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Income Taxes, Deferred Tax Assets and Deferred Tax Liabilities
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Income Taxes, Deferred Tax Assets and Deferred Tax Liabilities [Abstract]  
Income Taxes, Deferred Tax Assets and Deferred Tax Liabilities

19. Income Taxes, Deferred Tax Assets and Deferred Tax Liabilities

 

  (a) Income taxes in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss(income)

 

The Company’s provision for income taxes expenses (credit) consisted of:

 

   Three months ended
June 30,		   Six months ended
June 30,		 
   2022   2023   2022   2023 
PRC income tax:                
Current income tax  $61,811   $
-
   $61,811   $
-
 
Deferred income tax expenses (credit)   117,977    (307,311)   24,431    (710,195)
   $179,788   $(307,311)  $86,242   $(710,195)

 

United States Tax

  

CBAK is a Nevada corporation that is subject to U.S. federal tax and state tax. On December 31, 2017 the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act makes broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code, including, but not limited to, (1) reducing the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent; (2) requiring companies to pay a one-time transition tax on certain unrepatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries; (3) generally eliminating U.S. federal corporate income taxes on dividends from foreign subsidiaries; (4) providing modification to subpart F provisions and new taxes on certain foreign earnings such as Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI). Except for the one-time transition tax, most of these provisions go into effect starting January 1, 2018.

 

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act"), which significantly changed U.S. tax law and included a provision to tax global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) of foreign subsidiaries. The Company recognizes taxes due under the GILTI provision as a current period expense. As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, the Company does not have any aggregated positive tested income; and as such, does not have additional provision amount recorded for GILTI tax. 

 

No provision for income taxes in the United States has been made as CBAK had no taxable income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023.

 

Hong Kong Tax

 

BAK Asia and BAK Investment are subject to Hong Kong profits tax rate of 16.5% and did not have any assessable profits arising in or derived from Hong Kong For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023 and accordingly no provision for Hong Kong profits tax was made in these periods.

 

PRC Tax

 

The CIT Law in China applies an income tax rate of 25% to all enterprises but grants preferential tax treatment to High-New Technology Enterprises. CBAK Power was regarded as a “High-new technology enterprise” pursuant to a certificate jointly issued by the relevant Dalian Government authorities. The certificate was valid for three years commencing from year 2021. Under the preferential tax treatment, CBAK Power was entitled to enjoy a tax rate of 15% for the years from 2021 to 2024 provided that the qualifying conditions as a High-new technology enterprise were met. Hitrans was regarded as a “High-new technology enterprise” pursuant to a certificate jointly issued by the relevant Zhejiang Government authorities. The certificate was valid for three years commencing from year 2021. Under the preferential tax treatment, Hitrans was entitled to enjoy a tax rate of 15% for the years from 2021 to 2024 provided that the qualifying conditions as a High-new technology enterprise were met.

 

A reconciliation of the provision for income taxes determined at the statutory income tax rate to the Company’s income taxes is as follows:

 

    Three months ended
June 30,		     Six months ended
June 30,		  
    2022     2023     2022     2023  
Income (loss) before income taxes   $ 1,196,053     $ (3,246,538 )   $ 1,783,010     $ (5,853,904 )
United States federal corporate income tax rate     21 %     21 %     21 %     21 %
Income tax credit computed at United States statutory corporate income tax rate     251,171       (681,773 )     374,432       (1,229,320 )
Reconciling items:                                
Rate differential for PRC earnings     398       (79,725 )     (25,186 )     (182,284 )
Tax effect of entity at preferential tax rate     (31,235 )     (35,675 )     (41,207 )      52,986  
Non-taxable (income) expenses     (551,215 )     90,052       (816,137 )     98,120  
Share based payments     2,336       173,138       9,640       174,166  
Over (under) provision of tax loess     64,325       (227,127 )     64,325       (227,127 )
Utilization of tax losses     (369,397 )     -       (369,397 )     -  
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets     813,405       453,799       889,772       603,264  
Income tax expenses (credit)   $ 179,788     $ (307,311 )   $ 86,242     $ (710,195 )

 

  (b) Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities

  

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 are presented below:

 

    December 31,
2022		     June 30,
2023		  
Deferred tax assets            
Trade receivable   $ 1,976,354     $ 1,296,968  
Inventories     554,041       543,025  
Property, plant and equipment     2,353,141       1,980,927  
Long-term investments, net     161,716       154,034  
Intangible assets     97,468       103,260  
Accrued expenses, payroll and others     224,795       213,605  
Provision for product warranty     119,207       118,774  
Net operating loss carried forward     34,379,188       35,777,409  
Valuation allowance     (37,122,551 )     (36,944,086 )
Deferred tax assets, non-current   $ 2,743,359     $ 3,243,916  
                 
Deferred tax liabilities, non-current                
Long-lived assets arising from acquisitions   $ 256,380     $ 142,058  

 

As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, the Company’s U.S. entity had net operating loss carry forwards of $103,580,741 of which $102,293 available to reduce future taxable income which will expire in various years through 2035 and $103,478,448 available to offset capital gains recognized in the succeeding 5 tax years. As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries had net operating loss carry forwards of $52,187,090 and $57,131,788 respectively, which will expire in various years through 2023 to 2031. Management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize these potential tax benefits as these operations will not generate any operating profits in the foreseeable future. As a result, a valuation allowance of $37,122,551 and $36,944,086 as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively, were provided against subsidiaries which were not estimated to generate operating profits to utilize the potential tax benefits.

 

According to the PRC Tax Administration and Collection Law, the statute of limitations is three years if the underpayment of taxes is due to computational errors made by the taxpayer or its withholding agent. The statute of limitations extends to five years under special circumstances, which are not clearly defined. In the case of a related party transaction, the statute of limitations is ten years. There is no statute of limitations in the case of tax evasion.

  

The impact of an uncertain income tax positions on the income tax return must be recognized at the largest amount that is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit by the relevant tax authority. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. Interest and penalties on income taxes will be classified as a component of the provisions for income taxes.