<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001213900-24-020254.txt : 20240306
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<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20240305203612
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001213900-24-020254
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		15
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20240229
ITEM INFORMATION:		Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20240306
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20240305

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Alto Ingredients, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000778164
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS [2860]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	08 Industrial Applications and Services
		IRS NUMBER:				412170618
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	000-21467
		FILM NUMBER:		24723969

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		400 CAPITOL MALL, SUITE 2060
		CITY:			SACRAMENTO
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			95814
		BUSINESS PHONE:		916-403-2123

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		400 CAPITOL MALL, SUITE 2060
		CITY:			SACRAMENTO
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			95814

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	Pacific Ethanol, Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20050324

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	ACCESSITY CORP
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20030627

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	DRIVERSSHIELD COM CORP
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20001115
</SEC-HEADER>
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<p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">UNITED STATES</p>

<p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION<br/>
Washington, D.C. 20549</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>CURRENT REPORT</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Former Name or Former Address, if Changed Since Last Report)</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K
filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions (<i>see </i>General
Instruction A.2. below):</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt -0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in; text-align: justify">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b)
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check
mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting
standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. &#9744;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <b>Item 5.03.</b> <b>Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year.</b></p>



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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">On February 29, 2024, the Board
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bylaws (the &#8220;Amended and Restated Bylaws&#8221;) of the Company, effective immediately. The Amended and Restated Bylaws amend certain
of the provisions of Article II, Sections 2.13, 2.14 and 2.15, and Article VIII, Section 8.13. Among other things, the amendments set
forth in the Amended and Restated Bylaws:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(1)&#160;revise
the procedures and disclosure requirements set forth in the advance notice bylaw provisions;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(2)&#160;address
the universal proxy rules adopted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, by clarifying that no person may solicit proxies in
support of a director nominee other than the Board&#8217;s nominees unless such person has complied with Rule 14a-19 under the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including applicable notice and solicitation requirements;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(3)&#160;require
that a stockholder directly or indirectly soliciting proxies from other stockholders use a proxy card color other than white;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(4)&#160;update
various provisions of the Amended and Restated Bylaws to make certain technical and clarifying changes that address Rule 14a-19;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(5)&#160;eliminate
the requirement to make a stockholder list available for examination at meetings of stockholders as provided for by recent amendments
under the Delaware General Corporation Law; and</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(6)&#160;establish
the federal district courts of the United States of America as the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause
of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, including all causes of action asserted against any defendant named in
such complaint.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">Additional amendments were made
to make clarifying or conforming language changes, in addition to technical or ministerial changes. The foregoing summary of the Amended
and Restated Bylaws does not purport to be complete and is subject, and qualified in its entirety by reference, to the Amended and Restated
Bylaws, a copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit 3.1 and is incorporated herein by reference.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> <b>Item 9.01.</b> <b>Financial Statements and Exhibits.</b></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in">&#160;</p>

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<td style="width: 0.75in"/><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(d)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="text-decoration: none">Exhibits.</span></td>
</tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in">&#160;</p>

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    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.1</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="ea0201266ex3-1_altoing.htm">Amended and Restated Bylaws of Alto Ingredients, Inc.</a></span></td></tr>
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    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">104</span></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in"><b>SIGNATURES</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the requirements
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto
duly authorized.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 3in; text-align: left; text-indent: -3in">&#160;</p>

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    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Date:&#160;March 5, 2024</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt">ALTO INGREDIENTS, INC.</span></td>
    </tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: left; width: 60%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 4%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left; width: 36%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left"/>
    <td>By: <span style="text-decoration: underline"></span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">/S/ AUSTE M. GRAHAM<span style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    </tr>
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    <td>&#160;</td>
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    </tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">General Counsel, Vice President and Secretary.</span></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">&#160;</p>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-3.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>ea0201266ex3-1_altoing.htm
<DESCRIPTION>AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS OF ALTO INGREDIENTS, INC
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 3.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS<BR>
<BR>
OF<BR>
<BR>
ALTO INGREDIENTS, INC.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(a Delaware corporation)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Preamble</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">These amended and restated Bylaws (the &ldquo;<B>Bylaws</B>&rdquo;)
are subject to, and governed by, the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the &ldquo;<B>Delaware General Corporation Law</B>&rdquo;)
and the Certificate of Incorporation (the &ldquo;<B>Certificate of Incorporation</B>&rdquo;), as it may be further amended from time to
time, of Alto Ingredients, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &ldquo;<B>Corporation</B>&rdquo;). In the event of a direct conflict between
the provisions of these Bylaws and the mandatory provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law or the provisions of the Certificate
of Incorporation, such provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law or the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation, as the
case may be, will be controlling. These Bylaws amend and restate the Corporation&rsquo;s prior bylaws dated January 12, 2021.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Article I<BR>
Corporate Offices</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 1.1 Registered Office</B>. The registered
office of the Corporation shall be at Corporation Trust Center, 1209 Orange Street, in the City of Wilmington, County of New Castle, State
of Delaware. The name of the registered agent of the Corporation at such location is The Corporation Trust Company. The registered office
of the Corporation may be changed from time to time by the Board of Directors of the Corporation (the &ldquo;<B>Board of Directors</B>&rdquo;)
in the manner provided by law and need not be identical to the principal place of business of the Corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 1.2 Other Offices</B>. The Corporation
may also maintain or establish an office or offices at such other place or places, within or without the State of Delaware, as the Board
of Directors may from time to time determine by resolution.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Article
</B></FONT><B>II<BR>
Meetings of Stockholders</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 2.1 Place of Meetings</B>. Meetings
of stockholders shall be held at any place, within or outside the State of Delaware, designated by the Board of Directors. The Board of
Directors may, in its sole discretion, determine that a meeting of stockholders shall not be held at any place, but may instead be held
solely by means of remote communication as authorized by Section 211(a)(2) of the Delaware General Corporation Law. In the absence of
any such designation, meetings of stockholders shall be held at the principal office of the Corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 2.2 Annual Meeting</B>. The annual
meeting of the stockholders shall be held each year at such place within or without the State of Delaware and on a date and at a time
as may be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors, for the purpose of electing directors and for the transaction of any
and all such other business as may properly be brought before the meeting. Any and all business of any nature or character whatsoever
may be transacted, and action may be taken thereon, at any annual meeting, except as otherwise provided by law or by these Bylaws.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 2.3 Special Meetings</B>. Special
meetings of the stockholders for any purpose or purposes, unless otherwise prescribed by law shall be called pursuant to a resolution
adopted by the Board of Directors and may not be called by any other person or persons. Each special meeting of stockholders shall be
held at any place within or without the State of Delaware as determined by the Board of Directors. The secretary of the Corporation shall
cause notice to be promptly given to the stockholders entitled to vote, in accordance with the provisions of <U>Sections 2.4 and 2.5</U>
of these Bylaws, that a special meeting will be held at the time designated by the Board of Directors. No business may be transacted at
such special meeting other than the business specified in such notice to stockholders. Nothing contained in this <U>Section 2.3</U> shall
be construed as limiting, fixing or affecting the time when a meeting of stockholders called by action of the Board of Directors may be
held.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 2.4 Notice of Meetings of Stockholders</B>.
