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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
14. Income Taxes

The provisions expense for income taxes for the years indicated were as follows (in millions):
 Years Ended December 31,
 20222021
Current tax expense (benefit)
Federal$(2.7)$0.1 
State2.9 1.8 
Foreign(0.4)1.8 
Net current tax expense (benefit)(0.2)3.7 
Deferred tax expense (benefit)
Federal(0.6)0.8 
State0.1 0.2 
Foreign1.6 0.9 
Net deferred tax expense1.1 1.9 
Income tax expense$0.9 $5.6 

The US and foreign components of income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes for the years indicated were as follows (in millions):
 Years Ended December 31,
 20222021
US$(45.1)$(89.7)
Foreign4.0 9.0 
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes$(41.1)$(80.7)

For the years indicated, the provisions expense for income taxes differed from the amount computed by applying the federal statutory income tax rate to income (loss) before income taxes due to the following items (in millions):
 Years Ended December 31,
 20222021
Tax (benefit) at federal statutory rate$(8.6)$(17.0)
Permanent differences0.3 0.4 
State tax, net of federal benefit1.0 (1.6)
Foreign rate differential— 0.4 
Executive and stock compensation0.1 0.4 
Increase (decrease) in valuation allowance(0.7)(0.6)
Transaction costs— 0.5 
Return to provision3.2 3.3 
Rate change1.7 20.2 
Outside basis difference4.2 0.9 
Other 0.7 1.6 
Equity income(1.0)(1.1)
Derivative— (1.8)
Income tax expense$0.9 $5.6 

Income tax expense of $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily relates to tax expense as calculated under ASC 740 for taxpaying entities, which was partially offset by the net tax savings of $3.1 million from the CGIC consolidation in the 2021 tax return, resulting in a partial release of the valuation allowance. Refer to 10. Discontinued Operations and Exit Activities in the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Additionally, the tax benefits associated with losses generated by the INNOVATE Corp. U.S. tax consolidated group and certain other businesses have been reduced by a full valuation allowance as we do not believe it is more-likely-than-not that the losses will be utilized.

Income tax expense of $5.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily relates to tax expense as calculated under ASC 740 for taxpaying entities. Additionally, the tax benefits associated with losses generated by the INNOVATE Corp. U.S. tax consolidated group and certain other businesses have been reduced by a full valuation allowance as we do not believe it is more-likely-than-not that the losses will be utilized.
Deferred income taxes reflect the net income tax effect of temporary differences between the basis of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and for income tax purposes. Net deferred tax balances as of the years indicated were comprised of the following (in millions):
December 31,
20222021
Net operating loss carryforwards$82.5 $63.8 
Basis difference in fixed assets0.3 0.7 
Deferred compensation7.2 6.7 
Sec. 163(j) carryforward46.3 58.1 
Lease liability20.5 20.9 
Other deferred tax assets13.3 13.4 
Total deferred tax assets170.1 163.6 
Valuation allowance(101.6)(102.8)
Total net deferred tax assets68.5 60.8 
Basis difference in fixed assets(17.5)(14.1)
Right of use assets(19.1)(19.8)
Basis difference in intangibles(27.8)(26.1)
Other deferred tax liabilities(11.5)(6.9)
Total deferred tax liabilities(75.9)(66.9)
Net deferred tax liabilities$(7.4)$(6.1)

Deferred tax assets refer to assets that are attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets in essence represent future savings of taxes that would otherwise be paid in cash. The realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of sufficient future taxable income, including capital gains. If it is determined that the deferred tax assets cannot be realized, a valuation allowance must be established, with a corresponding charge to net income (loss).

In accordance with ASC 740, the Company establishes valuation allowances for deferred tax assets that, in its judgment are not more likely-than-not realizable. These judgments are based on projections of future income or loss and other positive and negative evidence by individual tax jurisdiction. Changes in industry and economic conditions and the competitive environment may impact these projections. In accordance with ASC Topic 740, during each reporting period the Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be realized and determines if adjustments to its valuation allowances are appropriate.

