corporate governance, the composition of our board of directors, identification, evaluation and nomination of director candidates and the structure and composition of committees of our board of directors. In addition, the nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for developing and recommending corporate governance guidelines to our board of directors, as applicable to the Company. The nominating and corporate governance committee held two meetings during 2023.
Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of Stacy J. Kanter, Teena Lerner, Joel S. Marcus, and Jay S. Skyler. The chair of our nominating and corporate governance committee is Dr. Skyler. Each member of the nominating and corporate governance committee is an independent director as defined by the Nasdaq Listing Rules.
Our nominating and corporate governance committee considers candidates for board membership suggested by its members, our board of directors and our executive officers in addition to those provided by independent search firms. Additionally, in selecting nominees for directorship, the nominating and corporate governance committee will review candidates recommended by stockholders in the same manner and using the same general criteria as candidates suggested by other channels. Stockholders who wish to recommend a candidate for consideration by the nominating and corporate governance committee may do so by following the instructions set forth in “—Stockholder Communications with the Board of Directors” below.
In evaluating the suitability of individual candidates (both new candidates and current board members), the nominating and corporate governance committee, in recommending candidates for election, and the board of directors, in approving (and, in the case of vacancies, appointing) such candidates, may take into account many factors, including personal and professional integrity, ethics and values, experience in corporate management, such as serving as an officer or former officer of a publicly held company, strong finance experience, experience relevant to the Company’s industry, experience as a board member or executive officer of another publicly held company, relevant academic expertise or other proficiency in an area of the Company’s operations, diversity of expertise and experience in substantive matters pertaining to the Company’s business relative to other board members, practical and mature business judgment, including, but not limited to, the ability to make independent analytical inquiries, and any other relevant qualifications, attributes or skills. Our board of directors evaluates each individual in the context of the board of directors as a whole, with the objective of assembling a group that can best perpetuate the success of the business and represent stockholder interests through the exercise of sound judgment using its diversity of experience in these various areas. In determining whether to recommend a director for re-election, the nominating and corporate governance committee may also consider the director’s past attendance at meetings and participation in and contributions to the activities of our board of directors.
Our nominating and corporate governance committee seeks to include a variety of personal backgrounds on our board of directors in order to obtain a range of viewpoints, perspectives, skills, diversity and expertise appropriate for the Company.
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Board Diversity
Half of the members of our board of directors are female, and at least one member identifies as a person of color. The following matrix discloses the gender and demographic backgrounds of our board as self-identified by its members in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5606:

Board Diversity Matrix (As of April   , 2024)
Total Number of Directors | ​ | ​ | 6
| ​ | ​ | Female | ​ | ​ | Male | ​ | ​ | Non-Binary | ​ | ​ | Did Not Disclose Gender
Part I: Gender Identity
Directors | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Part II: Demographic Background
African American or Black | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Alaskan Native or Native American | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Asian | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Hispanic or Latinx | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
White(1) | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Two or More Races or Ethnicities | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
LGBTQ+ | ​ | ​ | —
Did Not Disclose Demographic Background | ​ | ​ | —

(1) | Includes one director who self-identifies as Middle Eastern.

Code of Ethics
We have adopted a written code of business conduct and ethics that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions, and agents and representatives. A copy of our code of business conduct and ethics is posted on our website at www.appliedtherapeutics.com. The nominating and corporate governance committee of our board of directors is responsible for overseeing our code of business conduct and ethics and any waivers applicable to any director, executive officer or employee. We intend to disclose any amendments or waivers of our code of business conduct and ethics requiring disclosure under applicable SEC requirements or Nasdaq Listing Rules on our website identified above.
Stockholder Communications with the Board of Directors
Stockholders of the Company wishing to communicate with the board of directors or an individual director may send a written communication to the board of directors or such director at the following address:
c/o Applied Therapeutics, Inc.
545 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1400
New York, New York 10017
Attn: Secretary
The Secretary will review each communication, and will forward such communication to the board of directors or to any individual director to whom the communication is addressed unless the communication contains advertisements or solicitations or is unduly hostile, threatening or similarly inappropriate, in which case the Secretary shall discard the communication or inform the proper authorities, as may be appropriate.
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PROPOSAL 2 — RATIFICATION OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC
ACCOUNTING FIRM
The audit committee is responsible for the appointment, compensation, retention and oversight of the Company’s independent auditors. In connection with this responsibility, the audit committee evaluates and monitors the auditors’ qualifications, performance and independence. This responsibility includes a review and evaluation of the independent auditors. The audit committee approves all audit engagement fees and terms associated with the retention of the independent auditors.
As a matter of good corporate governance, the board of directors is requesting our stockholders to ratify the audit committee’s selection of Ernst & Young LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024. Ernst & Young LLP has served as our independent registered public accounting firm since 2017. The audit committee and the board of directors believe that the continued retention of Ernst & Young LLP as our independent auditors is in the best interests of the Company. The audit committee carefully considered the selection of Ernst & Young LLP as our independent auditors. In connection with this selection, the audit committee considered whether there should be a rotation of the independent audit firm. The audit committee charter requires the audit committee to periodically consider whether the independent audit firm should be rotated. In addition to evaluating rotation of the independent auditors, the audit committee oversees the selection of the new lead audit partner and the audit committee chair participates directly in the selection of the new lead audit partner.
If the stockholders do not ratify the selection, the audit committee will reconsider its selection. Even if the selection is ratified, the audit committee, in its discretion, may appoint a different independent registered public accounting firm at any time during the year if the audit committee determines that such a change would be in the best interests of the Company and our stockholders.
Representatives from Ernst & Young LLP are expected to be present at the Annual Meeting and will have an opportunity to make a statement at the Annual Meeting if they desire to do so and are expected to be available to respond to appropriate questions at the Annual Meeting.
Required Vote
Approval by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the shares of common stock present in person, or represented by proxy, and entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting is required to ratify the selection of Ernst & Young LLP.
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS THAT
STOCKHOLDERS VOTE IN FAVOR OF THE RATIFICATION OF THE
APPOINTMENT OF ERNST & YOUNG LLP AS OUR INDEPENDENT REGISTERED
PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 2024.
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PROPOSAL 3 - APPROVAL OF AMENDMENT TO AMENDED AND RESTATED
CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION
Our board of directors has unanimously approved, declared advisable and recommended that our stockholders approve an amendment to the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase the Company’s authorized number of shares of Common Stock from 200,000,000 to 250,000,000 shares (the “Charter Amendment”). If our stockholders approve this proposal, then Article IV.A of our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation will be deleted and replaced in its entirety to read as follows:

A. | The Corporation is authorized to issue two classes of stock to be designated, respectively, “Common Stock” and “Preferred Stock.” The total number of shares which the Corporation is authorized to issue is two hundred sixty million (260,000,000) shares. Two hundred fifty million (250,000,000) shares shall be Common Stock, each having a par value of one-hundredth of one cent ($0.0001) and ten million (10,000,000) shares shall be Preferred Stock, each having a par value of one-hundredth of one cent ($0.0001).

We are currently authorized to issue two classes of stock, denominated as common stock and preferred stock, consisting of 200,000,000 shares of Common Stock, and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share (the “Preferred Stock”). We have no shares of Preferred Stock outstanding. As of April 10, 2024, of the 200,000,000 shares of Common Stock authorized for issuance: (i) 114,241,803 shares were issued and outstanding; (ii) 13,351,826 shares are reserved for issuance under our equity incentive plans; and (iii) 40,301,987 shares are reserved for issuance upon exercise of outstanding warrants. Accordingly, as of April 10, 2024, the Company had only 32,104,384 shares of Common Stock authorized but unissued or unreserved.
The additional Common Stock to be authorized by adoption of the Charter Amendment would have rights identical to the currently outstanding Common Stock. Although at present the board of directors has not approved any plans or proposals to issue any of the additional shares of our Common Stock that would become authorized for issuance if the Charter Amendment is approved, the board of directors desires to have the shares of Common Stock available to provide additional flexibility to use our Common Stock for financing and business purposes in the future. Adoption of the Charter Amendment and issuance of the Common Stock would not affect the rights of the holders of currently outstanding Common Stock of the Company, except for, with respect to the issuance of additional shares, effects incidental to increasing the number of shares of our Common Stock outstanding, such as dilution of the earnings per share, if any, and voting rights of current holders of our Common Stock. If the Charter Amendment is adopted, it will become effective upon filing of a Certificate of Amendment of the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware.
Unless further stockholder approval is required for a proposed issuance of additional shares by the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market or other applicable laws or regulations, the additional shares of Common Stock may be used for various purposes without further stockholder approval. These purposes may include: raising capital; providing equity incentives to employees, officers and directors; establishing strategic relationships with other companies; expanding business or product lines through the acquisition of other businesses or products; and other purposes.
The additional shares of Common Stock that would become available for issuance if the Charter Amendment is adopted could also be used by the Company to oppose a hostile takeover attempt or to delay or prevent changes in control or management of the Company. For example, without further stockholder approval, the board of directors could strategically sell shares of Common Stock in a private transaction to purchasers who would oppose a takeover or favor the current board of directors. Although the Charter Amendment has been prompted by business and financial considerations and not by the threat of any hostile takeover attempt (nor is the board of directors currently aware of any such attempts directed at the Company), stockholders should be aware that approval of this proposal could facilitate future efforts by the Company to deter or prevent changes in control of the Company, including transactions in which the stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over then current market prices.
If the Charter Amendment is not approved by our stockholders, our financing alternatives will likely be limited by the lack of sufficient unissued and unreserved authorized shares of Common Stock, and stockholder value may be harmed by this limitation. In addition, our future success depends upon our ability to attract, retain and motivate highly skilled scientific, commercial and managerial employees, and if the Charter Amendment is
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not approved by our stockholders, the lack of sufficient unissued and unreserved authorized shares of Common Stock to provide future equity incentive opportunities as the board of directors or the Compensation Committee thereof deems appropriate could adversely impact our ability to achieve these goals. In short, if our stockholders do not approve the Charter Amendment, we may not be able to access the capital markets, complete corporate collaborations, partnerships or other strategic transactions, attract, retain and motivate employees, and pursue other business opportunities integral to our growth and success.
Required Vote
The affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock entitled to vote on the Record Date will be required to approve the Charter Amendment to effect the authorized shares increase. As a result, abstentions and broker non-votes, if any, will have the same effect as “against” votes.
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS
A VOTE IN FAVOR OF PROPOSAL 3.
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PROPOSAL 4 – AUTHORIZATION OF ADJOURNMENT OF THE ANNUAL
MEETING, IF NECESSARY, TO SOLICIT ADDITIONAL PROXIES
If at the Annual Meeting, the number of shares of the Common Stock present or represented and voting in favor of the Authorized Shares Increase Proposal is insufficient to approve the proposal, our proxy holders may move to adjourn the Annual Meeting in order to enable our board of directors to continue to solicit additional proxies in favor of the Authorized Shares Increase Proposal. In that event, you will be asked to vote only upon this adjournment proposal and not on any other proposals.
In this proposal, we are asking you to authorize the holder of any proxy solicited by our board of directors to vote in favor of adjourning the Annual Meeting and any adjournments or postponements thereof, if necessary, to solicit additional proxies in favor of the Authorized Shares Increase Proposal, including the solicitation of proxies from stockholders that have previously voted against the proposal. Among other things, approval of the adjournment proposal could mean that, even if proxies representing a sufficient number of votes against the Authorized Shares Increase Proposal have been received, we could adjourn the Annual Meeting without a vote on the Authorized Shares Increase Proposal and seek to convince the holders of those shares to change their votes to votes in favor of the approval of the Authorized Shares Increase Proposal.
If it is necessary to adjourn the Annual Meeting, no notice of the adjourned meeting is required to be given to our stockholders, so long as the meeting is adjourned for 30 days or less and no new record date is fixed for the adjourned meeting. At the adjourned meeting, we may transact any business which might have been transacted at the original meeting.
Required Vote
Authorization of the adjournment of the Annual Meeting, if necessary, to solicit additional proxies if there are insufficient votes in favor of the Authorized Shares Increase Proposal requires the affirmative vote of a majority of those shares present in person or represented by proxy at the Annual Meeting.
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS
A VOTE IN FAVOR OF PROPOSAL 4.
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AUDIT COMMITTEE REPORT
The audit committee reviewed and discussed the audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, with our management and with our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP. In addition, the audit committee discussed with Ernst & Young LLP the matters required to be discussed by the applicable requirements of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) and the SEC. The audit committee also discussed with Ernst & Young LLP the written disclosures and the independence letter from Ernst & Young LLP required by the applicable requirements of the PCAOB.
Based on the audit committee’s review of the audited consolidated financial statements and the review and discussions described in the preceding paragraph, the audit committee recommended to the board of directors that the audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, be included in the Annual Report.
Audit Committee
Stacy J. Kanter (Chair)
Teena Lerner
Joel S. Marcus
The above Audit Committee Report is not soliciting material, is not deemed filed with the SEC and is not incorporated by reference in any of our filings under the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act) or the Exchange Act whether made before or after the date of this proxy statement and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filings.
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Fees Billed by the Principal Accountant
We were billed the following fees by our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

