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Exhibit 13.1

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OPTICAL CABLE CORPORATION

Annual Report

2023

Table of Contents

| TABLE OF CONTENTS

| 3 | Letter from the CEO

| 6 | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

| 20 | Consolidated Financial Statements

| 24 | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

| 41 | Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 423)

| 43 | Corporate Information

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Letter from the CEO

Dear Shareholders of Optical Cable Corporation (OCC®):

During fiscal year 2023, we demonstrated the strength of OCC’s market position, the efficiencies generated by our operating leverage, and our ability to navigate and successfully execute our growth strategies in volatile markets.

We started off the year strong, building on our momentum and delivering strong financial and operational performance. Like many others in our industry, however, we experienced significant volatility and a softening of demand in certain markets as fiscal year 2023 progressed—particularly in the enterprise and wireless carrier markets.

Thanks to our diversified markets and product offerings, we finished fiscal year 2023 having achieved growth by all measures—net sales, gross profit and gross profit margin, as well as income from operations, and earnings per share, compared to the prior fiscal year.

Strong Position and Execution Reflected in Financial Performance

| ● | Sales Growth. Net sales for fiscal year 2023 increased 4.5% to $72.2 million, compared to consolidated net sales of $69.1 million for fiscal year 2022, following net sales growth of 16.8% in fiscal year 2022 compared to fiscal year 2021.

|  | Our market diversification and our breadth of product offerings enabled us to achieve net sales growth during fiscal year 2023 despite the volatility in certain markets, with OCC achieving sales growth in our specialty markets, partially offset by decreases in our enterprise and wireless carrier markets.

|  | Net sales increased 19.8% during the first half of fiscal year 2023, and decreased 8.5% during the second half of fiscal year 2023, when compared to the same periods during the prior fiscal year.

OCC Net Sales by Quarter

(fiscal years 2020-2023) (in 000s)

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| ● | Improved Gross Profit and Strong Operating Leverage. We improved gross profit and gross profit margin (gross profit as a percentage of net sales) during fiscal year 2023.

|  | Gross profit increased 8.7% to $22.3 million for fiscal year 2023, compared to $20.5 million for fiscal year 2022.

|  | Gross profit margin increased to 30.9% during fiscal year 2023, compared to 29.7% during fiscal year 2022. During the first half of fiscal year 2023, our gross profit margin was 35.1% compared to 28.7% in the first half of fiscal year 2022—demonstrating OCC’s strong operating leverage and the production efficiencies we are able to achieve at increased production volumes.

| ● | Controlling Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. We continue to focus on operating as efficiently as possible and controlling expenses—including SG&A expenses. SG&A expenses as a percentage of net sales were 29.4% during fiscal year 2023, compared to 28.9% during fiscal year 2022. Our fixed SG&A expenses (including public company costs) are substantial, and as net sales grow, our SG&A expenses tend to increase at a slower rate than sales.

OCC SG&A Expenses

Dollars (in 000s) and % of Net Sales

(fiscal years 2019-2023)

Our Core Strengths Create Opportunities and Long-Term Value

We believe OCC remains uniquely positioned in the fiber optic and copper cabling and connectivity industry. Our differentiated core strengths and capabilities enable OCC to offer top-tier products and application solutions and to compete successfully against much larger competitors.

OCC’s core strengths and capabilities include:

| ● | Enviable market positions, brand recognition, as well as our relationships with and the loyalty of our customers, decision makers and end-users across a broad range of targeted markets.

| ● | A wide range of fiber optic and copper cabling and connectivity products and solutions that enable OCC to deliver products and solutions that meet our customers’ unique needs and that are well suited for the applications in our various targeted markets. The range of OCC’s product offerings is extensive, with OCC often successfully competing with different competitors in OCC’s different targeted markets.

| ● | Broad and diverse geographic footprint with OCC selling into approximately 50 countries every year.

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| ● | Extensive industry experience and expertise with OCC’s engineering, sales and business development teams well-respected for their product and application experience and expertise that enables OCC to create its portfolio of innovative, high performance products and associated intellectual property.

| ● | Significant production capacity at our facilities supported by knowledgeable and experienced manufacturing, quality and engineering teams.

Many of the costs incurred to maintain and build upon our strengths and capabilities, along with our public company costs, are fixed. As a result, as OCC grows net sales, gross profit and profitability tend to increase at a faster rate than that of net sales. This creates operating leverage for OCC as fixed production costs and fixed SG&A expenses remain relatively stable, and are spread over higher net sales levels.

OCC remains committed to leveraging our core strengths and capabilities, identifying growth opportunities, and executing our strategies and initiatives to create long-term value for our shareholders.

Looking Forward to Fiscal Year 2024

I am proud of the OCC team’s accomplishments during fiscal year 2023—particularly given the market volatility the industry experienced during the year.

Looking ahead to fiscal year 2024, we are optimistic about OCC’s opportunities. At the same time, we are cautious of current market conditions and the impacts of soft market demand on our operating and production efficiencies. To that end, we continue to monitor changing industry and macroeconomic trends and believe we are prepared to implement appropriate business adjustments as necessary.

Moving forward, we remain as focused as ever on driving growth, operating efficiently, and identifying and capturing additional growth opportunities to ensure we are executing for our customers and end-users while generating long-term value for our shareholders.

Thank you for your continued support.

| Sincerely, |
| Neil D. Wilkin, Jr.
| Chairman of the Board,
| President and Chief Executive Officer
| December 20, 2023

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Forward-Looking Information

This report may contain certain forward-looking information within the meaning of the federal securities laws. The forward-looking information may include, among other information, (i) statements concerning our outlook for the future, (ii) statements of belief, anticipation or expectation, (iii) future plans, strategies or anticipated events, and (iv) similar information and statements concerning matters that are not historical facts. Such forward-looking information is subject to known and unknown variables, uncertainties, contingencies and risks that may cause actual events or results to differ materially from our expectations. Such known and unknown variables, uncertainties, contingencies and risks (collectively, “factors”) may also adversely affect Optical Cable Corporation and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company” or “OCC®”), the Company’s future results of operations and future financial condition, and/or the future equity value of the Company. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences from our expectations or that could adversely affect the Company include, but are not limited to: the level of sales to key customers, including distributors; timing of certain projects and purchases by key customers; the economic conditions affecting network service providers; corporate and/or government spending on information technology; actions by competitors; fluctuations in the price of raw materials (including optical fiber, copper, gold and other precious metals, plastics and other materials); fluctuations in transportation costs; our dependence on customized equipment for the manufacture of certain of our products in certain production facilities; our ability to protect our proprietary manufacturing technology; market conditions influencing prices or pricing in one or more of the markets in which we participate, including the impact of increased competition; our dependence on a limited number of suppliers for certain product components; the loss of or conflict with one or more key suppliers or customers; an adverse outcome in any litigation, claims and other actions, and potential litigation, claims and other actions against us; an adverse outcome in any regulatory reviews and audits and potential regulatory reviews and audits; adverse changes in state tax laws and/or positions taken by state taxing authorities affecting us; technological changes and introductions of new competing products; changes in end-user preferences for competing technologies relative to our product offering; economic conditions that affect the telecommunications sector, the data communications sector, certain technology sectors and/or certain industry market sectors (for example, commercial/enterprise, military, industrial, broadcast, mining, petrochemical, renewable energy and wireless carrier industry market sectors); economic conditions that affect U.S.-based manufacturers; economic conditions or changes in relative currency strengths (for example, the strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to certain foreign currencies) and import and/or export tariffs imposed by the U.S. and other countries that affect certain geographic markets, industry market sectors, and/or the economy as a whole; changes in demand for our products from certain competitors for which we provide private label connectivity products; changes in the mix of products sold during any given period (due to, among other things, seasonality or varying strength or weaknesses in particular markets in which we participate) which may impact gross profits and gross profit margins or net sales; variations in orders and production volumes of hybrid cables (fiber and copper) with high copper content, which tend to have lower gross profit margins; significant variations in sales resulting from: (i) high volatility within various geographic markets, within targeted markets and industries, for certain types of products, and/or with certain customers (whether related to the market generally or to specific customers’ business in particular), (ii) market variations in existing product inventory levels available, generally or in certain markets, impacting sales orders for products, (iii) timing of large sales orders, and (iv) high sales concentration among a limited number of customers in certain markets, particularly the wireless carrier market; terrorist attacks or acts of war, any current or potential future military conflicts, and acts of civil unrest; cold wars and economic sanctions as a result of these activities; changes in the level of spending by the United States government, including, but not limited to military spending; ability to recruit and retain key personnel (including production personnel); poor labor relations; increasing labor costs; delays, extended lead times and/or changes in availability of needed raw materials, equipment and/or supplies; shipping and other logistics challenges; impact of inflation on costs, including raw materials and labor, and ability to pass along any increased costs to customers; impact of rising interest rates increasing the cost of capital; impact of cybersecurity risks and incidents and the related actual or potential costs and consequences of such risks and incidents, including costs and regulations to limit such risks; the impact of data privacy laws, including any applicable international privacy laws, and the related actual or potential costs and consequences; the impact of changes in accounting policies and related costs of compliance, including changes by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”), the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), and/or the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”); our ability to continue to successfully comply with, and the cost of compliance with, the provisions of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 or any revisions to that act which apply to us; the impact of changes and potential changes in federal laws and regulations adversely affecting our business and/or which result in increases in our direct and indirect costs, including our direct and indirect costs of compliance with such laws and regulations; rising healthcare costs; impact of new or changed government laws and regulations on healthcare costs; the impact of changes in state or federal tax laws and regulations increasing our costs and/or impacting the net return to investors owning our shares; any changes in the status of our compliance with covenants with our lenders; our continued ability to maintain and/or secure future debt financing and/or equity financing to adequately finance our ongoing operations; the impact of future consolidation among competitors and/or among customers adversely affecting our position with our customers and/or our market position; actions by customers adversely affecting us in reaction to the expansion of our product offering in any manner, including, but not limited to, by offering products that compete with our customers, and/or by entering into alliances with, making investments in or with, and/or acquiring parties that compete with and/or have conflicts with our customers; voluntary or involuntary delisting of the Company’s common stock from any exchange on which it is traded; the deregistration by the Company from SEC reporting requirements as a result of the small number of holders of the Company’s common stock; adverse reactions by customers, vendors or other service providers to unsolicited proposals regarding the ownership or management of the Company; the additional costs of considering, responding to and possibly defending our position on unsolicited proposals regarding the ownership or management of the Company; direct and indirect impacts of weather, natural disasters and/or epidemic, pandemic or endemic diseases in the areas of the world in which we operate, market our products and/or acquire raw materials including impacts on supply chains, labor constraints impacting our production volumes and costs; any present or future government mandates, travel restrictions, shutdowns or other regulations regarding any epidemic, pandemic or endemic diseases; an increase in the number of shares of the Company’s common stock issued and outstanding; economic downturns generally and/or in one or more of the markets in which we operate; changes in market demand, exchange rates, productivity, market dynamics, market confidence, macroeconomic and/or other economic conditions in the areas of the world in which we operate and market our products; and our success in managing the risks involved in the foregoing.

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We caution readers that the foregoing list of important factors is not exclusive. Furthermore, we incorporate by reference those factors included in current reports on Form 8‑K and/or in our other filings.

Dollar amounts presented in the following discussion have been rounded to the nearest hundred thousand, except in the case of amounts less than one million and except in the case of the table set forth in the “Results of Operations” section, the amounts in which both cases have been rounded to the nearest thousand.

Overview of Optical Cable Corporation

Optical Cable Corporation (or OCC®) is a leading manufacturer of a broad range of fiber optic and copper data communication cabling and connectivity solutions primarily for the enterprise market and various harsh environment and specialty markets (collectively, the non-carrier markets), and also the wireless carrier market, offering integrated suites of high quality products which operate as a system solution or seamlessly integrate with other components. Our product offerings include designs for uses ranging from enterprise network, data center, residential, campus and Passive Optical LAN (“POL”) installations to customized products for specialty applications and harsh environments, including military, industrial, mining, petrochemical, renewable energy and broadcast applications, as well as the wireless carrier market. Our products include fiber optic and copper cabling, hybrid cabling (which includes fiber optic and copper elements in a single cable), fiber optic and copper connectors, specialty fiber optic, copper and hybrid connectors, fiber optic and copper patch cords, pre-terminated fiber optic and copper cable assemblies, racks, cabinets, datacom enclosures, patch panels, face plates, multimedia boxes, fiber optic reels and accessories and other cable and connectivity management accessories, and are designed to meet the most demanding needs of end-users, delivering a high degree of reliability and outstanding performance characteristics.

