As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 16, 2025

Registration No. 333-276500

Registration No. 333-271416

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

POST-EFFECTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 1
TO

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

ABVC BIOPHARMA, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Nevada |  | 5084 |  | 26-0014658
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

44370 Old Warm Springs Blvd.,

Fremont, CA 94538

(510) 668-0881

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Dr. Uttam Patil

Chief Executive Officer

44370 Old Warm Springs Blvd.,

Fremont, CA 94538

(510) 668-0881- telephone

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

With copies to:

Louis Taubman, Esq. Joan Wu, Esq.
Hunter Taubman Fischer & Li LLC
950 Third Avenue, 19th Floor
New York, New York 10022
(917) 512-0827- telephone
Louis Taubman, Esq.

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale of the securities to the public: As soon as practicable after this registration statement is declared effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐ |
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☒ |
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐ |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

The Registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment that specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. Neither we nor the Selling Stockholders may sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED MAY 16, 2025

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

11,714,683 shares of Common Stock

This prospectus relates to the resale, from time to time, by the selling stockholders identified in this prospectus under the caption “Selling Stockholders,” of up to 11,714,683 shares of Common Stock of ABVC BioPharma, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the “Company”), $0.001 par value (the “Common Stock”). These shares include: (i) 3,527,778 shares of Common Stock underlying a secured, convertible note pursuant to that certain securities purchase agreement dated as of February 23, 2023 between the Company and Lind Global Fund II, LP (the “Lind Transaction”); (ii) 5,291,667 shares of Common Stock underlying a common stock purchase warrant pursuant to the Lind Transaction; (iii) 211,667 shares of Common Stock underlying a placement agent common stock purchase warrant pursuant to the Lind Transaction (the “PA Warrant”); (iv) 342,857 shares of Common Stock of the Company underlying a secured, convertible note pursuant to that certain securities purchase agreement dated as of November 17, 2023 between the Company and Lind Global Fund II, LP (the “2nd Lind Transaction”); (v) 1,000,000 shares of Common Stock underlying a common stock purchase warrant pursuant to the 2nd Lind Transaction; (vi) 30,000 shares of Common Stock underlying a placement agent common stock purchase warrant pursuant to the 2nd Lind Transaction (the “2nd PA Warrant”); (vii) 285,714 shares of Common Stock of the Company underlying a secured, convertible note pursuant to that certain securities purchase agreement dated as of January 17, 2024 between the Company and Lind (the “3rd Lind Transaction”); (viii) 1,000,000 shares of Common Stock underlying a common stock purchase warrant pursuant to the 3rd Lind Transaction; and (ix) 25,000 shares of Common Stock underlying a placement agent common stock purchase warrant pursuant to the 3rd Lind Transaction (the “3rd PA Warrant”).

For the details about the selling stockholder, please see “Selling Stockholders.” The selling stockholder may sell these shares from time to time in the principal market on which our Common Stock is traded at the prevailing market price, in negotiated transactions, or through any other means described in the section titled “Plan of Distribution.” The selling stockholder may be deemed an underwriter within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, of the shares of Common Stock that they are offering. We will pay the expenses of registering these shares. We will not receive proceeds from the sale of our shares by the selling stockholder that are covered by this prospectus.

The shares are being registered to permit the selling stockholder, or its respective pledgees, donees, transferees or other successors-in-interest, to sell the shares from time to time in the public market. We do not know when or in what amount the selling stockholder may offer the securities for sale. The selling stockholder may sell some, all or none of the securities offered by this prospectus.

Our common stock is quoted on the Nasdaq Capital Markets under the symbol ABVC. On May 14, 2025, the closing price of our common stock was $1.46 per share.

The Selling Stockholders may sell their shares of Common Stock described in this prospectus in a number of different ways, at prevailing market prices or privately negotiated prices and there is no termination date of the Selling Stockholders’ offering.

You should read this prospectus, together with additional information described under the headings “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference” and “Where You Can Find More Information”, carefully before you invest in any of our securities.

