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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
ý QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2020
o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File No. 0-18492
DLH HOLDINGS CORP.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

New Jersey (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | 22-1899798 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
3565 Piedmont Road, NE, Building 3, Suite 700 Atlanta, Georgia (Address of principal executive offices) |  | 30305 (Zip Code)

(770) 554-3545
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock | DLHC | Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ý No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer o |  | Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer x |  | Smaller Reporting Company x
|  | Emerging Growth Company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No ý
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: 12,354,406 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share, were outstanding as of July 31, 2020.

DLH HOLDINGS CORP.
FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents

| Page No.
Part I — Financial Information | 3
Item 1. Financial Statements | 3
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (Unaudited) | 3
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2020 (Unaudited) and September 30, 2019 | 4
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (Unaudited) | 5
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (Unaudited) | 6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 7
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 20
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 29
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 29
Part II — Other Information | 30
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 30
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 30
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 31
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 31
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 31
Item 5. Other Information | 31
Item 6. Exhibits | 32
Signatures | 33

2

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM I: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DLH HOLDINGS CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share amounts)

|  | (unaudited) |  |  |  | (unaudited) |  |
|  | Three Months Ended |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |
|  | June 30, |  |  |  | June 30, |  |
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenue |  | $ | 51,459 |  |  | $ | 38,700 |  |  | $ | 158,495 |  |  | $ | 106,208 |
Cost of Operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contract costs |  | 39,615 |  |  | 30,038 |  |  | 123,895 |  |  | 82,744 |
General and administrative costs |  | 6,323 |  |  | 4,811 |  |  | 18,497 |  |  | 13,462 |
Acquisition costs |  | — |  |  | 1,247 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,391 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 1,721 |  |  | 914 |  |  | 5,340 |  |  | 2,037 |
Total operating costs |  | 47,659 |  |  | 37,010 |  |  | 147,732 |  |  | 99,634 |
Income from operations |  | 3,800 |  |  | 1,690 |  |  | 10,763 |  |  | 6,574 |
Interest expense, net |  | 813 |  |  | 562 |  |  | 2,659 |  |  | 1,284 |
Income before income taxes |  | 2,987 |  |  | 1,128 |  |  | 8,104 |  |  | 5,290 |
Income tax expense |  | 863 |  |  | 325 |  |  | 2,352 |  |  | 1,532 |
Net income |  | $ | 2,124 |  |  | $ | 803 |  |  | $ | 5,752 |  |  | $ | 3,758 |
Net income per share - basic |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | 0.07 |  |  | $ | 0.47 |  |  | $ | 0.31 |
Net income per share - diluted |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 0.44 |  |  | $ | 0.29 |
Weighted average common stock outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 12,354 |  |  | 12,036 |  |  | 12,246 |  |  | 12,011 |
Diluted |  | 13,228 |  |  | 13,077 |  |  | 13,050 |  |  | 13,048 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
3

DLH HOLDINGS CORP.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except par value of shares)

|  | June 30, 2020 |  | September 30, 2019
|  | (unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 658 |  |  | $ | 1,790 |
Accounts receivable |  | 29,635 |  |  | 23,226 |
Other current assets |  | 3,772 |  |  | 1,831 |
Total current assets |  | 34,065 |  |  | 26,847 |
Equipment and improvements, net |  | 3,769 |  |  | 5,343 |
Operating leases right-of-use assets |  | 22,276 |  |  | — |
Deferred taxes, net |  | 358 |  |  | 2,345 |
Goodwill |  | 52,758 |  |  | 52,758 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 37,594 |  |  | 41,208 |
Other long-term assets |  | 620 |  |  | 757 |
Total assets |  | $ | 151,440 |  |  | $ | 129,258 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Operating lease liabilities - current |  | $ | 1,768 |  |  | $ | — |
Accrued payroll |  | 9,488 |  |  | 8,852 |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other current liabilities |  | 24,253 |  |  | 20,633 |
Total current liabilities |  | 35,509 |  |  | 29,485 |
Long-term liabilities: |  |  |  |
Debt obligations - long term, net of deferred financing costs |  | 42,542 |  |  | 53,629 |
Operating lease liabilities - long-term |  | 21,686 |  |  | — |
Other long-term liabilities |  | — |  |  | 573 |
Total long-term liabilities |  | 64,228 |  |  | 54,202 |
Total liabilities |  | 99,737 |  |  | 83,687 |
Shareholders' equity: |  |  |  |
Common stock, $0.001 par value; authorized 40,000 shares; issued and outstanding 12,354 and 12,036 at June 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, respectively |  | 12 |  |  | 12 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 85,496 |  |  | 85,114 |
Accumulated deficit |  | (33,805) |  |  | (39,555) |
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 51,703 |  |  | 45,571 |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity |  | $ | 151,440 |  |  | $ | 129,258 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
4

DLH HOLDINGS CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)

|  |  |  |  | (unaudited) |  |
|  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |
|  |  |  |  | June 30, |  |
|  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,752 |  |  | $ | 3,758 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  |  |  | 5,340 |  |  | 2,037 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs |  |  |  |  | 551 |  |  | 799 |
Stock based compensation expense |  |  |  |  | 566 |  |  | 591 |
Deferred taxes, net |  |  |  |  | 1,987 |  |  | 1,253 |
Non-cash gain from lease modification |  |  |  |  | (121) |  |  | — |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  |  |  | (6,409) |  |  | (925) |
Other current assets |  |  |  |  | (1,941) |  |  | (376) |
Accrued payroll |  |  |  |  | 636 |  |  | (68) |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other current liabilities |  |  |  |  | 3,620 |  |  | 4,107 |
Other long-term assets/liabilities |  |  |  |  | 726 |  |  | (23) |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |  | 10,707 |  |  | 11,153 |
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Business acquisition, net of cash acquired |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (66,520) |
Purchase of equipment and improvements |  |  |  |  | (152) |  |  | (29) |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  |  |  | (152) |  |  | (66,549) |
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowing on senior debt |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 70,000 |
Repayments of senior debt |  |  |  |  | (11,500) |  |  | (11,646) |
Payment of debt financing costs |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |  | (3,347) |
Repurchase of common stock |  |  |  |  | (211) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon exercise of options |  |  |  |  | 27 |  |  | 39 |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  |  |  |  | (11,687) |  |  | 55,046 |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  | (1,132) |  |  | (350) |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  |  |  | 1,790 |  |  | 6,355 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  |  |  |  | $ | 658 |  |  | $ | 6,005 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for interest |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,207 |  |  | $ | 645 |
Cash paid during the period for income taxes |  |  |  |  | $ | 432 |  |  | $ | 675 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
5

DLH HOLDINGS CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
(In thousands)
(unaudited)

|  | Common Stock |  |  |  | Treasury Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  |  |  |  | Total Shareholders' Equity
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nine Months Ended June 30, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at September 30, 2019 |  | 12,036 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 85,114 |  |  | $ | (39,555) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 45,571 |
Cumulative-effect adjustment for adoption of ASC 842 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2) |
Expense related to director restricted stock unit |  | 90 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | 260 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 260 |
Expense related to employee stock options |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | 306 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 306 |
Exercise of stock options |  | 345 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 27 |
Repurchases of common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28 |  | (113) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (113) |
Cancellation of common stock |  | (117) |  |  | — |  |  | (28) |  | 113 |  | (211) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (98) |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 5,752 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,752 |
Balance at June 30, 2020 |  | 12,354 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 85,496 |  |  | $ | (33,805) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 51,703 |
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at March 31, 2020 |  | 12,354 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 85,314 |  |  | $ | (35,929) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 49,397 |
Expense related to director restricted stock unit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | 87 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87 |
Expense related to employee stock options |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | 95 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 95 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2,124 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,124 |
Balance at June 30, 2020 |  | 12,354 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | — |  | — |  | $ | 85,496 |  |  | $ | (33,805) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 51,703 |

|  | Common Stock |  |  |  | Treasury Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  |  |  |  | Total Shareholders' Equity
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nine Months Ended June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at September 30, 2018 |  | 11,899 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 84,285 |  |  | $ | (44,879) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 39,418 |
Directors' stock grants and expense |  | 102 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | 395 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 395 |
Expense related to employee stock options |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | 196 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 196 |
Exercise of stock options |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | 39 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 39 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3,758 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,758 |
Balance at June 30, 2019 |  | 12,036 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 84,915 |  |  | $ | (41,121) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 43,806 |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at March 31, 2019 |  | 12,036 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 84,716 |  |  | $ | (41,924) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 42,804 |
Expense related to director restricted stock unit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | 199 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 199 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 803 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 803 |
Balance at June 30, 2019 |  | 12,036 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 84,915 |  |  | $ | (41,121) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 43,806 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
6