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OCC® is internationally recognized for pioneering the design and production of fiber optic cables for the most demanding military field applications, as well as of fiber optic cables suitable for both indoor and outdoor use, and creating a broad product offering built on the evolution of these fundamental technologies. OCC is also internationally recognized for pioneering the development of innovative copper connectivity technology and designs used to meet industry copper connectivity data communications standards.

Founded in 1983, Optical Cable Corporation is headquartered in Roanoke, Virginia with offices, manufacturing and warehouse facilities located in Roanoke, Virginia, near Asheville, North Carolina, and near Dallas, Texas. We primarily manufacture our fiber optic cables at our Roanoke facility which is ISO 9001:2015 registered and MIL-STD-790G certified, primarily manufacture our enterprise connectivity products at our Asheville facility which is ISO 9001:2015 registered, and primarily manufacture our harsh environment and specialty connectivity products at our Dallas facility which is ISO 9001:2015 registered and MIL-STD-790G certified.

OCC designs, develops and manufactures fiber optic and hybrid cables for a broad range of enterprise, harsh environment, wireless carrier and other specialty markets and applications. We refer to these products as our fiber optic cable offering. OCC designs, develops and manufactures fiber and copper connectivity products for the enterprise market, including a broad range of enterprise and residential applications. We refer to these products as our enterprise connectivity product offering. OCC designs, develops and manufactures a broad range of specialty fiber optic connectors and connectivity solutions principally for use in military, harsh environment and other specialty applications. We refer to these products as our harsh environment and specialty connectivity product offering.

We market and sell the products manufactured at our Dallas facility through our wholly owned subsidiary Applied Optical Systems, Inc. (“AOS”) under the names Optical Cable Corporation and OCC® by the efforts of our integrated OCC sales team.

The OCC team seeks to provide top-tier communication solutions by bundling all of our fiber optic and copper data communication product offerings into systems that are best suited for individual data communication needs and application requirements of our customers and the end-users of our systems.

OCC’s wholly owned subsidiary Centric Solutions LLC (“Centric Solutions”) provides cabling and connectivity solutions for the data center market. Centric Solutions’ business is located at OCC’s facility near Dallas, Texas.

Optical Cable Corporation™, OCC®, Procyon®, Superior Modular Products™, SMP Data Communications™, Applied Optical Systems™, Centric Solutions™ and associated logos are trademarks of Optical Cable Corporation.

Summary of Company Performance for Fiscal Year 2023

| ● | Consolidated net sales for fiscal year 2023 increased 4.5% to $72.2 million, compared to consolidated net sales of $69.1 million for fiscal year 2022.

| ● | Gross profit was $22.3 million for fiscal year 2023, compared to $20.5 million for fiscal year 2022, an increase of 8.7%.

| ● | Gross profit margin (gross profit as a percentage of net sales) increased to 30.9% during fiscal year 2023, compared to 29.7% for fiscal year 2022.

| ● | SG&A expenses increased 6.3% to $21.2 million during fiscal year 2023, compared to $20.0 million during fiscal year 2022. SG&A expenses as a percentage of net sales were 29.4% during fiscal year 2023 compared to 28.9% during fiscal year 2022.

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| ● | Net income from operations increased 110% to $993,000 during fiscal year 2023, compared to $473,000 during fiscal year 2022.

| ● | Net income was $2.1 million, or $0.26 per share, during fiscal year 2023, compared to a net loss of $347,000, or $0.05 per share, during fiscal year 2022.

| ● | During fiscal year 2023, we received insurance proceeds in connection with our office building and its contents at our Asheville facilities sustaining water damage from a burst pipe at the end of December 2022. As a result, we recognized a gain on insurance proceeds for damage to property and equipment totaling $2.2 million during fiscal year 2023, which is reflected as income under other income (expense), net. To the extent we incur expenses in future periods to restore, repair or replace damaged assets, we may recognize offsetting losses in those future periods. At this time, we do not expect any future restoration and repair costs to exceed any insurance proceeds. The office building damaged is separate from our manufacturing building, which houses our manufacturing operations and certain offices at the same location. There was no significant impact to our operations as a result of this event.

Results of Operations

We sell our products internationally and domestically to our customers which include major distributors, various regional and smaller distributors, original equipment manufacturers and value-added resellers. All of our sales to customers outside of the United States are denominated in U.S. dollars. We can experience fluctuations in the percentage of net sales to customers outside of the United States and in the United States from period to period based on the timing of large orders, coupled with the impact of increases and decreases in sales to customers in various regions of the world. Sales outside of the U.S. can also be impacted by fluctuations in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar compared to other currencies.

Net sales consist of gross sales of products by the Company and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis less discounts, refunds and returns. Revenue is recognized at the time product is transferred to the customer (including distributors) at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for the product. Our customers generally do not have the right of return unless a product is defective or damaged and is within the parameters of the product warranty in effect for the sale.

Cost of goods sold consists of the cost of materials, product warranty costs and compensation costs, and overhead and other costs related to our manufacturing operations. The largest percentage of costs included in cost of goods sold is attributable to costs of materials.

Our gross profit margin percentages are heavily dependent upon product mix on a quarterly basis and may vary based on changes in product mix. To the extent not impacted by product mix, gross profit margins tend to be higher when we achieve higher net sales levels, as certain fixed manufacturing costs are spread over higher sales and other manufacturing efficiencies are more easily achieved. Hybrid cables (containing fiber and copper) with higher copper content tend to have lower gross profit margins.

Selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A expenses”) consist of the compensation costs for sales and marketing personnel, shipping costs, trade show expenses, customer support expenses, travel expenses, advertising, bad debt expense, the compensation costs for administration and management personnel, legal, accounting, advisory and professional fees, costs incurred to settle litigation or claims and other actions against us, and other costs associated with our operations.

Royalty income (expense), net consists of royalty income earned on licenses associated with our patented products, net of royalty and related expenses.

Amortization of intangible assets consists of the amortization of the costs, including legal fees, associated with internally developed patents that have been granted. Amortization of intangible assets is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the intangible assets.

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Other income (expense), net consists of interest expense and other miscellaneous income and expense items not directly attributable to our operations.

The following table sets forth and highlights fluctuations in selected line items from our consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated:

|  | Fiscal Years Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  | Fiscal Years Ended |  |  |  |  |
|  | October 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  | October 31, |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percent |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percent |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Change |
Net sales |  | $ | 72,200,000 |  |  | $ | 69,100,000 |  |  |  | 4.5 | % |  | $ | 69,100,000 |  |  | $ | 59,100,000 |  |  |  | 16.8 | %
Gross profit |  |  | 22,300,000 |  |  |  | 20,500,000 |  |  |  | 8.7 |  |  |  | 20,500,000 |  |  |  | 16,300,000 |  |  |  | 26.0 |
SG&A expenses |  |  | 21,200,000 |  |  |  | 20,000,000 |  |  |  | 6.3 |  |  |  | 20,000,000 |  |  |  | 18,200,000 |  |  |  | 9.4 |
Income (loss) from operations |  |  | 993,000 |  |  |  | 473,000 |  |  |  | 110.0 |  |  |  | 473,000 |  |  |  | (2,000,000 | ) |  |  | 124.0 |
Net income (loss) |  |  | 2,100,000 |  |  |  | (347,000 | ) |  |  | 695.4 |  |  |  | (347,000 | ) |  |  | 6,600,000 |  |  |  | (105.3 | )

Net Sales

Consolidated net sales for fiscal year 2023 were $72.2 million, an increase of 4.5% compared to net sales of $69.1 million for fiscal year 2022. We experienced increases in net sales in our specialty markets in fiscal year 2023, compared to fiscal year 2022, but the increases were partially offset by decreases in net sales in our enterprise and wireless carrier markets.

We believe there continue to be indicators of strength in certain of our markets—particularly our specialty markets—as we end fiscal year 2023. While OCC has benefited from market and product diversification, like others in our industry, our net sales during fiscal year 2023 were impacted by various macroeconomic pressures, risks and uncertainties in addition to the softening of certain of our targeted markets.

We also believe our net sales benefited from increased production throughput during fiscal year 2023, compared to last year, as well as our higher than typical levels of sales order backlog/forward load at the end of fiscal year 2022. Additionally, improved product pricing, increased to cover certain inflationary costs, began to take effect. Our sales order backlog/forward load has returned to more typical levels at approximately $5.4 million at the end of fiscal year 2023, compared to more than $12.0 million at the end of fiscal year 2022.

Consolidated net sales for fiscal year 2022 were $69.1 million, an increase of 16.8% compared to net sales of $59.1 million for fiscal year 2021. We experienced increases in net sales in both our enterprise and specialty markets, including the wireless carrier market, in fiscal year 2022 compared to fiscal year 2021.

During fiscal year 2022, we continued to see product demand, sales and production volume increase compared to fiscal year 2021. Our sales order backlog/forward load exceeded $12.0 million at the end of fiscal year 2022—approximately three-to-four times higher than typical levels—as product demand continued to be robust.

At the same time, we believed continuing and lingering direct and indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and certain macroeconomic trends as the COVID-19 pandemic had become more endemic-like in the U.S. created challenges that affected production volumes and sales despite increased demand during fiscal year 2022.

Our production volumes continued to be tempered (which impacted net sales) during fiscal year 2022 as we experienced certain supply chain challenges (including availability of materials, increased lead times, and increased costs) for certain raw materials, as well as challenges recruiting additional personnel (particularly, production personnel).

We experienced improvement in production personnel recruitment as well as improvements in availability of certain materials beginning in the second half of fiscal year 2022. While production labor recruitment improved, training of new production employees impacted production volumes (and labor costs) until those employees were fully trained and operating at full capacity, and certain new employees were still in the process of being trained as of the end of fiscal year 2022.

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Net sales to customers outside of the United States were approximately 18%, 15% and 18% of total net sales for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Net sales to customers in the United States increased 1.1% and net sales to customers outside of the United States increased 23.0% in fiscal year 2023, compared to last year.

We typically expect net sales to be relatively lower in the first half of each fiscal year and relatively higher in the second half of each fiscal year, and excluding other volatility, we would normally expect 48% of total net sales to occur during the first half of a fiscal year and 52% of total net sales to occur during the second half of a fiscal year. We believe this historical seasonality pattern is generally indicative of an overall trend and reflective of the buying patterns and budgetary cycles of our customers. However, this pattern may be altered during any quarter or year by the quarterly and annual volatility of orders received for the wireless carrier market, the timing of larger projects, timing of orders from larger customers, other economic factors impacting our industry or impacting the industries of our customers and end-users, and macroeconomic conditions. While we believe seasonality may be a factor that impacts our quarterly net sales results, particularly when excluding the volatility of sales in the wireless carrier market, we are not able to reliably predict net sales based on seasonality because these other factors can also, and often do, substantially impact our net sales patterns during the year. We believe we did not see our typical seasonality pattern in fiscal year 2023 as a result of the softening in certain markets, combined with the reduction in our backlog during the first two quarters of the fiscal year. Additionally, we experienced a decrease in production and shipping days of approximately seven days during the third quarter of fiscal year 2023 resulting from a shutdown related to a previously disclosed cyber incident.

Gross Profit

Gross profit was $22.3 million in fiscal year 2023, compared to gross profit of $20.5 million in fiscal year 2022, an increase of 8.7%. Gross profit margin, or gross profit as a percentage of net sales, was 30.9% in fiscal year 2023 compared to 29.7% in fiscal year 2022.

Our gross profit margin tends to be higher when we achieve higher net sales levels due to our operating leverage, as certain fixed manufacturing costs are spread over higher sales and other manufacturing efficiencies are more easily achieved. We experienced improved gross profit margins when comparing fiscal year 2023 to fiscal year 2022—particularly during the first and second quarters of fiscal year 2023 when our gross profit margins were 35.7% and 34.6%, respectively, compared to the first and second quarters of fiscal year 2022 with gross profit margins of 28.0% and 29.3%, respectively.

We attribute the overall improvement of our gross profit margin in fiscal year 2023 compared to fiscal year 2022 to: the positive impact of our operating leverage as sales levels increased, gains in production efficiencies, as well as the impact of a more fully trained workforce. Our gross profit margin percentages are also heavily dependent upon product mix on a quarterly basis and may vary based on changes in product mix.

Gross profit was $20.5 million in fiscal year 2022, compared to gross profit of $16.3 million in fiscal year 2021, an increase of 26.0%. Gross profit margin, or gross profit as a percentage of net sales, was 29.7% in fiscal year 2022 compared to 27.5% in fiscal year 2021.