All notices of meetings with stockholders shall be in writing and shall be sent or otherwise given in accordance with <U>Section 2.5 or
Section 9.1</U> of these Bylaws not less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days before the date of the meeting to each stockholder
entitled to vote at such meeting. The notice shall specify the place, date, and hour of the meeting, the means of remote communication,
if any, by which stockholders and proxy holders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such meeting, and, in the case of a
special meeting, the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 2.5 Manner of Giving Notice; Affidavit
of Notice</B>. Written notice of any meeting of stockholders, if mailed, is given when deposited in the United States mail, postage prepaid,
directed to the stockholder at his address as it appears on the records of the Corporation or, if electronically transmitted, as provided
in <U>Article&nbsp;IX</U> of these Bylaws. An affidavit of the secretary or an assistant secretary or of the transfer agent of the Corporation
that the notice has been given shall, in the absence of fraud, be prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 2.6 Quorum</B>. The holders of a
majority of the stock issued and outstanding and entitled to vote thereat, present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute
a quorum at all meetings of the stockholders for the transaction of business, except where otherwise provided by statute, the Certificate
of Incorporation or these Bylaws. Any shares, the voting of which at such meeting has been enjoined, or which for any reason cannot be
lawfully voted at such meeting, shall not be counted to determine a quorum at such meeting. Any meeting at which a quorum is present may
continue to transact business until adjournment notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough stockholders to leave less than a quorum. Except
as otherwise provided by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, all action taken by holders of a majority of the voting
power represented at any meeting at which a quorum is present shall be valid and binding upon the corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 2.7 Conduct of Meetings</B>. The
Board of Directors may adopt by resolution such rules and regulations for the conduct of a meeting of the stockholders as it shall deem
appropriate. At every meeting of the stockholders, the Chairman of the Board of Directors, or in his or her absence or inability to act,
the Chief Executive Officer, or, in his or her absence or inability to act, the person whom the Chief Executive Officer shall appoint,
shall act as chairman of, and preside at, the meeting. The secretary or, in his or her absence or inability to act, the person whom the
chairman of the meeting shall appoint secretary of the meeting, shall act as secretary of the meeting and keep the minutes thereof. Except
to the extent inconsistent with such rules and regulations as adopted by the Board of Directors, the chairman of any meeting of the stockholders
shall have the right and authority to prescribe such rules, regulations and procedures and to do all such acts as, in the judgment of
such chairman, are appropriate for the proper conduct of the meeting. Such rules, regulations or procedures, whether adopted by the Board
of Directors or prescribed by the chairman of the meeting, may include, without limitation, the following: (i) the establishment of an
agenda or order of business for the meeting; (ii) the determination of when the polls shall open and close for any given matter to be
voted on at the meeting; (iii) rules and procedures for maintaining order at the meeting and the safety of those present; (iv) limitations
on attendance at or participation in the meeting to stockholders of record of the corporation, their duly authorized and constituted proxies
or such other persons as the chairman of the meeting shall determine; (v) restrictions on entry to the meeting after the time fixed for
the commencement thereof; and (vi) limitations on the time allotted to questions or comments by participants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 2.8 Adjourned Meeting; Notice</B>.
Any meeting of the stockholders, annual or special, may be adjourned by the chairperson of such meeting from time to time to reconvene
at the same or some other place, if any. When a meeting is adjourned to another time or place, unless these Bylaws otherwise require,
notice need not be given of the adjourned meeting if the time, place if any thereof, and the means of remote communications if any by
which stockholders and proxy holders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such adjourned meeting are announced at the meeting
at which the adjournment is taken. At the adjourned meeting the Corporation may transact any business that might have been transacted
at the original meeting. If the adjournment is for more than thirty (30) days, or if after the adjournment a new record date is fixed
for the adjourned meeting, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 2.9 Voting</B>. The stockholders
entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of <U>Section 2.12</U> of these
Bylaws, subject to the provisions of Section 217 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (relating to voting rights of fiduciaries, pledgors
and joint owners of stock) and Section 218 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (relating to voting trusts and other voting agreements).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Except as may be otherwise provided in the Certificate
of Incorporation or these Bylaws, each stockholder shall be entitled to one vote for each share of capital stock held by such stockholder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 2.10 Waiver of Notice</B>. Whenever
notice is required to be given under any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law or of the Certificate of Incorporation or these
Bylaws, a written waiver thereof, signed by the person entitled to notice, or a waiver by electronic transmission by the person entitled
to notice, whether before or after the time of the event for which notice is to be given, shall be deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance
of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person attends a meeting for the express
purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or
convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of the stockholders need be specified
in any written waiver of notice or any waiver by electronic transmission unless so required by the Certificate of Incorporation or these
Bylaws.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 2.11 Stockholder Action by Written
Consent Without a Meeting</B>. Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation, any action required to be taken at any annual
or special meeting of stockholders of the Corporation, or any action which may be taken at any annual or special meeting of such stockholders,
may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if a consent or consents in writing, setting forth the action
so taken and bearing the dates of signature of the stockholders who signed the consent or consents, shall be signed by the holders of
outstanding stock having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting
at which all shares entitled to vote thereon were present and voted.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Prompt notice of the taking of the corporate action
without a meeting by less than unanimous written consent shall be given to those stockholders who have not consented in writing and who,
if the action had been taken at a meeting, would have been entitled to notice of the meeting if the record date for such meeting had been
the date that written consents signed by a sufficient number of holders to take the action were delivered to the Corporation as provided
in Section 228 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. In the event that the action which is consented to is such as would have required
the filing of a certificate under any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, if such action had been voted on by stockholders
at a meeting thereof, the certificate filed under such provision shall state, in lieu of any statement required by such provision concerning
any vote of stockholders, that written consent has been given in accordance with Section 228 of the Delaware General Corporation Law.
Any action taken pursuant to such written consent or consents of the stockholders shall have the same force and effect as if taken by
the stockholders at a meeting thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 2.12 Record Date for Stockholder
Notice; Voting; Giving Consents</B>. In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at
any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, or entitled to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting,
or entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights, or entitled to exercise any rights in
respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix,
in advance, a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by
the Board of Directors, and shall not be more than sixty (60) nor less than ten (10) days before the date of such meeting, nor more than
ten (10) days after the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date for a written consent is adopted by the Board of Directors,
nor more than sixty (60) days prior to any other action.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">If the Board of Directors does not so fix a record
date:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(i) The
record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business
on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding
the day on which the meeting is held.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(ii) The
record date for determining stockholders entitled to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, when no prior action
by the Board of Directors is necessary, shall be the day on which the first written consent is delivered to the Corporation as provided
in Section 213(b) of the Delaware General Corporation Law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(iii) The
record date for determining stockholders for any other purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors
adopts the resolution relating thereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">A determination of stockholders of record entitled
to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; <U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, that
the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 2.13 Proxies</B>. Each stockholder
entitled to vote at a meeting of stockholders or to express consent or dissent to corporate action in writing without a meeting may authorize
another person or persons to act for him by proxy authorized by an instrument in writing or by a transmission permitted by law filed in
accordance with the procedure established for the meeting, but no such proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from its date,
unless the proxy provides for a longer period. The revocability of a proxy that states on its face that it is irrevocable shall be governed
by the provisions of Section 212 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Any stockholder directly or indirectly soliciting proxies from
one or more other stockholders shall use a proxy card color other than white, which shall be reserved for the exclusive use of the Board
of Directors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 2.14 List of Stockholders Entitled
to Vote</B>. The officer who has charge of the stock ledger of the Corporation shall prepare and make, no later than the tenth day before
every meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, arranged in alphabetical order, and
showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder. The Corporation shall not
be required to include electronic mail addresses or other electronic contact information on such list. Such list shall be open to the
examination of any stockholder, for any purpose germane to the meeting, during ordinary business hours, for a period of ten (10) days
ending on the date before the meeting date, either: (i) on a reasonably accessible electronic network, provided that the information required
to gain access to such list is provided with the notice of the meeting; or (ii)&nbsp;during ordinary business hours, at the Corporation&rsquo;s
principal executive office. In the event the Corporation determines to make the list available on an electronic network, the Corporation
may take reasonable steps to ensure that such information is available only to stockholders of the Corporation. Such list shall presumptively
determine the identity of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting and the number of shares held by each of them.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 2.15 Advance Notice of Stockholder
Nominations and Proposals</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">(a) At a
meeting of the stockholders, only such nominations of persons for the election of directors and such other business shall be conducted
as shall have been properly brought before the meeting. To be properly brought before an annual meeting, nominations or such other business
must be: (i) specified in the notice of meeting (or any supplement thereto) given by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or
any committee thereof, (ii) otherwise properly brought before the meeting by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or any committee
thereof, or (iii) otherwise properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder who is a stockholder of record of the Corporation
at the time such notice of meeting is delivered, who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who complies with (A) the notice procedures
set forth in this <U>Section 2.15</U>, and (B) the requirements of Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
(the &ldquo;<B>Exchange Act</B>&rdquo;) including, without limitation, the requirements of Rule 14a-19 (&ldquo;<B>Regulation 14A</B>&rdquo;
and &ldquo;<B>Rule 14a-19</B>,&rdquo; respectively, as such regulations and such rule may be amended from time to time by the Securities
and Exchange Commission (&ldquo;<B>SEC</B>&rdquo;) including any SEC Staff interpretations relating thereto). In addition, any proposal
of business (other than the nomination of persons for election to the Board of Directors) must be a proper matter for stockholder action.
