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Trade Accounts and Bills Receivable, Net
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2019
Trade Accounts and Bills Receivable, net [Abstract]  
Trade Accounts and Bills Receivable, net
3. Trade Accounts and Bills Receivable, net

 

Trade accounts and bills receivable as of December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019 consisted of the following:

 

   December 31,   September 30, 
   2018   2019 
Trade accounts receivable  $19,054,863   $20,596,681 
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts   (3,657,173)   (3,943,983)
    15,397,690    16,652,698 
Bills receivable   6,353,342    2,103 
   $21,751,032   $16,654,801 

 

An analysis of the allowance for doubtful accounts is as follows:

 

   December 31,   September 30, 
   2018   2019 
Balance at beginning of period  $3,700,922   $3,657,173 
Provision for the period   474,950    735,619 
Reversal - recoveries by cash   (312,462)   (292,599)
Charged to consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income   162,488    443,020 
Foreign exchange adjustment   (206,237)   (156,210)
Balance at end of period  $3,657,173   $3,943,983