Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
Jan. 31, 2025
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation	Basis of Presentation: The accompanying financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared by us pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and are presented in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). Our fiscal year end is January 31. Unless otherwise stated, all years and dates refer to our fiscal year.
Principles of Consolidation	Principles of Consolidation: The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of AstroNova, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All material intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.
Reclassification	Reclassification: Certain amounts in prior year’s financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect these financial statements and accompanying notes using information that is reasonably available to us at this time. Some of the more significant estimates relate to revenue recognition; allowances for doubtful accounts; inventory valuation; income taxes; valuation of long-lived assets, intangible assets and goodwill; share-based compensation; and warranty reserves. Management’s estimates are based on the facts and circumstances available at the time estimates are made, historical experience, risk of loss, general economic conditions and trends, and management’s assessments of the probable future outcome of these matters. Consequently, actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents	Cash and Cash Equivalents: Highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less are considered to be cash equivalents. At January 31, 2025 and 2024, $2.7 million and $2.3 million, respectively, was held in foreign bank accounts.
Inventories	Inventories: Inventories are stated at the lower of standard and average cost or net realizable value and include material, labor and manufacturing overhead. Cost is determined using an average cost method that approximates the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method.
Property, Plant and Equipment	Property, Plant and Equipment: Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is provided on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets (land improvements—10 to 20 years; buildings and leasehold improvements—10 to 45 years; machinery and equipment—3 to 10 years; and computer equipment and software—3 to 10 years).
Revenue Recognition	Revenue Recognition: We recognize revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”).” The core principle of ASC 606 is to recognize revenue when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received for those goods or services. ASC 606 defines a five-step process to recognize revenue and requires judgment and estimates within the revenue recognition process, including identifying contracts with customers, identifying performance obligations in the contract, determining and estimating the amount of any variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation and recognizing revenue when the entity satisfies each performance obligation. The vast majority of our revenue is generated from the sale of distinct products. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for such products, which is generally at the contractually stated prices, and is recognized when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control of a product to a customer. The transfer of control generally occurs at one point in time, upon shipment, when title and risk of loss pass to the customer. Returns and customer credits are infrequent and are recorded as a reduction to revenue. Sales taxes and value added taxes collected concurrently with revenue generating activities are excluded from revenue. Many of the contracts entered into with customers are commonly comprised of a combination of equipment, supplies, installation and/or training services. We determine performance obligations by assessing whether the products or services are distinct from other elements of the contract. In order to be distinct, the product must perform either on its own or with readily available resources and must be separate within the context of the contract. Most of our hardware products contain embedded operating systems and data management software which is included in the purchase price of the equipment. The software is deemed incidental to the systems as a whole, as it is not sold or marketed separately, and its production costs are minor compared to those of the hardware system. Hardware and software elements are typically delivered at the same time and are accounted for as a single performance obligation for which revenue is recognized at the point in time when ownership is transferred to the customer. Installation and training services vary based on certain factors such as the complexity of the equipment, staffing availability in a geographic location and customer preferences, and can range from a few days to a few months. The delivery of installation and training services are not assessed to determine whether they are separate performance obligations, as the amounts are not material to the contract. Shipping and handling activities that occur after control over a product has transferred to a customer are accounted for as fulfillment activities rather than performance obligations, as allowed under a practical expedient provided by ASC 606. The shipping and handling fees charged to customers are recognized as revenue and the related costs are included in cost of revenue at the point in time when ownership of the product is transferred to the customer. We may perform services at the request of the customer, generally for the repair and maintenance of products previously sold. These services are short in duration and total approximately 5.0% of revenue for each of the years ended January 31, 2025 and 2024. Revenue is recognized as services are rendered and accepted by the customer. We also provide service agreements on certain of our Product Identification equipment. Service agreements are purchased separately from the equipment and provide for the right to obtain service and maintenance on the equipment for a period of typically one to two years. Accordingly, revenue on these agreements is recognized over the term of the agreements. The portion of service agreement contracts that are uncompleted at the end of any reporting period is included in deferred revenue. We generally provide warranties for our products. The standard warranty period is typically 12 months for most hardware products except for airborne printers, which typically have warranties that extend for 3-5 years, consistent with industry practice. Such assurance-type warranties are not deemed to be separate performance obligations from the hardware product and costs associated with providing the warranties are accrued in accordance with ASC 450, “Contingencies,” as we have the ability to ascertain the likelihood of the liability and can reasonably estimate the amount of the liability. Our estimate of costs to service the warranty obligations is based on historical experience and expectations of future conditions. To the extent that our experience in warranty claims or costs associated with servicing those claims differ from the original estimates, revisions to the estimated warranty liability are recorded at that time, with an offsetting adjustment to cost of revenue. On occasion, customers request a warranty period longer than our standard warranty. In those instances, in which extended warranty services are separately quoted to the customer, an additional performance obligation is created, and the associated revenue is deferred and recognized as service revenue ratably over the term of the extended warranty period. The portion of service contracts and extended warranty services agreements that are uncompleted at the end of any reporting period are included in deferred revenue. We recognize and subsequently amortize an asset for the incremental direct costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if we expect the benefit of those costs to be longer than one year (refer to Note 3, “Revenue Recognition” for a discussion of Contract Costs). We apply the practical expedient to expense costs incurred for costs to obtain a contract when the amortization period would have been less than a year. These costs include sales commissions paid to the internal direct sales team as well as to third-party representatives and distributors. Contractual agreements with each of these parties outline commission structures and rates to be paid. In general, such contracts are all individual procurement decisions by the customers and do not include renewal provisions and, as such, the majority of the contracts have an economic life of significantly less than a year.