For business (including, but not limited to, director nominations) to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder, the
stockholder or stockholders of record intending to propose the business (the &ldquo;<B>Proposing Stockholder</B>&rdquo;) must have given
timely notice thereof pursuant to this <U>Section 2.15(a)</U> or <U>Section 2.15(c)</U>, as applicable, in writing to the secretary of
the Corporation even if such matter is already the subject of any notice to the stockholders or Public Disclosure from the Board of Directors.
To be timely, a Proposing Stockholder&rsquo;s notice must be delivered to or mailed and received at the principal executive offices of
the Corporation: (x) not later than the close of business on the 90<SUP>th</SUP> day, nor earlier than the close of business on the 120<SUP>th</SUP>
day in advance of the anniversary of the previous year&rsquo;s annual meeting if such meeting is to be held on a day which is not more
than thirty (30) days in advance of the anniversary of the previous year&rsquo;s annual meeting or not later than seventy (70) days after
the anniversary of the previous year&rsquo;s annual meeting; and (y) with respect to any other annual meeting of stockholders, the close
of business on the 10<SUP>th</SUP> day following the date of Public Disclosure of the date of such meeting. In no event shall the Public
Disclosure of an adjournment or postponement of an annual meeting commence a new notice time period (or extend any notice time period).
For purposes of this <U>Section 2.15</U>, the term &ldquo;<B>Public Disclosure</B>&rdquo; shall mean a disclosure made in a press release
reported by Dow Jones News Services, The Associated Press or a comparable national news service or in a document filed by the Corporation
with the SEC pursuant to Section 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. A Proposing Stockholder nominating one or more persons for election
to the Board of Directors pursuant to Rule 14a-19 remains subject to the advance-notice time periods set forth above. Upon request by
the Corporation, the Proposing Stockholder shall provide to the Corporation reasonable evidence of compliance with this <U>Section 2.15</U>
not less than five (5) business days prior to the applicable meeting of the stockholders. The Board of Directors or a nominating committee
designated thereby shall have the authority to determine whether a Proposing Stockholder has properly satisfied the requirements of this
<U>Section 2.15</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">(b) For
the nomination of any person or persons for election to the Board of Directors, a Proposing Stockholder&rsquo;s notice to the secretary
of the Corporation shall set forth (i) the name, age, business address and residence address of each nominee proposed in such notice,
(ii) the principal occupation or employment of each such nominee, (iii) the number of shares of capital stock of the Corporation which
are owned of record and beneficially by each such nominee (if any), (iv) such other information concerning each such nominee as would
be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement soliciting proxies for the election of such nominee as a director in an election contest
(even if an election contest is not involved), or that is otherwise required to be disclosed, under Regulation 14A of the Exchange Act
and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, (v) the consent of the nominee to being named in the proxy statement as a nominee
and to serving as a director if elected, and (vi) as to the Proposing Stockholder: (A) the name and address of the Proposing Stockholder
as they appear on the Corporation&rsquo;s books and of the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination is being made, (B)
the class and number of shares of the Corporation which are owned by the Proposing Stockholder (beneficially and of record) and owned
by the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination is being made, as of the date of the Proposing Stockholder&rsquo;s notice,
and a representation that the Proposing Stockholder will notify the Corporation in writing of the class and number of such shares owned
of record and beneficially as of the record date for the meeting promptly following the later of the record date or the date notice of
the record date is first publicly disclosed, (C) a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding with respect to such nomination
between or among the Proposing Stockholder and any of its affiliates or associates, and any others (including their names) acting in concert
with any of the foregoing, and a representation that the Proposing Stockholder will notify the Corporation in writing of any such agreement,
arrangement or understanding in effect as of the record date for the meeting promptly following the later of the record date or the date
notice of the record date is first publicly disclosed, (D) a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding (including any
derivative or short positions, profit interests, options, hedging transactions, and borrowed or loaned shares) that has been entered into
as of the date of the Proposing Stockholder&rsquo;s notice by, or on behalf of, the Proposing Stockholder or any of its affiliates or
associates, the effect or intent of which is to mitigate loss to, manage risk or benefit of share price changes for, or increase or decrease
the voting power of the Proposing Stockholder or any of its affiliates or associates with respect to shares of stock of the Corporation,
and a representation that the Proposing Stockholder will notify the Corporation in writing of any such agreement, arrangement or understanding
in effect as of the record date for the meeting promptly following the later of the record date or the date notice of the record date
is first publicly disclosed, (E) a representation that the Proposing Stockholder is a holder of record of shares of the Corporation entitled
to vote at the meeting and intends to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to nominate the person or persons specified in the notice,
(F) a representation that the Proposing Stockholder intends to comply with Rule 14a-19, including by delivery of a proxy statement and/or
form of proxy to, and thereby to solicit proxies from, holders of at least 67% of the voting power of the Corporation&rsquo;s outstanding
capital stock to elect the nominee, and (G) any other information required by Regulation 14A. The Corporation may require any proposed
nominee to furnish such other information as it may reasonably require to determine the eligibility of such proposed nominee to serve
as an independent director of the Corporation or that could be material to a reasonable stockholder&rsquo;s understanding of the independence,
or lack thereof, of such nominee. In addition to the requirements set forth in this <U>Section 2.15</U>, unless otherwise required by
law, (i) no Proposing Stockholder shall solicit proxies in support of director nominees other than the Corporation&rsquo;s nominees unless
such stockholder has complied with Rule 14a-19 in connection with the solicitation of such proxies in all respects including, but not
limited to, the minimum solicitation and notice requirements. If any Proposing Stockholder nominating one or more persons for election
to the Board of Directors provides notice pursuant to Rule 14a-19 and subsequently fails to comply with the requirements of Rules 14a-19(a)(2)
and 14a-19(a)(3) under the Exchange Act, or otherwise does not satisfy the requirements of this <U>Section 2.15</U>, then the Corporation
shall disregard any proxies or votes solicited for the Proposing Stockholder&rsquo;s candidates.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">(c) For
all business other than director nominations, a Proposing Stockholder&rsquo;s notice to the secretary of the Corporation shall set forth
as to each matter the Proposing Stockholder proposes to bring before the annual meeting: (i) a brief description of the business desired
to be brought before the annual meeting and the reasons for conducting such business at the annual meeting, (ii) any other information
relating to such stockholder and beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is being made, required to be disclosed in a proxy
statement or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies for the proposal and pursuant to and in accordance
with Regulation 14A of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder and (iii) the information required by <U>Section
2.15(b)(vi)</U> of these Bylaws.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">(d) The
foregoing notice requirements of Section 2.15(b) <U>and </U>Section 2.15(c) shall be deemed satisfied by a stockholder with respect to
business or a nomination if the stockholder has notified the Corporation of his, her or its intention to present a proposal or make a
nomination at an annual meeting in compliance with the applicable rules and regulations promulgated under Regulation 14A of the Exchange
Act and such stockholder&rsquo;s proposal or nomination has been included in a proxy statement that has been prepared by the Corporation
to solicit proxies for such annual meeting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">(e) Only
such business shall be conducted at a special meeting of stockholders as shall have been brought before the meeting pursuant to the Corporation&rsquo;s
notice of meeting. Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors may be made at a special meeting of stockholders at which
directors are to be elected pursuant to the Corporation&rsquo;s notice of meeting (x) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors