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” starting on page 9 of this prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is May 16, 2025

EXPLANATORY NOTE

This Amendment No. 4 to the registration statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-276500) is filed for the purpose of including information contained in the registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025 and Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, which was filed with the SEC on April 30, 2025 and April 15, 2025.

No additional securities are being registered under this Post-Effective Amendment No. 4. All applicable registration fees were paid at the time of the original filing of the Registration Statement on April 24, 2023.

Pursuant to Section 84001 of the FAST Act, all documents subsequently filed by us pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, after the date of this Post-Effective Amendment and prior to the termination of the offering covered hereby shall also be deemed to be incorporated by reference into this Post-Effective Amendment and to be a part hereof from the date of filing of such documents.

Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-276500)

This prospectus relates to the resale, from time to time, by the selling stockholders identified in this prospectus under the caption “Selling Stockholders,” of: (a) up to 342,857 shares of Common Stock of the Company, which are issuable upon conversion of a secured, convertible note pursuant to that certain securities purchase agreement dated as of November 17, 2023 (the “2nd Lind Transaction”) between the Company and Lind Global Fund II, LP (“Lind”) in the principal amount of $1,200,000 (the “2nd Lind Note”), at a conversion price, which shall be the lesser of (i) $3.50 (the “Fixed Price”) and (ii) 90% of the three lowest VWAPs (as defined in the 2nd Lind Note) during the 20 trading days prior to conversion, (b) 1,000,000 shares of Common Stock underlying a common stock purchase warrant (the “2nd Lind Warrant”) at an initial exercise price of $2 per share, (c) 30,000 shares of Common Stock underlying a placement agent common stock purchase warrant pursuant to the 2nd Lind Transaction, (the “2nd PA Warrant”); (d) 285,714 shares of Common Stock of the Company underlying a secured, convertible note pursuant to that certain securities purchase agreement dated as of January 17, 2024 between the Company and Lind (the “3rd Lind Transaction”); (e) 1,000,000 shares of Common Stock underlying a common stock purchase warrant pursuant to the 3rd Lind Transaction; and (f) 25,000 shares of Common Stock underlying a placement agent common stock purchase warrant pursuant to the 3rd Lind Transaction (the “3rd PA Warrant”).

Post-Effective Amendment No. 4 to Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-271416)

On April 24, 2023, we filed a registration statement with the SEC, on Form S-1 (File No. 333-271416) (the “Prior Registration Statement”), to initially register for resale 9,031,112 shares of our common stock, which includes: (i) 3,527,778 shares of common stock underlying secured convertible note (the “Lind Note”) pursuant to that certain securities purchase agreement dated as of February 23, 2023, (ii) 5,291,667 shares of common stock underlying a warrant dated February 23, 2023 (the “Lind Warrant”) and (iii) 211,667 shares of common stock underlying a placement agent warrant dated February 23, 2023.

The Prior Registration Statement was declared effective by the SEC on June 8, 2023. Pursuant to Rule 429 this registration statement shall constitute Post-Effective Amendment No. 4 to the Prior Registration Statement with respect to the offering of any unsold shares thereunder and is being filed to update certain other information in the Prior Registration Statement. No additional securities are being registered under this Post-Effective Amendment No. 4. All applicable registration fees for the Prior Registration Statement were paid at the time of the original filing of the Prior Registration Statement. Accordingly, upon effectiveness, this Registration Statement shall act as a post-effective amendment to the Prior Registration Statement.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PROSPECTUS CONVENTIONS | ii
INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA | iii
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY | 1
THE OFFERING | 8
RISK FACTORS | 9
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS | 28
USE OF PROCEEDS | 29
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 30
BUSINESS | 64
MANAGEMENT | 80
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION | 85
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT | 89
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS OF DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE COMBINED COMPANY | 90
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES | 95
SELLING STOCKHOLDERS | 97
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION | 98
LEGAL MATTERS | 100
EXPERTS | 100
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION | 100

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus that we may specifically authorize to be delivered or made available to you. We and our Underwriter have not authorized anyone to provide you with any information other than that contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus we may authorize to be delivered or made available to you. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. This prospectus may only be used where it is legal to offer and sell our securities. The information in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of our securities. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date. We are not making an offer of these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer is not permitted.

Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “ABVC,” “we,” “us” and “our” in this prospectus refer to ABVC BIOPHARMA, INC., and “this offering” refers to the offering contemplated in this prospectus.

i

PROSPECTUS CONVENTIONS

Except where the context otherwise requires and for purposes of this prospectus only:

“AiBtl” means AiBtl BioPharma, Inc. refers to a Delaware corporation and controlling subsidiary of ABVC;

“American BriVision Corporation” refers to a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of ABVC;

“APR” or “annual percentage rate” refers to the annual rate that is charged to borrowers, including a fixed interest rate and a transaction fee rate, expressed as a single percentage number that represents the actual yearly cost of borrowing over the life of a loan;

“BioKey” means BioKey, Inc. refers to a California corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of ABVC;

“BioKey Cayman” means BioKey (Cayman), Inc. refers to a Cayman corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of ABVC;

“BioLite” means BioLite Holding, Inc. refers to a Nevada corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of ABVC;

The “Board” or “Board of Directors” refers to the board of directors of the Company;

“CDMO” refers to the Contract Development & Manufacturing Organization services BioKey provides, such as an API characterization, pre-formulation studies, formulation development, analytical method development, stability studies, IND/NDA/ANDA/510K submissions, and manufacturing clinical trial materials (phase I through phase III) and commercial manufacturing.

“China” and “P.R.C.” refer to the People’s Republic of China, including Hong Kong Special Administrative Region or Macau Special Administrative Region, unless referencing specific laws and regulations adopted by the PRC and other legal or tax matters only applicable to mainland China, excluding Taiwan for purposes of this prospectus;

“Common Stock” is the Common Stock of ABVC Biopharma, Inc., par value US$0.001 per share;

“Lind” refers to Lind Global Fund II, LP;

“Series A Convertible Preferred Stock” is the Series A convertible preferred stock of ABVC Biopharma, Inc., par value US$0.001 per share;

The terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” “our Company” or “ABVC” refers to ABVC Biopharma, Inc., a Nevada corporation, and all of the Subsidiaries as defined herein unless the context specifies;

“R.O.C.” or “Taiwan” refers to Taiwan, the Republic of China;

“Subsidiary” or “Subsidiaries,” refer to American BriVision Corporation, sometimes referred to as “BriVision”, AiBtl, BioLite, BioKey, BioKey Cayman, and Yunzhiyi Co., Ltd (“Yunzhiyi”), a Taiwan corporation;

All references to “NTD” and “New Taiwan Dollars” are to the legal currency of R.O.C.; and

All references to “U.S. dollars”, “dollars”, and “$” are to the legal currency of the U.S.

This prospectus specifies certain NTD amounts and in parenthesis the approximate U.S. dollar amounts at the exchange rate on the date of this prospectus. The conversion rates regarding NTD and U.S. dollars are subject to change and, therefore, we can provide no assurance that U.S. dollar amounts specified in this prospectus will not change.

For clarification, this prospectus follows English naming convention of first name followed by last name, regardless of whether an individual’s name is Chinese or English.

ii

INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

This prospectus includes information with respect to market and industry conditions and market share from third-party sources or based upon estimates using such sources when available. We have not, directly or indirectly, sponsored or participated in the publication of any of such materials. We believe that such information and estimates are reasonable and reliable. We also assume the information extracted from publications of third-party sources has been accurately reproduced. We understand that the Company would be liable for the information included in this prospectus if any part of the information was incorrect, misleading or imprecise to a material extent.

iii

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus and does not contain all of the information that you should consider in making your investment decision. Before investing in our securities, you should carefully read this entire prospectus, including our financial statements and the related notes and the information set forth under the headings “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in each case included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Company Overview

Our Mission

We devote our resources to building a sophisticated biotech company and becoming a pioneer in the biopharmaceutical industry. Dr. Uttam Patil, our Chief Executive Officer, and Dr. Tsung-Shann Jiang, the founder and majority shareholder of the Company, understand the challenges and opportunities of the biotech industry and intend to provide therapeutic solutions to significant unmet medical needs and to improve health and quality of human life by developing innovative botanical drugs to treat central nervous system (“CNS”) and oncology/ hematology diseases.

