DEF 14A 1 s109756_def14a.htm DEF 14A

SCHEDULE 14A INFORMATION

Proxy Statement Pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

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| x | Definitive Proxy Statement

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| ¨ | Soliciting Material under § 240.14a-12

PACIFIC ETHANOL, INC.
(Name of Registrant as Specified In Its Charter)
(Name of Person(s) Filing Proxy Statement if other than the Registrant)

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PACIFIC ETHANOL, INC.

400 Capitol Mall, Suite 2060

Sacramento, California 95814

May 2, 2018

Dear Fellow Stockholder:

We cordially invite you to attend the 2018 annual meeting (“Annual Meeting”) of stockholders of Pacific Ethanol, Inc., which will be held at 9:00 a.m., local time, on Thursday, June 14, 2018 at the Hotel Piccadilly at 2305 West Shaw Avenue, Fresno, California 93711. All stockholders of record at the close of business on April 20, 2018 are entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting. The formal meeting notice and Proxy Statement are attached.

At this year’s Annual Meeting, stockholders will be asked to (i) elect seven directors; (ii) cast an advisory vote to approve our executive compensation; (iii) approve an amendment to our 2016 Stock Incentive Plan to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the plan from 1,150,000 shares to 3,650,000 shares; and (iv) ratify the appointment of RSM US LLP to serve as our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ending December 31, 2018.

In addition, stockholders will transact any other business that may properly come before the Annual Meeting. A report on the business operations of Pacific Ethanol will also be presented at the meeting and stockholders will have an opportunity to ask questions.

We use the Internet as our primary means of furnishing proxy materials to our stockholders. Accordingly, most stockholders will not receive paper copies of our proxy materials. We will instead send each stockholder a notice with instructions for accessing the proxy materials and voting electronically over the Internet or by telephone. The notice also provides information on how stockholders may request paper copies of our proxy materials. We believe electronic delivery of our proxy materials and annual report will help us reduce the environmental impact and costs of printing and distributing paper copies and improve the speed and efficiency by which our stockholders can access these materials.

Whether or not you plan to attend the Annual Meeting, it is important that your shares be represented and voted at the meeting and we urge you to vote as soon as possible. As an alternative to voting in person at the Annual Meeting, you may vote electronically over the Internet or by telephone, or if you receive a proxy card or voting instruction form in the mail, by mailing the completed proxy card or voting instruction form. Timely voting by any of these methods will ensure your representation at the Annual Meeting.

For admission to the Annual Meeting, each stockholder may be asked to present valid picture identification, such as a driver’s license or passport, and proof of ownership of our capital stock as of the record date, such as the enclosed proxy card or a brokerage statement reflecting stock ownership.

We look forward to seeing you June 14th.

| Sincerely,
| William L. Jones,
| Chairman of the Board

PACIFIC ETHANOL, INC.

NOTICE OF THE 2018 ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS

TO BE HELD JUNE 14, 2018

NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that the 2018 annual meeting (“Annual Meeting”) of stockholders of Pacific Ethanol, Inc., a Delaware corporation, will be held at 9:00 a.m., local time, on Thursday, June 14, 2018 at the Hotel Piccadilly at 2305 West Shaw Avenue, Fresno, California 93711, for the following purposes, as more fully described in the Proxy Statement accompanying this notice:

| 1. | To elect seven directors to serve on our Board of Directors until the next annual meeting of stockholders and/or until their successors are duly elected and qualified. The nominees for election are William L. Jones, Neil M. Koehler, Michael D. Kandris, Terry L. Stone, John L. Prince, Douglas L. Kieta and Larry D. Layne.

| 2. | To cast a non-binding advisory vote to approve our executive compensation (“say-on-pay”).

| 3. | To approve an amendment to our 2016 Stock Incentive Plan to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the plan from 1,150,000 shares to 3,650,000 shares.

| 4. | To ratify the appointment of RSM US LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ending December 31, 2018.

| 5. | To transact such other business as may properly come before the Annual Meeting or any adjournment(s) or postponement(s) thereof.

All stockholders of record at the close of business on April 20, 2018 are entitled to notice of and to vote at the Annual Meeting and any adjournment(s) or postponement(s) thereof.

We cordially invite all stockholders to attend the Annual Meeting in person. Whether or not you plan to attend, it is important that your shares be represented and voted at the meeting. As an alternative to voting in person at the Annual Meeting, you can vote your shares electronically over the Internet, or if you receive a proxy card or voting instruction form in the mail, by mailing the completed proxy card or voting instruction form. For detailed information regarding voting instructions, please refer to the section entitled “How do I vote?” on page 5 of the Proxy Statement.

For admission to the Annual Meeting, each stockholder may be asked to present valid picture identification, such as a driver’s license or passport, and proof of ownership of our capital stock as of the record date, such as the enclosed proxy card or a brokerage statement reflecting stock ownership.

| By Order of the Board of Directors,
| William L. Jones,
| Chairman of the Board

Sacramento, California

May 2, 2018

INTERNET AVAILABILITY OF PROXY MATERIALS

WE USE THE INTERNET AS OUR PRIMARY MEANS OF FURNISHING PROXY MATERIALS TO OUR STOCKHOLDERS. CONSEQUENTLY, MOST STOCKHOLDERS WILL NOT RECEIVE PAPER COPIES OF OUR PROXY MATERIALS. WE WILL INSTEAD SEND EACH STOCKHOLDER A NOTICE OF INTERNET AVAILABILITY OF PROXY MATERIALS WITH INSTRUCTIONS FOR ACCESSING OVER THE INTERNET THE PROXY MATERIALS, INCLUDING OUR PROXY STATEMENT AND ANNUAL REPORT, AND VOTING ELECTRONICALLY OVER THE INTERNET. THE NOTICE OF INTERNET AVAILABILITY OF PROXY MATERIALS ALSO PROVIDES INFORMATION ON HOW STOCKHOLDERS MAY OBTAIN PAPER COPIES OF OUR PROXY MATERIALS IF THEY SO CHOOSE. WE BELIEVE ELECTRONIC DELIVERY OF OUR PROXY MATERIALS AND ANNUAL REPORT WILL HELP PACIFIC ETHANOL, INC. REDUCE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND COSTS OF PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTING PAPER COPIES AND IMPROVE THE SPEED AND EFFICIENCY BY WHICH YOU CAN ACCESS THESE MATERIALS. IF YOU PREVIOUSLY ELECTED TO RECEIVE OUR PROXY MATERIALS ELECTRONICALLY, THESE MATERIALS WILL CONTINUE TO BE SENT VIA EMAIL UNLESS YOU CHANGE YOUR ELECTION.

PACIFIC ETHANOL, INC.

PROXY STATEMENT

FOR THE 2018 ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS

JUNE 14, 2018

__________________________

TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Page
Voting and Proxy | 2
Proposal One—Election of Directors | 7
Information About Our Board of Directors, Board Committees and Related Matters | 8
Proposal Two—Advisory Vote On Executive Compensation | 19
Proposal Three—Approval of Amendment to 2016 Stock Incentive Plan | 20
Proposal Four—Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 32
Other Matters | 33
Audit Matters | 34
Audit Committee Report | 35
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management | 37
Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance | 40
Equity Compensation Plan Information | 40
Executive Compensation and Related Information | 41
Executive Officers | 41
Compensation Discussion and Analysis | 43
Compensation Committee Report | 63
Compensation Risk Analysis | 64
Summary Compensation Table | 65
Grants of Plan-Based Awards – 2017 | 69
Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End – 2017 | 70
Option Exercises and Stock Vested | 71
Severance and Change in Control Arrangements with Named Executive Officers | 71
Calculation of Potential Payments upon Termination or Change in Control | 72
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions | 75
Other Information | 79
APPENDICES |
APPENDIX A – 2016 Stock Incentive Plan (As Amended Through June 14, 2018) | A-1
APPENDIX B – List of Companies Included in Third-Party Survey Data | B-1

PACIFIC ETHANOL, INC.

400 Capitol Mall, Suite 2060

Sacramento, California 95814

PROXY STATEMENT

FOR THE 2018 ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS

Voting and Proxy

This Proxy Statement is being furnished in connection with the solicitation of proxies by our Board of Directors (“Board”) for use at the 2018 annual meeting (“Annual Meeting”) of stockholders to be held on Thursday, June 14, 2018, at 9:00 a.m., local time, at the Hotel Piccadilly at 2305 West Shaw Avenue, Fresno, California 93711, and at any adjournment(s) or postponement(s) of the Annual Meeting. We are providing this Proxy Statement and the accompanying proxy card to our stockholders on or about May 2, 2018. Our stockholders are invited to attend the Annual Meeting and are requested to vote on the proposals described in this Proxy Statement.

IMPORTANT NOTICE REGARDING THE INTERNET AVAILABILITY

OF PROXY MATERIALS FOR THE 2018 ANNUAL MEETING

OF STOCKHOLDERS TO BE HELD JUNE 14, 2018

This Proxy Statement and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 are available at the website address at http://materials.proxyvote.com/69423U. You are encouraged to access and review all of the important information contained in the proxy materials before voting. The Annual Report is not to be regarded as proxy soliciting material or as a communication through which any solicitation of proxies is made.

What items will be voted on at the Annual Meeting?

Stockholders will vote on four items at the Annual Meeting:

| Proposal 1 – | Election to our Board of the seven nominees named in this Proxy Statement;

| Proposal 2 – | A non-binding advisory vote to approve our executive compensation (“say-on-pay”);

| Proposal 3 – | A proposal to amend our 2016 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”) to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2016 Plan; and

| Proposal 4 – | Ratification of the appointment of RSM US LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for 2018.

What are the Board’s Voting Recommendations?

The Board recommends that you vote your shares as follows:

| Proposal 1 – | “FOR” each of the nominees to our Board;

| Proposal 2 – | “FOR” the approval of our executive compensation (“say-on-pay”);

| -2- |

| Proposal 3 – | “FOR” the proposal to amend our 2016 Plan to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2016 Plan; and

| Proposal 4 – | “FOR” the ratification of the appointment of RSM US LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for 2018.

Who is entitled to vote?

To be able to vote, you must have been a stockholder on April 20, 2018, the record date for determination of stockholders entitled to notice of and to vote at the Annual Meeting. As of the record date, 43,810,043 shares of our voting common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“common stock”), and 926,942 shares of our Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Series B Preferred Stock”), were issued and outstanding.

As of the record date, 896 shares of our non-voting common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Non-Voting Common Stock”), were also issued and outstanding. Holders of our Non-Voting Common Stock are entitled to notice of and to attend the Annual Meeting but are not entitled to vote on any matters in respect of their shares of Non-Voting Common Stock.

How many votes do I have?

Holders of common stock and Series B Preferred Stock will vote at the Annual Meeting as a single class on all matters. Each holder of common stock is entitled to one vote per share held, and each holder of Series B Preferred Stock is entitled to approximately 0.03 votes per share held. As a result, a total of 43,836,524 votes may be cast at the Annual Meeting, of which holders of common stock will be entitled to cast 43,810,043 votes and holders of Series B Preferred Stock will be entitled to cast 26,481 votes.

What is a quorum?

For business to be conducted at the Annual Meeting, a quorum must be present. The presence at the Annual Meeting, either in person or by proxy, of holders of shares of outstanding common stock and Series B Preferred Stock entitled to vote and representing at least a majority of our outstanding voting power will constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Accordingly, shares representing 21,918,263 votes must be present in person or by proxy at the Annual Meeting to constitute a quorum.

Abstentions and broker non-votes will be counted for the purpose of determining whether a quorum is present for the transaction of business.

If a quorum is not present, the Annual Meeting will be adjourned until a quorum is obtained.

What are abstentions and broker non-votes?

An “abstention” is the voluntary act of not voting by a stockholder who is present at a meeting in person or by proxy and entitled to vote. “Broker non-votes” refers to shares held by a brokerage firm or other nominee (for the benefit of its client) that are represented at the meeting, but with respect to which such broker or nominee is not instructed to vote on a particular proposal and does not have discretionary authority to vote on that proposal.

If you are a beneficial owner whose shares are held in street name and you do not submit voting instructions to your broker, your broker may generally vote your shares in its discretion on routine matters. We believe that Proposal Four is routine and may be voted on by your broker if you do not submit voting instructions. However, pursuant to rules of The NASDAQ Stock Market (“NASDAQ”), brokers do not have the discretion to vote their clients’ shares on non-routine matters, unless the broker receives voting instructions from the beneficial owner. Proposals One, Two and Three are considered non-routine matters. Consequently, if your shares are held in street name, you must provide your broker with instructions on how to vote your shares in order for your shares to be voted on Proposals One, Two and Three.

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What are the general effects of abstentions and broker non-votes?

Brokers who hold shares for the accounts of their clients may vote such shares either as directed by their clients or in their own discretion as permitted under NASDAQ’s listing rules. For purposes of the Annual Meeting, brokers or nominees are permitted to vote their clients’ proxies in their own discretion as to the ratification of the appointment of our independent registered public accounting firm if the clients have not furnished voting instructions within 10 days of the meeting. Certain proposals other than the ratification of the appointment of the independent registered public accounting firm, such as the election of directors, are “non-discretionary” and brokers or nominees who have received no instructions from their clients do not have discretion to vote on those items. Abstentions and broker non-votes will not be counted as a vote “for” or “against” any matter, though in certain cases abstentions will have the same effect as votes against a matter as they will be counted toward the tabulation of votes present or represented on the matter. Broker non-votes will not be counted as shares entitled to vote and accordingly will not affect the outcome with respect to any matter to be voted on at the Annual Meeting.

Please note that brokers may not vote your shares on the election of directors or other non-routine matters in the absence of your specific instructions as to how to vote, thus we strongly encourage you to provide instructions to your broker regarding the voting of your shares you hold in “street name” or through a broker or other nominee.

What vote is required to approve each proposal?

Proposal One

The seven nominees receiving the highest number of affirmative votes of the outstanding shares of common stock and Series B Preferred Stock, voting together as a single class, present at the Annual Meeting in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote, will be elected as directors to serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders and/or until their successors are duly elected and qualified. Abstentions will have no effect on the outcome of the election of nominees for director. Should any nominee(s) become unavailable to serve before the Annual Meeting, the proxies will be voted by the proxy holders for such other person(s) as may be designated by our Board or for such lesser number of nominees as may be prescribed by the Board. Votes cast for the election of any nominee who has become unavailable will be disregarded.

Proposal Two

Under Proposal Two, our stockholders will have an advisory vote on executive compensation as described in this Proxy Statement (commonly referred to as “say-on-pay”). The votes under Proposal Two are, however, only advisory in nature, and the outcome of stockholder votes on Proposal Two will not be binding upon us, our Compensation Committee or our full Board. However, our Compensation Committee and our full Board will consider the results of the votes when making future decisions regarding our executive compensation policies and practices and in determining the frequency of future say-on-pay votes. We anticipate submitting to our stockholders for their advisory vote the next proposal on the frequency of future say-on-pay votes in our Proxy Statement for our 2019 annual meeting of stockholders.

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Proposals Three and Four

The affirmative vote of a majority of the votes of the shares of our common stock and Series B Preferred Stock, voting together as a single class, present at the Annual Meeting in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote, is required for approval of Proposals Three and Four. Abstentions will be counted toward the tabulation of votes present or represented on these proposals and will have the same effect as votes against Proposals Three and Four.

How do I vote?

If you are a “registered holder,” that is, your shares are registered in your own name through our transfer agent, and you are viewing this proxy over the Internet you may vote electronically over the Internet. For those stockholders who receive a paper proxy in the mail, you may also vote electronically over the Internet or by telephone, or by completing and mailing the proxy card provided. The website identified in our Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials provides specific instructions on how to vote electronically over the Internet. Those stockholders who receive a paper proxy by mail, and who elect to vote by mail, should complete and return the mailed proxy card in the prepaid and addressed envelope that was enclosed with the proxy materials.

If your shares are held in “street name,” that is, your shares are held in the name of a brokerage firm, bank or other nominee, you will receive instructions from your record holder that must be followed for your record holder to vote your shares per your instructions. Your broker will send you a Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials which contains instructions on how to access the website to vote your shares electronically over the Internet or by telephone. If, however, you have elected to receive paper copies of our proxy materials from your brokerage firm, bank or other nominee, you will receive an enclosed voting instruction form. Please complete and return the enclosed voting instruction form in the addressed, postage paid envelope provided.

Stockholders who have previously elected to access our proxy materials and annual report electronically over the Internet will continue to receive an email, referred to in this Proxy Statement as an email notice, with information on how to access the proxy information and voting instructions.

Only proxy cards and voting instruction forms that have been signed, dated and timely returned, and only shares that have been timely voted electronically or by telephone will be counted in the quorum and voted. The Internet and telephone voting facilities will close at 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time, Wednesday, June 13, 2018.

Stockholders who vote over the Internet or by telephone need not return a proxy card or voting instruction form by mail, but may incur costs, such as usage charges, from telephone companies or Internet service providers. You may also vote your shares in person at the Annual Meeting. If you are a registered holder, you may request a ballot at the Annual Meeting. If your shares are held in street name and you wish to vote in person at the meeting, you must obtain a proxy issued in your name from the record holder (e.g., your broker) and bring it with you to the Annual Meeting. We recommend that you vote your shares in advance as described above so that your vote will be counted if you later decide not to attend the Annual Meeting.

What if I receive more than one Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials, email notice, proxy card or voting instruction form?

If you receive more than one Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials, email notice, proxy card or voting instruction form because your shares are held in multiple accounts or registered in different names or addresses, please vote your shares held in each account to ensure that all of your shares will be voted.

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Who will count the votes and how will my vote(s) be counted?

All votes will be tabulated by the inspector of elections appointed for the Annual Meeting, who will separately tabulate affirmative and negative votes, abstentions and broker non-votes.

If your proxy is properly submitted, the shares represented thereby will be voted at the Annual Meeting in accordance with your instructions. If you are a registered holder and you do not specify how the shares represented thereby are to be voted, your shares will be voted “FOR” the election of each of the seven nominees to our Board listed in the proxy, “FOR” the approval of each of Proposals Two, Three and Four, and in the discretion of the proxy holder(s) as to any other matters that may properly come before the Annual Meeting or any adjournment(s) or postponement(s) of the Annual Meeting, as well as any procedural matters. If your shares are held in street name and you do not specify how the shares represented thereby are to be voted, your broker may exercise its discretionary authority to vote on Proposal Four.

Can I change my vote after I have voted?

If your shares are registered in your name, you may revoke or change your vote at any time before the Annual Meeting by voting again electronically over the Internet or telephone, or by filing a notice of revocation or another proxy card with a later date with our Secretary at Pacific Ethanol, Inc., 400 Capitol Mall, Suite 2060, Sacramento, California 95814. If you are a registered stockholder and attend the Annual Meeting and vote by ballot, any proxy that you submitted previously to vote the same shares will be revoked automatically and only your vote at the Annual Meeting will be counted. If your shares are held in street name, you should contact the record holder to obtain instructions if you wish to revoke or change your vote before the Annual Meeting. Please note that if your shares are held in street name, your vote in person at the Annual Meeting will not be effective unless you have obtained and present a proxy issued in your name from the record holder.

Who will bear the cost of soliciting proxies?

We will bear the entire cost of soliciting proxies for the Annual Meeting, including the cost of preparing, assembling, printing and mailing the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials, this Proxy Statement, the proxy card and any additional solicitation materials furnished to our stockholders. Copies of solicitation materials will be furnished to brokerage firms, fiduciaries and custodians holding shares in their names that are beneficially owned by others so that they may forward the solicitation materials to the beneficial owners. We may reimburse such persons for their reasonable expenses in forwarding solicitation materials to beneficial owners. The original solicitation of proxies may be supplemented by solicitation by personal contact, telephone, facsimile, email or any other means by our directors, officers or employees, and we will reimburse any reasonable expenses incurred for that purpose. No additional compensation will be paid to those individuals for any such services.

The matters to be considered and acted upon at the Annual Meeting are referred to in the preceding notice and are discussed below more fully.

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Proposal One

Election of Directors

Our bylaws provide for seven directors unless otherwise changed by resolution of our Board. Directors are elected annually and hold office until the next annual meeting of stockholders and/or until their respective successors are duly elected and qualified. Stockholders who desire to nominate any person for election to our Board must comply with our bylaws, including our advance-notice bylaw provisions relating to the nomination of persons for election to our Board. See “Information about our Board of Directors, Board Committees and Related Matters—Board Committees and Meetings, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee” below. It is intended that the proxies solicited by our Board will be voted “FOR” election of the following seven nominees unless a contrary instruction is made on the proxy: William L. Jones, Neil M. Koehler, Michael D. Kandris, Terry L. Stone, John L. Prince, Douglas L. Kieta and Larry D. Layne. If, for any reason, one or more of the nominees is unavailable as a candidate for director, an event that is not expected, the person named in the proxy will vote for another candidate or candidates nominated by our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. However, under no circumstances may a proxy be voted in favor of a greater number of persons than the number of nominees named above. All of the nominees for director are, at present, directors of Pacific Ethanol and have been nominated by our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and ratified by our full Board.

Required Vote of Stockholders

The seven nominees receiving the highest number of affirmative votes of the outstanding shares of our common stock and Series B Preferred Stock, voting together as a single class, present at the Annual Meeting in person or by proxy and entitled to vote, will be elected as directors to serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders and/or until their successors are duly elected and qualified. Votes against a candidate, abstentions and broker non-votes will be counted for purposes of determining whether a quorum is present for this proposal, but will not be included in the vote totals for this proposal and, therefore, will have no effect on the vote.

Majority Voting Guidelines

We have adopted corporate governance guidelines that implement a majority voting standard for uncontested elections of directors—that is, an election where the only nominees are those recommended by the Board. Notwithstanding that a nominee may be within the group of seven nominees receiving the highest number of affirmative votes, as determined above, if an incumbent nominee for director in an uncontested election receives a greater number of votes against his or her election than votes for his or her election (a “Majority Against Vote”), our corporate governance guidelines require that the nominee promptly tender his or her resignation following certification of the vote. Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will promptly consider the tendered resignation and recommend to the full Board whether to accept the tendered resignation or take other action, such as rejecting the tendered resignation and addressing the apparent underlying causes of the Majority Against Vote.

In making this recommendation, our Nominating and Corporation Governance Committee will consider all factors deemed relevant, including the underlying ascertainable reasons why stockholders voted against the director, the length of service and qualifications of the director, the director’s contributions to Pacific Ethanol, Inc., whether by accepting the resignation we will no longer be in compliance with any applicable law, rule, regulation or governing document, and whether or not accepting the resignation is in the best interests of Pacific Ethanol, Inc. and our stockholders. Any director who tenders his or her resignation under these guidelines is not to participate in the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee recommendation or Board consideration regarding whether or not to accept the tendered resignation. We will promptly and publicly disclose the Board’s decision and process in a report filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission.

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Recommendation of the Board of Directors

OUR BOARD unanimously recommends a vote “FOR” the election of EACH OF the SEVEN director nominees listed above.

Information About Our Board of Directors,

Board Committees and Related Matters

Directors and Director Nominees

The following table sets forth certain information regarding our directors and director nominees as of April 20, 2018:

Name |  | Age |  | Position(s) Held
William L. Jones(1) |  | 68 |  | Chairman of the Board, Director and Director Nominee
Neil M. Koehler |  | 60 |  | Chief Executive Officer, President, Director and Director Nominee
Michael D. Kandris |  | 70 |  | Chief Operating Officer, Director and Director Nominee
Terry L. Stone(2) |  | 68 |  | Director and Director Nominee
John L. Prince(3) |  | 75 |  | Director and Director Nominee
Douglas L. Kieta(4) |  | 75 |  | Director and Director Nominee
Larry D. Layne(4) |  | 77 |  | Director and Director Nominee

| (1) | Member of the Audit and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees.

| (2) | Member of the Audit and Compensation Committees.

| (3) | Member of the Audit, Compensation and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees.

| (4) | Member of the Compensation and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees.

Experience and Background

The biographies below describe the skills, qualities and attributes and business experience of each of our directors, including the capacities in which they served during the past five years:

William L. Jones has served as Chairman of the Board and as a director since March 2005. Mr. Jones is a co-founder of Pacific Ethanol California, Inc., or PEI California, which is one of our predecessors, and served as Chairman of the Board of PEI California since its formation in January 2003 through March 2004, when he stepped off the board of directors of PEI California to focus on his candidacy for one of California’s United States Senate seats. Mr. Jones was California’s Secretary of State from 1995 to 2003. Since May 2002, Mr. Jones has also been the owner of Tri-J Land & Cattle, a diversified farming and cattle company in Fresno County, California. Mr. Jones has a B.A. degree in Agribusiness and Plant Sciences from California State University, Fresno.

Mr. Jones’s qualifications to serve on our Board include:

| · | co-founder of PEI California;

| · | knowledge gained through his extensive work as our Chairman since our inception in 2005;

| · | extensive knowledge of and experience in the agricultural and feed industries, as well as a deep understanding of operations in political environments; and

| · | background as an owner of a farming company in California, and his previous role in the California state government.

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Neil M. Koehler has served as Chief Executive Officer, President and as a director since March 2005. Mr. Koehler is a co-founder of PEI California and served as its Chief Executive Officer since its formation in January 2003 and as a member of its board of directors from March 2004 until its dissolution in March 2012. Prior to his association with PEI California, Mr. Koehler was the co-founder and General Manager of Parallel Products, one of the first ethanol production facilities in California, which was sold to a public company in 1997. Mr. Koehler was also the sole manager and sole limited liability company member of Kinergy Marketing, LLC, or Kinergy, which he founded in September 2000, and which is one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. Mr. Koehler has over 30 years of experience in the ethanol production and marketing industry in the Western United States. Mr. Koehler is a Director of the Renewable Fuels Association and is a nationally-recognized speaker on the production and marketing of renewable fuels. Mr. Koehler has a B.A. degree in Government from Pomona College.

Mr. Koehler’s qualifications to serve on our Board include:

| · | day-to-day leadership experience as our current President and Chief Executive Officer provides Mr. Koehler with intimate knowledge of our operations;

| · | extensive knowledge of and experience in the ethanol production and marketing industry, particularly in the Western United States;

| · | prior leadership experience with other companies in the ethanol industry; and

| · | day-to-day leadership experience affords a deep understanding of business operations, challenges and opportunities.

Michael D. Kandris has served as a director since June 2008 and as our Chief Operating Officer since January 6, 2013. Mr. Kandris served as an independent contractor with supervisory responsibility for ethanol plant operations, under the direction of our Chief Executive Officer, from January 1, 2012 to January 5, 2013. Mr. Kandris was President, Western Division of Ruan Transportation Management Systems from November 2008 until his retirement in September 2009. From January 2000 to November 2008, Mr. Kandris served as President and Chief Operating Officer of Ruan Transportation Management Systems, where he had overall responsibility for all operations, finance and administrative functions. Mr. Kandris has 30 years of experience in all modes of transportation and logistics. Mr. Kandris served on the Executive Committee of the American Trucking Association and as a board member for the National Tank Truck Organization until his retirement from Ruan Transportation Management Systems in September 2009. Mr. Kandris has a B.S. degree in Business from California State University, Hayward.

Mr. Kandris’s qualifications to serve on our Board include:

| · | extensive experience in various executive leadership positions;

| · | extensive experience in rail and truck transportation and logistics; and

| · | day-to-day leadership experience affords a deep understanding of business operations, challenges and opportunities.

Terry L. Stone has served as a director since March 2005. Mr. Stone is a Certified Public Accountant with over thirty years of experience in accounting and taxation. He has been the owner of his own accountancy firm since 1990 and has provided accounting and taxation services to a wide range of industries, including agriculture, manufacturing, retail, equipment leasing, professionals and not-for-profit organizations. Mr. Stone has served as a part-time instructor at California State University, Fresno, teaching classes in taxation, auditing and financial and management accounting. Mr. Stone is also a financial advisor and franchisee of Ameriprise Financial Services, Inc. Mr. Stone has a B.S. degree in Accounting from California State University, Fresno.

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Mr. Stone’s qualifications to serve on our Board include:

| · | extensive experience with financial accounting and tax matters;

| · | recognized expertise as an instructor of taxation, auditing and financial and management accounting;

| · | “audit committee financial expert,” as defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission;

| · | satisfies the “financial sophistication” requirements of NASDAQ’s listing standards; and

| · | ability to communicate and encourage discussion, together with his experience as a senior independent director of all Board committees on which he serves make him an effective chairman of our Audit Committee.

John L. Prince has served as a director since July 2005. Mr. Prince is retired but also works as a consultant. Mr. Prince was an Executive Vice President with Land O’ Lakes, Inc. from July 1998 until his retirement in 2004. Prior to that time, Mr. Prince was President and Chief Executive Officer of Dairyman’s Cooperative Creamery Association located in Tulare, California, until its merger with Land O’ Lakes, Inc. in July 1998. Land O’ Lakes, Inc. is a farmer-owned, national branded organization based in Minnesota with annual sales in excess of $6 billion and membership and operations in over 30 states. Prior to joining the Dairyman’s Cooperative Creamery Association, Mr. Prince was President and Chief Executive Officer for nine years until 1994, and was Operations Manager for the preceding ten years commencing in 1975, of the Alto Dairy Cooperative in Waupun, Wisconsin. Mr. Prince has a B.A. degree in Business Administration from the University of Northern Iowa.

Mr. Prince’s qualifications to serve on our Board include:

| · | extensive experience in various executive leadership positions;

| · | day-to-day leadership experience affords a deep understanding of business operations, challenges and opportunities; and

| · | ability to communicate and encourage discussion helps Mr. Prince discharge his duties effectively as chairman of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.

Douglas L. Kieta has served as a director since April 2006. Mr. Kieta is currently retired but also works as a consultant through Century West Projects, Inc., of which he is the President and an owner, providing project and construction management services. Prior to retirement in January 2009, Mr. Kieta was employed by BE&K, Inc., a large engineering and construction company headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama, where he served as the Vice President of Power from May 2006 to January 2009. From April 1999 to April 2006, Mr. Kieta was employed at Calpine Corporation where he was the Senior Vice President of Construction and Engineering. Calpine Corporation is a major North American power company which leases and operates integrated systems of fuel-efficient natural gas-fired and renewable geothermal power plants and delivers clean, reliable and fuel-efficient electricity to customers and communities in 21 states and three Canadian provinces. Mr. Kieta has a B.S. degree in Civil Engineering from Clarkson University and a Master’s degree in Civil Engineering from Cornell University.

Mr. Kieta’s qualifications to serve on our Board include:

| · | extensive experience in various leadership positions;

| · | day-to-day leadership experience affords a deep understanding of business operations, challenges and opportunities; and

| · | service with Calpine affords a deep understanding of large-scale construction and engineering projects as well as plant operations, which is particularly relevant to our ethanol production facility operations.

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Larry D. Layne has served as a director since December 2007. Mr. Layne joined First Western Bank in 1963 and served in various capacities with First Western Bank and its acquiror, Lloyds Bank of California, and Lloyd’s acquiror, Sanwa Bank California, until his retirement in 2000. Sanwa Bank California was subsequently acquired by Bank of the West. From 1999 to 2000, Mr. Layne was Vice Chairman of Sanwa Bank California in charge of its Commercial Banking Group which encompassed all of Sanwa Bank California’s 38 commercial and business banking centers and 12 Pacific Rim branches as well as numerous internal departments. From 1997 to 2000, Mr. Layne was also Chairman of the Board of The Eureka Funds, a mutual fund family of five separate investment funds with total assets of $900 million. From 1996 to 2000, Mr. Layne was Group Executive Vice President of the Relationship Banking Group of Sanwa Bank California in charge of its 107 branches and 13 commercial banking centers as well as numerous internal departments. Mr. Layne has also served in various capacities with many industry and community organizations, including as Director and Chairman of the Board of the Agricultural Foundation at California State University, Fresno; Chairman of the Audit Committee of the Agricultural Foundation at California State University, Fresno; board member of the Fresno Metropolitan Flood Control District; and Chairman of the Agricultural Lending Committee of the California Bankers Association. Mr. Layne has a B.S. degree in Dairy Husbandry from California State University, Fresno and is a graduate of the California Agriculture Leadership Program.

Mr. Layne’s qualifications to serve on our Board include:

| · | extensive experience in various leadership positions;

| · | day-to-day leadership experience affords a deep understanding of business operations, challenges and opportunities;

| · | experience and involvement in California industry and community organizations provides a useful perspective; and

| · | ability to communicate and encourage discussion helps Mr. Layne discharge his duties effectively as chairman of our Compensation Committee.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships among our directors.

Corporate Governance

Corporate Governance Guidelines

Our Board believes that good corporate governance is paramount to ensure that Pacific Ethanol is managed for the long-term benefit of our stockholders. Our Board has adopted corporate governance guidelines that guide its actions with respect to, among other things, the composition of the Board and its decision-making processes, Board meetings and involvement of management, the Board’s standing committees and procedures for appointing members of the committees, and its performance evaluation of our Chief Executive Officer.

