10-Q 1 dlhc10qfy23q2.htm 10-Q
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File No. 0-18492
DLH HOLDINGS CORP.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

New Jersey |  | 22-1899798
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
3565 Piedmont Road, | Building 3, | Suite 700 |  |  | 30305
Atlanta, | Georgia |  |  |  | (Zip code)
(Address of principal executive offices) |  |

(770) 554-3545
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock | DLHC | Nasdaq | Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer | ☒
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller Reporting Company | ☒
|  |  | Emerging Growth Company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ý
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable dat e: 13,824,733 s hares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share, were outstanding as of May 3, 2023.

DLH HOLDINGS CORP.
FORM 10-Q
Table of Contents

| Page No.
Part I — Financial Information | 3
Item 1. Financial Statements | 3
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (Unaudited) | 3
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2023 (Unaudited) and September 30, 2022 | 4
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (Unaudited) | 5
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (Unaudited) | 6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 7
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 23
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 34
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 35
Part II — Other Information | 35
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 35
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 36
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 36
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 36
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 36
Item 5. Other Information | 36
Item 6. Exhibits | 37
Signatures | 38

2

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM I: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DLH HOLDINGS CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share amounts)

|  | (unaudited) |  | (unaudited)
|  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
|  | March 31, |  | March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenue |  | $ | 99,417 |  |  | $ | 108,699 |  |  | $ | 172,155 |  |  | $ | 261,500 |
Cost of operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contract costs |  | 78,238 |  |  | 88,831 |  |  | 135,494 |  |  | 221,517 |
General and administrative costs |  | 10,693 |  |  | 7,733 |  |  | 18,117 |  |  | 14,644 |
Corporate development costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,735 |  |  | — |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 4,535 |  |  | 1,881 |  |  | 6,937 |  |  | 3,866 |
Total operating costs |  | 93,466 |  |  | 98,445 |  |  | 162,283 |  |  | 240,027 |
Income from operations |  | 5,951 |  |  | 10,254 |  |  | 9,872 |  |  | 21,473 |
Interest expense |  | 4,765 |  |  | 554 |  |  | 6,595 |  |  | 1,226 |
Income before provision for income taxes |  | 1,186 |  |  | 9,700 |  |  | 3,277 |  |  | 20,247 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 381 |  |  | 2,522 |  |  | 925 |  |  | 5,265 |
Net income |  | $ | 805 |  |  | $ | 7,178 |  |  | $ | 2,352 |  |  | $ | 14,982 |
Net income per share - basic |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |  |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | 1.17 |
Net income per share - diluted |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 1.04 |
Weighted average common stock outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 13,759 |  | 12,778 |  |  | 13,530 |  |  | 12,763 |
Diluted |  | 14,600 |  |  | 14,442 |  |  | 14,447 |  |  | 14,368 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
3

DLH HOLDINGS CORP.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except par value of shares)

|  | March 31, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022
|  | (unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 228 |
Accounts receivable |  | 67,021 |  |  | 40,496 |
Other current assets |  | 3,513 |  |  | 2,878 |
Total current assets |  | 70,671 |  |  | 43,602 |
Equipment and improvements, net |  | 1,558 |  |  | 1,704 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 18,754 |  |  | 16,851 |
Goodwill |  | 138,301 |  |  | 65,643 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 133,109 |  |  | 40,884 |
Other long-term assets |  | 183 |  |  | 328 |
Total assets |  | $ | 362,576 |  |  | $ | 169,012 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Operating lease liabilities - current |  | $ | 3,452 |  |  | $ | 2,235 |
Accrued payroll |  | 17,279 |  |  | 9,444 |
Debt obligations - current, net of deferred financing costs |  | 33,267 |  |  | — |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | 25,066 |  |  | 26,862 |
Total current liabilities |  | 79,064 |  |  | 38,541 |
Long-term liabilities: |  |  |  |
Deferred taxes, net |  | 1,203 |  |  | 1,534 |
Operating lease liabilities - long-term |  | 17,337 |  |  | 16,461 |
Debt obligations - long-term, net of deferred financing costs |  | 162,636 |  |  | 20,416 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 396 |  |  | — |
Total long-term liabilities |  | 181,572 |  |  | 38,411 |
Total liabilities |  | 260,636 |  |  | 76,952 |
Shareholders' equity: |  |  |  |
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 40,000 shares authorized; 13,793 and 13,047 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively |  | 14 |  |  | 13 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 98,584 |  |  | 91,057 |
Retained earnings |  | 3,342 |  |  | 990 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 101,940 |  |  | 92,060 |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity |  | $ | 362,576 |  |  | $ | 169,012 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
4

DLH HOLDINGS CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)

|  |  | (unaudited)
|  |  | Six Months Ended
|  |  | March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,352 |  |  | $ | 14,982 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  | 6,937 |  |  | 3,866 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs charged to interest expense |  |  |  |  | 904 |  |  | 319 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  | 1,352 |  |  | 1,309 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  |  |  | (1,057) |  |  | (28,705) |
Other current assets |  |  |  |  | 719 |  |  | 666 |
Accrued payroll |  |  |  |  | 8 |  |  | 3,339 |
Deferred revenue |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (22,273) |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  |  |  | (4,757) |  |  | 11,600 |
Other long-term assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  | 404 |  |  | 82 |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  |  |  | 6,862 |  |  | (14,815) |
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Business acquisition, net of cash acquired |  |  |  |  | (180,711) |  |  | — |
Purchase of equipment and improvements |  |  |  |  | (463) |  |  | (89) |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  |  |  | (181,174) |  |  | (89) |
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from revolving line of credit |  |  |  |  | 32,594 |  |  | 13,500 |
Repayment of revolving line of credit |  |  |  |  | (11,264) |  |  | (13,500) |
Proceeds from debt obligations |  |  |  |  | 168,000 |  |  | — |
Repayments of debt obligations |  |  |  |  | (7,125) |  |  | (9,250) |
Payments of deferred financing costs |  |  |  |  | (7,622) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon exercise of options and warrants |  |  |  |  | 287 |  |  | 462 |
Payment of tax obligations resulting from net exercise of stock options |  |  |  |  | (649) |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  |  |  | 174,221 |  |  | (8,788) |
Net change in cash |  |  |  |  | (91) |  |  | (23,692) |
Cash - beginning of period |  |  |  |  | 228 |  |  | 24,051 |
Cash - end of period |  |  |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 359 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for interest |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,714 |  |  | $ | 896 |
Cash paid during the period for income taxes |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,202 |  |  | $ | 3,482 |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activity |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock surrendered for the exercise of stock options |  |  |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | — |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
5

DLH HOLDINGS CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
(In thousands)
(unaudited)

|  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  |  |  |  |  | Total Shareholders' Equity
(unaudited) |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Six Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at September 30, 2022 |  | 13,047 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  |  |  | $ | 91,057 |  |  | $ | 990 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 92,060 |
Issuance and fair value adjustment of common stock in business combination |  | 527 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 6,538 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,539 |
Expense related to director restricted stock units |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 359 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 359 |
Expense related to employee stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 993 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 993 |
Exercise of stock options |  | 286 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 287 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 287 |
Common stock surrendered for the exercise of stock options |  | (67) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (650) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (650) |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2,352 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,352 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  | 13,793 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  |  |  | $ | 98,584 |  |  | $ | 3,342 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 101,940 |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | 13,757 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  |  |  | $ | 97,958 |  |  | $ | 2,537 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 100,509 |
Fair value adjustment related to the issuance of common stock in a business combination |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (461) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (461) |
Expense related to director restricted stock units |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 179 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 179 |
Expense related to employee stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 621 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 621 |
Exercise of stock options |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 287 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 287 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 805 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 805 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  | 13,793 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  |  |  | $ | 98,584 |  |  | $ | 3,342 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 101,940 |

|  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  |  |  |  | Total Shareholders' Equity
(unaudited) |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Six Months Ended March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at September 30, 2021 |  | 12,714 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  |  |  | $ | 87,893 |  |  | $ | (22,298) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 65,608 |
Expense related to director restricted stock units |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 324 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 324 |
Expense related to employee stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 985 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 985 |
Exercise of stock options |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 262 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 262 |
Exercise of stock warrants |  | 54 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 200 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 200 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 14,982 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,982 |
Balance at March 31, 2022 |  | 12,794 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  |  |  | $ | 89,664 |  |  | $ | (7,316) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 82,361 |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | 12,768 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  |  |  | $ | 88,593 |  |  | $ | (14,494) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 74,112 |
Expense related to director restricted stock units |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 162 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 162 |
Expense related to employee stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 647 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 647 |
Exercise of stock options |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 262 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 262 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 7,178 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,178 |
Balance at March 31, 2022 |  | 12,794 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  |  |  | $ | 89,664 |  |  | $ | (7,316) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 82,361 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
6

DLH HOLDINGS CORP.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
March 31, 2023
1. Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of DLH Holdings Corp. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (together with its subsidiaries, "DLH" or the "Company" and also referred to as "we," "us" and "our"). All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Regulation S-X. Accordingly, these statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.
In management's opinion, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the period ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending September 30, 2023 or any future period. Amounts as of and for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022 are unaudited. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2022 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 5, 2022.
2. Significant Accounting Policies
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. The most significant of these estimates and assumptions relate to estimating revenues and costs including overhead and its allocation, estimating progress toward the completion of performance obligations, assessing fair value of acquired assets and liabilities accounted for through business acquisitions, valuing and determining the amortization periods for long-lived intangible assets, interest rate swaps, stock-based compensation, right-of-use assets and leases liabilities, and loss development on workers' compensation claims. We evaluate these estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis and base our estimates on historical experience, current and expected future outcomes, third-party evaluations, and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities as well as identifying and assessing the accounting treatment with respect to commitments and contingencies. We revise material accounting estimates if changes occur, such as more experience is acquired, additional information is obtained, or there is new information on which an estimate was or can be based. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Revenue
The Company's revenues from contracts with customers are derived from offerings that include technology-enabled business process outsourcing, program management solutions, and public health research and analytics, substantially within the U.S. government and its agencies. The Company has various types of contracts including time-and-materials contracts, cost-reimbursable contracts, and firm-fixed-price contracts.
We consider a contract with a customer to exist when there is a commitment by both parties (customer and Company), payment terms are determinable, there is commercial substance, and collectability is probably in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") No. 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("Topic 606").
We recognize revenue over time when there is a continuous transfer of control to our customer as performance obligations are satisfied. For our U.S. government contracts, this continuous transfer of control to the customer is transferred over time and revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress toward completion of the performance obligation. We consider control to transfer when we have a right to payment. In some instances, the Company commences providing services prior to formal approval to begin work from the customer. The Company considers these factors, the risks associated with commencing work, and legal enforceability in determining whether a contract exists under Topic 606.
Contract modification can occur throughout the life of the contract and can affect the transaction price, extend the period of performance, adjust funding, or create new performance obligations. We review each modification to assess the impact of these
7