Gross profit margins during fiscal year 2022 were impacted by increases in production labor and material costs, offset by necessary prospective price increases on new sales orders for many of our products. We experienced improvement in production personnel recruitment during the second half of fiscal year 2022, needed to increase production capacity to meet existing product demand; however, training of new production employees impacted labor costs (and production volumes) until those employees were fully trained and operating at capacity.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

SG&A expenses increased 6.3% to $21.2 million during fiscal year 2023, compared to $20.0 million for fiscal year 2022. SG&A expenses as a percentage of net sales were 29.4% in fiscal year 2023, compared to 28.9% in fiscal year 2022.

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The increase in SG&A expenses during fiscal year 2023 compared to last year was primarily the result of increases in employee and contracted sales personnel related costs totaling $1.0 million. Included in employee and contracted sales personnel related costs are employee incentives and commissions which increased due to increased net sales and improved financial results during fiscal year 2023.

Also contributing to the increase in SG&A expenses during fiscal year 2023 were increases in travel and marketing expenses, totaling $260,000, which increased due to the return to a more typical level of business travel and an increase in the number of, and the attendance at, tradeshows during fiscal year 2023 when compared to last year.

SG&A expenses increased 9.4% to $20.0 million during fiscal year 2022, compared to $18.2 million for fiscal year 2021. SG&A expenses as a percentage of net sales were 28.9% in fiscal year 2022, compared to 30.8% in fiscal year 2021.

The increase in SG&A expenses during fiscal year 2022 compared to fiscal year 2021 was primarily the result of increases in employee and contracted sales personnel related costs totaling $1.0 million. The increase in employee and contracted sales personnel related costs during fiscal year 2022 was primarily due to increased commission expense as a result of the increase in sales, new hires (net of terminations) and increases in compensation expense (including increases in response to changing labor market conditions), all when compared to fiscal year 2021. Also contributing to the increase in SG&A expenses during fiscal year 2022 were increases in travel expenses totaling $211,000, increases in shipping costs totaling $190,000, and increases in marketing expenses totaling $159,000. Both travel and marketing expenses increased due to the increase in business travel and trade shows participation during fiscal year 2022, post-COVID-19 restrictions, when compared to fiscal year 2021. Shipping costs increased due to the increase in net sales and the increase in costs charged by shippers during fiscal year 2022.

Royalty Income (Expense), Net

We recognized royalty expense, net of royalty income, totaling $26,000 during fiscal year 2023, compared to $27,000 during fiscal year 2022. Royalty income and/or expense may fluctuate based on sales of licensed products and estimates of amounts for non-licensed product sales, if any.

We recognized royalty expense, net of royalty income, totaling $27,000 during fiscal year 2022, compared to royalty income, net of royalty and related expenses, totaling $37,000 during fiscal year 2021.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

We recognized $54,000 of amortization expense, associated with intangible assets, during fiscal year 2023, compared to $52,000 during fiscal year 2022 and $46,000 during fiscal year 2021.

Income (Loss) from Operations

Our income from operations increased 110% to $993,000 during fiscal year 2023, compared to $473,000 for fiscal year 2022. We reported a loss from operations of $2.0 million for fiscal year 2021.

Other Income (Expense), Net

We recognized other income, net of $1.2 million in fiscal year 2023, compared to other expense, net of $795,000 in fiscal year 2022. Other income, net for fiscal year 2023 is comprised primarily of the gain on insurance proceeds for damage to property and equipment totaling $2.2 million, partially offset by interest expense and other miscellaneous items.

During fiscal year 2023, we received insurance proceeds in connection with our office building and its contents at our Asheville facilities sustaining water damage from a burst pipe in a sprinkler system at the end of December 2022. In connection with this event, we recognized a gain on insurance proceeds received for damage to property and equipment during fiscal year 2023 totaling $2.2 million. To the extent we incur expenses in future periods to restore, repair or replace damaged assets, we may recognize offsetting losses in those future periods. At this time, we do not expect any future restoration and repair costs to exceed any insurance proceeds.

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The office building sustaining water damage at our Asheville facilities is separate from our manufacturing building, which houses our manufacturing operations and certain offices at the same location. There was no significant impact to our operations as a result of this event.

We recognized other expense, net in fiscal year 2022 of $795,000, compared to other income, net of $8.6 million in fiscal year 2021. Other expense, net for fiscal year 2022 is comprised primarily of interest expense together with other miscellaneous items. The change in other expense, net during fiscal year 2022 compared to fiscal year 2021 was primarily due to the extinguishment of our Paycheck Protection Program loan (“PPP Loan”) (including accrued interest) totaling $5.0 million and the Employee Retention Tax Credit (“ERTC”) of $4.3 million, both of which were recognized as other income in fiscal year 2021, but did not recur in fiscal year 2022.

Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes

We reported income before income taxes of $2.2 million for fiscal year 2023 compared to a loss before income taxes of $322,000 for fiscal year 2022. The improvement was primarily due to the increase in gross profit of $1.8 million, and the gain on insurance proceeds received for damage to property and equipment of $2.2 million, partially offset by the increase in SG&A expenses of $1.3 million.

We reported a loss before income taxes of $322,000 for fiscal year 2022, compared to income before income taxes of $6.6 million for fiscal year 2021. This change was primarily due to the gain on the extinguishment of the PPP Loan (including accrued interest) of $5.0 million and the ERTC of $4.3 million, both of which were recognized during fiscal year 2021, but did not recur in fiscal year 2022, and the increase in SG&A expenses of $1.7 million, partially offset by the increase in gross profit of $4.2 million in fiscal year 2022 compared to fiscal year 2021.

Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

Income tax expense totaled $146,000 for fiscal year 2023 compared to $25,000 for fiscal year 2022. Our effective tax rate for fiscal year 2023 was 6.6%, compared to negative 7.7% for fiscal year 2022.

Fluctuations in our effective tax rates are primarily due to permanent differences in U.S. GAAP and tax accounting for various tax deductions and benefits, but can also be significantly different from the statutory tax rate when income or loss before taxes is at a level such that permanent differences in U.S. GAAP and tax accounting treatment have a disproportional impact on the projected effective tax rate.

Income tax expense totaled $25,000 in fiscal year 2022, compared to income tax benefit of $20,000 in fiscal year 2021. Our effective tax rate for fiscal year 2022 was negative 7.7%, compared to less than negative one percent for fiscal year 2021.

We previously established a valuation allowance against all of our net deferred tax assets. As a result of establishing a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets, if we generate sufficient taxable income in subsequent periods to realize a portion or all of our net deferred tax assets, our effective income tax rate could be unusually low due to the tax benefit attributable to the necessary decrease in our valuation allowance. Further, if we generate losses before taxes in subsequent periods, our effective income tax rate could also be unusually low as any increase in our net deferred tax asset from such a net operating loss for tax purposes would be offset by a corresponding increase to our valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets.

If we generate sufficient income before taxes in subsequent periods such that U.S. GAAP would permit us to conclude that the removal of any valuation allowance against our net deferred tax asset is appropriate, then during the period in which such determination is made, we will recognize the non-cash benefit of such removal of the valuation allowance in income tax expense on our consolidated statement of operations, which will increase net income and will also increase the net deferred tax asset on our consolidated balance sheet. If we do not generate sufficient income before taxes in subsequent periods such that U.S. GAAP would permit us to conclude that the reduction or removal of any valuation allowance against our net deferred tax asset is appropriate, then no such non-cash benefit would be realized. There can be no assurance regarding any future realization of the benefit by us of all or part of our net deferred tax assets.

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As of October 31, 2023, the valuation allowance against our total gross deferred tax assets totaled $4.0 million.

See also “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” herein and Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Net Income (Loss)

Net income for fiscal year 2023 was $2.1 million compared to a net loss of $347,000 for fiscal year 2022. This change was primarily due to the increase in income before income taxes of $2.5 million in fiscal year 2023, compared to fiscal year 2022.

Net loss for fiscal year 2022 was $347,000 compared to net income of $6.6 million for fiscal year 2021. This change was primarily due to the decrease in income before income taxes of $6.9 million in fiscal year 2022, compared to fiscal year 2021.

Financial Condition

Total assets increased $3.3 million, or 8.2%, to $43.9 million at October 31, 2023, from $40.6 million at October 31, 2022. This increase was primarily due to a $4.3 million increase in inventories, partially offset by a $2.2 million decrease in trade accounts receivable, net. Inventories increased largely as the result of the timing of certain raw material purchases, increases in work in process levels related to pending shipments, and the increase in finished goods inventory resulting from higher replenishment rates of stock inventory toward targeted levels. The decrease in trade accounts receivable, net, resulted from the decrease in net sales in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023 when compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2022.

Total liabilities increased $759,000, or 4.1%, to $19.2 million at October 31, 2023, from $18.4 million at October 31, 2022. The increase in total liabilities was primarily due to net borrowings on our Revolver totaling $2.3 million, partially offset by the payoff of our North Carolina Real Estate Loan and the pay down of the balance of our Virginia Real Estate Loan totaling $1.9 million.

Total shareholders’ equity at October 31, 2023 increased $2.6 million, or 11.6%, during fiscal year 2023. The increase resulted from net income of $2.1 million and share-based compensation, net of $496,000.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary capital needs have been to fund working capital requirements through payments on our Revolver. Our primary source of capital for this purpose has been existing cash, cash provided by operations, and borrowings under our Revolver (see “Credit Facilities” below).

As of October 31, 2023 and 2022, we had an outstanding loan balance under our Revolver totaling $8.3 million and $6.0 million, respectively. As of October 31, 2023 and 2022, we had outstanding loan balances, excluding our Revolver, totaling $2.7 million and $4.5 million, respectively.

Our cash totaled $1.5 million and $216,000 as of October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in cash for the year ended October 31, 2023 primarily resulted from insurance proceeds received for damage to property and equipment totaling $1.9 million and cash provided by financing activities of $220,000, partially offset by cash used in operating activities of $396,000 and capital expenditures totaling $521,000.

On October 31, 2023, we had working capital of $27.3 million, compared to $23.7 million as of October 31, 2022. The ratio of current assets to current liabilities as of October 31, 2023, was 4.5 to 1 compared to 4.2 to 1 as of October 31, 2022. The increase in working capital and in the current ratio was primarily due to the $1.3 million increase in cash and the $4.3 million increase in inventories, partially offset by the $2.2 million decrease in trade accounts receivable, net.

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Net Cash

Net cash used in operating activities was $396,000 in fiscal year 2023, compared to $1.6 million in fiscal year 2022 and net cash provided by operating activities of $2.1 million in fiscal year 2021.

Net cash used in operating activities during fiscal year 2023 primarily resulted from an increase in inventories totaling $4.3 million and adjustments to reconcile net income of $2.1 million to net cash used in operating activities for the gain on insurance proceeds totaling $2.2 million, partially offset by the cash flow impact of decreases in trade accounts receivable, net totaling $2.2 million and certain other adjustments to reconcile net income of $2.1 million to net cash used in operating activities including depreciation and amortization of $946,000 and share-based compensation expense of $611,000.

Net cash used in operating activities during fiscal year 2022 primarily resulted from an increase in inventories totaling $3.1 million and the cash flow impact of increases in trade accounts receivable, net totaling $2.6 million, partially offset by certain adjustments to reconcile a net loss of $347,000 to net cash used in operating activities including depreciation and amortization of $1.1 million and share-based compensation expense of $412,000. Additionally, the cash flow impact of decreases in other receivables of $2.2 million and increases in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $1.1 million further contributed to offset net cash used in operating activities.

Net cash provided by operating activities during fiscal year 2021 primarily resulted from net income of $6.6 million, plus net adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities, including depreciation and amortization of $1.2 million and share-based compensation expense of $336,000. Additionally, the cash flow impact of increases in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $1.4 million and decreases in inventories totaling $796,000 further contributed to net cash provided by operating activities. All of the aforementioned factors positively affecting cash provided by operating activities were partially offset by an adjustment to reconcile net income of $6.6 million to net cash provided by operating activities for the gain related to the forgiveness of the principal amount of the PPP Loan totaling $5.0 million, an increase in other receivables totaling $2.2 million and the cash flow impact of increases in trade accounts receivable, net of $825,000.

Net cash provided by investing activities totaled $1.4 million in fiscal year 2023, compared to net cash used in investing activities of $292,000 in fiscal year 2022 and $193,000 in fiscal year 2021. Net cash provided by investing activities during fiscal year 2023 resulted primarily from insurance proceeds received for damage to property and equipment, net totaling $1.9 million, partially offset by purchases of property and equipment and deposits for the purchase of property and equipment totaling $521,000. Net cash used in investing activities during fiscal years 2022 and 2021 resulted primarily from the purchase of property and equipment and deposits for the purchase of property and equipment.

