Fair value measurements are market-based measurements, not entity-specific measurements. Therefore, fair value measurements are determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The Company follows a three-level hierarchy to prioritize the inputs used in the valuation techniques to derive fair values. The basis for fair value measurements for each level within the hierarchy is described below:

Money market funds are valued at the closing price reported by the fund sponsor from an actively traded exchange. Money market funds were included in cash equivalents and U.S. Treasury bills were included in investments in the condensed consolidated balance sheets for the periods presented. The Company obtains the fair value of its Level 2 cash equivalents from third-party pricing services. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models whereby all significant inputs, including benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, bids, offers, or other market-related data, are observable.


	Fair Value Measurements Using
September 30, 2024	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Money market	$	1,196	$	1,196	$	—	$	—
Treasury bills and government agency bonds		3,565		—		3,565		—
	$	4,761	$	1,196	$	3,565	$	—

	Fair Value Measurements Using
December 31, 2023	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Money market	$	5,449	$	5,449	$	—	$	—

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company issued common stock warrants which were initially classified as liabilities under authoritative accounting standards, and reclassified in the equity section of the balance sheet upon modification in August 2024 (See Note 12, Stockholders’ Deficit - May 2024 Private Placement, for further details). These common stock warrants were valued using the Black Scholes model, with level 3 inputs such as expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, and expected term that are not observable in active markets.

The table below summarizes key inputs used in the valuation of the liability classified warrants as of the issuance date and as of the date of amendment:


	As of issuance date	As of date of amendment
Expected term	1.1 - 5.0 years	0.9 - 4.7 years
Common stock market price	$2.01 - $2.27	$	1.45
Risk-free interest rate	4.5% - 5.1%	3.81% - 4.63%
Expected volatility	117.0% - 127.2%	92.2% - 99.79%

The table below provides a summary of the fair value of the Company’s warrant liability during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 (in thousands). As of September 30, 2023, the fair value of liability classified warrants was immaterial, and the change in the fair value of liability classified warrants during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was immaterial.


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Warrant liability
Beginning balance	$	6,160		$	—
Issuance of warrants		—			10,854
Change in fair value of warrants		(960	)		(5,654	)
Reclassification to equity		(5,200	)		(5,200	)
Ending balance	$	—		$	—