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Trade Accounts and Bills Receivable, net
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2018
Trade Accounts and Bills Receivable, net [Text Block]
3.

Trade Accounts and Bills Receivable, net

Trade accounts and bills receivable as of December 31, 2017 and June 30, 2018 consisted of the following:

    December 31,     June 30,  
    2017     2018  
Trade accounts receivable $ 42,095,211   $ 29,538,119  
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts   (3,700,922 )   (3,623,830 )
    38,394,289     25,914,289  
Bills receivable   19,124,323     5,864,148  
  $ 57,518,612   $ 31,778,437  

An analysis of the allowance for doubtful accounts is as follows:

    December 31,     June 30,  
    2017     2018  
Balance at beginning of period $ 2,761,144   $ 3,700,922  
Provision for the period   839,917     198,619  
Reversal - recoveries by cash   (114,542 )   (213,309 )
Charged (credited) to consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income   725,375     (14,690 )
Foreign exchange adjustment   214,403     (62,402 )
Balance at end of period $ 3,700,922   $ 3,623,830