contract changes to determine if it should be treated as part of the original performance obligation or as a separate contract. Contract modifications impact performance obligations when the modification either creates new or changes the existing enforceable rights and obligations. The effect of a contract modification on the transaction price and our measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates is recognized as an adjustment to revenue and profit cumulatively. Furthermore, a significant change in one or more estimates could affect the profitability of our contracts. We recognize adjustments in estimated profit on contracts in the period identified.
For service contracts, we satisfy our performance obligations as services are rendered. We use cost-based input and time-based output methods to measure progress based on the contract type.
•Time and material - We bill the customer per labor hour and per material, and revenue is recognized in the amount invoiced as the amount corresponds directly to the value of our performance to date. Revenue is recognized to the extent of billable rates times hours delivered plus materials and other reimbursable costs incurred.
•Cost reimbursable - We record reimbursable costs as incurred, including an estimated share of the contractual fee earned.
•Firm fixed price - We recognize revenue over time using a straight-line measure of progress
Contract costs generally include direct costs such as labor, materials, subcontract costs, and indirect costs identifiable with or allocable to a specific contract. Costs are expensed as incurred and include an estimate of the contractual fees earned. Contract costs incurred for U.S. government contracts, including indirect costs, are subject to audit and adjustment by various government audit agencies. Historically, our adjustments have not been material.
Contract assets - Amounts are invoiced as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms. In part, revenue recognition occurs before we have the right to bill, resulting in contract assets. These contract assets are reported within Accounts receivable, net on our consolidated balance sheets and are invoiced in accordance with payment terms defined in each contract. Period end balances will vary from period to period due to agreed-upon contractual terms.
Contract liabilities - Amounts are a result of billings in excess of costs incurred or prepayment for services to be rendered.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts of the Company's cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, contract assets, contract liabilities, accrued expenses, and accounts payable approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The fair values of the Company's debt instruments approximate fair value because the underlying interest rates approximate market rates that the Company could obtain for similar instruments at the balance sheet dates.
Long-lived Assets
Our long-lived assets include equipment and improvements, intangible assets, right-of-use assets, and goodwill. The Company continues to review long-lived assets for possible impairment or loss of value at least annually, or more frequently upon the occurrence of an event or when circumstances indicate that a reporting unit's carrying amount is greater than its fair value.
Equipment and improvements are recorded at cost. Depreciation and amortization are provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful asset lives (3 to 7 years) and the shorter of the initial lease term or estimated useful life for leasehold improvements. Maintenance and repair costs are expensed as incurred. Intangible assets (other than goodwill) are originally recorded at fair value and are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of 10 years. Maintenance and repair costs are expensed as incurred.
Right-of-use assets are measured at the present value of future minimum lease payments, including all probable renewals, plus lease payments made to the lessor before or at lease commencement and indirect costs paid, less incentives received. Our right-of-use assets include long-term leases for facilities and equipment and are amortized over their respective lease terms.
8

Lease Liabilities
The Company has leases for facilities and office equipment. Our lease liabilities are recognized as the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term. Our lease payments consist of fixed and in-substance fixed amounts attributable to the use of the underlying asset over the lease term. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index rate or are not in-substance fixed payments are excluded in the measurement of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities and are expensed in the period incurred. The incremental borrowing rate on our secured term loan is used in determining the present value of future minimum lease payments. Some of our lease agreements include options to extend the lease term or terminate the lease. These options are accounted for in our right-of-use assets and lease liabilities when it is reasonably certain that the Company will extend the lease term or terminate the lease. The Company does not have any finance leases.
Goodwill
The Company reviews goodwill for impairment on an annual basis and on a quarterly basis the company assesses the impact of any macroeconomic changes that may impact the business conditions to determine if these changes have any adverse impact to goodwill. Notwithstanding this evaluation, factors including non-renewal of a major contract or other substantial changes in business conditions could have a material adverse effect on the valuation of goodwill in future periods and the resulting charge could be material to future periods’ results of operations. The Company determined that no change in business conditions occurred which would have a material adverse effect on the valuation of goodwill.
Provision for Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are reflected on the consolidated balance sheets when it is determined that it is more likely than not that the asset will be realized. This guidance also requires that deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. We account for uncertain tax positions by recognizing the financial statement effects of a tax position only when, based upon the technical merits, it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained upon examination. We had no uncertain tax positions at either March 31, 2023 or September 30, 2022. We report interest and penalties as a component of provision for income taxes. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, we recognized no interest and no penalties related to income taxes.
Stock-based Compensation
The Company uses the fair value-based method for stock-based compensation. Options issued are designated as either an incentive stock option or a non-statutory stock option. No option may be granted with a term of more than 10 years from the date of grant. Option awards may depend on achievement of certain performance measures determined by the Compensation Committee of our Board. Shares issued upon option exercise are newly issued common shares. All awards to employees and non-employees are recorded at fair value on the date of the grant and expensed over the period of vesting. The Company uses a Monte Carlo method to estimate the fair value of each stock option at the date of grant. Any consideration paid by the option holders to purchase shares is credited to common stock.
Compensation expense for the portion of equity awards for which the requisite service has not been rendered is recognized as the requisite service is rendered. The compensation expense for that portion of awards has been based on the grant-date fair value of those awards as calculated for recognition purposes under applicable guidance. For options that vest based on the Company’s common stock achieving and maintaining defined market prices, the Company values the awards with a Monte Carlo method that utilizes various probability factors and other criterion in establishing fair value of the grant. The related compensation expense is recognized over the service period.
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Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. We maintain cash balances at financial institutions that are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") up to $250,000.
Accounts Receivable
Receivables include amounts billed and currently due from customers where the right to consideration is unconditional and amounts unbilled. Both billed and unbilled amounts are non-interest bearing, unsecured, and recognized at an estimated realizable value that includes costs and fees, and are generally expected to be billed and received within a single year. We evaluate our receivables on a quarterly basis and determine whether an allowance is appropriate based on specific collection issues. No allowance for doubtful accounts was deemed necessary at either March 31, 2023 or September 30, 2022.
Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common stock outstanding and restricted stock grants that vested or are likely to vest during the period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of basic common shares outstanding, adjusted to reflect potentially dilutive securities. Diluted earnings per share is calculated using the treasury stock method.
Treasury Stock
The Company periodically purchases its own common stock that is traded on public markets as part of announced stock repurchase programs. The repurchased common stock is classified as treasury stock on the consolidated balance sheets and held at cost. As of March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022, the Company did not hold any treasury stock.
Preferred Stock
Our certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of "blank check" preferred stock with designations, rights and preferences as may be determined from time to time by our board of directors up to an aggregate of 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock. As of March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022, the Company has not issued any preferred stock.
Interest Rate Swap
The Company uses derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk associated with its variable debt. The Company's objective in using these interest rate derivatives is to manage its exposure to interest rate movements and reduce volatility of interest expense. The gains and losses due to changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap agreements completely offset changes in the fair value of the hedged portion of the underlying debt. Offsetting changes in fair value of both the interest rate swaps and the hedged portion of the underlying debt are recognized in interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company does not hold or issue any derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
Risks & Uncertainties
Management evaluates the impact of global markets and economic factors on our industry and the potential for adverse effects on the Company's consolidated financial position and its operations. As of the date of these consolidated financial statements, there was no indication of any global or economic impacts to our industry.
3. New Accounting Pronouncements
In March 2020 and January 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting” and ASU No. 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope,” respectively (collectively, “Topic 848”). Topic 848 provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. In December 2022, FASB issued ASU 2022-06 "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848" which defers the end date for electing the relief provided in Topic 848 from
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December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. In the first quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company adopted the optional expedients and exceptions provided in Topic 848. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
4. Business Combination
Acquisition of Grove Resource Solutions, LLC
On December 8, 2022, the Company acquired 100% of the equity interests of Grove Resource Solution, LLC ("GRSi") for a purchase price of $188.0 million, inclusive of the working capital adjustment completed and paid during this fiscal quarter. The acquisition was financed through a combination of:
•borrowings of $181.5 million under the Company’s amended and restated credit facility; and
•common stock issued of approximately 0.5 million shares, which were valued at $6.5 million in the aggregate, based on the shares issued to the previous owners as determined by the equity purchase agreement and the stock price on the acquisition date.
The acquisition of GRSi was consistent with the Company’s growth strategy, as it provided contract diversification, addition of key capabilities and increased presence in the military health market. The estimated goodwill derived from this transaction is primarily due to these attributes.
The Company has used the acquisition method of accounting for this transaction, whereby the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recognized based upon their estimated fair values at the acquisition date.
The purchase price for GRSi was $188.0 million adjusted to reflect acquired cash, assumed liabilities and net working capital adjustments.
The Purchase Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants by the parties. Subject to certain limitations and conditions, the seller and the equity holders of the seller do not have indemnity obligation for damages resulting from breaches or inaccuracies of the representations, warranties, and covenants of the seller, GRSI and the equity holders as set forth in the Purchase Agreement. The Purchase Agreement also provided for the establishment of an escrow account in order to satisfy (i) any downward adjustment of the purchase price base on GRSI's net working capital at the closing and (ii) certain specified indemnification obligations of the seller and equity holders that may arise following the closing. The escrow account is funded by an aggregate amount of approximately $4.3 million and the stock consideration. A representations and warranties insurance policy has been purchased by the Company in connection with the Purchase Agreement, under which the Company may seek recourse for breaches of the representations and warranties of the seller, GRSI and the equity holders. The representations and warranties insurance policy is subject to certain customary exclusions and a deductible.
In accordance with ASU 2017-01, the Company evaluated the transaction as an acquisition of a business. The Company has assessed the acquisition price to the fair value of the assets and liabilities of GRSi at the acquisition date. Based on the unaudited financial statements of GRSi on December 8, 2022, we accounted for the total acquisition consideration and allocation of fair value of the related assets and liabilities as follows (in thousands):
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Purchase price for GRSi |  | $ | 187,997 |
Purchase price allocation: |  |
Cash |  | 747 |
Accounts receivable |  | 25,468 |
Other current assets |  | 1,354 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  | (2,449) |
Payroll liabilities |  | (7,826) |
Other current liabilities |  | (325) |
Equipment and improvements, net |  | 463 |
Other long-term assets and liabilities |  | (781) |
Intangible assets |  | 98,688 |
Total identifiable net assets acquired |  | 115,339 |
Goodwill |  | $ | 72,658 |