Accounts Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts	Accounts Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts: Standard payment terms are typically 30 days after shipment but vary by type and geographic location of our customer. Credit is extended based upon an evaluation of the customer’s financial condition. Our allowance for doubtful accounts represents our estimate of expected credit losses related to our trade receivables. We pool our trade receivables based on similar risk characteristics, such as the age of receivables. To estimate our allowance for doubtful accounts, we leverage information on historical losses, asset-specific risk characteristics, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future conditions. Account balances are written off against the allowance when we deem the amount is uncollectible. Accounts receivable are stated at their estimated net realizable value.
Business Combinations	Business Combinations: We account for business acquisitions under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, ‘‘Business Combinations,’’ ASC 805 requires the purchase price of the acquisition to be allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair value as of the acquisition date as determined by widely accepted valuation techniques in accordance with ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement.” Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed will be recorded as goodwill. ASC 805 establishes a measurement period to provide companies with a reasonable amount of time to obtain the information necessary to identify and measure various items in a business combination and cannot extend beyond one year from the acquisition date. Accounting for business combinations requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions at the acquisition date relevant to the determination of the fair value of the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. These estimates include, but are not limited to, expected future cash flows, discount rates, royalty rates, and other assumptions. Such estimates are inherently uncertain and may be subject to refinement. If the initial accounting for the business combination has not been completed by the end of the reporting period in which the business combination occurs, provisional amounts are reported to present information about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to the fair value of the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill, to the extent such information was not available to us at the acquisition date to determine such amounts. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of income. Acquisition-related costs not considered part of the considerations are expensed as incurred and recorded in acquisition costs within the consolidated statement of income (loss). Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration arrangements that are not measurement period adjustments are recognized in earnings in the period of the change. The results of operations of the acquired entity, including revenues and earnings, are included in our financial statements from the closing date of the acquisition.
Research and Development Costs	Research and Development Costs: We charge costs to expense in the period incurred, and these expenses are presented in the consolidated statement of income (loss). The following costs are included in research and development expense: salaries and benefits, external engineering service costs, engineering related information costs and supplies.
Foreign Currency Translation	Foreign Currency Translation: The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries and branches are measured using the local currency as the functional currency. Foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at year-end exchange rates with the translation adjustment recorded as a component of accumulated comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders’ equity. Revenues and expenses are translated at the average monthly exchange rates in effect during the related period. We do not provide for U.S. income taxes on foreign currency translation adjustments associated with our subsidiaries in Germany, Denmark and China since their undistributed earnings are considered to be permanently invested. Included in our consolidated statements of income (loss) was a net transaction foreign exchange losses of $0.5 million, $0.1 million, and $0.5 million in fiscal 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
Advertising	Advertising: We expense advertising costs as incurred. Advertising costs including advertising production, trade shows and other activities are designed to enhance demand for our products and amounted to $2.0 million, $1.8 million, and $1.6 million, in fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
Long-Lived Assets	Long-Lived Assets: Long-lived assets to be held and used are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Determination of recoverability is based on an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows resulting from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. If the projected undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value, then an impairment charge would be recorded for the excess of the carrying value over the fair value, as determined by the discounting of future cash flows. There were no impairment charges for our long-lived assets in fiscal years 2025, 2024, or 2023.
Intangible Assets	Intangible Assets: Intangible assets include the value of customer and distributor relationships, trademarks and existing technology acquired in connection with business and asset acquisitions and are stated at cost (fair value at acquisition) less accumulated amortization. These intangible assets have a definite life and are amortized over the assets’ useful lives using a systematic and rational basis which is representative of the assets’ use. Intangible assets with a definite life are tested for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset (asset group) may not be recoverable. If necessary, an impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount of an asset exceeds the estimated undiscounted cash flows used in determining the fair value of the asset. The amount of the impairment loss recorded is calculated by the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value. Fair value is generally determined using a discounted cash flow analysis. There were no impairment charges for our intangible assets in fiscal years 2025, 2024, or 2023.