Management evaluated the need to maintain the valuation allowance against the deferred taxes of the INNOVATE Corp. U.S. consolidated tax group (“the group”) for each of the reporting periods based on the positive and negative evidence available. The objective negative evidence evaluated was the group’s historical operating results over the prior three-year period. The group is in a cumulative three-year loss as of December 31, 2022 which provides negative evidence that is difficult to overcome and would require a substantial amount of objectively verifiable positive evidence of future income to support the realizability of the group’s deferred tax assets. While positive evidence exists by way of unrealized gains in the Company’s investments, management concluded that the negative evidence now outweighs the positive evidence. Thus, it is more likely than not that the group’s US deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Valuation allowances have been maintained against deferred tax assets based on losses generated by certain businesses that do not qualify to be included in the INNOVATE Corp. U.S. consolidated income tax return. Generally, consolidation rules under the Internal Revenue Code require consolidation of like-kind entities with an 80% or greater equity ownership, and each individual state or foreign jurisdiction has their own distinct consolidation rules which vary.

At December 31, 2022, the Company has gross U.S. net operating loss carryforwards available to reduce future taxable income of the U.S. consolidated group in the amount of $226.3 million. The Company expects that approximately $162.9 million of the gross U.S. net operating loss carryforwards would be available to offset taxable income in 2023. This estimate may change based on changes to actual results reported on the 2022 U.S. tax return. The amount of U.S. net operating loss carryforwards reflected in the financial statements differ from the amounts reported on the U.S. tax return due to uncertain tax positions related to tax laws and regulations that are subject to varied interpretation by the IRS.

Additionally, the Company has $124.5 million of gross U.S. net operating loss carryforwards from its subsidiaries that do not qualify to be included in the INNOVATE Corp. U.S. consolidated income tax return, including $83.8 million from R2, $38.3 million from DTV America, and other entities of $2.4 million.
Due to U.S. enacted Public Law 115-97, known informally as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "TCJA") in 2017, U.S. net operating loss carryforwards in the amount of $121.9 million, generated after 2017 have an indefinite carryforward period. U.S. net operating loss carryforwards, in the amount of $104.4 million, generated prior to 2018 will expire, if unused, by 2037.

Pursuant to the rules under Section 382, the Company concluded that it underwent an ownership change on May 29, 2014 and $46.1 million gross U.S. net operating losses recorded in the consolidated financial statements are subject to an annual limitation under IRC Sec. 382 of approximately $2.3 million. On November 4, 2015, INNOVATE issued 8.5 million shares of its stock in a primary offering. The Company believes the issuance resulted in a Section 382 ownership change and $31.7 million gross U.S. net operating losses recorded in the consolidated financial statements are subject to IRC Sec. 382.

The purchase of GrayWolf Industrial on November 30, 2018 triggered a Section 382 ownership change. $57.1 million of federal net operating losses acquired are subject to an annual limitation between $3.0 million and $4.0 million for the first five years beginning in 2019 and $1.1 million afterwards. $25.4 million of the GrayWolf U.S. net operating losses subject to Section 382 were generated in 2018, and, therefore, they do not expire.

Additionally, the Company has $11.4 million of acquired U.S. net operating losses from DTV America, which is subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had foreign operating loss carryforwards of approximately $2.0 million.

The Company follows the provision of ASC 740 which prescribes a comprehensive model for how a company should recognize, measure, present, and disclose in its financial statements uncertain tax positions that the Company has taken or expects to take on a tax return. The Company is subject to challenge from various taxing authorities relative to certain tax planning strategies, including certain intercompany transactions as well as regulatory taxes.

The Company did not have any unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 related to uncertain tax positions that would impact the effective income tax rate if recognized. The company has reduced the net operating loss carryforward by $58.7 million for uncertain tax positions based on our interpretation of tax laws and regulations that are subject to varied interpretation by the IRS.

Below is a tabular reconciliation of the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of the years indicated (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
20222021
Uncertain tax benefits - January 1$17.6 $22.9 
Gross decreases - Tax positions in prior period— (5.3)
Uncertain tax benefits - December 31$17.6 $17.6 

The Company conducts business globally, and as a result, INNOVATE or one or more of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the United States federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. In the normal course of business the Company is subject to examination by taxing authorities throughout the world. Tax years 2002-2021 remain open for examination.

The Company is currently under examination in various domestic and foreign tax jurisdictions. The open tax years contain matters that could be subject to differing interpretations of applicable tax laws and regulations as they relate to the amount, character, timing or inclusion of revenue and expenses or the applicability of income tax credits for the relevant tax period. Given the nature of tax audits, there is a risk that disputes may arise.