Net cash provided by financing activities totaled $220,000 in fiscal year 2023, compared to $2.0 million in fiscal year 2022 and net cash used in financing activities totaling $1.9 million in fiscal year 2021.

Net cash provided by financing activities in fiscal year 2023 resulted primarily from net proceeds on our revolving line of credit totaling $2.3 million, partially offset by principal payments on debt totaling $1.9 million. Net cash provided by financing activities in fiscal year 2022 resulted primarily from net proceeds on our revolving line of credit totaling $2.5 million, partially offset by principal payments on long-term debt totaling $325,000. Net cash used in financing activities in fiscal year 2021 resulted primarily from net repayments on our Revolver totaling $1.5 million and principal payments on long-term debt totaling $312,000.

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Credit Facilities

We have credit facilities consisting of a real estate term loan, as amended and restated (the “Virginia Real Estate Loan”) and a Revolving Credit Master Promissory Note and related Loan and Security Agreement (collectively, the Revolver).

On October 31, 2023, OCC and Northeast Bank entered into an Omnibus Amendment of Loan Documents (the “Amendment”) to modify certain loan documents currently in effect between the parties related to the Virginia Real Estate Loan and a supplemental real estate term loan (the “North Carolina Real Estate Loan”). The primary purpose of the Amendment was to: (i) pay off the North Carolina Real Estate Loan; (ii) pay down the balance on the Virginia Real Estate Loan; (iii) extend the maturity date of the Virginia Real Estate Loan through May 5, 2026, with principal payments being made on a 20-year amortization schedule; (iv) release the collateral of the North Carolina Real Estate Loan; and (v) effective October 5, 2023, modify the interest rate of the Virginia Real Estate Loan to a variable rate equal to the Prime Rate, provided that the interest rate shall never be less than 8.5% per annum.

The Virginia Real Estate Loan remains generally secured by a first lien deed of trust on the land and buildings at the Company’s headquarters and manufacturing facilities located in Roanoke, Virginia. All other terms of the Virginia Real Estate Loan remain unaltered and remain in full force and effect.

The Revolver with North Mill Capital LLC (now doing business as SLR Business Credit, “SLR”) provides us with one or more advances in an amount up to: (a) 85% of the aggregate outstanding amount of eligible accounts (the “eligible accounts loan value”); plus (b) the lowest of (i) an amount up to 35% of the aggregate value of eligible inventory, (ii) $5.0 million, and (iii) an amount not to exceed 100% of the then outstanding eligible accounts loan value; minus (c) $1.15 million. The term of the Revolver expires on July 24, 2025, unless otherwise extended or renewed.

The maximum aggregate principal amount subject to the Revolver is $18.0 million. Interest accrues on the daily balance at the per annum rate of 1.5% above the Prime Rate in effect from time to time, but not less than 4.75% (the “Applicable Rate”). In the event of a default, interest may become 6.0% above the Applicable Rate. As of October 31, 2023, the Revolver accrued interest at the prime lending rate plus 1.5% (resulting in a 10.0% rate at October 31, 2023). The loan may be extended in one year periods subject to the agreement of SLR.

The Revolver is secured by all of the following assets: properties, rights and interests in property of the Company whether now owned or existing, or hereafter acquired or arising, and wherever located; all accounts, equipment, commercial tort claims, general intangibles, chattel paper, inventory, negotiable collateral, investment property, financial assets, letter-of-credit rights, supporting obligations, deposit accounts, money or assets of the Company, which hereafter come into the possession, custody, or control of SLR; all proceeds and products, whether tangible or intangible, of any of the foregoing, including proceeds of insurance covering any or all of the foregoing; any and all tangible or intangible property resulting from the sale, lease, license or other disposition of any of the foregoing, or any portion thereof or interest therein, and all proceeds thereof; and any other assets of the Company which may be subject to a lien in favor of SLR as security for the obligations under the Revolver.

As of October 31, 2023, we had $8.3 million of outstanding borrowings on our Revolver and $2.6 million in available credit. As of October 31, 2022, we had $6.0 million of outstanding borrowings on our Revolver and $5.9 million in available credit.

Capital Expenditures

We did not have any material commitments for capital expenditures as of October 31, 2023. We expected capital expenditures in fiscal year 2023 would not exceed $1.0 million. We incurred capital expenditures totaling $521,000 for items including new manufacturing equipment, improvements to existing manufacturing equipment, new information technology equipment and software, upgrades to existing information technology equipment and software, and other capitalizable expenditures for property, plant and equipment for fiscal year 2023.

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During our 2024 fiscal year budgeting process, we included an estimate for capital expenditures of $1.0 million for the year. Any capital expenditures will be funded out of our working capital, cash provided by operations or borrowings under our Revolver, as appropriate. This amount includes estimates for capital expenditures for similar types of items as those purchased in fiscal year 2023. Capital expenditures are reviewed and approved based on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, current cash flow considerations, the expected return on investment, project priorities, impact on current or future product offerings, availability of personnel necessary to implement and begin using acquired equipment, and economic conditions in general. Historically, we have spent less than our budgeted capital expenditures in most fiscal years.

Future Cash Flow Considerations

We believe that our cash flow from operations, our cash on hand and our existing Revolver will be adequate to fund our operations for at least the next twelve months.

From time to time, we are involved in various claims, legal actions and regulatory reviews arising in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, the ultimate disposition of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements provides a summary of our significant accounting policies. The following are areas requiring significant judgments and estimates due to uncertainties as of the reporting date: revenue recognition, trade accounts receivable and the allowance for credit losses, inventories, deferred tax assets (and valuation allowances thereon), long-lived assets and commitments and contingencies.

Application of the critical accounting policies discussed in the section that follows requires management’s significant judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain. If actual results were to differ materially from the estimates made, the reported results could be materially affected. We are not currently aware of any reasonably likely events or circumstances that would result in materially different results.

Revenue Recognition

Management views revenue recognition as a critical accounting estimate since we must estimate an allowance for sales returns for the reporting period. This allowance reduces net sales for the period and is based on our analysis and judgment of historical trends, identified returns and the potential for additional returns. The estimates for sales returns did not materially differ from actual results for the years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Trade Accounts Receivable and the Allowance for Credit Losses

Management views trade accounts receivable net of the related allowance for credit losses as a critical accounting estimate since the allowance for credit losses is based on judgments and estimates concerning the likelihood that individual customers will pay the amounts included as receivable from them. In determining the amount of allowance for credit losses to be recorded for individual customers, we assess the net amount expected to be collected from each customer. In addition, we establish an allowance for all other receivables for which no specific allowances are deemed necessary. This portion of the allowance for credit losses is based on a percentage of total trade accounts receivable with different percentages used based on different age categories of receivables. The percentages used are based on our expectations of net amounts expected to be collected.

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Inventories

Management views the determination of the net realizable value of inventories as a critical accounting estimate since it is based on judgments and estimates regarding the salability of individual items in inventory and an estimate of the ultimate selling prices for those items. Individual inventory items are reviewed and adjustments are made based on the age of the inventory and our judgment as to the salability of that inventory in order for our inventories to be valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value.

Deferred Tax Assets

Management views the valuation of deferred tax assets as a critical accounting estimate since we must assess whether it is “more likely than not” that we will realize the benefits of our gross deferred tax assets and determine an appropriate valuation allowance if we conclude such an allowance is appropriate. This determination requires that we consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, in making this assessment. The weight given to the positive and negative evidence is commensurate with the extent to which the evidence may be objectively verified.

Generally, a cumulative loss in recent years is a significant piece of negative evidence that is quite difficult to overcome under U.S. GAAP. Since the amount of our loss before income taxes in fiscal year 2015 exceeded our income before taxes during the previous two fiscal years, we believed that U.S. GAAP required us to treat as significant negative evidence that it was “more likely than not” that we would be unable to realize the future benefits of our deferred tax assets in the coming years—significant negative evidence that was quite difficult to overcome under U.S. GAAP and which we were not able to overcome with sufficient objectively verifiable positive evidence.

While we believe that ultimately we will utilize the benefit of our net deferred tax assets in the future (prior to any expiration of the usability of such deferred tax assets for income tax purposes), we concluded as a result of our cumulative loss position and insufficient objectively verifiable positive evidence, it was appropriate under U.S. GAAP for us to establish a full valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets as of October 31, 2015. The valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets does not in any way impact our ability to use future tax deductions such as our net operating loss carryforwards; rather, the valuation allowance indicates, according to the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification 740, Income Taxes, it is “more likely than not” that our deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The valuation allowance that was established will be maintained until there is sufficient positive evidence to conclude that it is “more likely than not” that our net deferred tax assets will be realized. Our income tax expense for future periods will be reduced to the extent of corresponding decreases in our valuation allowance. There can be no assurance regarding any future realization of the benefit by us of all or part of our net deferred tax assets.

Long-lived Assets

Management views the determination of the carrying value of long-lived assets as a critical accounting estimate since we must determine an estimated economic useful life in order to properly amortize or depreciate our long-lived assets and because we must consider if the value of any of our long-lived assets have been impaired, requiring adjustment to the carrying value.

Economic useful life is the duration of time the asset is expected to be productively employed by us, which may be less than its physical life. Management’s assumptions on wear and tear, obsolescence, technological advances and other factors affect the determination of estimated economic useful life. The estimated economic useful life of an asset is monitored to determine if it continues to be appropriate in light of changes in business circumstances. For example, technological advances or excessive wear and tear may result in a shorter estimated useful life than originally anticipated. In such a case, we would depreciate the remaining net book value of an asset over the new estimated remaining life, thereby increasing depreciation expense per year on a prospective basis. We must also consider similar issues when determining whether or not an asset has been impaired to the extent that we must recognize a loss on such impairment.

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The Company amortizes intangible assets over their respective finite lives up to their estimated residual values.

Commitments and Contingencies

Management views accounting for contingencies as a critical accounting estimate since loss contingencies arising from product warranties and defects, claims, assessments, litigation, fines and penalties and other sources require judgment as to any probable liabilities incurred. For example, accrued product warranty costs recorded by us are based primarily on historical experience of actual warranty claims and costs as well as current information with respect to warranty claims and costs. Actual results could differ from the expected results determined based on such estimates of loss contingencies.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We do not engage in transactions in derivative financial instruments or derivative commodity instruments. As of October 31, 2023 our financial instruments were not exposed to significant market risk due to interest rate risk, foreign currency exchange risk, commodity price risk or equity price risk.

New Accounting Standards

There are no new accounting standards issued, but not yet adopted by us, which are expected to be applicable to our financial position, operating results or financial statement disclosures.

Disagreements with Accountants

We did not have any disagreements with our accountants on any accounting matter or financial disclosure made during our fiscal year ended October 31, 2023.

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Consolidated Balance Sheets
October 31, 2023 and 2022

|  | October 31, |
Assets |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash |  | $ | 1,468,709 |  |  | $ | 215,936 |
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $71,189 in 2023 and $69,643 in 2022 |  |  | 8,727,810 |  |  |  | 10,963,753 |
Income taxes refundable - current |  |  | 81,844 |  |  |  | — |
Other receivables |  |  | 397,758 |  |  |  | 37,442 |
Inventories |  |  | 23,766,326 |  |  |  | 19,438,766 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  |  | 595,469 |  |  |  | 540,225 |
Total current assets |  |  | 35,037,916 |  |  |  | 31,196,122 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 7,139,616 |  |  |  | 7,390,285 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 566,197 |  |  |  | 618,142 |
Other assets, net |  |  | 1,135,172 |  |  |  | 1,353,257 |
Total assets |  | $ | 43,878,901 |  |  | $ | 40,557,806 |
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current installments of long-term debt |  | $ | 52,624 |  |  | $ | 338,094 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  |  | 5,843,044 |  |  |  | 5,354,150 |
Accrued compensation and payroll taxes |  |  | 1,849,780 |  |  |  | 1,772,551 |
Income taxes payable |  |  | 22,754 |  |  |  | 18,098 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 7,768,202 |  |  |  | 7,482,893 |
Note payable, revolver - noncurrent |  |  | 8,324,397 |  |  |  | 5,999,663 |
Long-term debt, excluding current installments |  |  | 2,622,620 |  |  |  | 4,190,508 |
Other noncurrent liabilities |  |  | 441,838 |  |  |  | 725,024 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 19,157,057 |  |  |  | 18,398,088 |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, no par value, authorized 1,000,000 shares; none issued and outstanding |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock, no par value, authorized 50,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 7,893,681 shares in 2023 and 7,893,194 shares in 2022 |  |  | 15,134,133 |  |  |  | 14,638,505 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 9,587,711 |  |  |  | 7,521,213 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 24,721,844 |  |  |  | 22,159,718 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 43,878,901 |  |  | $ | 40,557,806 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Consolidated Statements of Operations
Years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