Our Board has adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to all of our directors, officers, employees and consultants and an additional Code of Ethics that applies to our Chief Executive Officer and senior financial officers. The Codes of Ethics, as applied to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer constitutes our “code of ethics” within the meaning of Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and is our “code of conduct” within the meaning of NASDAQ’s listing standards. Our Codes of Ethics are available on our website at http://www.pacificethanol.com/investors/governance. Information on our Internet website is not, and shall not be deemed to be, a part of this Proxy Statement or incorporated into any other filings we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

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Board Leadership Structure

Our Chairman of the Board is William L. Jones, who is a non-employee director. Our Chief Executive Officer is Neil M. Koehler. These individuals have served in those capacities since our inception in 2005. Although we do not have a policy mandating the separation of the roles of Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, our Board, under our corporate governance guidelines, reserves the right to determine the appropriate leadership structure for our Board on a case-by-case basis. Our Board believes this separation remains appropriate as it allows our Chief Executive Officer to focus on the day-to-day business matters, while the Chairman focuses on leading the Board in its responsibilities of acting in the best interests of Pacific Ethanol and our stockholders. Under our corporate governance guidelines, our Board will appoint a lead independent director, nominated by our independent directors, whenever the offices of Chairman and Chief Executive Officer are held by the same individual, and at other times if requested by our independent directors.

Our Chairman of the Board is responsible for managing the business of the Board, including setting the Board agenda (with Board and management input), facilitating communication among directors, presiding at meetings of the Board and stockholders, sitting as chair at executive sessions at each regularly scheduled Board meeting, and providing support and counsel to the Chief Executive Officer. Our lead independent director, if separately appointed, is responsible for coordinating the activities of the independent directors and performing such other duties as the Board may determine. We believe that this Board leadership structure is appropriate in maximizing the effectiveness of our Board oversight and in providing perspective to our business that is independent from management.

Risk Oversight

Our Board has an active role, as a whole and also at the committee level, in overseeing management of Pacific Ethanol’s risks. Our Board regularly reviews information regarding our credit, liquidity and operations, as well as the risks associated with each of these areas. Our Compensation Committee is responsible for overseeing the management of risks relating to our executive compensation plans and arrangements. Our Audit Committee oversees management of financial risks, including internal controls. Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee manages risks associated with the independence of members of our Board and potential conflicts of interest. While each committee is responsible for evaluating certain risks and overseeing the management of such risks, our entire Board is regularly informed through committee reports about such risks.

Director Independence

Our corporate governance guidelines provide that a majority of the Board and all members of our Audit, Compensation and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees shall be independent. On an annual basis, each director and executive officer is obligated to complete a Director and Officer Questionnaire that requires disclosure of any transactions with Pacific Ethanol in which a director or executive officer, or any member of his or her immediate family, have a direct or indirect material interest. Following completion of these questionnaires, the Board, with the assistance of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, makes an annual determination as to the independence of each director using the current standards for “independence” established by the Securities and Exchange Commission and NASDAQ, additional criteria contained in our corporate governance guidelines and consideration of any other material relationship a director may have with Pacific Ethanol.

The Board has determined that all of its directors are independent under these standards, except for Neil M. Koehler, who serves as our President and Chief Executive Officer, and Michael D. Kandris, who serves as our Chief Operating Officer. Messrs. Koehler and Kandris are deemed not to be independent due to their employment relationships with Pacific Ethanol, Inc.

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Stockholder Communications with our Board of Directors

Our Board has implemented a process by which stockholders may send written communications directly to the attention of our Board or any individual member of our Board. The Chairman of our Audit Committee, Terry L. Stone, is responsible for monitoring communications from stockholders and providing copies of such communications to the other directors as he considers appropriate. Communications will be forwarded to all directors if they relate to substantive matters and include suggestions or comments that the Chairman considers to be important for the directors to consider. Stockholders who wish to communicate with our Board can write to Chairman of the Audit Committee, The Board of Directors, Pacific Ethanol, Inc., 400 Capitol Mall, Suite 2060, Sacramento, California 95814.

Board Committees and Meetings

Our business, property and affairs are managed under the direction of our Board. Our directors are kept informed of our business through discussions with our executive officers, by reviewing materials provided to them and by participating in meetings of our Board and its committees. During 2017, our Board held eight meetings and took action by written consent on various other occasions. All directors attended at least 75% of all meetings of our Board and of the committees on which they served or that were held during the period they were directors or committee members.

During 2017, members of our Board and its committees consulted informally with management from time to time and also acted by written consent without a meeting. Additionally, the independent members of our Board met in executive session regularly without the presence of management.

It is our policy to invite and encourage our directors to attend our annual meetings. At the date of our 2017 annual meeting, we had seven members on our Board, all of whom attended the meeting.

Our Board has established standing Audit, Compensation and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees. Each committee operates pursuant to a written charter that has been approved by our Board and the corresponding committee and that is reviewed annually and revised as appropriate. Each charter is available on our website at http://www.pacificethanol.com/investors/governance. Information on our Internet website is not, and shall not be deemed to be, a part of this Proxy Statement or incorporated into any other filings we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Audit Committee

Our Audit Committee selects our independent auditors, reviews the results and scope of the audit and other services provided by our independent auditors, reviews our financial statements for each interim period and for the full year and implements and manages our enterprise risk management program. The Audit Committee also has the authority to retain consultants, and other advisors. Messrs. Stone, Jones and Prince served on our Audit Committee for all of 2017. Our Board has determined that each member of the Audit Committee is “independent” under the current NASDAQ listing standards and satisfies the other requirements under NASDAQ listing standards and Securities and Exchange Commission rules regarding audit committee membership. Our Board has determined that Mr. Stone qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” under applicable Securities and Exchange Commission rules and regulations governing the composition of the Audit Committee, and satisfies the “financial sophistication” requirements of NASDAQ’s listing standards. During 2017, our Audit Committee held five meetings. The Audit Committee Report for 2017 can be found on page 35 of this Proxy Statement.

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Compensation Committee

Our Compensation Committee is responsible for establishing, updating and administering our compensation program for executive officers including, among other things, annual salaries and bonuses, stock options, stock grants, other stock-based awards, and other incentive compensation arrangements. The Committee establishes the elements and mix of total compensation, sets the parameters and specific target metrics of our performance-based incentive compensation plan, and determines the target compensation of our executive officers. In addition, our Compensation Committee establishes the compensation philosophy and objectives, and oversees the administration of our compensation program for all other employees. Our Compensation Committee also has the authority to administer our equity incentive plans with respect to grants to executive officers and directors, and has authority to make equity awards under our equity incentive plans to all other eligible individuals. However, our Board may retain, reassume or exercise from time to time the power to administer our equity incentive plans. Equity awards made to members of the Compensation Committee must be authorized and approved by a disinterested majority of our Board.

Our Compensation Committee believes that our compensation program offered to our executive officers should attract, retain, motivate and reward key executive officers responsible for our success; align and strengthen the mutuality of interests of our executive officers, our company and our stockholders; deliver compensation that reflects our financial and operational performance, while providing the opportunity to earn above-targeted total compensation for exceptional performance; and provide total compensation to each executive officer that is internally equitable, competitive, and influenced by company and individual performance.

Our Compensation Committee has the authority to retain consultants and other advisors, and in furtherance of the foregoing objectives, our Compensation Committee initially in 2013, and again in each of the years 2014 and 2015, engaged Hay Group, a global human resources consulting firm, and in 2016 and 2017 engaged its successor, Korn Ferry Hay Group (collectively, “Korn Ferry Hay Group”), to conduct reviews of our compensation program for our executive officers and other employees. From those reviews, Korn Ferry Hay Group provided our Compensation Committee with relevant market data and alternatives to consider when making compensation decisions as to our executive officers and other employees.

Messrs. Layne, Kieta, Stone and Prince served on our Compensation Committee for all of 2017. Our Board has determined that each member of the Compensation Committee is “independent” under the current NASDAQ listing standards. During 2017, our Compensation Committee held only informal meetings but took action by written consent on four occasions.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee considers and reports periodically to the Board on matters related to the identification, selection and qualification of Board members and candidates nominated to the Board. Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee also advises and makes recommendations to the Board with respect to corporate governance matters. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee also has the authority to retain consultants and other advisors. Messrs. Prince, Kieta, Layne and Jones served on our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee for all of 2017. Our Board has determined that each member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is “independent” under the current NASDAQ listing standards. During 2017, our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee held two meetings.

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The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will consider candidates for director recommended by any stockholder that is the beneficial owner of shares representing more than 1.0% of the then-outstanding shares of our common stock and who has beneficially owned those shares for at least one year. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will evaluate those recommendations by applying its regular nominee criteria and considering the additional information described in the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee’s charter. Stockholders who desire to recommend candidates for the Board for evaluation may do so by contacting Pacific Ethanol in writing, identifying the potential candidate and providing background and other relevant information. Stockholders must also comply with our bylaws, including our advance notice bylaw provisions relating to the nomination of persons for election to our Board that, among other things, require that nominations of persons for election to our Board at annual meetings be submitted to our Secretary at Pacific Ethanol, Inc., 400 Capitol Mall, Suite 2060, Sacramento, California 95814, unless otherwise notified, by the close of business on the 45th day before the first anniversary of the date on which we first mailed our proxy materials for the prior year’s annual meeting. We first mailed our proxy materials for our 2017 annual meeting on or about May 2, 2017 and anticipate mailing our proxy materials for our Annual Meeting on or about May 2, 2018. We have received no stockholder nominations of persons for election to our Board for our Annual Meeting.

Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee utilizes a variety of methods for identifying and evaluating nominees for director. Candidates may also come to the attention of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee through current Board members, professional search firms and other persons. In evaluating potential candidates, our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will take into account a number of factors, including, among others, the following:

| · | the candidate’s independence from management;

| · | whether the candidate has relevant business experience;

| · | judgment, skill, integrity and reputation;

| · | existing commitments to other businesses;

| · | corporate governance background;

| · | financial and accounting background, to enable the committee to determine whether the candidate would be suitable for Audit Committee membership; and

| · | the size and composition of our Board.

In addition, our Board and our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are committed to seeking out highly qualified women and minority candidates as well as candidates with diverse backgrounds, skills and experiences as part of each Board member candidate search the Committee undertakes. When searching for director nominees, our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will include highly qualified diverse candidates (including gender, race and ethnicity) in the pool from which nominees are chosen.

Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee has the authority to retain and terminate any search firm to be used to identify director nominees, including the authority to approve the firm’s fees and other retention terms. Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will direct any search firm it retains to include qualified women and minority candidates in the firm’s list of potential director candidates. We will provide funding, as determined by our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, for the payment of compensation to any such search firms.

We intend to evaluate our diversity policy’s effectiveness by periodically reviewing our ability to successfully include highly qualified diverse candidates in the pool from which nominees are chosen.

Compensation of Directors

We use a combination of cash and equity-based incentive compensation to attract and retain qualified candidates to serve on our Board. In setting the compensation of directors, we consider the significant amount of time that Board members spend in fulfilling their duties to Pacific Ethanol as well as the experience level we require to serve on our Board. The Board, through its Compensation Committee, annually reviews the compensation and compensation policies for Board members. In recommending director compensation, the Compensation Committee is guided by the following three goals:

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| · | compensation should pay directors fairly for work required in a company of our size and scope;

| · | compensation should align directors’ interests with the long-term interests of our stockholders; and

| · | the structure of the compensation should be clearly disclosed to our stockholders.

In making compensation decisions for 2017 as to our directors, our Compensation Committee compared our cash and equity compensation payable to directors against market data obtained by Korn Ferry Hay Group in 2015. Our Compensation Committee determined that this data from 2015 remained relevant to its compensation decisions for 2017. The Korn Ferry Hay Group data included a survey of 1,400 companies across 24 industries with revenues between $1 billion and $2.5 billion. For 2017, our Compensation Committee targeted compensation for our directors at approximately the median of compensation paid to directors of the companies contained in the Korn Ferry Hay Group data.

Cash Compensation

Our annual cash compensation program for directors includes the following:

| · | annual cash compensation provided to the Chairman of our Board is $112,500;

| · | base annual cash compensation provided to our non-employee directors, other than our Chairman, is $50,000;

| · | additional annual cash compensation provided to each of our Board committee chairs is $25,000; and

| · | additional annual cash compensation provided to our lead independent director is $12,000.

These amounts are paid in advance in bi-weekly installments. In addition, directors are reimbursed for specified reasonable and documented expenses in connection with attendance at meetings of our Board and its committees. Employee directors do not receive director compensation in connection with their service as directors.

Equity Compensation

Our Compensation Committee or our full Board typically grants equity compensation to our newly elected or reelected directors which normally vests as to 100% of the grants at the earlier of our next annual meeting or approximately one year after the date of grant. Vesting is typically subject to continued service on our Board during the full year.

In determining the amount of equity compensation for 2017, the Compensation Committee determined a target value of total compensation of approximately the median of compensation paid to directors of the companies comprising the market data provided to us by Korn Ferry Hay Group in 2015. The Compensation Committee then determined the cash component based on this market data. The balance of the total compensation target was then allocated to equity awards, and the number of shares to be granted to our directors was based on the estimated value of the underlying shares on the expected grant date.

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Our annual equity compensation program for directors includes the following:

| · | the value of annual equity compensation provided to the Chairman of our Board is $142,500; and

| · | the value of annual equity compensation provided to our non-employee directors, other than our Chairman, is $95,000.

In addition, our Compensation Committee may grant, and has from time to time granted, additional equity compensation to directors at its discretion.

Compensation of Employee Directors

Messrs. Koehler and Kandris were compensated as full-time employees and officers and therefore received no additional compensation for service as Board members during 2017. Information regarding the compensation awarded to Messrs. Koehler and Kandris is included in “Executive Compensation and Related Information—Summary Compensation Table” below.

Director Compensation Table – 2017

The following table summarizes the compensation of our non-employee directors for the year ended December 31, 2017:

Name |  | Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($)(1) |  |  | Stock Awards ($) |  |  | Total ($)(2) |
William L. Jones |  | $ | 112,500 |  |  | $ | 139,674 | (3) |  | $ | 252,174 |
Terry L. Stone |  | $ | 75,000 |  |  | $ | 93,444 | (4) |  | $ | 168,444 |
John L. Prince |  | $ | 87,000 |  |  | $ | 93,444 | (5) |  | $ | 180,444 |
Douglas L. Kieta |  | $ | 75,000 |  |  | $ | 93,444 | (6) |  | $ | 168,444 |
Larry D. Layne |  | $ | 75,000 |  |  | $ | 93,444 | (7) |  | $ | 168,444 |

| (1) | For a description of annual director fees and fees for chair and lead independent director positions, see the disclosure above under “Compensation of Directors—Cash Compensation.”

| (2) | The value of perquisites and other personal benefits was less than $10,000 in aggregate for each director.

| (3) | At December 31, 2017, Mr. Jones held 33,624 vested shares from stock awards. Mr. Jones was granted 23,279 shares of our common stock on June 15, 2017 having an aggregate grant date fair value of $139,674, calculated based on the fair market value of our common stock on the applicable grant date. The shares vest on the earlier of our next annual meeting or July 1, 2018.

| (4) | At December 31, 2017, Mr. Stone held 42,547 vested shares from stock awards. Mr. Stone was granted 15,574 shares of our common stock on June 15, 2017 having an aggregate grant date fair value of $93,444, calculated based on the fair market value of our common stock on the applicable grant date. The shares vest on the earlier of our next annual meeting or July 1, 2018.

| (5) | At December 31, 2017, Mr. Prince held 24,801 vested shares from stock awards. Mr. Prince was granted 15,574 shares of our common stock on June 15, 2017 having an aggregate grant date fair value of $93,444, calculated based on the fair market value of our common stock on the applicable grant date. The shares vest on the earlier of our next annual meeting or July 1, 2018.

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| (6) | At December 31, 2017, Mr. Kieta held 54,521vested shares from stock awards. Mr. Kieta was granted 15,574 shares of our common stock on June 15, 2017 having an aggregate grant date fair value of $93,444, calculated based on the fair market value of our common stock on the applicable grant date. The shares vest on the earlier of our next annual meeting or July 1, 2018.

| (7) | At December 31, 2017, Mr. Layne held 31,184 vested shares from stock awards. Mr. Layne was granted 15,574 shares of our common stock on June 15, 2017 having an aggregate grant date fair value of $93,444, calculated based on the fair market value of our common stock on the applicable grant date. The shares vest on the earlier of our next annual meeting or July 1, 2018.

Indemnification of Directors and Officers

Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law permits a corporation to indemnify its directors and officers against expenses, judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred in connection with a pending or completed action, suit or proceeding if the officer or director acted in good faith and in a manner the officer or director reasonably believed to be in the best interests of the corporation.

Our certificate of incorporation provides that, except in certain specified instances, our directors shall not be personally liable to us or our stockholders for monetary damages for breach of their fiduciary duty as directors, except liability for the following:

| · | any breach of their duty of loyalty to Pacific Ethanol or our stockholders;

| · | acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;

| · | unlawful payments of dividends or unlawful stock repurchases or redemptions as provided in Section 174 of the Delaware General Corporation Law; and

| · | any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit.

In addition, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws obligate us to indemnify our directors and officers against expenses and other amounts reasonably incurred in connection with any proceeding arising from the fact that such person is or was an agent of ours. Our bylaws also authorize us to purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any of our directors or officers against any liability asserted against that person in that capacity, whether or not we would have the power to indemnify that person under the provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law. We have entered and expect to continue to enter into agreements to indemnify our directors and officers as determined by our Board. These agreements provide for indemnification of related expenses including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by any of these individuals in any action or proceeding. We believe that these bylaw provisions and indemnification agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified persons as directors and officers. We also maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance.

The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against our directors for breach of their fiduciary duty. They may also reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against our directors and officers, even though an action, if successful, might benefit us and other stockholders. Furthermore, a stockholder’s investment may be adversely affected to the extent that we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers as required by these indemnification provisions.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”), may be permitted to our directors, officers and controlling persons under the foregoing provisions of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or otherwise, we have been informed that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission, this indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

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PROPOSAL TWO

ADVISORY VOTE ON EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

We are providing our stockholders with the opportunity to vote on a non-binding, advisory resolution to approve the compensation paid to our named executive officers, as disclosed in this Proxy Statement pursuant to the compensation disclosure rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission under Section 14A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), including the compensation tables and any narrative discussion of our compensation arrangements. This proposal, commonly known as a “say-on-pay” proposal, gives our stockholders the opportunity to express their views on the compensation paid to our named executive officers.

As noted below in “Executive Compensation and Related Information—Compensation Discussion and Analysis”, our compensation program for our executive officers utilizes elements including base salary, annual performance-based cash incentive compensation, long-term equity incentive compensation, and health and other benefits to achieve the following goals:

| · | attract, retain, motivate and reward key executive officers responsible for our success;

| · | align and strengthen the mutuality of interests of our executive officers, our company and our stockholders;

| · | deliver compensation that reflects our financial and operational performance, while providing the opportunity to earn above-targeted total compensation for exceptional performance; and

| · | provide total compensation to each executive officer that is internally equitable, competitive, and influenced by company and individual performance.

We believe that our success depends in large part on our ability to attract, retain and motivate qualified executives through competitive compensation arrangements. We also believe that the compensation paid to our executive officers should be influenced by the value we create for our stockholders. For these reasons, our Compensation Committee believes that our compensation program should provide incentives to attain both short- and long-term financial and other business objectives and reward those executive officers who contribute meaningfully to attaining those objectives. The Compensation Committee supports a pay-for-performance philosophy within a compensation structure that is competitive, internally equitable and responsible.

Our Compensation Committee’s process for determining overall target compensation for each executive officer is based in part on an analysis of compensation of similarly situated personnel at third-party survey group companies derived from market data provided by the Compensation Committee’s compensation consultant.

This vote is not intended to address any specific item of compensation, but rather the overall compensation of our named executive officers and the philosophy, policies and practices described in this Proxy Statement. Accordingly, we will ask our stockholders to vote “FOR” the following resolution at the Annual Meeting:

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“RESOLVED, that the compensation paid to Pacific Ethanol’s named executive officers, as disclosed in Pacific Ethanol’s proxy statement for its 2018 annual meeting of stockholders pursuant to the compensation disclosure rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the compensation tables and related disclosure, is hereby APPROVED.”

Please read the “Executive Compensation and Related Information” section of this Proxy Statement for additional details about our executive compensation program and the different components of the program, including information about the total compensation of our named executive officers in 2017. See also “Information About our Board of Directors, Board Committees and Related Matters – Board Committees and Meetings – Compensation Committee” on page 14 of this Proxy Statement.

The say-on-pay vote is advisory, and therefore not binding on us, our Compensation Committee or our Board. The vote will provide our Compensation Committee and our Board with information relating to the opinions of our stockholders which the Compensation Committee will consider as it makes determinations with respect to future action regarding executive compensation and our executive compensation program.

Recommendation of the Board of Directors

OUR BOARD UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS A VOTE “FOR” APPROVAL OF THE 2017 COMPENSATION PAID TO OUR NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AS DISCLOSED IN THIS PROXY STATEMENT PURSUANT TO THE COMPENSATION DISCLOSURE RULES OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION.

Proposal THREE

Approval of Amendment to 2016 Stock Incentive Plan

In 2016, our Board adopted and our stockholders ratified and approved the adoption of our 2016 Plan. On March 29, 2018, our Board approved, subject to stockholder approval, an increase in the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under our 2016 Plan from 1,150,000 shares to 3,650,000 shares.

Our Board recommends approval of the amendment to the 2016 Plan to enable the continued use of the 2016 Plan for stock-based grants consistent with the objectives of our compensation program. The 2016 Plan is intended to promote our interests by providing eligible persons in our service with the opportunity to acquire a proprietary or economic interest, or otherwise increase their proprietary or economic interest, in Pacific Ethanol as an incentive for them to remain in service and render superior performance during their service. The 2016 Plan consists of two equity-based incentive programs, the Discretionary Grant Program and the Stock Issuance Program. Principal features of each program are summarized below.

A total of 1,150,000 shares of common stock are authorized for issuance under the 2016 Plan. A total of 3,650,000 shares of common stock will be authorized for issuance under the 2016 Plan upon stockholder approval of this proposal. Currently, equity awards totaling 837,209 shares of common stock have been issued under the 2016 Plan. We believe that the 2016 Plan will be exhausted of shares available for issuance in 2018, leaving insufficient shares available for equity grants in 2018. By increasing the number of shares authorized for issuance under the 2016 Plan by 2,500,000, a total of 2,812,791 additional shares of common stock would be available for issuance. This increase would, in essence, replenish shares issued since the inception of the 2016 Plan and provide us with the flexibility to continue to make stock-based grants in amounts deemed appropriate by our Compensation Committee. We believe that our equity incentive program and grants made under the program are essential to retaining critical personnel and aligning the incentives of our personnel with our stockholders.

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The proposed amendment will not be implemented unless approved by our stockholders, and no additional equity awards beyond the existing 1,150,000 shares of common stock have been or will be issued under the 2016 Plan unless and until stockholder approval of the amended 2016 Plan is obtained. If the proposed amendment is not approved by our stockholders, the 2016 Plan will remain in effect in its present form.

Set forth below is information concerning awards of restricted stock and options under our 2016 Plan and our prior 2006 Stock Incentive Plan for each of the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 and 2017. No other equity incentive compensation, whether under the 2006 Plan, the 2016 Plan or otherwise, was awarded in such years.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  | Three-Year |
|  | 2013(3) |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Average |
Shares and options granted |  |  | 844,307 |  |  |  | 154,589 |  |  |  | 307,078 |  |  |  | 741,595 |  |  |  | 663,823 |  |  |  | 570,832 |
Shares outstanding at year-end |  |  | 16,126,287 |  |  |  | 24,499,534 |  |  |  | 42,515,104 |  |  |  | 43,312,370 |  |  |  | 43,985,871 |  |  |  | 43,271,115 |
Annual run rate(1) |  |  | 5.2 | % |  |  | 0.6 | % |  |  | 0.7 | % |  |  | 1.7 | % |  |  | 1.5 | % |  |  | 1.3 | %
Unvested shares and options outstanding at year-end |  |  | 705,280 |  |  |  | 542,498 |  |  |  | 539,081 |  |  |  | 930,212 |  |  |  | 1,077,408 |  |  |  | 848,900 |
Overhang(2) |  |  | 4.4 | % |  |  | 2.2 | % |  |  | 1.3 | % |  |  | 2.1 | % |  |  | 2.4 | % |  |  | 2.0 | %

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| (1) | Annual run rate is the number of shares of common stock and options granted during the year, divided by the number of shares of common stock outstanding at year-end.

| (2) | Overhang is the number of unvested shares of restricted common stock and options outstanding at year-end, divided by the total number of shares of common stock outstanding at year-end.

| (3) | We granted 287,500 shares of restricted common stock in the first quarter of 2013 for 2012 incentive compensation to our directors, officers and employees.

The following is a summary of the principal features of our 2016 Plan, as amended to reflect the proposed plan amendment. The summary does not purport to be a complete description of all provisions of our 2016 Plan and is qualified in its entirety by the text of the 2016 Plan, a copy of which (as amended to reflect the proposed plan amendment) is attached to this Proxy Statement as Appendix A.

Administration

The Compensation Committee of our Board has the exclusive authority to administer the Discretionary Grant and Stock Issuance Programs with respect to option grants, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, direct stock issuances and other stock-based awards (“equity awards”) made to executive officers and non-employee Board members, and also has the authority to make equity awards under those programs to all other eligible individuals. However, the Board may retain, reassume or exercise from time to time the power to administer those programs. Equity awards made to members of the Compensation Committee must be authorized and approved by a disinterested majority of the Board.

The term “plan administrator,” as used in this summary, means the Compensation Committee or the Board, to the extent either entity is acting within the scope of its administrative jurisdiction under the 2016 Plan.

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Share Reserve

An aggregate of 1,150,000 shares of common stock are currently authorized for issuance under the 2016 Plan. A total of 3,650,000 shares of common stock will be authorized for issuance under the 2016 Plan upon stockholder approval of this proposal. No additional equity awards beyond the existing 1,150,000 shares of common stock have been or will be issued under the 2016 Plan unless and until stockholder approval is obtained.

No participant in the 2016 Plan may be granted equity awards for shares of common stock having a value in excess of $1,000,000 per calendar year.

The shares of common stock issuable under the 2016 Plan may be drawn from shares of our authorized but unissued shares or from shares reacquired by us, including shares repurchased on the open market.

Shares of common stock subject to outstanding awards under the 2016 Plan shall in no event become eligible for reissuance under the 2016 Plan, whether as a result of expiration or termination of an award, cancellation or repurchase of unvested shares, tender of shares in connection with a net/cashless exercise program, withholding of shares to cover withholding taxes, or otherwise.

We have registered the issuance of all of the shares of common stock currently authorized for issuance under our 2016 Plan on Form S-8 under the Securities Act. As soon as practicable following stockholder approval to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2016 Plan, we intend to register the issuance of those securities under the 2016 Plan under a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act.

Eligibility

Officers, employees, non-employee directors, and consultants and independent advisors who are under written contract and whose securities issued under the 2016 Plan could be registered under a registration statement on Form S-8, all of whom are in our service or the service of any parent or subsidiary of ours, whether now existing or subsequently established, are eligible to participate in the Discretionary Grant and Stock Issuance Programs.

As of April 20, 2018, six executive officers, approximately 550 other employees, five non-executive officer members of our Board and an indeterminate number of consultants and independent advisors were eligible to participate in the 2016 Plan.

Valuation

The fair market value per share of our common stock on any relevant date under the 2016 Plan will be deemed to be equal to the closing price per share of our common stock at the close of regular trading hours on that date on The NASDAQ Capital Market (or any other primary successor exchange or market on which our securities are listed or traded). If there is no closing price for our common stock on the date in question, the fair market value will be the closing price on the last preceding date for which a quotation exists. On April 20, 2018, the fair market value determined on that basis was $3.43 per share.

Discretionary Grant Program

The plan administrator has complete discretion under the Discretionary Grant Program to determine which eligible individuals are to receive equity awards under that program, the time or times when those equity awards are to be made, the number of shares subject to each award, the time or times when each equity award is to vest and become exercisable, the maximum term for which the equity award is to remain outstanding and the status of any granted option as either an incentive stock option or a non-statutory option under the federal tax laws.

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Stock Options. Each granted option will have an exercise price per share determined by the plan administrator, provided that the exercise price will not be less than 85% or 100% of the fair market value of a share on the grant date in the case of non-statutory or incentive options, respectively. No granted option will have a term in excess of ten years. Incentive options granted to an employee who beneficially owns more than 10% of our outstanding common stock must have exercise prices not less than 110% of the fair market value of a share on the grant date and a term of not more than five years measured from the grant date. Options generally will become exercisable in one or more installments over a specified period of service measured from the grant date. However, options may be structured so that they will be immediately exercisable for any or all of the option shares. Any unvested shares acquired under immediately exercisable options will be subject to repurchase, at the exercise price paid per share, if the optionee ceases service with us prior to vesting in those shares.

An optionee who ceases service with us other than due to misconduct will have a limited time within which to exercise outstanding options for any shares for which those options are vested and exercisable at the time of cessation of service. The plan administrator has complete discretion to extend the period following the optionee’s cessation of service during which outstanding options may be exercised (but not beyond the expiration date) and/or to accelerate the exercisability or vesting of options in whole or in part. Discretion may be exercised at any time while the options remain outstanding, whether before or after the optionee’s actual cessation of service.

Stock Appreciation Rights. The plan administrator has the authority to issue the following three types of stock appreciation rights under the Discretionary Grant Program:

| · | Tandem stock appreciation rights, which provide the holders with the right, upon approval of the plan administrator, to surrender their options for an appreciation distribution in an amount equal to the excess of the fair market value of the vested shares of common stock subject to the surrendered option over the aggregate exercise price payable for those shares.

| · | Standalone stock appreciation rights, which allow the holders to exercise those rights as to a specific number of shares of common stock and receive in exchange an appreciation distribution in an amount equal to the excess of the fair market value on the exercise date of the shares of common stock as to which those rights are exercised over the aggregate base price in effect for those shares. The base price per share may not be less than the fair market value per share of the common stock on the date the standalone stock appreciation right is granted, and the right may not have a term in excess of ten years.

| · | Limited stock appreciation rights, which may be included in one or more option grants made under the Discretionary Grant Program to executive officers or directors who are subject to the short-swing profit liability provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Upon the successful completion of a hostile takeover for more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities or a change in a majority of our Board as a result of one or more contested elections for Board membership over a period of up to 36 consecutive months, each outstanding option with a limited stock appreciation right may be surrendered in return for a cash distribution per surrendered option share equal to the excess of the fair market value per share at the time the option is surrendered or, if greater and the option is a non-statutory option, the highest price paid per share in the transaction, over the exercise price payable per share under the option.

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Payments with respect to exercised tandem or standalone stock appreciation rights may, at the discretion of the plan administrator, be made in cash or in shares of common stock. All payments with respect to exercised limited stock appreciation rights will be made in cash. Upon cessation of service with us, the holder of one or more stock appreciation rights will have a limited period within which to exercise those rights as to any shares as to which those stock appreciation rights are vested and exercisable at the time of cessation of service. The plan administrator will have complete discretion to extend the period following the holder’s cessation of service during which his or her outstanding stock appreciation rights may be exercised and/or to accelerate the exercisability or vesting of the stock appreciation rights in whole or in part. Discretion may be exercised at any time while the stock appreciation rights remain outstanding, whether before or after the holder’s actual cessation of service.

Stock Issuance Program

Shares of common stock may be issued under the Stock Issuance Program for valid consideration under the Delaware General Corporation Law as the plan administrator deems appropriate, including cash, past services or other property. In addition, restricted shares of common stock may be issued under restricted stock awards that vest in one or more installments over the recipient’s period of service or upon attainment of specified performance objectives. Shares of common stock may also be issued under the program under restricted stock units or other stock-based awards that entitle the recipients to receive the shares underlying those awards upon the attainment of designated performance goals, the satisfaction of specified service requirements and/or upon the expiration of a designated time period following the vesting of those awards or units, including a deferred distribution date following the termination of the recipient’s service with us.

The plan administrator will have complete discretion under the Stock Issuance Program to determine which eligible individuals are to receive equity awards under the program, the time or times when those equity awards are to be made, the number of shares subject to each equity award, the vesting schedule to be in effect for the equity award and the consideration, if any, payable per share. The shares issued under an equity award may be fully vested upon issuance or may vest upon the completion of a designated service period and/or the attainment of pre-established performance goals.