Business Overview

As of the date of this Report, the Company’s revenue has come from outlicensing our intellectual properties and providing CDMO services. The Company’s focus is on developing a pipeline of products by carefully tracking new medical discoveries or medical device technologies in research institutions in the Asia-Pacific region. Pre-clinical, disease animal model and Phase I safety studies are examined closely by the Company’s scientists and other specialists known to the Company to identify drugs or medical devices that it believes demonstrate efficacy and safety based on the Company’s internal qualifications. Once a drug or medical device is shown to be a good candidate for further development and ultimately commercialization, ABVC licenses the drug or medical device from the original researchers and introduces the drug or medical device clinical trial plan to highly respected principal investigators in the United States, Australia and Taiwan. In almost all cases, ABVC has found that research institutions in each of those countries are eager to work with the Company to move forward with Phase II clinical trials.

Institutions that have or are now conducting phase II clinical trials in partnership with ABVC include:

| ● | Drug: ABV-1504, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Phase II completed. NCE drug Principal Investigators: Charles DeBattista M.D. and Alan F. Schatzberg, MD, Stanford University Medical Center, Cheng-Ta Li, MD, Ph.D - Taipei Veterans General Hospital

| ● | Drug: ABV-1505, Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Phase II Part 1 completed. Principal Investigators: Keith McBurnett, Ph.D. and Linda Pfiffner, Ph.D., University of California San Francisco (UCSF), School of Medicine. Phase II, Part 2 clinical study sites include UCSF and 5 locations in Taiwan. The Principal Investigators are Keith McBurnett, Ph.D. and Linda Pfiffner, Ph.D., University of California San Francisco (UCSF), School of Medicine; Susan Shur-Fen Gau, M.D., National Taiwan University Hospital; Xinzhang Ni, M.D. Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Wenjun Xhou, M.D.; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Ton-Ping Su, M.D., Cheng Hsin General Hospital; Cheng-Ta Li, M.D., Taipei Veterans General Hospital. Phase II, Part 2 began in the 1st quarter of 2022 at the 5 Taiwan sites. The UCSF site joined the study in the 2nd quarter of 2023. The subjects enrolled in the study has reached the number for interim analysis in December 2023, and the interim analysis of the study is in progress.

| ● | Drug: ABV-1601, Major Depression in Cancer Patients, Phase I/II, NCE drug Principal Investigator: Scott Irwin, MD, Ph.D. - Cedars Sinai Medical Center (CSMC). The Phase I clinical study will be initiated around the end of 2025.

| ● | Medical Device: ABV-1701, Vitargus® in vitrectomy surgery, Phase II Study has been initiated in Australia and Thailand, Principal Investigator: Duangnate Rojanaporn, M.D., Ramathibodi Hospital; Thuss Sanguansak, M.D., Srinagarind Hospital of the two Thailand Sites and Professor/Dr. Matthew Simunovic, Sydney Eye Hospital; Dr. Elvis Ojaimi, East Melbourne Eye Group & East Melbourne Retina. The Phase II study started in the 2nd quarter of 2023, and the company is working on improvements to the Vitargus Product through the new batch of investigational product.

The following trials are expected to begin in the third quarter of 2025:

| ● | Drug: ABV-1519, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer treatment, Phase I/II Study in Taiwan, Principal Investigator: Dr. Yung-Hung Luo, M.D., Taipei Veterans General Hospital (TVGH)

| ● | Drug: ABV-1703, Advanced Inoperable or Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer, Phase II, Principal Investigator: Andrew E. Hendifar, MD - Cedars Sinai Medical Center (CSMC)

Upon successful completion of a Phase II trial, ABVC will seek a partner, typically a large pharmaceutical company, to complete a Phase III study and commercialize the drug or medical device upon approval by the US FDA, Taiwan TFDA and other country regulatory authorities.