Goodwill	Goodwill: Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired in a purchase business combination. Management evaluates the recoverability of goodwill annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances, such as declines in revenue, earnings or cash flows, or material adverse changes in the business climate indicate that the carrying value of an asset might be impaired. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit is an operating segment, or a business unit one level below an operating segment if discrete financial information for that business is prepared and regularly reviewed by segment management. However, components within an operating segment are aggregated as a single reporting unit if they have similar economic characteristics. We determined that each of our operating segments Product Identification (“PI”) and Test & Measurement (“T&M”) represents a reporting unit for purposes of goodwill impairment testing. The accounting guidance related to goodwill impairment testing allows for the performance of an optional qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. Factors that management considers in this qualitative assessment include macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, overall financial performance (both current and projected), changes in management and strategy and changes in the composition or carrying amount of net assets. If this qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then a quantitative assessment is required for the reporting unit. Additionally, we can elect to forgo the qualitative assessment and perform the quantitative test. The quantitative assessment compares the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying value. If the quantitative assessment is performed, we estimate the fair value of our reporting units using a combination of both the income approach and a market approach. The income approach is based on a discounted cash flow model and provides a fair value estimate based upon the reporting unit’s expected long-term operating cash flow performance. The market approach compares the reporting unit to publicly traded companies and transactions involving similar business, and requires the use of many assumptions and estimates including future revenue, expenses, capital expenditures, and working capital, as well as discount factors and income tax rates. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets including goodwill assigned to that unit, goodwill is not impaired. If the carrying value of the reporting unit’s net assets including goodwill exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then we record an impairment charge based on that difference. For our fiscal 2025 analysis of goodwill we elected to forgo the qualitative assessment and perform a quantitative assessment. Based on the quantitative assessment performed, a goodwill impairment charge of $13.4 million was recognized related to our PI reporting unit (refer to Note 4, “Intangible Assets and Goodwill” for a further discussion of this impairment). There was no impairment to our T&M segment’s goodwill in fiscal year 2025, nor any impairment charges for goodwill in either of our T&M or PI segments for either fiscal year 2024 or 2023.
Leases	Leases: We account for our leases in accordance with ASC 842, “Leases” (“ASC 842”). ASC 842 requires a lessee to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for all leases, with the result being the recognition of a right of use (“ROU”) asset and a lease liability. The lease liability is equal to the present value of the minimum lease payments for the term of the lease, including any optional renewal periods determined to be reasonably certain to be exercised, using a discount rate determined at lease commencement. This discount rate is the rate implicit in the lease, if known; otherwise, the incremental borrowing rate for the expected lease term is used. Our incremental borrowing rate approximates the rate we would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term at lease inception. The value of the ROU asset is equal to the initial measurement of the lease liability plus any lease payments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date and any unamortized initial direct costs incurred by the lessee, less any unamortized lease incentives received. Several of our lease contracts include options to extend the lease term and we include the renewal options for these leases in the determination of the ROU asset and lease liability when the likelihood of renewal is determined to be reasonably certain. We enter into lease contracts for certain of our facilities at various locations worldwide. At inception of a contract, we determine whether the contract is or contains a lease. If we have a right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the identified asset and the right to direct the use of the asset, then the contract contains a lease. There are two types of leases, operating leases and finance leases. Lease classification is determined at lease commencement. We have made an accounting policy election to apply the short-term exception, which does not require the capitalization of leases with terms of 12 months or less. All of our leases are classified as operating leases. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and included in general and administrative expense on the consolidated statement of income. ROU assets are classified as such on the consolidated balance sheets, short-term lease liabilities are classified in accrued expenses, and long-term lease liabilities are classified as such in the consolidated balance sheets. In the statements of cash flow, payments for operating leases are included as operating activities. In addition, several of our facility lease agreements include non-lease components for items such as common area maintenance and utilities which are accounted for separately from the lease component.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes: We use the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting basis and tax basis of the assets and liabilities and are measured using statutory tax rates that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Our deferred taxes are presented as non-current in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. An allowance against deferred tax assets is recognized when it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. At both January 31, 2025 and January 31, 2024, a valuation allowance was provided for deferred tax assets attributable to certain domestic R&D, foreign tax credit carryforwards and China net operating losses, all of which are expected to expire unused. We account for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the guidance provided in ASC 740, “Accounting for Income Taxes.” This guidance describes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement disclosure of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and requires recognition of tax benefits that satisfy a more-likely-than-not threshold. ASC 740 also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods and disclosure.
Net Income Per Common Share	Net Income Per Common Share: Basic net income per share is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is based on the basic weighted average number of shares and potential common equivalent shares for stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. In fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023, there were 173,380; 295,370; and 685,667, respectively, of common equivalent shares that were not included in the computation of diluted net income per common share because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.
Fair Value Measurement	Fair Value Measurement: We measure our assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis in accordance with the guidance provided in ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures,” which defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In addition, ASC 820 establishes a three-tiered hierarchy for inputs used in management’s determination of fair value of financial instruments that emphasizes the use of observable inputs over the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect management’s belief about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing a financial instrument based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy is summarized as follows: • Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; • Level 2—Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and • Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued compensation, other accrued expenses and income tax payable are reflected in the consolidated balance sheet at carrying value, which approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments.
Self-Insurance	Self-Insurance: We are self-insured for U.S. medical and dental benefits for qualifying employees and maintain stop-loss coverage from a third party which limits our exposure to large claims. We record a liability associated with these benefits that includes an estimate of both claims filed and losses incurred but not yet reported based on historical claims experience. In estimating this accrual, we utilize an independent third-party broker to estimate a range of expected losses, which are based on analyses of historical data. Assumptions are closely monitored and adjusted when warranted by changing circumstances. Our liability for self-insured claims is included within accrued compensation in our consolidated balance sheets and was $0.3 million at both January 31, 2025 and 2024.