DLH HOLDINGS CORP.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2020
1. Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of DLH Holdings Corp. and its subsidiaries (together with its subsidiaries, "DLH" or the "Company" and also referred to as "we," "us" and "our"), all of which are wholly owned. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, these statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. Certain figures presented for comparative purposes have been reclassified to conform to the presentation adopted on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2019. The Company implemented this reclassification as it determined that including these indirect overhead costs within the category of “contract costs” rather than “general and administrative expenses” better reflects the relationship of these overhead costs to contract performance, as these costs are generally variable based on fluctuations in business volume. This reclassification does not result in any changes to the Company’s total operating costs and previously reported operating income, income before income taxes, or net income.
In management's opinion, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the period ended June 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending September 30, 2020. Amounts as of and for the periods ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019 are unaudited. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2019 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 11, 2019.
2. Business Overview
The Company is a full-service provider of technology-enabled health and human services, providing solutions to three market focus areas: Defense and Veterans' Health Solutions, Human Solutions and Services and Public Health and Life Sciences. We deliver domain-specific expertise, industry best-practices and innovations to customers across these markets leveraging seven core competencies: secure data analytics, clinical trials and laboratory services, case management, performance evaluation, system modernization, operational logistics and readiness, and strategic digital communications. The Company manages its operations from its principal executive offices in Atlanta, Georgia, and we have a complementary headquarters office in Silver Spring, Maryland. We employ over 2,000 skilled employees workin g in more than 30 locations throughout the United States and one location overseas.
At present, the Company derives essentially all revenue from agencies of the Federal government, primarily as a prime contractor but also as a subcontractor to other Federal prime contractors. A major customer is defined as a customer from whom the Company derives at least 10% of its revenues.
Our two largest customers are the Department of Veteran Affairs ("VA") and the Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS"). The VA comprised approximately 47% and 65% of revenue for the nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and HHS comprised approximately 46% and 33% of revenue for the nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
3. New Accounting Pronouncements
In February 2016, the FASB issued an Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), to improve financial reporting about leasing transactions. This accounting standard requires organizations that lease assets, referred to as "Lessees", to recognize on the balance sheet right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. Per the ASU, we determine if a contract contains a lease by identifying an asset and determining if we have the right to control the use of the identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. A contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset when the lessee has the right to direct the use of the identified asset and obtain substantially all economic benefits from its use throughout the period of its use. We also determine if a lease qualifies as an operating or finance lease. All Company leases at standard adoption were operating leases. The ASU also require lessees to identify and separate lease and non-lease components. The Company elected not to separate lease and non-lease components per the practical expedient provided in ASU 2018-11. Upon lease commencement, the lease liability and right-of-use asset are recorded on the balance sheet. The lease liability is measured as the
7

present value of future minimum lease payments, including all probable renewals, to be made during the lease term. The right-of-use asset is measured as the present value of future minimum lease payments to be made during the lease term, including all probable renewals, plus lease payments made to the lessor before or at commencement and indirect costs paid less lease incentives received. DLH adopted this standard on October 1, 2019 and recognized initial right-of use assets and lease liabilities of $17.4 million and $18.0 million, respectively. At adoption, the Company elected several practical expediencies to facilitate the implementation of the new standard and did not recast comparative prior year information. As such we did not reassess and include initial direct costs in the measurement of right-of-use assets, capitalize leases with terms of 12 months or less, nor reassess lease classification of existing leases.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, which requires companies to record an allowance for expected credit losses over the contractual term of certain financial assets, including short-term trade receivables and contract assets. Additionally, it expands disclosure requirements for credit quality of financial assets. ASU 2016-13 becomes effective for the Company in the first quarter of fiscal year 2021. We do not expect a material impact to our operating results, financial position or cash flows as a result of adopting this new standard.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairments by eliminating step two from the goodwill impairment test. Instead, if the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss shall be recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. ASU 2017-04 also clarifies that an entity should consider income tax effects from any tax-deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 for both interim and annual reporting periods. The Company adopted this standard in the first quarter of fiscal 2020 and adoption did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
4. Significant Accounting Policies
Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates include valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, interest rate swaps, stock-based compensation, right of use assets and lease liabilities, valuation allowances established against accounts receivable and deferred tax assets, and measurement of loss development on workers’ compensation claims. We evaluate these estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis and base our estimates on historical experience, current and expected future outcomes, third-party evaluations and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities as well as identifying and assessing the accounting treatment with respect to commitments and contingencies. We revise material accounting estimates if changes occur, such as more experience is acquired, additional information is obtained, or there is new information on which an estimate was or can be based. Actual results could differ from those estimates. In particular, a material reduction in the fair value of goodwill could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position and results of operations. We account for the effect of a change in accounting estimate during the period in which the change occurs.
Fair value of financial instruments
The carrying amounts of the Company's cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, contract assets, accrued expenses, and accounts payable approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The fair values of the Company's debt instruments approximated fair value because the underlying interest rates approximate market rates that the Company could obtain for similar instruments at the balance sheet dates.
8

Goodwill and other intangible assets
The Company continues to review its goodwill and other intangible assets for possible impairment or loss of value at least annually or more frequently upon the occurrence of an event or when circumstances indicate that a reporting unit’s carrying amount is greater than its fair value.
At September 30, 2019, we performed a goodwill impairment evaluation on the year-end carrying value of approximately $53 million. We performed both a qualitative and quantitative assessment of factors to determine whether it was necessary to perform the goodwill impairment test. Based on the results of the work performed, the Company has concluded that no impairment loss was warranted at September 30, 2019. For the nine months ended June 30, 2020, the Company determined that no change in business conditions occurred which would have a material adverse effect on the valuation of goodwill. Our assessment incorporated effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is not expected to have a meaningful impact on our financial results. Notwithstanding this evaluation, factors including non-renewal of a major contract or other substantial changes in business conditions could have a material adverse effect on the valuation of goodwill in future periods and the resulting charge could be material to future periods’ results of operations.
Equipment and improvements
Equipment and improvements are stated at cost. Depreciation and amortization are provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful asset lives (3 to 7 years) and the shorter of the initial lease term or estimated useful life for leasehold improvements. Maintenance and repair costs are expensed as incurred.
Income taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are reflected on the consolidated balance sheet when it is determined that it is more likely than not that the asset will be realized. This guidance also requires that
deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. We account for uncertain tax positions by recognizing the financial statement effects of a tax position only when, based upon the technical merits, it is "more-likely-than-not" that the position will be sustained upon examination. We had no uncertain tax positions at either June 30, 2020 or September 30, 2019. We report interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense. In the three and nine months ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019, we recognized no interest and no penalties related to income taxes.
Stock-based equity compensation
The Company uses the fair value-based method for stock-based equity compensation. Options issued are designated as either an incentive stock or a non-statutory stock option. No option may be granted with a term of more than 10 years from the date of grant. Option awards may depend on achievement of certain performance measures determined by the Compensation Committee of our Board. Shares issued upon option exercise are newly issued common shares. All awards to employees and non-employees are recorded at fair value on the date of the grant and expensed over the period of vesting. The Company uses a binomial simulation option pricing model to estimate the fair value of each stock option at the date of grant. Any consideration paid by the option holders to purchase shares is credited to capital stock.
Cash and cash equivalents
We consider all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. We maintain cash balances at financial institutions that are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250,000. Deposits held with financial institutions may exceed the $250,000 limit.
Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common stock outstanding and restricted stock grants that vested or are likely to vest during the period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of basic common shares outstanding, adjusted to reflect potentially dilutive securities. Diluted earnings per share is calculated using the treasury stock method.
9

Treasury Stock
The Company periodically purchases its own common stock that is traded on public markets as part of announced stock repurchase programs. The repurchased common stock is classified as treasury stock on the consolidated balance sheets and held at cost. As of June 30, 2020, the Company did not hold any treasury stock.
Interest Rate Swap
The Company uses derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk associated with its variable rate debt. The Company's objective in using these interest rate derivatives is to manage its exposure to interest rate movements and reduce volatility of interest expense. The gains and losses due to changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap agreements completely offset changes in the fair value of the hedged portion of the underlying debt. Offsetting changes in fair value of both the interest rate swaps and the hedged portion of the underlying debt both are recognized in interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company does not hold or issue any derivative instrument for trading or speculative purposes.
5. Revenue Recognition
We account for a contract when both we and the customer approve and commit; our rights and those of the customer are identified, payment terms are identified; the contract has commercial substance; and collectability of consideration is probable. At contract inception, we identify the distinct goods or services promised in the contract, referred to as performance obligations. Then we determine the total transaction price for the contract; which is the total consideration which we can expect in exchange for the promised goods or services in the contract. The transaction price may include fixed or variable amounts. Due to our contracts being predominantly time and material, the Company does not have variable consideration. The transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation using our best estimate of the standalone selling price for each service promised in the contract. The primary method used to estimate standalone selling price is the hourly billing rate for each labor category identified in the contract with the customer. Revenue is recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied.
We recognize revenue over time when there is a continuous transfer of control to our customer. For our U.S. government contracts, this continuous transfer of control to the customer is supported by clauses in the contract that allow the U.S. government to unilaterally terminate the contract for convenience, pay us for costs incurred plus a reasonable profit and take control of any work in process. When control is transferred over time, revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. For services contracts, we satisfy our performance obligations as services are rendered. We use a cost-based input method to measure progress.
Contract costs include labor, material and allocable indirect expenses. For time-and-material contracts, we bill the customer per labor hour and per material, and revenue is recognized in the amount invoiced since the amount corresponds directly to the value of our performance to date. We consider control to transfer when we have a present right to payment. Essentially, all of our contracts satisfy their performance obligations over time. Contracts are often modified to account for changes in contract specifications and requirements. Contract modifications impact performance obligations when the modification either creates new or changes the existing enforceable rights and obligations. The effect of a contract modification on the transaction price and our measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates is recognized as an adjustment to revenue and profit cumulatively. Furthermore, a significant change in one or more estimates could affect the profitability of our contracts. We recognize adjustments in estimated profit on contracts in the period identified.
For time-and-materials contracts, revenue is recognized to the extent of billable rates times hours delivered plus materials and other reimbursable costs incurred. Revenue for cost-reimbursable contracts is recorded as reimbursable costs are incurred, including an estimated share of the applicable contractual fees earned. Contract costs are expensed as incurred. Estimated losses are recognized when identified.
Contract assets - Amounts are invoiced as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms. In part, revenue recognition occurs before we have the right to bill, resulting in contract assets. These contract assets are reported within receivables, net on our consolidated balance sheets and are invoiced in accordance with payment terms defined in each contract. Period end balances will vary from period to period due to agreed-upon contractual terms.
Contract liabilities - Amounts are a result of billings in excess of costs incurred.
10