The plan administrator will also have the discretionary authority to structure one or more equity awards under the Stock Issuance Program so that the shares subject to those particular awards will vest only upon the achievement of pre-established corporate performance goals. Goals may be based on one or more of the following criteria: (i) return on total stockholders’ equity; (ii) net income per share; (iii) net income or operating income; (iv) earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and stock-based compensation costs, or operating income before depreciation and amortization; (v) sales or revenue targets; (vi) return on assets, capital or investment; (vii) cash flow; (viii) market share; (ix) cost reduction goals; (x) budget comparisons; (xi) implementation or completion of projects or processes strategic or critical to our business operations; (xii) measures of customer satisfaction; (xiii) any combination of, or a specified increase in, any of the foregoing; and (xiv) the formation of joint ventures, research and development collaborations, marketing or customer service collaborations, or the completion of other corporate transactions intended to enhance our revenue or profitability or expand our customer base; provided, however, that for purposes of items (ii), (iii) and (vii) above, the plan administrator may, at the time the equity awards are made, specify adjustments to those items as reported in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), which will exclude from the calculation of those performance goals one or more of the following: charges related to acquisitions, stock-based compensation, employer payroll tax expense on stock option exercises, settlement costs, restructuring costs, gains or losses on strategic investments, non-operating gains, other non-cash charges, valuation allowance on deferred tax assets, and the related income tax effects, purchases of property and equipment, and any extraordinary non-recurring items, provided that those adjustments are in conformity with those reported by us on a non-GAAP basis. In addition, performance goals may be based upon the attainment of specified levels of our performance under one or more of the measures described above relative to the performance of other entities and may also be based on the performance of any of our business groups or divisions thereof or any parent or subsidiary. Performance goals may include a minimum threshold level of performance below which no award will be earned, levels of performance at which specified portions of an award will be earned, and a maximum level of performance at which an award will be fully earned. The plan administrator may provide that, if the actual level of attainment for any performance objective is between two specified levels, the amount of the award attributable to that performance objective shall be interpolated on a straight-line basis.

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The plan administrator will have the discretionary authority at any time to accelerate the vesting of any and all shares of restricted stock or other unvested shares outstanding under the Stock Issuance Program. However, no vesting requirements tied to the attainment of performance objectives may be waived with respect to shares that were intended at the time of issuance to qualify as performance-based compensation under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), except in the event of specified involuntary terminations or changes in control or ownership.

Outstanding restricted stock units or other stock-based awards under the Stock Issuance Program will automatically terminate, and no shares of common stock will actually be issued in satisfaction of those awards, if the performance goals or service requirements established for those awards are not attained. The plan administrator, however, will have the discretionary authority to issue shares of common stock in satisfaction of one or more outstanding restricted stock units or other stock-based awards as to which the designated performance goals or service requirements are not attained. However, no vesting requirements tied to the attainment of performance objectives may be waived with respect to awards that were intended at the time of issuance to qualify as performance-based compensation under Code Section 162(m), except in the event of specified involuntary terminations or changes in control or ownership.

General Provisions

Acceleration. If a change in control occurs, each outstanding equity award under the Discretionary Grant Program will automatically accelerate and vest in full, unless (i) that award is assumed by the successor corporation or otherwise continued in effect; (ii) the award is replaced with a cash retention program that preserves the spread existing on the unvested shares subject to that equity award (the excess of the fair market value of those shares over the exercise or base price in effect for the shares) and provides for subsequent payout of that spread in accordance with the same vesting schedule in effect for those shares; or (iii) the acceleration of the award is subject to other limitations imposed by the plan administrator. In addition, all unvested shares outstanding under the Discretionary Grant and Stock Issuance Programs will immediately vest upon the change in control, except to the extent our repurchase rights with respect to those shares are to be assigned to the successor corporation or otherwise continued in effect or accelerated vesting is precluded by other limitations imposed by the plan administrator. Each outstanding equity award under the Stock Issuance Program will vest as to the number of shares of common stock subject to that award immediately prior to the change in control, unless that equity award is assumed by the successor corporation or otherwise continued in effect or replaced with a cash retention program similar to the program described in clause (ii) above or unless vesting is precluded by its terms. Immediately following a change in control, all outstanding awards under the Discretionary Grant Program will terminate and cease to be outstanding except to the extent assumed by the successor corporation or its parent or otherwise expressly continued in full force and effect under the terms of the change in control transaction.

The plan administrator will have the discretion to structure one or more equity awards under the Discretionary Grant and Stock Issuance Programs so that those equity awards will vest in full in the event the individual’s service with us or the successor entity is terminated (actually or constructively) within a designated period following a change in control transaction, whether or not those equity awards are to be assumed or otherwise continued in effect or replaced with a cash retention program.

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A change in control will be deemed to have occurred if, in a single transaction or series of related transactions:

(i) any person (as that term is used in Section 13(d) and 14(d) of the Exchange Act), or persons acting as a group, other than a trustee or fiduciary holding securities under an employment benefit program, is or becomes a beneficial owner (as defined in Rule 13-3 under the Exchange Act), directly or indirectly of securities representing 51% or more of the combined voting power of our company;

(ii) there is a merger, consolidation, or other business combination transaction of us with or into another corporation, entity or person, other than a transaction in which the holders of at least a majority of the shares of our voting capital stock outstanding immediately prior to the transaction continue to hold (either by the shares remaining outstanding or by their being converted into shares of voting capital stock of the surviving entity) a majority of the total voting power represented by the shares of voting capital stock of our company (or the surviving entity) outstanding immediately after the transaction; or

(iii) all or substantially all of our assets are sold.

Stockholder Rights and Option Transferability. The holder of an option or stock appreciation right will have no stockholder rights with respect to the shares subject to that option or stock appreciation right unless and until the holder exercises the option or stock appreciation right and becomes a holder of record of shares of common stock distributed upon exercise of the award. Incentive options are not assignable or transferable other than by will or the laws of inheritance following the optionee’s death, and during the optionee’s lifetime, may only be exercised by the optionee. However, non-statutory options and stock appreciation rights may be transferred or assigned during the holder’s lifetime to one or more members of the holder’s family or to a trust established for the benefit of the holder and/or one or more family members or to the holder’s former spouse, to the extent the transfer is in connection with the holder’s estate plan or under a domestic relations order.

A participant will have a number of rights with respect to shares of common stock issued to the participant under the Stock Issuance Program, whether or not the participant’s interest in those shares is vested. Accordingly, the participant will have the right to vote the shares and to receive any regular cash dividends paid on the shares, but will not have the right to transfer the shares prior to vesting. A participant will not have any stockholder rights with respect to the shares of common stock subject to restricted stock units or other stock-based awards until the awards vest and the shares of common stock are actually issued. However, dividend-equivalent units may be paid or credited, either in cash or in actual or phantom shares of common stock, on outstanding restricted stock units or other stock-based awards, subject to terms and conditions the plan administrator deems appropriate.

Changes in Capitalization. If any change is made to the outstanding shares of common stock by reason of any recapitalization, stock dividend, stock split, combination of shares, exchange of shares or other change in corporate structure effected without our receipt of consideration, appropriate adjustments will be made to (i) the maximum number and/or class of securities issuable under the 2016 Plan; (ii) the maximum number and/or class of securities for which any one person may be granted equity awards under the 2016 Plan per calendar year; (iii) the number and/or class of securities and the exercise price or base price per share in effect under each outstanding option or stock appreciation right; and (iv) the number and/or class of securities subject to each outstanding restricted stock unit or other stock-based award under the 2016 Plan and the cash consideration, if any, payable per share. All adjustments will be designed to preclude any dilution or enlargement of benefits under the 2016 Plan and the outstanding equity awards thereunder.

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Special Tax Election. Subject to applicable laws, rules and regulations, the plan administrator may permit any or all holders of equity awards to utilize any or all of the following methods to satisfy all or part of the federal and state income and employment withholding taxes to which they may become subject in connection with the issuance, exercise or vesting of those equity awards:

| · | Stock Withholding. The election to have us withhold, from the shares otherwise issuable upon the issuance, exercise or vesting of an equity award, a portion of those shares with an aggregate fair market value equal to the percentage of the withholding taxes (not to exceed 100%) designated by the holder and make a cash payment equal to the fair market value directly to the appropriate taxing authorities on the individual’s behalf.

| · | Stock Delivery. The election to deliver to us shares of common stock previously acquired by the holder (other than in connection with the issuance, exercise or vesting that triggered the withholding taxes) with an aggregate fair market value equal to the percentage of the withholding taxes (not to exceed 100%) designated by the holder.

| · | Sale and Remittance. The election to deliver to us, to the extent the award is issued or exercised for vested shares, through a special sale and remittance procedure under which the optionee or participant will concurrently provide irrevocable instructions to a brokerage firm to effect the immediate sale of the purchased or issued shares and remit to us, out of the sale proceeds available on the settlement date, sufficient funds to cover the withholding taxes we are required to withhold by reason of the issuance, exercise or vesting.

Amendment, Suspension and Termination

Our Board may suspend or terminate the 2016 Plan at any time. Our Board may amend or modify the 2016 Plan, subject to any required stockholder approval. Stockholder approval will be required for any amendment that materially increases the number of shares available for issuance under the 2016 Plan, materially expands the class of individuals eligible to receive equity awards under the 2016 Plan, materially increases the benefits accruing to optionees and other participants under the 2016 Plan or materially reduces the price at which shares of common stock may be issued or purchased under the 2016 Plan, materially extends the term of the 2016 Plan, expands the types of awards available for issuance under the 2016 Plan, or as to which stockholder approval is required by applicable laws, rules or regulations.

Unless sooner terminated by our Board, the 2016 Plan will terminate on the earliest to occur of: (i) March 25, 2026; (ii) the date on which all shares available for issuance under the 2016 Plan have been issued as fully-vested shares; (iii) and the termination of all outstanding equity awards upon specified changes in control or ownership. If the 2016 Plan terminates on March 25, 2026, then all equity awards outstanding at that time will continue to have force and effect in accordance with the provisions of the documents evidencing those awards.

Federal Income Tax Consequences

The following discussion summarizes the principal income tax consequences of equity awards granted under the 2016 Plan under current federal income tax law, which is subject to change, and is intended for general information only. In addition, the tax consequences described below may be subject to the limitations of Code Section 162(m), as discussed in further detail below. Other federal taxes and foreign, state and local income taxes are not discussed, and may vary depending upon individual circumstances and from locality to locality. We will not summarize the special rules that may apply if the recipient pays the exercise price of any equity award or any associated tax withholdings by delivery of shares the recipient already owns or will acquire with respect to the equity award.

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Option Grants. Options granted under the 2016 Plan may be either incentive stock options, which satisfy the requirements of Code Section 422, or non-statutory stock options, which are not intended to meet those requirements. The federal income tax treatment for the two types of options differs as follows:

Incentive Stock Options. No taxable income is recognized by the optionee at the time of the option grant, and, if there is no disqualifying disposition of the underlying shares at the time of exercise, no taxable income is recognized for regular tax purposes at the time the option is exercised, although taxable income may arise at that time for alternative minimum tax purposes equal to the excess of the fair market value of the purchased shares at the time over the exercise price paid for those shares.

The optionee will recognize taxable income in the year in which the purchased shares are sold or otherwise made the subject of some dispositions. For federal tax purposes, dispositions are divided into two categories: qualifying and disqualifying. A qualifying disposition occurs if the sale or other disposition is made more than two years after the date the option for the shares involved in the sale or disposition was granted and more than one year after the date the option was exercised for those shares. If either of these two requirements is not satisfied, a disqualifying disposition will result.

Upon a qualifying disposition, the optionee will recognize long-term capital gain in an amount equal to the excess of the amount realized upon the sale or other disposition of the purchased shares over the exercise price paid for the shares or long-term capital loss to the extent the amount realized is less than the exercise price paid for the shares. If there is a disqualifying disposition of the shares, the excess of the fair market value of those shares on the exercise date over the exercise price paid for the shares will be taxable as ordinary income to the optionee if the amount realized exceeds the sum of that excess plus the exercise price paid for the shares. Otherwise, only the excess of the amount realized over the price paid for the shares will be treated as ordinary income to the optionee. Any additional gain or any loss recognized upon the disposition will be taxable as a capital gain or capital loss (long-term if the shares were held for more than one year and short-term otherwise).

If the optionee makes a disqualifying disposition of the purchased shares, we will generally be entitled to an income tax deduction, for our taxable year in which the disposition occurs, equal to the amount of ordinary income the optionee is to recognize. If the optionee makes a qualifying disposition, we will not be entitled to any income tax deduction.

Non-Statutory Stock Options. No taxable income is generally recognized by an optionee upon the grant of a non-statutory option (assuming the option is exempt from Code Section 409A). The optionee will, in general, recognize ordinary income, in the year in which the option is exercised, equal to the excess of the fair market value of the purchased shares on the exercise date over the exercise price paid for the shares, and we will be required to collect withholding taxes from the optionee on that amount of ordinary income. A participant’s subsequent disposition of shares acquired upon the exercise of an option generally will result in only capital gain or loss.

We will generally be entitled to an income tax deduction equal to the amount of any ordinary income recognized by the optionee with respect to an exercised non-statutory option. The deduction will in general be allowed for our taxable year in which the ordinary income is recognized by the optionee.

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If the shares acquired upon exercise of the non-statutory option are unvested and subject to repurchase in the event of the optionee’s cessation of service prior to vesting in those shares, however the optionee will not recognize any taxable income at the time of exercise but will have to report as ordinary income (and we will have to withhold with respect thereto), as and when our repurchase right lapses, an amount equal to the excess of the fair market value of the shares on the date the repurchase right lapses over the exercise price paid for the shares. The optionee may elect under Code Section 83(b) to include as ordinary income in the year of exercise of the option an amount equal to the excess of the fair market value of the purchased shares on the exercise date over the exercise price paid for the shares. If a timely Code Section 83(b) election is made, the optionee will not recognize any additional income as and when the repurchase right lapses.

Stock Appreciation Rights. No taxable income is generally recognized upon receipt of a stock appreciation right. The holder will recognize ordinary income in the year in which the stock appreciation right is settled in an amount equal to the cash and the fair market value of the shares of common stock on the settlement date received for the right, and we will be required to collect withholding taxes from the holder on that ordinary income. A participant’s subsequent disposition of shares acquired upon the exercise of a stock appreciation right generally will result in only capital gain or loss.

We will generally be entitled to an income tax deduction equal to the amount of any ordinary income recognized by the holder in connection with the exercise of a stock appreciation right. The deduction will in general be allowed for our taxable year in which the ordinary income is recognized by the holder.

Direct Stock Issuances. Stock granted under the 2016 Plan may include issuances of unrestricted stock, restricted stock and restricted stock units.

Unrestricted Stock Grants. The holder will recognize ordinary income in the year in which shares are actually issued to the holder. The amount of that income will be equal to the fair market value of the shares on the date of issuance (minus the amount, if any, paid by the participant for the shares), and we will be required to collect withholding taxes from the holder on that ordinary income. A participant’s subsequent disposition of shares issued pursuant to an unrestricted stock grant generally will result in only capital gain or loss.

We generally will be entitled to an income tax deduction equal to the amount of ordinary income recognized by the holder at the time the shares are issued. The deduction will in general be allowed for our taxable year in which the ordinary income is recognized by the holder.

Restricted Stock Grants. No taxable income is recognized upon receipt of stock that qualifies as restricted stock unless the recipient elects to have the value of the stock (without consideration of any effect of the vesting conditions) included in income on the date of receipt. In that event, the recipient may elect under Code Section 83(b) to include as ordinary income in the year the shares are actually issued an amount equal to the fair market value of the shares at the time of issuance (and we will be required to withhold on that amount). If a timely Code Section 83(b) election is made, the holder will not recognize any additional income when the vesting conditions lapse and will not be entitled to a deduction in the event the stock is forfeited as a result of failure to vest.

If the recipient does not file an election under Code Section 83(b), he will not recognize income until the shares vest. At that time, the holder will recognize ordinary income in an amount equal to the fair market value of the shares on the date the shares vest. We will be required to collect withholding taxes from the holder at that time on that ordinary income. A participant’s subsequent disposition of shares issued pursuant to a restricted stock grant generally will result in only capital gain or loss.

The holder also will recognize ordinary income and be subject to withholdings with respect to any cash dividends that are paid in connection with a restricted stock grant if they are paid prior to the time the shares vest (and assuming the holder does not make the election under Code Section 83(b)). If the holder makes the Code Section 83(b) election, all dividends received on a restricted stock award will be taxed as an ordinary dividend.

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We generally will be entitled to an income tax deduction equal to the amount of ordinary income recognized by the holder at the time the shares are issued, if the holder elects to file an election under Code Section 83(b), or we will be entitled to an income tax deduction equal to the amount of ordinary income recognized by the holder at the time the vesting conditions occur, if the holder does not elect to file an election under Code Section 83(b).

Restricted Stock Units. No taxable income is generally recognized upon receipt of a restricted stock unit award. The holder will recognize ordinary income in the year in which the cash is paid and/or shares subject to that unit are actually issued to the holder. The amount of that income will be equal to the cash and the fair market value of the shares received on the date of issuance, and we will be required to collect withholding taxes from the holder on that ordinary income. A participant’s subsequent disposition of shares issued pursuant to a restricted stock unit grant generally will result in only capital gain or loss.

We will generally be entitled to an income tax deduction equal to the amount of ordinary income recognized by the holder at the time the shares are issued. The deduction will in general be allowed for our taxable year in which the ordinary income is recognized by the holder.

Code Section 409A. A number of awards, including non-statutory stock options and stock appreciation rights granted with an exercise price that is less than fair market value, and some restricted stock units, might be considered “non-qualified deferred compensation” and subject to Code Section 409A. Awards that are subject to but do not meet the requirements of Code Section 409A will result in an additional 20% tax obligation, plus penalties and interest to the recipient, and may result in accelerated imposition of income tax at the time of vesting (as opposed to settlement) and the related withholding. The foregoing tax discussion assumes that the applicable equity award is exempt from Code Section 409A. Equity awards subject to Code Section 409A may only be paid on certain trigger events and are subject to a myriad number of other requirements.

Deductibility of Executive Compensation

Any compensation deemed paid by us in connection with awards under the 2016 Plan may be taken into account for purposes of the annual $1,000,000 limitation per covered individual on the deductibility of compensation paid to certain executive officers under Code Section 162(m), except to the extent the vesting of those awards was based solely on one or more of the performance milestones specified above and those equity awards otherwise comply with the terms of “qualified performance based compensation” within the meaning of Code Section 162(m). Effective for years beginning on or after January 1, 2018, the exception for qualified performance-based compensation generally no longer applies. However, a transition rule continues to apply to any such awards that are outstanding as of November 2, 2017, or are granted pursuant to a legally binding contract in effect as of November 2, 2017, to the extent the awards or contract are not materially modified thereafter. To the extent the plan administrator grants an award under the 2016 Plan that qualifies under the transition rule, the 2016 Plan will require the award to continue to be administered so as to retain the award’s eligibility for the transition rule.

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Accounting Treatment

In accordance with accounting standards established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718, Stock Compensation, we are required to recognize all share-based payments, including grants of stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units, in our financial statements. Accordingly, stock options are valued at fair value as of the grant date under an appropriate valuation formula, and that value will be charged as stock-based compensation expense against our reported earnings over the designated vesting period of the award. For shares issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units that may be awarded under the 2016 Plan, we are required to expense over the vesting period a compensation cost equal to the fair market value of the underlying shares on the date of the award. Restricted stock issued under the 2016 Plan results in a direct charge to our reported earnings equal to the excess of the fair market value of those shares on the issuance date over the cash consideration (if any) paid for the shares. If the shares are unvested at the time of issuance, then any charge to our reported earnings is amortized over the vesting period. This accounting treatment for restricted stock units and restricted stock issuances is applicable whether vesting is tied to service periods or performance criteria.

New Plan Benefits

No additional awards under the 2016 Plan are determinable at this time because awards under the 2016 Plan are discretionary and no specific additional awards have been approved by the plan administrator beyond currently outstanding unvested restricted stock grants in respect of 437,452 shares of common stock.

Other Arrangements Not Subject to Stockholder Action

Information regarding our equity compensation plan arrangements that existed as of the end of 2017 is included in this Proxy Statement under the heading “Equity Compensation Plan Information.”

Interests of Related Parties

The 2016 Plan provides that our officers, employees, non-employee directors, and some consultants and independent advisors will be eligible to receive awards under the 2016 Plan. As discussed above, we may be eligible in some circumstances to receive a tax deduction for some executive compensation resulting from awards under the 2016 Plan that would otherwise be disallowed under Section 162(m).

Possible Anti-Takeover Effects

Although not intended as an anti-takeover measure by our Board, one of the possible effects of the 2016 Plan could be to place additional shares, and to increase the percentage of the total number of shares outstanding, or to place other incentive compensation, in the hands of the directors and officers of Pacific Ethanol. Those persons may be viewed as part of, or friendly to, incumbent management and may, therefore, under some circumstances be expected to make investment and voting decisions in response to a hostile takeover attempt that may serve to discourage or render more difficult the accomplishment of the attempt.

In addition, options or other incentive compensation may, in the discretion of the plan administrator, contain provisions providing for the acceleration of the exercisability or vesting of outstanding options and other incentive compensation upon a hostile takeover or other change in control, including a tender or exchange offer, merger, consolidation, other business combination, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, significant changes in the composition of our Board, or other attempted changes in the control of Pacific Ethanol. In the opinion of our Board, this acceleration provision merely ensures that optionees under the 2016 Plan will be able to exercise their options or obtain their incentive compensation as intended by our Board and stockholders prior to any extraordinary corporate transaction which might serve to limit or restrict that right. Our Board is, however, presently unaware of any threat of hostile takeover involving Pacific Ethanol.

| -31- |

Clawback Policy

The plan administrator has the power and authority, and is required, to terminate any vested or unvested award or require repayment to us of the proceeds received by our executive officers, including any named executive officer, arising from any award, to apply our Policy for Recoupment of Incentive Compensation dated March 29, 2018. The plan administrator will also apply any amended or successor “clawback” or similar policy adopted by us, including any policy or policy changes mandated by or implemented pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act or the applicable listing requirements or rules and regulations of The NASDAQ Capital Market, if applicable, and any other stock exchange or other market on which our common stock is then quoted or listed for trading.

Required Vote of Stockholders

NASDAQ Listing Rule 5635(c) generally requires us to obtain stockholder approval of compensation plans pursuant to which our stock may be acquired by officers, directors, employees or consultants. The approval of this Proposal Three requires the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes of the shares of our common stock and Series B Preferred Stock, voting together as a single class, present at the Annual Meeting in person or by proxy and entitled to vote.

Recommendation of the Board of Directors

OUR BOARD UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS A VOTE “FOR” APPROVAL OF PROPOSAL THREE.

Proposal FOUR

Ratification of Appointment of

Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Our Audit Committee has appointed the independent registered public accounting firm RSM US LLP to audit and comment on our financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2018, and to conduct whatever audit functions are deemed necessary. RSM US LLP audited our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017 that were included in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K.

A representative of RSM US LLP will not be present at the Annual Meeting.

Required Vote of Stockholders

Although a vote of stockholders is not required on this proposal, our Board is asking our stockholders to ratify the appointment of our independent registered public accounting firm. The ratification of the appointment of our independent registered public accounting firm requires the affirmative votes of a majority of the votes of the shares of our common stock and Series B Preferred Stock, voting together as a single class, present at the Annual Meeting in person or by proxy and entitled to vote.

In the event that our stockholders do not ratify the appointment of RSM US LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm, the appointment will be reconsidered by our Audit Committee. Even if the appointment is ratified, our Audit Committee, in its discretion, may direct the appointment of a different independent registered public accounting firm at any time during the year if the Audit Committee believes that such a change would be in our and our stockholders’ best interests.

| -32- |

Recommendation of the Board of Directors

OUR BOARD unanimously recommends a vote “FOR” RATIFICATION OF THE APPOINTMENT OF RSM US LLP TO SERVE AS OUR INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 2018.

Other Matters

Our Board knows of no other matters to be brought before the Annual Meeting. However, if other matters should come before the Annual Meeting, it is the intention of the person named in the proxy to vote such proxy in accordance with his or her judgment on such matters.

| -33- |

Audit Matters

Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The following table presents fees for professional audit services rendered by RSM US LLP for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.

|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Audit Fees |  | $ | 654,093 |  |  | $ | 613,250 |
Audit-Related Fees |  |  | 58,275 |  |  |  | 94,320 |
Tax Fees |  |  | 1,575 |  |  |  | 69,500 |
All Other Fees |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 713,943 |  |  | $ | 777,070 |

Audit Fees. Consist of amounts billed for professional services rendered for the audit of our annual consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, reviews of our interim consolidated financial statements included in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and our Registration Statements on Form S-3 and S-8, and the review of our internal accounting and reporting controls as required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

Audit-Related Fees. Audit-Related Fees consist of fees billed for professional services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of our consolidated financial statements but are not reported under “Audit Fees.” Such fees would include amounts billed for professional services performed in connection with mergers and acquisitions, audits of 401(k) plans, pension plans and RIN audits.

Tax Fees. Tax Fees consist of fees for professional services for tax compliance activities, including the preparation of federal and state tax returns and related compliance matters.

All Other Fees. Consists of amounts billed for services other than those noted above.

Our Audit Committee considered all non-audit services provided by RSM US LLP and determined that the provision of such services was compatible with maintaining such firm’s audit independence.

Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policy

Our Audit Committee is responsible for approving all audit, audit-related, tax and other services. The Audit Committee pre-approves all auditing services and permitted non-audit services, including all fees and terms to be performed for us by our independent auditor at the beginning of the fiscal year. Non-audit services are reviewed and pre-approved by project at the beginning of the fiscal year. Any additional non-audit services contemplated by us after the beginning of the fiscal year are submitted to the Chairman of our Audit Committee for pre-approval prior to engaging our independent auditor for such services. These interim pre-approvals are reviewed with the full Audit Committee at its next meeting for ratification. During 2017 and 2016, all services performed by RSM US LLP were pre-approved by our Audit Committee in accordance with these policies and applicable Securities and Exchange Commission regulations.

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Audit Committee Report

The Audit Committee is comprised entirely of independent directors who meet the independence requirements of the Listing Rules of NASDAQ and the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter adopted by the Board that is available on Pacific Ethanol’s website at http://www.pacificethanol.net/investors/governance/audit-committee-charter. As described more fully in its charter, the Audit Committee oversees the financial reporting process, the internal control structure and disclosure controls and procedures on behalf of the Board.

Management is responsible for the preparation, presentation and integrity of Pacific Ethanol’s financial statements; the appropriateness of the accounting principles and reporting policies that are used; and procedures designed to reasonably assure compliance with accounting standards, and applicable laws and regulations. Management is also responsible for the effectiveness of Pacific Ethanol’s internal control over financial reporting, and reports to the Audit Committee on any deficiencies found.

Pacific Ethanol’s independent registered public accounting firm, RSM US LLP, is responsible for performing an independent audit of Pacific Ethanol’s consolidated financial statements in accordance with standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) and expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of Pacific Ethanol’s internal control over financial reporting. The Audit Committee is directly responsible for the selection, compensation, evaluation and oversight, and retention of Pacific Ethanol’s independent registered public accounting firm, and evaluates its independence.

Under its written charter, the Audit Committee has the authority to conduct any investigation appropriate to fulfilling its responsibilities, has direct access to Pacific Ethanol’s independent registered public accounting firm as well as any of Pacific Ethanol’s employees, and has the ability to retain, at Pacific Ethanol’s expense, special legal, accounting, or other experts or advisors it deems necessary in the performance of its duties, apart from counsel or advisors hired by management.

Audit Committee members are not acting as professional accountants or auditors, and their functions are not intended to duplicate or to certify the activities of management or Pacific Ethanol’s independent registered public accounting firm. The Audit Committee serves a Board-level oversight role in which it provides advice, counsel, and direction to management and to the auditors on the basis of the information it receives, discussions with management and the auditors, and the experience of the Audit Committee’s members in business, financial, and accounting matters.

In accordance with Audit Committee policy and the requirements of law, the Audit Committee pre-approves all services to be provided by Pacific Ethanol’s independent registered public accounting firm. Pre-approval includes audit services, audit-related services, tax services, and all other services.

The Audit Committee reviewed and discussed with management its assessment of and report on the effectiveness of Pacific Ethanol’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, which it made based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). The Audit Committee also reviewed and discussed with RSM US LLP its audit and report on Pacific Ethanol’s internal control over financial reporting.

The Audit Committee reviewed and discussed the audited financial statements in Pacific Ethanol’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 with management and RSM US LLP. The Audit Committee also discussed with RSM US LLP the matters required to be discussed by Auditing Standard No. 1301, “Communications with Audit Committees” issued by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. In addition, the Audit Committee obtained from RSM US LLP the written disclosures and the letter required by applicable requirements of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding the independent accountants’ communications with the Audit Committee concerning independence and discussed with RSM US LLP its independence from Pacific Ethanol, Inc. and management.

| -35- |

Our Audit Committee considered all non-audit services provided by RSM US LLP and determined that the provision of such services was compatible with maintaining such firm’s audit independence.

Based on the reviews and discussions referred to above, as well as such other matters deemed relevant and appropriate by the Audit Committee, the Audit Committee recommended to the Board, and the Board approved, the inclusion of the audited financial statements referred to above in Pacific Ethanol’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 for filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

| Respectfully submitted,
| Audit Committee
| Terry L. Stone, Chairman
| William L. Jones
| John L. Prince

| -36- |

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our voting securities as of April 20, 2018, the date of the table, by:

| · | each of our executive officers;

| · | each of our directors and director nominees;

| · | all of our executive officers and directors as a group; and

| · | each person known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of the outstanding shares of any class of our voting capital stock.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and includes voting or investment power with respect to the securities. To our knowledge, except as indicated by footnote, and subject to community property laws where applicable, the persons named in the table below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of common stock shown as beneficially owned by them. Shares of common stock underlying derivative securities, if any, that currently are exercisable or convertible or are scheduled to become exercisable or convertible for or into shares of common stock within 60 days after the date of the table are deemed to be outstanding in calculating the percentage ownership of each listed person or group but are not deemed to be outstanding as to any other person or group. Except as indicated by footnote, percentage of beneficial ownership is based on 43,810,043 shares of common stock and 926,942 shares of Series B Preferred Stock outstanding as of the date of the table.

The table below excludes an aggregate of 896 shares of our Non-Voting Common Stock. Our Non-Voting Common Stock is convertible on a one-for-one basis into shares of our common stock; provided, that our Non-Voting Common Stock may not be converted:

| · | to the extent that, after giving effect to the conversion, the holder and its affiliates would beneficially own, in the aggregate, more than 9.99% of our outstanding shares of common stock; and

| · | except upon 61-days’ prior written notice of conversion to us, including surrender of the stock certificates representing the Non-Voting Common Stock to be converted.

