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Trade Accounts and Bills Receivable, net
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2021
Trade Accounts And Bills Receivable Net [Abstract]  
Trade Accounts and Bills Receivable, net
3.Trade Accounts and Bills Receivable, net

Trade accounts and bills receivable as of December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2021 consisted of the following:


   December 31,   March 31, 
   2020   2021 
Trade accounts receivable  $33,305,997   $27,621,392 
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts   (5,266,828)   (5,094,948)
    28,039,169    22,526,444 
Bills receivable   1,532,105    780,226 
   $29,571,274   $23,306,670 

Included in trade accounts and bills receivables are retention receivables of $1,896,068 and $1,889,066 as of December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2021. Retention receivables are interest-free and recoverable at the end of the retention period of three to five years since the sales of the EV batteries or 200,000 km since the sales of the motor vehicles (whichever comes first).


An analysis of the allowance for doubtful accounts is as follows:


   March 31,   March 31, 
   2020   2021 
Balance at beginning of period  $4,650,686   $5,266,828 
Provision for the period   871,483    - 
Reversal – recoveries by cash   (198,297)   (154,061)
Charged to consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss)   673,186    (154,061)
Foreign exchange adjustment   (86,308)   (17,819)
Balance at end of period  $5,237,564   $5,094,948