|  | Years Ended October 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Net sales |  | $ | 72,173,752 |  |  | $ | 69,079,263 |  |  | $ | 59,136,294 |
Cost of goods sold |  |  | 49,879,676 |  |  |  | 48,568,410 |  |  |  | 42,862,215 |
Gross profit |  |  | 22,294,076 |  |  |  | 20,510,853 |  |  |  | 16,274,079 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 21,220,741 |  |  |  | 19,959,735 |  |  |  | 18,239,152 |
Royalty (income) expense, net |  |  | 26,315 |  |  |  | 26,747 |  |  |  | (37,261 | )
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 53,941 |  |  |  | 51,507 |  |  |  | 45,511 |
Income (loss) from operations |  |  | 993,079 |  |  |  | 472,864 |  |  |  | (1,973,323 | )
Other income (expense), net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  |  | (1,152,554 | ) |  |  | (768,286 | ) |  |  | (690,384 | )
Gain on insurance proceeds, net |  |  | 2,199,463 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other, net |  |  | 172,234 |  |  |  | (26,976 | ) |  |  | 9,254,325 |
Other income (expense), net |  |  | 1,219,143 |  |  |  | (795,262 | ) |  |  | 8,563,941 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  | 2,212,222 |  |  |  | (322,398 | ) |  |  | 6,590,618 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 145,724 |  |  |  | 24,693 |  |  |  | (19,898 | )
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 2,066,498 |  |  | $ | (347,091 | ) |  | $ | 6,610,516 |
Net income (loss) per share - basic and diluted |  | $ | 0.26 |  |  | $ | (0.05 | ) |  | $ | 0.87 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
Years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Retained |  |  | Shareholders’ |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Earnings |  |  | Equity |
Balances at October 31, 2020 |  |  | 7,537,087 |  |  | $ | 14,002,130 |  |  | $ | 1,257,788 |  |  | $ | 15,259,918 |
Share-based compensation, net |  |  | 360,390 |  |  |  | 335,519 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 335,519 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,610,516 |  |  |  | 6,610,516 |
Balances at October 31, 2021 |  |  | 7,897,477 |  |  | $ | 14,337,649 |  |  | $ | 7,868,304 |  |  | $ | 22,205,953 |
Share-based compensation, net |  |  | (4,283 | ) |  |  | 300,856 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 300,856 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (347,091 | ) |  |  | (347,091 | )
Balances at October 31, 2022 |  |  | 7,893,194 |  |  | $ | 14,638,505 |  |  | $ | 7,521,213 |  |  | $ | 22,159,718 |
Share-based compensation, net |  |  | 487 |  |  |  | 495,628 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 495,628 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,066,498 |  |  |  | 2,066,498 |
Balances at October 31, 2023 |  |  | 7,893,681 |  |  | $ | 15,134,133 |  |  | $ | 9,587,711 |  |  | $ | 24,721,844 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Years Ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

|  | Years ended October 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 2,066,498 |  |  | $ | (347,091 | ) |  | $ | 6,610,516 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 946,457 |  |  |  | 1,074,671 |  |  |  | 1,206,706 |
Bad debt expense |  |  | 1,546 |  |  |  | 8,116 |  |  |  | 10,750 |
Share-based compensation expense |  |  | 611,480 |  |  |  | 411,997 |  |  |  | 335,519 |
Gain on insurance proceeds, net |  |  | (2,199,463 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Gain on debt extinguishment─PPP Loan principal |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,981,400 | )
Loss on disposal of property and equipment |  |  | 8,335 |  |  |  | 22,247 |  |  |  | 30,463 |
(Increase) decrease in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade accounts receivable |  |  | 2,234,397 |  |  |  | (2,595,869 | ) |  |  | (825,416 | )
Other receivables |  |  | (107,845 | ) |  |  | 2,167,014 |  |  |  | (2,181,311 | )
Income taxes refundable |  |  | (81,844 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 25,003 |
Inventories |  |  | (4,327,560 | ) |  |  | (3,134,958 | ) |  |  | 795,959 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  |  | (55,244 | ) |  |  | 9,125 |  |  |  | (76,834 | )
Other assets |  |  | 92,036 |  |  |  | 392,597 |  |  |  | 70,081 |
Increase (decrease) in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  |  | 479,372 |  |  |  | 1,068,549 |  |  |  | 1,357,106 |
Accrued compensation and payroll taxes |  |  | 77,229 |  |  |  | 218,780 |  |  |  | 90,464 |
Income taxes payable |  |  | 4,656 |  |  |  | 4,977 |  |  |  | (865 | )
Other noncurrent liabilities |  |  | (145,726 | ) |  |  | (887,699 | ) |  |  | (350,153 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  | (395,676 | ) |  |  | (1,587,544 | ) |  |  | 2,116,588 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of and deposits for the purchase of property and equipment |  |  | (520,847 | ) |  |  | (279,810 | ) |  |  | (166,227 | )
Insurance proceeds received |  |  | 1,946,992 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Investment in intangible assets |  |  | (1,996 | ) |  |  | (22,789 | ) |  |  | (26,640 | )
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment |  |  | 4,500 |  |  |  | 10,134 |  |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | 1,428,649 |  |  |  | (292,465 | ) |  |  | (192,867 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payroll taxes withheld and remitted on share-based payments |  |  | (115,852 | ) |  |  | (111,141 | ) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from note payable, revolver |  |  | 79,258,692 |  |  |  | 71,733,254 |  |  |  | 58,867,884 |
Payments on note payable, revolver |  |  | (76,933,958 | ) |  |  | (69,199,499 | ) |  |  | (60,390,636 | )
Principal payments on long-term debt |  |  | (1,853,358 | ) |  |  | (324,849 | ) |  |  | (312,115 | )
Payments for financing costs |  |  | (100,000 | ) |  |  | (100,000 | ) |  |  | (91,667 | )
Principal payments on financing lease |  |  | (35,724 | ) |  |  | (34,069 | ) |  |  | (5,777 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 219,800 |  |  |  | 1,963,696 |  |  |  | (1,932,311 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash |  |  | 1,252,773 |  |  |  | 83,687 |  |  |  | (8,590 | )
Cash at beginning of year |  |  | 215,936 |  |  |  | 132,249 |  |  |  | 140,839 |
Cash at end of year |  | $ | 1,468,709 |  |  | $ | 215,936 |  |  | $ | 132,249 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash payments for interest |  | $ | 1,028,762 |  |  | $ | 640,592 |  |  | $ | 492,547 |
Income taxes paid, net of refunds |  | $ | 221,993 |  |  | $ | 17,384 |  |  | $ | (10,656 | )
Noncash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures accrued in accounts payable at year end |  | $ | 22,081 |  |  | $ | 31,560 |  |  | $ | 33,842 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(1) | Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

| (a) | Description of Business

Optical Cable Corporation and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company” or “OCC®”) is a leading manufacturer of a broad range of fiber optic and copper data communication cabling and connectivity solutions primarily for the enterprise market and various harsh environment and specialty markets (collectively, the non-carrier markets), and also the wireless carrier market, offering integrated suites of high quality products which operate as a system solution or seamlessly integrate with other components. The Company’s product offerings include designs for uses ranging from enterprise network, data center, residential, campus and Passive Optical LAN (“POL”) installations to customized products for specialty applications and harsh environments, including military, industrial, mining, petrochemical, renewable energy and broadcast applications, and for the wireless carrier market.

Founded in 1983, OCC is headquartered in Roanoke, Virginia with offices, manufacturing and warehouse facilities located in Roanoke, Virginia; near Asheville, North Carolina; and near Dallas, Texas.

The Company’s cabling and connectivity products are used for high bandwidth transmission of data, video and audio communications. The Company’s product offering includes products well-suited for use in various other short- to moderate-distance applications as well. The Company’s products are sold worldwide. Also see note 10.

| (b) | Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Optical Cable Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

| (c) | Cash and Cash Equivalents

All of the Company’s bank accounts are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). As of October 31, 2023, the Company had bank deposits in excess of the insured limit totaling $1.2 million. As of October 31, 2022, the Company did not have bank deposits in excess of the insured limit.

For purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, the Company considers all highly liquid debt instruments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of October 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no cash equivalents.

| (d) | Trade Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not typically bear interest. The allowance for credit losses is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the Company’s existing accounts receivable. The Company reviews outstanding trade accounts receivable at the end of each quarter and records expected credit losses as deemed appropriate for (i) certain individual customers and (ii) for all other trade accounts receivable in total. In determining the amount of allowance for credit losses to be recorded for individual customers, the Company assesses the net amount expected to be collected from each customer. In addition, the Company establishes an allowance for all other receivables for which no specific allowances are deemed necessary. This portion of the allowance for credit losses is based on a percentage of total trade accounts receivable with different percentages used based on different age categories of receivables. The percentages used are based on the Company’s expectations of net amounts expected to be collected. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The Company does not have any off-balance-sheet credit exposure related to its customers.

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| (e) | Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. The determination of cost includes raw materials, direct labor and manufacturing overhead. The cost of optical fibers, included in raw materials, is determined using specific identification for optical fibers. The cost of other raw materials and production supplies is generally determined using the first-in, first-out basis. The cost of work in process and finished goods inventories is determined either as average cost or standard cost, depending upon the product type. A standard cost system is used to estimate the actual costs of inventory for certain product types. Actual costs and production cost levels may vary from the standards established and such variances, if material, are charged to cost of goods sold or capitalized to inventory. Also see note 3.

| (f) | Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are provided for using both straight-line and declining balance methods over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Estimated useful lives are thirty to thirty-nine years for buildings and three to fifteen years for building improvements, machinery and equipment and furniture and fixtures. Also see note 4.

| (g) | Patents and Trademarks

The Company records legal fees associated with patent and trademark applications as intangible assets. Such intangible assets are not amortized until such time that the patent and/or trademark is granted. The Company estimates the useful life of patents and trademarks based on the period over which the intangible asset is expected to contribute directly or indirectly to future cash flows. If patents and/or trademarks are not granted, the capitalized legal fees are expensed during the period in which such notification is received. If the Company decides to abandon a patent or trademark application, the capitalized legal fees are expensed during the period in which the Company’s decision is made.

| (h) | Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue at the time product is transferred to the customer (including distributors) at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for the product. Customers generally do not have the right of return unless a product is defective or damaged and is within the parameters of the product warranty in effect for the sale. Also see note 11.

The Company recognizes royalty income (if any), net of related expenses, on an accrual basis and estimates royalty income earned based on historical experience.

| (i) | Shipping and Handling Costs

Shipping and handling costs include the costs incurred to physically move finished goods from the Company’s warehouse to the customers’ designated location. All shipping and handling activities related to contracts with customers as a cost to fulfill its promise to transfer control of the related product are classified as sales revenue. Shipping and handling costs of approximately $2.1 million, $2.1 million and $1.9 million are included in selling, general and administrative expenses for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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| (j) | Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs totaled approximately $983,000, $973,000 and $928,000 for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

| (k) | Advertising

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs totaled approximately $191,000, $159,000 and $81,000 for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

| (l) | Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss, capital loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Company records interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. Also see note 12.

| (m) | Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized in the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. When applicable, assets to be disposed of are reported separately in the consolidated balance sheet at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell, and are no longer depreciated.

| (n) | Stock Incentive Plans and Other Share-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes the cost of employee services received in exchange for awards of equity instruments based upon the grant-date fair value of those awards. Also see note 9.

| (o) | Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Basic net income (loss) per share excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. In the case of basic net income per share, the calculation includes common shares outstanding issued as share-based compensation and still subject to vesting requirements. In the case of basic net loss per share, the calculation excludes common shares outstanding issued as share-based compensation and still subject to vesting requirements, as these shares are considered dilutive.