or (y) provided that the Board of Directors has determined that directors shall be elected at such meeting, by any stockholder of the
Corporation who is a stockholder of record at the time the notice provided for in this <U>Section 2.15</U> is delivered to the secretary
of the Corporation, who is entitled to vote at the meeting and upon such election and who complies with the notice procedures set forth
in this <U>Section 2.15</U>. In the event the Corporation calls a special meeting of stockholders for the purpose of electing one or more
directors to the Board of Directors, any such stockholder entitled to vote in such election of directors may nominate a person or persons
(as the case may be) for election to such position(s) as specified in the Corporation&rsquo;s notice of meeting, if the stockholder&rsquo;s
notice required by this <U>Section 2.15</U> shall be delivered to the secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation
not later than the close of business on the 90th day prior to such special meeting and not earlier than the close of business on the later
of the 120th day prior to such special meeting or the 10th day following the date of Public Disclosure of the date of the special meeting
and of the nominees proposed by the Board of Directors to be elected at such meeting. The foregoing notice requirements of this <U>Section
2.15(e)</U> shall be deemed satisfied by a stockholder with respect to a nomination if the stockholder has notified the Corporation of
his, her or its intention to present a nomination at such special meeting in compliance with Regulation 14A of the Exchange Act and the
rules and regulations promulgated thereunder and such stockholder&rsquo;s nomination has been included in a proxy statement that has been
prepared by the Corporation to solicit proxies for such special meeting. In no event shall the Public Disclosure of an adjournment or
postponement of a special meeting commence a new time period (or extend any notice time period).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">(f) Notwithstanding
anything in these Bylaws to the contrary: (i) no nominations shall be made or business shall be conducted at any annual meeting except
in accordance with the procedures set forth in this <U>Section 2.15</U>, and (ii) except as otherwise required by law, if a Proposing
Stockholder intending to propose business or make nominations at an annual meeting pursuant to this <U>Section 2.15</U> does not provide
the information required under this <U>Section 2.15</U> to the Corporation promptly following the later of the record date or the date
notice of the record date is first publicly disclosed, or the Proposing Stockholder (or a qualified representative of the Proposing Stockholder)
does not appear at the meeting to present the proposed business or nominations, such business or nominations shall not be considered,
notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such business or nominations may have been received by the Corporation. The requirements of
this <U>Section 2.15</U> shall apply to any business or nominations to be brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder whether such
business or nominations are to be included in the Corporation&rsquo;s proxy statement pursuant to Rule 14a-8 of the Exchange Act or presented
to stockholders by means of an independently financed proxy solicitation. The requirements of this <U>Section 2.15</U> are included to
provide the Corporation notice of a stockholder&rsquo;s intention to bring business or nominations before an annual meeting and shall
in no event be construed as imposing upon any stockholder the requirement to seek approval from the Corporation as a condition precedent
to bringing any such business or make such nominations before an annual meeting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Article III<BR>
Board of Directors</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 3.1 Powers</B>. Subject to the provisions
of the Delaware General Corporation Law and any limitations in the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws relating to action required
to be approved by the stockholders or by the outstanding shares, the business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed and all
corporate powers shall be exercised by or under the direction of the Board of Directors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 3.2 Number of Directors</B>. The
authorized number of directors of the Corporation shall be five (5) until changed by resolution of the Board of Directors. No reduction
of the authorized number of directors shall have the effect of removing any director before that director&rsquo;s term of office expires.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 3.3 Election, Qualification and Term
Office of Directors</B>. All elections of directors shall be by written ballot, unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation.
If authorized by the Board of Directors, such requirement of a written ballot shall be satisfied by a ballot submitted by electronic transmission,
provided that any such electronic transmission must be either set forth or be submitted with information from which it can be determined
that the electronic transmission was authorized by the stockholder or proxy holder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this
<U>Section 3.3</U>, each director shall serve until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified or until his or her death, resignation
or removal. No decrease in the number of directors constituting the Board of Directors shall shorten the term of any incumbent director.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 3.4 Resignation and Vacancies</B>.
Any director may resign at any time upon notice given in writing or by electronic transmission to the secretary of the Corporation. When
one or more directors so resigns and the resignation is effective at a future date, a majority of the directors then in office, including
those who have so resigned, shall have power to fill such vacancy or vacancies, the vote thereon to take effect when such resignation
or resignations shall become effective, and each director so chosen shall hold office as provided in this Section in the filling of other
vacancies.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Any vacancies on the Board of Directors resulting
from death, resignation, disqualification, removal, newly created directorships or other causes shall, except as otherwise provided by
the Delaware General Corporation Law or by the Certificate of Incorporation, be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the
remaining directors then in office, even though less than a quorum of the Board of Directors, or by a sole remaining director, and not
by the stockholders. Whenever the holders of any class or classes of stock or series thereof are entitled to elect one or more directors
by the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, vacancies and newly created directorships of such class or classes or series may
be filled by a majority of the directors elected by such class or classes or series thereof then in office, or by a sole remaining director
so elected. Any director elected in accordance with the preceding sentence shall hold office for the remainder of the full term of the
class of directors in which the new directorship was created or the vacancy occurred and until such director&rsquo;s successor shall have
been elected and qualified.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 3.5 Place of Meetings; Meetings by
Telephone</B>. The Board of Directors of the Corporation may hold meetings, both regular and special, either within or outside the State
of Delaware.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate
of Incorporation or these Bylaws, members of the Board of Directors, or any committee designated by the Board of Directors, may participate
in a meeting of the Board of Directors, or any committee, by means of conference telephone or other communications equipment by means
of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and such participation in a meeting shall constitute presence in
person at the meeting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 3.6 Regular Meetings</B>. Regular
meetings of the Board of Directors may be held without notice at such time and at such place as shall from time to time be determined
by resolution of the board.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 3.7 Special Meetings; Notice</B>.
Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by the chairman of the board or the chief executive officer or the president
or the secretary or by any two directors. Notice of the time and place of special meetings shall be delivered either personally by hand,
by courier or by telephone, sent by United States first-class mail, postage prepaid, sent by facsimile or sent by electronic mail, directed
to each director at that director&rsquo;s address, telephone number, facsimile number or electronic mail address, as the case may be,
as shown on the Corporation&rsquo;s records.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">If the notice is (i) delivered personally by hand,
by courier or by telephone, (ii) sent by facsimile or (iii) sent by electronic mail, it shall be delivered or sent at least twenty-four
(24) hours before the time of the holding of the meeting. If the notice is sent by United States mail, it shall be deposited in the United
States mail at least four (4) days before the time of the holding of the meeting. Any oral notice may be communicated to the director.