The following table summarizes the contract balances recognized on the Company's consolidated balance sheets:

|  |  | (in thousands) |  |
|  |  | June 30, |  | September 30,
|  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Contract assets |  |  | $ | 10,216 |  |  | $ | 4,302 |
Contract liabilities |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 92 |

Disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers
We disaggregate our revenue from contracts with customers by customer, contract type, as well as whether the Company acts as prime contractor or subcontractor. We believe these categories best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. The following series of tables presents our revenue disaggregated by these categories:
Revenue by customer:

|  | (in thousands) |  |  |  | (in thousands) |  |
|  | Three Months Ended |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |
|  | June 30, |  |  |  | June 30, |  |
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Department of Veterans Affairs |  | $ | 24,783 |  |  | $ | 23,056 |  |  | $ | 74,402 |  |  | $ | 68,563 |
Department of Health and Human Services |  | 23,312 |  |  | 14,297 |  |  | 73,263 |  |  | 34,987 |
Other |  | 3,364 |  |  | 1,347 |  |  | 10,830 |  |  | 2,658 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 51,459 |  |  | $ | 38,700 |  |  | $ | 158,495 |  |  | $ | 106,208 |

Revenue by contract type:

|  | (in thousands) |  |  |  | (in thousands) |  |
|  | Three Months Ended |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |
|  | June 30, |  |  |  | June 30, |  |
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Time and materials |  | $ | 36,315 |  |  | $ | 33,426 |  |  | $ | 110,918 |  |  | $ | 98,841 |
Cost reimbursable |  | 13,841 |  |  | 4,545 |  |  | 43,887 |  |  | 5,791 |
Firm fixed price |  | 1,303 |  |  | 729 |  |  | 3,690 |  |  | 1,576 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 51,459 |  |  | $ | 38,700 |  |  | $ | 158,495 |  |  | $ | 106,208 |

Revenue by whether the Company acts as a prime contractor or a subcontractor:

|  | (in thousands) |  |  |  | (in thousands) |  |
|  | Three Months Ended |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |
|  | June 30, |  |  |  | June 30, |  |
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Prime contractor |  | $ | 47,649 |  |  | $ | 36,882 |  |  | $ | 147,464 |  |  | $ | 103,947 |
Subcontractor |  | 3,810 |  |  | 1,818 |  |  | 11,031 |  |  | 2,261 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 51,459 |  |  | $ | 38,700 |  |  | $ | 158,495 |  |  | $ | 106,208 |

6. Leases
11

We have leases for facilities and office equipment. Our lease liabilities are recognized as the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term. Our right-of-use assets are recognized as the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term less unamortized lease incentives and the balance remaining in deferred rent liability under ASC 840 at September 30, 2019. Our lease payments consist of fixed and in-substance fixed amounts attributable to the use of the underlying asset over the lease term. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index rate or are not in-substance fixed payments are excluded in the measurement of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities and are expensed in the period incurred. The incremental borrowing rate on our credit facility was used in determining the present value of future minimum lease payments. The Company does not have any finance leases.
Upon the adoption of ASC 842, we recorded operating lease right-of-use assets of $17.4 million, current and long-term operating lease liabilities of $3.6 million and $14.4 million, and a $2 thousand cumulative adjustment to accumulated deficit.
The impact of adopting the standard on our consolidated balance sheet at October 1, 2019 is as follows:

(in thousands) | Ref | September 30, 2019 |  | ASC 842 Adjustments |  | October 1, 2019
Long-term assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases right-of-use assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,398 |  |  | $ | 17,398 |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred rent liability - short-term | (a) | 44 |  |  | (44) |  |  | — |
Operating leases liabilities - current |  | — |  |  | 3,645 |  |  | 3,645 |
Long-term liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred rent liability - long-term | (b) | 276 |  |  | (276) |  |  | — |
Unamortized tenant improvement allowance | (c) | 297 |  |  | (297) |  |  | — |
Operating leases liabilities - long-term |  | — |  |  | 14,372 |  |  | 14,372 |
Shareholders' equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accumulated deficit |  | (39,555) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (39,557) |

Ref (a): The balance of short-term deferred rent liability was presented in our most recent annual 10K report within accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other accrued liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2019.
Ref (b): The balance of long-term deferred rent liability was presented in our most recent annual 10K report within total long-term liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2019.
Ref (c): The balance of unamortized tenant improvement allowance was presented in our most recent annual 10K report within total long-term liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2019.
The Company executed a modification of a lease during the fiscal quarter ending December 31, 2019 and recognized adjustments to the right-of-use asset and lease liabilities in accordance with ASC 842. As a result of the modification, a gain of $0.1 million was recognized. The gain represents the difference between the change in values of the right-of-use-asset and lease liabilities, which were $7.3 million and $7.2 million, respectively. For the nine months ended June 30, 2020, the increase to right-of-use assets and lease liabilities was $24.7 million and $25.2 million, respectively. For more information, refer to Note 6, Supporting Financial Information.
As of June 30, 2020, operating leases for facilities and equipment have remaining lease terms of 0.8 to 10.8 years.
The following table summarizes lease balances in our consolidated balance sheet at June 30, 2020:
12

| (in thousands)
| June 30, 2020
Operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | 22,276 |
Operating lease liabilities, current | $ | 1,768 |
Operating lease liabilities - long-term | 21,686 |
Total operating lease liabilities | $ | 23,454 |

The Company's lease costs are included within general and administrative costs and for the three and nine months ending June 30, 2020, total lease costs for our operating leases are as follows:

| (in thousands) |  |
| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| June 30, 2020 |  | June 30, 2020
Lease Costs: |  |  |
Operating | $ | 834 |  |  | $ | 3,350 |
Short-term | 30 |  |  | 133 |
Variable | 28 |  |  | 51 |
Total lease costs | $ | 892 |  |  | $ | 3,534 |

The Company's future minimum lease payments as of June 30, 2020 are as follows:

For the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, | (in thousands)
2020 (Remaining) | $ | 758 |
2021 | 3,156 |
2022 | 3,244 |
2023 | 3,264 |
2024 | 3,215 |
Thereafter | 17,776 |
Total future lease payments | 31,413 |
Less: imputed interest | (7,959) |
Present value of future minimum lease payments | 23,454 |
Less: current portion of operating lease liabilities | (1,768) |
Long-term operating lease liabilities | $ | 21,686 |

Other information related to our leases are as follows:

| June 30, 2020
Weighted-average remaining lease term | 9.5 years
Weighted-average discount rate | 6.03 | %

|  | (in thousands) |  |
|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | June 30, 2020 |  | June 30, 2020
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities |  | $ | 336 |  |  | $ | 2,803 |
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use-assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 245 |

13

7. Supporting Financial Information
Accounts receivable

|  |  | (in thousands) |  |
|  |  | June 30, |  | September 30,
| Ref |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Billed receivables |  |  | $ | 19,419 |  |  | $ | 18,924 |
Contract assets |  |  | 10,216 |  |  | 4,302 |
Total accounts receivable |  |  | 29,635 |  |  | 23,226 |
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts | (a) |  | — |  |  | — |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | $ | 29,635 |  |  | $ | 23,226 |

Ref (a): Accounts receivable are non-interest bearing, unsecured and carried at net realizable value. We evaluate our receivables on a quarterly basis and determine whether an allowance is appropriate based on specific collection issues. No allowance for doubtful accounts was deemed necessary at either June 30, 2020 or September 30, 2019.
Other current assets

|  |  | (in thousands) |  |
|  |  | June 30, |  | September 30,
|  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Prepaid insurance and benefits |  |  | $ | 833 |  |  | $ | 495 |
Other receivables |  |  | 1,407 |  |  | 301 |
Other prepaid expenses |  |  | 1,532 |  |  | 1,035 |
Other current assets |  |  | $ | 3,772 |  |  | $ | 1,831 |