All operating units are aggregated into a single reportable segment. The acquisition of GRSi did not create an additional reportable segment as all operations report to a single Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM), serve a similar customer base, and provide similar services within a common regulatory environment. The goodwill represents intellectual capital and the acquired workforce, of which both do not qualify as a separate intangible asset.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, following the completion of the acquisition, GRSi contributed approximately $32.6 million of revenue and $2.0 million of income from operations.
The following table presents certain results for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 as though the acquisition of GRSi had occurred on October 1, 2021. The unaudited pro forma information is presented for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of our results if the acquisition had taken place on that date. The pro forma information was prepared by combining our reported historical results with the historical results of GRSi for the pre-acquisition periods. In addition, the reported historical amounts were adjusted for the following items, net of associated tax effects:
•The impact of recording GRSi's intangible asset amortization.
•The impact of interest expense for the new credit facility.
•The removal of legacy GRSi director's fees.
•The removal of transaction costs for the acquisition incurred by GRSi.

|  |  | (in thousands) |  | (in thousands)
|  |  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
|  |  | March 31, |  | March 31,
Pro forma results |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenue |  |  | $ | 99,417 |  |  | $ | 134,615 |  |  | $ | 199,240 |  |  | $ | 313,469 |
Net income (loss) |  |  | 805 |  |  | 4,001 |  |  | 2,945 |  |  | 10,852 |
Number of shares outstanding - basic |  |  | 13,759 |  |  | 12,778 |  |  | 13,530 |  |  | 12,763 |
Number of shares outstanding - diluted |  |  | 14,600 |  |  | 14,442 |  |  | 14,447 |  |  | 14,368 |
Basic earnings per share (loss) |  |  | $0.06 |  | $0.31 |  | $0.22 |  | $0.85
Diluted earnings per share (loss) |  |  | $0.06 |  | $0.28 |  | $0.20 |  | $0.76

5. Revenue Recognition
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The following table summarizes the contract balances recognized on the Company's consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands):

|  |  |  | March 31, |  | September 30,
|  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Contract assets |  |  |  | $ | 19,907 |  |  | $ | 7,682 |

Contract assets are included presented as part of the accounts receivables on the consolidated balances sheets. Contract liabilities are presented as deferred revenue, which had a $0 balance for the as of March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022.
Disaggregation of Revenue from Contracts with Customers
We disaggregate our revenue from contracts with customers by customer, contract type, as well as whether the Company acts as prime contractor or subcontractor. We believe these categories best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. The following series of tables present our revenue disaggregated by these categories:
Revenue by customer for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
|  | March 31, |  | March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Department of Veterans Affairs |  | $ | 34,883 |  |  | $ | 30,733 |  |  | $ | 68,591 |  |  | $ | 58,926 |
Department of Health and Human Services |  | 38,204 |  |  | 27,584 |  |  | 65,509 |  |  | 50,710 |
Department of Defense |  | 18,972 |  |  | 8,460 |  |  | 29,235 |  |  | 16,955 |
Department of Homeland Security |  | 126 |  |  | 39,978 |  |  | 293 |  |  | 131,306 |
Other |  | 7,232 |  |  | 1,944 |  |  | 8,527 |  |  | 3,603 |
Total |  | $ | 99,417 |  |  | $ | 108,699 |  |  | $ | 172,155 |  |  | $ | 261,500 |

Revenue by contract type for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
|  | March 31, |  | March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Time and Materials |  | $ | 53,803 |  |  | $ | 85,860 |  |  | $ | 102,794 |  |  | $ | 218,400 |
Cost Reimbursable |  | 17,260 |  |  | 12,275 |  |  | 29,840 |  |  | 22,385 |
Firm Fixed Price |  | 28,354 |  |  | 10,564 |  |  | 39,521 |  |  | 20,715 |
Total |  | $ | 99,417 |  |  | $ | 108,699 |  |  | $ | 172,155 |  |  | $ | 261,500 |

Revenue by whether the Company acts as a prime contractor or a subcontractor for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
|  | March 31, |  | March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Prime Contractor |  | $ | 93,826 |  |  | $ | 100,012 |  |  | $ | 161,807 |  |  | $ | 246,119 |
Subcontractor |  | 5,591 |  |  | 8,687 |  |  | 10,348 |  |  | 15,381 |
Total |  | $ | 99,417 |  |  | $ | 108,699 |  |  | $ | 172,155 |  |  | $ | 261,500 |

6. Leases
The following table summarizes lease balances presented on our consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands):
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| March 31, |  | September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | 18,754 |  |  | $ | 16,851 |
Operating lease liabilities, current | $ | 3,452 |  |  | $ | 2,235 |
Operating lease liabilities - long-term | 17,337 |  |  | 16,461 |
Total operating lease liabilities | $ | 20,789 |  |  | $ | 18,696 |

As of March 31, 2023, operating leases for facilities and equipment have remaining lease terms of less than 1 to 7.9 years.
For the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, total lease costs for our operating leases as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| March 31, |  | March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Operating | $ | 1,098 |  |  | $ | 863 |  |  | $ | 2,045 |  |  | $ | 1,815 |
Short-term | 27 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 52 |
Variable | 32 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 45 |
Sublease income (a) | (71) |  |  | (50) |  |  | (142) |  |  | (119) |
Total lease costs | $ | 1,086 |  |  | $ | 865 |  |  | $ | 2,036 |  |  | $ | 1,793 |

(a) The Company subleases a portion of one of its leased facilities. The sublease is classified as an operating lease with respect to the underlying asset. The sublease term is 5 years and includes two additional 1-year term extension options.
The Company's future minimum lease payments as of March 31, 2023 as follows (in thousands):

For the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, |
2023 (remaining) | $ | 2,324 |
2024 | 4,611 |
2025 | 3,928 |
2026 | 3,700 |
2027 | 2,627 |
Thereafter | 8,672 |
Total future lease payments | 25,862 |
Less: imputed interest | (5,073) |
Present value of future minimum lease payments | 20,789 |
Less: current portion of operating lease liabilities | (3,452) |
Long-term operating lease liabilities | $ | 17,337 |

At March 31, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term and weighted-average discount rate are 6.4 years and 6.4% respectively. The calculation of the weighted-average discount rate was determined based on borrowing terms from our secured term loan.
Other information related to our leases for the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 as follows (in thousands):

| 2023 |  | 2022 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities | 2,171 |  |  | $ | 1,729 |  |
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets | 3,541 |  |  | $ | — |  |

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7. Supporting Financial Information
Accounts receivable
The following table summarizes accounts receivable presented on our consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands):

|  |  | March 31, |  | September 30,
|  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Billed receivables |  |  | $ | 47,114 |  |  | $ | 32,814 |
Contract assets |  |  | 19,907 |  |  | 7,682 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Accounts receivable |  |  | $ | 67,021 |  |  | $ | 40,496 |

Other current assets
The following table summarizes other current assets presented on our consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands):

|  |  | March 31, |  | September 30,
|  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Prepaid insurance and benefits |  |  | $ | 2,060 |  |  | $ | 737 |
Prepaid licenses and other expenses |  |  | 297 |  |  | $ | 1196 |
Other receivables |  |  | 1,156 |  |  | 945 |
Other current assets |  |  | $ | 3,513 |  |  | $ | 2,878 |

Equipment and improvements, net
The following table summarizes equipment and improvements, net presented on our consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands):

|  |  | March 31, |  | September 30,
|  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Furniture and equipment |  |  | $ | 877 |  |  | $ | 893 |
Computer equipment |  |  | 5,006 |  |  | 2,316 |
Computer software |  |  | 1,733 |  |  | 4,407 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 1,880 |  |  | 1,614 |
Total equipment and improvements |  |  | 9,496 |  |  | 9,230 |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  | (7,938) |  |  | (7,526) |
Equipment and improvements, net |  |  | $ | 1,558 |  |  | $ | 1,704 |

Depreciation expense was $0.2 million and $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Depreciation expense was $0.4 million and $0.6 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
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Intangible assets
The following table summarizes intangible assets, net presented on our consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands):

|  |  | March 31, |  | September 30,
|  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Intangible assets |  |  |  |  |
Customer contracts and related customer relationships |  |  | $ | 113,622 |  |  | $ | 47,044 |
Covenants not to compete |  |  | 637 |  |  | 522 |
Trade name |  |  | 13,034 |  |  | 3,051 |
Backlog |  |  | 37,249 |  |  | 15,237 |
Total intangible assets |  |  | 164,542 |  |  | 65,854 |
Less: accumulated amortization |  |  |  |  |
Customer contracts and related customer relationships |  |  | (24,186) |  |  | (19,731) |
Covenants not to compete |  |  | (346) |  |  | (316) |
Trade name |  |  | (1,525) |  |  | (1,048) |
Backlog |  |  | (5,376) |  |  | (3,875) |
Total accumulated amortization |  |  | (31,433) |  |  | (24,970) |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | $ | 133,109 |  |  | $ | 40,884 |

Amortization expense was $4.3 million and $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amortization expense was $6.5 million and $3.3 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
As of March 31, 2023, the estimated amortization expense per fiscal year as follows (in thousands):

2023 (remaining) |  | $ | 8,193 |
2024 |  | 16,386 |
2025 |  | 16,386 |
2026 |  | 15,652 |
2027 |  | 14,624 |
Thereafter |  | 61,868 |
Total amortization expense |  | $ | 133,109 |

Goodwill
The change in the carrying amount of goodwill as follows presented on our consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands):

Balance at September 30, 2022 |  | $ | 65,643 |
Increase from GRSi acquisition (a) |  | 72,658 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 138,301 |

Ref (a) The Company has completed its valuation assessment of the GRSi acquisition. Please refer to Note 4 for more information.
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Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
The following table summarizes accounts payable and accrued liabilities presented on our consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands):

|  |  | March 31, |  | September 30,
|  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Accounts payable |  |  | $ | 14,182 |  |  | $ | 11,886 |
Accrued benefits |  |  | 4,341 |  |  | 3,857 |
Accrued bonus and incentive compensation |  |  | 1,897 |  |  | 3,625 |
Accrued workers' compensation insurance |  |  | 2,602 |  |  | 4,880 |
Other accrued expenses |  |  | 2,044 |  |  | 2,614 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  | $ | 25,066 |  |  | $ | 26,862 |