The notice need not specify the place or the meeting (if the meeting is to be held at the Corporation&rsquo;s principal executive office)
nor the purpose of the meeting. It shall not be necessary that the same method of giving notice be employed in respect of all directors,
but one permissible method may be employed in respect of any one or more, and any other permissible method or methods may be employed
in respect of any other or others.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 3.8 Quorum</B>. At all meetings of
the Board of Directors, a majority of the authorized number of directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business and
the act of a majority of the directors present at any meeting at which there is a quorum shall be the act of the Board of Directors, except
as may be otherwise specifically provided by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation. If a quorum is not present at any meeting
of the Board of Directors, then the directors present thereat may adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement
at the meeting, until a quorum is present. A meeting at which a quorum is initially present may continue to transact business notwithstanding
the withdrawal of directors, if any action taken is approved by at least a majority of the required quorum for that meeting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 3.9 Waiver of Notice</B>. Whenever
notice is required to be given under any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law or of the Certificate of Incorporation or these
Bylaws, a written waiver thereof, signed by the person entitled to notice, or a waiver by electronic transmission by the person entitled
to notice, whether before or after the time of the event for which notice is to be given, shall be deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance
of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person attends a meeting for the express
purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or
convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of the stockholders need be specified
in any written waiver of notice or any waiver by electronic transmission unless so required by the Certificate of Incorporation or these
Bylaws.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 3.10 Board Action by Written Consent
Without a Meeting</B>. Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, any action required or permitted
to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors, or of any committee thereof, may be taken without a meeting if all members of the
board or committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing or by electronic transmission and the writing or writings or electronic
transmission or transmissions are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the board or committee. Such filing shall be in paper form
if the minutes are maintained in paper form and shall be in electronic form if the minutes are maintained in electronic form.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: left; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 3.11 Fees and Compensation of Directors</B>.
Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, the Board of Directors, or a committee thereof, shall
have the authority to fix the compensation of directors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 3.12 Removal of Directors</B>. Notwithstanding
any other provisions of the Corporation&rsquo;s Certificate of Incorporation, or these Bylaws, any director, or the entire Board of Directors
of the Corporation may be removed at any time, with or without cause. The removal shall be accomplished by the affirmative vote, at a
special meeting of stockholders called for that purpose in the manner provided in these Bylaws, of the holders of at least a majority
of the outstanding shares entitled to vote at an election for directors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Article IV<BR>
Committees of the Board of Directors</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 4.1 Committees of Directors</B>.
The Board of Directors may, by resolution passed by a majority of the whole board, designate one or more committees, with each committee
to consist of one or more of the directors of the Corporation. The board may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any
committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. In the absence or disqualification of a
member of a committee, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not he or they
constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in the place of any such absent
or disqualified member. Any such committee, to the extent provided in the resolution of the Board of Directors or in the Bylaws of the
Corporation, shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the Board of Directors in the management of the business and
affairs of the Corporation, and may authorize the seal of the Corporation to be affixed to all papers that may require it; but no such
committee shall have the power or authority to (i) amend the Certificate of Incorporation (except that a committee may, to the extent
authorized in the resolution or resolutions providing for the issuance of shares of stock adopted by the Board of Directors as provided
in Section 151(a) of the Delaware General Corporation Law, fix any of the preferences or rights of such shares relating to dividends,
redemption, dissolution, any distribution of assets of the Corporation or the conversion into, or the exchange of such shares for, shares
of any other class or classes or any other series of the same or any other class or classes of stock of the Corporation), (ii) approve
or adopt, or recommend to the stockholders, any matter expressly required by the Delaware General Corporation Law to be submitted to stockholders
for approval, (iii) adopt, amend or repeal any bylaw of the Corporation or (iv)&nbsp;declare any dividend.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The Board of Directors may at any time increase
or decrease the number of members of a committee or terminate the existence of a committee. The Board of Directors may at any time and
for any reason remove any individual committee member or fill any committee vacancy created by death, resignation, removal or increase
in the number of members of a committee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 4.2 Committee Minutes</B>. Each committee
shall keep regular minutes of its meetings and report the same to the Board of Directors when required.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section 4.3 Meetings and Action of Committees</B>.
Meetings and actions of committees shall be governed by, and held and taken in accordance with, the provisions of <U>Article III</U> of
these Bylaws, <U>Section 3.5</U> (place of meetings and meetings by telephone), <U>Section 3.6</U> (regular meetings), <U>Section 3.7</U>
(special meetings and notice), <U>Section 3.8</U> (quorum), <U>Section 3.9</U> (waiver of notice), and <U>Section 3.10</U> (action without
a meeting), with such changes in the context of those Bylaws as are necessary to substitute the committee and its members for the Board
of Directors and its members; <U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, that the time of regular meetings of committees and special meetings of
committees may also be called by resolution of the Board of Directors and that notice of special meetings of committees shall also be
given to all alternate members, who shall have the right to attend all meetings of the committee. The Board of Directors may adopt rules
for the government of any committee not inconsistent with the provisions of these Bylaws.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
4.4&nbsp;Advisory Committees</B>. The Board of Directors may, by resolution passed by a majority of the whole board, designate one or more
advisory committees, with each committee to consist of one or more of the directors of the Corporation or any other such persons as the
board may appoint. The board may designate one or more persons as alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified
member at any meeting of the committee. Members who are not board members shall not have the responsibilities or obligations of board
members nor be deemed directors of the Corporation for any other purpose.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Article
V<BR>
Officers</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
5.1&nbsp;Officers</B>. The officers of the Corporation shall be a chief executive officer, a secretary, and a chief financial officer.
The Corporation may also have, at the discretion of the Board of Directors, a chairman of the board, a vice chairman of the board, a
treasurer, one or more presidents, one or more vice presidents, one or more assistant vice presidents, assistant secretaries, assistant
treasurers, and any such other officers as may be appointed in accordance with the provisions of these Bylaws. Any number of offices
may be held by the same person.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
5.2&nbsp;Appointment of Officers</B>. The Board of Directors shall appoint the officers of the Corporation, except such officers as may
be appointed in accordance with the provisions of <U>Sections 5.3 or 5.5</U> of these Bylaws, subject to the rights, if any, of an officer
under any contract of employment.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
5.3&nbsp;Subordinate Officers</B>. The Board of Directors may appoint, or empower the chief executive officer or, in the absence of a chief
executive officer, one or more presidents, to appoint, such other officers and agents as the business of the Corporation may require,
each of whom shall hold office for such period, have such authority, and perform such duties as are provided in these Bylaws or as the
Board of Directors may from time to time determine.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
5.4&nbsp;Removal and Resignation of Officers</B>. Subject to the rights, if any, of an officer under any contract of employment, any officer
may be removed, either with or without cause, by an affirmative vote of the majority of the Board of Directors at any regular or special
meeting of the board or, except in the case of an officer chosen by the board, by any officer upon whom such power of removal may be
conferred by the Board of Directors.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
officer may resign at any time by giving written notice to the Board of Directors or secretary of the Corporation. Any resignation shall
take effect at the date of the receipt of that notice or at any later time specified in that notice; and, unless otherwise specified
in that notice, the acceptance of the resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. Any resignation is without prejudice to
the rights, if any, of the Corporation under any contract to which the officer is a party.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B></B></FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
5.5&nbsp;Vacancies in Offices</B>. Any vacancy occurring in any office of the Corporation shall be filled by the Board of Directors or
as provided in <U>Section 5.2</U> of these Bylaws.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
5.6&nbsp;Chairman of the Board</B>. The chairman of the board, if such an officer be elected, shall, if present, preside at meetings of
the stockholders and meetings of the Board of Directors and exercise and perform such other powers and duties as may from time to time
be assigned to him by the Board of Directors or as may be prescribed by these Bylaws. If there is no chief executive officer or president,
then the chairman of the board shall also be the chief executive officer of the Corporation and shall have the powers and duties prescribed
in <U>Section 5.7</U> of these Bylaws.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
5.7&nbsp;Chief Executive Officer</B>. Subject to such supervisory powers, if any, as may be given by the Board of Directors to the chairman
of the board, if there be such an officer, the chief executive officer of the Corporation shall, subject to the control of the Board
of Directors, have general supervision, direction, and control of the business and affairs of the Corporation and shall report directly
to the Board of Directors. All other officers, officials, employees and agents shall report directly or indirectly to the chief executive
officer. The chief executive officer shall see that all orders and resolutions of the Board of Directors are carried into effect. In
the absence or nonexistence of a chairman of the board, he shall serve as the chairperson and preside at meetings of the stockholders
and meetings of the Board of Directors. He shall have the general powers and duties of management usually vested in the chief executive
officer of a corporation, and shall have such other powers and duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors or these Bylaws.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
5.8&nbsp;President</B>. The president may assume and perform the duties of the chief executive officer in the absence or disability of
the chief executive officer or whenever the office of the chief executive officer is vacant. When acting as the chief executive officer,
a president shall have all the powers of, and be subject to all the restrictions upon, the chief executive officer. The president of
the Corporation shall exercise and perform such powers and duties as may from time to time be assigned to him by the Board of Directors,
the chairman of the board, the chief executive officer or as may be prescribed by these Bylaws. The president shall have authority to
execute in the name of the Corporation bonds, contracts, deeds, leases and other written instruments to be executed by the Corporation.