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Diluted net income (loss) per share also is calculated by dividing net income (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period, and reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the net income (loss) of the Company. The diluted net income (loss) per share calculation includes all common shares outstanding issued as share-based compensation and still subject to vesting requirements in the calculation of diluted net income, but not in the calculation of diluted net loss. Also see note 14.

| (p) | Commitments and Contingencies

Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from product warranties and defects, claims, assessments, litigation, fines and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the assessment can be reasonably estimated.

| (q) | Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

(2) | Allowance for Credit Losses for Trade Accounts Receivable

A summary of changes in the allowance for credit losses for trade accounts receivable for the years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 follows:

|  | Years ended October 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Balance at beginning of year |  | $ | 69,643 |  |  | $ | 61,527 |  |  | $ | 524,617 |
Bad debt expense |  |  | 1,546 |  |  |  | 8,116 |  |  |  | 10,750 |
Losses charged to allowance |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (473,840 | )
Balance at end of year |  | $ | 71,189 |  |  | $ | 69,643 |  |  | $ | 61,527 |

(3) | Inventories

Inventories as of October 31, 2023 and 2022 consist of the following:

|  | October 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Finished goods |  | $ | 5,937,682 |  |  | $ | 3,894,102 |
Work in process |  |  | 4,372,913 |  |  |  | 4,054,789 |
Raw materials |  |  | 13,130,478 |  |  |  | 11,093,140 |
Production supplies |  |  | 325,253 |  |  |  | 396,735 |
Total |  | $ | 23,766,326 |  |  | $ | 19,438,766 |

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(4) | Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net as of October 31, 2023 and 2022 consists of the following:

|  | October 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Land and land improvements |  | $ | 3,148,834 |  |  | $ | 3,148,834 |
Buildings and improvements |  |  | 8,305,039 |  |  |  | 8,311,953 |
Machinery and equipment |  |  | 26,185,346 |  |  |  | 26,909,968 |
Furniture and fixtures |  |  | 902,012 |  |  |  | 902,012 |
Construction in progress |  |  | 199,772 |  |  |  | 230,163 |
Total property and equipment, at cost |  |  | 38,741,003 |  |  |  | 39,502,930 |
Less accumulated amortization and depreciation |  |  | (31,601,387 | ) |  |  | (32,112,645 | )
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | 7,139,616 |  |  | $ | 7,390,285 |

(5) | Intangible Assets

Aggregate amortization expense for amortizing intangible assets was $53,941, $51,507 and $45,511 for the years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amortization of intangible assets is calculated using a straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the intangible assets. Amortization expense is estimated to be approximately $54,000 for each of the next five years. The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of intangible assets subject to amortization as of October 31, 2023 was $868,564 and $313,927, respectively. The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of intangible assets subject to amortization as of October 31, 2022 was $856,167 and $274,417, respectively.

(6) | Product Warranties

The Company generally warrants its products against certain manufacturing and other defects in material and workmanship. These product warranties are provided for specific periods of time and are applicable assuming the product has not been subjected to misuse, improper installation, negligent handling or shipping damage. As of October 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s accrual for estimated product warranty claims totaled $80,000 and $75,000, respectively, and is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses. Warranty claims expense includes the costs to investigate claims and potential claims, and the costs to replace and/or repair product pursuant to claims, which can include claims not deemed valid by the Company. The accrued product warranty costs are based primarily on historical experience of actual warranty claims and costs as well as current information with respect to potential warranty claims and costs. Warranty claims expense for the years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 totaled $89,548, $52,465 and $55,592, respectively.

The following table summarizes the changes in the Company’s accrual for product warranties during the fiscal years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Years ended October 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Balance at beginning of year |  | $ | 75,000 |  |  | $ | 75,000 |
Liabilities accrued for warranties issued during the year |  |  | 114,577 |  |  |  | 97,501 |
Warranty claims paid during the period |  |  | (84,548 | ) |  |  | (52,465 | )
Changes in liability for pre-existing warranties during the year |  |  | (25,029 | ) |  |  | (45,036 | )
Balance at end of year |  | $ | 80,000 |  |  | $ | 75,000 |

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(7) | Long-term Debt and Notes Payable

The Company has credit facilities consisting of a real estate term loan, as amended and restated (the “Virginia Real Estate Loan”) and a Revolving Credit Master Promissory Note and related Loan and Security Agreement (collectively, the “Revolver”).

On October 31, 2023, OCC and Northeast Bank entered into an Omnibus Amendment of Loan Documents (the “Amendment”) to modify certain loan documents currently in effect between the parties related to the Virginia Real Estate Loan and a supplemental real estate term loan (the “North Carolina Real Estate Loan”). The primary purpose of the Amendment was to: (i) pay off the North Carolina Real Estate Loan; (ii) pay down the balance on the Virginia Real Estate Loan; (iii) extend the maturity date of the Virginia Real Estate Loan through May 5, 2026; (iv) release the collateral of the North Carolina Real Estate Loan; and (v) effective October 5, 2023, modify the interest rate of the Virginia Real Estate Loan to a variable rate equal to the Prime Rate, provided that the interest rate shall never be less than 8.5% per annum.

The Loan remains generally secured by a first lien deed of trust on the land and buildings at the Company’s headquarters and manufacturing facilities located in Roanoke, Virginia. All other terms of the Virginia Real Estate Loan remain unaltered and remain in full force and effect.

The Virginia Real Estate Loan is payable in monthly installments of principal and interest. Principal is calculated using the unpaid balance of the loan and a two hundred forty (240) month amortization schedule. Interest is computed on the aggregate principal balance outstanding at a rate equal to the Prime Rate, adjusted monthly on the fifth day of each calendar month in accordance with changes to the Prime Rate, provided, however, that the interest rate is never less than 8.5% per annum on the basis of a 360-day year times the actual number of days elapsed.

Long-term debt as of October 31, 2023 and 2022 consists of the following:

|  | October 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Virginia Real Estate Loan ($6.5 million original principal) |  | $ | 2,675,244 |  |  | $ | 3,669,294 |
North Carolina Real Estate Loan ($2.24 million original principal) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 859,308 |
Total long-term debt |  |  | 2,675,244 |  |  |  | 4,528,602 |
Less current installments |  |  | 52,624 |  |  |  | 338,094 |
Long-term debt, excluding current installments |  | $ | 2,622,620 |  |  | $ | 4,190,508 |

On July 5, 2022, OCC entered into a Modification Agreement with North Mill Capital LLC (now doing business as SLR Business Credit, “SLR”), to modify the existing Revolver dated July 24, 2020. In addition to certain other modifications to the Revolver as set forth in the Modification Agreement, the Modification Agreement provided a two-year extension of the initial term of the Revolver to July 24, 2025, and reduced the dollar amount of the availability block from $1,500,000 to $1,150,000.

The Revolver with SLR provides the Company with one or more advances in an amount up to: (a) 85% of the aggregate outstanding amount of eligible accounts (the “eligible accounts loan value”); plus (b) the lowest of (i) an amount up to 35% of the aggregate value of eligible inventory, (ii) $5,000,000, and (iii) an amount not to exceed 100% of the then outstanding eligible accounts loan value; minus (c) $1,150,000.

The maximum aggregate principal amount subject to the Revolver is $18,000,000. Interest accrues on the daily balance at the per annum rate of 1.5% above the Prime Rate in effect from time to time, but not less than 4.75% (the “Applicable Rate”). In the event of a default, interest may become 6.0% above the Applicable Rate. As of October 31, 2023, the Revolver accrued interest at the prime lending rate plus 1.5% (resulting in a 10.0% rate at October 31, 2023). The loan may be extended in one year periods subject to the agreement of SLR.

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The Revolver is secured by all of the following assets: properties, rights and interests in property of the Company whether now owned or existing, or hereafter acquired or arising, and wherever located; all accounts, equipment, commercial tort claims, general intangibles, chattel paper, inventory, negotiable collateral, investment property, financial assets, letter-of-credit rights, supporting obligations, deposit accounts, money or assets of the Company, which hereafter come into the possession, custody, or control of SLR; all proceeds and products, whether tangible or intangible, of any of the foregoing, including proceeds of insurance covering any or all of the foregoing; any and all tangible or intangible property resulting from the sale, lease, license or other disposition of any of the foregoing, or any portion thereof or interest therein, and all proceeds thereof; and any other assets of the Company which may be subject to a lien in favor of SLR as security for the obligations under the Revolver.

As of October 31, 2023, the Company had $8.3 million of outstanding borrowings on its Revolver and $2.6 million in available credit. As of October 31, 2022 the Company had $6.0 million of outstanding borrowings on its Revolver and $5.9 million in available credit.

The aggregate maturities of long-term debt for each of the three years subsequent to October 31, 2023 are $52,624 in fiscal year 2024, $8,381,756 in fiscal year 2025 and $2,565,260 in fiscal year 2026.

(8) | Leases

The Company has an operating lease agreement for approximately 34,000 square feet of office, manufacturing and warehouse space in Plano, Texas (near Dallas). The lease term expires on November 30, 2024.

The Company has an operating lease for approximately 36,000 square feet of warehouse space in Roanoke, Virginia. During fiscal year 2023, the lease term was extended for an additional three years. The new expiration date is April 30, 2026.

The Company also leases certain office equipment under operating leases with initial 60 month terms. The lease terms expire in February and April of 2025.

OCC leases printers that are used in the Roanoke, Virginia manufacturing facility. The lease term expires on August 22, 2026. The right-of-use asset is being amortized on a straight line basis over seven years. When the lease term ends, the remaining net book value of the right-of-use asset will be classified as property and equipment.

The Company’s lease contracts may include options to extend or terminate the lease. The Company exercises judgment to determine the term of those leases when such options are present and includes such options in the calculation of the lease term when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise those options.

The Company includes contract lease components in its determination of lease payments, while non-lease components of the contracts, such as taxes, insurance, and common area maintenance, are expensed as incurred. At commencement, right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are measured at the present value of future lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the time of lease commencement to measure the present value of future payments.

Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Short term leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are expensed as incurred. The Company’s short term leases have month-to-month terms.

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Operating lease right-of-use assets of $596,578 and $662,328 were included in other assets at October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Operating lease liabilities of $414,159 and $227,925, respectively, were included in accounts payable and accrued expenses, and other noncurrent liabilities at October 31, 2023. Operating lease liabilities of $355,183 and $374,570, respectively, were included in accounts payable and accrued expenses, and other noncurrent liabilities at October 31, 2022. Operating lease expense for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $430,765, $413,333 and $407,235, respectively.

The weighted average remaining lease term for the operating leases is 21 months and the weighted average discount rate is 7.3% as of October 31, 2023.

For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, cash paid for operating lease liabilities totaled $439,016 and $432,485, respectively. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities.

Finance lease right-of-use assets of $141,342 and $170,839 were included in other assets at October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Finance lease liabilities of $37,459 and $93,451, respectively, were included in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other noncurrent liabilities at October 31, 2023. Finance lease liabilities of $35,724 and $130,911, respectively, were included in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other noncurrent liabilities at October 31, 2022. Interest expense related to the finance lease totaled $7,144 and $8,798, respectively, for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022. Amortization expense related to the finance lease totaled $29,497 for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022.

The remaining lease term for the finance lease is 34 months and the discount rate is 4.75% as of October 31, 2023.

For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023, cash paid for the finance lease liability totaled $7,144 and $35,724 for interest and principal, respectively. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2022, cash paid for the finance lease liability totaled $8,798 and $34,069 for interest and principal, respectively.

The Company’s future payments due under leases reconciled to the lease liabilities are as follows:

Fiscal Year |  | Operating leases |  |  | Finance lease |
2024 |  | $ | 448,298 |  |  | $ | 42,868 |
2025 |  |  | 177,997 |  |  |  | 42,868 |
2026 |  |  | 63,644 |  |  |  | 55,715 |
Total undiscounted lease payments |  |  | 689,939 |  |  |  | 141,451 |
Present value discount |  |  | (47,855 | ) |  |  | (10,541 | )
Total lease liability |  | $ | 642,084 |  |  | $ | 130,910 |

(9) | Employee Benefits

Health Insurance Coverage

The Company contracts for health insurance coverage for employees and their dependents through third-party administrators. During the years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, total expense of $3,448,622, $3,021,642 and $2,697,167, respectively, was recognized under the Company’s insured health care program.

401(k) Plan

The Company maintains a 401(k) retirement savings plan for the benefit of its eligible employees. Substantially all of the Company’s employees who meet certain service and age requirements are eligible to participate in the plan. The Company’s plan document provides that the Company’s matching contributions are discretionary. The Company made or accrued matching contributions to the plan of $61,736, $62,517 and $65,416 for the years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Stock Incentives for Key Employees and Non-Employee Directors

Optical Cable Corporation uses stock incentives to increase the personal financial interest that key employees and non-employee Directors have in the future success of the Company, thereby aligning their interests with those of other shareholders and strengthening their desire to remain with the Company.

As of October 31, 2023, there were approximately 356,000 remaining shares available for grant under the Optical Cable Corporation Stock Incentive Plan (“2017 Plan”).

Share-based compensation expense for employees, a consultant and non-employee members of the Company’s Board of Directors recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $611,480, $411,997 and $335,519, respectively.

The Company has granted, and anticipates granting, from time to time, restricted stock awards to employees, subject to approval by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. The restricted stock awards granted under the 2017 Plan vest over time if certain operational performance-based criteria are met. Failure to meet the criteria required for vesting will result in a portion or all of the shares being forfeited.