Debt obligations
The following table summarizes debt obligations presented on our consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands):

|  |  |  | March 31, |  | September 30,
|  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Secured revolving line of credit |  |  |  | $ | 21,330 |  |  | $ | — |
Secured term loan |  |  |  | 182,875 |  |  | 22,000 |
Less: unamortized deferred financing costs |  |  |  | (8,302) |  |  | (1,584) |
Net bank debt obligations |  |  |  | 195,903 |  |  | 20,416 |
Less: current portion of debt obligations, net of deferred financing costs |  |  |  | (33,267) |  |  | — |
Long-term portion of debt obligations, net of deferred financing costs |  |  |  | $ | 162,636 |  |  | $ | 20,416 |

Interest expense
The following table summarizes interest expense presented on our consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 as follows (in thousands):

|  |  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
|  |  | March 31, |  | March 31,
|  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Interest expense (a) |  |  | $ | 4,160 |  |  | $ | 386 |  |  | $ | 5,714 |  |  | $ | 907 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs (b) |  |  | 605 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 881 |  |  | 319 |
Interest expense |  |  | $ | 4,765 |  |  | $ | 554 |  |  | $ | 6,595 |  |  | $ | 1,226 |

(a) Interest expense on borrowing.
(b) Amortization of expenses related to secured term loan and secured revolving line of credit.
8. Credit Facilities
A summary of our credit facilities as of March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022 is as follows (in millions):
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March 31, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022 |  |
Arrangement |  | Loan Balance |  | Interest |  | Arrangement |  | Loan Balance |  | Interest |  |
Secured term loan (a) due December 8, 2027 |  | $ | 182.9 |  |  | SOFR* + 4.2% |  | Secured term loan due September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 22.0 |  |  | LIBOR + 2.5% |  |
Secured revolving line of credit (b) due December 8, 2027 |  | $ | 21.3 |  |  | SOFR* + 4.2% |  | Secured Revolving line of Credit due September 20, 2025 |  | $ | — |  |  | LIBOR + 2.5% |  |

*Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") as of March 31, 2023 was 4.81%.
On September 30, 2019, we executed a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap with First National Bank ("FNB") as counter-party. The notional amount in the floating-to-fixed interest rate swap as of March 31, 2023 is $16.2 million, matures in 2024, and the fixed rate is 1.61%. On January 31, 2023, we executed an additional floating-to-fixed interest rate swap with FNB; the notional amount as of March 31, 2023 is $96.0 million, it matures in January 2026, and the fixed rate is 4.1%. The total floating-to-fixed swap balance as of March 31, 2023 is $112.2 million. As a result of entering these agreements, for the six months ended March 31, 2023, interest expense has been decreased by approximately $0.3 million.
(a) Represents the principal amounts payable on our term loan, which is secured by liens on substantially all of the assets of the Company. The principal of the term loan is payable in quarterly installments with the remaining balance due on December 8, 2027.
The Credit Agreement requires compliance with a number of financial covenants and contains restrictions on our ability to engage in certain transactions. Among other matters, we must comply with limitations on the following: granting liens; incurring other indebtedness; maintenance of assets; investments in other entities and extensions of credit; mergers and consolidations; and changes in nature of business. The loan agreement also requires us to comply with certain quarterly financial covenants including: (i) a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.25 to 1.00, and (ii) a total leverage ratio not exceeding the ratio of 4.50:1.0 to 2.00:1.0 through maturity. The total leverage ratio is calculated by dividing the Company's total interest-bearing debt by net income adjusted to exclude (i) interest and other expenses, (ii) provision for or benefit from income taxes, if any, (iii) depreciation and amortization, and (iv) non-cash charges, losses or expenses, including stock-based compensation, and (v) non-recurring charges, losses or expenses to include transaction and non-cash equity expense. We are in compliance with all loan covenants and restrictions.
We are required to pay quarterly amortization payments, which commenced in December 2022. The annual amortization amounts are $14.3 million each for fiscal years 2023 and 2024, $19.0 million each for fiscal years 2025 and 2026, and $23.8 million for fiscal year 2027, with the remaining unpaid loan balance due at maturity in December 2027. The quarterly payments are equal installments. The Company made a mandatory prepayment of $3.6 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 bringing the outstanding principal balance on the secured term loan to $182.9 million. We have satisfied mandatory principal amortization until March 31, 2023.
In addition to quarterly payments of the outstanding indebtedness, the loan agreement also requires annual payments of a percentage of excess cash flow, as defined in the loan agreement. The loan agreement states that an excess cash flow recapture payment must be made equal to (a) 75% of the excess cash flow for the immediately preceding fiscal year in which the total leverage ratio is greater than or equal to 2.50:1.0; (b) 50% of the excess cash flow for the immediately preceding fiscal year in which the total leverage ratio is less than 2.50:1.0 but greater than or equal to 1.5:1.0; or (c) 0% of the excess cash flow for the immediately preceding fiscal year in which the total leverage ratio is less than 1.5:1.0. In addition, the Company must make additional mandatory prepayment of amounts outstanding based on proceeds received from asset sales and sales of certain indebtedness. For additional information regarding the schedule of future payment obligations, please refer to Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies.
(b) The secured revolving line of credit has a ceiling of up to $70.0 million; as of March 31, 2023 we had unused borrowing capacity of $27.3 million, wh ich is net of outstanding letters of credit. Borrowing on the line of credit is secured by liens on substantially all of the assets of the Company. The Company accessed funds from the revolving credit facility during the quarter, but had an outstanding balance at March 31, 2023 of $21.3 million
18

The Company's total borrowing availability, based on eligible accounts receivable at March 31, 2023, was $70.0 million. As part of the revolving credit facility, the lenders agreed to a sublimit of $10.0 million for letters of credit for the account of the Company, subject to applicable procedures.
The revolving line of credit has a maturity date of December 8, 2027 and is subject to loan covenants as described above. The Company is fully compliant with those covenants.
9. Stock-Based Compensation and Equity Grants
Stock-based compensation expense
Options issued under equity incentive plans were designated as either incentive stock or non-statutory stock options. No option is granted with a term of more than 10 years from the date of grant. Exercisability of option awards may depend on achievement of certain performance measures determined by the Compensation Committee of our Board. Shares issued upon option exercise are newly issued shares. As of March 31, 2023, there were 0.8 million shares available for grant under the 2016 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan.
Stock-based compensation expense, shown in the table below, is recorded in general and administrative expenses included in our consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 as follows (in thousands):

|  |  | (in thousands) |  | (in thousands)
|  |  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
|  |  | March 31, |  | March 31,
|  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
DLH employees (a) |  |  | $ | 621 |  |  | $ | 647 |  |  | $ | 993 |  |  | $ | 985 |
Non-employee directors (b) |  |  | 179 |  |  | 162 |  |  | 359 |  |  | 324 |
Total stock option expense |  |  | $ | 800 |  |  | $ | 809 |  |  | $ | 1,352 |  |  | $ | 1,309 |

(a) Included in this amount are equity grants of restricted stock units ("RSU") to Executive Officers, which were issued in accordance with the DLH long-term incentive compensation policy in this fiscal year, and stock option grants to employees during prior fiscal years. The RSUs totaled 337,578 and 161,485 issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, 197,174 RSUs were granted to Executive Officers. Of the RSUs granted, 141,892 have performance-based vesting criteria and the remaining 55,282 have service-based vesting criteria. Utilizing a volatility of 50% along with assumptions of a 3-year term and the performance vesting criteria results in an indicated range of value, the RSUs granted during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, as follows using the Monte Carlo Method.

|  |  |  |  |  | Volatility
|  |  |  |  |  | 50%
|  |  |  |  |  | Calculated
Grant Date |  | Performance Vesting Base | Performance Vesting Criteria |  | (Years) | Fair Value
January 27, 2023 |  | Revenue | Revenue increase at the end of the performance period as compared to the year ended September 30, 2022 |  | 3 | $ | 3.51 |
January 27, 2023 |  | Stock price | Stock price is at least $33.21 per share average for the 30 days prior to the end of the performance period |  | 3 | $ | 2.92 |
Notes: |  |  |  |  |  |
Results based on 100,000 simulations |  |  |

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(b) Equity grants of RSUs were made in accordance with DLH compensation policy for non-employee directors and a total of 50,367 and 53,510 restricted stock units were issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These grants have service-based vesting criteria and vest at the end of this fiscal year.
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense is presented in the table below for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 as follows (in thousands):

|  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Unrecognized expense for DLH employees (a) |  |  | $ | 8,575 |  |  | $ | 5,982 |
Unrecognized expense for non-employee directors |  |  | 359 |  |  | 324 |
Total unrecognized expense |  |  | $ | 8,934 |  |  | $ | 6,306 |

(a) On a weighted average basis, the unrecognized expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is expected to be recognized within the next 4.1 years.
Stock option activity for the six months ended March 31, 2023
The aggregate intrinsic value in the table below represents the total pretax intrinsic value (i.e., the difference between the Company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of the period and the exercise price, times the number of shares) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their in the money options on those dates. This amount will change based on the fair market value of the Company’s stock.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (in years) |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted |  | Average |  | (in thousands)
|  |  |  |  |  | (in thousands) |  | Average |  | Remaining |  | Aggregate
|  |  |  |  |  | Number of |  | Exercise |  | Contractual |  | Intrinsic
|  |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Price |  | Term |  | Value
Options outstanding, September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 2,392 |  |  | $ | 7.05 |  |  | 5.40 |  | $ | 13,566 |
Granted (a) |  |  |  |  |  | 400 |  |  | 11.66 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Exercised |  |  |  |  |  | (286) |  |  | 1.84 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Cancelled |  |  |  |  |  | (40) |  |  | 10.12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Options outstanding, March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  | 2,466 |  |  | $ | 8.35 |  |  | 6.20 |  | $ | 9,071 |

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Ref (a): Utilizing a volatility of 50% along with assumptions of a 10-year term and the aforementioned 10-day stock price threshold results in an indicated range of value of the Options granted during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, as follows using the Monte Carlo Method.