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Name and Address of Beneficial Owner(1) |  | Title of Class |  | Amount and Nature of Beneficial Ownership |  | Percent of Class
William L. Jones |  | Common |  |  | 65,864 | (2) |  |  |  | * |  |
|  | Series B Preferred |  |  | 12,820 |  |  |  |  | 1.38 | % |
Neil M. Koehler |  | Common |  |  | 823,443 | (3) |  |  |  | 1.87 | % |
|  | Series B Preferred |  |  | 256,410 |  |  |  |  | 27.66 | % |
Bryon T. McGregor |  | Common |  |  | 150,522 | (4) |  |  |  | * |  |
Christopher W. Wright |  | Common |  |  | 110,448 | (5) |  |  |  | * |  |
Terry L. Stone |  | Common |  |  | 58,121 |  |  |  |  | * |  |
John L. Prince |  | Common |  |  | 44,375 |  |  |  |  | * |  |
Douglas L. Kieta |  | Common |  |  | 70,095 |  |  |  |  | * |  |
Larry D. Layne |  | Common |  |  | 56,758 |  |  |  |  | * |  |
Michael D. Kandris |  | Common |  |  | 124,646 | (6) |  |  |  | * |  |
Paul P. Koehler |  | Common |  |  | 108,560 | (7) |  |  |  | * |  |
|  | Series B Preferred |  |  | 12,820 |  |  |  |  | 1.38 | % |
James R. Sneed |  | Common |  |  | 91,745 | (8) |  |  |  | * |  |
Frank P. Greinke |  | Common |  |  | 58,319 | (9) |  |  |  | * |  |
|  | Series B Preferred |  |  | 85,180 |  |  |  |  | 9.19 | % |
Lyles United, LLC |  | Common |  |  | 354,596 | (10) |  |  |  | * |  |
|  | Series B Preferred |  |  | 512,820 |  |  |  |  | 55.32 | % |
BlackRock, Inc. |  | Common |  |  | 5,557,773 | (11) |  |  |  | 12.69 | % |
DNB Asset Management AS |  | Common |  |  | 3,016,598 | (12) |  |  |  | 6.89 | % |
Dimensional Fund Advisors LP |  | Common |  |  | 2,860,497 | (13) |  |  |  | 6.53 | % |
All executive officers and directors as a group (11 persons) |  | Common |  |  | 1,704,577 | (14) |  |  |  | 3.85 | % |
|  | Series B Preferred |  |  | 282,050 |  |  |  |  | 30.43 | % |

| * | Less than 1.00%

| (1) | Messrs. Jones, Koehler, Stone, Prince, Kieta, Layne and Kandris are directors of Pacific Ethanol. Messrs. N. Koehler, McGregor, Wright, Kandris, P. Koehler and Sneed are executive officers of Pacific Ethanol. The address of each of these persons is c/o Pacific Ethanol, Inc., 400 Capitol Mall, Suite 2060, Sacramento, California 95814.

| (2) | Amount represents 56,903 shares of common stock held by William L. Jones and Maurine Jones, husband and wife, as community property, 184 shares of common stock underlying a warrant issued to Mr. Jones and 8,777 shares of common stock underlying our Series B Preferred Stock held by Mr. Jones.

| (3) | Amount represents 527,097 shares of common stock held directly, 3,663 shares of common stock underlying a warrant, 175,554 shares of common stock underlying our Series B Preferred Stock and 117,129 shares of common stock underlying options.

| (4) | Includes 33,461 shares of common stock underlying options.

| (5) | Includes 23,461 shares of common stock underlying options.

| (6) | Includes 31,746 shares of common stock underlying options.

| (7) | Amount represents 88,597 shares of common stock held directly, 184 shares of common stock underlying a warrant, 8,777 shares of common stock underlying our Series B Preferred Stock and 11,002 shares of common stock underlying options.

| (8) | Includes 10,204 shares of common stock underlying options.

| (9) | Amount represents shares of common stock underlying our Series B Preferred Stock. The shares are beneficially owned by Frank P. Greinke, as trustee under the Greinke Personal Living Trust Dated April 20, 1999. The address of Frank P. Greinke is P.O. Box 4159, 1800 W. Katella, Suite 400, Orange, California 92863.

| (10) | Amount includes 351,108 shares of common stock underlying our Series B Preferred Stock. In addition, The Lyles Foundation holds 3,488 shares of common stock. The address of Lyles United, LLC is P.O. Box 4376, Fresno, California 93744-4376.

| (11) | The information with respect to BlackRock, Inc., including the information in this footnote, is based solely on the Schedule 13G/A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2018 by BlackRock, Inc. as the reporting person. BlackRock, Inc. holds sole voting power over 5,412,075 shares, sole dispositive power over 5,557,773 shares and beneficially owns 5,557,773 shares. The address of BlackRock, Inc. is 55 East 52nd Street, New York, New York 10055.

| -38- |

| (12) | The information with respect to DNB Asset Management AS, including the information in this footnote, is based solely on the Schedule 13G filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 8, 2018 by DNB Asset Management AS as the reporting person. DNB Asset Management AS holds sole voting and dispositive power over, and beneficially owns, 3,016,598 shares. The address of DNB Asset Management AS is Dronning Aufemias Gate 30, Bygg M-12N, 0191 Oslo, Norway.

| (13) | The information with respect to Dimensional Fund Advisors LP, including the information in this footnote, is based solely on the Schedule 13G filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 9, 2018 by Dimensional Fund Advisors LP as the reporting person. Dimensional Fund Advisors LP holds sole voting power over 2,738,353 shares, sole dispositive power over 2,860,497 shares and beneficially owns 2,860,497 shares. The address of Dimensional Fund Advisors LP is Building One, 6300 Bee Cave Road, Austin, Texas 78746.

| (14) | Amount represents 1,280,435 shares of common stock held directly, 227,003 shares of common stock underlying options, 4,031 shares of common stock underlying warrants and 193,108 shares of common stock underlying our Series B Preferred Stock.

| -39- |

Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance

Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires our executive officers and directors, and persons who beneficially own more than 10% of a registered class of our common stock, to file initial reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership with the Securities and Exchange Commission. These officers, directors and stockholders are required by Securities and Exchange Commission regulations to furnish us with copies of all reports that they file.

Based solely upon a review of copies of the reports furnished to us during the year ended December 31, 2017 and thereafter, or any written representations received by us from directors, officers and beneficial owners of more than 10% of our common stock (“reporting persons”) that no other reports were required, we believe that all reporting persons filed, on a timely basis, all reports required by Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act during the year ended December 31, 2017 or prior fiscal years.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table provides information about our common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of options, warrants and rights under all of our existing equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2017.

Plan Category |  | Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights |  |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights |  |  | Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans(1)(2) |
Equity Compensation Plans Approved by Security Holders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2006 Stock Incentive Plan(1) |  |  | 230,198 |  |  | $ | 4.18 |  |  |  | — |
2016 Stock Incentive Plan |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 323,993 |

| (1) | Our 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (“2006 Plan”) terminated on July 19, 2016 except to the extent of unvested shares of our restricted common stock and options to purchase shares of our common stock outstanding as of that date.

| (2) | Excludes an additional 2,500,000 shares of common stock available for future issuance upon approval by our stockholders of an amendment to the 2016 Plan. The amendment is included as Proposal Three of this Proxy Statement.

| -40- |

Executive Compensation and Related Information

Executive Officers

The following table sets forth certain information regarding our executive officers as of April 20, 2018:

Name |  | Age |  | Position(s) Held
Neil M. Koehler |  | 60 |  | Chief Executive Officer, President and Director
Michael D. Kandris |  | 70 |  | Chief Operating Officer and Director
Bryon T. McGregor |  | 54 |  | Chief Financial Officer
Christopher W. Wright |  | 65 |  | Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
Paul P. Koehler |  | 58 |  | Vice President, Commodities and Corporate Development
James R. Sneed |  | 51 |  | Vice President, Supply and Trading

Neil M. Koehler has served as Chief Executive Officer, President and as a director since March 2005. Mr. Koehler is a co-founder of PEI California and served as its Chief Executive Officer since its formation in January 2003 and as a member of its board of directors from March 2004 until its dissolution in March 2012. Prior to his association with PEI California, Mr. Koehler was the co-founder and General Manager of Parallel Products, one of the first ethanol production facilities in California, which was sold to a public company in 1997. Mr. Koehler was also the sole manager and sole limited liability company member of Kinergy, which he founded in September 2000, and which is one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. Mr. Koehler has over 30 years of experience in the ethanol production and marketing industry in the Western United States. Mr. Koehler is a Director of the Renewable Fuels Association and is a nationally-recognized speaker on the production and marketing of renewable fuels. Mr. Koehler has a B.A. degree in Government from Pomona College.

Michael D. Kandris has served as a director since June 2008 and as our Chief Operating Officer since January 6, 2013. Mr. Kandris served as an independent contractor with supervisory responsibility for ethanol plant operations, under the direction of our Chief Executive Officer, from January 1, 2012 to January 5, 2013. Mr. Kandris was President, Western Division of Ruan Transportation Management Systems from November 2008 until his retirement in September 2009. From January 2000 to November 2008, Mr. Kandris served as President and Chief Operating Officer of Ruan Transportation Management Systems, where he had overall responsibility for all operations, finance and administrative functions. Mr. Kandris has 30 years of experience in all modes of transportation and logistics. Mr. Kandris served on the Executive Committee of the American Trucking Association and as a board member for the National Tank Truck Organization until his retirement from Ruan Transportation Management Systems in September 2009. Mr. Kandris has a B.S. degree in Business from California State University, Hayward.

Bryon T. McGregor has served as our Chief Financial Officer since November 19, 2009. Mr. McGregor served as Vice President, Finance at Pacific Ethanol from September 2008 until he became Interim Chief Financial Officer in April 2009. Prior to joining Pacific Ethanol, Mr. McGregor was employed as Senior Director for E*TRADE Financial from February 2002 to August 2008, serving in various capacities including International Treasurer based in London, England from 2006 to 2008, Brokerage Treasurer and Director from 2003 to 2006 and Assistant Treasurer and Director of Finance and Investor Relations from 2002 to 2003. Prior to joining E*TRADE, Mr. McGregor served as Manager of Finance and Head of Project Finance for BP (formerly Atlantic Richfield Company – ARCO) from 1998 to 2001. Mr. McGregor has extensive experience in banking and served as a Director of International Project Finance for Credit Suisse from 1992 to 1998, as Assistant Vice President for Sumitomo Mitsubishi Banking Corp (formerly The Sumitomo Bank Limited) from 1989 to 1992, and as Commercial Banking Officer for Bank of America from 1987 to 1989. Mr. McGregor has a B.S. degree in Business Management from Brigham Young University.

| -41- |

Christopher W. Wright has served as Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since June 2006. From April 2004 until he joined Pacific Ethanol in June 2006, Mr. Wright operated an independent consulting practice, advising companies on complex transactions, including acquisitions and financings. Prior to that time, from January 2003 to April 2004, Mr. Wright was a partner with Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe, LLP, and from July 1998 to December 2002, Mr. Wright was a partner with Cooley Godward LLP, where he served as Partner-in-Charge of the Pacific Northwest office. Mr. Wright has extensive experience advising boards of directors on compliance, securities matters and strategic transactions, with a particular focus on guiding the development of rapidly growing companies. He has acted as general counsel for numerous technology enterprises in all aspects of corporate development, including fund-raising, business and technology acquisitions, mergers and strategic alliances. Mr. Wright has an A.B. degree in History from Yale College and a J.D. from the University of Chicago Law School.

Paul P. Koehler has served as a Vice President since 2005. Mr. Koehler has over 25 years of experience in business development and marketing in the energy industry. Prior to joining Pacific Ethanol in 2005, he served as Director of Business Development for PPM Energy, Inc., leading PPM’s efforts to develop and acquire several wind power projects. Mr. Koehler was also a co-founder of ReEnergy, one of the companies acquired by Pacific Ethanol. Mr. Koehler also served as a member of the board of directors of Towerstream Corporation, a public company, from May 30, 2007 to January 31, 2018. During the 1990s he worked for Portland General Electric and Enron in marketing and origination of long-term transactions, risk management, and energy trading. Mr. Koehler has a B.A. degree from the Honors College at the University of Oregon.

James R. Sneed has served as a Vice President since September 2012. Mr. Sneed has worked for over 20 years in various senior management and executive positions in the ethanol industry. Prior to joining Pacific Ethanol in 2012, Mr. Sneed was employed by Hawkeye Gold, LLC from April 2010 to September 2012, ultimately serving as Vice President – Ethanol Marketing and Trading. Prior to that time, from May 2003 to April 2010, Mr. Sneed was employed by Aventine Renewable Energy, an ethanol production and marketing company, where he helped build its operations from two ethanol plants in two states to marketing for fifteen production facilities in eight states, ultimately serving as Vice President, Marketing and Logistics. Mr. Sneed is a Certified Public Accountant, has a B.S. degree in Accounting from Olivet Nazarene University, and has an MBA degree from Northwestern University, Kellogg School of Management.

Family Relationships

Our officers are appointed by and serve at the discretion of our Board. Except for Neil M. Koehler and Paul P. Koehler, who are brothers, there are no family relationships among our executive officers and directors.

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Compensation Discussion and Analysis

In this section, we explain the material elements of our executive compensation program for our Chief Executive Officer and our other named executive officers, or NEOs, identified below whose compensation is in the executive compensation tables beginning on page 65 below.

| · | Neil M. Koehler, President and Chief Executive Officer

| · | Michael D. Kandris, Chief Operating Officer

| · | Bryon T. McGregor, Chief Financial Officer

| · | Christopher W. Wright, Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary

| · | James R. Sneed, Vice President of Supply and Trading

The executive compensation tables provide additional important information regarding the compensation and benefits awarded to, earned by or paid to our NEOs over our last three fiscal years, as well as the compensation program in which our NEOs are eligible to participate. You should read that section in conjunction with this section.

The Compensation Committee of our Board administers our executive compensation program. Each member of the Compensation Committee is “independent” under applicable NASDAQ listing standards, is an “outside director” within the meaning of Internal Revenue Code (“Code”) Section 162(m), and is a non-employee director within the meaning of Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

Executive Summary

Our executive compensation program is intended to achieve the following objectives:

| · | attract, retain, motivate and reward key executive officers responsible for our success;

| · | align and strengthen the mutuality of interests of our executive officers, our company and our stockholders;

| · | deliver compensation that reflects our financial and operational performance, while providing the opportunity to earn above-targeted total compensation for exceptional performance; and

| · | provide total compensation to each executive officer that is internally equitable, competitive, and influenced by company and individual performance.

We believe that our success depends in large part on our ability to attract, retain and motivate qualified executives through competitive compensation arrangements. We also believe that the compensation paid to our executive officers should be influenced by the value we create for our stockholders. For these reasons, our Compensation Committee believes that our compensation program should provide incentives to attain both short- and long-term financial and other business objectives and reward those executive officers who contribute meaningfully to attaining those objectives. The Compensation Committee supports a pay-for-performance philosophy within a compensation structure that is competitive, internally equitable and responsible.

Our executive compensation program consists of three primary elements:

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| · | base salary;

| · | annual performance-based cash incentive compensation; and

| · | long-term equity incentive compensation.

2017 Pay Highlights

Our base salary, annual performance-based cash incentive compensation and long-term equity incentive compensation decisions for 2017 described in this Executive Compensation section were made in March 2017. In 2017, we achieved progress towards our strategic and other business objectives. Highlights of 2017 include:

| · | Acquisition of Illinois Corn Processing, LLC. We acquired Illinois Corn Processing, LLC, or ICP, on July 3, 2017, which owns and operates an industrial alcohol manufacturing, storage and distribution facility located on the Illinois River adjacent to our facilities in Pekin, Illinois with direct access to end-markets via barge, rail and truck. Our consolidation of the ICP facility with our two Pekin, Illinois plants integrates the Pekin site into a unique combination of technologies and products with a combined operating capacity of 250 million gallons per year. The acquisition added 90 million gallons per year of production capacity, diversified fuel ethanol production with high-value beverage and industrial grade alcohol, and expanded our domestic and international distribution channels. ICP produces significant volumes of high-quality, premium-priced alcohol products for the beverage and industrial markets, and the acquisition was immediately accretive to earnings.

| · | Debt refinancing and related transactions. We successfully repaid $46.9 million in aggregate principal amount of secured notes issued as part of the purchase price for our acquisition of ICP using cash on hand and $42.0 million in proceeds from new credit facilities comprising a $24.0 million term loan and an $18.0 million revolving credit facility. In addition, we increased Kinergy’s credit facility from $85.0 million to up to $100.0 million to support Kinergy’s expanding sales volumes.

| · | Plant improvement initiatives. We continued our plant improvement projects to optimize our production, lower our carbon score and produce meaningful near-term returns. Among other projects:

| o | Industrial Scale Membrane System. We implemented an industrial scale membrane system at our Madera facility that separates water from ethanol during the plant’s dehydration process, positively impacting energy savings, operating performance and our carbon score.

| o | Solar Photovoltaic Power System. We significantly advanced installation of a 5-megawatt solar photovoltaic power system, which would be the first ever commercial solar power system installed at a U.S. ethanol facility, at our Madera plant. We expect the system to lower our carbon score and utility costs.

| o | Cogeneration System. We are building and implementing a 3.5-megawatt cogeneration system at our Stockton plant, comprised of two natural gas fired cogeneration units which convert process waste gas and natural gas into electricity and steam, reducing energy costs and lowering our carbon score and nitrogen oxide emissions.

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| o | Cellulosic Ethanol. We expanded production of cellulosic ethanol from corn fiber from our Stockton plant to our Madera and Magic Valley plants, increasing our participation in the market for advanced biofuels.

| o | Other Equipment Upgrades. We implemented a variety of other equipment upgrades to many of our plants, such as installing new boilers and dryers, which improved operating efficiencies and plant reliability, and increased our co-product returns.

| · | Adjusted EBITDA. We achieved $13.6 million of earnings before interest, provision/benefit for income taxes, asset impairments, purchase accounting adjustments, fair value adjustments and warrant inducements, and depreciation and amortization, or Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is the financial performance measure under our annual cash incentive compensation plan. We believe this level of Adjusted EBITDA is impressive in light of the challenging industry and market conditions we faced in 2017.

As a result of our financial performance and other factors discussed under “Compensation Decisions for 2017” on page 54 below and elsewhere in this Executive Compensation and Related Information section, total actual direct compensation for 2017—which includes actual base salary, annual performance-based cash incentive compensation and long-term equity incentive compensation—declined by approximately 10.8% for Neil M. Koehler, our President and Chief Executive Officer; declined by approximately 8.8% for Michael D. Kandris, our Chief Operating Officer; declined by approximately 9.4% for Bryon T. McGregor, our Chief Financial Officer; declined by approximately 8.3% for Christopher W. Wright, our Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary; and declined by approximately 6.3% for James R. Sneed, our Vice President of Supply and Trading. These declines reflect the absence of any discretionary bonus for 2017 as compared to 2016, which was partially offset by higher base salaries and performance-based annual cash incentive compensation.

The 2017 compensation information in this Proxy Statement includes actual results for 2017 under our performance-based annual cash incentive compensation plan. Our annual cash incentive compensation plan payouts were made in April 2018. No plan payouts were made in respect of the financial performance element of our annual cash incentive compensation plan because our Adjusted EBITDA of $13,600,000 fell below the lowest payout threshold for 2017 of Adjusted EBITDA of $57,000,000. Our NEOs performed well in their execution of a number of strategic and other initiatives in 2017, as noted above, and consequently, our NEOs each received maximum payouts under the individual performance element of the plan.

Compensation Philosophy and Objectives

Our compensation philosophy and objectives are to align the interests of our executive officers with those of our stockholders and incent our executive officers to attain our short- and long-term financial and other business goals. We also seek to ensure that our executive compensation structure and total compensation is fair, reasonable and competitive in the marketplace so that we can attract and retain superior personnel in key positions. In addition, we endeavor to provide an executive compensation structure and total compensation that are internally equitable based upon each executive officer’s role and responsibilities. Our Compensation Committee seeks to make executive compensation decisions that embody this philosophy and that are directed towards attaining these objectives.

In implementing our compensation philosophy and objectives, our Compensation Committee reviews and analyzes each executive position, including the importance and scope of the role and how the position compares to other Pacific Ethanol executive officers and personnel. Our Compensation Committee also compares these positions to similar positions at organizations from across the United States, including organizations engaged in the chemicals, light and heavy manufacturing, and construction and materials industries, as further described below under “Benchmarking”. In addition, our Compensation Committee draws from other compensation-related market data. This information helps provide our Compensation Committee with an understanding of how total compensation for each executive officer relates to the value of his or her position.

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We believe that structuring our executive officer compensation program to align the interests of our executive officers with our interests and those of our stockholders, and properly incenting our executive officers to attain our short- and long-term business goals, best serves the interests of our stockholders and creates stockholder value. We believe this occurs through motivating our executive officers to attain our short- and long-term business goals and retaining these executive officers by providing compensation opportunities that are competitive in the marketplace and internally equitable. We also endeavor to design our executive compensation program so that it is not reasonably likely to materially and adversely affect us, as discussed in more detail in “Compensation Risk Analysis” on page 64 below. We intend that total compensation paid or available to our executive officers, including base salary, annual cash incentive compensation and any special discretionary bonuses, long-term equity incentive compensation and benefits, is consistent with our compensation philosophy and objectives described above.

Compensation Governance Practices

Below we highlight various executive compensation governance practices intended to align the interests of our executive officers with those of our stockholders, incent the attainment of our short- and long-term business objectives, and attract and retain superior employees in key positions.

| · | Pay-for-performance. We tie a substantial portion of pay to company and individual performance. We structure total compensation with significant annual cash incentives and a long-term equity component, thereby making a substantial portion of each NEO’s targeted total compensation dependent upon company and individual performance as well as the performance of our stock price.

| · | Retention through long-term equity awards. We employ long-term equity awards through grants of restricted stock that vest in the future. These equity awards are designed to aid in our retention of key personnel in important positions and align the interests of our executive officers with those of our stockholders.

| · | Long vesting periods. Our equity awards to our NEOs generally vest in annual installments over a three year period.

| · | Linkage of annual cash incentive compensation plan to company performance. Our annual cash incentive compensation plan links a majority of targeted and potential payouts to our financial performance. The 2017 financial performance measure for the compensation pool for our annual incentive compensation plan was Adjusted EBITDA, which we weighted at 80% for our NEOs. The 2017 non-financial performance measure for funding the compensation pool of this incentive compensation plan was individual performance measured against pre-established goals, which we weighted at 20% for our NEOs.

| · | Perquisites. We do not currently offer our NEOs any significant perquisites, other than certain travel perquisites or those offered to our employees generally. Our executive officers are not guaranteed any retirement or pension benefits or any non-qualified deferred compensation plans. Instead, we offer our NEOs the opportunity to accumulate assets through their equity awards and the appreciation of their equity awards, and offer the opportunity to participate in our 401(k) plan and a health savings account plan on the same basis as our other employees.

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| · | Independent compensation consultant. Our independent compensation consultant, Korn Ferry Hay Group, is retained directly by our Compensation Committee.

| · | No short selling, pledging or hedging. Our insider trading policy prohibits all employees, officers and directors from engaging in any short sale of Pacific Ethanol securities, as well as any transaction involving puts, calls, collars, forward sales contracts, warrants or other options on Pacific Ethanol securities. Additionally, our executive officers are restricted from pledging Pacific Ethanol securities as collateral for a loan.

| · | No option re-pricing. Neither our 2006 Plan nor our 2016 Plan permits options or stock appreciation rights to be repriced to a lower exercise price without the approval of our stockholders, except in connection with certain changes to our capital structure.

| · | Clawback policy. If we are required to restate our financial statements, regardless of cause, including, without limitation, due to: (i) material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirements under the federal securities laws; (ii) an error, miscalculation or omission; or (iii) the commission of an act of fraud or other misconduct, including dishonesty, unethical conduct or falsification of our records, then our Compensation Committee is required to recoup incentive compensation, including any cash or equity incentive compensation, awarded or paid to any executive officer, including any NEO, during at least a three-year recoupment period. See “Summary Compensation Table—Clawback Policy” below.

Executive Compensation Program and Processes

Participants

Compensation Committee

Our Compensation Committee, with input from our management and one or more independent compensation consultants, establishes, updates and administers our executive compensation program. Our Compensation Committee establishes our compensation philosophy and objectives; oversees the design and administration of our executive compensation program; establishes the elements and mix of total compensation; sets the parameters and specific target metrics of our performance-based incentive compensation plan; and determines the target compensation of our executive officers.

Our Compensation Committee has the authority to retain independent counsel, advisors and other experts to assist it in the compensation-setting process and receives adequate funding to engage those service providers.

Independent Compensation Consultant

In October 2013, following a competitive request for proposal from three different compensation consultants, our Compensation Committee retained Korn Ferry Hay Group as its independent advisor for its 2013−2014 compensation review. Korn Ferry Hay Group was selected based on its expertise and skilled team dedicated to meet the needs of our Compensation Committee and its experience with ethanol and other companies closely tied to agriculture and commodity businesses. Our Compensation Committee reengaged Korn Ferry Hay Group as its independent advisor for its 2015, 2016 and 2017 compensation reviews.

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Korn Ferry Hay Group furnishes independent data, market analyses and advice to our Compensation Committee concerning executive compensation, including regarding the competitiveness of compensation plan design and evolving executive compensation trends and practices. Korn Ferry Hay Group is available to attend and participate in Compensation Committee meetings from time to time as and when requested by our Compensation Committee. Korn Ferry Hay Group also advises our Compensation Committee on the principal aspects of our executive compensation program, including the implementation of our compensation philosophy and objectives, and specific elements of executive compensation.

In evaluating Korn Ferry Hay Group’s independence, our Compensation Committee considered multiple factors. In particular, our Compensation Committee reviewed all services Korn Ferry Hay Group provided to Pacific Ethanol in 2013−2017. These services included consulting services to help us determine appropriate compensation for each of the years 2014 through 2017 for our NEOs as well as certain non-NEO personnel, including our non-employee directors. The fees for these consulting services were not segregated between consulting services in respect of NEO compensation and consulting services in respect of non-NEO personnel compensation. In total, fees paid to Korn Ferry Hay Group for services rendered to help us determine appropriate compensation for 2014 were $34,000, for 2015 were $62,000, for 2016 were $41,000 and for 2017 were $26,434. Our Compensation Committee also considered Pacific Ethanol’s purchase of survey data from Korn Ferry Hay Group for purposes of benchmarking NEO and non-NEO compensation, which amounted to $18,000 for 2014, $1,000 for 2015 and none for 2016 and 2017. We did not engage Korn Ferry Hay Group, and no fees were paid to Korn Ferry Hay Group, in respect of any services other than Korn Ferry Hay Group’s work with our Compensation Committee and management to help us determine appropriate compensation for 2014 through 2017 for our NEOs and certain non-NEO personnel, including our non-employee directors. In evaluating Korn Ferry Hay Group’s independence, our Compensation Committee also considered Korn Ferry Hay Group’s internal mechanisms and policies to ensure Korn Ferry Hay Group’s ability to provide objective advice, including that:

| · | Korn Ferry Hay Group is hired by the Compensation Committee and reports directly to the Compensation Committee; and

| · | Korn Ferry Hay Group has a broad base of clients, which reduces its reliance on any specific account for achieving its business goals.

Korn Ferry Hay Group also represented to the Compensation Committee that there are no personal or business relationships between the Korn Ferry Hay Group account manager and any member of the Compensation Committee or any NEO beyond the Pacific Ethanol relationship. Further, the Korn Ferry Hay Group account manager does not directly own any Pacific Ethanol shares (although some of the account manager’s investments controlled solely by independent, third-party managers may own Pacific Ethanol shares by way of indexed funds). Based on the above and other factors, including the factors set forth under Rule 10C-1 of the Exchange Act, the Compensation Committee assessed Korn Ferry Hay Group’s independence and concluded that no conflict of interest exists that would prevent Korn Ferry Hay Group from independently representing the Compensation Committee.

Management

Our Chief Executive Officer and other executive officers attend Compensation Committee meetings as requested by the Compensation Committee. These individuals are not present during executive sessions of Compensation Committee meetings except at the invitation of the Compensation Committee. Our General Counsel, under the direction of our Chief Executive Officer, leads our management in preparing recommendations on executive and employee compensation requested by the Compensation Committee.

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Benchmarking

Our Compensation Committee benchmarks the total compensation of our NEOs using compensation market data as a reference to assist it in understanding the competitive pay positioning of total compensation and each element of compensation. Our Compensation Committee reviews compensation for each executive officer in relation to the 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles of the compensation market data that, along with other factors, provides context for executive pay decisions. Korn Ferry Hay Group provided, for comparative purposes, compensation data from surveys of third parties that includes information from United States industrial companies, including organizations engaged in the chemicals, light and heavy manufacturing, and construction and materials industries. We have included in Appendix B to this Proxy Statement the companies included in the survey data.

Other Factors Considered in Setting Compensation

In addition to a review of our competitive market position, our Compensation Committee also took into account several other important factors in setting executive compensation for 2017, including company performance, including progress towards our strategic and other business objectives; internal pay equity considerations; the experience and responsibilities of each NEO; budget constraints; market conditions; and individual performance, including individual contributions to company achievements.

As part of the 2017 compensation-setting process for our NEOs, our Compensation Committee also reviewed “tally sheets” comprised of spreadsheets and tabular information that indicated the dollar amount of each component of compensation, including current and proposed base salaries, the proposed actual cash incentives to be paid for the prior year and the targeted cash incentives for the current year, and current projected values for the proposed equity-based awards based on stock price assumptions. The purpose of those tally sheets was to provide our Compensation Committee with a comprehensive snapshot of both the actual compensation provided to our executive officers and the potential compensation that could result from the various components of their proposed 2017 compensation packages. The Compensation Committee did not take into account the potential payments under our severance and change-in-control arrangements as the Compensation Committee sought to maintain the appropriate incentives with regard to matters that might result in severance and change-in-control payments. See “Other Policies and Factors Affecting Executive Officer Compensation—Severance and Change-in-Control Arrangements” below.

The Role of Stockholder Say-on-Pay Votes

We provide our stockholders with the opportunity to cast an advisory vote on the compensation of our NEOs each year. At our 2017 annual meeting, approximately 96% of votes cast on our “say-on-pay” proposal were voted in favor of the proposal.

Our Compensation Committee considered the outcome of this advisory vote and believes it conveyed the support of our stockholders of the Compensation Committee’s decisions and our executive compensation program and practices for 2016.

In keeping with the approval of our proposal at our 2013 annual meeting to submit “say-on-pay” advisory proposals to our stockholders annually, we will continue to do so for the foreseeable future and our Compensation Committee will continue to consider the results of future “say-on-pay” advisory votes in its ongoing evaluation of our compensation program and practices.

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Risk Considerations

As discussed in “Compensation Risk Analysis” below, the Compensation Committee reviews our compensation program annually and for 2017 concluded that this program did not create risks that could be reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on us.

Elements of Compensation

Our executive compensation program is comprised of three principal elements designed to operate together as part of an integrated compensation package to further our compensation objectives. The three principal elements of our executive compensation program are:

| · | cash compensation in the form of base salary;

| · | annual cash incentive compensation; and

| · | long-term equity incentive compensation.

In addition, our executive compensation program also includes indirect compensation in the form of standard employee benefits, limited perquisites and other executive benefits, and severance and change-in-control benefits. Our executive compensation program also allows for special discretionary cash or equity awards to address specific individual or other circumstances not fully addressed by the three principal elements of our executive compensation program.

In making compensation decisions, our Compensation Committee exercises its judgment on the overall level of compensation provided by this total compensation package as well as the mix of the three principal elements of compensation.

Base Salary

Our Compensation Committee reviews the base salary levels for our executive officers annually and makes such adjustments as it deems appropriate after taking into account the officer’s level and scope of responsibility and experience, company and individual performance, competitive market data, and internal pay equity considerations.

Annual Cash Incentive Compensation

Annual cash incentive compensation for key employees, including our NEOs, consists of cash awards under our short-term incentive plan. We have an annual cash incentive compensation plan applicable to all NEOs. Participants are eligible for annual cash incentive compensation based upon the attainment of pre-established goals. Awards under the plan are based on two elements: company financial performance and the NEO’s individual performance. Our Compensation Committee believes that these elements will best incent our NEOs to attain our short- and long-term financial and other business goals. The 2017 payout structure under our annual cash incentive compensation plan for our NEOs is set forth below:

Target ($) |  | x |  |  | Performance Factor |  | = |  |  | Overall Payout
• Target $ = % of base salary • NEO Target %: Ø CEO: 70% Ø Other NEOs: 40-50% |  |  |  |  | • Financial performance: Ø 80% weight Ø Min/max payout for Adjusted EBITDA: 0%/200% of target • Individual performance: Ø 20% weight Ø Min/max payout: 0%/100% of target |  |  |  |  | • Minimum payout: 0% of target • Target Payout: 100% of target • Maximum payout: 160% of target

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Our Compensation Committee selected our annual cash incentive compensation plan as the vehicle for cash incentive compensation for 2017 for our executive officers because the Compensation Committee believes the plan properly incents our executive officers by focusing primarily on our financial performance, as further discussed below, while allowing awards to reflect other important factors, including an executive officer’s individual performance and accomplishments.

Financial Performance

We have an annual cash incentive compensation plan applicable to all NEOs. Our annual cash incentive compensation plan uses our Adjusted EBITDA as its sole financial performance element and is based on an Adjusted EBITDA goal established by our Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee expects to change the numerical Adjusted EBITDA goal from year to year and may include financial performance measures other than Adjusted EBITDA in future years.

The Compensation Committee selected the Adjusted EBITDA metric because it believes that earnings before interest, provision/benefit for income taxes, and depreciation and amortization, or EBITDA, is an industry-accepted measure of overall financial performance and demonstrates our financial performance and ability to reinvest in our business. The Compensation Committee departed from the standard EBITDA metric because it believes Adjusted EBITDA better reflects Pacific Ethanol’s financial performance on a year-over-year basis by excluding non-recurring, non-cash charges or gains from asset impairments, purchase accounting adjustments, and fair value adjustments and warrant inducements. Use of the Adjusted EBITDA metric also allowed the Compensation Committee to incent our executive officers to focus on factors over which they can exert control, such as attaining higher margins through managing production volumes relative to both ethanol and co-product sales prices and production input costs, increasing production efficiencies, and controlling operating costs such as selling, general and administrative expenses, all of which impact Adjusted EBITDA. The Compensation Committee also desired to omit from the financial performance metric factors over which the executive officers have less control and which it viewed as less relevant to measuring year-over-year financial performance, such as recurring interest expense and taxes as well as non-cash charges or gains from depreciation and amortization, asset impairments, purchase accounting adjustments and fair value adjustments and warrant inducements.

The financial performance element for 2017 was weighted at 80% and was the most heavily-weighted element. This element was assigned the highest weighting because the principal purpose of our annual cash incentive compensation plan is to motivate and reward participants for achieving our financial goals, while allowing significantly higher payouts for 2017 of up to 200% of the targeted payout amount for financial outperformance, and to align participant and stockholder interests.

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Individual Performance

The individual performance element for 2017 was weighted at 20% and is based on individual participant goals based on quantitative criteria and subjective elements established by each participant’s supervisor, in consultation with our executive committee. The extent to which a participant is deemed to have achieved his or her individual performance goals is determined by our executive committee in consultation with the participant’s supervisor. However, the extent to which a participant who is an executive officer is deemed to have achieved his or her individual performance goals is recommended by our Chief Executive Officer but ultimately determined by our Compensation Committee. Payout under the individual performance element is in the discretion of the Compensation Committee and could range from 0% to 100% of the participant’s targeted payout amount.