Share-Based Compensation	Share-Based Compensation: Compensation expense for time-based restricted stock units is measured at the grant date and recognized ratably over the vesting period. We determine the fair value of time-based and performance-based restricted stock units based on the closing market price of our common stock on the grant date. The recognition of compensation expense associated with performance-based restricted stock units requires judgment in assessing the probability of meeting the performance goals, as well as defined criteria for assessing achievement of the performance-related goals. For purposes of measuring compensation expense, the number of shares ultimately expected to vest is estimated at each reporting date based on management’s expectations regarding the relevant performance criteria. The performance shares begin vesting only upon the achievement of the performance criteria. The achievement of the performance goals can impact the valuation and associated expense of the restricted stock units. The assumptions used in accounting for the share-based payment awards represent management’s best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. As a result, if circumstances change and we use different assumptions, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future. Share-based compensation becomes deductible for determining income taxes when the related award vests, is exercised, or is forfeited depending on the type of share-based award and subject to relevant tax law.
Derivative Financial Instruments	Derivative Financial Instruments: We occasionally use derivative instruments as part of our overall strategy to manage exposure to market risks primarily associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. Derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities in the balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value (i.e., gains or losses) of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship and, further, on the type of hedging relationship. For derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments, the gain or loss is recognized in the statement of income during the current period. For those derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedging instruments, a company must designate the hedging instrument, based upon the exposure being hedged, as a fair value hedge, cash flow hedge, or a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation. Cash Flow Hedges For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified into earnings in the same line item associated with the forecasted transaction, and in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings (e.g., in “Interest Expense” when the hedged transactions are interest cash flows associated with floating-rate debt, or “Other, Net” for portions reclassified relating to the remeasurement of the debt). The remaining gain or loss on the derivative instrument in excess of the cumulative change in the present value of future cash flows of the hedged item, if any, are recognized in the statement of income during the current period. Net Investment Hedges We formally assess a net investment hedge, both at inception and on a quarterly basis thereafter, as to whether the designated derivative or nonderivative instrument is highly effective as an economic hedge of foreign exchange risk associated with the hedged net investment. The change in the fair value of a derivative instrument or the change in the carrying value of a nonderivative instrument that is designated and highly effective as a net investment hedge is recorded in the cumulative translation adjustment component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“AOCI”), offsetting the translation adjustment of the net investment being hedged. If a net investment hedging relationship ceases to be highly effective, we discontinue hedge accounting, and any future change in the fair value of the derivative hedging instrument or future change in the carrying value of the nonderivative hedging instrument is recorded in the “other expenses” in the consolidated statement of income (loss), which is where the gain or loss on the sale or substantial liquidation of the underlying net investment would be recorded. However, any deferred gains or losses previously recorded in the cumulative translation adjustment component of AOCI will remain in AOCI until the hedged net investment is sold or substantially liquidated, at which time the cumulative deferred gains or losses are recorded in the “other expenses” line in the consolidated statement of income (loss).
Recent Accounting Pronouncements	Recent Accounting Pronouncements Financial Standards Adopted During Fiscal 2025 Effective January 31, 2025, we adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”), which requires disclosures, on an annual and interim basis, of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), as well as the aggregate amount of other segment items included in the reported measure of segment profit or loss. ASU 2023-07 also requires that a public entity disclose the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss to assess segment performance and make decisions about allocating resources. The amendments in this update do not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. ASU 2023-07 was applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The adoption of ASU 2023-07 has only impacted our segment disclosures with no impact to our consolidated financial statements. See Note 17 “Segment Reporting and Geographical Information,” for segment disclosures. Financial Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” ASU 2024-03 enhances expense disclosures on both an annual and interim basis by requiring public entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. This ASU requires disclosure in tabular format of purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization and depletion, as applicable, for each income statement line item that contains those expenses. Specific expenses, gains and losses that are already disclosed under existing US GAAP are also required to be included in the disaggregated income statement expense line-item disclosures, and any remaining amounts will need to be described quantitatively. Additionally, ASU 2024-03 requires disclosure of the total amount of selling expenses and the entity’s definition of selling expenses. ASU 2024-03 is effective for the first annual disclosure period beginning after December 15, 2026 and for the interim periods subsequent to that, with early adoption permitted. The amendment should be applied prospectively; however, retrospective application is permitted. We are currently evaluating the new disclosure requirements of ASU 2024-04 and do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”) to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. ASU 2023-09 modifies the requirement for income tax disclosures to include (1) specific categories in the rate reconciliation, (2) the income or loss from continuing operations before income tax expense or benefit (separated between domestic and foreign) and (3) income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations (separated by federal, state and foreign). ASU 2023-09 also requires entities to disclose their income tax payments to international, federal, state and local jurisdictions. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. ASU 2023-09 should be applied on a prospective basis, but retrospective application is permitted. We will adopt this standard beginning with our fiscal year ending January 31, 2026. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. There were no other new accounting pronouncements, issued or effective during fiscal 2025, that have had or are expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Jan. 31, 2025