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Volatility
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 50%
|  |  |  | Vesting |  | Expected |
|  | Strike | Stock | Threshold |  | Term | Calculated
Grant Date |  | Price | Price | Price |  | (Years) | Fair Value
January 26, 2023 |  | $ | 11.66 |  | $ | 11.66 |  | $ | 15.00 |  |  | 10 | $ | 7.41 |
Notes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Results based on 100,000 simulations |  |  |  |

Stock options shares outstanding, vested and unvested for the periods ended as follows (shares in thousands):

|  |  | March 31, |  | September 30, |  |
|  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Vested and exercisable (a) |  |  | 1,841 |  |  | 2,117 |  |  |  |  |
Unvested (b) |  |  | 625 |  |  | 275 |  |  |  |  |
Options outstanding |  |  | 2,466 |  |  | 2,392 |  |  |  |  |

(a) The weighted average exercise price of vested and exercisable shares was $6.67 and $5.86 at March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. Aggregate intrinsic value was approximately $9.1 million and $13.6 million at March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. The weighted average contractual term remaining was 5.1 years and 4.9 years at March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively.
(b) Certain awards vest upon satisfaction of certain performance criteria.
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10. Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and restricted stock grants that vested or are likely to vest during the period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of basic common shares outstanding, adjusted to reflect potentially dilutive securities. Diluted earnings per share is calculated using the treasury stock method.
Earnings per share information is presented in the table below for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 as follows (in thousands except for per share amounts):

|  | (In thousands)
|  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
|  | March 31, |  | March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 805 |  |  | $ | 7,178 |  |  | $ | 2,352 |  |  | $ | 14,982 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Denominator for basic net income per share - weighted-average outstanding shares |  | 13,759 |  |  | 12,778 |  |  | 13,530 |  |  | 12,763 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options and restricted stock |  | 841 |  |  | 1,664 |  |  | 917 |  |  | 1,605 |
Denominator for diluted net income per share - weighted-average outstanding shares |  | 14,600 |  |  | 14,442 |  |  | 14,447 |  |  | 14,368 |
Net income per share - basic |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |  |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | 1.17 |
Net income per share - diluted |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 1.04 |

11. Commitments and Contingencies
Contractual obligations as of March 31, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

|  |  | Payments Due Per Fiscal Year
|  |  | (Remaining) |  |  |  |  |
|  | Total | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | Thereafter
Debt obligations |  | $ | 204,205 |  | $ | 17,804 |  | $ | 24,901 |  | $ | 19,000 |  | $ | 19,000 |  | $ | 23,750 |  | $ | 99,750 |
Facility operating leases |  | 25,770 |  | 2,283 |  | 4,560 |  | 3,928 |  | 3,700 |  | 2,627 |  | 8,672 |
Equipment operating leases |  | 92 |  | 42 |  | 50 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total contractual obligations |  | $ | 230,067 |  | $ | 20,129 |  | $ | 29,511 |  | $ | 22,928 |  | $ | 22,700 |  | $ | 26,377 |  | $ | 108,422 |

Workers' Compensation
We accrue workers' compensation expense based on claims submitted, applying actuarial loss development factors to estimate the costs incurred but not yet recorded. Our accrued liability for claims development as of March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022 was $2.6 million and $4.9 million, respectively.
Legal Proceedings
As a commercial enterprise and employer, the Company is subject to various claims and legal actions in the ordinary course of business. These matters can include professional liability, workers’ compensation, tax, payroll and employee-related matters, other commercial disputes arising in the course of its business, and inquiries and investigations by governmental agencies
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regarding our employment practices or other matters. The Company is not aware of any pending or threatened litigation that it believes is reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.
12. Related Party Transactions
The Company has determined that for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 there were no significant related party transactions that have occurred which require disclosure through the date that these consolidated financial statements were issued.
ITEM 2: MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Forward-Looking and Cautionary Statements
You should read the following discussion in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes to those statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2022, and in other reports we have subsequently filed with the SEC. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains certain statements that are forward-looking within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Certain statements contained in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis are forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Any statements that refer to expectations, projections or other characterizations of future events or circumstances or that are not statements of historical fact (including without limitation statements to the effect that the Company or its management “believes”, “expects”, “anticipates”, “plans”, “intends” and similar expressions) should be considered forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties which could cause actual events or DLH’s actual results to differ materially from those indicated by the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements in this report include, among others, statements regarding benefits of the acquisition, estimates of future revenues, operating income, earnings, earnings per share, backlog, and cash flows. These statements reflect our belief and assumptions as to future events that may not prove to be accurate. Our actual results may differ materially from such forward-looking statements made in this report due to a variety of factors, including: the continuation of the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”), including the measures to reduce its spread, and its impact on the economy and demand for our services, which are uncertain, cannot be predicted, and may precipitate or exacerbate other risks and uncertainties; the failure to achieve the anticipated benefits of our acquisition of GRSi or any future acquisition (including anticipated future financial operating performance and results); the diversion of management’s attention from normal daily operations of the business and the challenges of managing larger and more widespread operations resulting from our recent acquisition; the inability to retain employees and customers; contract awards in connection with re-competes for present business and/or competition for new business; our ability to manage our increased debt obligations; compliance with bank financial and other covenants; changes in client budgetary priorities; government contract procurement (such as bid and award protests, small business set asides, loss of work due to organizational conflicts of interest, etc.) and termination risks; the ability to successfully integrate the operations of GRSi or any future acquisitions; the impact of inflation and higher interest rates; and other risks described in our SEC filings. For a discussion of such risks and uncertainties which could cause actual results to differ from those contained in the forward-looking statements, see “Risk Factors” in the Company’s periodic reports filed with the SEC, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, as well as interim quarterly filings thereafter. The forward-looking statements contained herein are not historical facts, but rather are based on current expectations, estimates, assumptions and projections about our industry and business. Such forward-looking statements are made as of the date hereof and may become outdated over time. The Company does not assume any responsibility for updating forward-looking statements.
Business and Markets Overview
DLH enhances public health and national security readiness missions through science, technology, cyber, and engineering solutions and services. We are primarily focused on improving and better deploying large-scale federal health and human service initiatives. The Company derives 99% of its revenue from agencies of the Federal government, providing services to several agencies including the Department of Veteran Affairs ("VA"), Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS"), Department of Defense ("DoD"), and Department of Homeland Security, ("DHS"). The following table summarizes revenue by customer for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 as follows (in thousands and percent):
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|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
|  | Revenue |  | Percent of total revenue |  | Revenue | Percent of total revenue |
Department of Veterans Affairs |  | $ | 34,883 |  |  | 35.1 | % |  | $ | 30,733 |  | 28.3 | % |
Department of Health and Human Services |  | 38,204 |  |  | 38.4 | % |  | 27,584 |  | 25.4 | % |
Department of Defense |  | 18,972 |  |  | 19.1 | % |  | 8,460 |  | 7.8 | % |
Department of Homeland Security |  | 126 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 39,978 |  | 36.8 | % |
Other customers with less than 10% share of total revenue |  | 7,232 |  |  | 7.3 | % |  | 1,944 |  | 1.7 | % |
Total revenue |  | $ | 99,417 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 108,699 |  | 100.0 | % |