In the absence or nonexistence of the chairman of the board and chief executive officer, he shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders
and, in the absence or nonexistence of a Chairman of the Board of Directors and chief executive officer, at all meetings of the Board
of Directors and shall perform such other duties as the Board of Directors may from time to time determine.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
5.9&nbsp;Vice Presidents</B>. In the absence or disability of the chief executive officer and any president, the vice presidents, if any,
in order of their rank as fixed by the Board of Directors or, if not ranked, a vice president designated by the Board of Directors, shall
perform all the duties of a president and when so acting shall have all the powers of, and be subject to all the restrictions upon, a
president. The vice presidents shall have such other powers and perform such other duties as from time to time may be prescribed for
them respectively by the Board of Directors, these Bylaws, the chairman of the board, the chief executive officer or, in the absence
of a chief executive officer, one or more of the presidents.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
5.10&nbsp;Secretary</B>. The secretary shall keep or cause to be kept, at the principal executive office of the Corporation or such other
place as the Board of Directors may direct, a book of minutes of all meetings and actions of directors, committees of directors, and
stockholders. The minutes shall show the time and place of each meeting, whether regular or special (and, if special, how authorized
and the notice given), the names of those present at meetings of the Board of Directors or committees, the number of shares present or
represented at meetings of stockholders, and the proceedings thereof.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
secretary shall keep, or cause to be kept, at the principal executive office of the Corporation or at the office of the Corporation&rsquo;s
transfer agent or registrar, as determined by resolution of the Board of Directors, a share register, or a duplicate share register,
showing the names of all stockholders and their addresses, the number and classes of shares held by each, the number and date of certificates
evidencing such shares, and the number and date of cancellation of every certificate surrendered for cancellation.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
secretary shall give, or cause to be given, notice of all meetings of the stockholders and of the Board of Directors required to be given
by law or by these Bylaws. He or she shall keep the seal of the Corporation, if one be adopted, in safe custody and shall have such other
powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors or by these Bylaws.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
5.11&nbsp;Chief Financial Officer</B>. The chief financial officer shall keep and maintain, or cause to be kept and maintained, adequate
and correct books and records of accounts of the properties and business transactions of the Corporation, including accounts of its assets,
liabilities, receipts, disbursements, gains, losses, capital, retained earnings, and shares. The books of account shall at all reasonable
times be open to inspection by any director.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
chief financial officer shall deposit all monies and other valuables in the name and to the credit of the Corporation with such depositories
as the Board of Directors may designate. The chief financial officer shall disburse the funds of the Corporation as may be ordered by
the Board of Directors, shall render to the chief executive officer or, in the absence of a chief executive officer, any president and
directors, whenever they request it, an account of all his or her transactions as chief financial officer and of the financial condition
of the Corporation, and shall have such other powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors or
these Bylaws. The chief financial officer may be the treasurer of the Corporation.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
5.12&nbsp;Treasurer</B>. The treasurer shall keep and maintain, or cause to be kept and maintained, adequate and correct books and records
of accounts of the properties and business transactions of the Corporation, including accounts of its assets, liabilities, receipts,
disbursements, gains, losses, capital, retained earnings, and shares. The books of account shall at all reasonable times be open to inspection
by any director.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
treasurer shall deposit all monies and other valuables in the name and to the credit of the Corporation with such depositories as the
Board of Directors may designate. The treasurer shall disburse the funds of the Corporation as may be ordered by the Board of Directors,
shall render to the chief executive officer or, in the absence of a chief executive officer, any president and directors, whenever they
request it, an account of all his or her transactions as treasurer and of the financial condition of the Corporation, and shall have
such other powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors or these Bylaws.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
5.13&nbsp;Assistant Secretary</B>. The assistant secretary, or, if there is more than one, the assistant secretaries in the order determined
by the stockholders or Board of Directors (or if there be no such determination, then in the order of their election) shall, in the absence
of the secretary or in the event of his or her inability or refusal to act, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the secretary
and shall perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors or the stockholders may from time to time prescribe.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
5.14&nbsp;Assistant Treasurer</B>. The assistant treasurer, or, if there is more than one, the assistant treasurers, in the order determined
by the stockholders or Board of Directors (or if there be no such determination, then in the order of their election), shall, in the
absence of the treasurer or in the event of his or her inability or refusal to act, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the
treasurer and shall perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors or the stockholders may from time
to time prescribe.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
5.15&nbsp;Authority and Duties of Officers</B>. In addition to the foregoing authority and duties, all officers of the Corporation shall
respectively have such authority and perform such duties in the management of the business of the Corporation as may be designated from
time to time by the Board of Directors or the stockholders.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Article
VI<BR>
Indemnity</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
6.1&nbsp;Indemnification of Directors and Officers</B>. The Corporation shall, to the fullest extent and in the manner permitted by the
Delaware Corporation General Law as it presently exists or may hereafter be amended, indemnify and hold harmless each of its directors
and officers who was or is made or is threatened to be made a party or is otherwise involved in any action, suit or proceeding, whether
civil, criminal or administrative or investigative (a &ldquo;proceeding&rdquo;) by reason of the fact that he or she, or a person for
whom he or she is the legal representative, is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation or is or was serving
at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust,
non-profit entity or other enterprise, including service with respect to employee benefit plans, against all liability and loss suffered
and expenses reasonably incurred by such person in connection with any such action, suit, or proceeding. The Corporation shall be required
to indemnify a person in connection with a proceeding initiated by such person only if the proceeding was authorized by the Board of
Directors.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
6.2&nbsp;Indemnification of Others</B>. The Corporation shall have the power, to the fullest extent and in the manner permitted by the
Delaware General Corporation Law as it presently exists or may hereafter be amended, to indemnify and hold harmless, each of its employees
and agents who was or is made or is threatened to be made a party or is otherwise involved in any proceeding by reason of the fact that
he or she, or a person for whom he or she is the legal representative, is or was an employee or agent of the Corporation or is or was
serving at the request of the Corporation as an employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, non-profit
entity or other enterprise, including service with respect to employee benefit plans, against all liability and loss suffered and expenses
reasonably incurred by such person in connection with any such action, suit, or proceeding.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
6.3&nbsp;Insurance.</B> The Corporation may purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer,
employee or agent of the Corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation or its subsidiaries as a director, officer,
employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any liability asserted against
him and incurred by him in any such capacity, or arising out of his status as such, whether or not the Corporation would have the power
to indemnify him against such liability under the provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
6.4&nbsp;Expenses</B>. The Corporation shall pay the expenses incurred by any officer or director of the Corporation, and may pay the expenses
incurred by any employee or agent of the Corporation, in defending any proceeding in advance of its final disposition; provided, however,
that the payment of expenses incurred by a person in advance of the final disposition of the proceeding shall be made only upon receipt
of an undertaking by the person to repay all amounts advanced if it should ultimately be determined that he is not entitled to be indemnified
by the Corporation under this <U>Article VI</U> or otherwise. Such expenses incurred by other employees and agents described in <U>Section
6.2</U> of this <U>Article VI</U> may be so paid upon such terms and conditions, if any, as the Board of Directors deems appropriate.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
6.5&nbsp;Other Indemnification</B>. The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this Article VI
shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification or advancement of expenses may be entitled under
any bylaw, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in such person&rsquo;s official
capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding such office. However, the Corporation&rsquo;s obligation, if any, to indemnify
a person who was or is serving at its request as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture,
trust, non-profit entity or other enterprise shall be reduced by any amount such person may collect as indemnification from such other
corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, non-profit entity or other enterprise.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