1

Corporate Structure

ABVC was incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada on February 6, 2002 and has four wholly-owned Subsidiaries: BriVision, BioLite Holding, Inc., BioKey Cayman, and BioKey, Inc. BriVision was incorporated in July 2015 in the State of Delaware and is in the business of developing pharmaceutical products in North America.

BioLite Holding was incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada on July 27, 2016, with 500,000,000 shares authorized, par value $0.0001. Its key Subsidiaries include BioLite BVI, Inc. (“BioLite BVI”) that was incorporated in the British Virgin Islands on September 13, 2016 and BioLite Inc. (“BioLite Taiwan”), a Taiwanese corporation that was founded in February 2006. BioLite Taiwan has been in the business of developing new drugs for over twelve years. Certain shareholders of BioLite Taiwan exchanged approximately 73% of equity securities in BioLite Taiwan for the Common Stock in BioLite Holding in accordance with a share purchase/ exchange agreement (the “Share Purchase/ Exchange Agreement”). As a result, BioLite Holding owns via BioLite BVI approximately 73% of BioLite Taiwan. The other shareholders who did not enter this Share Purchase/ Exchange Agreement retain their equity ownership in BioLite Taiwan.

Yunzhiyi, a Taiwan corporation, was incorporated in August 2024, with 90% owned by BioLite Taiwan and 10% owned by Shuling Jiang, one of the Company’s director. This entity is set up for holding the land in Taiwan that AiBtl is in the process of acquiring, which land will be used for developing health related business. As of the date hereof, the transfer of the land’s title is currently under government review, pending completion of the title transfer registration. Due to Taiwan’s legal restrictions prohibiting foreign entities from directly owning farmland, the parties agreed to structure the arrangement through nominee holdings.

Incorporated in California on November 20, 2000, BioKey has chosen to initially focus on developing generic drugs to ride the opportunity of the booming industry.

Upon closing of the Mergers on February 8, 2019, BioLite and BioKey became two wholly-owned subsidiaries of ABVC.

BioKey Cayman was incorporated in Cayman Islands in July 2023, which is 100% owned by ABVC. This subsidiary has no activities since inception.

The following chart illustrates the corporate structure of ABVC:

Effective March 5, 2022, the Company’s Board for Directors approved amending the Company’s Bylaws to remove Section 2.8, which permitted cumulative voting for directors since cumulative voting is specifically prohibited by our Articles of Incorporation. Since it is not otherwise stated in our Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws, directors shall be elected by a plurality of the votes cast at the election, as provided in the Nevada Revised Statutes.

Effective March 14, 2024, the Company’s Board for Directors approved amending Section 2.8 of the Company’s Bylaws to revise the number of shares needed to establish a quorum at shareholder meetings. The amendment changes the quorum requirement from a majority to 33-1/3% of the votes entitled to be cast on a matter. The full text of our current Bylaws, as amended is attached hereto as Exhibit 3.2.

2

Recent Developments

NASDAQ Listing

On August 5, 2021, we closed a public offering (the “Offering”) of 1,100,000 units (the “Units”), with each Unit consisting of one share of our common stock (the “Common Stock”), one Series A warrant (the “Series A Warrants”) to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price equal to $6.30 per share, exercisable until the fifth anniversary of the issuance date, and one Series B warrant (the “Series B Warrants,” and together with the Series A Warrants, the “Public Warrants”) to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price equal to $10.00 per share, exercisable until the fifth anniversary of the issuance date; the exercise price of the Public Warrants are subject to certain adjustment and cashless exercise provisions as described therein. The Company completed the Offering pursuant to its registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-255112), originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on April 8, 2021 (as amended, the “Original Registration Statement”), that the SEC declared effective on August 2, 2021 and the registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-258404) that was filed and automatically effective on August 4, 2021 (the “S-1MEF,” together with the Original Registration Statement, the “Registration Statement”). The Units were priced at $6.25 per Unit, before underwriting discounts and offering expenses, resulting in gross proceeds of $6,875,000. The Offering was conducted on a firm commitment basis. The Common Stock was approved for listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market and commenced trading under the ticker symbol “ABVC” on August 3, 2021.

