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Trade Accounts and Bills Receivable, net
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2017
Trade Accounts and Bills Receivable, net [Text Block]
3.

Trade Accounts and Bills Receivable, net

Trade accounts and bills receivable as of December 31, 2016 and September 30, 2017 consisted of the following:

 

 

   December 31,     September 30,  
 

 

   2016     2017  
 

Trade accounts receivable

 $ 5,169,593   $ 19,723,861  
 

Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts

   (2,761,144 )   (3,250,856 )
 

 

   2,408,449     16,473,005  
 

Bills receivable (Note 1)

   59,938     14,104,194  
 

 

 $ 2,468,387   $ 30,577,199  

An analysis of the allowance for doubtful accounts is as follows:

 

 

   September 30,     September 30,  
 

 

   2016     2017  
 

Balance at January 1

 $ 165,441   $ 2,761,144  
 

Provision for the period

   2,786,928     442,663  
 

Reversal by cash for the period

   (54,118 )   (81,446 )
 

Charged to consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss

   2,732,810     361,217  
 

Foreign exchange adjustment

   (60,274 )   128,495  
 

Balance at September 30

 $ 2,837,977   $ 3,250,856