Long-Term Equity Incentive Compensation

Long-term equity incentive compensation for key employees, including our NEOs, generally consists of awards of restricted stock under our equity incentive plans. Although we have granted stock options in the past, awards under our equity incentive plans have primarily been in the form of restricted stock grants as a means of providing long-term equity incentive compensation. We believe that shares of restricted stock are less subject to market volatility than stock options and therefore offer a more balanced and competitive equity compensation arrangement. Upon expiration of our 2006 Plan in July 2016, we transitioned our grants of long-term equity incentive compensation to occur under our 2016 Plan.

The Compensation Committee approves equity awards for our NEOs in connection with the annual review of their individual performance and overall compensation. The annual awards are typically made near the end of the first quarter and represent the majority of the shares granted for the year under our long-term equity incentive compensation program. Each award is designed primarily as a retention tool, typically requiring the executive to remain with Pacific Ethanol for at least one year to receive the benefit of one-third of the award on partial vesting and at least three years to receive the full benefit of the award on full vesting. We believe our equity incentive compensation aligns the interests of our NEOs with those of our stockholders and provides each NEO with a significant incentive to manage our company from the perspective of an owner with an equity stake in the business by tying significant portions of the recipients’ compensation to the market price of our common stock.

Awards of restricted stock typically vest annually over a three-year period of continued service measured from the grant date. Each award of restricted stock will provide a return to the NEO only to the extent he or she remains employed with us during the partial or full vesting period.

In making long-term equity incentive awards, our Compensation Committee sets a target value for the award for each executive officer based on its judgment about the factors used in setting executive officer total compensation described under “Compensation Philosophy and Objectives” above as well as our Compensation Committee’s judgment regarding the desired mix of base salary, annual cash incentives and long-term equity incentives. Our Compensation Committee also considers outstanding vested and unvested equity awards to executive officers, the stock ownership levels of executive officers and the potential dilutive effect on our stockholders.

Once our Compensation Committee determines the target value of a recipient’s long-term equity incentive award, we establish the specific number of shares subject to the award by dividing the target value of the equity grant by the closing price of a share of our common stock on the date of grant. This is the same valuation model we use for our financial statements determined in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718, Stock Compensation.

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Other Compensation and Benefits

We do not currently offer retirement or pension benefits or any non-qualified deferred compensation plans. Instead, we provide our NEOs with the opportunity to accumulate retirement income primarily through a defined contribution plan and through the appreciation of the value of their equity awards. Consistent with our pay-for-performance compensation philosophy, we do not provide our executive officers with any significant perquisites, other than certain travel perquisites or those offered to our employees generally. Except as noted below, our NEOs are eligible to participate in the following employee benefit programs on the same basis as all other regular employees:

401(k) Plan. Each of our NEOs and other salaried employees are eligible to participate in a defined contribution plan qualified under Code Section 401(k). In 2017, we contributed $1.00 for each $1.00 of employee contributions, up to a maximum contribution of 6.0% of the participant’s eligible compensation. Our maximum matching contribution during 2017 was $16,200 per year. We have included our contributions to the accounts of the NEOs for the applicable years in the “All Other Compensation” column in the Summary Compensation Table below to the extent “All Other Compensation” exceeded $10,000 for a particular NEO.

Group Life, Health and Disability Plans. We have established group life, health and disability plans for our employees. The NEOs may participate in these plans on the same basis as other employees.

Perquisites and Other Benefits. We furnish a limited number of perquisites to our NEOs, of which only travel-related perquisites, together with matching contributions under our 401(k) plan, as discussed above, and contributions to health savings accounts, meet the threshold for reporting in the “All Other Compensation” column in the Summary Compensation Table under the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our corporate travel policy, applicable only to certain executive officers, covers commuting expenses of our Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary for travel from his out-of-state residence to our principal offices in Sacramento, California as well as expenses for local lodging. Our travel policy does not provide for a “gross-up” for taxes on amounts we reimburse under the policy that are taxable compensation to the employee.

Other Policies and Factors Affecting Executive Officer Compensation

Severance and Change-in-Control Arrangements

We have established executive employment agreements that include severance and change-in-control arrangements with each of our NEOs. These arrangements set forth the terms and conditions upon which these NEOs would be entitled to receive certain benefits upon termination of employment.

These agreements are intended to help us attract and retain executive talent in a competitive marketplace; enhance the prospects that the NEOs would remain with us and devote their attention to our performance in the event of a potential change in control; foster their objectivity in considering a change-in-control proposal; and facilitate their attention to our affairs without the distraction that could arise from the uncertainty inherent in severance and change-in-control situations.

The disclosure below under “—Summary Compensation Table—Executive Employment Agreements”, “—Severance and Change in Control Arrangements with Named Executive Officers” and “—Calculation of Potential Payments upon Termination or Change in Control” explains in detail the benefits under these arrangements and the circumstances under which these NEOs would be entitled to them.

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Trading Policy

Our insider trading policy prohibits all employees, officers and directors from engaging in any short sale of Pacific Ethanol securities, as well as any transaction involving puts, calls, collars, forward sales contracts, warrants or other options on Pacific Ethanol securities. Additionally, our executive officers are restricted from pledging Pacific Ethanol securities as collateral for a loan.

Tax Considerations

Code Section 162(m) generally disallows a tax deduction to publicly-held corporations for compensation paid to certain of their executive officers to the extent such compensation exceeds $1,000,000 per covered officer in any year. However, this limitation only applies to compensation that was not considered performance-based for purposes of Code Section 162(m). Certain types of performance-based compensation were excluded from the $1,000,000 deduction limit if specific requirements are met. Effective for years beginning on or after January 1, 2018, the exception for qualified performance-based compensation generally no longer applies. However, a transition rule continues to apply to any such awards that are outstanding as of November 2, 2017, or are granted pursuant to a legally binding contract in effect as of November 2, 2017, to the extent the awards or contract are not materially modified thereafter.

No amounts paid under our annual cash incentive compensation plan for 2017 qualified as such performance-based compensation. Our time-based grants of restricted stock awarded to our executive officers did not qualify as performance-based compensation because their vesting is not tied to any performance metric.

Compensation Recovery Policies

Pursuant to Section 304 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, if we are required as the result of misconduct to restate our financial results due to our material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirements under the federal securities laws, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer may be legally required to reimburse us for any bonus or incentive-based or equity-based compensation they receive. In addition, on March 29, 2018, our Compensation Committee instituted a revised “clawback” policy with respect to incentive compensation that requires recoupment of incentive compensation, including any cash or equity incentive compensation, awarded or paid to any of our executive officers, including all of our NEOs, in the event we are required to restate our financial statements, regardless of cause. See “Summary Compensation Table—Clawback Policy” below.

We anticipate additional requirements once the Securities and Exchange Commission completes its rulemaking in this regard under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and we intend to fully comply with the requirements.

Compensation Decisions for 2017

Our Compensation Committee established compensation for our NEOs in 2017 in a manner consistent with our executive compensation philosophy and objectives. Our Compensation Committee made its annual compensation decisions for 2017 in March 2017.

Our Compensation Committee’s decisions were based upon its judgment about our financial and other business performance for 2016, expected and actual financial and other business performance for 2017, and the positions, scope and importance of the roles of our NEOs and how their positions compared to other Pacific Ethanol executive officers and personnel. Our Compensation Committee’s decisions were also based on comparing and adjusting the compensation of our NEOs in reference to the compensation of similarly situated personnel at other organizations through a benchmarking process. See “Benchmarking” above. The Compensation Committee also considered certain other factors such as budget constraints and executive officer recommendations. Through these efforts, our Compensation Committee established a desired level and mix of total compensation.

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In setting the compensation of our executive officers, except as noted below, our Compensation Committee did not adhere to any specific formulas tied to market data nor did it rely on market data to determine the specific mix of compensation components. Instead, our Compensation Committee used this data as a guide and a resource for tracking executive compensation trends.

Total Compensation

Our Compensation Committee targeted total compensation for all of our NEOs to be competitive with similarly situated personnel at the 50th percentile relative to our third-party survey group companies based on the market data provided by Korn Ferry Hay Group. Our Compensation Committee, based on Korn Ferry Hay Group’s advice, generally considers total compensation as competitive if it falls within 15% of total compensation at the targeted percentile. The Compensation Committee determined that targeting total compensation for our NEOs to be competitive with similarly situated personnel at the 50th percentile was appropriate because that level is consistent with the Compensation Committee’s intention for 2017 to target total compensation for our executive officers at or around the median of total compensation of similarly situated personnel at other organizations.

Base Salary

Our Compensation Committee increased base salaries for our executive officers by 3.0% over 2016 levels, representing a merit adjustment, which we believe was in-line with average industry increases.

Targeted base salaries for 2017 were at approximately the 50th percentile relative to base salaries of comparable executives among our third-party survey group companies based on the market data provided by Korn Ferry Hay Group.

Annual Cash Incentive Compensation

Annual Performance-Based Plan

Our Compensation Committee targeted 2017 annual cash incentive compensation at 70% of base salary for our Chief Executive Officer, at 50% of base salary for our Chief Operating Officer, our Chief Financial Officer and our Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary and at 40% of base salary for our Vice President of Supply and Trading. These levels were generally consistent with the targeted percentage bonus amounts included in each executive officer’s employment agreement.

Targeted annual cash incentive compensation for 2017 was at approximately the 50th percentile relative to annual cash incentive compensation of comparable executives among our third-party survey group companies based on the market data provided by Korn Ferry Hay Group.

As discussed above, awards under our annual cash incentive compensation plan are based on two elements: company financial performance and the NEO’s individual performance. For 2017, our Compensation Committee weighted for each of our NEOs, company financial performance at 80% and individual NEO performance at 20%. In doing so, our Compensation Committee desired to incent most heavily activities that lead to strong overall financial performance while still rewarding individual performance.

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Our Compensation Committee established our 2017 financial performance goal of Adjusted EBITDA at $71,200,000 based on our financial projections established early in the year. Our Adjusted EBITDA goal of $71,200,000 was viewed as attainable but aspirational at the time the projections were finalized. Payout under the financial performance element was non-discretionary and was funded at a rate of 0% to 200% of the participants’ targeted payout amount for the financial performance element based on our actual Adjusted EBITDA for 2017 compared to our Adjusted EBITDA goal of $71,200,000.

Our Compensation Committee approved a sliding scale of achievement and payout opportunities under which lower actual Adjusted EBITDA for 2017 corresponded to lower levels of goal achievement and lower payouts, subject to a minimum Adjusted EBITDA threshold; and higher actual Adjusted EBITDA for 2017 corresponded to higher levels of goal achievement and higher payouts, subject to a maximum payout.

The Compensation Committee established for 2017 a targeted payout amount of $2,700,000 if all personnel covered by the plan attained 100% of their financial and individual performance goals. The targeted payout amount of $2,700,000 was comprised of $1,600,000 attributable to financial performance and $1,100,000 attributable to individual performance. The Compensation Committee established for 2017 a maximum aggregate plan pool of $4,300,000 comprised of $3,200,000 attributable to financial performance and $1,100,000 attributable to individual performance.

The $1,600,000 difference between the maximum aggregate plan pool of $4,300,000 and the targeted payout amount of $2,700,000 was available if our actual Adjusted EBITDA for 2017 equaled or exceeded approximately 200% of our Adjusted EBITDA goal of $71,200,000.

We had to attain a minimum Adjusted EBITDA of $57,000,000 for 2017, or 80% of our Adjusted EBITDA goal, to support any payout under the financial performance element. This feature was intended to assure that we achieved an acceptable minimum level of financial performance before annual cash incentives would be paid to any participant, including our executive officers, under the financial performance element of the plan. At the minimum Adjusted EBITDA of $57,000,000 for 2017, the aggregate payout for the financial performance element would have been 50%, or $800,000, of the targeted payout amount for the financial performance element. There would have been no payout under the financial performance element for actual Adjusted EBITDA below $57,000,000 for 2017. At the maximum Adjusted EBITDA of $142,400,000 for 2017, the aggregate payout for the financial performance element would have been 200%, or $3,200,000, of the targeted payout amount for the financial performance element.

The payout under the financial performance element would be calculated on a straight-line prorated basis at actual Adjusted EBITDA levels below our Adjusted EBITDA goal of $71,200,000, subject to the minimum Adjusted EBITDA of $57,000,000 for 2017. Likewise, the payout under the financial performance element would be calculated on a straight-line prorated basis at actual Adjusted EBITDA levels above our Adjusted EBITDA goal of $71,200,000, subject to a maximum payout corresponding to Adjusted EBITDA of $142,400,000 for 2017.

The targeted and maximum payout for the individual performance element was $1,100,000 under all scenarios if all personnel covered by the plan attained 100% of their individual performance goals.

Long-Term Equity Incentive Compensation

Our Compensation Committee targeted 2017 long-term equity incentive compensation for our NEOs at a level comparable to similarly situated personnel at the 50th percentile relative to our third-party survey group companies based on the market data provided by Korn Ferry Hay Group. In making equity awards, our Compensation Committee established the specific number of shares subject to the award of long-term equity incentive compensation by dividing the target value of the equity grant by the closing price of a share of our common stock on the date of grant.

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Long-term equity incentive compensation decisions and grants were made in March 2017 based on the market price of our common stock at the time.

Individual Executive Officer Compensation Targets

Target direct compensation for each of our NEOs for 2017 is set forth below.

Specific results against performance objectives that influenced the amount and mix of our NEOs’ total direct compensation for 2017 included our actual Adjusted EBITDA, which fell below the minimum Adjusted EBITDA threshold of $57,000,000, and full attainment by our NEOs of their respective individual performance goals under our annual cash incentive compensation plan. We failed to attain our Adjusted EBITDA goal for 2017 due to challenging industry and market conditions, resulting in no payout under the financial performance element of our annual cash incentive compensation plan to any NEO. Our NEOs performed well, however, under their individual performance elements, resulting in maximum payouts under that measure.

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Neil M. Koehler, President and Chief Executive Officer

The following table shows Mr. Koehler’s direct target compensation for 2017 and 2016. The graph below shows the positioning of Mr. Koehler’s 2017 direct target compensation relative to similarly situated personnel at our third-party survey group companies based on the market data provided by Korn Ferry Hay Group:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change |
Neil M. Koehler |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | Dollars |  |  | Percent |
Base Salary* |  | $ | 475,053 |  |  | $ | 461,217 |  |  | $ | 13,836 |  |  |  | 3.0 | %
Annual Cash Incentive Compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Target Percent of Base Salary |  |  | 70.0 | % |  |  | 70.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Target Dollars |  | $ | 332,537 |  |  | $ | 322,852 |  |  | $ | 9,685 |  |  |  | 3.0 | %
Long-Term Equity Incentive Compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Target Percent of Base Salary |  |  | 105.3 | % |  |  | 108.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2.9 | )%
Target Dollars |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |
Target Total Direct Compensation |  | $ | 1,307,590 |  |  | $ | 1,284,069 |  |  | $ | 23,521 |  |  |  | 1.8 | %

* The base salary amount represents Mr. Koehler’s final annual base salary rate for 2017. In March 2017, we increased Mr. Koehler’s annual base salary rate to $475,053, which remained in effect through December 31, 2017.

Our Compensation Committee increased Mr. Koehler’s target total direct compensation by 1.8% for 2017 as compared to 2016. The increase in target total direct compensation for 2017 resulted from a merit increase in Mr. Koehler’s base salary of 3.0% and a commensurate increase in his targeted annual cash incentive compensation.

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Michael D. Kandris, Chief Operating Officer

The following table shows Mr. Kandris’s direct target compensation for 2017 and 2016. The graph below shows the positioning of Mr. Kandris’s 2017 direct target compensation relative to similarly situated personnel at our third-party survey group companies based on the market data provided by Korn Ferry Hay Group:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change |
Michael D. Kandris |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | Dollars |  |  | Percent |
Base Salary* |  | $ | 340,529 |  |  | $ | 330,611 |  |  | $ | 9,918 |  |  |  | 3.0 | %
Annual Cash Incentive Compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Target Percent of Base Salary |  |  | 50.0 | % |  |  | 50.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Target Dollars |  | $ | 170,265 |  |  | $ | 165,306 |  |  | $ | 4,959 |  |  |  | 3.0 | %
Long-Term Equity Incentive Compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Target Percent of Base Salary |  |  | 50.2 | % |  |  | 51.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2.9 | )%
Target Dollars |  | $ | 171,030 |  |  | $ | 171,030 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |
Target Total Direct Compensation |  | $ | 681,824 |  |  | $ | 666,947 |  |  | $ | 14,877 |  |  |  | 2.2 | %

* The base salary amount represents Mr. Kandris’s final annual base salary rate for 2017. In March 2017, we increased Mr. Kandris’s annual base salary rate to $340,529, which remained in effect through December 31, 2017.

Our Compensation Committee increased Mr. Kandris’s target total direct compensation by 2.2% for 2017 as compared to 2016. The increase in target total direct compensation for 2017 resulted from a merit increase in Mr. Kandris’s base salary of 3.0% and a commensurate increase in his targeted annual cash incentive compensation.

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Bryon T. McGregor, Chief Financial Officer

The following table shows Mr. McGregor’s direct target compensation for 2017 and 2016. The graph below shows the positioning of Mr. McGregor’s 2017 direct target compensation relative to similarly situated personnel at our third-party survey group companies based on the market data provided by Korn Ferry Hay Group:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change |
Bryon T. McGregor |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | Dollars |  |  | Percent |
Base Salary* |  | $ | 308,702 |  |  | $ | 299,710 |  |  | $ | 8,992 |  |  |  | 3.0 | %
Annual Cash Incentive Compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Target Percent of Base Salary |  |  | 50.0 | % |  |  | 50.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Target Dollars |  | $ | 154,351 |  |  | $ | 149,855 |  |  | $ | 4,496 |  |  |  | 3.0 | %
Long-Term Equity Incentive Compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Target Percent of Base Salary |  |  | 55.4 | % |  |  | 57.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3.0 | )%
Target Dollars |  | $ | 171,030 |  |  | $ | 171,030 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |
Target Total Direct Compensation |  | $ | 634,083 |  |  | $ | 620,595 |  |  | $ | 13,488 |  |  |  | 2.2 | %

* The base salary amount represents Mr. McGregor’s final annual base salary rate for 2017. In March 2017, we increased Mr. McGregor’s annual base salary rate to $308,702, which remained in effect through December 31, 2017.

Our Compensation Committee increased Mr. McGregor’s target total direct compensation by 2.2% for 2017 as compared to 2016. The increase in target total direct compensation for 2017 resulted from a merit increase in Mr. McGregor’s base salary of 3.0% and a commensurate increase in his targeted annual cash incentive compensation.

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Christopher W. Wright, Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary

The following table shows Mr. Wright’s direct target compensation for 2017 and 2016. The graph below shows the positioning of Mr. Wright’s 2017 direct target compensation relative to similarly situated personnel at our third-party survey group companies based on the market data provided by Korn Ferry Hay Group:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change |
Christopher W. Wright |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | Dollars |  |  | Percent |
Base Salary* |  | $ | 298,093 |  |  | $ | 289,410 |  |  | $ | 8,683 |  |  |  | 3.0 | %
Annual Cash Incentive Compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Target Percent of Base Salary |  |  | 50.0 | % |  |  | 50.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Target Dollars |  | $ | 149,047 |  |  | $ | 144,705 |  |  | $ | 4,342 |  |  |  | 3.0 | %
Long-Term Equity Incentive Compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Target Percent of Base Salary |  |  | 57.4 | % |  |  | 59.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2.9 | )%
Target Dollars |  | $ | 171,030 |  |  | $ | 171,030 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |
Target Total Direct Compensation |  | $ | 618,170 |  |  | $ | 605,145 |  |  | $ | 13,025 |  |  |  | 2.2 | %

* The base salary amount represents Mr. Wright’s final annual base salary rate for 2017. In March 2017, we increased Mr. Wright’s annual base salary rate to $298,093, which remained in effect through December 31, 2017.

Our Compensation Committee increased Mr. Wright’s target total direct compensation by 2.2% for 2017 as compared to 2016. The increase in target total direct compensation for 2017 resulted from a merit increase in Mr. Wright’s base salary of 3.0% and a commensurate increase in his targeted annual cash incentive compensation.

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James R. Sneed, Vice President of Supply and Trading

The following table shows Mr. Sneed’s direct target compensation for 2017 and 2016. The graph below shows the positioning of Mr. Sneed’s 2017 direct target compensation relative to similarly situated personnel at our third-party survey group companies based on the market data provided by Korn Ferry Hay Group:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change |
James R. Sneed |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | Dollars |  |  | Percent |
Base Salary* |  | $ | 252,916 |  |  | $ | 245,550 |  |  | $ | 7,366 |  |  |  | 3.0 | %
Annual Cash Incentive Compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Target Percent of Base Salary |  |  | 40.0 | % |  |  | 40.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Target Dollars |  | $ | 101,166 |  |  | $ | 98,220 |  |  | $ | 2,946 |  |  |  | 3.0 | %
Long-Term Equity Incentive Compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Target Percent of Base Salary |  |  | 49.4 | % |  |  | 50.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1.5 | )%
Target Dollars |  | $ | 125,000 |  |  | $ | 125,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |
Target Total Direct Compensation |  | $ | 479,082 |  |  | $ | 468,770 |  |  | $ | 10,312 |  |  |  | 2.2 | %

* The base salary amount represents Mr. Sneed’s final annual base salary rate for 2017. In March 2017, we increased Mr. Sneed’s annual base salary rate to $252,916, which remained in effect through December 31, 2017.

Our Compensation Committee increased Mr. Sneed’s target total direct compensation by 2.2% for 2017 as compared to 2016. The increase in target total direct compensation for 2017 resulted from a merit increase in Mr. Sneed’s base salary of 3.0% and a commensurate increase in his targeted annual cash incentive compensation.

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Compensation Committee Report

The following Compensation Committee Report is not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in any of our previous filings made under the Securities Act, or under the Exchange Act that might incorporate future filings made by Pacific Ethanol under those statutes, the Compensation Committee Report will not be incorporated by reference into any such prior filings or into any future filings made by Pacific Ethanol under those statutes.

COMPENSATION COMMITTEE REPORT

The Compensation Committee has reviewed and discussed the foregoing Compensation Discussion and Analysis with management, and based on that review and discussion, the Compensation Committee recommended to the Board of Directors that the Compensation Discussion and Analysis be included in Pacific Ethanol’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 (incorporated by reference) and in this Proxy Statement.

| Respectfully submitted,
| Compensation Committee
| Larry D. Layne, Chairman
| Douglas L. Kieta
| Terry L. Stone
| John L. Prince

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Compensation Risk Analysis

Our Compensation Committee, with the advice of its independent compensation consultant and input from management, reviewed the design of our employee compensation policies and practices and concluded that those policies and practices do not create risks that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on us. Significant factors considered by our Compensation Committee in reaching its conclusion include:

| · | the mix and balance of base salary, annual cash incentive compensation and long-term equity incentive compensation, with an emphasis on long-term equity incentive compensation that increases along with our executives’ respective levels of responsibility;

| · | a long-term equity incentive compensation program under which grants of restricted stock are made, which is intended to mitigate the risk of actions intended to capture short-term stock appreciation gains at the expense of sustainable total stockholder return over the longer-term;

| · | vesting of long-term equity incentive awards over a number of years;

| · | caps on annual cash incentive compensation;

| · | broad performance ranges for minimum, target and maximum financial performance goals with small tiered increments for annual cash incentive compensation that reduce the risk of accelerating or delaying revenue or expense recognition in order to satisfy the threshold or next tier for larger incentive payouts; and

| · | the financial performance measure we utilize under our annual cash incentive compensation plan is Adjusted EBITDA, which accounts for controllable factors such as attaining higher margins through managing production volumes relative to both ethanol and co-product sales prices and production input costs, increasing production efficiencies, and controlling operating costs such as selling, general and administrative expenses.

Other features in our incentive programs are intended to mitigate risks from our compensation program, particularly the risk of short-term decision-making. These features include the potential recoupment under our clawback policy of incentive awards from our executive officers, including all named executive officers, in the event of material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirement under the federal securities laws, including as a result of misconduct; and the ability of our Compensation Committee to exercise discretion to reduce or eliminate payouts under the discretionary components of our compensation program, such as the individual performance element in our annual cash incentive compensation plan, if it deems appropriate.

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Summary Compensation Table

The following table sets forth summary information concerning the compensation of our NEOs for all services rendered in all capacities to us for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.

Name and Principal Position |  | Year |  | Salary ($) |  |  | Bonus ($)(1) |  |  | Stock Awards ($)(2) |  |  | Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation |  |  | All Other Compensation(3) |  |  | Total ($) |
Neil M. Koehler |  | 2017 |  | $ | 472,487 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | $ | 66,148 |  |  | $ | 17,700 |  |  | $ | 1,056,335 |
President and Chief |  | 2016 |  | $ | 458,633 |  |  | $ | 100,000 |  |  | $ | 544,000 |  |  | $ | 64,209 |  |  | $ | 16,849 |  |  | $ | 1,183,691 |
Executive Officer |  | 2015 |  | $ | 426,875 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 488,039 |  |  | $ | 62,690 |  |  | $ | 21,505 |  |  | $ | 999,109 |
Michael D. Kandris |  | 2017 |  | $ | 338,621 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 171,025 |  |  | $ | 33,862 |  |  | $ | 16,200 |  |  | $ | 559,708 |
Chief Operating Officer |  | 2016 |  | $ | 328,759 |  |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | $ | 186,081 |  |  | $ | 32,876 |  |  | $ | 15,900 |  |  | $ | 613,616 |
|  | 2015 |  | $ | 284,446 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 166,943 |  |  | $ | 32,100 |  |  | $ | 15,114 |  |  | $ | 498,603 |
Bryon T. McGregor |  | 2017 |  | $ | 307,068 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 171,025 |  |  | $ | 30,707 |  |  | $ | 17,700 |  |  | $ | 526,500 |
Chief Financial Officer |  | 2016 |  | $ | 298,032 |  |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | $ | 186,081 |  |  | $ | 29,803 |  |  | $ | 17,400 |  |  | $ | 581,316 |
|  | 2015 |  | $ | 274,638 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 166,943 |  |  | $ | 29,100 |  |  | $ | 16,396 |  |  | $ | 487,077 |
Christopher W. Wright |  | 2017 |  | $ | 296,423 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 171,025 |  |  | $ | 29,642 |  |  | $ | 40,920 | (4) |  | $ | 538,010 |
Vice President, General |  | 2016 |  | $ | 287,789 |  |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | $ | 186,081 |  |  | $ | 28,779 |  |  | $ | 34,368 | (4) |  | $ | 587,017 |
Counsel and Secretary |  | 2015 |  | $ | 271,369 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 166,943 |  |  | $ | 28,100 |  |  | $ | 33,138 | (4) |  | $ | 499,550 |
James R. Sneed |  | 2017 |  | $ | 251,500 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 124,997 |  |  | $ | 20,121 |  |  | $ | 17,700 |  |  | $ | 414,318 |
Vice President of Supply |  | 2016 |  | $ | 244,175 |  |  | $ | 25,000 |  |  | $ | 136,000 |  |  | $ | 19,534 |  |  | $ | 17,293 |  |  | $ | 442,002 |
and Trading |  | 2015 |  | $ | 238,475 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 122,012 |  |  | $ | 19,040 |  |  | $ | 18,036 | (5) |  | $ | 397,563 |

| _______________ |

| (1) | Bonuses under our annual performance-based cash incentive compensation plan were made and are reported in the “Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation” column.

| (2) | The amounts shown are the fair value of stock awards on the date of grant. The fair value of stock awards is calculated by multiplying the number of shares of stock granted by the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant. The shares of common stock were issued under our 2006 Plan and 2016 Plan. Information regarding the grants of restricted stock and vesting schedules for the named executive officers is included in the “Grants of Plan-Based Awards−2017” and “Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End−2017” tables below and the footnotes to those tables.

| (3) | Except as specifically noted, the amounts represent matching contributions under our 401(k) plan and contributions to the executive’s health savings account. In addition, except as specifically noted, the value of perquisites and other personal benefits was less than $10,000 in aggregate for each of the named executive officers.

| (4) | Amount includes $23,220 for 2017, $17,718 for 2016 and $18,013 for 2015 in perquisites or personal benefits relating to payment or reimbursement of commuting expenses from Mr. Wright’s home to our corporate offices in Sacramento, California, and housing and other living expenses.

| (5) | Amount includes $3,776 in perquisites or personal benefits relating to payment or reimbursement of commuting expenses from Mr. Sneed’s home to our corporate offices in Sacramento, California, and housing and other living expenses. Upon our acquisition of our Midwest plants in 2015, Mr. Sneed’s principal office location shifted to Pekin, Illinois.

Executive Employment Agreements

Neil M. Koehler

Our Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Neil M. Koehler provides for at-will employment as our President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Koehler’s base salary rate was $475,053 per year at the end of 2017 and was increased to $489,305 per year effective April 15, 2018. Mr. Koehler is eligible to participate in our short-term incentive plan with a pay-out target of 70% of his base salary, to be paid based upon performance criteria set by the Compensation Committee of our board of directors. For each of 2017, 2016 and 2015, we paid Mr. Koehler a cash bonus under our annual cash incentive compensation program based on our performance during those years. In addition, for 2016, we paid Mr. Koehler a special discretionary cash bonus of $100,000.

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Upon termination by us without cause or resignation by Mr. Koehler for good reason, Mr. Koehler is entitled to receive (i) severance equal to eighteen months of his base salary, (ii) 150% of his total target short-term incentive plan award, (iii) continued health insurance coverage for eighteen months or until the earlier effective date of coverage under a subsequent employer’s plan, and (iv) accelerated vesting of 25% of all shares or options subject to any equity awards granted to Mr. Koehler prior to Mr. Koehler’s termination which are unvested as of the date of termination.

However, if Mr. Koehler is terminated without cause or resigns for good reason in anticipation of or twenty-four months after a change in control, Mr. Koehler is entitled to (i) severance equal to thirty-six months of base salary, (ii) 300% of his total target short-term incentive plan award, (iii) continued health insurance coverage for thirty-six months or until the earlier effective date of coverage under a subsequent employer’s plan, and (iv) accelerated vesting of 100% of all shares or options subject to any equity awards granted to Mr. Koehler prior to Mr. Koehler’s termination that are unvested as of the date of termination.

If we terminate Mr. Koehler’s employment upon his disability, Mr. Koehler is entitled to severance equal to twelve months of base salary.

The term “for good reason” is defined in the Amended and Restated Employment Agreement as (i) the assignment to Mr. Koehler of any duties or responsibilities that result in the material diminution of Mr. Koehler’s authority, duties or responsibility, (ii) a material reduction by us in Mr. Koehler’s annual base salary, except to the extent the base salaries of all or our other executive officers are accordingly reduced, (iii) a relocation of Mr. Koehler’s place of work, or our principal executive offices if Mr. Koehler’s principal office is at these offices, to a location that increases Mr. Koehler’s daily one-way commute by more than thirty-five miles, or (iv) any material breach by us of any material provision of the Amended and Restated Employment Agreement.

The term “cause” is defined in the Amended and Restated Employment Agreement as (i) Mr. Koehler’s indictment or conviction of any felony or of any crime involving dishonesty, (ii) Mr. Koehler’s participation in any fraud or other act of willful misconduct against us, (iii) Mr. Koehler’s refusal to comply with any of our lawful directives, (iv) Mr. Koehler’s material breach of his fiduciary, statutory, contractual, or common law duties to us, or (v) conduct by Mr. Koehler which, in the good faith and reasonable determination of our board of directors, demonstrates gross unfitness to serve; provided, however, that in the event that any of the foregoing events is reasonably capable of being cured, we shall, within twenty days after the discovery of the event, provide written notice to Mr. Koehler describing the nature of the event and Mr. Koehler shall thereafter have ten business days to cure the event.

A “change in control” is deemed to have occurred if, in a single transaction or series of related transactions (i) any person (as the term is used in Section 13(d) and 14(d) of the Exchange Act), or persons acting as a group, other than a trustee or fiduciary holding securities under an employee benefit program, is or becomes a “beneficial owner” (as defined in Rule 13-3 under the Exchange Act), directly or indirectly of securities of Pacific Ethanol, Inc. representing a majority of the combined voting power of Pacific Ethanol, Inc., (ii) there is a merger, consolidation or other business combination transaction of Pacific Ethanol, Inc. with or into another corporation, entity or person, other than a transaction in which the holders of at least a majority of the shares of voting capital stock of Pacific Ethanol, Inc. outstanding immediately prior to the transaction continue to hold (either by the shares remaining outstanding or by their being converted into shares of voting capital stock of the surviving entity) a majority of the total voting power represented by the shares of voting capital stock of Pacific Ethanol, Inc. (or the surviving entity) outstanding immediately after the transaction, or (iii) all or substantially all of our assets are sold.