Basis of Presentation: The accompanying financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared by us pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and are presented in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). Our fiscal year end is January 31. Unless otherwise stated, all years and dates refer to our fiscal year.

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation: The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of AstroNova, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All material intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

Reclassification

Reclassification: Certain amounts in prior year’s financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect these financial statements and accompanying notes using information that is reasonably available to us at this time. Some of the more significant estimates relate to revenue recognition; allowances for doubtful accounts; inventory valuation; income taxes; valuation of long-lived assets, intangible assets and goodwill; share-based compensation; and warranty reserves. Management’s estimates are based on the facts and circumstances available at the time estimates are made, historical experience, risk of loss, general economic conditions and trends, and management’s assessments of the probable future outcome of these matters. Consequently, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents: Highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less are considered to be cash equivalents. At January 31, 2025 and 2024, $2.7 million and $2.3 million, respectively, was held in foreign bank accounts.

Inventories

Inventories: Inventories are stated at the lower of standard and average cost or net realizable value and include material, labor and manufacturing overhead. Cost is determined using an average cost method that approximates the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, Plant and Equipment: Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is provided on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets (land improvements—10 to 20 years; buildings and leasehold improvements—10 to 45 years; machinery and equipment—3 to 10 years; and computer equipment and software—3 to 10 years).

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition: We recognize revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”).” The core principle of ASC 606 is to recognize revenue when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received for those goods or services. ASC 606 defines a five-step process to recognize revenue and requires judgment and estimates within the revenue recognition process, including identifying contracts with customers, identifying performance obligations in the contract, determining and estimating the amount of any variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation and recognizing revenue when the entity satisfies each performance obligation.

The vast majority of our revenue is generated from the sale of distinct products. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for such products, which is generally at the contractually stated prices, and is recognized when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control of a product to a customer. The transfer of control generally occurs at one point in time, upon shipment, when title and risk of loss pass to the customer. Returns and customer credits are infrequent and are recorded as a reduction to revenue. Sales taxes and value added taxes collected concurrently with revenue generating activities are excluded from revenue.

Many of the contracts entered into with customers are commonly comprised of a combination of equipment, supplies, installation and/or training services. We determine performance obligations by assessing whether the products or services are distinct from other elements of the contract. In order to be distinct, the product must perform either on its own or with readily available resources and must be separate within the context of the contract.

Most of our hardware products contain embedded operating systems and data management software which is included in the purchase price of the equipment. The software is deemed incidental to the systems as a whole, as it is not sold or marketed separately, and its production costs are minor compared to those of the hardware system. Hardware and software elements are typically delivered at the same time and are accounted for as a single performance obligation for which revenue is recognized at the point in time when ownership is transferred to the customer.

Installation and training services vary based on certain factors such as the complexity of the equipment, staffing availability in a geographic location and customer preferences, and can range from a few days to a few months. The delivery of installation and training services are not assessed to determine whether they are separate performance obligations, as the amounts are not material to the contract.

Shipping and handling activities that occur after control over a product has transferred to a customer are accounted for as fulfillment activities rather than performance obligations, as allowed under a practical expedient provided by ASC 606. The shipping and handling fees charged to customers are recognized as revenue and the related costs are included in cost of revenue at the point in time when ownership of the product is transferred to the customer.

We may perform services at the request of the customer, generally for the repair and maintenance of products previously sold. These services are short in duration and total approximately 5.0% of revenue for each of the years ended January 31, 2025 and 2024. Revenue is recognized as services are rendered and accepted by the customer. We also provide service agreements on certain of our Product Identification equipment. Service agreements are purchased separately from the equipment and provide for the right to obtain service and maintenance on the equipment for a period of typically one to two years. Accordingly, revenue on these agreements is recognized over the term of the agreements. The portion of service agreement contracts that are uncompleted at the end of any reporting period is included in deferred revenue.

We generally provide warranties for our products. The standard warranty period is typically 12 months for most hardware products except for airborne printers, which typically have warranties that extend for 3-5 years, consistent with industry practice. Such assurance-type warranties are not deemed to be separate performance obligations from the hardware product and costs associated with providing the warranties are accrued in accordance with ASC 450, “Contingencies,” as we have the ability to ascertain the likelihood of the liability and can reasonably estimate the amount of the liability. Our estimate of costs to service the warranty obligations is based on historical experience and expectations of future conditions. To the extent that our experience in warranty claims or costs associated with servicing those claims differ from the original estimates, revisions to the estimated warranty liability are recorded at that time, with an offsetting adjustment to cost of revenue. On occasion, customers request a warranty period longer than our standard warranty. In those instances, in which extended warranty services are separately quoted to the customer, an additional performance obligation is created, and the associated revenue is deferred and recognized as service revenue ratably over the term of the extended warranty period. The portion of service contracts and extended warranty services agreements that are uncompleted at the end of any reporting period are included in deferred revenue.