| ​ | ​ | Year Ended December 31,
| ​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | ​ | 2022
Audit Fees(1) | ​ | ​ | $470,000 | ​ | ​ | $440,000
Audit-Related Fees(2) | ​ | ​ | $143,500 | ​ | ​ | $54,250
Tax Fees | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
All Other Fees | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Total | ​ | ​ | $613,500 | ​ | ​ | $494,250

(1) | Audit fees consist of fees for services necessary to perform the audit of our consolidated financial statements for fiscal 2023 and 2022.

(2) | Audit-related fees consist of fees for assurance and related services reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review and fees related to the preparation and review of documents filed with the SEC.

Pre-approval of Services
The audit committee pre-approves all audit and non-audit services rendered by our independent auditor. The audit committee has not adopted a formal written policy or procedures for the pre-approval of audit and non-audit services rendered by our independent auditor. The audit committee generally pre-approves specified services in the defined categories of audit services, audit-related services, and tax services up to specified amounts. Pre-approval may also be given as part of the audit committee’s approval of the scope of the engagement of the independent auditor or on an individual explicit case-by-case basis before the independent auditor is engaged to provide each service. The audit committee approved all of the services in the table above.
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PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS
The following table sets forth information regarding beneficial ownership of our common stock as of April 10, 2024 by:

• | Each person, or group of affiliated persons, known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of our common stock;

• | Each of our directors;

• | Each of our named executive officers; and

• | All of our current executive officers and directors as a group.

The percentage ownership information is based on 114,241,803 shares of common stock outstanding as of April 10, 2024.
Information with respect to beneficial ownership has been furnished by each director, officer or beneficial owner of more than 5% of our common stock. We have determined beneficial ownership in accordance with the rules of the SEC. These rules generally attribute beneficial ownership of securities to persons who possess sole or shared voting power or investment power with respect to those securities. In addition, the rules include shares of our common stock issuable pursuant to the exercise of stock options or warrants that are either immediately exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of April 10, 2024. These shares are deemed to be outstanding and beneficially owned by the person holding those options or warrants for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of that person, but they are not treated as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Unless otherwise indicated, the persons or entities identified in this table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares shown as beneficially owned by them. Except as otherwise noted below, the address for each person or entity listed in the table is Applied Therapeutics, Inc., 545 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1400, New York, New York 10017.

| ​ | ​ | Number of Shares Beneficially Owned | ​ | ​ | Percentage of Shares Beneficially Owned
Greater than 5% Stockholders: | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
Entities affiliated with Alexandria Venture(1) | ​ | ​ | 12,859,054 | ​ | ​ | 10.7%
Entities affiliated with Venrock Healthcare Capital Partners III, L.P.(2) | ​ | ​ | 11,685,200 | ​ | ​ | 9.9%
Entities affiliated with Franklin Resources Inc.(3) | ​ | ​ | 11,827,543 | ​ | ​ | 9.9%
Entities affiliated with Perceptive Advisors LLC(4) | ​ | ​ | 10,005,003 | ​ | ​ | 8.6%
Shoshana Shendelman, Ph.D.(5) | ​ | ​ | 8,392,063 | ​ | ​ | 7.2%
Entities affiliated with Propel Bio Management, LLC(6) | ​ | ​ | 8,071,526 | ​ | ​ | 7.1%
Entities affiliated with Janus Henderson Investors US LLC(7) | ​ | ​ | 6,414,642 | ​ | ​ | 5.6%
Entities affiliated with Knoll Capital Management, LLC(8) | ​ | ​ | 5,799,687 | ​ | ​ | 5.1%
| ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
Directors and Named Executive Officers: | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
Les Funtleyder(9) | ​ | ​ | 187,613 | ​ | ​ | *
Stacy J. Kanter(10) | ​ | ​ | 126,690 | ​ | ​ | *
Teena Lerner, Ph.D.(11) | ​ | ​ | 157,224 | ​ | ​ | *
Joel S. Marcus(12) | ​ | ​ | 453,414 | ​ | ​ | *
Jay S. Skyler, M.D., MACP(13) | ​ | ​ | 83,690 | ​ | ​ | *
Constantine Chinoporos | ​ | ​ | 0 | ​ | ​ | *
Adam Hansard(14) | ​ | ​ | 405,929 | ​ | ​ | *
Riccardo Perfetti, M.D., Ph.D.(15) | ​ | ​ | 794,486 | ​ | ​ | *
Catherine Thorpe | ​ | ​ | 0 | ​ | ​ | *
All current executive officers and directors as a group (ten persons)(16) | ​ | ​ | 10,601,109 | ​ | ​ | 8.9%

* | Represents beneficial ownership of less than 1%.

(1) | Based on a Schedule 13G/A filed by Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc. (“ARE”), Alexandria Venture Investments, LLC (“AVI”) and Alexandria Equities No. 7, LLC (“AE7” and collectively with ARE and AVI, the “Alexandria Entities”) on February 14, 2024,

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(i) AVI directly holds 6,155,077 shares of common stock, Pre-Funded Warrants (as defined in the Schedule 13G/A) exercisable for 1,500,000 shares of common stock (subject to the below), and common stock Warrants (as defined in the Schedule 13G/A and together with the Pre-Funded Warrants, the “Warrants”) exercisable for 2,950,000 shares of common stock (subject to the below); and (ii) AE7 directly holds 203,977 shares of common stock and common stock Warrants exercisable for 2,050,000 shares of common stock (subject to the below). Each of AVI and AE7 are indirect, wholly owned subsidiaries of ARE and, accordingly, ARE may be deemed to share voting and dispositive power with AVI and AE7 with respect to the shares reported herein. One of our directors, Joel S. Marcus, is the Executive Chairman and founder of Alexandria, the managing member of AVI and the parent company of ARE-QRS Corp., which is the general partner of Alexandria Real Estate Equities L.P., which is the managing member of ARE-Special Services, LLC, which is the managing member of Alexandria Equities. As Executive Chairman and founder of Alexandria, Mr. Marcus may be deemed to have voting and investment power with respect to the shares owned by the Alexandria Entities. Mr. Marcus disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares held by the Alexandria Entities. The address for the Alexandria Entities is 26 North Euclid Avenue, Pasadena, California 91101.

(2) | Based on information received by the Company on March 6, 2024, (i) Venrock Healthcare Capital Partners EG, L.P. holds 7,928,536 shares of common stock and 15,039,131 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants, (ii) Venrock Healthcare Capital Partners III, L.P. holds 1,042,218 shares of common stock and 5,562,447 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants and (iii) VHCP Co-Investment Holdings III, LLC holds 104,246 shares of common stock and 556,456 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants. Venrock Healthcare Capital Partners EG, L.P., Venrock Healthcare Capital Partners III, L.P. and VHCP Co-Investment Holdings III, LLC are together referred to as the “Venrock Entities.” The warrants are subject to a beneficial ownership limitation that precludes the Perceptive Entities from exercising any portion of them to the extent that, following the exercise, the Venrock Entities’ beneficial ownership of common stock would exceed 9.99% of the total number of outstanding shares. The address of the aforementioned entities is 7 Bryant Park, 23rd Floor, New York, NY 10018.

(3) | As reported on the Schedule 13G filed by Franklin Resources Inc. (“Franklin Resources”), Charles B. Johnson, Rupert H. Johnson, Jr., Franklin Advisers, Inc. (“Franklin Advisers” and together with Franklin Resources and Mesrrs. Johnson, the “Franklin Entities”) filed February 6, 2024, and information received by the Company on March 4, 2024, Franklin Advisers has the sole power to vote 7,793,912 shares and the sole power to dispose of 7,793,912 shares. The Franklin Entities also hold, through Franklin Strategic Series – Franklin Biotechnology Discovery Fund and Franklin Templeton Investment Funds – Franklin Biotechnology Discovery Fund, 1,628,100 and 3,371,900 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants, respectively. The warrants are subject to a beneficial ownership limitation that precludes the Franklin Entities from exercising any portion of them to the extent that, following the exercise, the Franklin Entities’ beneficial ownership of common stock would exceed 9.99% of the total number of outstanding shares. Between March 1, 2024 and March 11, 2024, the Franklin Entities exercised 2,500,000 pre-funded warrants and 5,000,000 warrants for 7,500,000 shares of common stock. The address for the Franklin Entities is One Franklin Parkway, San Mateo, California 94403.

(4) | Based on information received by the Company on March 11, 2024 and a Schedule 13G/A filed by Perceptive Advisors LLC (“Perceptive Advisors”), Joseph Edelman and Perceptive Life Sciences Master Fund, Ltd. (“Perceptive Fund” and, together with Perceptive Advisors and Mr. Edelman, the “Perceptive Entities”) on February 14, 2024, the Perceptive Entities are the beneficial owners of 8,005,003 shares of common stock and 2,000,000 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants. The warrants are subject to a beneficial ownership limitation that precludes the Perceptive Entities from exercising any portion of them to the extent that, following the exercise, the Perceptive Entities’ beneficial ownership of common stock would exceed 9.99% of the total number of outstanding shares. The address for the Perceptive Entities is 51 Astor Place, 10th Floor, New York, NY 10003.