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Michael D. Kandris

Our Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Michael D. Kandris provides for at-will employment as our Chief Operating Officer. Mr. Kandris’s base salary rate was $340,529 per year at the end of 2017 and was increased to $350,745 per year effective April 15, 2018. Mr. Kandris is eligible to participate in our short-term incentive plan with a pay-out target of 50% of his base salary, to be paid based upon performance criteria set by the Compensation Committee of our board of directors. For each of 2017, 2016 and 2015, we paid Mr. Kandris a cash bonus under our annual cash incentive compensation program based on our performance during those years. In addition, for 2016, we paid Mr. Kandris a special discretionary cash bonus of $50,000.

Upon termination by us without cause or resignation by Mr. Kandris for good reason, Mr. Kandris is entitled to receive (i) severance equal to twelve months of his base salary, (ii) 100% of his total target short-term incentive plan award, (iii) continued health insurance coverage for twelve months or until the earlier effective date of coverage under a subsequent employer’s plan, and (iv) accelerated vesting of 25% of all shares or options subject to any equity awards granted to Mr. Kandris prior to Mr. Kandris’s termination which are unvested as of the date of termination.

However, if Mr. Kandris is terminated without cause or resigns for good reason in anticipation of or twenty-four months after a change in control, Mr. Kandris is entitled to (i) severance equal to twenty-four months of base salary, (ii) 200% of his total target short-term incentive plan award, (iii) continued health insurance coverage for twenty-four months or until the earlier effective date of coverage under a subsequent employer’s plan, and (iv) accelerated vesting of 100% of all shares or options subject to any equity awards granted to Mr. Kandris prior to Mr. Kandris’s termination that are unvested as of the date of termination.

If we terminate Mr. Kandris’s employment upon his disability, Mr. Kandris is entitled to severance equal to twelve months of base salary.

The meanings given to the terms “cause,” “good reason” and “change in control” in Mr. Kandris’s Amended and Restated Employment Agreement are the same as those contained in Mr. Koehler’s Amended and Restated Employment Agreement described above.

Bryon T. McGregor

Our Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Bryon T. McGregor provides for at-will employment as our Chief Financial Officer, Vice President and Assistant Secretary. Mr. McGregor’s base salary rate was $308,702 per year at the end of 2017 and was increased to $317,963 per year effective April 15, 2018. Mr. McGregor is eligible to participate in our short-term incentive plan with a pay-out target of 50% of his base salary, to be paid based upon performance criteria set by the Compensation Committee of our board of directors. For each of 2017, 2016 and 2015, we paid Mr. McGregor a cash bonus under our annual cash incentive compensation program based on our performance during those years. In addition, for 2016, we paid Mr. McGregor a special discretionary cash bonus of $50,000.

All other terms and conditions of Mr. McGregor’s Amended and Restated Employment Agreement are substantially the same as those contained in Mr. Kandris’s Amended and Restated Employment Agreement described above.

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Christopher W. Wright

Our Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Christopher W. Wright provides for at-will employment as our Vice President of Administration, General Counsel and Secretary. Mr. Wright’s base salary rate was $298,093 per year at the end of 2017 and was increased to $307,036 per year effective April 15, 2018. Mr. Wright is eligible to participate in our short-term incentive plan with a pay-out target of 50% of his base salary, to be paid based upon performance criteria set by the Compensation Committee of our board of directors. For each of 2017, 2016 and 2015, we paid Mr. Wright a cash bonus under our annual cash incentive compensation program based on our performance during those years. In addition, for 2016, we paid Mr. Wright a special discretionary cash bonus of $50,000.

All other terms and conditions of Mr. Wright’s Amended and Restated Employment Agreement are substantially the same as those contained in Mr. Kandris’s Amended and Restated Employment Agreement described above.

James R. Sneed

Our Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with James R. Sneed provides for at-will employment as our Vice President of Supply and Trading. Mr. Sneed’s base salary rate was $252,916 per year at the end of 2017 and was increased to $260,504 per year effective April 15, 2018. Mr. Sneed is eligible to participate in our short-term incentive plan with a pay-out target of 40% of his base salary, to be paid based upon performance criteria set by the Compensation Committee of our board of directors. For each of 2017, 2016 and 2015, we paid Mr. Sneed a cash bonus under our annual cash incentive compensation program based on our performance during those years. In addition, for 2016, we paid Mr. Sneed a special discretionary cash bonus of $25,000.

All other terms and conditions of Mr. Sneed’s Amended and Restated Employment Agreement are substantially the same as those contained in Mr. Kandris’s Amended and Restated Employment Agreement described above.

Clawback Policy

On March 29, 2018, our Compensation Committee instituted a new “clawback” policy with respect to incentive compensation. Except as otherwise required by applicable law and regulations, the clawback policy applies to any incentive compensation, including any cash or equity incentive compensation, awarded or paid after March 29, 2018. The clawback policy mitigates the risks associated with our compensation policies because our executive officers, including all of our NEOs, will be required to repay compensation as provided under the policy.

The clawback policy requires recoupment of all incentive compensation, including any cash or equity incentive compensation, awarded or paid to any of our executive officers, including all of our NEOs, in the event our financial statements are required to be restated, regardless of cause, including, without limitation, due to: (i) material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirements under the federal securities laws, (ii) an error, miscalculation or omission, or (iii) the commission of an act of fraud or other misconduct, including dishonesty, unethical conduct or falsification of our records. The recoupment period is the three-year period commencing from the date of the financial statement required to be restated; and if more than one financial statement is required to be restated, the date of the earliest dated financial statement. The amount of incentive compensation subject to recoupment is the amount received that exceeds the amount that otherwise would have been received had it been determined based on the accounting restatement, and is computed without regard to any taxes paid. We are prohibited under the policy from indemnifying or agreeing to indemnify any executive officer from the loss of any erroneously awarded incentive compensation.

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Our clawback policy is a “no-fault” policy and applies even if the executive officer did not engage in any misconduct and even if the executive officer had no responsibility for the financial statement errors, miscalculations, omissions or other reasons requiring restatement.

Our Compensation Committee will reevaluate and, if necessary, revise our clawback policy to comply with the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act once the rules implementing the clawback requirements have been finalized by the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Grants of Plan-Based Awards – 2017

The following table sets forth summary information regarding all grants of plan-based awards made to our NEOs during the year ended December 31, 2017. The awards were made under our annual performance-based cash incentive compensation and long-term equity incentive compensation plans and are described in “Compensation Discussion and Analysis—Compensation Decisions for 2017” above.

|  |  |  | Estimated Future Payouts Under Non-Equity Incentive Plan Awards(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Name |  | Grant Date |  | Threshold ($) |  |  | Target ($) |  |  | Maximum ($) |  |  | All Other Stock Awards: Number of Shares of Stock or Units (#)(2) |  |  | Grant Date Fair Value of Stock and Option Awards ($)(3) |
Neil M. Koehler |  | March 15, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 74,074 |  |  | $ | 500,000 |
|  |  |  | $ | 198,445 |  |  | $ | 330,741 |  |  | $ | 595,334 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Michael D. Kandris |  | March 15, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25,337 |  |  | $ | 171,025 |
|  |  |  | $ | 101,586 |  |  | $ | 169,311 |  |  | $ | 304,759 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bryon T. McGregor |  | March 15, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25,337 |  |  | $ | 171,025 |
|  |  |  | $ | 92,120 |  |  | $ | 153,534 |  |  | $ | 276,361 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Christopher W. Wright |  | March 15, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25,337 |  |  | $ | 171,025 |
|  |  |  | $ | 88,927 |  |  | $ | 148,212 |  |  | $ | 266,781 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
James R. Sneed |  | March 15, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,518 |  |  | $ | 124,997 |
|  |  |  | $ | 60,360 |  |  | $ | 100,600 |  |  | $ | 181,080 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| ____________________ |

| (1) | The amounts represent the threshold, target and maximum annual incentive award payout for the January 1, 2017–December 31, 2017 performance period under our 2017 performance-based cash incentive compensation plan. The actual 2017 payout is reported in the “2017 Summary Compensation Table” under the “Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation” column.

| (2) | The stock awards reported in the above table represent shares of stock granted under our 2016 Plan. The shares vested 33% on April 1, 2018 and vest 33% and 34% on April 1, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

| (3) | The dollar value of grants of common stock shown represents the grant date fair value calculated based on the fair market value of our common stock on the grant date. The actual value that an executive will realize on the award will depend on the price per share of our common stock at the time shares are sold. There is no assurance that the actual value realized by an executive will be at or near the grant date fair value of the shares awarded.

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Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End – 2017

The following table sets forth information about outstanding equity awards held by our NEOs as of December 31, 2017.

|  | Option Awards |  |  | Stock Awards |
Name |  | Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable |  |  | Option Exercise Price ($) |  |  | Option Expiration Date |  | Number of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested (#)(1) |  |  | Market Value of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested($)(2) |
Neil M. Koehler |  |  | 3,750 | (3) |  | $ | 12.90 |  |  | 8/1/2021 |  |  | 16,108 | (5) |  | $ | 73,291 |
|  |  | 113,379 | (4) |  | $ | 3.74 |  |  | 6/24/2023 |  |  | 67,000 | (6) |  | $ | 304,850 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 74,074 | (7) |  | $ | 337,037 |
Michael D. Kandris |  |  | 31,746 | (8) |  | $ | 3.74 |  |  | 6/24/2023 |  |  | 5,510 | (9) |  | $ | 25,071 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22,918 | (10) |  | $ | 104,277 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25,337 | (11) |  | $ | 115,283 |
Bryon T. McGregor |  |  | 1,715 | (12) |  | $ | 12.90 |  |  | 8/1/2021 |  |  | 5,510 | (9) |  | $ | 25,071 |
|  |  | 31,746 | (8) |  | $ | 3.74 |  |  | 6/24/2023 |  |  | 22,918 | (10) |  | $ | 104,277 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25,337 | (11) |  | $ | 115,283 |
Christopher W. Wright |  |  | 1,715 | (12) |  | $ | 12.90 |  |  | 8/1/2021 |  |  | 5,510 | (9) |  | $ | 25,071 |
|  |  | 21,746 | (13) |  | $ | 3.74 |  |  | 6/24/2023 |  |  | 22,918 | (10) |  | $ | 104,277 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25,337 | (11) |  | $ | 115,283 |
James R. Sneed |  |  | 10,204 | (14) |  | $ | 3.74 |  |  | 6/24/2023 |  |  | 4,027 | (15) |  | $ | 18,323 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,750 | (16) |  | $ | 76,213 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,518 | (17) |  | $ | 84,257 |

| (1) | The stock awards reported in the above table represent shares of restricted stock and stock options granted under our 2006 Plan or 2016 Plan.

| (2) | Represents the fair market value per share of our common stock of $4.55 on December 29, 2017, the last business day of the most recently completed fiscal year, multiplied by the number of shares that had not vested as of that date.

| (3) | Represents shares underlying a stock option granted on August 1, 2011. The option vested as to 1/3rd of the 3,750 shares underlying the option on each of April 1, 2012, 2013 and 2014.

| (4) | Represents shares underlying a stock option granted on June 24, 2013. The option vested as to 33%, 33% and 34% of the 113,379 shares underlying the option on April 1, 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively.

| (5) | Represents shares granted on March 17, 2015. The grant vested as to 16,108 shares on April 1, 2018.

| (6) | Represents shares granted on June 16, 2016. The grant vested as to 33,000 shares on April 1, 2018 and vests as to 34,000 shares on April 1, 2019.

| (7) | Represents shares granted on March 15, 2017. The grant vested as to 24,444 shares on April 1, 2018 and vests as to 24,444 and 25,186 shares on April 1, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

| (8) | Represents shares underlying a stock option granted on June 24, 2013. The option vested as to 33%, 33% and 34% of the 31,746 shares underlying the option on April 1, 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively.

| (9) | Represents shares granted on March 17, 2015. The grant vested as to 5,510 shares on April 1, 2018.

| (10) | Represents shares granted on June 16, 2016. The grant vested as to 11,288 shares on April 1, 2018 and vests as to 11,630 shares on April 1, 2019.

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| (11) | Represents shares granted on March 15, 2017. The grant vested as to 8,361 shares on April 1, 2018 and vests as to 8,361 and 8,615 shares on April 1, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

| (12) | Represents shares underlying a stock option granted on August 1, 2011. The option vested as to 1/3rd of the 1,715 shares underlying the option on each of April 1, 2012, 2013 and 2014.

| (13) | Represents shares underlying a stock option granted on June 24, 2013. The option vested as to 33%, 33% and 34% of the 31,746 shares underlying the option on April 1, 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. The stock option was exercised as to 10,000 shares on March 16, 2017.

| (14) | Represents shares underlying a stock option granted on June 24, 2013. The option vested as to 33%, 33% and 34% of the 10,204 shares underlying the option on April 1, 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively.

| (15) | Represents shares granted on March 17, 2015. The grant vested as to 4,027 shares on April 1, 2018.

| (16) | Represents shares granted on June 16, 2016. The grant vested as to 8,250 shares on April 1, 2018 and vests as to 8,500 shares on April 1, 2019.

| (17) | Represents shares granted on March 15, 2017. The grant vested as to 6,111 shares on April 1, 2018 and vests as to 6,111 and 6,296 shares on April 1, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

Option Exercises and Stock Vested

The following table summarizes the vesting of stock awards for each of our NEOs for the year ended December 31, 2017:

|  | Stock Awards |
Name |  | Number of Shares Acquired on Vesting (#) |  |  | Value Realized on Vesting ($)(1) |
Neil M. Koehler |  |  | 60,105 |  |  | $ | 411,719 |
Michael D. Kandris |  |  | 20,559 |  |  | $ | 140,829 |
Bryon T. McGregor |  |  | 20,559 |  |  | $ | 140,829 |
Christopher W. Wright |  |  | 20,559 |  |  | $ | 140,829 |
James R. Sneed |  |  | 13,894 |  |  | $ | 95,174 |

| (1) | Represents the closing price of a share of our common stock on the date of vesting multiplied by the number of shares that vested on such date, including any shares that were withheld by us to satisfy minimum employment withholding taxes.

Severance and Change in Control Arrangements with Named Executive Officers

Executive Employment Agreements. We have entered into agreements with our NEOs that provide certain benefits upon the termination of their employment under certain prescribed circumstances. Those agreements are described under “Executive Employment Agreements” above.

Stock Incentive Plans. Under our 2006 Plan and 2016 Plan, if a change in control occurs, each outstanding equity award under the discretionary grant program will automatically accelerate in full, unless (i) that award is assumed by the successor corporation or otherwise continued in effect, (ii) the award is replaced with a cash retention program that preserves the spread existing on the unvested shares subject to that equity award (the excess of the fair market value of those shares over the exercise or base price in effect for the shares) and provides for subsequent payout of that spread in accordance with the same vesting schedule in effect for those shares, or (iii) the acceleration of the award is subject to other limitations imposed by the plan administrator. Each outstanding equity award under the stock issuance program will vest as to the number of shares of common stock subject to that award immediately prior to the change in control, unless that equity award is assumed by the successor corporation or otherwise continued in effect or replaced with a cash retention program similar to the program described in clause (ii) above or unless vesting is precluded by its terms. Immediately following a change in control, all outstanding awards under the discretionary grant program will terminate and cease to be outstanding except to the extent assumed by the successor corporation or its parent or otherwise expressly continued in full force and effect pursuant to the terms of the change in control transaction.

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The plan administrator will have the discretion to structure one or more equity awards under the discretionary grant and stock issuance programs so that those equity awards will vest in full in the event the individual’s service with us or the successor entity is terminated (actually or constructively) within a designated period following a change in control transaction, whether or not those equity awards are to be assumed or otherwise continued in effect or replaced with a cash retention program.

The definition of “change in control” under our 2006 Plan and 2016 Plan is substantially the same as provided under “Executive Employment Agreements” above.

Calculation of Potential Payments upon Termination or Change in Control

In accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the following table presents our estimate of the benefits payable to our NEOs under their executive employment agreements and our 2006 Plan and 2016 Plan assuming that for each of the NEOs (i) a “change in control” occurred on December 29, 2017, the last business day of the most recently completed fiscal year, and (a) there was a termination by the executive “for good reason,” or by us without “cause” in anticipation of or within twenty-four months after the change in control, or (b) none of the executives’ equity awards were assumed by the successor corporation or replaced with a cash retention program, (ii) a qualifying termination occurred on December 29, 2017, which is a termination by the executive “for good reason” or by us without “cause”, or (iii) a non-qualifying termination occurred on December 29, 2017, which is a voluntary termination by the executive other than “for good reason” or by us for “cause.” See “Executive Employment Agreements” above for the definitions of “for good reason,” “cause” and “change in control.”

Name |  | Trigger |  | Salary and Bonus(1)(2) |  |  | Continuation of Benefits(3) |  |  | Value of Stock Acceleration(4) |  |  | Total Value(5) |
Neil M. Koehler |  | Change in Control |  | $ | 2,422,770 |  |  | $ | 58,462 |  |  | $ | 715,178 |  |  | $ | 3,196,410 |
|  | Qualifying Termination |  | $ | 1,211,385 |  |  | $ | 29,231 |  |  | $ | 178,795 |  |  | $ | 1,419,411 |
|  | Non-Qualifying Termination |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Michael D. Kandris |  | Change in Control |  | $ | 1,021,588 |  |  | $ | 39,550 |  |  | $ | 244,631 |  |  | $ | 1,305,769 |
|  | Qualifying Termination |  | $ | 510,794 |  |  | $ | 19,775 |  |  | $ | 61,158 |  |  | $ | 591,727 |
|  | Non-Qualifying Termination |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Bryon T. McGregor |  | Change in Control |  | $ | 926,106 |  |  | $ | 38,974 |  |  | $ | 244,631 |  |  | $ | 1,209,711 |
|  | Qualifying Termination |  | $ | 463,053 |  |  | $ | 19,487 |  |  | $ | 61,158 |  |  | $ | 543,698 |
|  | Non-Qualifying Termination |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Christopher W. Wright |  | Change in Control |  | $ | 894,280 |  |  | $ | 27,278 |  |  | $ | 244,631 |  |  | $ | 1,166,189 |
|  | Qualifying Termination |  | $ | 447,140 |  |  | $ | 13,639 |  |  | $ | 61,158 |  |  | $ | 521,937 |
|  | Non-Qualifying Termination |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
James R. Sneed |  | Change in Control |  | $ | 708,164 |  |  | $ | 27,278 |  |  | $ | 178,792 |  |  | $ | 914,234 |
|  | Qualifying Termination |  | $ | 354,082 |  |  | $ | 13,639 |  |  | $ | 44,698 |  |  | $ | 412,419 |
|  | Non-Qualifying Termination |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

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_______________

| (1) | The amounts for Mr. Koehler represent thirty-six months of additional salary and cash bonus after the date of termination in the event of a change in control and eighteen months of additional salary and cash bonus after the date of termination in the event of a qualifying termination, in each case based on Mr. Koehler’s base salary and targeted cash bonus as of December 29, 2017, the last business day of the most recently completed fiscal year. The amounts for all other NEOs represent twenty-four months of additional salary and cash bonus after the date of termination in the event of a change in control and twelve months of additional salary and cash bonus after the date of termination in the event of a qualifying termination, in each case based on the NEO’s base salary and targeted cash bonus as of December 29, 2017.

| (2) | If we terminate any NEO’s employment upon his disability, the NEO is entitled to severance equal to twelve months of his base salary then in effect but is not entitled to any other severance benefits.

| (3) | The amounts for Mr. Koehler represent the aggregate value of the continuation of certain employee health benefits for up to thirty-six months after the date of termination in the event of a change in control and for up to eighteen months after the date of termination in the event of a qualifying termination. The amounts for all other NEOs represent the aggregate value of the continuation of certain employee health benefits for up to twenty-four months after the date of termination in the event of a change in control and for up to twelve months after the date of termination in the event of a qualifying termination.

| (4) | The amounts represent the aggregate value of the accelerated vesting of 100% of all of the executive’s unvested restricted stock grants in the event of a change in control and 25% of all of the executive’s unvested restricted stock grants in the event of a qualifying termination. The amounts shown as the value of the accelerated restricted stock grants are based solely on the intrinsic value of the restricted stock grants as of December 29, 2017, the last business day of the most recently completed fiscal year, which was calculated by multiplying (i) the fair market value of our common stock on December 29, 2017, which was $4.55 per share, by (ii) the assumed number of shares vesting on an accelerated basis on December 29, 2017.

| (5) | Excludes the value to the executive of the continuing right to indemnification and continuing coverage under our directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, if applicable.

Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

Our Compensation Committee consists of Larry D. Layne, Douglas L. Kieta, Terry L. Stone and John L. Prince. None of these individuals were officers or employees of Pacific Ethanol at any time during 2017 or at any other time. During 2017, none of our executive officers served as a member of the board of directors or compensation committee of any other entity whose executive officer(s) served on our Board or Compensation Committee.

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Pay Ratio

As required by Section 953(b) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and Item 402(u) of Regulation S-K, we are providing the following information about the relationship of the annual total compensation of Neil M. Koehler, our President and Chief Executive Officer (our “CEO”) and the annual total compensation of our employees. The pay ratio included in this information is a reasonable estimate calculated in a manner consistent with Item 402(u) of Regulation S-K. The Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules for identifying our median employee and calculating the pay ratio allow companies to use different methodologies, estimates and assumptions, therefore the pay ratio disclosure below may not be comparable to the pay ratio reported by other companies.

For 2017, our last completed fiscal year:

| · | the annual total compensation of our CEO, as reported in the Summary Compensation Table included above in this Proxy Statement, was $1,056,335; and

| · | the median of the annual total compensation of all employees (other than our CEO) was $72,880.

Based on this information, for 2017 the ratio of the annual total compensation of Mr. Koehler, our President and Chief Executive Officer, to the median of the annual total compensation of all employees was 14.5 to 1.

To identify the median of the annual total compensation of all employees, as well as to determine the annual total compensation of our median employee and our CEO, we took the following steps:

1. We determined that as of October 13, 2017 our employee population consisted of approximately 560 individuals with all of these individuals located in the United States. This employee population consisted of our full-time, part-time and temporary employees. We did not employ any seasonal workers in 2017. We selected October 13, 2017, which is within the last three months of 2017, as the date upon which we would identify the “median employee” because it enabled us to make such identification in a reasonably efficient and economical manner.

2. To identify the “median employee” from our employee population, we compared the amount of wages of our employees, as reflected in our payroll records as of the determination date and ultimately reported to the Internal Revenue Service on Forms W-2 for 2017. In making this determination, we annualized the compensation of employees who were hired in 2017 but did not work for us for the entire year.

3. We identified our median employee using this compensation measure, which was consistently applied to all employees included in the calculation. Since all employees are located in the United States, as is our CEO, we did not make any cost-of-living adjustments in identifying the “median employee.”

4. Once we identified our median employee, who is a non-exempt, full-time employee, we combined all of the elements of the employee’s compensation for 2017 in accordance with the requirements of Item 402(c)(2)(x) of Regulation S-K, resulting in annual total compensation of $72,880, which includes base pay, overtime pay, equity incentive compensation, any matching contributions to the employee’s 401(k) plan and any employer contribution to the employee’s health savings account.

5. With respect to the annual total compensation of our CEO, we used the amount reported in the “Total” column of our 2017 Summary Compensation Table included in this Proxy Statement and incorporated by reference under Item 11 of Part III of our Annual Report.

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Certain Relationships and Related Transactions

Policies and Procedures for Approval of Related Party Transactions

Our Board has the responsibility to review and discuss with management and approve, and has adopted written policies and procedures relating to approval or ratification of, interested transactions with related parties. During this process, the material facts as to the related party’s interest in a transaction are disclosed to all members of our Board or the members of an appropriate independent committee of our Board. Under our written policies and procedures, the Board, or an appropriate independent committee of our Board, is to review each interested transaction with a related party that requires approval and either approve or disapprove of the entry into the interested transaction. An interested transaction is any transaction in which we are a participant and in which any related party has or will have a direct or indirect interest. Transactions that are in the ordinary course of business and would not require either disclosure required by Item 404(a) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act or approval of the Board or an independent committee of the Board as required by applicable NASDAQ rules would not be deemed interested transactions. No director may participate in any approval of an interested transaction with respect to which he or she is a related party. Our Board intends to approve only those related party transactions that are in the best interests of Pacific Ethanol and our stockholders.

Other than as described below or elsewhere in this Proxy Statement, since January 1, 2017, there has not been a transaction or series of related transactions to which Pacific Ethanol was or is a party involving an amount in excess of $120,000 and in which any director, executive officer, holder of more than 5% of any class of our voting securities, or any member of the immediate family of any of the foregoing persons, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest. All of the below transactions were separately ratified and/or approved by our Board or an appropriate independent committee of our Board.

Certain Relationships and Related Transactions

Miscellaneous

We are or have been a party to employment and compensation arrangements with related parties, as more particularly described above in “Executive Compensation and Related Information.” In addition, we have entered into an indemnification agreement with each of our directors and executive officers. The indemnification agreements and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws require us to indemnify our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law.

Neil M. Koehler

Series B Preferred Stock

On May 20, 2008, we sold to Neil M. Koehler, who is our President and Chief Executive Officer and one of our directors, 256,410 shares of our Series B Preferred Stock, all of which were initially convertible into an aggregate of 7,326 shares of our common stock based on an initial preferred-to-common stock conversion ratio of approximately 1-for-0.03, and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 3,663 shares of our common stock at a split-adjusted exercise price of $735 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $5,000,000. As a result of various anti-dilution adjustments, the conversion ratio of the Series B Preferred Stock has increased to approximately 1-for-0.68.

For the quarter ended March 31, 2018, we accrued and paid cash dividends in the amount of $86,301 in respect of shares of Series B Preferred Stock held by Mr. Koehler.

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For the year ended December 31, 2017, we accrued and paid cash dividends in the amount of $350,000 in respect of shares of Series B Preferred Stock held by Mr. Koehler.

Paul P. Koehler

Paul P. Koehler, a brother of Neil M. Koehler, who is our President and Chief Executive Officer and one of our directors, is employed by us as Vice President of Commodities and Corporate Development. Mr. Koehler’s base salary rate was $252,916 per year at the end of 2017 and was increased to $260,504 per year effective April 15, 2018.

Series B Preferred Stock

On May 20, 2008, we sold to Mr. Koehler 12,820 shares of our Series B Preferred Stock, all of which were initially convertible into an aggregate of 366 shares of our common stock based on an initial preferred-to-common conversion ratio of approximately 1-for-0.03, and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 184 shares of our common stock at a split-adjusted exercise price of $735 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $250,000. As a result of various anti-dilution adjustments, the conversion ratio of the Series B Preferred Stock has increased to approximately 1-for-0.68.

For the quarter ended March 31, 2018, we accrued and paid cash dividends in the amount of $4,315 in respect of shares of Series B Preferred Stock held by Mr. Koehler.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, we accrued and paid cash dividends in the amount of $17,500 in respect of shares of Series B Preferred Stock held by Mr. Koehler.

Restricted Stock Grant

On March 15, 2017, we granted 18,518 shares of our restricted common stock to Mr. Koehler in consideration of services to be provided. The value of the common stock was determined to be $124,997. The shares vested 33% on April 1, 2018 and vest 33% and 34% on April 1, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

Annual Cash Incentive Compensation

In April 2018, we paid Mr. Koehler annual performance-based cash incentive compensation of $20,120 based on his 2017 performance.

In March 2017, we paid Mr. Koehler annual performance-based cash incentive compensation of $19,534 based on his 2016 performance and a special discretionary cash bonus of $25,000.

Thomas D. Koehler

Series B Preferred Stock

On May 20, 2008, we sold to Thomas D. Koehler, a brother of Neil M. Koehler, who is our President and Chief Executive Officer and one of our directors, 12,820 shares of our Series B Preferred Stock, all of which were initially convertible into an aggregate of 366 shares of our common stock based on an initial preferred-to-common conversion ratio of approximately 1-for-0.03, and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 184 shares of our common stock at a split-adjusted exercise price of $735 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $250,000. As a result of various anti-dilution adjustments, the conversion ratio of the Series B Preferred Stock has increased to approximately 1-for-0.68.

For the quarter ended March 31, 2018, we accrued and paid cash dividends in the amount of $4,315 in respect of shares of Series B Preferred Stock held by Mr. Koehler.

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For the year ended December 31, 2017, we accrued and paid cash dividends in the amount of $17,500 in respect of shares of Series B Preferred Stock held by Mr. Koehler.

Independent Contractor Services Agreement

On April 1, 2008, we entered into an Independent Contractor Services Agreement with Mr. Koehler for the provision of strategic consulting services, including in connection with promoting Pacific Ethanol, and ethanol as a fuel additive and transportation fuel, with governmental agencies. Mr. Koehler was compensated at a rate of $7,500 per month under this arrangement during 2017 and through the filing of this Proxy Statement.

William L. Jones

On May 20, 2008, we sold to William L. Jones, who is our Chairman of the Board and one of our directors, 12,820 shares of our Series B Preferred Stock, all of which were initially convertible into an aggregate of 366 shares of our common stock based on an initial preferred-to-common conversion ratio of approximately 1-for-0.03, and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 184 shares of our common stock at a split-adjusted exercise price of $735 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $250,000. As a result of various anti-dilution adjustments, the conversion ratio of the Series B Preferred Stock has increased to approximately 1-for-0.68.

For the quarter ended March 31, 2018, we accrued and paid cash dividends in the amount of $4,315 in respect of shares of Series B Preferred Stock held by Mr. Jones.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, we accrued and paid cash dividends in the amount of $17,500 in respect of shares of Series B Preferred Stock held by Mr. Jones.

Lyles United, LLC

On March 27, 2008, we sold to Lyles United, LLC 2,051,282 shares of our Series B Preferred Stock, all of which were initially convertible into an aggregate of 58,608 shares of our common stock based on an initial preferred-to-common conversion ratio of approximately 1-for-0.03, and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 29,304 shares of our common stock at a split-adjusted exercise price of $735 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $40,000,000. As a result of various anti-dilution adjustments, the conversion ratio of the Series B Preferred Stock has increased to approximately 1-for-0.68.

For the quarter ended March 31, 2018, we accrued and paid cash dividends in the amount of $172,603 in respect of shares of Series B Preferred Stock held by Lyles United, LLC.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, we accrued and paid cash dividends in the amount of $700,000 in respect of shares of Series B Preferred Stock held by Lyles United, LLC.

Frank P. Greinke

For the quarter ended March 31, 2018, we accrued and paid cash dividends in the amount of $28,669 in respect of 85,180 shares of Series B Preferred Stock held by the Greinke Personal Living Trust Dated April 20, 1999 (“Greinke Trust”).

For the year ended December 31, 2017, we accrued and paid cash dividends in the amount of $86,964 in respect of shares of Series B Preferred Stock held by the Greinke Trust.

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Frank P. Greinke is one of our former directors and the trustee of the Greinke Trust. The Greinke Trust acquired its shares of Series B Preferred Stock from Lyles United, LLC in December 2009. The preferred-to-common conversion ratio of the Series B Preferred Stock is approximately 1-for-0.68.

Black Rock, Inc.

On June 26, 2017, we entered into a Note Purchase Agreement with five accredited investors. On June 30, 2017, under the terms of the Note Purchase Agreement, we sold $13.9 million in aggregate principal amount of our senior secured notes to the investors in a private offering for aggregate gross proceeds of 97% of the principal amount of the notes sold.

The notes mature on December 15, 2019. Interest on the notes accrues at an annual rate equal to (i) the greater of 1% and the three-month LIBOR, plus 7.0% from the closing through December 14, 2017, (ii) the greater of 1% and LIBOR, plus 9% between December 15, 2017 and December 14, 2018, and (iii) the greater of 1% and LIBOR plus 11% between December 15, 2018 and the maturity date. The interest rate increases by an additional 2% per annum above the interest rate otherwise applicable upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default until cured. Interest is payable in cash in arrears on the 15th calendar day of each March, June, September and December. We are required to pay all outstanding principal and any accrued and unpaid interest on the notes on the maturity date. We may, at our option, prepay the outstanding principal amount of the notes at any time without premium or penalty. Pacific Ethanol, Inc. issued the notes, which are secured by a first-priority security interest in the equity interest held by Pacific Ethanol, Inc. in its wholly-owned subsidiary, PE Op. Co., which indirectly owns our plants located on the West Coast.

The five accredited investors include Orange 2015 DisloCredit Fund, L.P., which purchased $5,154,639 in principal amount of the notes, adding to its existing $10,309,278 in principal amount of notes of the same terms and maturity acquired in a prior transaction that closed in December 2016; Co-Investment Income Fund, L.P. - US Tax-Exempt Series, which purchased $1,697,479 in principal amount of the notes; and Co-Investment Income Fund, L.P. - US Taxable Series, which purchased $364,376 in principal amount of the notes.

In addition, in a prior transaction that closed in December 2016, CIF Income Partners (A), LLC purchased $9,962,010 in principal amount of notes and Sainsbury’s Credit Opportunities Fund, Ltd. purchased $1,288,660 in principal amount of notes, in each case of the same terms and maturity as the notes issued in the June 2017 transaction.