Equipment and improvements, net

|  |  | (in thousands) |  |
|  |  | June 30, |  | September 30,
| Ref |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Furniture and equipment |  |  | $ | 1,262 |  |  | $ | 1,262 |
Computer equipment |  |  | 1,171 |  |  | 1,043 |
Computer software |  |  | 4,008 |  |  | 3,985 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 1,595 |  |  | 1,595 |
Total equipment and improvements |  |  | 8,036 |  |  | 7,885 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  | (4,267) |  |  | (2,542) |
Equipment and improvements, net | (a) |  | $ | 3,769 |  |  | $ | 5,343 |

Ref (a): Depreciation expense was $0.5 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $1.7 million and $0.5 million for the nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
14

Intangible assets

|  |  | (in thousands) |  |
|  |  | June 30, |  | September 30,
| Ref |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Intangible assets | (a) |  |  |  |
Customer contracts and related customer relationships |  |  | $ | 45,600 |  |  | $ | 45,600 |
Covenants not to compete |  |  | 480 |  |  | 480 |
Trade name |  |  | 2,109 |  |  | 2,109 |
Total intangible assets |  |  | 48,189 |  |  | 48,189 |
Less accumulated amortization |  |  |  |  |
Customer contracts and related customer relationships |  |  | (10,010) |  |  | (6,590) |
Covenants not to compete |  |  | (200) |  |  | (164) |
Trade name |  |  | (385) |  |  | (227) |
Total accumulated amortization |  |  | (10,595) |  |  | (6,981) |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | $ | 37,594 |  |  | $ | 41,208 |

Ref (a): Intangible assets subject to amortization. The intangibles are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of 10 years. The total amount of amortization expense was $1.2 million and $0.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $3.6 million and $1.5 million for the nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Estimated amortization expense for future years: |  | (in thousands)
Remaining Fiscal 2020 |  | $ | 1,205 |
Fiscal 2021 |  | 4,819 |
Fiscal 2022 |  | 4,819 |
Fiscal 2023 |  | 4,819 |
Fiscal 2024 |  | 4,819 |
Thereafter |  | 17,113 |
Total amortization expense |  | $ | 37,594 |

Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities

|  |  | (in thousands) |  |
|  |  | June 30, |  | September 30,
|  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Accounts payable |  |  | $ | 11,827 |  |  | $ | 10,054 |
Accrued benefits |  |  | 2,963 |  |  | 2,252 |
Accrued bonus and incentive compensation |  |  | 1,819 |  |  | 1,951 |
Accrued workers' compensation insurance |  |  | 4,888 |  |  | 4,007 |
Other accrued expenses |  |  | 2,756 |  |  | 2,369 |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other current liabilities |  |  | $ | 24,253 |  |  | $ | 20,633 |

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Debt obligations

|  |  | (in thousands) |  |
|  |  | June 30, |  | September 30,
|  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Bank term loan |  |  | $ | 44,500 |  |  | $ | 56,000 |
Less unamortized deferred financing cost |  |  | (1,958) |  |  | (2,371) |
Net bank debt obligation |  |  | 42,542 |  |  | 53,629 |
Less current portion of term loan debt obligations |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Long-term portion of bank debt obligation |  |  | $ | 42,542 |  |  | $ | 53,629 |

Interest expense

|  |  | (in thousands) |  |  |  | (in thousands) |  |
|  |  | Three Months Ended |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |
|  |  | June 30, |  |  |  | June 30, |  |
| Ref |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Interest expense | (a) |  | $ | (635) |  |  | $ | (297) |  |  | $ | (2,229) |  |  | $ | (485) |
Amortization of deferred financing costs | (b) |  | (178) |  |  | (265) |  |  | (551) |  |  | (799) |
Other income (expense), net | (c) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121 |  |  | — |
Interest expense, net |  |  | $ | (813) |  |  | $ | (562) |  |  | $ | (2,659) |  |  | $ | (1,284) |

Ref (a): Interest expense on borrowing
Ref (b): Amortization of expenses related to term loan and revolving line of credit
Ref (c): Gain on lease modification due to a lease amendment
8. Credit Facilities
A summary of this loan facility as of June 30, 2020, is as follows:

|  | Arrangement |  | Loan Balance |  |  | Interest |  | Maturity Date
|  | Secured term loan $70 million (a) |  | $ | 44.5 |  | million |  | LIBOR* + 3.5% |  | June 7, 2024
|  | Secured revolving line of credit $25 million ceiling (b) |  | $ | — |  | million |  | LIBOR* + 3.5% |  | June 7, 2024

*LIBOR rate as of June 30, 2020 was 0.17%
(a) Represents the principal amounts payable on our secured term loan. The $70.0 million secured term loan was secured by liens on substantially all of the assets of the Company. The principal of the term loan is payable in quarterly installments with the remaining balance due on June 7, 2024. Required amortization is 7.5% in years 1 and 2 of the term loan, 10.0% in years 3 and 4, and 12.5% in year 5, with the balance due at maturity.
The Credit Agreement requires compliance with a number of financial covenants and contains restrictions on our ability to engage in certain transactions. Among other matters, we must comply with limitations on the following: granting liens; incurring other indebtedness; maintenance of assets; investments in other entities and extensions of credit; mergers and consolidations; and changes in nature of business. The loan agreement also requires us to comply with certain quarterly financial covenants including: (i) a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.25 to 1.00 commencing with the quarter ending September 30, 2019, and for all subsequent periods, and (ii) a Funded Indebtedness to Adjusted EBITDA ratio not exceeding the ratio of 4.25:1.0 to 3.25:1.0 through maturity. Adjusted EBITDA ratio is calculated by dividing the Company's total interest-bearing debt by net income adjusted to exclude (i) interest and other expenses, (ii) provision for or benefit from income taxes, if any, (iii) depreciation and amortization, and (iv) non-recurring charges, losses or expenses to include transaction and non-cash equity expense. The term loan has an interest rate spread range from 2.5% to 4.5% depending on the funded indebtedness to adjusted EBITDA ratio. We are in compliance with all loan covenants and restrictions.
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We are required to pay quarterly amortization payments, which commenced in September 2019 and ends in March 2024. The quarterly payments are equal installments which started in September 2019 at $1,312,500. The amortization amount will increase every two years by $437,500; the first will occur September 2021 and the final increase will occur in September 2023. In addition to quarterly payments of the outstanding indebtedness, the loan agreement also requires annual payments of a percentage of excess cash flow, as defined in the loan agreement. The loan agreement states that an excess cash flow recapture payment must be made equal to (a) 75% of the excess cash flow for the immediately preceding fiscal year in which indebtedness to consolidated EBITDA ratio is greater than or equal to 2.50:1.0; (b) 50% of the excess cash flow for the immediately preceding fiscal year in which the funded indebtedness to consolidated EBITDA Ratio is less than 2.50:1.0 but greater than or equal to 1.5:1.0; or (c) 0% of the excess cash flow for the immediately preceding fiscal year in which the funded indebtedness to consolidated EBITDA Ratio is less than 1.5:1.0. In addition, the Company must make additional mandatory prepayment of amounts outstanding based on proceeds received from asset sales and sales of certain equity securities or other indebtedness. The Company has made voluntary principal prepayments that satisfy mandatory principal amortization until September 2023. For additional information regarding the schedule of future payment obligations, please refer to Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies.
On September 30, 2019, we executed a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap with First National Bank ("FNB") as counter party. The notional amount in the floating-to-fixed interest rate swap is $36 million that matures in 2024. The remaining outstanding balance of our term loan is subject to interest rate fluctuations. On the notional amount, the Company pays a base fixed rate of 1.61%, plus applicable credit spread. As a result, for the nine months ended June 30, 2020, interest expense has been increased by less than $0.1 million.
(b) The secured revolving line of credit has a ceiling of up to $25.0 million. Borrowing on the line of credit is secured by liens on substantially all of the assets of the Company. The Company accessed funds from the revolving credit facility during the quarter but has no outstanding balance at June 30, 2020.
The Company's total borrowing availability, based on eligible accounts receivables at June 30, 2020, was $19.3 million. As part of the revolving credit facility, the lenders agreed to a sublimit of $3 million for letters of credit for the account of the Company, subject to applicable procedures.
The revolving line of credit has a maturity date of June 7, 2024 and is subject to loan covenants as described above. DLH is fully compliant with those covenants.
9. Stock-based Compensation, Equity Grants, and Warrants
Stock-based compensation expense
Options issued under equity incentive plans are designated as either an incentive stock or a non-statutory stock option. No option is granted with a term of more than 10 years from the date of grant. Exercisability of option awards may depend on achievement of certain performance measures determined by the Compensation Committee of our Board. Shares issued upon option exercise are newly issued shares. As of June 30, 2020, there were 1.1 million shares available for grant.
Stock-based compensation expense, shown in the table below, is recorded in general and administrative expenses included in our statements of operations:

|  |  | (in thousands) |  |  |  | (in thousands) |  |
|  |  | Three Months Ended |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |
| Ref |  | June 30, |  |  |  | June 30, |  |
|  |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
DLH employees |  |  | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 306 |  |  | $ | 196 |
Non-employee directors | (a) |  | 87 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 395 |
Total stock option expense |  |  | $ | 182 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 566 |  |  | $ | 591 |