(5) | Dr. Shendelman is also a director and named executive officer. Includes (a) 1,022,027 shares of common stock held by Dr. Shendelman, (b) 88,397 shares held by Clearpoint Strategy Group LLC, of which Dr. Shendelman is the sole owner, (c) 1,492,094 shares of common stock held by Sycamore Family I LLC, of which Dr. Shendelman’s spouse, Vladimir Shendelman, is the sole manager, (d) 1,750,000 shares held by Sycamore 2020 GRAT, over which Dr. Shendelman holds sole voting and dispositive power over such shares as the Investment Advisor, (e) 290,280 shares held by Ginko Family LLC, of which Dr. Shendelman is the sole manager, (f) 709,720 shares held by Vladimir Shendelman, Dr. Shendelman’s spouse, (g) 3,039,545 shares of common stock underlying outstanding options that are immediately exercisable or will be immediately exercisable within 60 days of April 10, 2024 and (h) 71,875 restricted stock units that will settle within 60 days of April 10, 2024.

(6) | Based on a Schedule 13G/A filed by Propel Bio Management, LLC (“Propel Bio Management”) on February 22, 2024, a limited liability company organized under the laws of the state of Delaware, Leen Kawas (“Kawas”), Richard Kayne and Suzanne Kayne Living Trust, a trust organized under the laws of the state of California (“RKSK Trust”), Richard Kayne (“Kayne”) and Propel Bio Partners LLC (“Propel Bio Partners” and, together with Propel Bio Management, Kawas, RKSK Trust and Kayne, the “Propel Entities”), the Propel Entities are the beneficial owners of 8,071,526 shares of common stock. The address for the Propel Entities is 340 Madison Avenue, 19th Floor, New York, NY 10173.

(7) | Based on information received by the Company on March 7, 2024, (i) Janus Henderson Biotech Innovation Master Fund Limited holds 6,128,928 shares of common stock and (ii) Janus Henderson Horizon Fund – Biotechnology Fund holds 285,714 shares of common stock. The address of the aforementioned entities and individuals is 151 Detroit Street, Denver, CO 80206.

(8) | Based on information received by the Company on March 6, 2024, 5,779,687 shares of common stock are owned or may be deemed owned by the Knoll Family Trust, Gakasa Holdings, LLC, a Florida limited liability company and Fred Knoll. The Knoll Family Trust holds voting and investment power for 5,799,687 shares of common stock, which are currently held by GAKASA Holdings LLC. The address for the Knoll Family Trust is 17749 Collins Ave PH45, Sunny Isles, FL 33160.

(9) | Includes 104,192 shares of common stock underlying outstanding options that are immediately exercisable or will be immediately exercisable within 60 days of April 10, 2024 and 30,000 restricted stock units that will settle within 60 days of April 10, 2024.

(10) | Includes 63,690 shares of common stock underlying outstanding options that are immediately exercisable or will be immediately exercisable within 60 days of April 10, 2024 and 5,000 restricted stock units that will settle within 60 days of April 10, 2024.

(11) | Includes 87,631 shares of common stock underlying outstanding options that are immediately exercisable or will become exercisable within 60 days of April 10, 2024 and 5,000 restricted stock units that will settle within 60 days of April 10, 2024.

(12) | Includes 5,000 restricted stock units that will settle within 60 days of April 10, 2024.

(13) | Includes 63,690 shares of common stock underlying outstanding options that are immediately exercisable or will be immediately exercisable within 60 days on April 10, 2024 and 5,000 restricted stock units that will settle within 60 days of April 10, 2024.

(14) | Includes 300,748 shares of common stock underlying outstanding options that are immediately exercisable or will be immediately exercisable within 60 days of April 10, 2024 and 12,500 restricted stock units that will settle within 60 days of April 10, 2024.

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(15) | Includes 621,790 shares of common stock underlying outstanding options that are immediately exercisable or will be immediately exercisable within 60 days of April 10, 2024 and 22,917 restricted stock units that will settle within 60 days of April 10, 2024.

(16) | Includes an aggregate of (a) 4,281,286 shares of common stock underlying outstanding options that are immediately exercisable or will be immediately exercisable within 60 days and (b) 157,292 restricted stock units that will settle within 60 days of April 10, 2024, held by eight executive officers and directors.

Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports
Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires the Company’s directors, executive officers, and persons who own more than ten percent of a registered class of the Company’s equity securities, to file reports of securities ownership and changes in such ownership with the SEC. Directors, executive officers and greater than ten percent shareholders also are required by SEC rules to furnish the Company with copies of all Section 16(a) forms they file. Based upon a review of copies of such forms furnished to the Company and written representations provided by the reporting persons, the Company believes that all Section 16(a) filing requirements were timely met in 2023, except for one Form 3 and one Form 4 for Constantine Chinoporos reporting his appointment as Chief Operating Officer and Chief Business Officer and a grant of compensatory restricted stock units, respectively, that were filed late due to administrative error.
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EXECUTIVE AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION
Our named executive officers for the year ended December 31, 2023, consisting of our principal executive officer and our two other most highly compensated executive officers who were serving as of December 31, 2023, are as follows:

• | Shoshana Shendelman, Ph.D., our President and Chief Executive Officer;

• | Riccardo Perfetti, M.D., Ph.D., our Chief Medical Officer; and

• | Adam Hansard, our Chief Commercial Officer.

Summary Compensation Table
The following table provides information regarding the compensation earned by our named executive officers for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Name and Principal Position | ​ | ​ | Year | ​ | ​ | Salary ($)(1) | ​ | ​ | Bonus ($)(2) | ​ | ​ | Stock Awards ($)(3) | ​ | ​ | Option Awards ($)(3) | ​ | ​ | All Other Compensation ($)(4) | ​ | ​ | Total ($)
Shoshana Shendelman, Ph.D. President and Chief Executive Officer | ​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | ​ | 630,000 | ​ | ​ | 315,000 | ​ | ​ | 8,547,136 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,077 | ​ | ​ | 9,493,213
​ | 2022 | ​ | ​ | 588,473 | ​ | ​ | 225,000 | ​ | ​ | 504,153 | ​ | ​ | 1,404,667 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,722,293
Riccardo Perfetti, M.D., Ph.D. Chief Medical Officer | ​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | ​ | 550,000 | ​ | ​ | 300,000 | ​ | ​ | 2,182,500 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 10,761 | ​ | ​ | 3,043,261
​ | 2022 | ​ | ​ | 525,000 | ​ | ​ | 315,000 | ​ | ​ | 200,994 | ​ | ​ | 364,845 | ​ | ​ | 18,000 | ​ | ​ | 1,405,839
Adam Hansard Chief Commercial Officer | ​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | ​ | 500,000 | ​ | ​ | 200,000 | ​ | ​ | 1,753,000 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 21,268 | ​ | ​ | 2,474,268
​ | 2022 | ​ | ​ | 475,000 | ​ | ​ | 250,000 | ​ | ​ | 132,189 | ​ | ​ | 306,157 | ​ | ​ | 17,656 | ​ | ​ | 1,163,346

(1) | Salary amounts represent actual amounts paid during the applicable year. See “- Narrative to the Summary Compensation Table - Annual Base Salary” below for more information.

(2) | The amounts in this column represent the discretionary annual cash bonus paid with respect to the applicable year. For her 2022 performance, Dr. Shendelman received a bonus payable in equal parts cash and RSUs vested in full as of the date of grant. A total of $225,000 of this bonus was payable in cash, 50% of which was paid in January 2023 and 50% of which was paid in June 2023.

(3) | In accordance with SEC rules, this column reflects the aggregate grant date fair value of the applicable equity awards granted during the applicable year computed in accordance with ASC 718 for stock-based compensation transactions. Assumptions used in the calculation of these amounts are included in Note 7, “Stock-Based Compensation” to our financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

(4) | The amounts represent matching contributions made by us to the named executive officer’s 401(k) plan account.

Narrative to the Summary Compensation Table
We review compensation annually for all employees, including our named executive officers. In setting executive base salaries and bonuses and granting equity incentive awards, we consider compensation for comparable positions in the market, the historical compensation levels of our executives, individual performance as compared to our expectations and objectives, our desire to motivate our employees to achieve short- and long-term results that are in the best interests of our stockholders and a long-term commitment to our company.
Annual Base Salary
Base salaries for our executive officers are initially established through arm’s-length negotiations at the time of the executive officer’s hiring, taking into account such executive officer’s qualifications, experience, the scope of his or her responsibilities and competitive market compensation paid by other companies for similar positions within the industry and geography. Base salaries are reviewed annually, typically in connection with our annual performance review process, and adjusted from time to time to realign salaries with market levels after taking into account individual responsibilities, performance and experience. In making decisions regarding salary increases, we may also draw upon the experience of members of our board of directors with executives at other companies. The 2023 annual base salaries for our named executive officers were as follows: (a) $630,000 for Dr. Shendelman, (b) $550,000 for Dr. Perfetti and (c) $500,000 for Mr. Hansard.
In December 2023, the compensation committee met and, after considering input from management, the compensation committee’s third party compensation consultant and considering relevant company and individual performance, determined to increase annual base salaries for our named executive officers effective on January 1, 2024 as follows: (a) $665,000 for Dr. Shendelman, (b) $580,000 for Dr. Perfetti and (c) $525,000 for Mr. Hansard.
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Bonus
Our named executive officers are eligible to receive discretionary annual bonuses based on individual performance, company performance or as otherwise determined appropriate by our compensation committee. In December 2023, the compensation committee met and, after considering input from management, the compensation committee’s third party compensation consultant and considering relevant company and individual performance, determined to award a cash bonus of (a) $315,000 to Dr. Shendelman, (b) $300,000 to Dr. Perfetti and (c) $200,000 to Mr. Hansard in respect of 2023.
Equity Award Grants
Our equity-based incentive awards are designed to align our interests and those of our stockholders with those of our employees and consultants, including our named executive officers.
In December 2023, the compensation committee met and, after considering input from management, the compensation committee’s third party compensation consultant and considering relevant company and individual performance, determined to award a restricted stock unit award to Dr. Shendelman relating to 2,200,000 shares of our common stock, a total of (i) 50% of which will vest in installments based on her continued employment over a four year period following the grant date and (ii) 50% of which will vest in installments based on her continued employment over a four year period following the grant date and the satisfaction of performance-based requirements relating to (a) achievement of a $6.00 stock price over a consecutive 20-day trading period and (b) other performance requirements relating to the United States Food and Drug Administration’s acceptance and approval of our new drug applications relating to Galactosemia and Sorbitol Dehydrogenase, subject to Dr. Shendelman’s continued employment. In addition to Dr. Shendelman’s award, at its December 2023 meeting the compensation committee approved annual long term incentive awards to our executives, including RSU awards in the amount of (a) $450,000 to Dr. Perfetti and (b) $400,000 to Mr. Hansard in respect of 2024, subject to each executive’s continued employment.
The terms of this grant and the other grants made by the compensation committee in 2023 and prior years are detailed below in the Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End table below. Except as detailed above, our stock option awards and our restricted stock unit awards generally vest over a four-year period subject to continued employment, and in each case may be subject to acceleration of vesting and exercisability under certain termination and change in control events.
Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End
The following table provides information regarding the outstanding equity awards held by our named executive officers as of December 31, 2023.