On August 19, 2022, we received a deficiency letter from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department (the “Staff”) of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying us that, for the last 30 consecutive business days, the closing bid price for our common stock was below the minimum $1.00 per share required for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (“Rule 5550(a)(2)”). In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we were initially given until February 14, 2023 to regain compliance with Rule 5550(a)(2). Since we did not regain compliance by such date, we requested and received an additional 180 days, until August 14, 2023, to comply with Rule 5550(a)(2).

| 1 | J Cancer Res Clin Oncol (2009) 135:1215-1221

On July 10, 2024, we received a notification letter from the Nasdaq notifying the Company that the minimum bid price per share for its common shares has been below $1.00 for a period of 30 consecutive business days and the Company therefore no longer meets the minimum bid price requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). The notification received has no immediate effect on the listing of the Company’s common stock on Nasdaq. Under the Nasdaq Listing Rules, the Company has until January 6, 2025, to regain compliance. On January 9, 2025, the Company received a notification from Nasdaq granting the Company an additional 180 days, until July 7, 2025, to meet the minimum bid price requirement of $1.00 per share, as outlined in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Rule”). To satisfy the Rule, the Company’s common stock must achieve a closing bid price of at least $1.00 for a minimum of ten consecutive trading days within this extension period; if successful, Nasdaq will confirm compliance with the Rule and close this matter. If compliance is not achieved by the new deadline, Nasdaq may initiate delisting procedures, which the Company would have the right to appeal.

On April 24, 2025, we received a letter from the listing qualifications staff (the “Staff”) of Nasdaq informing us that, as reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, because our stockholders’ equity was $723,959, as of April 23, 2025, we did not meet the alternatives of market value of listed securities or net income from continuing operations, and we no longer comply with Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) (the “Rule 5550”).

We have 45 calendar days to submit a plan to the Staff to regain compliance. If our plan is accepted, we may be granted an extension of up to 180 calendar days from the date of the letter, or until October 21, 2025, to evidence compliance.

In determining whether to accept our plan, the Staff will consider such things as the likelihood that the plan will result in compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing criteria, our past compliance history, the reasons for our current non-compliance, other corporate events that may occur within our review period, our overall financial condition, and our public disclosures. If the Staff does not accept our plan, we will have the opportunity to appeal that decision to a Hearings Panel.

3

The Nasdaq notification has no immediate effect on the listing of our Common Stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market. We intend to actively monitor our stockholders’ equity and will consider options available to us to achieve compliance with Rule 5550. There can be no assurance that we will be able to regain compliance with the Listing Rule or will otherwise be in compliance with the other listing standards for the Nasdaq Capital Market.

If our Common Stock ultimately were to be delisted for any reason, it could negatively impact us by (i) reducing the liquidity and market price of our Common Stock; (ii) reducing the number of investors willing to hold or acquire our Common Stock; (ii) limiting our ability to use a registration statement to offer and sell freely tradable securities, thereby preventing us from accessing the public capital markets; and (iv) impairing our ability to provide equity incentives to our employees.

On April 30, 2025, the Company reported that it received a letter from the listing qualifications staff (the “Staff”) of Nasdaq informing it that, as reported in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, because its stockholders’ equity was $723,959, as of April 23, 2025, the Company did not meet the alternatives of market value of listed securities or net income from continuing operations, and it no longer comply with Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) (the “Listing Rule”).