Ref (a): Equity grants of restricted stock units, in accordance with DLH compensation policy for non-employee directors were made in the first quarter of fiscal 2020 and in total 77,500 restricted stock units were issued and outstanding.
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Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense

|  |  | (in thousands) |  |
|  |  | June 30, |  |
| Ref |  | 2020 |  |
Unrecognized expense for DLH employees | (a) |  | $ | 1,007 |  |  |
Unrecognized expense for non-employee directors |  |  | 87 |  |  |
Total unrecognized expense |  |  | $ | 1,094 |  |  |

Ref (a): Compensation expense for the portion of equity awards for which the requisite service has not been rendered is recognized as the requisite service is rendered. The compensation expense for that portion of awards has been based on the grant-date fair value of those awards as calculated for recognition purposes under applicable guidance. On a weighted average basis, this expense is expected to be recognized within the next 3.82 years.
Stock option activity for the nine months ended June 30, 2020
The aggregate intrinsic value in the table below represents the total pretax intrinsic value (i.e., the difference between the Company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of the period and the exercise price, times the number of shares) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their in the money options on those dates. This amount will change based on the fair market value of the Company’s stock.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (in years) |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Weighted |  | Average |  | (in thousands)
|  |  |  | (in thousands) |  | Average |  | Remaining |  | Aggregate
|  |  |  | Number of |  | Exercise |  | Contractual |  | Intrinsic
|  |  | Ref | Shares |  | Price |  | Term |  | Value
Options outstanding, September 30, 2019 |  |  |  | 2,134 |  |  | $ | 4.36 |  |  | 5.9 |  | $ | 4,815 |
Granted |  |  | (a) | 250 |  |  | $ | 4.17 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Exercised |  |  |  | (345) |  |  | $ | 1.05 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Cancelled |  |  |  | (160) |  |  | $ | 1.29 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Options outstanding, June 30, 2020 |  |  |  | 1,879 |  |  | $ | 4.60 |  |  | 6.5 |  | $ | 7,280 |

Ref (a): Utilizing a volatility of 50% along with assumptions of a 10-year term and the aforementioned 10-day stock price threshold results in an indicated range of value of the Options granted during the quarter ended December 31, 2019, as follows using the Monte Carlo Method.

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Volatility
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 50%
|  |  |  | Vesting |  | Expected |
|  | Strike | Stock | Threshold |  | Term | Calculated
Grant Date | Ref | Price | Price | Price |  | (Years) | Fair Value
October 18, 2019 | (a) | $ | 4.17 |  | $ | 4.17 |  | Service |  | 10 | $ | 2.54 |
October 18, 2019 |  | $ | 4.17 |  | $ | 4.17 |  | $ | 8.00 |  |  | 10 | $ | 2.56 |
October 18, 2019 |  | $ | 4.17 |  | $ | 4.17 |  | $ | 10.00 |  |  | 10 | $ | 2.53 |
October 18, 2019 |  | $ | 4.17 |  | $ | 4.17 |  | $ | 12.00 |  |  | 10 | $ | 2.51 |
Notes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Results based on 100,000 simulations |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Ref (a): Options granted vest after completion of a one year service period.
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Stock options shares outstanding, vested and unvested for the period ended

|  |  | (in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | June 30, |  | September 30, |  |  |  |
| Ref |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |
Vested and exercisable | (a) |  | 1,072 |  |  | 1,300 |  |  |  |  |
Unvested | (b) |  | 807 |  |  | 834 |  |  |  |  |
Options outstanding |  |  | 1,879 |  |  | 2,134 |  |  |  |  |

Ref (a): Weighted average exercise price of vested and exercisable shares was $1.61 and $1.51 at June 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, respectively. Aggregate intrinsic value was approximately $5.9 million and $3.9 million at June 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, respectively. Weighted average contractual term remaining was 3.2 and 3.8 years at June 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, respectively.
Ref (b): Certain awards vest upon satisfaction of certain performance criteria.
10. Earnings Per Share
The below details the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the periods indicated:

|  | (In thousands, except per share amounts) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Three Months Ended |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |
|  | June 30, |  |  |  | June 30, |  |
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 2,124 |  |  | $ | 803 |  |  | $ | 5,752 |  |  | $ | 3,758 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Denominator for basic net income per share - weighted-average outstanding shares |  | 12,354 |  |  | 12,036 |  |  | 12,246 |  |  | 12,011 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options and restricted stock |  | 874 |  |  | 1,041 |  |  | 804 |  |  | 1,037 |
Denominator for diluted net income per share - weighted-average outstanding shares |  | 13,228 |  |  | 13,077 |  |  | 13,050 |  |  | 13,048 |
Net income per share - basic |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | 0.07 |  |  | $ | 0.47 |  |  | $ | 0.31 |
Net income per share - diluted |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 0.44 |  |  | $ | 0.29 |

11. Commitments and Contingencies
Contractual obligations as of June 30, 2020

|  |  |  | Payments Due by Period |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | Next 12 |  | 2-3 |  | 4-5 |  | More than 5
(Amounts in thousands) |  | Total |  | Months |  | Years |  | Years |  | Years
Debt obligations |  | $ | 44,500 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 44,500 |  |  | $ | — |
Facility leases |  | 31,313 |  |  | 3,100 |  |  | 6,415 |  |  | 6,329 |  |  | 15,469 |
Equipment operating leases |  | 100 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |
Total obligations |  | $ | 75,913 |  |  | $ | 3,134 |  |  | $ | 6,459 |  |  | $ | 50,851 |  |  | $ | 15,469 |

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Worker's compensation
We accrue worker's compensation expense based on claims submitted, applying actuarial loss development factors to estimate the costs incurred but not yet recorded. Our accrued liability for claims development as of June 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019 was $4.9 million and $4.0 million, respectively.
Legal proceedings
As a commercial enterprise and employer, the Company is subject to various claims and legal actions in the ordinary course of business. These matters can include professional liability, employment-relations issues, workers’ compensation, tax, payroll and employee-related matters, other commercial disputes arising in the course of its business, and inquiries and investigations by governmental agencies regarding our employment practices or other matters. The Company is not aware of any pending or threatened litigation that it believes is reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial position or cash flows.
12. Related Party Transactions
The Company has determined that for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2020 there were no significant related party transactions that have occurred which require disclosure through the date that these financial statements were issued.
ITEM 2: MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Forward Looking and Cautionary Statements
You should read the following discussion in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes to those statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2019, and in other reports we have subsequently filed with the SEC. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains certain statements that are forward-looking within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Certain statements contained in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis are forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Any statements that refer to expectations, projections or other characterizations of future events or circumstances or that are not statements of historical fact (including without limitation statements to the effect that the Company or its management “believes”, “expects”, “anticipates”, “plans”, “intends” and similar expressions) should be considered forward looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties which could cause actual events or DLH’s actual results to differ materially from those indicated by the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements in this report include, among others, statements regarding benefits of the acquisition, estimates of future revenues, operating income, earnings, earnings per share, backlog, and cash flows. These statements reflect our belief and assumptions as to future events that may not prove to be accurate. Our actual results may differ materially from such forward-looking statements made in this report due to a variety of factors, including: the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”), including the measures to reduce its spread, and its impact on the economy and demand for our services, are uncertain, cannot be predicted, and may precipitate or exacerbate other risks and uncertainties; the risk that we will not realize the anticipated benefits of an acquisition; the challenges of managing larger and more widespread operations resulting from the acquisition; contract awards in connection with re-competes for present business and/or competition for new business; compliance with new bank financial and other covenants; changes in client budgetary priorities; government contract procurement (such as bid protest, small business set asides, loss of work due to organizational conflicts of interest, etc.) and termination risks; the ability to successfully integrate the operations of future acquisitions; and other risks described in our SEC filings. For a discussion of such risks and uncertainties which could cause actual results to differ from those contained in the forward-looking statements, see “Risk Factors” in the Company’s periodic reports filed with the SEC, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019, as well as interim quarterly filings thereafter. The forward-looking statements contained herein are not historical facts, but rather are based on current expectations, estimates, assumptions and projections about our industry and business. Such forward-looking statements are made as of the date hereof and may become outdated over time. The Company does not assume any responsibility for updating forward-looking statements.
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Business and Markets Overview
We are a provider of technology-enabled business process outsourcing and program management solutions, primarily to improve and better deploy large-scale federal health and human service initiatives. DLH derives essentially all of its revenue from agencies of the Federal government, providing services to several agencies including the Department of Veteran Affairs ("VA"), Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS"), and the Department of Defense ("DoD").
Our business offerings are aligned to three market focus areas within the federal health services market space.
•Defense and Veteran Health Solutions;
•Human Services and Solutions;
•Public Health and Life Sciences;
The following table summarizes the revenues by market for the nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively:

|  |  |  |  |  | (in thousands) |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | June 30, |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Revenue | Percent of total revenue |  | Revenue | Percent of total revenue
Defense/VA |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 75,353 |  | 48 | % |  | $ | 70,026 |  | 66 | %
Human Services and Solutions |  |  |  |  |  | 31,563 |  | 20 | % |  | 29,421 |  | 28 | %
Public Health/Life Sciences |  |  |  |  |  | 51,579 |  | 32 | % |  | 6,761 |  | 6 | %
Total revenue |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 158,495 |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 106,208 |  | 100 | %