| ​ | ​ | Option Awards | ​ | ​ | Stock Awards
Name and Principal Position | ​ | ​ | Grant Date | ​ | ​ | Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options(#) (Exercisable) | ​ | ​ | Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options(#) (Unexercisable) | ​ | ​ | Option Exercise Price | ​ | ​ | Option Expiration Date | ​ | ​ | Number of Shares That Have Not Vested (#) | ​ | ​ | Market Value of Shares That Have Not Vested ($)
Shoshana Shendelman, Ph.D. President and Chief Executive Officer | ​ | ​ | 3/8/18 | ​ | ​ | 539,585 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1.44 | ​ | ​ | 3/7/28 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 3/18/19(1) | ​ | ​ | 948,894 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4.70 | ​ | ​ | 3/17/29 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 5/13/19(2) | ​ | ​ | 767,349 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1.05 | ​ | ​ | 5/13/29 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 12/16/19(3) | ​ | ​ | 23,317 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1.05 | ​ | ​ | 12/15/29 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 12/16/19 | ​ | ​ | 209,000 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1.05 | ​ | ​ | 12/16/29 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 12/10/20(4) | ​ | ​ | 192,637 | ​ | ​ | 64,213 | ​ | ​ | 1.05 | ​ | ​ | 12/9/30 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 12/14/21(5) | ​ | ​ | 40,300 | ​ | ​ | 40,300 | ​ | ​ | 1.05 | ​ | ​ | 12/14/31 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 12/14/21(6) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | ​60,448 | ​ | ​ | 202,501
​ | 1/7/22(13) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 68,004 | ​ | ​ | 227,813
​ | 1/7/22(7) | ​ | ​ | 38,620 | ​ | ​ | 41,980 | ​ | ​ | 1.05 | ​ | ​ | 1/7/32 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 1/25/22(8) | ​ | ​ | 234,616 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1.05 | ​ | ​ | 1/25/32 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 1/11/23(9) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,725,000 | ​ | ​ | 5,778,750
​ | 12/21/23(10) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,100,000 | ​ | ​ | 3,685,000
​ | 12/21/23(11) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,100,000 | ​ | ​ | 3,499,342

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| ​ | ​ | Option Awards | ​ | ​ | Stock Awards
Name and Principal Position | ​ | ​ | Grant Date | ​ | ​ | Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options(#) (Exercisable) | ​ | ​ | Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options(#) (Unexercisable) | ​ | ​ | Option Exercise Price | ​ | ​ | Option Expiration Date | ​ | ​ | Number of Shares That Have Not Vested (#) | ​ | ​ | Market Value of Shares That Have Not Vested ($)
Riccardo Perfetti, M.D., Ph.D. Chief Medical Officer | ​ | ​ | 12/17/18 | ​ | ​ | ​93,874 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1.44 | ​ | ​ | 12/16/28 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 3/18/19(12) | ​ | ​ | 133,812 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4.70 | ​ | ​ | 3/17/29 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 5/13/19(2) | ​ | ​ | ​170,522 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1.05 | ​ | ​ | 5/13/29 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 12/16/19(3) | ​ | ​ | 80,000 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1.05 | ​ | ​ | 12/16/29 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 12/10/20(4) | ​ | ​ | 69,150 | ​ | ​ | 23,050 | ​ | ​ | 1.05 | ​ | ​ | 12/10/30 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 12/14/21(5) | ​ | ​ | 16,050 | ​ | ​ | 16,050 | ​ | ​ | 1.05 | ​ | ​ | 12/14/31 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 12/14/21(6) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 24,097 | ​ | ​ | 80,725
​ | 1/7/22(13) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 27,110 | ​ | ​ | 90,819
​ | 1/7/22(7) | ​ | ​ | 15,381 | ​ | ​ | 16,719 | ​ | ​ | 1.05 | ​ | ​ | 1/7/32 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 4/13/22(15) | ​ | ​ | 20,833 | ​ | ​ | 29,167 | ​ | ​ | 1.05 | ​ | ​ | 4/13/32 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 1/11/23(9) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1/7/32 | ​ | ​ | 550,000 | ​ | ​ | 1,842,500
​ | 12/21/23(14) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4/13/32 | ​ | ​ | 450,000 | ​ | ​ | 1,507,500
Adam Hansard Chief Commercial Officer | ​ | ​ | 3/9/20 | ​ | ​ | 168,211 | ​ | ​ | 11,214 | ​ | ​ | 1.05 | ​ | ​ | 3/9/30 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 3/9/20 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 9,116 | ​ | ​ | 30,539
​ | 12/10/20(4) | ​ | ​ | 61,275 | ​ | ​ | 20,425 | ​ | ​ | 1.05 | ​ | ​ | 12/10/30 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 12/14/21(5) | ​ | ​ | 10,550 | ​ | ​ | 10,550 | ​ | ​ | 1.05 | ​ | ​ | 12/14/31 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 12/14/21(6) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 15,848 | ​ | ​ | 53,091
​ | 1/7/22(10) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 17,829 | ​ | ​ | 59,727
​ | 1/7/22(7) | ​ | ​ | 10,110 | ​ | ​ | 10,990 | ​ | ​ | 1.05 | ​ | ​ | 1/7/32 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 4/13/22(15) | ​ | ​ | 20,833 | ​ | ​ | 29,167 | ​ | ​ | 1.05 | ​ | ​ | 4/13/32 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
​ | 1/11/23(9) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 300,000 | ​ | ​ | 1,005,000
​ | 12/21/23(14) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 400,000 | ​ | ​ | 1,340,000

(1) | One-third of this option vested on each of April 22, 2019 and March 18, 2020, and the remainder vested on March 18, 2021.

(2) | One-fourth of this option vested on May 13, 2020, and the remainder vested monthly thereafter in one thirty-sixth increments, subject to continued service through each such date.

(3) | One-fourth of this option vested on December 16, 2020, and the remainder vested monthly thereafter in one thirty-sixth increments, subject to continued service through each such date.

(4) | One-fourth of this option vested on December 10, 2021, and the remainder vests monthly thereafter in one thirty-sixth increments, subject to continued service through each such date.

(5) | One-fourth of this option vested on December 14, 2022, and the remainder vests monthly thereafter in one thirty-sixth increments, subject to continued service through each such date.

(6) | One-fourth of these restricted stock units vested on December 14, 2022, and the remainder vests in equal quarterly installments over the following three-year period, subject to continued service through each such date. Aggregate value reflects the closing market price of Company stock on December 29, 2023, the last trading day of the year, of $3.35 per share.

(7) | One-fourth of this option vested on January 7, 2023, and the remainder vests monthly thereafter in one thirty-sixth increments until January 7, 2026, subject to continued service through each such date.

(8) | This option vested immediately after grant on January 25, 2022.

(9) | One-fourth of these restricted stock units vested on January 11, 2024, and the remainder vests monthly thereafter in one thirty-sixth increments, subject to continued service through each such date.

(10) | One-fourth of these restricted stock units will vest on December 21, 2024, and the remainder vests quarterly thereafter in one twelfth increments, subject to continued service through each such date.

(11) | One-fourth of these restricted stock units will vest on December 21, 2024, and the remainder vests quarterly thereafter in one twelfth increments, subject to continued service through each such date and satisfaction of (i) with respect to 40% of such restricted stock units, the performance-based vesting requirement that our stock price trades at or above $6.00 per share for twenty consecutive trading days during the four-year performance period, (ii) with respect to 30% of such restricted stock units, a performance-based vesting requirement relating to the acceptance and approval of our new drug application relating to Galactosemia and (iii) with respect to 30% of such restricted stock units, a performance-based vesting requirement relating to the acceptance and approval of our new drug application relating to Sorbitol Dehydrogenase.

(12) | One-third of this option vested on March 18, 2019 and the remainder vested monthly thereafter until March 18, 2021.

(13) | One-fourth of these restricted stock units vested on January 7, 2023, and the remainder vests quarterly thereafter in one twelfth increments until January 7, 2026, subject to continued service through each such date.

(14) | One-fourth of these restricted stock units will vest on December 21, 2024, and the remainder vests monthly thereafter in one thirty-sixth increments, subject to continued service through each such date.

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(15) | One-fourth of this option vested on April 13, 2023, and the remainder will vest monthly thereafter in one thirty-sixth increments, subject to continued service through each such date.