The Company recognizes expense each quarter on service-based shares based on the number of shares expected to vest multiplied by the closing price of the Company’s shares of common stock on the date of grant. The Company recognizes expense each quarter on operational performance-based shares of employees using an estimate of the shares expected to vest multiplied by the closing price of the Company’s shares of common stock on the date of grant.

A summary of the status of the Company’s nonvested shares granted to employees, a consultant and non-employee Directors under the 2017 Plan as of October 31, 2023, and changes during the year ended October 31, 2023, is as follows:

Nonvested shares |  | Shares |  |  | Weighted- average grant date fair value |
Balance at October 31, 2022 |  |  | 377,470 |  |  | $ | 3.53 |
Granted |  |  | 28,560 |  |  |  | 3.74 |
Vested |  |  | (114,876 | ) |  |  | 3.68 |
Balance at October 31, 2023 |  |  | 291,154 |  |  | $ | 3.49 |

As of October 31, 2023, the estimated amount of compensation cost related to nonvested equity-based compensation awards that the Company will recognize over a 1.4 year weighted-average period is approximately $515,000. Such nonvested equity-based compensation awards are in the form of (i) operational performance-based shares and (ii) operational performance-based shares which have been converted to service-based shares after performance-based criteria have been met.

During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, stock awards to non-employee Directors under the 2017 Plan totaling 28,560 shares, 27,364 shares and 30,055 shares, respectively, were approved by the Board of Directors of the Company. The shares are part of the non-employee Directors’ annual compensation for service on the Board of Directors. The shares granted to non-employee Directors under the 2017 Plan are subject to a one-year vesting period.

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(10) | Business and Credit Concentrations, Major Customers and Geographic Information

The Company provides credit, in the normal course of business, to various commercial enterprises, governmental entities and not‑for‑profit organizations. Concentration of credit risk with respect to trade receivables is limited due to the Company’s large number of customers. The Company also manages exposure to credit risk through credit approvals, credit limits and monitoring procedures. Management believes that credit risks as of October 31, 2023 and 2022 have been adequately provided for in the consolidated financial statements.

For the year ended October 31, 2023, 16.3%, or approximately $11.8 million of consolidated net sales were attributable to one national distributor customer. No other customer accounted for more than 10% of consolidated net sales for the year ended October 31, 2023. As of October 31, 2023, the same customer had an outstanding balance payable to the Company totaling 6.3% of total consolidated shareholders’ equity. No other customer had an outstanding balance payable to the Company in excess of 5% of total consolidated shareholders’ equity.

For the year ended October 31, 2022, 17.0%, or approximately $11.8 million of consolidated net sales were attributable to one national distributor customer. No other customer accounted for more than 10% of consolidated net sales for the year ended October 31, 2022. As of October 31, 2022, the same customer had an outstanding balance payable to the Company totaling 11.2% of total consolidated shareholders’ equity. One other customer had an outstanding balance payable to the Company totaling 7.5% of total consolidated shareholders’ equity. No other customer had an outstanding balance payable to the Company in excess of 5% of total consolidated shareholders’ equity.

For the year ended October 31, 2021, 19.1%, or approximately $11.3 million of consolidated net sales were attributable to one national distributor customer. No other customer accounted for more than 10% of consolidated net sales for the year ended October 31, 2021. As of October 31, 2021, the same customer had an outstanding balance payable to the Company totaling 9.5% of total consolidated shareholders’ equity. No other customer had an outstanding balance payable to the Company in excess of 5% of total consolidated shareholders’ equity.

For the years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, approximately 82%, 85% and 82%, respectively, of net sales were from customers in the United States, while approximately 18%, 15% and 18%, respectively, were from customers outside of the United States.

The Company has a single reportable segment for purposes of segment reporting.

(11) | Revenue Recognition

Revenues consist of product sales that are recognized at a specific point in time under the core principle of recognizing revenue when control transfers to the customer. The Company considers customer purchase orders, governed by master sales agreements or the Company’s standard terms and conditions, to be the contract with the customer. For each contract, the promise to transfer the control of the products, each of which is individually distinct, is considered to be the identified performance obligation. The Company evaluates each customer’s credit risk when determining whether to accept a contract.

In determining transaction prices, the Company evaluates whether fixed order prices are subject to adjustment to determine the net consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled. Contracts do not include financing components, as payment terms are generally due 30 to 90 days after shipment. Taxes assessed by governmental authorities and collected from the customer including, but not limited to, any sales and use taxes and value-added taxes, are not included in the transaction price and are not included in net sales.

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The Company recognizes revenue at the point in time when products are shipped or delivered from its manufacturing facility to its customer, in accordance with the agreed upon shipping terms. Since the Company typically invoices the customer at the same time that performance obligations are satisfied, no contract assets are recognized. The Company’s contract liability represents advance consideration received from customers prior to transfer of the product. This liability was $110,336 and $317,310 as of October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Sales to certain customers are made pursuant to agreements that provide price adjustments and limited return rights with respect to the Company’s products. The Company maintains a reserve for estimated future price adjustment claims, rebates and returns as a refund liability. The Company’s refund liability was $252,264 and $233,494 as of October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company offers standard product warranty coverage which provides assurance that its products will conform to contractually agreed-upon specifications for a limited period from the date of shipment. Separately-priced warranty coverage is not offered. The warranty claim is generally limited to a credit equal to the purchase price or a promise to repair or replace the product for a specified period of time at no additional charge.

The Company incurs sales commissions to acquire customer contracts that are directly attributable to the contracts. The commissions are expensed as selling expenses during the period that the related products are transferred to customers.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table presents net sales attributable to the United States and all other countries in total for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Years ended October 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
United States |  | $ | 59,062,858 |  |  | $ | 58,415,280 |  |  | $ | 48,537,091 |
Outside the United States |  |  | 13,110,894 |  |  |  | 10,663,983 |  |  |  | 10,599,203 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 72,173,752 |  |  | $ | 69,079,263 |  |  | $ | 59,136,294 |

No individual country outside of the United States accounted for more than 10% of total net sales in fiscal years 2023, 2022 or 2021.

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(12) | Income Taxes

Income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 consists of:

Fiscal year ended October 31, 2023 |  | Current |  |  | Deferred |  |  | Total |
U.S. Federal |  | $ | 105,756 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 105,756 |
State |  |  | 39,968 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 39,968 |
Totals |  | $ | 145,724 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 145,724 |
Fiscal year ended October 31, 2022 |  | Current |  |  | Deferred |  |  | Total |
U.S. Federal |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
State |  |  | 24,693 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,693 |
Totals |  | $ | 24,693 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,693 |
Fiscal year ended October 31, 2021 |  | Current |  |  | Deferred |  |  | Total |
U.S. Federal |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
State |  |  | (19,898 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (19,898 | )
Totals |  | $ | (19,898 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (19,898 | )

Reported income tax expense for the years ended October 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 differs from the “expected” tax expense (benefit), computed by applying the U.S. Federal statutory income tax rate of 21% in fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 to income before income taxes as follows:

|  | Years ended October 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
“Expected” income taxes (benefit) |  | $ | 464,567 |  |  | $ | (67,704 | ) |  | $ | 1,384,030 |
Increase (reduction) in income tax expense (benefit) resulting from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State income taxes, net of federal benefit |  |  | 25,751 |  |  |  | 10,217 |  |  |  | 136,875 |
Provision to return reconciliation adjustment |  |  | 81,100 |  |  |  | 11,516 |  |  |  | (13,721 | )
Excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation |  |  | (11,875 | ) |  |  | (44,562 | ) |  |  | (9,118 | )
PPP Loan forgiveness |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,046,094 | )
Non-deductible life insurance premiums |  |  | 5,527 |  |  |  | 5,527 |  |  |  | 5,527 |
Other differences, net |  |  | 11,918 |  |  |  | 4,338 |  |  |  | 1,642 |
Change in valulation allowance |  |  | (431,264 | ) |  |  | 105,361 |  |  |  | (479,039 | )
Reported income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 145,724 |  |  | $ | 24,693 |  |  | $ | (19,898 | )

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The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the Company’s deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as of October 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented below:

|  | October 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, due to allowances for credit losses and sales returns |  | $ | 35,563 |  |  | $ | 32,600 |
Inventories, due to allowance for damaged and slow-moving inventories and additional costs inventoried for tax purposes pursuant to the Tax Reform Act of 1986 |  |  | 1,099,469 |  |  |  | 894,666 |
Liabilities recorded for accrued expenses, deductible for tax purposes when paid |  |  | 67,842 |  |  |  | 90,306 |
Share-based compensation expense |  |  | 116,939 |  |  |  | 72,925 |
Section 163(j) interest |  |  | 3,450 |  |  |  | 101,682 |
Research and experimental expenditures, due to capitalization for tax purposes |  |  | 85,419 |  |  |  | — |
Net operating loss carryforwards |  |  | 2,494,887 |  |  |  | 3,156,960 |
Plant and equipment, due to differences in depreciation and capital gain recognition |  |  | 43,229 |  |  |  | 13,822 |
Other |  |  | 8,122 |  |  |  | 23,223 |
Total gross deferred tax assets |  |  | 3,954,920 |  |  |  | 4,386,184 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (3,954,920 | ) |  |  | (4,386,184 | )
Net deferred tax assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

As a result of the acquisition of AOS, the Company recorded certain deferred tax assets totaling $1,517,605 (after purchase accounting adjustments), related to gross net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of $4,455,525, estimated to be available after considering Internal Revenue Code Section 382 limitations. As of October 31, 2023, $672,000 of these gross NOL carryforwards remain unused and may be used to reduce future taxable income. These remaining gross NOL carryforwards begin to expire in fiscal year ending October 31, 2028.

Additionally, the Company has federal and state gross NOL carryforwards of $10,712,376 and $1,756,107, respectively. Federal NOL carryforwards originate with certain fiscal years from 2019 through 2022 and do not expire. State NOL carryforwards originate with certain fiscal years from 2015 through 2022 and will not begin to expire until fiscal year 2030.

For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company considered all positive and negative evidence available to assess whether it is “more likely than not” that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. For each year, the Company concluded that in accordance with the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification 740, Income Taxes, the negative evidence outweighed the objectively verifiable positive evidence. As a result, the Company established a valuation allowance of $3,954,920 and $4,386,184, respectively, against net deferred tax assets existing as of October 31, 2023 and 2022.

The Company estimates a liability for uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The liability for uncertain tax positions is included in other noncurrent liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

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A reconciliation of the unrecognized tax benefits for fiscal years 2023 and 2022 follows:

|  | October 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Unrecognized tax benefits balance at beginning of year |  | $ | 28,488 |  |  | $ | 28,488 |
Gross decreases for tax positions of prior years |  |  | (1,330 | ) |  |  | — |
Gross increases for current year tax positions |  |  | 1,036 |  |  |  | — |
Unrecognized tax benefits balance at end of year |  | $ | 28,194 |  |  | $ | 28,488 |

During fiscal year 2023, the Company increased accrued interest by $1,546 and decreased accrued penalties by $332 related to unrecognized tax benefits. During fiscal year 2022, the Company increased accrued interest by $2,448 and no penalties were accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits. As of October 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had approximately $17,268 and $16,055, respectively, of accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that would affect the Company’s effective tax rate if recognized is $20,073 and $20,630 as of October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company does not expect its unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly in the next 12 months.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and in various state jurisdictions. The statute of limitations remains open for U.S. and certain state income tax examinations for years ended October 31, 2020 through October 31, 2022.

(13) | Fair Value Measurements

The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets for cash, trade accounts receivable, other receivables, current installments of long-term debt, accounts payable and accrued expenses, income taxes refundable – current, accrued compensation and payroll taxes, and income taxes payable approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments. The carrying values of the Company’s note payable, revolver – noncurrent, and long-term debt, excluding current installments, approximate fair value because the interest rates vary with the market. Fair value is defined as the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

The Company uses a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs for valuation methods used to measure fair value. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

| ● | Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

| ● | Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

| ● | Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

The Company utilizes the best available information in measuring fair value.

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(14) | Net Income (Loss) Per Share

The following is a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the net income (loss) per share computations for the periods presented:

|  | Years ended October 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Net income (loss) (numerator) |  | $ | 2,066,498 |  |  | $ | (347,091 | ) |  | $ | 6,610,516 |
Shares (denominator) |  |  | 7,880,429 |  |  |  | 7,523,022 |  |  |  | 7,587,686 |
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share |  | $ | 0.26 |  |  | $ | (0.05 | ) |  | $ | 0.87 |

Nonvested shares which have been issued and are outstanding as of October 31, 2022 totaling 357,927 were not included in the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the year ended October 31, 2022 (because to include such shares would have been antidilutive, or in other words, to do so would have reduced the net loss per share for that period).