Distribution of Services and Solutions in Our Markets
We operate primarily through prime contracts awarded by the government through competitive bidding processes. We have a diverse mix of contract vehicles with various agencies of the United States Government, which supports our overall corporate growth strategy. Our revenue is distributed to time and materials contracts (70%), cost reimbursable contracts (28%) and firm fixed price contracts (2%). We provide services under IDIQ and government wide acquisition contracts, such as General Services Administration ("GSA") schedule contracts. We currently hold multiple GSA schedule contracts, under which we provide services that constitute a significant percentage of our total revenue. These Federal contract schedules are renewed on a recurring basis for a multi-year period.
Major Customers
Our two largest customers are HHS and the VA. The following table summarizes the revenues by customer for the nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively:

|  |  |  |  |  | (in thousands) |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | June 30, |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Revenue | Percent of total revenue |  | Revenue | Percent of total revenue
Department of Veterans Affairs |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 74,402 |  | 47 | % |  | $ | 68,563 |  | 65 | %
Department of Health and Human Services |  |  |  |  |  | 73,263 |  | 46 | % |  | 34,987 |  | 33 | %
Customers with less than 10% share of total revenue |  |  |  |  |  | 10,830 |  | 7 | % |  | 2,658 |  | 2 | %
Total revenue |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 158,495 |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 106,208 |  | 100 | %

Major Contracts
The revenue attributable to the VA was derived from 16 separate contracts covering the Company's performance of pharmacy and logistics services in support of the VA's consolidated mail outpatient pharmacy program. Nine contracts for pharmacy
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services, which represent revenues of approximately $41.8 million and $39.6 million for the nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, are currently operating under extensions through October 2020. The customer has indicated their intent to further extend the contract through fiscal 2021.
As previously reported, a single renewal request for proposal (“RFP”) had been issued for the nine (9) pharmacy contracts that required the prime contractor be a service-disabled veteran owned small business (“SDVOSB”), which would have precluded us from bidding on the RFP as a prime contractor. We had joined a SDVOSB team as a subcontractor to respond to this RFP. However, the government has canceled the previously issued RFP for these contracts. The government has neither indicated nor announced its future procurement strategy. Due to the time required to conduct a procurement process, we expect these contracts to be further extended.
The remaining seven contracts for logistics services, which represent approximately $32.6 million and $29.0 million of revenues for the nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, have been extended through June 2021. A renewal RFP for the seven logistics contracts has been issued and provides for evaluation and award of the contract based on the classification of the bidder, with preference given to a SDVOSB prime contractor. The Company has joined a SDVOSB team to respond to this RFP. We believe that these contracts will be extended during the procurement process. The government has not provided any updated guidance with respect to this procurement.
The Company's contract with HHS in support of its Head Start program generated $26.8 million and $28.6 million of its revenue for the nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. This contract was awarded on a time and materials basis and provided for a base period and four option periods for a total term of five years through April 2020. We have received a fully funded contract extension through August 2020. The customer issued an RFP during the quarter. The Company submitted a proposal to the RFP. It is expected that the government will announce an award determination during the next fiscal quarter.
We remain dependent upon the continuation of our relationships with the VA and HHS. Our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition would be materially adversely affected if we were unable to continue our relationship with either of these customers, if we were to lose any of our material current contracts, or if the amount of services we provide to them was to be materially reduced.
Backlog
Backlog represents total estimated contract value of predominantly multi-year government contracts and will vary depending upon the timing of new/renewal contract awards. Backlog is based upon customer commitments that the Company believes to be firm over the remaining performance period of our contracts. The value of multi-client, competitive Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity ("IDIQ") contract awards is included in backlog computation only when a task order is awarded or if the contract is a single award IDIQ contract. While no assurances can be given that existing contracts will result in earned revenue in any future period, or at all, the Company’s major customers have historically exercised their contractual renewal options. At June 30, 2020, our total backlog was approximately $384.7 million compared to $414.1 million as of September 30, 2019.
Backlog value is quantified from management's judgment and assumptions about the volume of services based on past volume trends and current planning developed with customers. Our backlog may consist of both funded and unfunded amounts under existing contracts including option periods. At June 30, 2020, our funded backlog was approximately $95.5 million, and our unfunded backlog was $289.2 million.
Forward Looking Business Trends
COVID-19 Impact
We are exposed to and impacted by macroeconomic factors and U.S. government policies. Current general economic conditions are highly volatile due to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in both market size contractions due to economic slowdowns and government restrictions on movement. We have seen continued demand for the services we provide under our current contract portfolio as the services we provide are largely deemed essential. While the pandemic has had minor offsetting impacts due to social distancing and travel restrictions, we do not expect material impacts from COVID-19 in this fiscal year.
The pandemic may cause reduced demand for certain services we provide, particularly if it results in a recessionary economic environment or the spending priorities of the U.S. government shift in ways adverse to our business focus. Our ability to continue to operate without any significant negative impacts will in part depend on our continued ability to protect our employees. We have endeavored to follow recommended actions of government and health authorities to protect our employees
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and were able to broadly maintain our operations. Further, we have partnered with our clients to adopt particular measures to protect our employees at distribution centers, and we expect to execute on a remainder of our contracts through remote and teleworking arrangements. We intend to continue to work with government authorities and implement our employee safety measures to ensure that we are able to continue our operations during the pandemic. However, uncertainty resulting from the pandemic could result in an unforeseen disruption to our operations (for example a closure of a key distribution facility) that may not be fully mitigated.
Due to our ability to continue to perform under our contracts and our cash flow generation, we do not presently expect liquidity constraints related to COVID-19. We are presently in compliance with all covenants in our term loan and have access to a revolving line of credit to meet any short-term cash needs that cannot be funded by operations. Due to our reduction in term loan principal, we do not have a scheduled amortization payment until September 2023. As such, mandatory demands on our cash flow remain low. Further, we have not observed any material impairments of our assets or a significant change in the fair value of our assets due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
For additional information on risk factors that could impact our results, please refer to “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q.
Federal budget outlook for 2021:
Department of Veterans Affairs health spending trends:
The VA is requesting a total budget of $243.3 billion, an increase in fiscal 2021 of 10.2% above the fiscal 2020 budget. The budget increase focuses on several key veteran health initiatives to include telehealth and mental health. For these initiatives the VA has requested budgets of $1.3 and $10.3 billion, respectively. These requests represent an approximately 27% and 7% increase from fiscal 2020. We believe our capabilities and service delivery models are aligned with our customers growth initiatives
Department of Health and Human Services spending trends:
Over the past two government fiscal years, spending on health care initiatives has increased and is expected to increase in fiscal 2021 to $1.4 trillion. HHS is the principal federal department charged with protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services.
The National Institutes of Health ("NIH"), a part of HHS, is asking for approximately $8.8 billion to fund new COVID-19 projects. These projects will focus not only on vaccines and other treatments, but will also evaluate the societal impacts of the disease. We believe our capabilities and past performance are well aligned with the service sought under this budget increase.
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Results of Operations for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019
The following table summarizes, for the periods indicated, consolidated statements of income data expressed in dollars in thousands except for per share amounts, and as a percentage of revenue:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | June 30, 2020 |  |  |  | June 30, 2019 |  |  | Change
Revenue |  | $ | 51,459 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 38,700 |  |  | 100.0 | % | $ | 12,759 |
Cost of operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contract costs |  | 39,615 |  |  | 77.0 | % |  | 30,038 |  |  | 77.6 | % | 9,577 |
General and administrative costs |  | 6,323 |  |  | 12.3 | % |  | 4,811 |  |  | 12.4 | % | 1,512 |
Acquisition costs |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 1,247 |  |  | 3.2 | % | (1,247) |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 1,721 |  |  | 3.3 | % |  | 914 |  |  | 2.4 | % | 807 |
Total operating costs |  | 47,659 |  |  | 92.6 | % |  | 37,010 |  |  | 95.6 | % | 10,649 |
Income from operations |  | 3,800 |  |  | 7.4 | % |  | 1,690 |  |  | 4.4 | % | 2,110 |
Interest expense, net |  | 813 |  |  | 1.6 | % |  | 562 |  |  | 1.5 | % | 251 |
Income before income taxes |  | 2,987 |  |  | 5.8 | % |  | 1,128 |  |  | 2.9 | % | 1,859 |
Income tax expense |  | 863 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | 325 |  |  | 0.8 | % | 538 |
Net income |  | $ | 2,124 |  |  | 4.1 | % |  | $ | 803 |  |  | 2.1 | % | 1,321 |
Net income per share - basic |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.07 |  |  |  | $ | 0.10 |
Net income per share - diluted |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  |  | $ | 0.10 |