We recognize and subsequently amortize an asset for the incremental direct costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if we expect the benefit of those costs to be longer than one year (refer to Note 3, “Revenue Recognition” for a discussion of Contract Costs). We apply the practical expedient to expense costs incurred for costs to obtain a contract when the amortization period would have been less than a year. These costs include sales commissions paid to the internal direct sales team as well as to third-party representatives and distributors. Contractual agreements with each of these parties outline commission structures and rates to be paid. In general, such contracts are all individual procurement decisions by the customers and do not include renewal provisions and, as such, the majority of the contracts have an economic life of significantly less than a year.

Accounts Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts: Standard payment terms are typically 30 days after shipment but vary by type and geographic location of our customer. Credit is extended based upon an evaluation of the customer’s financial condition. Our allowance for doubtful accounts represents our estimate of expected credit losses related to our trade receivables. We pool our trade receivables based on similar risk characteristics, such as the age of receivables. To estimate our allowance for doubtful accounts, we leverage information on historical losses, asset-specific risk characteristics, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future conditions. Account balances are written off against the allowance when we deem the amount is uncollectible. Accounts receivable are stated at their estimated net realizable value.

Business Combinations

Business Combinations: We account for business acquisitions under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, ‘‘Business Combinations,’’ ASC 805 requires the purchase price of the acquisition to be allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair value as of the acquisition date as determined by widely accepted valuation techniques in accordance with ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement.” Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed will be recorded as goodwill. ASC 805 establishes a measurement period to provide companies with a reasonable amount of time to obtain the information necessary to identify and measure various items in a business combination and cannot extend beyond one year from the acquisition date. Accounting for business combinations requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions at the acquisition date relevant to the determination of the fair value of the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. These estimates include, but are not limited to, expected future cash flows, discount

rates, royalty rates, and other assumptions. Such estimates are inherently uncertain and may be subject to refinement. If the initial accounting for the business combination has not been completed by the end of the reporting period in which the business combination occurs, provisional amounts are reported to present information about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to the fair value of the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill, to the extent such information was not available to us at the acquisition date to determine such amounts. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of income.

Acquisition-related costs not considered part of the considerations are expensed as incurred and recorded in acquisition costs within the consolidated statement of income (loss). Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration arrangements that are not measurement period adjustments are recognized in earnings in the period of the change. The results of operations of the acquired entity, including revenues and earnings, are included in our financial statements from the closing date of the acquisition.

Research and Development Costs

Research and Development Costs: We charge costs to expense in the period incurred, and these expenses are presented in the consolidated statement of income (loss). The following costs are included in research and development expense: salaries and benefits, external engineering service costs, engineering related information costs and supplies.

Foreign Currency Translation

Foreign Currency Translation: The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries and branches are measured using the local currency as the functional currency. Foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at year-end exchange rates with the translation adjustment recorded as a component of accumulated comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders’ equity. Revenues and expenses are translated at the average monthly exchange rates in effect during the related period. We do not provide for U.S. income taxes on foreign currency translation adjustments associated with our subsidiaries in Germany, Denmark and China since their undistributed earnings are considered to be permanently invested. Included in our consolidated statements of income (loss) was a net transaction foreign exchange losses of $0.5 million, $0.1 million, and $0.5 million in fiscal 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

Advertising

Advertising: We expense advertising costs as incurred. Advertising costs including advertising production, trade shows and other activities are designed to enhance demand for our products and amounted to $2.0 million, $1.8 million, and $1.6 million, in fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

Long-Lived Assets

Long-Lived Assets: Long-lived assets to be held and used are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Determination of recoverability is based on an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows resulting from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. If the projected undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value, then an impairment charge would be recorded for the excess of the carrying value over the fair value, as determined by the discounting of future cash flows. There were no impairment charges for our long-lived assets in fiscal years 2025, 2024, or 2023.

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets: Intangible assets include the value of customer and distributor relationships, trademarks and existing technology acquired in connection with business and asset acquisitions and are stated at cost (fair value at acquisition) less accumulated amortization. These intangible assets have a definite life and are amortized over the assets’ useful lives using a systematic and rational basis which is representative of the assets’ use. Intangible assets with a definite life are tested for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset (asset group) may not be recoverable. If necessary, an impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount of an asset exceeds the estimated undiscounted cash flows used in determining the fair value of the asset. The amount of the impairment loss recorded is calculated by the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value. Fair value is generally determined using a discounted cash flow analysis. There were no impairment charges for our intangible assets in fiscal years 2025, 2024, or 2023.

Goodwill

Goodwill: Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired in a purchase business combination. Management evaluates the recoverability of goodwill annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances, such as declines in revenue, earnings or cash flows, or material adverse changes in the business climate indicate that the carrying value of an asset might be impaired. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit is an operating segment, or a business unit one level below an operating segment if discrete financial information for that business is prepared and regularly reviewed by segment management. However, components within an operating segment are aggregated as a single reporting unit if they have similar economic characteristics. We determined that each of our operating segments Product Identification (“PI”) and Test & Measurement (“T&M”) represents a reporting unit for purposes of goodwill impairment testing.