Employment Arrangements
Below are descriptions of our employment agreements with our named executive officers. The agreements generally provide for at-will employment without any specific term and set forth the named executive officer’s initial base salary and eligibility for employee benefits. The key terms of the offer letters and employment agreements with our named executive officers, including potential payments upon termination or change in control, are described below. Additionally, each of our named executive officers is entitled to certain severance benefits pursuant to the officer’s agreement, the terms of which are described under “- Potential Payments and Benefits upon Termination or Change in Control” below. Each of our named executive officers has executed a form of our standard confidential information and inventions assignment agreement.
Agreement with Shoshana Shendelman
In March 2020, we entered into an employment agreement with Dr. Shendelman. Pursuant to her employment agreement, Dr. Shendelman is entitled to an annual base salary, which is currently $665,000 following an increase which became effective on January 1, 2024), and is eligible to receive an annual performance and retention bonus of up to 50% of her annual base salary. Additionally, Dr. Shendelman is entitled to certain severance benefits pursuant to her agreement, the terms of which are described under “- Potential Payments and Benefits upon Termination or Change in Control” below.
Agreement with Riccardo Perfetti
In August 2019, we entered into an employment agreement with Dr. Perfetti, which we subsequently amended in March 2020. Pursuant to his employment agreement, Dr. Perfetti is entitled to an annual base salary, which is currently $580,000 following an increase which became effective on January 1, 2024 and a discretionary annual bonus. Additionally, Dr. Perfetti is entitled to certain severance benefits pursuant to his agreement, the terms of which are described under “- Potential Payments and Benefits upon Termination or Change in Control” below.
Agreement with Adam Hansard
In March 2020, Mr. Hansard was provided an offer letter setting forth the terms of his employment. Pursuant to his employment letter, Mr. Hansard is entitled to an annual base salary, which is currently $525,000 following an increase which became effective on January 1, 2024), and is eligible to receive an annual performance and retention bonus of up to 40% of his annual base salary. Additionally, Mr. Hansard is entitled to certain severance benefits pursuant to his agreement, the terms of which are described under “- Potential Payments and Benefits upon Termination or Change in Control” below.
Potential Payments and Benefits upon Termination or Change in Control
Regardless of the manner in which a named executive officer’s employment with us terminates, the named executive officer is entitled to receive amounts earned during their term of service, including salary and accrued unused vacation pay. In addition, each named executive officer is eligible for the following payments and benefits upon a qualifying termination of employment or a change in control:
Shoshana Shendelman
Pursuant to the terms of Dr. Shendelman’s employment agreement, upon a qualifying termination of her employment by the Company without “cause” (including as a result of her death or disability) or by Dr. Shendelman for “good reason” (in each case as such terms are defined in Dr. Shendelman’s employment agreement), subject to her (or her estate’s, as applicable) execution of a release of claims in favor of the Company. The severance payments and benefits consist of (i) 12 months of base salary continuation, (ii) a lump sum target annual bonus payment, (iii) continued payment for the cost of health care coverage for 12 months and (iv) accelerated vesting of any then-unvested shares subject to an outstanding option.
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Dr. Shendelman’s employment agreement further provides that, notwithstanding anything in her employment agreement, any equity plan of the Company or any award agreement to the contrary, in the event of a “change in control” (as defined in the 2019 Plan), Dr. Shendelman’s then-unvested outstanding equity awards will become fully vested (and exercisable, as applicable) as of the date of such change in control.
Riccardo Perfetti
Pursuant to Dr. Perfetti’s employment agreement, if in the event of a qualifying termination, which includes an involuntary termination without “cause,” a “resignation for good reason” and termination due to death or disability, Dr. Perfetti will be eligible to receive at least (i) 12 months of his monthly base salary plus his target annual bonus, (ii) 12 months of payments equal to the monthly cost of his health insurance premiums at the time of termination, and (iii) accelerated vesting of any then-unvested shares subject to an outstanding option, subject to his execution of a separation agreement and general release of claims in favor of our company.
In addition, notwithstanding anything in his employment agreement, any equity plan of the Company or any award agreement to the contrary, in the event of a “change in control” (as defined in the 2019 Plan), Dr. Perfetti’s then-unvested outstanding equity awards will become fully vested (and exercisable, as applicable) as of the date of such change in control.
Adam Hansard
Pursuant to Mr. Hansard’s employment letter, if in the event of a qualifying termination, which includes an involuntary termination without “cause,” a “resignation for good reason” and termination due to death or disability, Mr. Hansard will be eligible to receive (i) 9 months of his monthly base salary, (ii) a pro-rated target bonus for the year of termination and (iii) 9 months of payments equal to the monthly cost of his health insurance premiums at the time of termination, subject to his execution of a general release of claims in favor of our company.
In addition, notwithstanding anything in his employment letter, any equity plan of the Company or any award agreement to the contrary, in the event of a “change in control” (as defined in the 2019 Plan), Mr. Hansard’s then-unvested outstanding equity awards will become fully vested (and exercisable, as applicable) as of the date of such change in control.
Health and Welfare and Retirement Benefits; Perquisites
Our named executive officers are eligible to participate in our employee benefit plans, including our medical, dental, vision, disability and life insurance plans, in each case on the same basis as all of our other employees. We generally do not provide perquisites or personal benefits to our named executive officers, except in limited circumstances.
401(k) Plan
Our named executive officers are eligible to participate in a defined contribution retirement plan that provides eligible U.S. employees with an opportunity to save for retirement on a tax advantaged basis. Eligible employees may defer eligible compensation on a pre-tax or after-tax (Roth) basis, up to the statutorily prescribed annual limits on contributions under the Code. Contributions are allocated to each participant’s individual account and are then invested in selected investment alternatives according to the participants’ directions. We currently make matching contributions into the 401(k) plan on behalf of participants equal to 100% on participant contributions up to 3% of their compensation and 50% on participant contributions up to an additional 2% of their compensation. Participants are immediately and fully vested in their contributions. The 401(k) plan is intended to be qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code with the 401(k) plan’s related trust intended to be tax-exempt under Section 501(a) of the Code. As a tax-qualified retirement plan, contributions to the 401(k) plan (except for Roth contributions) and earnings on those contributions are not taxable to the employees until distributed from the 401(k) plan. Our board of directors may elect to adopt qualified or nonqualified benefit plans in the future, if it determines that doing so is in our best interests.
Equity Incentive Plans
2019 Equity Incentive Plan
Our board of directors adopted our 2019 Plan on April 24, 2019 and our stockholders approved our 2019 Plan on April 26, 2019. Our 2019 Plan is a successor to and continuation of the 2016 Plan. The 2019 Plan
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became effective upon, and no stock awards were granted under the 2019 Plan until, after the date of the underwriting agreement related to our Initial Public Offering on May 16, 2019 (the “IPO”). Upon the 2019 Plan’s effectiveness, no further grants were made under the 2016 Plan. Our 2019 Plan was amended, effective as of February 8, 2024, to provide that any (i) reduction of the exercise, purchase or strike price of any outstanding stock award; (ii) cancellation of any outstanding stock award and the grant in substitution therefor of a new stock award, or (iii) any other action that is treated as a repricing under generally accepted accounting principles shall require the approval of the holders of a majority of the shares that are present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote at any annual or special meeting of our shareholders subject to any higher requirements as to quorum or majority provided by applicable law.
Stock Awards. Our 2019 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, or ISOs, within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code, to employees, including employees of any parent or subsidiary, and for the grant of nonstatutory stock options, or NSOs, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, performance stock awards, performance cash awards and other forms of stock awards to employees, directors and consultants, including employees and consultants of our affiliates.
Authorized Shares. Initially, the maximum number of shares of our common stock that may be issued under our 2019 Plan is 4,530,000 shares, which is the sum of (1) 1,618,813 new shares, plus (2) the number of shares (not to exceed 2,911,187 shares) (i) that remain available for the issuance of awards under the 2016 Plan at the time our 2019 Plan became effective, and (ii) any shares subject to outstanding stock options or other stock awards that were granted under the 2016 Plan that (A) terminate or expire prior to exercise or settlement; (B) are forfeited because of the failure to vest; or (C) are reacquired or withheld (or not issued) to satisfy a tax withholding obligation or the purchase or exercise price. In addition, the number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under our 2019 Plan will automatically increase on January 1 of each calendar year, starting on January 1, 2020 through January 1, 2029, in an amount equal to 5% of the total number of shares of our capital stock outstanding on the last day of the calendar month before the date of each automatic increase, or a lesser number of shares determined by our board of directors. The maximum number of shares of our common stock that may be issued on the exercise of ISOs under our 2019 Plan is 13,000,000 shares.
Share Reserve. As of December 31, 2023, there were no shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under the 2019 Plan, covering both the 2019 Plan and the 2016 Plan. Following the effects of the 2019 Plan’s evergreen provisions, 4,243,292 shares of our common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2019 Plan on January 1, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, Options to purchase 2,846,283 shares of common stock, at exercise prices of 1.05 per share, or a weighted-average exercise price of $1.05 per share, were outstanding under the 2019 Plan. As of December 31, 2023, Options to purchase 1,849,336 shares of common stock, at exercise prices ranging from $1.00 to $4.70 per share, or a weighted-average exercise price of $3.81 per share, were outstanding under the 2016 Plan.
Shares subject to stock awards granted under our 2019 Plan that expire or terminate without being exercised in full or that are paid out in cash rather than in shares do not reduce the number of shares available for issuance under our 2019 Plan. If any shares of common stock issued pursuant to a stock award are forfeited back to or repurchased or reacquired by us for any reason, the shares that are forfeited or repurchased or reacquired will revert to and again become available for issuance under the 2019 Plan. Any shares reacquired in satisfaction of tax withholding obligations or as consideration for the exercise or purchase price of a stock award will again become available for issuance under the 2019 Plan.
The maximum number of shares of common stock subject to stock awards granted under the 2019 Plan or otherwise during any one calendar year to any non-employee director, taken together with any cash fees paid by us to such non-employee director during such calendar year for service on the board of directors, will not exceed $750,000 in total value (calculating the value of any such stock awards based on the grant date fair value of such stock awards for financial reporting purposes), or, with respect to the calendar year in which a non-employee director is first appointed or elected to our board of directors, $1,100,000.
Plan Administration. The compensation committee of our board of directors has generally administered the 2019 Plan and is referred to as the “plan administrator” herein. The compensation committee of our board of directors may also delegate to one or more of our officers the authority to (1) designate employees (other than officers) to receive specified stock awards and (2) determine the number of shares subject to such stock awards.
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Under our 2019 Plan, our board of directors has the authority to determine award recipients, grant dates, the numbers and types of stock awards to be granted, the applicable fair market value, and the provisions of each stock award, including the period of exercisability and the vesting schedule applicable to a stock award.
Under the 2019 Plan, as amended, the board of directors may not effect (1) the reduction of the exercise, purchase, or strike price of any outstanding award; (2) the cancellation of any outstanding award and the grant in substitution therefore of other awards, cash, or other consideration; or (3) any other action that is treated as a repricing under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP, without the approval of the holders of a majority of the shares that are present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote at any annual or special meeting of our shareholders subject to any higher requirements as to quorum or majority provided by applicable law.
Stock Options. ISOs and NSOs are granted under stock option agreements adopted by the plan administrator. The plan administrator determines the exercise price for stock options, within the terms and conditions of the 2019 Plan; provided that the exercise price of a stock option generally cannot be less than 100% of the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. Options granted under the 2019 Plan vest at the rate specified in the stock option agreement as determined by the plan administrator.
The plan administrator determines the term of stock options granted under the 2019 Plan, up to a maximum of ten (10) years. Unless the terms of an optionholder’s stock option agreement provide otherwise, if an optionholder’s service relationship with us or any of our affiliates ceases for any reason other than disability, death, or cause, the optionholder may generally exercise any vested options for a period of three months following the cessation of service. This period may be extended in the event that exercise of the option is prohibited by applicable securities laws or our insider trading policy. If an optionholder’s service relationship with us or any of our affiliates ceases due to death, or an optionholder dies within a certain period following cessation of service, the optionholder or a beneficiary may generally exercise any vested options for a period of 18 months following the date of death. If an optionholder’s service relationship with us or any of our affiliates ceases due to disability, the optionholder may generally exercise any vested options for a period of 12 months following the cessation of service. In the event of a termination for cause, options generally terminate upon the termination date. In no event may an option be exercised beyond the expiration of its term.
Acceptable consideration for the purchase of common stock issued upon the exercise of a stock option will be determined by the plan administrator and may include (1) cash, check, bank draft or money order, (2) a broker-assisted cashless exercise, (3) the tender of shares of our common stock previously owned by the optionholder, (4) a net exercise of the option if it is an NSO or (5) other legal consideration approved by the plan administrator.
Unless the plan administrator provides otherwise, options generally are not transferable except by will or the laws of descent and distribution. Subject to approval of the plan administrator or a duly authorized officer in each case, (i) an option may be transferred pursuant to a domestic relations order, official marital settlement agreement, or other divorce or separation instrument and (ii) an optionholder may designate a beneficiary who may exercise the option following the optionholder’s death.
Tax Limitations on ISOs. The aggregate fair market value, determined at the time of grant, of our common stock with respect to ISOs that are exercisable for the first time by an award holder during any calendar year under all of our stock plans may not exceed $100,000. Options or portions thereof that exceed such limit will generally be treated as NSOs. No ISO may be granted to any person who, at the time of the grant, owns or is deemed to own stock possessing more than 10% of our total combined voting power or that of any of our affiliates unless (1) the option exercise price is at least 110% of the fair market value of the stock subject to the option on the date of grant, and (2) the term of the ISO does not exceed five years from the date of grant.
Restricted Stock Unit Awards. Restricted stock unit awards are granted under restricted stock unit award agreements adopted by the plan administrator. Restricted stock unit awards may be granted in consideration for any form of legal consideration that may be acceptable to our board of directors and permissible under applicable law. A restricted stock unit award may be settled by cash, delivery of stock, a combination of cash and stock as deemed appropriate by the plan administrator, or in any other form of consideration set forth in the restricted stock unit award agreement. Additionally, dividend equivalents may be credited in respect of shares covered by a restricted stock unit award. Except as otherwise provided in the applicable award agreement, restricted stock unit awards that have not vested will be forfeited once the participant’s continuous service ends for any reason.
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Restricted Stock Awards. Restricted stock awards are granted under restricted stock award agreements adopted by the plan administrator. A restricted stock award may be awarded in consideration for cash, check, bank draft or money order, past or future services to us, or any other form of legal consideration that may be acceptable to our board of directors and permissible under applicable law. The plan administrator determines the terms and conditions of restricted stock awards, including vesting and forfeiture terms. If a participant’s service relationship with us ends for any reason, we may receive any or all of the shares of common stock held by the participant that have not vested as of the date the participant terminates service with us through a forfeiture condition or a repurchase right.
Stock Appreciation Rights. Stock appreciation rights are granted under stock appreciation right agreements adopted by the plan administrator. The plan administrator determines the purchase price or strike price for a stock appreciation right, which generally cannot be less than 100% of the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. A stock appreciation right granted under the 2019 Plan vests at the rate specified in the stock appreciation right agreement as determined by the plan administrator.
The plan administrator determines the term of stock appreciation rights granted under the 2019 Plan, up to a maximum of 10 years. If a participant’s service relationship with us or any of our affiliates ceases for any reason other than cause, disability, or death, the participant may generally exercise any vested stock appreciation right for a period of three months following the cessation of service. This period may be further extended in the event that exercise of the stock appreciation right following such termination of service is prohibited by applicable securities laws or our insider trading policy. If a participant’s service relationship with us, or any of our affiliates, ceases due to disability or death, or a participant dies within a certain period following cessation of service, the participant or a beneficiary may generally exercise any vested stock appreciation right for a period of 12 months in the event of disability and 18 months in the event of death. In the event of a termination for cause, stock appreciation rights generally terminate immediately upon the occurrence of the event giving rise to the termination of the individual for cause. In no event may a stock appreciation right be exercised beyond the expiration of its term.
Performance Awards. The 2019 Plan permits the grant of performance-based stock and cash awards. Our compensation committee may structure awards so that the stock or cash will be issued or paid only following the achievement of certain pre-established performance goals during a designated performance period.
The performance goals that may be selected include one or more of the following: (i) sales; (ii) revenues; (iii) assets; (iv) expenses; (v) market penetration or expansion; (vi) earnings from operations; (vii) earnings before or after deduction for all or any portion of interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, incentives, service fees or extraordinary or special items, whether or not on a continuing operations or an aggregate or per share basis; (viii) net income or net income per common share (basic or diluted); (ix) return on equity, investment, capital or assets; (x) one or more operating ratios; (xi) borrowing levels, leverage ratios or credit rating; (xii) market share; (xiii) capital expenditures; (xiv) cash flow, free cash flow, cash flow return on investment, or net cash provided by operations; (xv) stock price, dividends or total stockholder return; (xvi) development of new technologies or products; (xvii) sales of particular products or services; (xviii) economic value created or added; (xix) operating margin or profit margin; (xx) customer acquisition or retention; (xxi) raising or refinancing of capital; (xxii) successful hiring of key individuals; (xxiii) resolution of significant litigation; (xxiv) acquisitions and divestitures (in whole or in part); (xxv) joint ventures and strategic alliances; (xxvi) spin-offs, split-ups and the like; (xxvii) reorganizations; (xxviii) recapitalizations, restructurings, financings (issuance of debt or equity) or refinancings; (xxix) strategic business criteria, consisting of one or more objectives based on the following goals: achievement of timely development, design management or enrollment, meeting specified market penetration or value added, payor acceptance, patient adherence, peer reviewed publications, issuance of new patents, establishment of or securing of licenses to intellectual property, product development or introduction (including, without limitation, any clinical trial accomplishments, regulatory or other filings, approvals or milestones, discovery of novel products, maintenance of multiple products in pipeline, product launch or other product development milestones), geographic business expansion, cost targets, cost reductions or savings, customer satisfaction, operating efficiency, acquisition or retention, employee satisfaction, information technology, corporate development (including, without limitation, licenses, innovation, research or establishment
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of third party collaborations), manufacturing or process development, legal compliance or risk reduction, patent application or issuance goals, or goals relating to acquisitions, divestitures or other business combinations (in whole or in part), joint ventures or strategic alliances; and (xxx) other measures of performance selected by the board of directors.
The performance goals may be based on company-wide performance or performance of one or more business units, divisions, affiliates, or business segments, and may be either absolute or relative to the performance of one or more comparable companies or the performance of one or more relevant indices. Our board of directors is authorized at any time in its sole discretion, to adjust or modify the calculation of a performance goal for such performance period in order to prevent the dilution or enlargement of the rights of participants, (a) in the event of, or in anticipation of, any unusual or extraordinary corporate item, transaction, event or development; (b) in recognition of, or in anticipation of, any other unusual or nonrecurring events affecting us, or our financial statements in response to, or in anticipation of, changes in applicable laws, regulations, accounting principles, or business conditions; or (c) in view of the board of director’s assessment of our business strategy, performance of comparable organizations, economic and business conditions, and any other circumstances deemed relevant. Specifically, the board of directors is authorized to make adjustments in the method of calculating attainment of performance goals and objectives for a performance period as follows: (i) to exclude the dilutive effects of acquisitions or joint ventures; (ii) to assume that any business divested by us achieved performance objectives at targeted levels during the balance of a performance period following such divestiture; and (iii) to exclude the effect of any change in the outstanding shares of our common stock by reason of any stock dividend or split, stock repurchase, reorganization, recapitalization, merger, consolidation, spin-off, combination or exchange of shares or other similar corporate change, or any distributions to common stockholders other than regular cash dividends. In addition, the board of directors is authorized to make adjustments in the method of calculating attainment of performance goals and objectives for a performance period as follows: (i) to exclude restructuring and/or other nonrecurring charges; (ii) to exclude exchange rate effects, as applicable, for non-U.S. dollar denominated net sales and operating earnings; to exclude the effects of changes to generally accepted accounting standards required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board; (iv) to exclude the effects of any items that are “unusual” in nature or occur “infrequently” as determined under U.S. GAAP; (v) to exclude the effects to any statutory adjustments to corporate tax rates; and (vi) to make other appropriate adjustments selected by the board of directors.
Other Stock Awards. The plan administrator may grant other awards based in whole or in part by reference to our common stock. The plan administrator will set the number of shares under the stock award and all other terms and conditions of such awards.
Changes to Capital Structure. In the event there is a specified type of change in our capital structure, such as a stock split, reverse stock split, or recapitalization, appropriate adjustments will be made to (1) the class and maximum number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2019 Plan, (2) the class and maximum number of shares by which the share reserve may increase automatically each year, (3) the class and maximum number of shares that may be issued on the exercise of ISOs and (4) the class and number of shares and exercise price, strike price, or purchase price, if applicable, of all outstanding stock awards.
Corporate Transactions. Our 2019 Plan provides that in the event of certain specified significant corporate transactions (or a change in control, as defined below), unless otherwise provided in an award agreement or other written agreement between us and the award holder, the plan administrator may take one or more of the following actions with respect to such stock awards:

• | Arrange for the assumption, continuation, or substitution of a stock award by a successor corporation;

• | Arrange for the assignment of any reacquisition or repurchase rights held by us to a successor corporation;

• | Accelerate the vesting, in whole or in part, of the stock award and provide for its termination if not exercised (if applicable) at or before the effective time of the transaction;

• | Arrange for the lapse, in whole or in part, of any reacquisition or repurchase rights held by us;

• | Cancel or arrange for the cancellation of the stock award, to the extent not vested or not exercised before the effective time of the transaction, in exchange for a cash payment, if any; or

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• | Make a payment equal to the excess, if any, of (A) the value of the property the participant would have received on exercise of the award immediately before the effective time of the transaction, over (B) any exercise price payable by the participant in connection with the exercise.

The plan administrator is not obligated to treat all stock awards or portions of stock awards in the same manner and is not obligated to take the same actions with respect to all participants. Under the 2019 Plan, a corporate transaction is generally the consummation of: (1) a sale of all or substantially all of our assets, (2) the sale or disposition of more than 50% of our outstanding securities, (3) a merger or consolidation where we do not survive the transaction, or (4) a merger or consolidation where we do survive the transaction but the shares of our common stock outstanding immediately before such transaction are converted or exchanged into other property by virtue of the transaction.
Change in Control. In the event of a change in control, the plan administrator may take any of the above-mentioned actions. Awards granted under the 2019 Plan may be subject to additional acceleration of vesting and exercisability upon or after a change in control as may be provided in the applicable stock award agreement or in any other written agreement between us or any affiliate and the participant, but in the absence of such provision, no such acceleration will automatically occur. Under the 2019 Plan, a change in control is generally (1) the acquisition by any person or company of more than 50% of the combined voting power of our then outstanding stock, (2) a merger, consolidation or similar transaction in which our stockholders immediately before the transaction do not own, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of the combined voting power of the surviving entity (or the parent of the surviving entity) in substantially the same proportions as their ownership immediately prior to such transaction, (3) a sale, lease, exclusive license or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets other than to an entity more than 50% of the combined voting power of which is owned by our stockholders in substantially the same proportions as their ownership of our outstanding voting securities immediately prior to such transaction, (4) a complete dissolution or liquidation of the company or (5) when a majority of our board of directors becomes comprised of individuals who were not serving on our board of directors on the date of the underwriting agreement related to the IPO, or the incumbent board, or whose nomination, appointment, or election was not approved by a majority of the incumbent board still in office.
Plan Amendment or Termination. Our board of directors has the authority to amend, suspend, or terminate our 2019 Plan; provided that such action does not materially impair the existing rights of any participant without such participant’s written consent. Certain material amendments also require the approval of our stockholders. No ISOs may be granted after the tenth anniversary of the date our board of directors adopts our 2019 Plan. No stock awards may be granted under our 2019 Plan while it is suspended or after it is terminated.
2016 Equity Incentive Plan
General. Our board of directors adopted and our stockholders initially approved the 2016 Plan in June 2016. Our board of directors subsequently amended the 2016 Plan in December 2016, June 2018 and November 2018 (and our stockholders subsequently approved the amendments to the 2016 Plan in December 2016 and April 2019) the purpose of which was to increase the number of shares available for issuance under the 2016 Plan (the June 2018 amendment also amended the 2016 Plan to accelerate in full, all options granted under the plan, upon a change of control (as defined in the 2016 Plan)). The 2016 Plan was terminated in connection with our adoption of the 2019 Plan; however, awards outstanding under the 2016 Plan continue in full effect in accordance with their existing terms. As a result, no additional awards under the 2016 Plan will be granted and all outstanding stock awards granted under the 2016 Plan that are repurchased, forfeited, expired or are cancelled will become available for grant under the 2019 Plan in accordance with its terms. The 2016 Plan will continue to govern outstanding equity awards granted thereunder.
Administration. Our board of directors has administered the 2016 Plan since its adoption, however, following the IPO, the compensation committee of our board of directors has generally administered the 2016 Plan. Our compensation committee has full authority and discretion to take any actions it deems necessary or advisable for the administration of the 2016 Plan. Our compensation committee may modify, extend or renew outstanding options or may accept the cancellation of outstanding options (whether granted by us or another issuer) in return for the grant of new options for the same or a different number of shares and at the same or a different exercise price.
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Types of Awards. The 2016 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options and nonstatutory stock options to purchase shares of our common stock, equity appreciation rights awards, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance awards and other stock-based awards to employees, members of our board of directors and consultants.
Incentive Stock Options. The exercise price of options granted under the 2016 Plan may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of our common stock on the grant date. Options expire at the time determined by the administrator, but in no event more than ten years after they are granted, and generally expire earlier if the optionholder’s service terminates.
Changes in Capitalization. If we at any time change the number of shares of common stock issued without new consideration (such as by stock dividend or stock split), the total number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2016 Plan, the maximum number of shares of common stock which may be made subject to incentive stock options during the term of the 2016 Plan, and the number of shares of common stock covered by each then outstanding award will be equitably adjusted and the aggregate consideration payable to us, if any, will not be changed.
Corporate Transactions. Unless in connection with a change of control, in the event of any merger, consolidation or reorganization of us with or into another entity other than a merger, consolidation or reorganization in which we are the continuing entity and which does not result in the outstanding shares of our common stock being converted into or exchanged for different securities, cash or other property, or any combination thereof, we may substitute, on an equitable basis for each share of common stock then subject to an outstanding award, the number and the kind of shares of stock, other securities, cash or other property to which holders of shares of common stock will be entitled pursuant to the transaction.
Change of Control. Unless otherwise expressly provided in the applicable award agreement governing an award, upon a change of control, our board of directors (or a committee thereof) may:

• | Provide for the acceleration of vesting with respect to, all or any portion of an award;

• | Cancel an award for a cash payment equal to the fair market value which, in the case of stock options will be deemed to be equal to the excess, if any, of the value of the consideration to be paid in the change of control transaction to holders of the same number of shares of common stock subject to the options over the aggregate exercise price;

• | Provide for the issuance of a substitute award that will substantially preserve the otherwise applicable terms of any affected award;

• | Terminate unvested stock options without providing accelerated vesting; or

• | Take any other action with respect to the awards our board of directors or committee deems appropriate.

The treatment of awards upon a change of control may vary among the award types and participants in the sole discretion of our board of directors.
In general, a “change of control” means the acquisition of the company by another entity by means of any transaction or series of related transactions, unless our stockholders of record immediately prior to such transaction or series of related transactions hold, immediately after such transaction or series of related transactions, at least 50% of the voting power of the surviving or acquiring entity; or a sale of all or substantially all of our assets, subject to certain exceptions.
Transferability. A participant may not transfer stock awards under the 2016 Plan other than by will, the laws of descent and distribution, or as otherwise provided under the 2016 Plan.
Plan Amendment or Termination. Our board of directors has the authority to amend, suspend or terminate the 2016 Plan; provided that such action is approved by our stockholders to the extent stockholder approval is necessary. As described above, the 2016 Plan will terminate upon the effective date of the 2019 Plan.
2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Our board of directors adopted, the 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP, on April 24, 2019 and our stockholders subsequently approved the ESPP on April 26, 2019. The ESPP became effective
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immediately prior to the date of the underwriting agreement related to the IPO. The purpose of the ESPP is to secure the services of new employees, to retain the services of existing employees, and to provide incentives for such individuals to exert maximum efforts toward our success and that of our affiliates. The ESPP qualifies as an “employee stock purchase plan” within the meaning of Section 423 of the Code for U.S. employees.
Share Reserve. Following the IPO, the ESPP authorized the issuance of 180,000 shares of our common stock under purchase rights granted to our employees or to employees of any of our designated affiliates. The number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance will automatically increase on January 1 of each calendar year, beginning on January 1, 2020 through January 1, 2029, by the lesser of (1) 1% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on the last day of the calendar month before the date of the automatic increase and (2) 360,000 shares; provided that before the date of any such increase, our board of directors may determine that such increase will be less than the amount set forth in clauses (1) and (2). As of the date hereof, no shares of our common stock have been purchased under the ESPP.
Administration. Our board of directors administers the ESPP and may delegate its authority to administer the ESPP to our compensation committee. The ESPP is implemented through a series of offerings under which eligible employees are granted purchase rights to purchase shares of our common stock on specified dates during such offerings. Under the ESPP, we may specify offerings with durations of not more than 27 months, and may specify shorter purchase periods within each offering. Each offering will have one or more purchase dates on which shares of our common stock will be purchased for employees participating in the offering. An offering under the ESPP may be terminated under certain circumstances.
Payroll Deductions. Generally, all regular employees, including executive officers, employed by us or by any of our designated affiliates, may participate in the ESPP and may contribute, normally through payroll deductions, up to 15% of their earnings (as defined in the ESPP) for the purchase of our common stock under the ESPP. Unless otherwise determined by our board of directors, common stock will be purchased for the accounts of employees participating in the ESPP at a price per share that is at least the lesser of (1) 85% of the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the first date of an offering or (2) 85% of the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the date of purchase.
Limitations. Employees may have to satisfy one or more of the following service requirements before participating in the ESPP, as determined by our board of directors, including: (1) being customarily employed for more than 20 hours per week, (2) being customarily employed for more than five months per calendar year or (3) continuous employment with us or one of our affiliates for a period of time (not to exceed two years). No employee may purchase shares under the ESPP at a rate in excess of $25,000 worth of our common stock based on the fair market value per share of our common stock at the beginning of an offering for each calendar year such a purchase right is outstanding. Finally, no employee will be eligible for the grant of any purchase rights under the ESPP if immediately after such rights are granted, such employee has voting power over 5% or more of our outstanding capital stock measured by vote or value under Section 424(d) of the Code.
Changes to Capital Structure. In the event that there occurs a change in our capital structure through such actions as a stock split, merger, consolidation, reorganization, recapitalization, reincorporation, stock dividend, dividend in property other than cash, large nonrecurring cash dividend, liquidating dividend, combination of shares, exchange of shares, change in corporate structure, or similar transaction, the board of directors will make appropriate adjustments to: (1) the class(es) and maximum number of shares reserved under the ESPP, (2) the class(es) and maximum number of shares by which the share reserve may increase automatically each year, (3) the class(es) and number of shares subject to and purchase price applicable to outstanding offerings and purchase rights and (4) the class(es) and number of shares that are subject to purchase limits under ongoing offerings.
Corporate Transactions. In the event of certain significant corporate transactions, any then-outstanding rights to purchase our stock under the ESPP may be assumed, continued, or substituted for by any surviving or acquiring entity (or its parent company). If the surviving or acquiring entity (or its parent company) elects not to assume, continue, or substitute for such purchase rights, then the participants’ accumulated payroll contributions will be used to purchase shares of our common stock within 10 business days before such corporate transaction, and such purchase rights will terminate immediately.
Under the ESPP, a corporate transaction is generally the consummation of: (1) a sale of all or substantially all of our assets, (2) the sale or disposition of more than 50% of our outstanding securities, (3) a merger or
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consolidation where we do not survive the transaction and (4) a merger or consolidation where we do survive the transaction but the shares of our common stock outstanding immediately before such transaction are converted or exchanged into other property by virtue of the transaction.
ESPP Amendment or Termination. Our board of directors has the authority to amend or terminate our ESPP; provided that except in certain circumstances such amendment or termination may not materially impair any outstanding purchase rights without the holder’s consent. We will obtain stockholder approval of any amendment to our ESPP as required by applicable law or listing requirements.
Non-Employee Director Compensation
Under our director compensation policy, we pay each of our non-employee directors a cash retainer for service on the board of directors and for service on each committee on which the director is a member. The chairperson of each committee receives a higher retainer for such service. These retainers are payable in arrears in four equal quarterly installments on the last day of each quarter; provided that the amount of such payment is prorated for any portion of such quarter that the director is not serving on our board of directors or the applicable committee. The retainers to be paid to non-employee directors for service on the board of directors and for service on each committee of the board of directors on which the director is a member are as follows:

Position | ​ | ​ | 2023 Annual Service Retainer | ​ | ​ | 2023 Chairperson Additional Retainer
Board of Directors | ​ | ​ | $40,000 | ​ | ​ | —
Audit committee | ​ | ​ | $10,000 | ​ | ​ | $20,000
Compensation committee | ​ | ​ | $​7,500 | ​ | ​ | $15,000
Nominating and corporate governance committee | ​ | ​ | $​5,000 | ​ | ​ | $10,000

On January 11, 2023, the Board voted to increase the annual cash compensation to non-employee directors for service on the committees of the Company’s board of directors as follows: (i) Audit Committee members will receive $10,000 as an annual service retainer with an additional retainer of $20,000 for the chairperson; (ii) Compensation Committee members will receive $7,500 as an annual service retainer with an additional retainer of $15,000 for the chairperson; and (iii) Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee members will receive $5,000 as an annual service retainer with an additional retainer of $10,000 for the chairperson.
Historically, under our non-employee director compensation policy, each non-employee director who was newly elected to our board of directors received an option to purchase 33,000 shares of our common stock. The shares subject to each such stock option vest monthly over a three-year period, subject to the director’s continued service as a director. Further, on the date of each annual meeting of stockholders, each non-employee director that continues to serve as a non-employee director received an option to purchase 16,500 shares of our common stock. The shares subject to each such stock option vest in equal monthly installments over the 12 months following the date of grant and, notwithstanding the foregoing, fully vest on the date of Company’s next annual stockholder meeting, subject to the director’s continued service as a director. The exercise price per share of these options is equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant.
On January 11, 2023, the Board voted to increase the number of shares subject to annual equity grants to its non-employee directors to 20,000 shares per director, to be granted entirely in the form of RSUs, and to increase the number of shares subject to the initial equity grants to each non-employee director who newly elected to our board of directors for the first time to 40,000 shares, to be granted entirely in the form of RSUs. On December 21, 2023, the Board voted to increase the number of shares subject to annual equity grants to its non-employee directors to 45,000 shares per director and number of shares subject to the initial equity grants to its non-employee directors in an amount to be determined at the time the Board next adds a new director, in each case, to be granted entirely in the form of RSUs. Such increases to director compensation were made following a review of compensation practices of our peer companies by our independent compensation consultant, AON Radford Global Compensation Consulting.
All equity awards (whether options or RSUs) granted under this policy will vest in full upon the occurrence of a change in control (as defined in the 2019 Plan) prior to the termination of the director’s continuous service.
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This policy is intended to provide a total compensation package that enables us to attract and retain qualified and experienced individuals to serve as directors and to align our directors’ interests with those of our stockholders.
2023 Director Compensation Table
The following table sets forth information regarding the compensation earned for service on our board of directors by our non-employee directors during the year ended December 31, 2023. Dr. Shendelman also served on our board of directors, but did not receive any additional compensation for her service as a director while serving as an employee and therefore is not included in the table below.
The compensation for Dr. Shendelman as a named executive officer is set forth above under “- Summary Compensation Table.” Mr. Funtleyder was appointed as Chief Financial Officer and principal financial officer of the Company, effective as of November 20, 2023, and as of and after such date no longer received any additional compensation for his service as a member of any committees of our board of directors. Les Funtleyder ceased receiving any additional compensation for his service as a director on December 31, 2023.