Revenue
Revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2020 was $51.5 million, an increase of $12.8 million or 33.0% over the prior year period. The increase in revenue is due primarily to the inclusion of Social & Scientific Systems, Inc. ("S3") for the full quarter in the current year.
Cost of Operations
Contract costs primarily include the costs associated with providing services to our customers. These costs are generally comprised of direct labor and associated fringe benefit costs, subcontract cost, other direct costs, and the related management and infrastructure costs. For the three months ended June 30, 2020, contract costs increased by approximately $9.6 million, principally due to the addition of S3.
General and administrative costs are for those employees not directly providing services to our customers, to include but not limited to executive management, bid and proposal, accounting, and human resources. These costs increased as compared to the prior fiscal year period by $1.5 million primarily from the inclusion of S3 and increased business development costs, offset by increased operational leverage.
For the three months ended June 30, 2020, depreciation and amortization costs were approximately $0.5 million and $1.2 million, respectively, as compared to approximately $0.3 million and $0.6 million for the prior fiscal year period. The increase of $0.8 million was principally due to the amortization of the acquired definite-lived intangible assets of S3.
Interest Expense, net
Interest expense, net, includes items such as, interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs on debt obligations.
For the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, interest expense was approximately $0.8 million and $0.6 million, respectively. The increase in interest expense was due to the borrowing required to finance the acquisition of S3.
Income Tax Expense
For the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, DLH recorded a $0.9 million and $0.3 million provision for tax expense, respectively. The effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was 29%.
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Results of Operations for the nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019
The following table summarizes, for the periods indicated, consolidated statements of income data expressed in dollars in thousands except for per share amounts, and as a percentage of revenue:

|  | Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated Statement of Income: |  | June 30, 2020 |  |  |  | June 30, 2019 |  |  |  | $ |  |  |  |  |
Revenue |  | $ | 158,495 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 106,208 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 52,287 |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of Operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contract Costs |  | 123,895 |  |  | 78.2 | % |  | 82,744 |  |  | 77.9 | % |  | 41,151 |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative expenses |  | 18,497 |  |  | 11.7 | % |  | 13,462 |  |  | 12.7 | % |  | 5,035 |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition costs |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 1,391 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | (1,391) |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 5,340 |  |  | 3.4 | % |  | 2,037 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | 3,303 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating costs |  | 147,732 |  |  | 93.2 | % |  | 99,634 |  |  | 93.8 | % |  | 48,098 |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from operations |  | 10,763 |  |  | 6.8 | % |  | 6,574 |  |  | 6.2 | % |  | 4,189 |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest |  | 2,659 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | 1,284 |  |  | 1.2 | % |  | 1,375 |  |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes |  | 8,104 |  |  | 5.1 | % |  | 5,290 |  |  | 5.0 | % |  | 2,814 |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense, net |  | 2,352 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | 1,532 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 820 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 5,752 |  |  | 3.6 | % |  | $ | 3,758 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | $ | 1,994 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per share - basic |  | $ | 0.47 |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.31 |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per share - diluted |  | $ | 0.44 |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.15 |  |  |  |  |  |

Revenue
Revenue for the nine months ended June 30, 2020 was $158.5 million, an increase of $52.3 million or 49.2% over the prior year period. The increase in revenue is due primarily to the inclusion of revenue from S3 for the full year, as well as increased volume in legacy contracts.
Cost of Operations
Contract costs primarily include the costs associated with providing services to our customers. These costs are generally comprised of direct labor and associated fringe benefit costs, subcontract cost, other direct costs, and the related management and infrastructure costs. For the nine months ended June 30, 2020, contract costs increased by approximately $41.2 million principally due to the addition of S3.
General and administrative costs are for those employees not directly providing services to our customers, to include but not limited to executive management, bid and proposal, accounting, and human resources. These costs increased as compared to the same period in the prior fiscal year by $5.0 million primarily from the inclusion of S3. As a percent of revenue, general and administrative costs decreased due to improved operating leverage derived from an expanded business base.
For the nine months ended June 30, 2020, depreciation and amortization costs were approximately $1.7 million and $3.6 million, respectively, as compared to approximately $0.5 million and $1.5 million for the prior fiscal year period. The increase of $3.3 million was principally due to the amortization of the acquired definite-lived intangible assets of S3.
Interest Expense, net
Interest expense, net, includes interest expense on the Company's term loan and amortization of deferred financing costs on debt obligations. For the nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, interest expense, net was approximately $2.7 million and $1.3 million, respectively. The increase in interest expense was due to the borrowing required to finance the acquisition of S3.
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Income Tax Expense
For the nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, DLH recorded a $2.4 million and $1.5 million provision for tax expense, respectively. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was 29%.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The Company uses EBITDA as a supplemental non-GAAP measure of our performance. DLH defines EBITDA as net income excluding (i) interest expense, (ii) provision for or benefit from income taxes, if any, and (iii) depreciation and amortization.
On a non-GAAP basis, Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation, and Amortization ("EBITDA") for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2020 was approximately $5.5 million and $16.1 million, respectively. The increase of approximately $2.9 million and $7.5 million from the same periods in the prior fiscal year was principally due to the contribution of S3, improved operating leverage achieved through the expansion of the Company's business base, and volume growth in legacy contracts.
Reconciliation of GAAP net income to EBITDA, a non-GAAP measure:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |
|  | June 30, |  |  |  |  |  | June 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |
Net income |  | $ | 2,124 |  |  | $ | 803 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,752 |  |  | $ | 3,758 |  |  |
(i) Interest expense, net |  | 813 |  |  | 562 |  |  |  |  | 2,659 |  |  | 1,284 |  |  |
(ii) Provision for taxes |  | 863 |  |  | 325 |  |  |  |  | 2,352 |  |  | 1,532 |  |  |
(iii) Depreciation and amortization |  | 1,721 |  |  | 914 |  |  |  |  | 5,340 |  |  | 2,037 |  |  |
EBITDA |  | $ | 5,521 |  |  | $ | 2,604 |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,103 |  |  | $ | 8,611 |  |  |

In fiscal 2019, the Company incurred $1.4 million of acquisition-related expenses during the nine months ended June 30, 2019 for the acquisition of S3. The Company is excluding acquisition-related expenses from this measure because they were incurred as a result of a specific event, do not reflect the costs of our operations, and can affect the period-over-period assessment of operating results. In addition, we are including net income adjusted for the acquisition of S3, in total and on a per share basis, presented on a tax-effected basis. We are reporting this non-GAAP metric to demonstrate the impact of these events.
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Reconciliation of GAAP net income to net income adjusted for the effect of the acquisition costs, a non-GAAP measure:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |
|  | June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  | June 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  | Change |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Change
Net income |  | $ | 2,124 |  |  |  | $ | 803 |  |  | $ | 1,321 |  |  | $ | 5,752 |  |  | $ | 3,758 |  |  | $ | 1,994 |
Acquisition costs |  | — |  |  |  | 1,247 |  |  | (1,247) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,391 |  |  | (1,391) |
Tax effect of excluding acquisition costs |  | — |  |  |  | (362) |  |  | 362 |  |  | — |  |  | (403) |  |  | 403 |
Net income adjusted for acquisition costs |  | $ | 2,124 |  |  |  | $ | 1,688 |  |  | $ | 436 |  |  | $ | 5,752 |  |  | $ | 4,746 |  |  | $ | 1,006 |
Net income per diluted share |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 0.44 |  |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 0.15 |
Impact of acquisition costs |  | — |  |  |  | 0.07 |  |  | (0.07) |  |  | — |  |  | 0.08 |  |  | (0.08) |
Net income per diluted share adjusted for acquisition costs |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  |  | $ | 0.13 |  |  | $ | 0.03 |  |  | $ | 0.44 |  |  | $ | 0.37 |  |  | $ | 0.07 |

These non-GAAP measures of performance are used by management to conduct and evaluate its business during its review of operating results for the periods presented. Management and the Company's Board utilize these non-GAAP measures to make decisions about the use of the Company's resources, analyze performance between periods, develop internal projections and measure management performance. We believe that these non-GAAP measures are useful to investors in evaluating the Company's ongoing operating and financial results and understanding how such results compare with the Company's historical performance.
Liquidity and capital management
As of June 30, 2020, the Company's immediate sources of liquidity include cash generated from operations, accounts receivable, and access to its secured revolving line of credit facility. This credit facility provides us with access of up to $25 million, subject to certain conditions including eligible accounts receivable. As of June 30, 2020 we have $19.3 million of available borrowing capacity on the revolving line of credit and no balance outstanding as of such date.
The Company's present operating liabilities are largely predictable and consist of vendor and payroll related obligations. Our current investment and financing obligations are adequately covered by cash generated from profitable operations and planned operating cash flow should be sufficient to support the Company's operations for twelve months from issuance of these consolidated financial statements.
A summary of the change in cash and cash equivalents is presented below:

|  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |
|  |  | June 30, |  |
|  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | $ | 10,707 |  |  | $ | 11,153 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (152) |  |  | (66,549) |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  |  | (11,687) |  |  | 55,046 |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | $ | (1,132) |  |  | $ | (350) |