We provide solutions to three market focus areas: Defense and Veteran Health Solutions, Human Solutions and Services, and Public Health and Life Sciences. We deliver domain-specific expertise, industry best-practices and innovations to customers across these markets leveraging seven core competencies: secure data analytics, clinical trials and laboratory services, case management, performance evaluation, system modernization, operational logistics and readiness, and strategic digital communications. The Company manages its operations from its principal executive office in Atlanta, Georgia, and we have a complementary headquarters office in Silver Spring, Maryland. The Company employs over 3,200 skilled employees workin g throughout the United States and one location overseas.
Acquisitions
On December 8, 2022, we acquired Grove Resource Solutions, LLC. ("GRSi") to increase future organic growth, diversify our customer base, and to expand into adjacent markets. GRSi provides research and development, systems engineering and integration, and digital transformations solutions to federal agencies, notably the National Institutes of Health ("NIH"), U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps. For further information, refer to Note 4 of the accompanying notes to our consolidated financial statements contained elsewhere in this report.
Major Contracts
We operate primarily through prime contracts awarded by the government through competitive bidding processes. We have a diverse mix of contract vehicles with various agencies of the United State government, which supports our overall corporate growth strategy. Our Federal contract schedules are renewed on a recurring basis for multi-year periods.
The revenue attributable to the VA was derived from 16 separate contracts covering the Company's performance of pharmacy and logistics services in support of the VA's Consolidated Mail Outpatient Pharmacy ("CMOP") program.
•Nine contracts for pharmacy services, which represent revenues of approximately $39.4 million and $32.7 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, are currently operating under a bridge contract through October 2023.
•Seven contracts for logistics services, which represent approximately $29.2 million and $26.2 million of revenues for the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, are currently operating under a bridge contract through November 2023.
The VA has issued a request for proposal for healthcare logistics and pharmacy services for each CMOP location. The procurement was set-aside for a service-disabled veteran owned small business ("SDVOSB") to be solicited as the prime contractor. DLH maintains relationships with SDVOSB partners. Should the new contracts for performance of these services be awarded to a partner of DLH, the Company expects to continue to perform a significant amount of the contract’s volume of business as a subcontractor. Should the VA conclude that an award to an SDVOSB prime contractor is not in the best interest of the government, they may reissue a solicitation in an unrestricted competition. DLH believes that its service excellence over many years on the program would provide an advantage in an unrestricted competition.
The Company's contract with HHS in support of its Head Start program generated $17.6 million and $15.7 million of its revenue for the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This contract has a period of performance through April 2025.
We remain dependent upon the continuation of our relationships with the VA and HHS. Our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition would be materially adversely affected if we were unable to continue our relationship with either of
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these customers, if we were to lose any of our material current contracts, or if the amount of services we provide to them was to be materially reduced.
Backlog
At March 31, 2023, our backlog was approximately $940.6 million, of which $132.0 million was funded backlog. At September 30, 2022, our backlog was approximately $482.5 million, of which $98.9 million was funded backlog.
We define backlog as our estimate of remaining future revenue from existing signed contracts, assuming the exercise of all options relating to such contracts and including executed task orders issued under Indefinite Quantity/Indefinite Delivery ("IDIQ") contracts or if the contract is a single award IDIQ contract.
We define funded backlog as the portion of backlog for which funding is appropriated and allocated to the contract by the customer and authorized for payment by the customer, once specified work is completed. Funded backlog does not include the full contract value as Congress often appropriates funding for contracts on a yearly or quarterly basis.
Circumstances and events may cause changes in the amount of our backlog and funded backlog, including the execution of new contracts, extension of existing contracts, non-renewal or completion of current contracts, early termination, and adjustments to estimates. Changes in funded backlog may be affected by the funding cycles of the government. While no assurances can be given that existing contracts will result in earned revenue in any future period, or at all, our major customers have historically exercised their contractual renewal options.
Backlog value is quantified from management's judgment and assumptions about the volume of services based on past volume trends and current planning developed with customers.
Forward-Looking Business Trends
Our mission is to expand our position as a trusted provider of technology-enabled healthcare and public health services, medical logistics, and readiness enhancement services to active duty personnel, veterans, and civilian populations and communities. Our primary focus within the defense agency markets include military service members' and veterans' requirements for telehealth services, behavioral healthcare, medication therapy management, process management, clinical systems support, and healthcare delivery. Our primary focus within the civilian agency markets includes healthcare and social programs delivery and readiness. These include compliance monitoring on large scale programs, technology-enabled program management, consulting, and digital communications solutions ensuring that education, health, and social standards are being achieved within underserved and at-risk populations. We believe these business development priorities will position the Company to expand within top national priority programs and funded areas.
COVID-19 impact
We are exposed to and impacted by macroeconomic factors and U.S. government policies. While impacts due to the COVID-19 virus have notably decreased and general economic conditions have improved, we continue to monitor COVID-19 matters and
continue to work with our stakeholders to assess further possible implications to our business. We intend to continue with appropriate employee safety measures when warranted to ensure that we can continue our operations and take other actions where appropriate to mitigate other adverse consequences. Although we cannot currently predict the future course or overall impact of COVID-19, the longer the duration of the event, the more likely it is that it could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations, billable expenses, and/or cash flows. However, we have seen continued demand for the services we provide under our current contract portfolio as the services we provide are largely deemed essential. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a material impact to revenues and operating income.
Further, due to our ability to continue to perform on our contract portfolio and generate cash flow, we do not presently expect nor have experienced liquidity constraints related to COVID-19. We are presently in compliance with all covenants in our secured term loan and have access to a secured revolving line of credit to meet any short-term cash needs that cannot be funded by operations. As such, mandatory demands on our cash flow remain low. Further, we have not observed any material impairments of our assets or a significant change in the fair value of our assets due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Federal budget outlook for 2024
On March 9, 2023, President Biden's administration released its budget request for fiscal year 2024. The administration's budget had several focus areas:
•Lowering health care costs and expand access to healthcare
•Expanding access to affordable, high-quality early child care and learning
•Investing in cutting edge technologies
•Improving our global security posture
Over the coming months, the administration will work with Congressional leaders to develop legislation that will fund the federal government's fiscal 2024 operations. We believe that the services and capabilities we provide are key to the federal government executing its missions and meeting its strategic missions and goals.
While appropriations measures passed in December 2022 provide full funding for the federal government through the end of government fiscal year 2023, it is uncertain when in any particular government fiscal year that appropriations bills will be passed. In addition, in January 2023, the Federal debt ceiling was reached and the U.S. Department of the Treasury is currently operating under “extraordinary measures.”
Adverse changes in fiscal and economic conditions could materially impact our business. Some changes that could have an adverse impact on our business include the implementation of future spending reductions (including sequestration), delayed passage of appropriations bills resulting in temporary or full-year continuing resolutions, extreme inflationary increases adversely impacting fixed-price contracts, inability to increase or suspend the Federal debt ceiling, and potential government shutdowns.
Industry consolidation among federal government contractors
There has been active consolidation and a strong increase in merger and acquisition activity among federal government contractors over the past few years that we expect to continue, fueled by public companies leveraging strong balance sheets. Companies often look to acquisitions that augment core capabilities, contracts, customers, market differentiators, stability, cost synergies, and higher margin and revenue streams.
Potential impact of Federal Contractual set-aside Laws and Regulations:
The Federal government has an overall goal of 23% of prime contracts flowing through small businesses. As previously reported, various agencies within the federal government have policies that support small business goals, including the adoption of the “Rule of Two” by the VA, which provides that the agency shall award contracts by restricting competition for the contract to service-disabled or other veteran owned businesses. To restrict competition pursuant to this rule, the contracting officer must reasonably expect that at least two of these businesses, which are capable of delivering the services, will submit offers and that the award can be made at a fair and reasonable price that offers best value to the United States. When two qualifying small businesses cannot be identified, the VA may proceed to award contracts following a full and open bid process.
The Company believes that its past performance in this market and track record of success provide a competitive advantage. However, the effect of set-aside provisions may limit our ability to compete for prime contractor positions on programs that we recompete or that we have targeted for growth. In these cases, the Company may elect to join a team with an eligible contractor as prime in support of such small businesses for specific pursuits that align with our core markets and corporate growth strategy.
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Results of Operations
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 as Compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
The following table summarizes, for the periods indicated, consolidated statements of operations data expressed in dollars in thousands except for per share amounts, and as a percentage of revenue as follows (in thousands and percent):

|  | Three Months Ended |  |
Consolidated Statements of Operations: |  | March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022 |  | Change
Revenue |  | $ | 99,417 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 108,699 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | (9,282) |
Cost of operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contract costs |  | 78,238 |  |  | 78.7 | % |  | 88,831 |  |  | 81.8 | % |  | (10,593) |
General and administrative costs |  | 10,693 |  |  | 10.8 | % |  | 7,733 |  |  | 7.1 | % |  | 2,960 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 4,535 |  |  | 4.5 | % |  | 1,881 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | 2,654 |
Total operating costs |  | 93,466 |  |  | 94.0 | % |  | 98,445 |  |  | 90.6 | % |  | (4,979) |
Income from operations |  | 5,951 |  |  | 6.0 | % |  | 10,254 |  |  | 9.4 | % |  | (4,303) |
Interest expense |  | 4,765 |  |  | 4.8 | % |  | 554 |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | 4,211 |
Income before provision for income taxes |  | 1,186 |  |  | 1.2 | % |  | 9,700 |  |  | 8.9 | % |  | (8,514) |
Provision for income taxes |  | 381 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | 2,522 |  |  | 2.3 | % |  | (2,141) |
Net income |  | $ | 805 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | $ | 7,178 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | $ | (6,373) |
Net income per share - basic |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.56 |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.50) |
Net income per share - diluted |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.44) |

The following factors have affected our operating results for the second quarter of fiscal year 2023 as compared to the second quarter of our 2022 fiscal year:
•During the quarter ended December 31, 2022, we acquired GRSi. From the date of this acquisition, we have received the benefit of additional revenue, as well as incurred additional operating costs. In addition, we amended and restated our credit facility to fund the acquisition of GRSi and the cost of servicing this debt has resulted in an increase in our interest expense.
•Our results of operations for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 included revenues of approximately $39.8 million derived from the two task orders awarded under a FEMA contact to support the State of Alaska in its response to the COVID-19 pandemic. These task orders were completed during the quarter ended March 31, 2022 and there was no comparable revenue contribution from this work during the 2023 period.
Due to these developments, in the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section below, we have included a discussion of our adjusted financial performance to present our financial performance for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 without the impact of the FEMA task orders.
Revenue
Revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $99.4 million, a decrease of $9.3 million. The decrease in revenue is primarily due to the $39.8 million r evenue contribution in the quarter ended March 31, 2022 from two task orders awarded under a FEMA contract to support Alaska with its response to COVID-19 in the first quarter of fiscal 2022. These tasks orders were completed during the quarter ended March 31, 2022. Included in revenue for this quarter is $32.6 million contribution from the acquisition of GRSi.
Cost of Operations
Contract costs primarily include the costs associated with providing services to our customers. These costs are generally comprised of direct labor and associated fringe benefit costs, subcontract cost, other direct costs, and the related management and infrastructure costs. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, contract costs decreased by approximately $10.6 million, principally due to the direct costs incurred during the prior year period associated with the two task orders awarded under a FEMA contract to support Alaska with its response to COVID-19 in the first quarter of fiscal 2021.
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General and administrative costs are for those employees not directly providing services to our customers, to include but not limited to executive management, bid and proposal, accounting, and human resources. These costs increased as compared to the prior fiscal year period by $3.0 million, primarily due to the inclusion of GRSi.
For the three months ended March 31, 2023, depreciation and amortization costs were approximately $0.2 million and $4.3 million, respectively, as compared to approximately $0.2 million and $1.6 million for the prior fiscal year period, respectively. The increase in amortization of $2.7million was principally due to the acquired definite-lived intangible assets of GRSi.
Interest Expense
Interest expense includes items such as interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs on debt obligations.
For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, interest expense was approximately $4.8 million and $0.6 million, respectively. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to the borrowing required to finance the GRSi acquisition.
Provision for Income Taxes
For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, DLH recorded a $0.4 million and $2.5 million provision for tax expense, respectively. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was 26% and 26%, respectively.
Results of Operations for the Six Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022
The following table summarizes, for the periods indicated, consolidated statements of operations data expressed in dollars in thousands except for per share amounts, and as a percentage of revenue:

|  | Six Months Ended |  | Change |  |  |
Consolidated Statements of Operations: |  | March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022 |  | $ |  |  |  |  |
Revenue |  | $ | 172,155 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 261,500 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | (89,345) |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contract costs |  | 135,494 |  |  | 78.7 | % |  | 221,517 |  |  | 84.7 | % |  | (86,023) |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative costs |  | 18,117 |  |  | 10.5 | % |  | 14,644 |  |  | 5.6 | % |  | 3,473 |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate development costs |  | 1,735 |  |  | 1.0 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 1,735 |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 6,937 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | 3,866 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | 3,071 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating costs |  | 162,283 |  |  | 94.2 | % |  | 240,027 |  |  | 91.8 | % |  | (77,744) |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from operations |  | 9,872 |  |  | 5.7 | % |  | 21,473 |  |  | 8.2 | % |  | (11,601) |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | 6,595 |  |  | 3.8 | % |  | 1,226 |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | 5,369 |  |  |  |  |  |
Income before provision for income taxes |  | 3,277 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | 20,247 |  |  | 7.7 | % |  | (16,970) |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for income taxes |  | 925 |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | 5,265 |  |  | 2.0 | % |  | (4,340) |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 2,352 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | $ | 14,982 |  |  | 5.7 | % |  | $ | (12,630) |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per share - basic |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.17 |  |  |  |  | $ | (1.00) |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per share - diluted |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.04 |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.88) |  |  |  |  |  |