The accounting guidance related to goodwill impairment testing allows for the performance of an optional qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. Factors that management considers in this qualitative assessment include macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, overall financial performance (both current and projected), changes in management and strategy and changes in the composition or carrying amount of net assets. If this qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then a quantitative assessment is required for the reporting unit. Additionally, we can elect to forgo the qualitative assessment and perform the quantitative test.

The quantitative assessment compares the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying value. If the quantitative assessment is performed, we estimate the fair value of our reporting units using a combination of both the income approach and a market approach. The income approach is based on a discounted cash flow model and provides a fair value estimate based upon the reporting unit’s expected long-term operating cash flow performance. The market approach compares the reporting unit to publicly traded companies and transactions involving similar business, and requires the use of many assumptions and estimates including future revenue, expenses, capital expenditures, and working capital, as well as discount factors and income tax rates. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets including goodwill assigned to that unit, goodwill is not impaired. If the carrying value of the reporting unit’s net assets including goodwill exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then we record an impairment charge based on that difference.

For our fiscal 2025 analysis of goodwill we elected to forgo the qualitative assessment and perform a quantitative assessment. Based on the quantitative assessment performed, a goodwill impairment charge of $13.4 million was recognized related to our PI reporting unit (refer to Note 4, “Intangible Assets and Goodwill” for a further discussion of this impairment). There was no impairment to our T&M segment’s goodwill in fiscal year 2025, nor any impairment charges for goodwill in either of our T&M or PI segments for either fiscal year 2024 or 2023.

Leases

Leases: We account for our leases in accordance with ASC 842, “Leases” (“ASC 842”). ASC 842 requires a lessee to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for all leases, with the result being the recognition of a right of use (“ROU”) asset and a lease liability. The lease liability is equal to the present value of the minimum lease payments for the term of the lease, including any optional renewal periods determined to be reasonably certain to be exercised, using a discount rate determined at lease commencement. This discount rate is the rate implicit in the lease, if known; otherwise, the incremental borrowing rate for the expected lease term is used. Our incremental borrowing rate approximates the rate we would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term at lease inception. The value of the ROU asset is equal to the initial measurement of the lease liability plus any lease payments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date and any unamortized initial direct costs incurred by the lessee, less any unamortized lease incentives received. Several of our lease contracts include options to extend the lease term and we include the renewal options for these leases in the determination of the ROU asset and lease liability when the likelihood of renewal is determined to be reasonably certain.

We enter into lease contracts for certain of our facilities at various locations worldwide. At inception of a contract, we determine whether the contract is or contains a lease. If we have a right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the identified asset and the right to direct the use of the asset, then the contract contains a lease.

There are two types of leases, operating leases and finance leases. Lease classification is determined at lease commencement. We have made an accounting policy election to apply the short-term exception, which does not require the capitalization of leases with terms of 12 months or less. All of our leases are classified as operating leases. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and included in general and administrative expense on the consolidated statement of income. ROU assets are classified as such on the consolidated balance sheets, short-term lease liabilities are classified in accrued expenses, and long-term lease liabilities are classified as such in the consolidated balance sheets. In the statements of cash flow, payments for operating leases are included as operating activities.

In addition, several of our facility lease agreements include non-lease components for items such as common area maintenance and utilities which are accounted for separately from the lease component.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes: We use the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting basis and tax basis of the assets and liabilities and are measured using statutory tax rates that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Our deferred taxes are presented as non-current in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. An allowance against deferred tax assets is recognized when it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. At both January 31, 2025 and January 31, 2024, a valuation allowance was provided for deferred tax assets attributable to certain domestic R&D, foreign tax credit carryforwards and China net operating losses, all of which are expected to expire unused.

We account for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the guidance provided in ASC 740, “Accounting for Income Taxes.” This guidance describes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement disclosure of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and requires recognition of tax benefits that satisfy a more-likely-than-not threshold. ASC 740 also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods and disclosure.

Net Income Per Common Share

Net Income Per Common Share: Basic net income per share is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is based on the basic weighted average number of shares and potential common equivalent shares for stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. In fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023, there were 173,380; 295,370; and 685,667, respectively, of common equivalent shares that were not included in the computation of diluted net income per common share because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

Fair Value Measurement

Fair Value Measurement: We measure our assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis in accordance with the guidance provided in ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures,” which defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In addition, ASC 820 establishes a three-tiered hierarchy for inputs used in management’s determination of fair value of financial instruments that emphasizes the use of observable inputs over the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect management’s belief about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing a financial instrument based on the best information available in the circumstances.

The fair value hierarchy is summarized as follows:

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Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

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Level 2—Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and

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Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued compensation, other accrued expenses and income tax payable are reflected in the consolidated balance sheet at carrying value, which approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

Self-Insurance

Self-Insurance: We are self-insured for U.S. medical and dental benefits for qualifying employees and maintain stop-loss coverage from a third party which limits our exposure to large claims. We record a liability associated with these benefits that includes an estimate of both claims filed and losses incurred but not yet reported based on historical claims experience. In estimating this accrual, we utilize an independent third-party broker to estimate a range of expected losses, which are based on analyses of historical data. Assumptions are closely monitored and adjusted when warranted by changing circumstances. Our liability for self-insured claims is included within accrued compensation in our consolidated balance sheets and was $0.3 million at both January 31, 2025 and 2024.