For the nine months ended June 30, 2020, the Company generated $10.7 million in cash flows from operations.
Cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended June 30, 2020 was $0.2 million, mainly for the purchase of capital assets. In the same period during the prior fiscal year, we entered a credit facility, which included a $70 million term loan, to finance the S3 acquisition.
Cash used in financing activities was $12 million during the nine months ended June 30, 2020. We made net repayments under our credit facility of $11.5 million during the nine months ended June 30, 2020. In the same period during the prior fiscal year, we executed the acquisition of S3 and entered a $70 million term loan.
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Credit Facility
A summary of our secured loan facility for the period ended June 30, 2020 is as follows:

|  | Arrangement |  | Loan Balance |  | Interest* |  | Maturity Date
|  | Secured term loan $70 million (a) |  | $ | 44.5 | million |  | LIBOR* + 3.5% |  | June 7, 2024
|  | Secured revolving line of credit $25 million ceiling (b) |  | $ | — | million |  | LIBOR* + 3.5% |  | June 7, 2024

*LIBOR rate as of June 30, 2020 was 0.17%. The credit facility has an interest rate spread range from 2.5% to 4.5% depending on the funded indebtedness to adjusted EBITDA ratio.
(a) Represents the principal amounts payable on our secured term loan. The $70.0 million secured term loan is secured by liens on substantially all of the assets of the Company. The principal of the term loan is payable in quarterly installments with the remaining balance due on June 7, 2024.
On September 30, 2019, we executed a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap with First National Bank ("FNB") as counter party. The notional amount in the floating-to-fixed interest rate swap is $36 million that matures in 2024. The remaining outstanding balance of our term loan is subject to interest rate fluctuations.
(b) The secured revolving line of credit has a ceiling of up to $25.0 million and a maturity date of June 7, 2024. The Company has accessed funds from the revolving credit facility during the quarter, but had no balance outstanding at June 30, 2020.
The Term Loan and Revolving Credit Facility are secured by liens on substantially all of the assets of the Company. The provisions of the Term Loan and Revolving Credit Facility are fully described in Note 8 of the consolidated financial statements.
Contractual Obligations as of June 30, 2020

|  |  |  | Payments Due by Period |  |  |  |  |  |
Contractual obligations |  |  |  | Next 12 |  | 2-3 |  | 4-5 |  | More than 5
(Amounts in thousands) |  | Total |  | Months |  | Years |  | Years |  | Years
Debt Obligations |  | $ | 44,500 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 44,500 |  |  | $ | — |
Facility Leases |  | 31,313 |  |  | 3,100 |  |  | 6,415 |  |  | 6,329 |  |  | 15,469 |
Equipment operating leases |  | 100 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |
Total Obligations |  | $ | 75,913 |  |  | $ | 3,134 |  |  | $ | 6,459 |  |  | $ | 50,851 |  |  | $ | 15,469 |

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
The Company did not have any material off-balance sheet arrangements subsequent to, or upon the filing of our consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report as defined under SEC rules.
Effects of Inflation
Inflation and changing prices have not had a material effect on DLH’s net revenues and results of operations, as DLH expects to be able to modify its prices and cost structure to respond to inflation and changing prices.
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Significant Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Preparation of our financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and the related disclosure of contingent liabilities. These assumptions, estimates and judgments are based on historical experience and assumptions that are believed to be reasonable at the time. Actual results could differ from such estimates. Critical policies and practices are important to the portrayal of a company’s financial condition and results of operations, and may require management’s subjective judgments about the effects of matters that are uncertain. See the information under Note 4 "Significant Accounting Policies" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10Q or Note 7 of the consolidated financial statements in DLH’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2019, as well as the discussion under the caption “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” therein for a discussion of our critical accounting policies and estimates. DLH senior management has reviewed these critical accounting policies and related disclosures and determined that there were no significant changes in our critical accounting policies, or the estimates associated with those policies in the three months ended June 30, 2020.
New Accounting Pronouncements
A discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements is described in Note 3 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, and we incorporate such discussion by reference.
ITEM 3: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Except as described elsewhere in this report, the Company has not engaged in trading practices in securities or other financial instruments and therefore does not have any material exposure to interest rate risk, foreign currency exchange rate risk, commodity price risk or other similar risks, which might otherwise result from such practices. The Company has limited foreign operations and therefore is not materially subject to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, commodity prices or other market rates or prices from market sensitive instruments. On September 30, 2019, we executed a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap with FNB as counter party. The notional amount in the floating-to-fixed interest rate swap is $36 million; the remaining outstanding balance of our term loan is subject to interest rate fluctuations. We have determined that a 1.0% increase to the LIBOR rate would impact our interest expense by less than $0.1 million per year. As of June 30, 2020, the interest rate on the floating interest rate debt was 4.5%.
ITEM 4: CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our CEO and President and Chief Financial Officer, after evaluating the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report, have concluded that, based on the evaluation of these controls and procedures, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and President and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our management, including our CEO and President and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected. Our management, however, believes our disclosure controls and procedures are in fact effective to provide reasonable assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.
Changes in Internal Controls
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) identified in connection with the evaluation of our internal control that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2020, that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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Part II — OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
As a commercial enterprise and employer, the Company is subject to various claims and legal actions in the ordinary course of business. These matters can include professional liability, employment-relations issues, workers’ compensation, tax, payroll and employee-related matters, other commercial disputes arising in the course of its business, and inquiries and investigations by governmental agencies regarding our employment practices or other matters. The Company is not aware of any pending or threatened litigation that it believes is reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial position or cash flows.
ITEM 1A: RISK FACTORS
Our operating results and financial condition have varied in the past and may in the future vary significantly depending on a number of factors. In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in the “Risk Factors” section in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2019 and in our other reports filed with the SEC concerning the risks associated with our business, financial condition and results of operations. These factors, among others, could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity and cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in statements made in this report and presented elsewhere by management from time to time. The risks we have identified in our reports are not the only risks facing us. For example, these risks now include the impacts from the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) outbreak on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. See Item 1A, Risk Factors, in our 2019 Annual Report.
The following risk factor is provided to update the risk factors previously disclosed under the heading “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2019 and should be read in conjunction with the risk factors appearing in our 2019 Annual Report.
Our results of operations could in the future be materially adversely impacted by global, macroeconomic events, such as coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), and the response to contain it.
The global spread of the coronavirus (COVID-19) has created significant volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption. The extent to which the coronavirus pandemic impacts our business, operations and financial results will depend on numerous evolving factors that we may not be able to accurately predict, including: the duration and scope of the pandemic; governmental, business and individuals’ actions that have been and continue to be taken in response to the pandemic; the impact of the pandemic on economic activity and actions taken in response; the effect on our clients and client demand for our services and solutions; our ability to sell and provide our services and solutions, including as a result of travel restrictions and people working from home (as described above in the Management Discussion & Analysis, this has resulted in minor delays in our provision of services) and any closures of our and our clients’ offices and facilities, particularly at our pharmacy distribution centers. Furthermore, the significant increase in remote working of our employees may exacerbate certain risks to our business, including an increased demand for information technology resources and the increased risk of malicious technology-related events, such as cyberattacks and phishing attacks. Customers may also slow down decision making, delay planned work or seek to terminate existing agreements. Government agencies are our primary customers and the long-term impact of increased government spending in response to COVID-19 is uncertain. For example, we expect that the U.S. government fiscal year 2021 budget cycle may be delayed as the U.S. government focuses its attention on mitigating the impact of COVID-19, which could result in a re-evaluation of spending levels and priorities. Any of these events could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and the market price of our common stock.
We will continue to actively monitor the issues raised by the COVID-19 pandemic and may take further actions that alter our business operations, as may be required by federal, state, or local authorities, or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, partners and stockholders. The potential effects of COVID-19 could also heighten the risks disclosed in many of our risk factors that are included in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, in our 2019 Annual Report. Because the COVID-19 situation is unprecedented and continuously evolving, other potential impacts to our risk factors that are further described in our 2019 Annual Report are uncertain.
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ITEM 2: UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
During the period covered by this report, the Company did not issue any securities that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, except as has been reported in previous filings with the SEC or as set forth elsewhere herein.
ITEM 3: DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
ITEM 4: MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5: OTHER INFORMATION
None.
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ITEM 6: EXHIBITS
Exhibits to this report which have previously been filed with the Commission are incorporated by reference to the document referenced in the following table. The exhibits designated with a number sign (#) indicate a management contract or compensation plan or arrangement.

Exhibit |  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference |  |  |  |  |  | Filed
Number |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | Dated |  | Exhibit |  | Herewith
10.1# |  | Employment Offer Letter between the Company and Jeanine M. Christian |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
10.2# |  | Employment Offer Letter between the Company and Jacqueline S. Everett |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
10.3# |  | Change in Control, Severance and Covenant Agreement between the Company and Jeanine M. Christian |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
10.4# |  | Change in Control, Severance and Covenant Agreement between the Company and Jacqueline S. Everett |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
10.5# |  | Letter Agreement dated July 15, 2020 between the Company and Kevin H. Beverly |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 17 CFR 240.13a-14(a) or 17 CFR 240.15d-14(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 17 CFR 240.13a-14(a) or 17 CFR 240.15d-14(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 17 CFR 240.13a-14(b) or 17 CFR 240.15d-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101 |  | The following financial information from the DLH Holdings Corp. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2020, formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language) and filed electronically herewith: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations; (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and, (iv) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X

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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | DLH HOLDINGS CORP. |
|  | By: | /s/ Kathryn M. JohnBull
|  |  | Kathryn M. JohnBull
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (On behalf of the registrant and as Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
Date: August 5, 2020 |  |  |

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