6.6&nbsp;Amendment or Repeal</B>. Any repeal or modification of the foregoing provisions of this <U>Article VI</U> shall not adversely
affect any right or protection hereunder of any person in respect of any act or omission occurring prior to the time of such repeal or
modification.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
6.7&nbsp;Merger or Consolidation</B>. For purposes of this <U>Article VI</U>, references to &ldquo;the Corporation&rdquo; shall include,
in addition to the resulting corporation, any constituent corporation (including any constituent of a constituent) absorbed in a consolidation
or merger which, if its separate existence had continued, would have had power and authority to indemnify its directors, officers, and
employees or agents, so that any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of such constituent corporation, or is or
was serving at the request of such constituent corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership,
joint venture, trust, non-profit entity or other enterprise, shall stand in the same position under this <U>Article VI</U> with respect
to the resulting or surviving corporation as he would have with respect to such constituent corporation if its separate existence had
continued.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
6.8&nbsp;Severability</B>. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this <U>Article VI</U> shall not affect the validity
or enforceability of the remaining provisions of this <U>Article VI</U>.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Article
VII<BR>
Records and Reports</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
7.1&nbsp;Maintenance and Inspection of Records</B>. The Corporation shall, either at its principal executive office or at such place or
places as designated by the Board of Directors, keep a record of its stockholders listing their names and addresses and the number and
class of shares held by each shareholder, a copy of these Bylaws as amended to date, accounting books, and other records.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
stockholder of record, in person or by attorney or other agent, shall, upon written demand under oath stating the purpose thereof, have
the right during the usual hours for business to inspect for any proper purpose the Corporation&rsquo;s stock ledger, a list of its stockholders,
and its other books and records and to make copies or extracts therefrom. A proper purpose shall mean a purpose reasonably related to
such person&rsquo;s interest as a stockholder. In every instance where an attorney or other agent is the person who seeks the right to
inspection, the demand under oath shall be accompanied by a power of attorney or such other writing that authorizes the attorney or other
agent to so act on behalf of the stockholder. The demand under oath shall be directed to the Corporation at its registered office in
Delaware or at its principal executive office.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
7.2&nbsp;Inspection by Directors</B>. Any director shall have the right to examine the Corporation&rsquo;s stock ledger, a list of its
stockholders, and its other books and records for a purpose reasonably related to his position as a director. The Court of Chancery of
the State of Delaware is hereby vested with the exclusive jurisdiction to determine whether a director is entitled to the inspection
sought. The Court of Chancery may summarily order the Corporation to permit the director to inspect any and all books and records, the
stock ledger, and the stock list and to make copies or extracts therefrom. The Court of Chancery may, in its discretion, prescribe any
limitations or conditions with reference to the inspection, or award such other and further relief as the Court may deem just and proper.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
7.3&nbsp;Representation of Shares of Other Corporations</B>. The chairman of the board, the chief executive officer, the chief financial
officer or any other person authorized by the Board of Directors or the chief executive officer, is authorized to vote, represent, and
exercise on behalf of the Corporation all rights incident to any and all shares of any other corporation or corporations standing in
the name of the Corporation. The authority granted herein may be exercised either by such person directly or by any other person authorized
to do so by proxy or power of attorney duly executed by such person having the authority.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Article
VIII<BR>
General Matters</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
8.1&nbsp;Checks</B>. From time to time, the Board of Directors shall determine by resolution which person or persons may sign or endorse
all checks, drafts, other orders for payment of money, notes or other evidences of indebtedness that are issued in the name of or payable
to the Corporation, and only the persons so authorized shall sign or endorse those instruments.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
8.2&nbsp;Execution of Corporate Contracts and Instruments</B>. The Board of Directors, except as otherwise provided in these Bylaws, may
authorize any officer or officers, or agent or agents, to enter into any contract or execute any instrument in the name of and on behalf
of the Corporation; such authority may be general or confined to specific instances. Unless so authorized or ratified by the Board of
Directors or within the agency power of an officer, agent or employee, no officer, agent or employee shall have any power or authority
to bind the Corporation by any contract or engagement or to pledge its credit or to render it liable for any purpose or for any amount.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
8.3&nbsp;Stock Certificates; Partly Paid Shares</B>. The shares of the Corporation shall be represented by certificates, provided that
the Board of Directors of the Corporation may provide by resolution or resolutions that some or all of any or all classes or series of
its stock shall be uncertificated shares. Any such resolution shall not apply to shares represented by a certificate until such certificate
is surrendered to the Corporation. Notwithstanding the adoption of such a resolution by the Board of Directors, every holder of stock
represented by certificates and upon request every holder of uncertificated shares shall be entitled to have a certificate signed by,
or in the name of the Corporation by the chairman or vice-chairman of the Board of Directors, or a president or vice-president, and by
the treasurer or an assistant treasurer, or the secretary or an assistant secretary of the Corporation representing the number of shares
registered in certificate form. Any or all of the signatures on the certificate may be a facsimile. In case any officer, transfer agent
or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed upon a certificate has ceased to be such officer, transfer agent
or registrar before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the Corporation with the same effect as if he were such officer,
transfer agent or registrar at the date of issue.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Corporation may issue the whole or any part of its shares as partly paid and subject to call for the remainder of the consideration to
be paid therefor. Upon the face or back of each stock certificate issued to represent any such partly paid shares, upon the books and
records of the Corporation in the case of uncertificated partly paid shares, the total amount of the consideration to be paid therefor
and the amount paid thereon shall be stated. Upon the declaration of any dividend on fully paid shares, the Corporation shall declare
a dividend upon partly paid shares of the same class, but only upon the basis of the percentage of the consideration actually paid thereon.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
8.4&nbsp;Special Designation on Certificates</B>. If the Corporation is authorized to issue more than one class of stock or more than one
series of any class, then the powers, the designations, the preferences, and the relative, participating, optional or other special rights
of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights shall
be set forth in full or summarized on the face or back of the certificate that the Corporation shall issue to represent such class or
series of stock; provided, however, that, except as otherwise provided in Section 202 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, in lieu
of the foregoing requirements there may be set forth on the face or back of the certificate that the Corporation shall issue to represent
such class or series of stock a statement that the Corporation will furnish without charge to each stockholder who so requests the powers,
the designations, the preferences, and the relative, participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series
thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
8.5&nbsp;Lost Certificates</B>. Except as provided in this <U>Section 8.5</U>, no new certificates for shares shall be issued to replace
a previously issued certificate unless the latter is surrendered to the Corporation and canceled at the same time. The Corporation may
issue a new certificate of stock or uncertificated shares in the place of any certificate theretofore issued by it, alleged to have been
lost, stolen or destroyed, and the Corporation may require the owner of the lost, stolen or destroyed certificate, or his legal representative,
to give the Corporation a bond sufficient to indemnify it against any claim that may be made against it on account of the alleged loss,
theft or destruction of any such certificate or the issuance of such new certificate or uncertificated shares.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
8.6&nbsp;Construction; Definitions</B>. Unless the context requires otherwise, the general provisions, rules of construction, and definitions
in the Delaware General Corporation Law shall govern the construction of these Bylaws. Without limiting the generality of this provision,
the singular number includes the plural, the plural number includes the singular, and the term &ldquo;person&rdquo; includes both a corporation
and a natural person.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
8.7&nbsp;Dividends</B>. The directors of the Corporation, subject to any restrictions contained in either the Delaware General Corporation
Law or the Certificate of Incorporation, may declare and pay dividends upon the shares of its capital stock. Dividends may be paid in
cash, in property, or in shares of the Corporation&rsquo;s capital stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
directors of the Corporation may set apart out of any of the funds of the Corporation available for dividends a reserve or reserves for
any proper purpose and may abolish any such reserve. Such purposes shall include but not be limited to equalizing dividends, repairing
or maintaining any property of the Corporation, and meeting contingencies.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
8.8&nbsp;Fiscal Year</B>. The fiscal year of the Corporation shall end on December&nbsp;31 of each year until changed by the Board of Directors.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
8.9&nbsp;Seal</B>. The Corporation may adopt a corporate seal, which shall be adopted and which may be altered by the Board of Directors.