We believe these investors are affiliates of BlackRock, Inc. BlackRock, Inc. is reported as beneficially owning more than 5% of the outstanding shares of our common stock.

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Other Information

Stockholder Proposals

Pursuant to Rule 14a–8 under the Exchange Act, proposals by stockholders that are intended for inclusion in our Proxy Statement and proxy card and to be presented at our next annual meeting must be received by us no later than January 2, 2019 in order to be considered for inclusion in our proxy materials relating to our next annual meeting. Such proposals shall be addressed to our corporate Secretary at Pacific Ethanol, Inc., 400 Capitol Mall, Suite 2060, Sacramento, California 95814 and may be included in next year’s annual meeting proxy materials if they comply with rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission governing stockholder proposals.

Stockholder nominations of persons for election to our Board, or proposals by stockholders that are not intended for inclusion in our proxy materials, may be made by any stockholder who timely and completely complies with the notice procedures contained in our bylaws, was a stockholder of record at the time of giving of notice and is entitled to vote at the meeting, so long as the proposal is a proper matter for stockholder action and the stockholder otherwise complies with the provisions of our bylaws and applicable law. However, stockholder nominations of persons for election to our Board at a special meeting may only be made if our Board has determined that directors are to be elected at the special meeting.

To be timely, stockholder nominations of persons for election to our Board, or proposals not intended for inclusion in our proxy materials, must be delivered to our Secretary at our corporate headquarters not later than:

| · | In the case of an annual meeting, the close of business on March 19, 2019. However, if the date of the meeting has changed more than 30 days from the date of the prior year’s meeting, then in order for the stockholder’s notice to be timely it must be delivered to our corporate Secretary a reasonable time before we mail our proxy materials for the current year’s meeting. For purposes of the preceding sentence, a “reasonable time” coincides with any adjusted deadline we publicly announce.

| · | In the case of a special meeting, the close of business on the 7th day following the day on which we first publicly announce the date of the special meeting.

Except as otherwise provided by law, if the chairperson of the meeting determines that a nomination or any business proposed to be brought before a meeting was not made or proposed in accordance with the procedures set forth in our bylaws and summarized above, the chairperson may prohibit the nomination or proposal from being presented at the meeting.

Available Information

We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act. In accordance with the Exchange Act, we file reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission. These materials can be inspected and copied at the Public Reference Room maintained by the Securities and Exchange Commission at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the Securities and Exchange Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330. Our common stock trades on The NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “PEIX.”

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Annual Report

A copy of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 has been provided concurrently with this Proxy Statement (or made available electronically, for stockholders who elected to access these materials over the Internet) to all stockholders entitled to notice of and to vote at the Annual Meeting. The Annual Report is not incorporated into this Proxy Statement and is not deemed to be a part of our proxy solicitation materials. Copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K (without exhibits) for the year ended December 31, 2017 will be furnished by first class mail, without charge, to any person from whom the accompanying proxy is solicited upon written or oral request to Pacific Ethanol, Inc., 400 Capitol Mall, Suite 2060, Sacramento, California 95814, Attention: Investor Relations, telephone (916) 403-2123. If exhibit copies are requested, a copying charge of $0.20 per page applies. In addition, all of our public filings, including our Annual Report, can be found free of charge on the website of the Securities and Exchange Commission at http://www.sec.gov.

ALL STOCKHOLDERS ARE URGED TO COMPLETE, SIGN AND RETURN PROMPTLY THE ACCOMPANYING PROXY CARD IN THE ENCLOSED ENVELOPE.

Forward-Looking Statements

All statements included or incorporated by reference in this Proxy Statement other than statements or characterizations of historical fact, are forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the federal securities laws, including the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations, estimates and projections about our business and industry, management’s beliefs, and certain assumptions made by us, all of which are subject to change. Forward-looking statements can often be identified by words such as “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “predicts,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “could,” “potential,” “continue,” “ongoing,” similar expressions, and variations or negatives of these words. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future results and are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause our actual results to differ materially and adversely from those expressed in any forward-looking statement. Important risk factors that could contribute to such differences are discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and other Securities and Exchange Commission filings. The forward-looking statements in this Proxy Statement speak only as of this date. We undertake no obligation to revise or update publicly any forward-looking statement for any reason, except as required by law.

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APPENDIX A

PACIFIC ETHANOL, INC.

2016 STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN

(As Amended Through June 14, 2018)

ARTICLE ONE

GENERAL PROVISIONS

| I. | Purpose of the Plan.

This 2016 Stock Incentive Plan is intended to promote the interests of Pacific Ethanol, Inc. by providing eligible persons in the Corporation’s service with the opportunity to acquire a proprietary or economic interest, or otherwise increase their proprietary or economic interest, in the Corporation as an incentive for them to remain in such service and render superior performance during such service. Capitalized terms not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings assigned to such terms in the attached Appendix.

| II. | Structure of the Plan.

| A. | The Plan is divided into two equity-based incentive programs:

| · | the Discretionary Grant Program, under which eligible persons may, at the discretion of the Plan Administrator, be granted options to purchase shares of common stock or stock appreciation rights tied to the value of such common stock; and

| · | the Stock Issuance Program, under which eligible persons may be issued shares of common stock pursuant to restricted stock or restricted stock unit awards or other stock-based awards, made by and at the discretion of the Plan Administrator, that vest upon the completion of a designated service period and/or the attainment of pre-established performance milestones, or under which shares of common stock may be issued through direct purchase or as a bonus for services rendered to the Corporation (or any Parent or Subsidiary).

B. The provisions of Articles One and Four shall apply to all equity programs under the Plan and shall govern the interests of all persons under the Plan.

| III. | Administration of the Plan.

A. The Compensation Committee shall have sole and exclusive authority to administer the Discretionary Grant and Stock Issuance Programs, provided, however, that the Board may retain, reassume or exercise from time to time the power to administer those programs with respect to all persons. However, any discretionary Awards to members of the Compensation Committee must be authorized and approved by a disinterested majority of the Board.

B. The Plan Administrator shall, within the scope of its administrative functions under the Plan, have full power and authority (subject to the provisions of the Plan) to establish such rules and regulations as it may deem appropriate for proper administration of the Discretionary Grant and Stock Issuance Programs and to make such determinations under, and issue such interpretations of, the provisions of those programs and any outstanding Awards thereunder as it may deem necessary or advisable. Decisions of the Plan Administrator within the scope of its administrative functions under the Plan shall be final and binding on all parties who have an interest in the Discretionary Grant and Stock Issuance Programs under its jurisdiction or any Award thereunder.

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C. Service on the Compensation Committee shall constitute service as a Board member, and members of each such committee shall accordingly be entitled to full indemnification and reimbursement as Board members for their service on such committee. No member of the Compensation Committee shall be liable for any act or omission made in good faith with respect to the Plan or any Award under the Plan.

| IV. | Eligibility.

A. The persons eligible to participate in the Discretionary Grant and Stock Issuance Programs are as follows:

| (i) | Employees;

| (ii) | non-employee members of the Board or the board of directors of any Parent or Subsidiary; and

| (iii) | Consultants.

B. The Plan Administrator shall, within the scope of its administrative jurisdiction under the Plan, have full authority to determine (i) with respect to Awards made under the Discretionary Grant Program, which eligible persons are to receive such Awards, the time or times when those Awards are to be made, the number of shares to be covered by each such Award, the status of any awarded option as either an Incentive Option or a Non-Statutory Option, the exercise price per share in effect for each Award (subject to the limitations set forth in Article Two), the time or times when each Award is to vest and become exercisable and the maximum term for which the Award is to remain outstanding, and (ii) with respect to Awards under the Stock Issuance Program, which eligible persons are to receive such Awards, the time or times when the Awards are to be made, the number of shares subject to each such Award, the vesting schedule (if any) applicable to the shares subject to such Award, and the cash consideration (if any) payable for such shares.

C. The Plan Administrator shall have the absolute discretion to grant options or stock appreciation rights in accordance with the Discretionary Grant Program and to effect stock issuances or other stock-based awards in accordance with the Stock Issuance Program.

| V. | Stock Subject to the Plan.

A. The stock issuable under the Plan shall be shares of authorized but unissued or reacquired common stock, including shares repurchased by the Corporation on the open market. Subject to any additional shares authorized by the vote of the Board and approved by the stockholders, the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance over the term of the Plan shall not exceed 3,650,000 shares. Any or all of the shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the Plan shall be authorized for issuance pursuant to Incentive Options or other Awards.

B. No one person participating in the Plan may be granted Awards of common stock having a Fair Market Value on the applicable grant date(s) of more than One Million Dollars ($1,000,000) in the aggregate per calendar year.

C. Shares of common stock subject to outstanding Awards under the Plan shall in no event become eligible for reissuance under the Plan, whether as a result of expiration or termination of an Award, cancellation or repurchase of unvested shares, tender of shares in connection with a net/cashless exercise program, withholding of shares to cover withholding taxes, or otherwise.

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D. If any change is made to the common stock by reason of any stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization, combination of shares, exchange of shares or other change affecting the outstanding common stock as a class without the Corporation’s receipt of consideration, appropriate adjustments shall be made by the Plan Administrator to (i) the maximum number and/or class of securities issuable under the Plan, (ii) the maximum number and/or class of securities for which any one person may be granted Awards under the Plan per calendar year, (iii) the number and/or class of securities and the exercise or base price per share (or any other cash consideration payable per share) in effect under each outstanding Award under the Discretionary Grant Program, and (iv) the number and/or class of securities subject to each outstanding Award under the Stock Issuance Program and the cash consideration (if any) payable per share thereunder. To the extent such adjustments are to be made to outstanding Awards, those adjustments shall be effected in a manner that shall preclude the enlargement or dilution of rights and benefits under those Awards. The adjustments determined by the Plan Administrator shall be final, binding and conclusive.

| VI. | Clawback Policy.

The Plan Administrator shall, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any Award document or in any employment or other agreement, have full power and authority, and is required, to terminate any vested or unvested Award or require repayment to the Corporation of the proceeds received by a participant arising from any Award, to apply the Corporation’s Policy for Recoupment of Incentive Compensation dated March 29, 2018, as such policy may be amended by the Corporation from time to time, or any successor “clawback” or similar policy adopted by the Corporation, including any such policy or policy changes mandated by or implemented pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act or the applicable listing requirements or rules and regulations of The NASDAQ Capital Market, if applicable, and any other stock exchange or other market on which common stock is then quoted or listed for trading.

ARTICLE TWO

DISCRETIONARY GRANT PROGRAM

| I. | Option Terms.

Each option shall be evidenced by one or more documents in the form approved by the Plan Administrator; provided, however, that each such document shall comply with the terms specified below. Each document evidencing an Incentive Option shall, in addition, be subject to the provisions of the Plan applicable to such options.

A. Exercise Price.

1. The exercise price per share shall be fixed by the Plan Administrator but shall not be less than 85% of the Fair Market Value per share of common stock on the option grant date.

2. The exercise price shall become immediately due upon exercise of the option and shall be payable in one or more of the following forms that the Plan Administrator may deem appropriate in each individual instance:

(i) cash or check made payable to the Corporation;

(ii) shares of common stock valued at Fair Market Value on the Exercise Date and held for the period (if any) necessary to avoid any additional charges to the Corporation’s earnings for financial reporting purposes; or

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(iii) to the extent the option is exercised for vested shares, through a special sale and remittance procedure pursuant to which the Optionee shall concurrently provide irrevocable instructions to (a) a brokerage firm to effect the immediate sale of the purchased shares and remit to the Corporation, out of the sale proceeds available on the settlement date, sufficient funds to cover the aggregate exercise price payable for the purchased shares plus all applicable federal, state and local income and employment taxes required to be withheld by the Corporation by reason of such exercise and (b) the Corporation to deliver the certificates for the purchased shares directly to such brokerage firm to complete the sale.

Except to the extent such sale and remittance procedure is utilized, payment of the exercise price for the purchased shares must be made on the Exercise Date.

B. Exercise and Term of Options. Each option shall be exercisable at such time or times, during such period and for such number of shares as shall be determined by the Plan Administrator and set forth in the documents evidencing the option. However, no option shall have a term in excess of ten years measured from the option grant date.

C. Effect of Termination of Service.

1. The following provisions shall govern the exercise of any options held by the Optionee at the time of cessation of Service or death:

(i) Any option outstanding at the time of the Optionee’s cessation of Service for any reason shall remain exercisable for such period of time thereafter as shall be determined by the Plan Administrator and set forth in the documents evidencing the option or as otherwise specifically authorized by the Plan Administrator in its sole discretion pursuant to an express written agreement with Optionee, but no such option shall be exercisable after the expiration of the option term.

(ii) Any option held by the Optionee at the time of death and exercisable in whole or in part at that time may be subsequently exercised by the personal representative of the Optionee’s estate or by the person or persons to whom the option is transferred pursuant to the Optionee’s will or the laws of inheritance or by the Optionee’s designated beneficiary or beneficiaries of that option.

(iii) During the applicable post-Service exercise period, the option may not be exercised in the aggregate for more than the number of vested shares for which that option is at the time exercisable. No additional shares shall vest under the option following the Optionee’s cessation of Service, except to the extent (if any) specifically authorized by the Plan Administrator in its sole discretion pursuant to an express written agreement with Optionee. Upon the expiration of the applicable exercise period or (if earlier) upon the expiration of the option term, the option shall terminate and cease to be outstanding for any shares for which the option has not been exercised.

2. The Plan Administrator shall have complete discretion, exercisable either at the time an option is granted or at any time while the option remains outstanding, to:

(i) extend the period of time for which the option is to remain exercisable following the Optionee’s cessation of Service from the limited exercise period otherwise in effect for that option to such greater period of time as the Plan Administrator shall deem appropriate, but in no event beyond the expiration of the option term, and/or

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(ii) permit the option to be exercised, during the applicable post-Service exercise period, not only with respect to the number of vested shares of common stock for which such option is exercisable at the time of the Optionee’s cessation of Service but also with respect to one or more additional installments in which the Optionee would have vested had the Optionee continued in Service.

D. Stockholder Rights. The holder of an option shall have no stockholder rights with respect to the shares subject to the option until such person shall have exercised the option, paid the exercise price and become a holder of record of the purchased shares.

E. Repurchase Rights. The Plan Administrator shall have the discretion to grant options that are exercisable for unvested shares of common stock. Should the Optionee cease Service while holding such unvested shares, the Corporation shall have the right to repurchase, at the exercise price paid per share, any or all of those unvested shares. The terms upon which such repurchase right shall be exercisable (including the period and procedure for exercise and the appropriate vesting schedule for the purchased shares) shall be established by the Plan Administrator and set forth in the document evidencing such repurchase right.

F. Transferability of Options. The transferability of options granted under the Plan shall be governed by the following provisions:

(i) Incentive Options. During the lifetime of the Optionee, Incentive Options shall be exercisable only by the Optionee and shall not be assignable or transferable other than by will or the laws of inheritance following the Optionee’s death.

(ii) Non-Statutory Options. Non-Statutory Options shall be subject to the same limitation on transfer as Incentive Options, except that the Plan Administrator may structure one or more Non-Statutory Options so that the option may be assigned in whole or in part during the Optionee’s lifetime to one or more Family Members of the Optionee or to a trust established exclusively for the Optionee and/or one or more such Family Members, to the extent such assignment is in connection with the Optionee’s estate plan or pursuant to a domestic relations order. The assigned portion may only be exercised by the person or persons who acquire a proprietary interest in the option pursuant to the assignment. The terms applicable to the assigned portion shall be the same as those in effect for the option immediately prior to such assignment and shall be set forth in such documents issued to the assignee as the Plan Administrator may deem appropriate.

(iii) Beneficiary Designations. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Optionee may designate one or more persons as the beneficiary or beneficiaries of his or her outstanding options under this Article Two (whether Incentive Options or Non-Statutory Options), and those options shall, in accordance with such designation, automatically be transferred to such beneficiary or beneficiaries upon the Optionee’s death while holding those options. Such beneficiary or beneficiaries shall take the transferred options subject to all the terms and conditions of the applicable agreement evidencing each such transferred option, including (without limitation) the limited time period during which the option may be exercised following the Optionee’s death.

| II. | Incentive Options.

The terms specified below, together with any additions, deletions or changes thereto imposed from time to time pursuant to the provisions of the Code governing Incentive Options, shall be applicable to all Incentive Options. Except as modified by the provisions of this Section II, all the provisions of Articles One, Two and Four shall be applicable to Incentive Options. Options that are specifically designated as Non-Statutory Options when issued under the Plan shall not be subject to the terms of this Section II.

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A. Eligibility. Incentive Options may only be granted to Employees.

B. Exercise Price. The exercise price per share shall not be less than 100% of the Fair Market Value per share of common stock on the option grant date.

C. Dollar Limitation. The aggregate Fair Market Value of the shares of common stock (determined as of the respective date or dates of grant) for which one or more options granted to any Employee under the Plan (or any other option plan of the Corporation or any Parent or Subsidiary) may for the first time become exercisable as Incentive Options during any one calendar year shall not exceed the sum of One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000). To the extent the Employee holds two or more such options which become exercisable for the first time in the same calendar year, then for purposes of the foregoing limitation on the exercisability of those options as Incentive Options, such options shall be deemed to become first exercisable in that calendar year on the basis of the chronological order in which they were granted, except to the extent otherwise provided under applicable law or regulation.

D. 10% Stockholder. If any Employee to whom an Incentive Option is granted is a 10% Stockholder, then the exercise price per share shall not be less than 110% of the Fair Market Value per share of common stock on the option grant date, and the option term shall not exceed five years measured from the option grant date.

| III. | Stock Appreciation Rights.

A. Authority. The Plan Administrator shall have full power and authority, exercisable in its sole discretion, to grant stock appreciation rights in accordance with this Section III to selected Optionees or other individuals eligible to receive option grants under the Discretionary Grant Program.

B. Types. Three types of stock appreciation rights shall be authorized for issuance under this Section III: (i) tandem stock appreciation rights (“Tandem Rights”), (ii) standalone stock appreciation rights (“Standalone Rights”) and (iii) limited stock appreciation rights (“Limited Rights”).

C. Tandem Rights. The following terms and conditions shall govern the grant and exercise of Tandem Rights.

1. One or more Optionees may be granted a Tandem Right, exercisable upon such terms and conditions as the Plan Administrator may establish, to elect between the exercise of the underlying stock option for shares of common stock or the surrender of that option in exchange for a distribution from the Corporation in an amount equal to the excess of (i) the Fair Market Value (on the option surrender date) of the number of shares in which the Optionee is at the time vested under the surrendered option (or surrendered portion thereof) over (ii) the aggregate exercise price payable for such vested shares.

2. No such option surrender shall be effective unless it is approved by the Plan Administrator, either at the time of the actual option surrender or at any earlier time. If the surrender is so approved, then the distribution to which the Optionee shall accordingly become entitled under this Section III may be made in shares of common stock valued at Fair Market Value on the option surrender date, in cash, or partly in shares and partly in cash, as the Plan Administrator shall in its sole discretion deem appropriate.

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3. If the surrender of an option is not approved by the Plan Administrator, then the Optionee shall retain whatever rights the Optionee had under the surrendered option (or surrendered portion thereof) on the option surrender date and may exercise such rights at any time prior to the later of (i) five business days after the receipt of the rejection notice or (ii) the last day on which the option is otherwise exercisable in accordance with the terms of the instrument evidencing such option, but in no event may such rights be exercised more than ten years after the date of the option grant.

D. Standalone Rights. The following terms and conditions shall govern the grant and exercise of Standalone Rights under this Article Two:

1. One or more individuals eligible to participate in the Discretionary Grant Program may be granted a Standalone Right not tied to any underlying option under this Discretionary Grant Program. The Standalone Right shall relate to a specified number of shares of common stock and shall be exercisable upon such terms and conditions as the Plan Administrator may establish. In no event, however, may the Standalone Right have a maximum term in excess of ten years measured from the grant date. Upon exercise of the Standalone Right, the holder shall be entitled to receive a distribution from the Corporation in an amount equal to the excess of (i) the aggregate Fair Market Value (on the exercise date) of the shares of common stock underlying the exercised right over (ii) the aggregate base price in effect for those shares.

2. The number of shares of common stock underlying each Standalone Right and the base price in effect for those shares shall be determined by the Plan Administrator in its sole discretion at the time the Standalone Right is granted. In no event, however, may the base price per share be less than the Fair Market Value per underlying share of common stock on the grant date.

3. Standalone Rights shall be subject to the same transferability restrictions applicable to Non-Statutory Options and may not be transferred during the holder’s lifetime, except to one or more Family Members of the holder or to a trust established exclusively for the holder and/or such Family Members, to the extent such assignment is in connection with the holder’s estate plan or pursuant to a domestic relations order covering the Standalone Right as marital property. In addition, one or more beneficiaries may be designated for an outstanding Standalone Right in accordance with substantially the same terms and provisions as set forth in Section I.F of this Article Two.

4. The distribution with respect to an exercised Standalone Right may be made in shares of common stock valued at Fair Market Value on the exercise date, in cash, or partly in shares and partly in cash, as the Plan Administrator shall in its sole discretion deem appropriate.

5. The holder of a Standalone Right shall have no stockholder rights with respect to the shares subject to the Standalone Right unless and until such person shall have exercised the Standalone Right and become a holder of record of shares of common stock issued upon the exercise of such Standalone Right.

E. Limited Rights. The following terms and conditions shall govern the grant and exercise of Limited Rights under this Article Two:

1. One or more Section 16 Insiders may, in the Plan Administrator’s sole discretion, be granted Limited Rights with respect to their outstanding options under this Article Two.

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2. Upon the occurrence of a Hostile Take-Over, the Section 16 Insider shall have the unconditional right (exercisable for a 30-day period following such Hostile Take-Over) to surrender each option with such a Limited Right to the Corporation. The Section 16 Insider shall in return be entitled to a cash distribution from the Corporation in an amount equal to the excess of (i) the Take-Over Price of the number of shares in which the Optionee is at the time vested under the surrendered option (or surrendered portion thereof) over (ii) the aggregate exercise price payable for those vested shares. Such cash distribution shall be made within five days following the option surrender date.

3. The Plan Administrator shall pre-approve, at the time such Limited Right is granted, the subsequent exercise of that right in accordance with the terms of the grant and the provisions of this Section III. No additional approval of the Plan Administrator or the Board shall be required at the time of the actual option surrender and cash distribution. Any unsurrendered portion of the option shall continue to remain outstanding and become exercisable in accordance with the terms of the instrument evidencing such grant.

F. Post-Service Exercise. The provisions governing the exercise of Tandem, Standalone and Limited Stock Appreciation Rights following the cessation of the recipient’s Service or the recipient’s death shall be substantially the same as those set forth in Section I.C of this Article Two for the options granted under the Discretionary Grant Program.

| IV. | Change in Control/ Hostile Take-Over.

A. No Award outstanding under the Discretionary Grant Program at the time of a Change in Control shall vest and become exercisable on an accelerated basis if and to the extent that: (i) such Award is, in connection with the Change in Control, assumed by the successor corporation (or parent thereof) or otherwise continued in full force and effect pursuant to the terms of the Change in Control transaction, (ii) such Award is replaced with a cash retention program of the successor corporation that preserves the spread existing at the time of the Change in Control on the shares of common stock as to which the Award is not otherwise at that time vested and exercisable and provides for subsequent payout of that spread in accordance with the same exercise/vesting schedule applicable to those shares, or (iii) the acceleration of such Award is subject to other limitations imposed by the Plan Administrator. However, if none of the foregoing conditions are satisfied, each Award outstanding under the Discretionary Grant Program at the time of the Change in Control but not otherwise vested and exercisable as to all the shares at the time subject to that Award shall automatically accelerate so that each such Award shall, immediately prior to the effective date of the Change in Control, vest and become exercisable as to all the shares of common stock at the time subject to that Award and may be exercised as to any or all of those shares as fully vested shares of common stock.

B. All outstanding repurchase rights under the Discretionary Grant Program shall also terminate automatically, and the shares of common stock subject to those terminated rights shall immediately vest in full, in the event of any Change in Control, except to the extent: (i) those repurchase rights are assigned to the successor corporation (or parent thereof) or otherwise continue in full force and effect pursuant to the terms of the Change in Control transaction or (ii) such accelerated vesting is precluded by other limitations imposed by the Plan Administrator.

C. Immediately following the consummation of the Change in Control, all outstanding Awards under the Discretionary Grant Program shall terminate and cease to be outstanding, except to the extent assumed by the successor corporation (or parent thereof) or otherwise expressly continued in full force and effect pursuant to the terms of the Change in Control transaction.

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D. Each option that is assumed in connection with a Change in Control or otherwise continued in effect shall be appropriately adjusted, immediately after such Change in Control, to apply to the number and class of securities that would have been issuable to the Optionee in consummation of such Change in Control had the option been exercised immediately prior to such Change in Control. In the event outstanding Standalone Rights are to be assumed in connection with a Change in Control transaction or otherwise continued in effect, the shares of common stock underlying each such Standalone Right shall be adjusted immediately after such Change in Control to apply to the number and class of securities into which those shares of common stock would have been converted in consummation of such Change in Control had those shares actually been outstanding at that time. Appropriate adjustments to reflect such Change in Control shall also be made to (i) the exercise price payable per share under each outstanding option, provided the aggregate exercise price payable for such securities shall remain the same, (ii) the base price per share in effect under each outstanding Standalone Right, provided the aggregate base price shall remain the same, (iii) the maximum number and/or class of securities available for issuance over the remaining term of the Plan, and (iv) the maximum number and/or class of securities for which any one person may be granted Awards under the Plan per calendar year. To the extent the actual holders of the Corporation’s outstanding common stock receive cash consideration for their common stock in consummation of the Change in Control, the successor corporation may, in connection with the assumption or continuation of the outstanding Awards under the Discretionary Grant Program, substitute, for the securities underlying those assumed Awards, one or more shares of its own common stock with a fair market value equivalent to the cash consideration paid per share of common stock in such Change in Control transaction.

E. The Plan Administrator shall have full power and authority to structure one or more outstanding Awards under the Discretionary Grant Program so that those Awards shall immediately vest and become exercisable as to all of the shares at the time subject to those Awards in the event the Optionee’s Service is subsequently terminated by reason of an Involuntary Termination within a designated period (not to exceed 18 months) following the effective date of any Change in Control or a Hostile Take-Over in which those Awards do not otherwise vest on an accelerated basis. Any Awards so accelerated shall remain exercisable as to fully vested shares until the expiration or sooner termination of their term. In addition, the Plan Administrator may structure one or more of the Corporation’s repurchase rights under the Discretionary Grant Program so that those rights shall immediately terminate with respect to any shares held by the Optionee at the time of his or her Involuntary Termination, and the shares subject to those terminated repurchase rights shall accordingly vest in full at that time.

F. The portion of any Incentive Option accelerated in connection with a Change in Control shall remain exercisable as an Incentive Option only to the extent the applicable One Hundred Thousand Dollar ($100,000) limitation is not exceeded. To the extent such dollar limitation is exceeded, the accelerated portion of such option shall be exercisable as a Non-Statutory Option under the federal tax laws.

G. Awards outstanding under the Discretionary Grant Program shall in no way affect the right of the Corporation to adjust, reclassify, reorganize or otherwise change its capital or business structure or to merge, consolidate, dissolve, liquidate or sell or transfer all or any part of its business or assets.

ARTICLE THREE

STOCK ISSUANCE PROGRAM

I. Stock Issuance Terms.

A. Issuances. Shares of common stock may be issued under the Stock Issuance Program through direct and immediate issuances without any intervening option grants. Each such stock issuance shall be evidenced by a Stock Issuance Agreement that complies with the terms specified below. Shares of common stock may also be issued under the Stock Issuance Program pursuant to restricted stock awards or restricted stock units, awarded by and at the discretion of the Plan Administrator, that entitle the recipients to receive the shares underlying those awards or units upon the attainment of designated performance goals and/or the satisfaction of specified Service requirements or upon the expiration of a designated time period following the vesting of those awards or units.

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B. Issue Price.

1. The price per share at which shares of common stock may be issued under the Stock Issuance Program shall be fixed by the Plan Administrator, but shall not be less than 100% of the Fair Market Value per share of common stock on the issuance date.

2. Shares of common stock may be issued under the Stock Issuance Program for any of the following items of consideration that the Plan Administrator may deem appropriate in each individual instance:

(i) cash or check made payable to the Corporation;

(ii) past services rendered to the Corporation (or any Parent or Subsidiary); or

(iii) any other valid form of consideration permissible under the Delaware Corporations Code at the time such shares are issued.

C. Vesting Provisions.

1. Shares of common stock issued under the Stock Issuance Program may, in the discretion of the Plan Administrator, be fully and immediately vested upon issuance or may vest in one or more installments over the Participant’s period of Service and/or upon attainment of specified performance objectives. The elements of the vesting schedule applicable to any unvested shares of common stock issued under the Stock Issuance Program shall be determined by the Plan Administrator and incorporated into the Stock Issuance Agreement. Shares of common stock may also be issued under the Stock Issuance Program pursuant to restricted stock awards or restricted stock units that entitle the recipients to receive the shares underlying those awards and/or units upon the attainment of designated performance goals or the satisfaction of specified Service requirements or upon the expiration of a designated time period following the vesting of those awards or units, including (without limitation) a deferred distribution date following the termination of the Participant’s Service.

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2. The Plan Administrator shall also have the discretionary authority, consistent with Code Section 162(m), to structure one or more Awards under the Stock Issuance Program so that the shares of common stock subject to those Awards shall vest (or vest and become issuable) upon the achievement of certain pre-established corporate performance goals based on one or more of the following criteria: (i) return on total stockholders’ equity; (ii) net income per share of common stock; (iii) net income or operating income; (iv) earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and stock-compensation costs, or operating income before depreciation and amortization; (v) sales or revenue targets; (vi) return on assets, capital or investment; (vii) cash flow; (viii) market share; (ix) cost reduction goals; (x) budget comparisons; (xi) implementation or completion of projects or processes strategic or critical to the Corporation’s business operations; (xii) measures of customer satisfaction; (xiii) any combination of, or a specified increase in, any of the foregoing; and (xiv) the formation of joint ventures, research and development collaborations, marketing or customer service collaborations, or the completion of other corporate transactions intended to enhance the Corporation’s revenue or profitability or expand its customer base; provided, however, that for purposes of items (ii), (iii) and (vii) above, the Plan Administrator may, at the time the Awards are made, specify certain adjustments to such items as reported in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“GAAP”), which will exclude from the calculation of those performance goals one or more of the following: certain charges related to acquisitions, stock-based compensation, employer payroll tax expense on certain stock option exercises, settlement costs, restructuring costs, gains or losses on strategic investments, non-operating gains or losses, certain other non-cash charges, valuation allowance on deferred tax assets, and the related income tax effects, purchases of property and equipment, and any extraordinary non-recurring items as described in Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 30 or its successor, provided that such adjustments are in conformity with those reported by the Corporation on a non-GAAP basis. In addition, such performance goals may be based upon the attainment of specified levels of the Corporation’s performance under one or more of the measures described above relative to the performance of other entities and may also be based on the performance of any of the Corporation’s business groups or divisions thereof or any Parent or Subsidiary. Performance goals may include a minimum threshold level of performance below which no award will be earned, levels of performance at which specified portions of an award will be earned, and a maximum level of performance at which an award will be fully earned. The Plan Administrator may provide that, if the actual level of attainment for any performance objective is between two specified levels, the amount of the award attributable to that performance objective shall be interpolated on a straight-line basis.

3. Any new, substituted or additional securities or other property (including money paid other than as a regular cash dividend) that the Participant may have the right to receive with respect to the Participant’s unvested shares of common stock by reason of any stock dividend, stock split, recapitalization, combination of shares, exchange of shares or other change affecting the outstanding common stock as a class without the Corporation’s receipt of consideration shall be issued subject to (i) the same vesting requirements applicable to the Participant’s unvested shares of common stock and (ii) such escrow arrangements as the Plan Administrator shall deem appropriate.

4. The Participant shall have full stockholder rights with respect to any shares of common stock issued to the Participant under the Stock Issuance Program, whether or not the Participant’s interest in those shares is vested. Accordingly, the Participant shall have the right to vote such shares and to receive any regular cash dividends paid on such shares. The Participant shall not have any stockholder rights with respect to the shares of common stock subject to a restricted stock unit award until that award vests and the shares of common stock are actually issued thereunder. However, dividend-equivalent units may be paid or credited, either in cash or in actual or phantom shares of common stock, on outstanding restricted stock unit or restricted stock awards, subject to such terms and conditions as the Plan Administrator may deem appropriate.

5. Should the Participant cease to remain in Service while holding one or more unvested shares of common stock issued under the Stock Issuance Program or should the performance objectives not be attained with respect to one or more such unvested shares of common stock, then except as set forth in Section I.C.6 of this Article Three, those shares shall be immediately surrendered to the Corporation for cancellation, and the Participant shall have no further stockholder rights with respect to those shares. To the extent the surrendered shares were previously issued to the Participant for consideration paid in cash, cash equivalent or otherwise, the Corporation shall repay to the Participant the same amount and form of consideration as the Participant paid for the surrendered shares.

