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Note 5 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2024
Notes to Financial Statements |
Fair Value Disclosures [Text Block] | 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s financial instruments consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts payable, previously outstanding convertible notes and accrued liabilities. The Company’s cash, cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturities. The Company determined the fair value of its previously outstanding Convertible Notes as described in Note 9. The following table presents the Company’s assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
|  | September 30, 2024 |
|  | (Level 1) |  |  | (Level 2) |  |  | (Level 3) |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents (money market accounts) |  | $ | 6,171,726 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23,616,596 |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. treasury bonds |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,410,740 |  |  |  | — |
U.S. government agency bonds |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,885,900 |  |  |  | — |
Total assets measured at fair value |  | $ | 6,171,726 |  |  | $ | 38,913,236 |  |  | $ | — |
|  | December 31, 2023 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents (money market accounts) |  | $ | 7,792,846 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total assets measured at fair value |  | $ | 7,792,846 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
The fair values of the Company’s Level 2 marketable securities are estimated primarily based on benchmark yields, reported trades, market-based quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data including market research publications, which represent a market approach. In general, a market approach is utilized if there is readily available and relevant market activity for an individual security. This valuation technique may change from period to period, based on the relevance and availability of market data. The following is a summary of the Company's marketable securities which provides a reconciliation of amortized cost basis to fair value including cumulative unrealized gains and losses as of September 30, 2024:
|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Unrealized gains |  |  | Unrealized losses |  |  | Fair Value |
Commercial paper |  | $ | 23,575,451 |  |  | $ | 41,667 |  |  | $ | (522 | ) |  | $ | 23,616,596 |
U.S. treasury bonds |  |  | 9,354,027 |  |  |  | 56,713 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,410,740 |
U.S. government agency bonds |  |  | 5,860,596 |  |  |  | 25,304 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,885,900 |
Total |  | $ | 38,790,074 |  |  | $ | 123,684 |  |  | $ | (522 | ) |  | $ | 38,913,236 |
The following table presents a roll-forward of the fair value of the Convertible Notes (Note 9) for which fair value is determined by Level 3 inputs:
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2023 |
Balance as of January 1, 2023 |  | $ | 12,414,000 |
Fair value adjustment |  |  | (646,000 | )
Balance as of June 30, 2023 |  |  | 11,768,000 |
Fair value adjustment |  |  | (4,778,251 | )
Reclassification to additional paid in capital upon conversion |  |  | (6,989,749 | )
Balance as of September 30, 2023 |  | $ | — |
These Convertible Notes are no longer outstanding as of September 30, 2024. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value maximize the use of relevant observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Convertible Notes are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy because the fair value measurement is based, in part, on significant inputs not observed in the market. There were no transfers among Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 categories in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 or the year ended December 31, 2023.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 55 -Paragraph 107 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482078/820-10-55-107 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 55 -Paragraph 100 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482078/820-10-55-100 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (c)(3) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 6A -Subparagraph (a) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2E -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2E Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 6A -Subparagraph (h) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 6A -Subparagraph (f) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 6A -Subparagraph (e) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 6A -Subparagraph (d) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (h) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2 Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (g) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2 Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 940 -SubTopic 820 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (a) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478119/940-820-50-1 + Details
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