Share-Based Compensation

Share-Based Compensation: Compensation expense for time-based restricted stock units is measured at the grant date and recognized ratably over the vesting period. We determine the fair value of time-based and performance-based restricted stock units based on the closing market price of our common stock on the grant date. The recognition of compensation expense associated with performance-based restricted stock units requires judgment in assessing the probability of meeting the performance goals, as well as defined criteria for assessing achievement of the performance-related goals. For purposes of measuring compensation expense, the number of shares ultimately expected to vest is estimated at each reporting date based on management’s expectations regarding the relevant performance criteria. The performance shares begin vesting only upon the achievement of the performance criteria. The achievement of the performance goals can impact the valuation and associated expense of the restricted stock units. The assumptions used in accounting for the share-based payment awards represent management’s best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. As a result, if circumstances change and we use different assumptions, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future.

Share-based compensation becomes deductible for determining income taxes when the related award vests, is exercised, or is forfeited depending on the type of share-based award and subject to relevant tax law.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative Financial Instruments: We occasionally use derivative instruments as part of our overall strategy to manage exposure to market risks primarily associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. Derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities in the balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value (i.e., gains or losses) of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship and, further, on the type of hedging relationship. For derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments, the gain or loss is recognized in the statement of income during the current period. For those derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedging instruments, a company must designate the hedging instrument, based upon the exposure being hedged, as a fair value hedge, cash flow hedge, or a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation.

Cash Flow Hedges

For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified into earnings in the same line item associated with the forecasted transaction, and in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings (e.g., in “Interest Expense” when the hedged transactions are interest cash flows associated with floating-rate debt, or “Other, Net” for portions reclassified relating to the remeasurement of the debt). The remaining gain or loss on the derivative instrument in excess of the cumulative change in the present value of future cash flows of the hedged item, if any, are recognized in the statement of income during the current period.

Net Investment Hedges

We formally assess a net investment hedge, both at inception and on a quarterly basis thereafter, as to whether the designated derivative or nonderivative instrument is highly effective as an economic hedge of foreign exchange risk associated with the hedged net investment. The change in the fair value of a derivative instrument or the change in the carrying value of a nonderivative instrument that is designated and highly effective as a net investment hedge is recorded in the cumulative translation adjustment component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“AOCI”), offsetting the translation adjustment of the net investment being hedged.

If a net investment hedging relationship ceases to be highly effective, we discontinue hedge accounting, and any future change in the fair value of the derivative hedging instrument or future change in the carrying value of the nonderivative hedging instrument is recorded in the “other expenses” in the consolidated statement of income (loss), which is where the gain or loss on the sale or substantial liquidation of the underlying net investment would be recorded. However, any deferred gains or losses previously recorded in the cumulative translation adjustment component of AOCI will remain in AOCI until the hedged net investment is sold or substantially liquidated, at which time the cumulative deferred gains or losses are recorded in the “other expenses” line in the consolidated statement of income (loss).

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Financial Standards Adopted During Fiscal 2025

Effective January 31, 2025, we adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”), which requires disclosures, on an annual and interim basis, of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), as well as the aggregate amount of other segment items included in the reported measure of segment profit or loss. ASU 2023-07 also requires that a public entity disclose the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss to assess segment performance and make decisions about allocating resources. The amendments in this update do not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. ASU 2023-07 was applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The adoption of ASU 2023-07 has only impacted our segment disclosures with no impact to our consolidated financial statements. See Note 17 “Segment Reporting and Geographical Information,” for segment disclosures.

Financial Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” ASU 2024-03 enhances expense disclosures on both an annual and interim basis by requiring public entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. This ASU requires disclosure in tabular format of purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization and depletion, as applicable, for each income statement line item that contains those expenses. Specific expenses, gains and losses that are already disclosed under existing US GAAP are also required to be included in the disaggregated income statement expense line-item disclosures, and any remaining amounts will need to be described quantitatively. Additionally, ASU 2024-03 requires disclosure of the total amount of selling expenses and the entity’s definition of selling expenses. ASU 2024-03 is effective for the first annual disclosure period beginning after December 15, 2026 and for the interim periods subsequent to that, with early adoption permitted. The amendment should be applied prospectively; however, retrospective application is permitted. We are currently evaluating the new disclosure requirements of ASU 2024-04 and do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”) to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. ASU 2023-09 modifies the requirement for income tax disclosures to include (1) specific categories in the rate reconciliation, (2) the income or loss from continuing operations before income tax expense or benefit

(separated between domestic and foreign) and (3) income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations (separated by federal, state and foreign). ASU 2023-09 also requires entities to disclose their income tax payments to international, federal, state and local jurisdictions. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. ASU 2023-09 should be applied on a prospective basis, but retrospective application is permitted. We will adopt this standard beginning with our fiscal year ending January 31, 2026. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

There were no other new accounting pronouncements, issued or effective during fiscal 2025, that have had or are expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.