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6. The Plan Administrator may in its discretion waive the surrender and cancellation of one or more unvested shares of common stock that would otherwise occur upon the cessation of the Participant’s Service or the non-attainment of the performance objectives applicable to those shares. Any such waiver shall result in the immediate vesting of the Participant’s interest in the shares of common stock as to which the waiver applies. Such waiver may be effected at any time, whether before or after the Participant’s cessation of Service or the attainment or non-attainment of the applicable performance objectives. However, no vesting requirements tied to the attainment of performance objectives may be waived with respect to shares that were intended at the time of issuance to qualify as performance-based compensation under Code Section 162(m), except in the event of the Participant’s Involuntary Termination or as otherwise provided in Section II.E of this Article Three.

7. Outstanding restricted stock awards or restricted stock units under the Stock Issuance Program shall automatically terminate, and no shares of common stock shall actually be issued in satisfaction of those awards or units, if the performance goals or Service requirements established for such awards or units are not attained or satisfied. The Plan Administrator, however, shall have the discretionary authority to issue vested shares of common stock under one or more outstanding restricted stock awards or restricted stock units as to which the designated performance goals or Service requirements have not been attained or satisfied. However, no vesting requirements tied to the attainment of performance goals may be waived with respect to awards or units which were at the time of grant intended to qualify as performance-based compensation under Code Section 162(m), except in the event of the Participant’s Involuntary Termination or as otherwise provided in Section II.E of this Article Three.

| II. | Change in Control/ Hostile Take-Over.

A. All of the Corporation’s outstanding repurchase rights under the Stock Issuance Program shall terminate automatically, and all the shares of common stock subject to those terminated rights shall immediately vest in full, in the event of any Change in Control, except to the extent (i) those repurchase rights are to be assigned to the successor corporation (or parent thereof) or otherwise continued in full force and effect pursuant to the express terms of the Change in Control transaction or (ii) such accelerated vesting is precluded by other limitations imposed in the Stock Issuance Agreement.

B. Each outstanding Award under the Stock Issuance Program that is assumed in connection with a Change in Control or otherwise continued in effect shall be adjusted immediately after the consummation of that Change in Control to apply to the number and class of securities into which the shares of common stock subject to the Award immediately prior to the Change in Control would have been converted in consummation of such Change in Control had those shares actually been outstanding at that time, and appropriate adjustments shall also be made to the cash consideration (if any) payable per share thereunder, provided the aggregate amount of such consideration shall remain the same. If any such Award is not so assumed or otherwise continued in effect or replaced with a cash retention program which preserves the Fair Market Value of the shares underlying the Award at the time of the Change in Control and provides for the subsequent payout of that value in accordance with the vesting schedule in effect for the Award at the time of such Change in Control, such Award shall vest, and the shares of common stock subject to that Award shall be issued as fully-vested shares, immediately prior to the consummation of the Change in Control.

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C. The Plan Administrator shall have full power and authority to structure one or more outstanding Awards under the Stock Issuance Program so that the shares of common stock subject to those Awards shall immediately vest (or vest and become issuable) as to all of the shares at the time subject to those Awards in the event the Participant’s Service is subsequently terminated by reason of an Involuntary Termination within a designated period (not to exceed 18 months) following the effective date of any Change in Control or a Hostile Take-Over in which those Awards do not otherwise vest on an accelerated basis. In addition, the Plan Administrator may structure one or more of the Corporation’s repurchase rights under the Stock Issuance Program so that those rights shall immediately terminate with respect to any shares held by the Participant at the time of his or her Involuntary Termination, and the shares subject to those terminated repurchase rights shall accordingly vest in full at that time.

D. The Plan Administrator’s authority under Paragraph C of this Section II shall also extend to any Award intended to qualify as performance-based compensation under Code Section 162(m), even though the automatic vesting of those Awards pursuant to Paragraph C of this Section II may result in their loss of performance-based status under Code Section 162(m).

E. Awards outstanding under the Stock Issuance Program shall in no way affect the right of the Corporation to adjust, reclassify, reorganize or otherwise change its capital or business structure or to merge, consolidate, dissolve, liquidate or sell or transfer all or any part of its business or assets.

ARTICLE FOUR

MISCELLANEOUS

I. Tax Withholding.

A. The Corporation’s obligation to deliver shares of common stock upon the issuance, exercise or vesting of Awards under the Plan shall be subject to the satisfaction of all applicable federal, state and local income and employment tax withholding requirements.

B. Subject to applicable laws, rules and regulations and policies of the Corporation, the Plan Administrator may, in its discretion, provide any or all Optionees or Participants to whom Awards are made under the Plan with the right to utilize any or all of the following methods to satisfy all or part of the Withholding Taxes to which those holders may become subject in connection with the issuance, exercise or vesting of those Awards.

(i) Stock Withholding: The election to have the Corporation withhold, from the shares of common stock otherwise issuable upon the issuance, exercise or vesting of those Awards a portion of those shares with an aggregate Fair Market Value equal to the percentage of the Withholding Taxes (not to exceed 100%) designated by the Optionee or Participant and make a cash payment equal to such Fair Market Value directly to the appropriate taxing authorities on such individual’s behalf.

(ii) Stock Delivery: The election to deliver to the Corporation, at the time the Award is issued, exercised or vests, one or more shares of common stock previously acquired by such the Optionee or Participant (other than in connection with the issuance, exercise or vesting triggering the Withholding Taxes) with an aggregate Fair Market Value equal to the percentage of the Withholding Taxes (not to exceed 100%) designated by such holder. The shares of common stock so delivered shall not be added to the shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the Plan.

(iii) Sale and Remittance: The election to deliver to the Corporation, to the extent the Award is issued or exercised for vested shares, through a special sale and remittance procedure pursuant to which the Optionee or Participant shall concurrently provide irrevocable instructions to a brokerage firm to effect the immediate sale of the purchased or issued shares and remit to the Corporation, out of the sale proceeds available on the settlement date, sufficient funds to cover the Withholding Taxes required to be withheld by the Corporation by reason of such issuance, exercise or vesting.

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| II. | Share Escrow/Legends.

Unvested shares issued under the Plan may, in the Plan Administrator’s discretion, be held in escrow by the Corporation until the Participant’s interest in such shares vests or may be issued directly to the Participant with restrictive legends on the certificates evidencing those unvested shares.

| III. | Effective Date and Term of the Plan.

A. The Plan was initially adopted by the Board on March 25, 2016 and ratified and approved by the Corporation’s stockholders on June 16, 2016. The Plan was amended by the Board on March 29, 2018, subject to stockholder approval, to increase the number of shares authorized for issuance under the Plan from 1,150,000 shares to 3,650,000 shares and to implement other updates.

B. The Plan shall become effective on the Plan Effective Date. Awards may be granted under the Discretionary Grant Program and the Stock Issuance Program at any time on or after the Plan Effective Date.

C. The Plan shall terminate upon the earliest to occur of (i) March 25, 2026, (ii) the date on which all shares available for issuance under the Plan shall have been issued as fully-vested shares, (iii) the termination of all outstanding Awards in connection with a Change in Control, or (iv) such other date as the Board in its sole discretion terminates the Plan. If the Plan terminates on March 25, 2026 or on such other date as the Board terminates the Plan, then all Awards outstanding at that time shall continue to have force and effect in accordance with the provisions of the documents evidencing such Awards.

| IV. | Amendment, Suspension or Termination of the Plan.

The Board may suspend or terminate the Plan at any time, without notice, and in its sole discretion. The Board shall have complete and exclusive power and authority to amend or modify the Plan in any or all respects. However, no such amendment or modification shall materially impair the rights and obligations with respect to Awards at the time outstanding under the Plan unless the Optionee or the Participant consents to such amendment or modification. In addition, stockholder approval will be required for any amendment to the Plan that (i) materially increases the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the Plan, (ii) materially expands the class of individuals eligible to receive option grants or other awards under the Plan, (iii) materially increases the benefits accruing to the Optionees and Participants under the Plan or materially reduces the price at which shares of common stock may be issued or purchased under the Plan, (iv) materially extends the term of the Plan, (v) expands the types of awards available for issuance under the Plan, or (vi) is required under applicable laws, rules or regulations to be approved by stockholders.

| V. | Use of Proceeds.

Any cash proceeds received by the Corporation from the sale of shares of common stock under the Plan shall be used for general corporate purposes.

| VI. | Regulatory Approvals.

A. The implementation of the Plan, the grant of any Award and the issuance of shares of common stock in connection with the issuance, exercise or vesting of any Award made under the Plan shall be subject to the Corporation’s procurement of all approvals and permits required by regulatory authorities having jurisdiction over the Plan, the Awards made under the Plan and the shares of common stock issuable pursuant to those Awards.

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B. No shares of common stock or other assets shall be issued or delivered under the Plan unless and until there shall have been compliance with all applicable requirements of federal and state securities laws, including the filing and effectiveness of the Form S-8 registration statement for the shares of common stock issuable under the Plan, and all applicable listing requirements of The NASDAQ Capital Market, if applicable, and any other stock exchange or other market on which common stock is then quoted or listed for trading.

| VII. | No Employment/Service Rights.

Nothing in the Plan shall confer upon the Optionee or the Participant any right to continue in Service for any period of specific duration or interfere with or otherwise restrict in any way the rights of the Corporation (or any Parent or Subsidiary employing or retaining such person) or of the Optionee or the Participant, which rights are hereby expressly reserved by each, to terminate such person’s Service at any time for any reason, with or without cause.

| VIII. | Non-Exclusivity of the Plan.

Nothing contained in the Plan is intended to amend, modify, or rescind any previously approved compensation plans, programs or options entered into by the Corporation. This Plan shall be construed to be in addition to and independent of any and all other arrangements. Neither the adoption of the Plan by the Board nor the submission of the Plan to the stockholders of the Corporation for approval shall be construed as creating any limitations on the power or authority of the Board to adopt, with or without stockholder approval, such additional or other compensation arrangements as the Board may from time to time deem desirable.

| IX. | Governing Law.

All questions and obligations under the Plan and agreements issued pursuant to the Plan shall be construed and enforced in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware.

| X. | Information to Optionees and Participants.

Optionees and Participants under the Plan who do not otherwise have access to financial statements of the Corporation will receive the Corporation’s financial statements at least annually.

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APPENDIX

The following definitions shall be in effect under the Plan:

A. “Award” means any of the following stock or stock-based awards authorized for issuance or grant under the Plan: stock option, stock appreciation right, direct stock issuance, restricted stock or restricted stock unit award or other stock-based award.

B. “Board” means the Corporation’s board of directors.

C. “Change in Control” shall be deemed to have occurred if, in a single transaction or series of related transactions:

(i) any person (as such term is used in Section 13(d) and 14(d) of the 1934 Act, or persons acting as a group, other than a trustee or fiduciary holding securities under an employment benefit program, is or becomes a “beneficial owner” (as defined in Rule 13-3 under the 1934 Act), directly or indirectly of securities of the Corporation representing 51% or more of the combined voting power of the Corporation, or

(ii) there is a merger, consolidation, or other business combination transaction of the Corporation with or into another corporation, entity or person, other than a transaction in which the holders of at least a majority of the shares of voting capital stock of the Corporation outstanding immediately prior to such transaction continue to hold (either by such shares remaining outstanding or by their being converted into shares of voting capital stock of the surviving entity) a majority of the total voting power represented by the shares of voting capital stock of the Corporation (or surviving entity) outstanding immediately after such transaction, or

(iii) all or substantially all of the Corporation’s assets are sold.

D. “Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

E. “common stock” means the Corporation’s common stock, $0.001 par value per share.

F. “Compensation Committee” means a committee of the Board comprised solely of two or more Eligible Directors who are appointed by the Board to administer the Discretionary Grant and Stock Issuance Programs, who are “outside directors” within the meaning of Section 162(m) of the Code and who are “non-employee directors” within the meaning of Rule 16b-3(b)(3)(i).

G. “Consultant” means a consultant or other independent advisor who is under written contract with the Corporation (or any Parent or Subsidiary) to provide consulting or advisory services to the Corporation (or any Parent or Subsidiary) and whose securities issued pursuant to the Plan could be registered on Form S-8.

H. “Corporation” means Pacific Ethanol, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and any corporate successor to all or substantially all of the assets or voting stock of Pacific Ethanol, Inc. that shall by appropriate action adopt the Plan.

I. “Discretionary Grant Program” means the discretionary grant program in effect under Article Two of the Plan pursuant to which stock options and stock appreciation rights may be granted to one or more eligible individuals.

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J. “Eligible Director” means a Board member who is not, at the time of such determination, an employee of the Corporation (or any Parent or Subsidiary).

K. “Employee” means an individual who is in the employ of the Corporation (or any Parent or Subsidiary), subject to the control and direction of the employer entity as to both the work to be performed and the manner and method of performance.

L. “Exercise Date” means the date on which the Corporation shall have received written notice of the option exercise.

M. “Fair Market Value” per share of common stock on any relevant date shall be determined in accordance with the following provisions:

(i) If the common stock is at the time traded on The NASDAQ Capital Market, then the Fair Market Value shall be the closing selling price per share of common stock at the close of regular hours trading (i.e., before after- hours trading begins) on The NASDAQ Capital Market on the date in question, as such price is reported by the National Association of Securities Dealers. If there is no closing selling price for the common stock on the date in question, then the Fair Market Value shall be the closing selling price on the last preceding date for which such quotation exists.

(ii) If the common stock is not traded on The NASDAQ Capital Market but is at the time listed or quoted on any other market or exchange, then the Fair Market Value shall be the closing selling price per share of common stock at the close of regular hours trading (i.e., before after-hours trading begins) on the date in question on the market or exchange determined by the Plan Administrator to be the primary market for the common stock, as such price is officially quoted in the composite tape of transactions on such exchange. If there is no closing selling price for the common stock on the date in question, then the Fair Market Value shall be the closing selling price on the last preceding date for which such quotation exists.

(iii) In the absence of an established market for the common stock, the Fair Market Value shall be determined in good faith by the Plan Administrator.

In addition, with respect to any Incentive Option, the Fair Market Value shall be determined in a manner consistent with any regulations issued by the Secretary of the Treasury for the purpose of determining fair market value of securities subject to an Incentive Option plan under the Code.

N. “Family Member” means, with respect to a particular Optionee or Participant, any child, stepchild, grandchild, parent, stepparent, grandparent, spouse, former spouse, sibling, niece, nephew, mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law or sister-in-law, including adoptive relationships.

O. “Hostile Take-Over” means either of the following events effecting a change in control or ownership of the Corporation:

(i) the acquisition, directly or indirectly, by any person or related group of persons (other than the Corporation or a person that directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, the Corporation) of beneficial ownership (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 of the 1934 Act) of securities possessing more than 50% of the total combined voting power of the Corporation’s outstanding securities pursuant to a tender or exchange offer made directly to the Corporation’s stockholders that the Board does not recommend such stockholders to accept, or

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(ii) a change in the composition of the Board over a period of 36 consecutive months or less such that a majority of the Board members ceases, by reason of one or more contested elections for Board membership, to be composed of individuals who either (A) have been Board members continuously since the beginning of such period or (B) have been elected or nominated for election as Board members during such period by at least a majority of the Board members described in clause (A) who were still in office at the time the Board approved such election or nomination.

| P. | “Incentive Option” means an option that satisfies the requirements of Code Section 422.

Q. “Involuntary Termination” means the termination of the Service of any individual that occurs by reason of:

(i) if such individual is providing services to the Corporation pursuant to a written contract that defines “cause” or “misconduct” or similar reasons such individual could be dismissed or discharged by the Corporation, then such individual’s involuntary dismissal or discharge by the Corporation other than for any of such reasons and other than for Misconduct shall be an Involuntary Termination;

(ii) if such individual is not providing services to the Corporation pursuant to a written contract that defines “cause” or “misconduct” or similar reasons such individual could be dismissed or discharged by the Corporation, then such individual’s involuntary dismissal or discharge by the Corporation for reasons other than Misconduct shall be an Involuntary Termination;

(iii) if such individual is providing services to the Corporation pursuant to a written contract that defines “good reason” or similar reasons such individual could voluntarily resign, then such individual’s voluntary resignation for any of such reasons shall be an Involuntary Termination; or

(iv) if such individual is providing services to the Corporation pursuant to a written contract that does not define “good reason” or similar reasons such individual could voluntarily resign, then such individual’s voluntary resignation following (A) a change in his or her position with the Corporation that materially reduces his or her duties and responsibilities or the level of management to which he or she reports, (B) a reduction in his or her level of compensation (including base salary, fringe benefits and target bonus under any corporate-performance based bonus or incentive programs) by more than 15% or (C) a relocation of such individual’s place of employment by more than 50 miles, provided and only if such change, reduction or relocation is effected by the Corporation without the individual’s consent, shall be an Involuntary Termination.

R. “Misconduct” means the commission of: any act of fraud, embezzlement or dishonesty by the Optionee or Participant; any unauthorized use or disclosure by such person of confidential information or trade secrets of the Corporation (or any Parent or Subsidiary); any illegal or improper conduct or intentional misconduct, gross negligence or recklessness by such person that has adversely affected or, in the determination of the Plan Administrator, is likely to adversely affect, the business, reputation, goodwill or affairs of the Corporation (or any Parent or Subsidiary) in a material manner; any conduct that provides a basis for the Corporation to terminate for “cause,” “misconduct” or similar reasons the written contract pursuant to which the Optionee or Participant is providing Services to the Corporation; resignation by the Optionee or Participant on fewer than 30 days’ prior written notice and in violation of an agreement to remain in Service of the Corporation, in anticipation of a termination for “cause,” “misconduct” or similar reasons under the agreement, or in lieu of a formal discharge for “cause,” “misconduct” or similar reasons. The foregoing definition shall not in any way preclude or restrict the right of the Corporation (or any Parent or Subsidiary) to discharge or dismiss any Optionee, Participant or other person in the Service of the Corporation (or any Parent or Subsidiary) for any other acts or omissions, but such other acts or omissions shall not be deemed, for purposes of the Plan, to constitute grounds for termination for Misconduct.

| A-18 |

S. “1934 Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

T. “Non-Statutory Option” means an option not intended to satisfy the requirements of Code Section 422.

U. “Optionee” means any person to whom an option is granted under the Discretionary Grant Program.

V. “Parent” means any corporation (other than the Corporation) in an unbroken chain of corporations ending with the Corporation, provided each corporation in the unbroken chain (other than the Corporation) owns, at the time of the determination, stock possessing 50% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock in one of the other corporations in such chain.

W. “Participant” means any person who is issued shares of common stock or restricted stock units or other stock-based awards under the Stock Issuance Program.

X. “Permanent Disability” or “Permanently Disabled” means the inability of the Optionee or the Participant to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment expected to result in death or to be of continuous duration of twelve months or more.

Y. “Plan” means the Corporation’s 2016 Stock Incentive Plan, as set forth in this document.

Z. “Plan Administrator” means the particular entity, whether the Compensation Committee or the Board, which is authorized to administer the Discretionary Grant and Stock Issuance Programs with respect to one or more classes of eligible persons, to the extent such entity is carrying out its administrative functions under those programs with respect to the persons then subject to its jurisdiction.

AA. “Plan Effective Date” means the date that stockholder approval of the Plan is obtained in accordance with Section III.A. of Article Four.

BB. “Section 16 Insider” means an officer or director of the Corporation subject to the short-swing profit liability provisions of Section 16 of the 1934 Act.

CC. “Service” means the performance of services for the Corporation (or any Parent or Subsidiary) by a person in the capacity of an Employee, an Eligible Director or a Consultant, except to the extent otherwise specifically provided in the documents evidencing the Award made to such person. For purposes of the Plan, an Optionee or Participant shall be deemed to cease Service immediately upon the occurrence of the either of the following events: (i) the Optionee or Participant no longer performs services in any of the foregoing capacities for the Corporation or any Parent or Subsidiary or (ii) the entity for which the Optionee or Participant is performing such services ceases to remain a Parent or Subsidiary of the Corporation, even though the Optionee or Participant may subsequently continue to perform services for that entity.

| A-19 |

DD. “Stock Issuance Agreement” means the agreement entered into by the Corporation and the Participant at the time of issuance of shares of common stock under the Stock Issuance Program.

EE. “Stock Issuance Program” means the stock issuance program in effect under Article Three of the Plan.

FF. “Subsidiary” means any corporation (other than the Corporation) in an unbroken chain of corporations beginning with the Corporation, provided each corporation (other than the last corporation) in the unbroken chain owns, at the time of the determination, stock possessing 50% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock in one of the other corporations in such chain.

GG. “Take-Over Price” means the greater of (i) the Fair Market Value per share of common stock on the date the option is surrendered to the Corporation in connection with a Hostile Take-Over or, if applicable, (ii) the highest reported price per share of common stock paid by the tender offeror in effecting such Hostile Take-Over through the acquisition of such common stock. However, if the surrendered option is an Incentive Option, the Take-Over Price shall not exceed the clause (i) price per share.

HH. “10% Stockholder” means the owner of stock (as determined under Code Section 424(d)) possessing more than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of the Corporation (or any Parent or Subsidiary).

II. “Withholding Taxes” means the federal, state and local income and employment taxes to which the Optionee or Participant may become subject in connection with the issuance, exercise or vesting of the Award made to him or her under the Plan.

| A-20 |

APPENDIX B

LIST OF COMPANIES INCLUDED IN

THIRD-PARTY SURVEY DATA

Korn Ferry Hay Group Benchmark Database Executive Compensation Survey

Company
3M
ABB
Afton Chemical
AGC Chemicals Americas
Agfa
Agrana
Ainsworth Pet Nutrition
Air Liquide America
Air Products & Chemicals
AK Steel Corporation
Akzo Nobel
Akzo Nobel — Car Refinishes
Akzo Nobel — Functional Chemicals
Akzo Nobel — Industrial Coatings
Akzo Nobel — Powder Coatings
Akzo Nobel — Pulp & Paper Chemicals
Akzo Nobel — Surface Chemistry
Albea
Albea — Beauty Solutions USA
Albea — Cosmetics
Albea — Metal America
Albea — Thomaston
Albemarle
Allergan
Allnex
Almatis
Altria Group
Amcor Limited - Flexibles
Amcor Limited — Rigid Plastics
American Crystal Sugar
Amsted Industries
Amsted Industries — Amsted Rail
Amsted Industries — Baltimore Aircoil
Amsted Industries — Burgess Norton

| B-1 |

Amsted Industries — Consolidated Metco
Amsted Industries — Diamond Chain
Amsted Industries — Means Industries
Anheuser-Busch InBev — Anheuser-Busch
Anonymous
Apple
ArcelorMittal
ArcelorMittal — ArcelorMittal Tubular
Archer Daniels Midland
Arizona Chemical
Arkema
Armacell
Armstrong World Industries
Ascend Performance Materials
Ashland
Ashland — Consumer Markets
Ashland — Hercules Water Technologies
Ashland — Performance Materials
ASML
Astellas
Aurubis AG
Aveda
Avon Products
Axalta
Axiall
Babcock & Wilcox
Babcock & Wilcox — B&W Nuclear Energy
Babcock & Wilcox — B&W Nuclear Operations
Babcock & Wilcox — B&W Power Generation Group
Babcock & Wilcox — Babcock & Wilcox Technical
Bacardi Limited — Bacardi USA
Barco
Barilla Pasta US
Barnes Group
BASF
Bauer Hockey
Bausch & Lomb
Bayer - Healthcare
Bayer — MaterialScience

| B-2 |

BBI Group
BE Aerospace
Beam Suntory
Bekaert
Bel Americas
Belden
Belden — Belden Americas
Beneo
BIC
Biocoat
Biogen Idec
Biomerieux
Bluestar Silicones
BMW — BMW of North America
Bombardier Transportation Holdings USA
Bonduelle Groupe
Boston Beer
Bourns
Brambles
Braskem America
Brewery Ommegang Duvel Moortgat USA
Brewery Ommegang Duvel Moortgat USA — Boulevard Brewing
Briggs Equipment
Bristol-Myers Squibb
Bronco Wine
Brown-Forman
Buckman Laboratories
BWI North America
Cabot
Calgon Carbon
Campari America
Campbell Soup
Capital Southwest — Balco
Capital Southwest — dataSPAN
Capital Southwest — Jet Lube
Capital Southwest — Rector Seal
Capital Southwest — Smoke Guard
Capital Southwest — Whitmore
Cardinal Health

| B-3 |

Cardone Industries
Cargill
Carus Chemical
Caterpillar
Caterpillar — Solar Turbines
Celanese Americas
CF Industries
cfactor Works
Clariant
CNH Global
Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola Bottling
Coca-Cola Enterprises
Coca-Cola Refreshments
Colgate-Palmolive
Community Coffee
ConAgra Foods
Constellation Brands — Crown Imports
Continental Automotive Systems
Coors Distributing
Coty
Crayola
Cristal
CSN
CSS Industries
Cubist Pharmaceuticals
Custom Alloy
Cyberonics
Cytec Industries
Danfoss
Dawn Food Products
Day & Zimmermann
Dean Foods
Deere
Del Monte Foods Company - Big Heart Pet Brands
Delicato Family Vineyards
Diageo North America
Dorman Products
Dow Chemical

| B-4 |

Dow Chemical — Dow AgroSciences
Dow Corning
Dow Corning — Hemlock Semiconductor
Dr Pepper Snapple
DSM Dyneema
DSM Pharmaceuticals
DSM Resins — DSM Chemicals
DSM Resins — DSM Nutritional Products
DSM Resins — DSM Services USA
Dyno Nobel
E & J Gallo Winery
E. I. du Pont de Nemours
Eagle Ottawa
Eastman Chemical
Edrington Group USA
Elementia USA
Elevance Renewable Sciences
EMD Serono
Endo Pharmaceuticals
Energizer
EnerSys
Estee Lauder
Ethyl
Evonik Degussa
Ferrero USA
Firmenich
Fitesa Fiberweb
FMC
FMC — Agricultural Solutions
FMC — Health and Nutrition
FMC — Minerals
Fonterra
Forbo Flooring
Franklin International
Fuji Film — Electronic Materials
Fujitsu
Fuller (H.B.)
GenCorp
General Electric — Transportation Systems

| B-5 |

General Electric Company — GE Aviation
General Mills
GEO Specialty Chemicals
Gerdau AmeriSteel
Gilbane
Giti Tire (USA)
Givaudan
Glanbia — Glanbia Nutritionals Customized Solutions
Glencore Canada — Copper
Grande Cheese
Great Lakes Dredge and Dock
Green Mountain Coffee Roasters
Griffith Laboratories USA
Groupe SEB
Hanesbrands
Hearthside Food Solutions
Heaven Hill Distilleries
Heineken USA
Helsinn
Hershey Foods
Hill's Pet Nutrition
Hillshire Brands
Hilti — US
Holcim Group Support
Holley Performance Products
Home Market Foods
Honeywell — Specialty Materials
Hormel Foods
Houghton International
HP Hood LLC
Huntsman — Advanced Materials
Huntsman — Performance Products
Huntsman — Polyurethanes
Huntsman — Textile Effects
ICL Performance Products
Illinois Tool Works
Indiana Packers
Ineos
Ineos Olephins and Polymers

| B-6 |

INEOS Oligomers
Infineum USA
Innophos
Intelsat
International Flavors & Fragrances
inVentiv Health
INVISTA
Italcementi
J.R. Simplot
Japan Tobacco — JT International USA
Johnson Matthey
Joy Global
Just Born
KAO Corporation - KAO Brands
Kellogg
Kimberly-Clark
Kloeckner Metals
Knauf Insulation GmbH
Knorr-Bremse AG - Bendix
Kongsberg Automotive
Koppers Industries
Kraft Foods
Kuraray Americas
Kvaerner
Lafarge North America
Landis & Gyr Powers
LANXESS
Lego Systems
Lehigh Hanson
Lehigh Hanson — Building Products
Lehigh Hanson — Canada Region
Lehigh Hanson — Lehigh White
Lehigh Hanson — North Region
Lehigh Hanson — South Region
Lehigh Hanson — West Region
Lely Holding
Lenzing Fibers
Leprino Foods
Lhoist North America

| B-7 |

Linde Group, NA
Loop — Logan Aluminum
L'Oreal USA
Lotus Bakeries
Lubrizol
Lundbeck
LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton — Moet Hennessy USA
LyondellBasell North America — Lyondell
MacDermid
Magotteaux
Mangar Medical Packaging
Marmon Group — Union Tank Car
Mary Kay
Materne
McCain Foods USA
McCormick
MeadWestvaco
MeadWestvaco — Specialty Chemicals
MGP Ingredients
MIBA USA LLC
Michelin North America
Mitsubishi — MC Aviation Partners
Mitsubishi International
Mitsubishi Polycrystalline Silicon America
Mitsui & Co. (U.S.A.)
Mohawk Industries
Momentive Specialty Chemicals
Mondelez (formerly Kraft Foods)
Moog
Mosaic
Myriant Corporation
NACCO Materials Handling
National Tobacco
Nature Works
NBTY
Nestle USA
New Belgium Brewing Company
Newark InOne
Newell Rubbermaid

| B-8 |

NewMarket
Nexeo Solutions
Nitto Denko America — Permacel Automotive
Nortek Holdings
North American Breweries
NOVA Chemicals
Noven Pharmaceuticals
Novo Nordisk
Nutreco Holding — Trouw Nutrition USA
Oberto Sausage
Occidental Petroleum — Occidental Chemical
Ocean Spray Cranberries
OCI Enterprises
Orion Engineered Carbons
Outotec Oyj
Owens-Illinois
Oxea Corporation
Pacific Ethanol
Pactiv
Panasonic Consumer Electronics
PB Leiner
Peets Coffee & Tea
PepsiCo
PepsiCo — Frito Lay North America
PepsiCo — Quaker Oats
PepsiCo, Inc.
PepsiCo, Inc.- Frito Lay North America
Performance Food Group
Pernod Ricard SA — Pernod Ricard USA
Perrigo
Philip Morris International
Phillips Plastics
Pilkington
Plastic Omnium
Plastiflex
PLX Technology, Inc.
Ply Gem Siding Group
Poclain Hydraulics
Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan

| B-9 |

Praxair
Procter & Gamble
Procter & Gamble — Gillette
Prometheus
Purdue Frederick
Red Arrow Products
Red Wing Shoe
Reitnouer
Remy Cointreau USA
Remy International
Revlon
Rich Products
Rio Tinto Group
RockTenn
Rolls Royce
Roquette America
S & D Coffee
SABIC Innovative Plastics US
Saint-Gobain — Abrasives
Saint-Gobain — Ceramics
Saint-Gobain — Certain Teed
Saint-Gobain — Containers
Saint-Gobain — Delegation
Saint-Gobain — Gypsum
Saint-Gobain — Vetrotex
Sanofi-Aventis
Sasol North America
Sazerac
SCA Packaging Americas — Americas
Schoeller Allibert
Schreiber Foods
Schwan Food
Schwan's
Scientel Wireless
Seaman
Severstal - Severstal North America
Shire
Sidel
Siegwerk USA

| B-10 |

Siemens
Sierra Nevada Brewing
Signode Corporation
Sika
Simplot (J.R.)
Sleep Innovations
Smead Manufacturing
Snyder's Lance
Sojitz Corporation of America
Solo Cup
Solvay America
Solvay America — Solvay Chemicals
Solvay America — Solvay Information Services
Solvay America — Solvay Specialty Polymers
Solvay America — Solvay USA Rhodia
Sonoco Products
Southern Research Institute
Stampin' Up!
Stepan
Stihl
Stryker
Styrolution
Styron LLC
Sunovion Pharmaceuticals
Takeda Pharmaceuticals
Tate & Lyle — Tate & Lyle Grain
Tate & Lyle Americas
Tate & Lyle Americas — Custom Ingredients
Tate & Lyle Americas — Ingredients Americas
Tate & Lyle Americas — Tate & Lyle Sucralose
Tekni-Plex
Teknor Apex
Tempel Steel
Tennant
Tesa Tape
Tessenderlo
ThyssenKrupp
Tigre USA
Tomtom

| B-11 |

TOTAL S.A. — Total Petrochemicals & Refining USA
Toyota Motor North America — Toyota Motor Sales, USA
Treasury Wine Estates
Trelleborg Automotive USA
Trinchero Family Estates
Tronox
TROSTEL
Tyson Foods
UCB Pharmaceuticals
Ulbrich Stainless Steels & Special Metals
Unilever US
Unison
United Initiators
United Space Alliance
United States Bakery, dba Franz Family Bakeries
United States Distilled Products Co.
Valent — Valent BioSciences
Valent — Valent U.S.A.
Vernay Laboratories
Wartsila North America
WD-40
Wells' Dairy
Westlake Chemical
Wienerberger — General Shale Brick
William Grant & Sons
Wilo
Wise Potato Chips
Yara
Zeon Chemicals
Zep
ZF Group — North American Operations
ZTE USA
Zumtobel Lighting

| B-12 |