(15) | Shareholders’ Equity

Stockholder Protection Rights Agreement

On October 28, 2011, the Board of Directors of the Company adopted a Stockholder Protection Rights Agreement (the “Rights Agreement”) and declared a dividend of one preferred share purchase right for each outstanding share of common stock. These purchase rights and the related Rights Agreement were set to expire on November 2, 2021. On November 2, 2021, the Board of Directors of the Company amended and restated the Rights Agreement (the “Amended Rights Agreement”) to amend and restate the Rights Agreement to continue the dividend of one preferred share purchase right (a “Right”) for each outstanding share of Common Stock, no par value, of the Company (“Common Shares”), held of record at the close of business on November 2, 2021, or issued thereafter. Except to extend the Amended Rights Agreement to November 2, 2031, no other material changes were made to the Rights Agreement by the Amended Rights Agreement.

Under the terms of the Amended Rights Agreement, if a person or group who is deemed an Acquiring Person as defined in the Amended Rights Agreement acquires 15% (or other applicable percentage, as provided in the Amended Rights Agreement) or more of the outstanding common stock, each Right will entitle its holder (other than such person or members of such group) to purchase, at the Right’s then current exercise price, a number of shares of common stock having a market value of twice such price. In addition, if the Company is acquired in a merger or other business transaction after a person or group who is deemed an Acquiring Person has acquired such percentage of the outstanding common stock, each Right will entitle its holder (other than such person or members of such group) to purchase, at the Right’s then current exercise price, a number of the acquiring company’s common shares having a market value of twice such price.

Upon the occurrence of certain events, each Right will entitle its holder to purchase from the Company one one‑thousandth of a Series A Participating Preferred Share (“Preferred Share”), no par value, at an exercise price of $25, subject to adjustment. Each Preferred Share will entitle its holder to 1,000 votes and will have an aggregate dividend rate of 1,000 times the amount, if any, paid to holders of common stock. The Rights will expire on November 2, 2031, unless the Rights are earlier redeemed or exchanged by the Company for $0.0001 per Right. The adoption of the Rights Agreement and the Amended Rights Agreement has no impact on the financial position or results of operations of the Company.

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The Company has reserved 100,000 shares of its authorized preferred stock for issuance upon exercise of the Rights.

(16) | Gain on Insurance Proceeds

During fiscal year 2023, the Company received insurance proceeds in connection with the office building and its contents at the Company’s Asheville facilities sustaining water damage from a burst pipe at the end of December 2022. The office building damaged is separate from the Company’s manufacturing building, which houses its manufacturing operations and certain offices at the same location. There was no significant impact to the Company’s operations as a result of this event.

Insurance proceeds received, or expected to be received, for all assets covered, net of applicable deductibles, totaled $2,580,986. During fiscal year 2023, the Company recorded a loss on property and equipment totaling $7,538 and incurred expenses for building stabilization and cleaning, removal of damaged items, and other miscellaneous and related activities totaling $381,523.

Insurance proceeds in excess of expenses incurred through October 31, 2023, a net total of $2,199,463, is included in other income (expense), net as a gain on insurance proceeds on the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations.

To the extent the Company incurs expenses in future periods for renovation, repair or replacement or damaged assets, the Company may recognize offsetting losses in those future periods. The Company does not expect any future restoration and repair costs to exceed any insurance proceeds.

(17) | Employee Retention Tax Credit

The Employee Retention Tax Credit (“ERTC”), created in the March 2020 CARES Act and then subsequently amended by the Consolidated Appropriation Act (“CAA”) of 2021, the American Rescue Plan Act (“ARPA”) of 2021 and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (“IIJA”) of 2021, is a refundable payroll credit for qualifying businesses keeping employees on their payroll during the COVID-19 pandemic. Under CAA, the ARPA and IIJA amendments, employers could claim a refundable tax credit against the employer share of social security tax equal to 70% of the qualified wages (including certain health care expenses) paid to employees after December 31, 2020 through September 30, 2021. Qualified wages were limited to $10,000 per employee per calendar quarter in 2021 so the maximum ERTC available was $7,000 per employee per calendar quarter.

OCC was an eligible small employer under the gross receipts decline test when comparing the first calendar quarter of 2021 to the same quarter in calendar year 2019, which qualified the Company to claim ERTC in both the first and second calendar quarters of 2021 under the amended ERTC program. The Company qualified for a refundable payroll tax credit totaling $3,375,815 during its second fiscal quarter and $964,550 during its third fiscal quarter of 2021 for a total of $4,340,365. The $4,340,365 was included in other income on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for year ended October 31, 2021. During fiscal year 2022, the remaining ERTC receivable of $2,162,391 was received by the Company.

(18) | Contingencies

From time to time, the Company is involved in various claims, legal actions and regulatory reviews arising in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, the ultimate disposition of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

(19) | New Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

There are no new accounting standards issued, but not yet adopted by the Company, which are expected to materially impact the Company’s financial position, operating results or financial statement disclosures.

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(20) | Quarterly Results of Operations (Unaudited)

The following is a summary of the unaudited quarterly results of operations for the years ended October 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Quarter ended |
Fiscal year ended October 31, 2023 |  | January 31 |  |  | April 30 |  |  | July 31 |  |  | October 31 |
Net sales |  | $ | 18,283,675 |  |  | $ | 19,619,536 |  |  | $ | 16,941,378 |  |  | $ | 17,329,163 |
Gross profit |  |  | 6,521,209 |  |  |  | 6,782,706 |  |  |  | 5,116,030 |  |  |  | 3,874,131 |
Selling, general & administrative expenses |  |  | 5,455,466 |  |  |  | 5,662,339 |  |  |  | 4,957,518 |  |  |  | 5,145,418 |
Income (loss) from operations |  |  | 1,045,936 |  |  |  | 1,100,106 |  |  |  | 138,425 |  |  |  | (1,291,388 | )
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  | 842,448 |  |  |  | 2,498,020 |  |  |  | 99,883 |  |  |  | (1,228,129 | )
Net income (loss) |  |  | 809,984 |  |  |  | 2,423,087 |  |  |  | 100,803 |  |  |  | (1,267,376 | )
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 0.31 |  |  | $ | 0.01 |  |  | $ | (0.17 | )

|  | Quarter ended |
Fiscal year ended October 31, 2022 |  | January 31 |  |  | April 30 |  |  | July 31 |  |  | October 31 |
Net sales |  | $ | 14,440,295 |  |  | $ | 17,200,578 |  |  | $ | 17,382,640 |  |  | $ | 20,055,750 |
Gross profit |  |  | 4,045,852 |  |  |  | 5,033,446 |  |  |  | 4,808,205 |  |  |  | 6,623,350 |
Selling, general & administrative expenses |  |  | 4,780,199 |  |  |  | 5,036,331 |  |  |  | 4,954,221 |  |  |  | 5,188,984 |
Income (loss) from operations |  |  | (753,400 | ) |  |  | (21,011 | ) |  |  | (166,384 | ) |  |  | 1,413,659 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  | (923,045 | ) |  |  | (233,185 | ) |  |  | (362,249 | ) |  |  | 1,196,081 |
Net income (loss) |  |  | (935,793 | ) |  |  | (227,991 | ) |  |  | (371,871 | ) |  |  | 1,188,564 |
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share |  | $ | (0.12 | ) |  | $ | (0.03 | ) |  | $ | (0.05 | ) |  | $ | 0.15 |

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Shareholders

Optical Cable Corporation

Roanoke, Virginia

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Optical Cable Corporation and Subsidiaries (the Company) as of October 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended October 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of October 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended October 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

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Valuation of Inventory

Description of the Matter

Inventories are recorded at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost of raw materials is established using specific identification or a first in, first out basis, while the cost of work in process and finished goods is established using average cost or standard costs, depending upon the product type. Management routinely evaluates expected sales prices and demand in relation to the carrying value of inventory, which takes into consideration the salability of individual items in inventory and an estimate of the selling prices for those items. Individual inventory items are reviewed and adjustments are made based on the age of the inventory and management judgment as to the salability of that inventory in order for inventories to be appropriately valued.

Given the estimates involved in applying costs to inventory on either a standard or average cost basis, as well as the inherent uncertainty in both the future salability and selling prices of inventory items, auditing the reasonableness of management’s estimates and assumptions required a high degree of auditor judgment and effort.

How We Addressed the Matter in our Audit

Our audit procedures included:

| ● | Obtaining an understanding of the Company’s procedures for allocating manufacturing costs to inventories.

| ● | Obtaining an understanding of the Company’s procedures and assumptions surrounding the inventory reserve, and assessing the reasonability of those assumptions.

| ● | Testing the mathematical accuracy of management’s calculations.

| ● | Testing, on a sample basis, the assignment of costs to inventory items.

| ● | Evaluating whether inventories were stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value at the reporting date, as appropriate, by comparing recent sales prices of inventory to carrying cost, by evaluating the aging and/or movement of inventory, or a combination of such tests.

| ● | Performing corroborative inquiries with personnel responsible for product manufacturing and sales to evaluate the reasonableness of current inventory manufacturing, sales, and movement.

/s/ Brown, Edwards & Company, L.L.P.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016.

Roanoke, Virginia

December 20, 2023

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Corporate Information

Corporate Headquarters

Optical Cable Corporation (OCC)

5290 Concourse Drive

Roanoke, VA 24019

Primary Legal Counsel

Woods Rogers Vandeventer Black PLC

10 South Jefferson Street

Suite 1400

Roanoke, VA 24011

Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Brown, Edwards & Company, L.L.P.

3906 Electric Road

Roanoke, VA 24018

Transfer Agent

Equiniti Trust Company, LLC (successor to American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC)

48 Wall Street, Floor 23

New York, NY 10005

Form 10-K Report

Shareholders may obtain a copy of Optical Cable Corporation’s Form 10-K, including exhibits, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission from the SEC website at http://www.sec.gov. Our SEC filings are also available to the public on our website at http://www.occfiber.com/investor-relations/ under the tab “SEC Filings”.

Annual Meeting

The 2024 annual meeting of shareholders will be held at 10:00 a.m. on Tuesday, March 26, 2024 at the Green Ridge Recreation Center, 7415 Wood Haven Road, Roanoke, Virginia or another location stated in OCC’s filed Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.

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Corporate Information

(Continued)

Common Stock and Dividend Data

Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol OCC. According to the records of our transfer agent, the Company had 237 shareholders of record as of December 13, 2023. Additionally, the Company estimates that it has more than 2,000 beneficial owners. On December 13, 2023, our common stock closed at a price of $2.71 per share.

Employees of the Company and members of the Board of Directors owned at least 34.6% of the shares outstanding as of October 31, 2023, including shares still subject to potential forfeiture based on vesting requirements.

The following table sets forth for the fiscal periods indicated the high and low bid prices of our common stock, as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market, during the two most recent fiscal years:

|  | Range of Bid Prices |
Fiscal year ended October 31, 2023 |  | High |  |  | Low |
Fourth Quarter |  | $ | 4.01 |  |  | $ | 2.26 |
Third Quarter |  | $ | 4.65 |  |  | $ | 3.36 |
Second Quarter |  | $ | 4.74 |  |  | $ | 3.88 |
First Quarter |  | $ | 4.85 |  |  | $ | 3.38 |

|  | Range of Bid Prices |
Fiscal year ended October 31, 2022 |  | High |  |  | Low |
Fourth Quarter |  | $ | 4.60 |  |  | $ | 3.32 |
Third Quarter |  | $ | 4.07 |  |  | $ | 3.26 |
Second Quarter |  | $ | 5.75 |  |  | $ | 3.65 |
First Quarter |  | $ | 6.85 |  |  | $ | 3.81 |

Dividend Declaration

We did not pay or declare any cash dividends on our common stock in fiscal year 2023 and do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

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Corporate Information

(Continued)

Executive Officers of Optical Cable Corporation |
Neil D. Wilkin, Jr. | Chairman of the Board, President and
| Chief Executive Officer
Tracy G. Smith | Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
| and Corporate Secretary
Board of Directors of Optical Cable Corporation |
Neil D. Wilkin, Jr., Chairman | Chairman of the Board, President
| and Chief Executive Officer
| Optical Cable Corporation
Randall H. Frazier | President and Founder
| R. Frazier, Incorporated
John M. Holland | President and Founder
| Holland Technical Services
John A. Nygren | Retired, former President
| ChemTreat, Inc.
Craig H. Weber | Retired, former Chief Executive Officer
| Home Care Delivered, Inc.

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