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Note 6 - Stock-based Compensation (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2018
Notes Tables  
Schedule of Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Allocation of Recognized Period Costs [Table Text Block]
   
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
   
2018
   
2017
 
Research and development
   
16,372
     
43,322
 
General and administrative
   
308,295
     
323,061
 
Total stock-based compensation expense
   
324,667
     
366,383
 
Share-based Compensation, Stock Options, Activity [Table Text Block]
   
Number of
Options
   
Weighted
average
exercise price
per share
   
Weighted
average
remaining
contractual life
(in years)
 
Balance at January 1, 2018
   
2,555,989
     
7.32
     
 
 
Granted
   
500,000
     
1.18
     
 
 
Expired
   
(2,192
)
   
17.10
     
 
 
Outstanding at March 31, 2018
   
3,053,797
     
6.30
     
7.36
 
Exercisable at March 31, 2018
   
2,011,881
     
7.84
     
6.46
 
Schedule of Share-based Payment Award, Stock Options, Valuation Assumptions [Table Text Block]
Expected term (in years)
   
5.66
 
Risk-free interest rate
   
2.3
%
Expected volatility
   
112.7
%
Dividend yield
   
%