Name | ​ | ​ | Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($) | ​ | ​ | Stock Awards(1)(2) ($) | ​ | ​ | Total ($)
Les Funtleyder | ​ | ​ | 48,750 | ​ | ​ | 626,400 | ​ | ​ | 675,150
Joel S. Marcus | ​ | ​ | 56,250 | ​ | ​ | 29,400 | ​ | ​ | 85,650
Teena Lerner, Ph.D. | ​ | ​ | 59,375 | ​ | ​ | 29,400 | ​ | ​ | 88,775
Stacy J. Kanter | ​ | ​ | 65,000 | ​ | ​ | 29,400 | ​ | ​ | 94,400
Jay Skyler | ​ | ​ | 63,125 | ​ | ​ | 29,400 | ​ | ​ | 92,525

(1) | In accordance with SEC rules, this column reflects the aggregate grant date fair value of the equity awards granted during fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, computed in accordance with ASC 718. Assumptions used in the calculation of these amounts are included in Note 7, “Stock-Based Compensation” to our financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

(2) | One-fourth of these 20,000 restricted stock units, granted on June 6, 2023, vested on each of September 6, 2023, December 6, 2023, March 6, 2024 and the remainder will vest the date which is the earlier of June 6, 2024 and the 2024 annual stockholder meeting, subject to continued service through each such date.

The following table provides information regarding the number of shares of common stock underlying stock options and restricted stock units granted to each of the individuals who served as our non-employee directors in 2023 that were outstanding as of December 31, 2023.

Name | ​ | ​ | Option Awards Outstanding at December 31, 2023 | ​ | ​ | Stock Awards Outstanding at December 31, 2023
Joel S. Marcus | ​ | ​ | 0 | ​ | ​ | 10,000(4)
Teena Lerner, Ph.D. | ​ | ​ | 87,631(1) | ​ | ​ | 10,000(4)
Stacy J. Kanter | ​ | ​ | 63,690(2) | ​ | ​ | 10,000(4)
Jay Skyler | ​ | ​ | 63,690(2) | ​ | ​ | 10,000(4)
Les Funtleyder | ​ | ​ | 104,192(3) | ​ | ​ | 297,500(5)

(1) | Represents options to purchase shares of our common stock that were fully vested as of December 31, 2023, granted pursuant to awards made on each of: (i) March 18, 2019; (ii) May 13, 2019; (iii) June 4, 2020; (iv) June 3, 2021; and (v) June 3, 2022, less applicable exercises.

(2) | Represents options to purchase shares of our common stock that were fully vested as of December 31, 2023, granted pursuant to awards made on each of: (i) May 13, 2019; (ii) June 4, 2020; (iii) June 3, 2021; and (iv) June 3, 2022.

(3) | Represents options to purchase shares of our common stock that were fully vested as of December 31, 2023, granted pursuant to awards made on each of: (i) March 7, 2019, (ii) June 4, 2020; (iii) June 3, 2021; and (iv) June 3, 2022.

(4) | Represents the portion of the grant of 20,000 restricted stock units made to each director as of June 6, 2023 that remained unvested as of December 31, 2023. One-fourth of these restricted stock units vested on each of September 6, 2023, December 6, 2023, March 6, 2024 and the remainder will vest the date which is the earlier of June 6, 2024 and the 2024 annual stockholder meeting, subject to continued service through each such date.

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(5) | Represents the (A) portion of the grant of 20,000 restricted stock units made to each director as of June 6, 2023 that remained unvested as of December 31, 2023 and (B) portion of the grant of 300,000 restricted stock units made to Mr. Funtleyder on November 20, 2023 in connection with his appointment as Chief Financial Officer, which vest in equal monthly installments over the two-year period following November 20, 2023, subject to continued service through each such date, that remained unvested as of December 31, 2023.

Rule 10b5-1 Sales Plans
Our directors and executive officers may adopt written plans, known as Rule 10b5-1 plans, in which they will contract with a broker to buy or sell our common shares on a periodic basis. Under a Rule 10b5-1 plan, a broker executes trades pursuant to parameters established by the director or officer when entering into the plan, without further direction from them. The director or officer may amend a Rule 10b5-1 plan in some circumstances and may terminate a plan at any time. Our directors and executive officers also may buy or sell additional shares outside of a Rule 10b5-1 plan when they are not in possession of material nonpublic information subject to compliance with the terms of our insider trading policy.
Prohibitions against Hedging and Pledging
As part of our insider trading policy, all directors and employees of the Company, including our executive officers, are prohibited from engaging in hedging or monetization transactions (such as prepaid variable forwards, equity swaps, collars and exchange funds) involving our securities, holding our securities in a margin account or pledging our securities as collateral for a loan.
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CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND TRANSACTIONS
The following includes a summary of certain relationships and transactions, including transactions since January 1, 2022 and any currently proposed transactions, to which we were or are to be a participant, in which (1) the amount involved exceeded or will exceed the lesser of (i) $120,000 or (ii) 1% of the average of our total assets for the last two completed fiscal years, and (2) any of our directors, executive officers or holders of more than 5% of our capital stock, or any affiliate or member of the immediate family of the foregoing persons, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest, other than compensation and other arrangements that are described under the section titled “Executive and Director Compensation” in this proxy statement.
We believe the terms obtained or consideration that we paid or received, as applicable, in connection with the transactions described below were comparable to terms available or the amounts that we would pay or receive, as applicable, in arm’s-length transactions.
Indemnification Agreements
We have entered or intend to enter, and intend to continue to enter, into separate indemnification agreements with some of our directors and executive officers, in addition to the indemnification provided for in our Amended and Restated Bylaws (the “Bylaws”). These indemnification agreements provide our directors and executive officers with contractual rights to indemnification and, among other things, require us to indemnify our directors and officers for certain expenses, including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by a director or officer in any action or proceeding arising out of their services as a director or officer, or any other company or enterprise to which the person provides services at our request. For more information regarding these indemnification agreements, see “Management — Limitation on Liability and Indemnification Matters” in the Annual Report.
Related Person Transaction Policy
We have adopted a written related person transaction policy that sets forth our procedures for the identification, review, consideration and approval or ratification of related person transactions. For purposes of this policy only, a “related person transaction” is a transaction, arrangement or relationship (or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships) in which we and any related person are participants involving an amount that exceeds or will exceed the lesser of (1) $120,000 or, for such time as the Company qualifies as a “smaller reporting company” (2) 1% of the average of our total assets for the last two completed fiscal years. Transactions involving compensation for services provided to us as an employee, consultant or director are not considered related-person transactions under this policy. A transaction, arrangement or relationship in which a related person’s participation is solely due to the related person’s position as a director of an entity that is participating in such transaction, arrangement or relationship shall not be considered a related person transaction under this policy. A “related person” is any executive officer, director, nominee to become a director or a holder of more than 5% of our capital stock, or any affiliate or member of the immediate family of the foregoing.
Under the policy, where a transaction has been identified as a related-person transaction, management must present information regarding the proposed related-person transaction to our nominating and corporate governance committee or, where review by our nominating and corporate governance committee would be inappropriate due to a conflict of interest, to the board of directors or another independent body of our board of directors, for review. The presentation must include a description of, among other things, all of the parties, the direct and indirect interests of the related persons, the purpose of the transaction, the material facts, the benefits of the transaction to us and whether any alternative transactions are available, an assessment of whether the terms are comparable to the terms available from unrelated third parties and management’s recommendation with respect to the related person transaction. To identify related person transactions in advance, we rely on information supplied by our executive officers, directors and certain significant stockholders.
The nominating and corporate governance committee shall consider all the relevant available facts and circumstances, including, but not limited to, whether the related person transaction is on terms no less favorable than terms generally available to an unaffiliated third party under the same or similar circumstances and the extent of the related person’s interest in the transaction. The nominating and corporate governance committee shall approve only those related person transactions that, in light of known circumstances, are in, or are not inconsistent with, the best interests of the Company and its stockholders, as the nominating and corporate governance committee determines in the good faith exercise of its discretion.
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STOCKHOLDER PROPOSALS FOR 2025 ANNUAL MEETING
Submission of Stockholder Proposals for Inclusion in Next Year’s Annual Meeting Proxy Statement
Any proposal or proposals by a stockholder intended to be included in the proxy statement and form of proxy relating to the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders must be received by the Company no later than December 23, 2024 and must comply with the other proxy solicitation rules promulgated by the SEC and with the procedures set forth in the Bylaws. Proposals should be sent to the Secretary of the Company at 545 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1400, New York, NY 10017. Nothing in this paragraph shall be deemed to require the Company to include in its proxy statement and proxy relating to the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders any stockholder proposal which may be omitted from the proxy materials according to applicable regulations of the SEC in effect at the time the proposal is received.
Other Stockholder Proposals for Presentation at Next Year’s Annual Meeting
A stockholder who wishes to submit a proposal or nominate a candidate to serve as a director for consideration at the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders outside the processes of Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act and therefore will not be included in the proxy statement for such meeting must timely deliver a written notice in accordance with the requirements, including eligibility and information required in such notice, set forth in Section 5 of the Bylaws. To be timely, such written notice must be received by the Secretary of the Company at its principal executive offices, 545 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1400, New York, NY 10017, not earlier than the close of business on February 6, 2025, nor later than the close of business on March 8, 2025. In the event that next year’s annual meeting is not scheduled to occur within 30 days of June 6, 2025 (the anniversary of the Annual Meeting), the written notice must be received (i) not earlier than the close of business on the 120th day prior to such annual meeting and (ii) not later than the close of business on the later of the 90th day prior to such annual meeting or the 10th day following the day on which public announcement of the date of such meeting is first made.
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OTHER MATTERS
The Company knows of no other matters to be submitted to the stockholders at the Annual Meeting, other than the proposals referred to in this proxy statement. If any other matters properly come before the stockholders at the Annual Meeting, it is the intention of the proxy holders to vote the shares represented thereby on such matters in accordance with their best judgment.

| ​ | ​ | By Order of the Board of Directors,
| ​ | ​ |
| ​ | ​ |
| ​ | ​ |
| ​ | ​ | Shoshana Shendelman, Ph.D.
| ​ | ​ | Chair of the Board, President, Chief Executive Officer and Secretary

New York, New York
April   , 2024
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