The following factors have affected our operating results for the six months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in the 2022 fiscal year:
•During the quarter ended December 31, 2022, we acquired GRSi. From the date of this acquisition, we have received the benefit of additional revenue, as well as incurred additional operating costs. In addition, we amended and restated our credit facility to fund the acquisition of GRSi and the cost of servicing this debt has resulted in an increase in our interest expense.
•Our results of operations for the six months ended March 31, 2022 included revenues of approximately $130.9 million derived from the two task orders awarded under a FEMA contact to support the State of Alaska in its response to the
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COVID-19 pandemic. These task orders were completed during the quarter ended March 31, 2022 and there was no comparable revenue contribution from this work during the 2023 period.
Due to these developments, in the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section below, we have included a discussion of our adjusted financial performance to present our financial performance for the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 without the impacts of the FEMA task orders and including the corporate development costs associated with the GRSi acquisition
Revenue
Revenue for the six months ended March 31, 2023 was $172.2 million, a decrease of $89.3 million over the prior year period. The decrease in revenue is due primarily to the completion of two task orders awarded under a FEMA contract to support Alaska with its response to COVID-19. The revenue contribution from those task orders was $130.9 million. The decrease in revenue was partially offset by the contribution from GRSi of $39.5 million
Cost of Operations
Contract costs primarily include the costs associated with providing services to our customers. These costs are generally comprised of direct labor and associated fringe benefit costs, subcontract cost, other direct costs, and the related management and infrastructure costs. For the six months ended March 31, 2023, contract costs decreased by approximately $86.0 million principally due to the completion of two task orders awarded under a FEMA contract to support Alaska with its response to COVID-19.
General and administrative costs are for those employees not directly providing services to our customers, to include but not limited to executive management, bid and proposal, accounting, and human resources. These costs increased by approximately $3.5 million from the same period in the prior fiscal year. The increase was principally due to the inclusion of GRSi.
For the six months ended March 31, 2023, depreciation and amortization costs were approximately $0.4 million and $6.5 million, respectively, as compared to approximately $0.6 million and $3.3 million for the prior fiscal year period, respectively.
Interest Expense, net
Interest expense, net, includes interest expense on the Company's term loan and amortization of deferred financing costs on debt obligations. For the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, interest expense, net was approximately $6.6 million and $1.2 million, respectively. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to the borrowing required to finance the GRSi acquisition.
Income Tax Expense
For the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, DLH recorded a $0.9 million and $5.3 million provision for tax expense, respectively. The effective tax rate for the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was 26% and 29%, respectively.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The Company uses EBITDA and EBITDA Margin on Revenue as supplemental non-GAAP measures of performance. We define EBITDA as net income excluding (i) interest expense, (ii) provision for or benefit from income taxes and (iii) depreciation and amortization. EBITDA Margin on Revenue is EBITDA for the measurement period divided by revenue for the same period.
The Company is presenting additional non-GAAP measures regarding its financial performance for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023. The measures presented are Adjusted Revenue, Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Adjusted Revenue. In calculating these measures, we have added the corporate development costs associated with completing the GRSi acquisition to our results for fiscal year 2023 and we have removed the contribution from the FEMA task orders from the results for fiscal year 2022. These resulting measures present the quarterly financial performance compared to results delivered in the prior year period. Definitions of these additional non-GAAP measures are set forth below.
We have prepared these additional non-GAAP measures to eliminate the impact of items that we do not consider indicative of ongoing operating performance due to their inherent unusual or extraordinary nature. These non-GAAP measures of
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performance are used by management to conduct and evaluate its business during its review of operating results for the periods presented. Management and the Company's Board utilize these non-GAAP measures to make decisions about the use of the Company's resources, analyze performance between periods, develop internal projections and measure management performance. We believe that these non-GAAP measures are useful to investors in evaluating the Company's ongoing operating and financial results and understanding how such results compare with the Company's historical performance.
These supplemental performance measurements may vary from and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures by other companies in our industry. Further, the additional non-GAAP financial measures we presented for the first quarter of fiscal 2023 excluded the contribution from GRSi due to the truncated consolidation period. Since GRSi was part of the consolidated financial performance for the full second quarter, we have included their results in both the three and six month periods ended March 31, 2023. Adjusted Revenue, Adjusted Operating Income, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDA Margin on Revenue, and Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Adjusted Revenue are not recognized measurements under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP, and when analyzing our performance investors should (i) evaluate each adjustment in our reconciliation to the nearest GAAP financial measures and (ii) use the aforementioned non-GAAP measures in addition to, and not as an alternative to, revenue, operating income, net income or diluted EPS, as measures of operating results, each as defined under GAAP. We have defined these non-GAAP measures as follows:
“Adjusted Revenue” represents revenue less the contribution to revenue from the short-term FEMA task orders
“Adjusted Operating Income” represents operating income plus the corporate development costs associated with completing the GRSi acquisition incurred in fiscal 2023 less the contribution from the FEMA task orders, which occurred in fiscal 2022.
“Adjusted EBITDA” represents net income before income taxes, interest, depreciation and amortization and the corporate costs associated with completing the acquisition, less the contribution from FEMA task orders. “Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Adjusted Revenue” is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA divided by Adjusted Revenue.
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Below is a reconciliation of Adjusted Revenue, Adjusted Operating Income, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDA Margin on Revenue and Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Adjusted Revenue reported for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 compared to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP as follows (in thousands except for per share amounts):

|  |  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended |  |  |  |
|  |  | March 31, |  | March 31, |  |  |  |
|  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue |  |  | $ | 99,417 |  | $ | 108,699 |  | $ | (9,282) |  | $ | 172,155 |  | $ | 261,500 |  | $ | (89,345) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: FEMA task orders to support Alaska (a) |  |  | — |  | 39,764 |  | (39,764) |  | — |  | 130,889 |  | (130,889) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted Revenue |  |  | $ | 99,417 |  | $ | 68,935 |  | $ | 30,482 |  | $ | 172,155 |  | $ | 130,611 |  | $ | 41,544 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted Operating Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating Income |  |  | $ | 5,951 |  | $ | 10,254 |  | $ | (4,303) |  | $ | 9,872 |  | $ | 21,473 |  | $ | (11,601) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate development costs (b) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | 1,735 |  |  | — |  | 1,735 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: FEMA task orders to support Alaska (c) |  |  | — |  | 5,525 |  | (5,525) |  | — |  | 11,871 |  | (11,871) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted Operating Income |  |  | $ | 5,951 |  | $ | 4,729 |  | $ | 1,222 |  | $ | 11,607 |  | $ | 9,602 |  | $ | 2,005 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDA Margin on Revenue & Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Adjusted Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Income |  |  | $ | 805 |  | $ | 7,178 |  | $ | (6,373) |  | $ | 2,352 |  | $ | 14,982 |  | $ | (12,630) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 4,535 |  |  | 1,881 |  |  | 2,654 |  | 6,937 |  |  | 3,866 |  |  | 3,071 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  |  | 4,765 |  |  | 554 |  |  | 4,211 |  | 6,595 |  |  | 1,226 |  |  | 5,369 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 381 |  |  | 2,522 |  |  | (2,141) |  | 925 |  |  | 5,265 |  |  | (4,340) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EBITDA |  |  | $ | 10,486 |  | $ | 12,135 |  | $ | (1,649) |  | $ | 16,808 |  | $ | 25,339 |  | $ | (8,531) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate development costs (b) |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  | — |  | 1,735 |  |  | $ | — |  | 1,735 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: FEMA task order to support Alaska (c) |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,525 |  | (5,525) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 11,871 |  | (11,871) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA |  |  | $ | 10,486 |  | $ | 6,610 |  | $ | 3,876 |  | $ | 18,543 |  | $ | 13,468 |  | $ | 5,075 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income margin on Revenue |  |  | 0.8% |  | 6.6% |  |  |  | 1.4% |  | 5.7% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EBITDA Margin on Revenue |  |  | 10.5% |  | 11.2% |  |  |  | 9.8% |  | 9.7% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA Margin on Adjusted Revenue |  |  | 10.5% |  | 9.6% |  |  |  | 10.8% |  | 10.3% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(a): Represents revenue adjusted to exclude revenue from the short-term FEMA task orders during the three and six months ended March 31, 2022.
(b): Represents corporate development costs we incurred to complete the GRSi transaction. These costs primarily include legal counsel, financial due diligence, customer market analysis and representation and warranty insurance premiums.
(c): Adjusted operating income represents the Company’s consolidated operating income, determined in accordance with GAAP, adjusted to add the corporate development costs associated with the GRSi acquisition for fiscal year 2023 and adjusted to exclude the operating income derived from the FEMA task orders. Operating income for the FEMA task orders is derived by subtracting from the revenue attributable to such task orders during the three months ended March 31, 2022 of $39.8 million the following amounts associated with such task orders: contract costs of $33.7 million and general & administrative costs of $0.6 million. Similarly, for the six months ended March 31, 2022 operating income for the FEMA task orders is derived by subtracting from the revenue attributable to the tasks orders of $130.9 million the following amounts associated with such task orders: contract costs $117.9 million and general & administrative costs of $1.1 million.
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Liquidity and capital management
As of March 31, 2023, the Company's immediate sources of liquidity include cash generated from operations, accounts receivable, and access to its secured revolving line of credit facility. This credit facility provides us with access of up to $70.0 million, subject to certain conditions including eligible accounts receivable. As of March 31, 2023, we have $27.3 million of available borrowing capacity on the revolving line of credit and have an outstanding balance of $21.3 million.
The Company's present operating liabilities are largely predictable and consist of vendor and payroll related obligations. We maintain cash balances at financial institutions that are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") up to $250,000. Deposits held with financial institutions may exceed the $250,000 limit. DLH has not experienced any loss or denied any access to funds as a result of holding amounts in our bank accounts in excess to the FDIC limit. Our current investment and financing obligations are adequately satisfied by cash generated from operations and through access to our credit facility. Cash provided by operating activities is expected to be sufficient to support the Company's capital requirements and debt reduction goals.
A summary of the change in cash is presented below for the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 as follows (in thousands):

|  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  | $ | 6,862 |  |  | $ | (14,815) |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (181,174) |  |  | (89) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 174,221 |  |  | (8,788) |
Net change in cash |  |  | $ | (91) |  |  | $ | (23,692) |