The Corporation may use the corporate seal by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be impressed or affixed or in any other manner reproduced.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
8.10&nbsp;Transfer of Stock</B>. Upon surrender to the Corporation or the transfer agent of the Corporation of a certificate for shares
duly endorsed or accompanied by proper evidence of succession, assignation or authority to transfer, it shall be the duty of the Corporation
to issue a new certificate to the person entitled thereto, cancel the old certificate, and record the transaction in its books.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
8.11&nbsp;Stock Transfer Agreements</B>. The Corporation shall have power to enter into and perform any agreement with any number of stockholders
of any one or more classes of stock of the Corporation to restrict the transfer of shares of stock of the Corporation of any one or more
classes owned by such stockholders in any manner not prohibited by the Delaware General Corporation Law.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
8.12&nbsp;Registered Stockholders</B>. The Corporation shall be entitled to recognize the exclusive right of a person registered on its
books as the owner of shares to receive dividends and to vote as such owner, shall be entitled to hold liable for calls and assessments
the person registered on its books as the owner of shares, and shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest
in such share or shares on the part of another person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise
provided by the laws of Delaware.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
8.13&nbsp;Forum for Adjudication of Disputes</B>.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)
Unless the Corporation consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery shall be the sole and
exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Corporation, (ii) any action asserting a claim
of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of the Corporation to the Corporation or the
Corporation&rsquo;s stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General
Corporation Law, or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)
Unless the Corporation consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable
law, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint
asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, including all causes of action asserted against
any defendant named in such complaint. For the avoidance of doubt, this provision is intended to benefit and may be enforced by the
Corporation, its officers and directors, the underwriters for any offering giving rise to such complaint, and any other professional
entity whose profession gives authority to a statement made by that person or entity and who has prepared or certified any part of
the documents underlying the offering.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c)
Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of capital stock of the corporation shall be deemed to
have notice of and consented to the provisions of this <U>Section 8.13</U>. Failure to abide by the foregoing provisions would cause
the Corporation irreparable harm, and the Corporation shall be entitled to equitable relief, including injunctive relief and
specific performance, to enforce the foregoing provisions.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Article
IX<BR>
Notice by Electronic Transmission</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section
9.1&nbsp;Notice by Electronic Transmission</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Without
limiting the manner by which notice otherwise may be given effectively to stockholders pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law,
the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, any notice to stockholders given by the Corporation under any provision of the Delaware
General Corporation Law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws shall be effective if given by a form of electronic transmission
consented to by the stockholder to whom the notice is given. Any such consent shall be revocable by the stockholder by written notice
to the Corporation. Any such consent shall be deemed revoked if: (i) the Corporation is unable to deliver by electronic transmission
two consecutive notices given by the Corporation in accordance with such consent; and (ii) such inability becomes known to the secretary
or an assistant secretary of the Corporation or to the transfer agent, or other person responsible for the giving of notice. However,
the inadvertent failure to treat such inability as a revocation shall not invalidate any meeting or other action.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
notice given pursuant to the preceding paragraph shall be deemed given: (i) if by facsimile telecommunication, when directed to a number
at which the stockholder has consent to receive notice; (ii) if by electronic mail, when directed to an electronic mail address at which
the stockholder has consented to receive notice; (iii) if by a posting on an electronic network together with separate notice to the
stockholder of such specific posting, upon the later of (A) such posting and (B) the giving of such separate notice; and (iv) if by any
other form of electronic transmission, when directed to the stockholder. An affidavit of the secretary or an assistant secretary or of
the transfer agent or other agent of the Corporation that the notice has been given by a form of electronic transmission shall, in the
absence of fraud, be prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein. Notice by a form of electronic transmission shall not apply to
Sections 164, 296, 311, 312 or 324 of the Delaware General Corporation Law.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">An
&ldquo;electronic transmission&rdquo; means any form of communication, not directly involving the physical transmission of paper, that
creates a record that may be retained, retrieved, and reviewed by a recipient thereof, and that may be directly reproduced in paper form
by such a recipient through an automated process.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Article
X<BR>
Amendments</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">These
Bylaws may be amended, altered or repealed, and new Bylaws may be adopted, by the stockholders entitled to vote. However, the Corporation
may, in its Certificate of Incorporation, confer the power to adopt, amend or repeal Bylaws upon the Board of Directors. The fact that
such power has been so conferred upon the directors shall not divest the stockholders of the power, nor limit their power to adopt, amend,
alter or repeal Bylaws.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>CERTIFICATE
OF SECRETARY<BR>
<BR>
OF<BR>
<BR>
ALTO INGREDIENTS, INC.</B><BR>
(a Delaware corporation)</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">I
hereby certify that I am the duly elected and acting secretary of Alto Ingredients, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and that the foregoing
Amended and Restated Bylaws, comprising 23 pages, including this page, constitute the Bylaws of the Corporation as duly adopted by the
Board of Directors thereof by action taken at a meeting of the Board of Directors held on February 29, 2024.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">IN
WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has hereunto set her hand this 5<SUP>th</SUP> day of March, 2024.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 3in; text-indent: -3.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; width: 60%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 40%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ AUSTE M. GRAHAM</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Auste M. Graham, Secretary</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">22</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>



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          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:linkbaseRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="alto-20240229_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:title="Presentation Links" />
        <link:linkbaseRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="alto-20240229_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:title="Label Links" />
      </appinfo>
    </annotation>
    <import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2023/elts/us-gaap-2023.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-types/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2023/elts/us-types-2023.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2022-03-31" schemaLocation="https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2022-03-31/types.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/country/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/country/2023/country-2023.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://fasb.org/srt/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2023/elts/srt-2023.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://fasb.org/srt-types/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2023/elts/srt-types-2023.xsd" />
</schema>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>alto-20240229_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL LABEL FILE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" standalone="no"?>
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Generator; Value: GoFiler Complete; Version: 5.21b -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: VendorURI; Value: https://www.novaworks.com -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Status; Value: 0x00000000 -->
<link:linkbase xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
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    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodEndLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodEndLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodStartLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodStartLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedTotalLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedTotalLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedNetLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedNetLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedTerseLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedTerseLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/net-2009-12-16.xsd#netLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/netLabel" />
    <link:labelLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/link">
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Type</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement" xlink:to="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentAnnualReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentAnnualReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAnnualReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Annual Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Quarterly Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentTransitionReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentTransitionReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentTransitionReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentTransitionReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Shell Company Report</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Period Start Date</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Period Focus</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Year Focus</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:to="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current Fiscal Year End Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity File Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
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<head>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.24.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140609180231824">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Feb. 29, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Feb. 29,  2024<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate', window );">Current Fiscal Year End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">--12-31<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">000-21467<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">ALTO INGREDIENTS, INC.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000778164<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">41-2170618<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">1300 South Second Street<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Pekin<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">IL<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">61554<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">916<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">403-2123<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, $0.001 par value<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">ALTO<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>End date of current fiscal year in the format --MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:gMonthDayItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
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<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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