The cash used in investing activities was primarily due to the acquisition of GRSi and the purchase of capital assets purchased during the six months ended March 31, 2023. Cash provided by financing activities was $174.2 million during the six months ended March 31, 2023 and were deployed to finance the GRSi acquisition. We intend to continue using cash to make debt prepayments in future quarters subject to available cash.
Sources of cash
As of March 31, 2023, our immediate sources of liquidity include cash of approximately $0.1 million, accounts receivable, and access to our secured revolving line of credit facility. This credit facility provides us with access of up to $70.0 million, subject to certain conditions including eligible accounts receivable. As of March 31, 2023, we had unused borrowing capacity of $27.3 million, which is net of outstanding letters of credit. The Company's present operating liabilities are largely predictable and consist of vendor and payroll related obligations. We believe that our current investment and financing obligations are adequately covered by cash generated from profitable operations and that planned operating cash flow should be sufficient to support our operations for twelve months from the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements.
Credit Facilities
A summary of our credit facilities for the period ended March 31, 2023 is as follows (in millions):

|  | Arrangement |  | Loan Balance |  | Interest* |  | Maturity Date
|  | Secured term loan (a) due December 8, 2027 |  | $ | 182.9 |  |  | SOFR* + 4.2% |  | December 8, 2027
|  | Secured revolving line of credit (b) due December 8, 2027 |  | $ | 21.3 |  |  | SOFR* + 4.2% |  | December 8, 2027

*SOFR as of March 31, 2023 was 4.81%.
On September 30, 2019, we executed a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap with First National Bank ("FNB") as counter-party. The notional amount in the floating-to-fixed interest rate swap as of March 31, 2023 is $16.2 million, matures in 2024, and the fixed rate is 1.61%. On January 31, 2023, we executed an additional floating-to-fixed interest rate swap with FNB; the notional amount as of March 31, 2023 is $96.0 million, it matures in January 2026, and the fixed rate is 4.1%. The total floating-to-fixed swap balance as of March 31, 2023 is $112.2 million.
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(a) Represents the principal amounts payable on our term loan, which is secured by liens on substantially all of the assets of the Company. The principal of the term loan is payable in quarterly installments with the remaining balance due on December 8, 2027.
(b) The secured revolving line of credit has a ceiling of up to $70.0 million and a maturity date of December 8, 2027. The Company has accessed funds from the revolving credit facility during the quarter and has a balance outstanding at March 31, 2023 of $21.3 million.
The secured term loan and secured revolving line of credit are secured by liens on substantially all of the assets of the Company. The provisions of our credit facilities are fully described in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements.
Contractual Obligations as of March 31, 2023

|  |  |  | Payments Due by Period
|  |  |  | Next 12 |  | 2-3 |  | 4-5 |  | More than 5
(in thousands) |  | Total |  | Months |  | Years |  | Years |  | Years
Debt obligations |  | $ | 204,205 |  |  | $ | 35,580 |  |  | $ | 35,625 |  |  | $ | 133,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Facility operating leases |  | 25,770 |  |  | 4,637 |  |  | 7,962 |  |  | 5,668 |  |  | 7,503 |
Equipment operating leases |  | 92 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  |
Total contractual obligations |  | $ | 230,067 |  |  | $ | 40,300 |  |  | $ | 43,596 |  |  | $ | 138,668 |  |  | $ | 7,503 |

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates include valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, stock-based compensation, and measurement of loss development on workers' compensation claims. In addition, the Company estimates overhead charges and allocates such charges throughout the year. Actual results could differ from those estimates. For a detailed discussion on the application of these and other accounting policies, you should review the discussion under the caption Significant Accounting Policies in Note 2 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements contained elsewhere in this report.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue over time when there is a continuous transfer of control to our customer. For our U.S. government contracts, this continuous transfer of control to the customer is supported by clauses in the contract that allow the U.S. government to unilaterally terminate the contract for convenience, pay us for costs incurred plus a reasonable profit, and take control of any work in process. When control is transferred over time, revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. For services contracts, we satisfy our performance obligations as services are rendered. We use cost-based input and time-based output methods to measure progress.
For time and materials contracts, revenue is recognized to the extent of billable rates times hours delivered plus materials and other reimbursable costs incurred. Revenue for cost reimbursable contracts is recorded as reimbursable costs are incurred, including an estimated share of the applicable contractual fees earned. For firm fixed price contracts, the consideration received for our performance is set at a predetermined price. Revenue for our firm fixed price contracts is recognized over time using a straight-line measure of progress. Contract costs are expensed as incurred. Estimated losses are recognized when identified.
Refer to Note 5 of the accompanying notes to our consolidated financial statements contained elsewhere in this report.
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Long-lived Assets
Our long-lived assets include equipment and improvements, right-of-use assets, intangible assets, and goodwill. The Company continues to review its long-lived assets for possible impairment or loss of value at least annually or more frequently upon the occurrence of an event or when circumstances indicate that a reporting unit’s carrying amount is greater than its fair value.
Equipment and improvements are stated at cost. Depreciation and amortization are provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful asset lives (3 to 7 years) and the shorter of the initial lease term or estimated useful life for leasehold improvements.
Costs incurred to place the asset in service are capitalized and costs incurred after implementation are expensed. Amortization expense is recorded when the software is placed in service on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the software.
Right-of-use assets are measured at the present value of future minimum lease payments, including all probable renewals, plus lease payments made to the lessor before or at lease commencement and indirect costs, less incentives received. Our right-of-use assets include long-term leases for facilities and equipment and are amortized over their respective lease terms.
Intangible assets are originally recorded at fair value and amortized on a straight-line basis over their assessed useful lives. The assessed useful lives of the assets are 10 years.
Goodwill
The Company continues to review its goodwill for possible impairment or loss of value at least annually or more frequently upon the occurrence of an event or when circumstances indicate that a reporting unit’s carrying amount is greater than its fair value. Based on the results of the work performed, the Company has concluded that no impairment loss was warranted, as no change in business conditions occurred which would have a material adverse effect on the valuation of goodwill.
Our assessment incorporated effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, which did not have a meaningful impact on our financial results. Notwithstanding this evaluation, factors including non-renewal of a major contract or other substantial changes in business conditions could have a material adverse effect on the valuation of goodwill in future periods and the resulting charge could be material to future periods’ results of operations.
Provision for Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are reflected on the consolidated balance sheet when it is determined that it is more likely than not that the asset will be realized. This guidance also requires that deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company has fully utilized its net operating loss carryforwards.
Stock-based Equity Compensation
The Company uses the fair value-based method for stock-based compensation. Options issued are designated as either an incentive stock or a non-statutory stock option. No option may be granted with a term of more than 10 years from the date of grant. Option awards may depend on achievement of certain performance measures determined by the Compensation Committee of our Board. Shares issued upon option exercise are newly issued common shares. All awards to employees and non-employees are recorded at fair value on the date of the grant and expensed over the period of vesting. The Company uses a Monte Carlo method to estimate the fair value of each stock option at the date of grant. Any consideration paid by the option holders to purchase shares is credited to capital stock.
ITEM 3: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Except as described elsewhere in this report, the Company has not engaged in trading practices in securities or other financial instruments and therefore does not have any material exposure to interest rate risk, foreign currency exchange rate risk, commodity price risk or other similar risks, which might otherwise result from such practices. The Company has limited foreign operations and therefore is not materially subject to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, commodity prices or other market rates or prices from market sensitive instruments. On September 30, 2019, we executed a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap
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with FNB as counter-party. The notional amount in the floating-to-fixed interest rate swap is $16.2 million for the current quarter and the remaining outstanding balance of our secured term loan is subject to interest rate fluctuations. On January 31, 2023, we executed an additional floating-to-fixed interest rate swap with FNB; the notional amount as of March 31, 2023 is $96.0 million, it matures in January 2026, and the fixed rate is 4.1%. The total notional amount for all the interest rate swaps is currently $112.2 million with the remaining balance of debt subject to floating interest rates.
We have determined that a 1.0% increase to SOFR would impact our interest expense by approximatel y $0.9 mil lion per year. As of March 31, 2023, the interest rate on the floating interest rate debt was 9.01%.
ITEM 4: CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our CEO and President and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on the evaluation of these controls and procedures, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (i) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and President and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our management, including our CEO and President and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected. Our management, however, believes our disclosure controls and procedures are in fact effective to provide reasonable assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
With the exception of the matter described below there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) identified in connection with the evaluation of our internal controls that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2023, that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
In December 2022, we acquired Grove Resource Solutions, LLC and are in the process of integrating this business into our existing control environment.
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
As a commercial enterprise and employer, the Company is subject to various claims and legal actions in the ordinary course of business. These matters can include professional liability, workers’ compensation, tax, payroll and employee-related matters, other commercial disputes arising in the course of its business, and inquiries and investigations by governmental agencies regarding our employment practices or other matters. The Company is not aware of any pending or threatened litigation that it believes is reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial position or cash flows.
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ITEM 1A: RISK FACTORS
Our operating results and financial condition have varied in the past and may in the future vary significantly depending on a number of factors. In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in the “Risk Factors” section in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2022, in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended December 31, 2022, and in our other reports filed with the SEC concerning the risks associated with our business, financial condition and results of operations. These factors, among others, could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity and cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in statements made in this report and presented elsewhere by management from time to time. The risks we have identified in our reports are not the only risks facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. See Item 1A, Risk Factors, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022. We believe that there have been no material changes from the risk factors described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 and our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended December 31, 2022.
ITEM 2: UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
During the period covered by this report, the Company did not issue any securities that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, except as has been reported in previous filings with the SEC or as set forth elsewhere herein.
ITEM 3: DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
ITEM 4: MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5: OTHER INFORMATION
None.
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ITEM 6: EXHIBITS
Exhibits to this report which have previously been filed with the Commission are incorporated by reference to the document referenced in the following table. The exhibits designated with a number sign (#) indicate a management contract or compensation plan or arrangement.

Exhibit |  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference |  | Filed
Number |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | Dated |  | Exhibit |  | Herewith
10.1 | # | Form of performance-based restricted stock unit award granted January 27, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
10.2 | # | Form of time-based restricted stock unit award granted January 27, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 17 CFR 240.13a-14(a) or 17 CFR 240.15d-14(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 17 CFR 240.13a-14(a) or 17 CFR 240.15d-14(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 17 CFR 240.13a-14(b) or 17 CFR 240.15d-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.0 |  | The following financial information from the DLH Holdings Corp. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2023, formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language) and filed electronically herewith: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations; (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and, (iv) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
104.0 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | DLH HOLDINGS CORP.
|  | By: | /s/ Kathryn M. JohnBull
|  |  | Kathryn M. JohnBull
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (On behalf of the registrant and as Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
Date: May 3, 2023 |  |  |

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