On May 5, 2025, the Company received a notification letter (the “Notification Letter”) from Nasdaq notifying the Company that the Staff has determined that based on the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, which evidenced stockholders’ equity of $7,956,295, the Company complies with the Listing Rule and the matter is closed.

Strategy

Key elements of our business strategy include:

| ● | Advancing to the pivotal trial phase of ABV-1701 Vitargus® for the treatments of Retinal Detachment or Vitreous Hemorrhage, which we expect to generate revenues in the future.

| ● | Focusing on licensing ABV-1504 for the treatment of major depressive disorder, MDD, after the successful completion of its Phase II clinical trials.

| ● | Completing Phase II, Part 2 clinical trial for ABV-1505 for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD.

| ● | Out licensing drug candidates and medical device candidates to major pharmaceutical companies for phase III and pivotal clinical trials, as applicable, and further marketing if approved by the FDA.

We plan to augment our core research and development capability and assets by conducting Phase I and II clinical trials for investigational new drugs and medical devices in the fields of CNS, Hematology/Oncology and Ophthalmology.

Our management team has extensive experiences across a wide range of new drug and medical device development and we have in-licensed new drug and medical device candidates from large research institutes and universities in both the U.S. and Taiwan. Through an assertive product development approach, we expect that we will build a substantial portfolio of Oncology/ Hematology, CNS and Ophthalmology products. We primarily focus on Phase I and II research of new drug candidates and out license the post-Phase-II products to pharmaceutical companies; we do not expect to devote substantial efforts and resources to building the disease-specific distribution channels.

Material Risks and Challenges

We face substantial competition from a great many established and emerging pharmaceutical and biotech companies that develop, distribute or sell therapeutics to treat the same indications that our drug candidates are designed to treat. Our current and potential competitors include large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, and specialty pharmaceutical and generic drug companies. Many of our current and potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do and significantly more experience in the marketing, commercialization, discovery, development and regulatory approvals of products, which could place us at a significant competitive disadvantage or deny our marketing exclusivity rights. Typically, our competitors will most likely have more capital resources to support their products than we do. In addition, you should carefully consider the risks described under the “Risk Factors” section beginning on page 9 before investing in us. Some of these risks are:

| ● | Risk associated with our profitability including, but not limited to:

| ○ | We have never generated revenue and will continue to be unprofitable in the foreseeable future.

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| ○ | Our business, operations and plans and timelines could be adversely affected by the effects of health epidemics, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic.

| ● | Risk associated with clinical trials and the development of our products, including but not limited to:

| ○ | Clinical trials are expensive and time consuming, and their outcome is uncertain.

| ○ | Our clinical trials could be delayed or unsuccessful, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for any of our drug candidates when expected, or at all.

| ○ | We may experience delays in our clinical trials that could adversely affect our business and operations.

| ○ | We rely on third parties to conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials and if such third parties do not meet our deadlines or otherwise conduct the studies as required, we may be delayed in progressing, or ultimately may not be able to progress, our drug candidates to clinical trials.

| ○ | We may not be able to secure and maintain research institutions to conduct our future trials.

| ○ | We may not be able to secure co-developers or partners to further post-Phase II clinical trials and eventually commercialize our drug candidates.

| ○ | We may need to prioritize the development of our most promising candidates at the expense of the development of other products.

| ○ | Physicians, patients, third-party payors or others in the medical community may not be receptive to our products, and we may not generate any future revenue from the sale or licensing of our products.

| ● | Risks associated with intellectual property including but not limited to:

| ○ | We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining patent or other relating rights necessary to the development of our drug candidates in the pipeline;

| ○ | The intellectual property rights underlying our exclusive licensing rights may expire or be terminated due to lack of maintenance;

| ● | Risks associated with competition and manufacturing including, but not limited to:

| ○ | We face competition from entities that have developed or are developing products for our target disease indications, including companies developing novel treatments and technologies similar to ours; and

| ○ | We depend primarily upon a sole supplier of our key extract for three drug candidates and could incur significant costs and delays if we are unable to promptly find a replacement for such supplier if the supplier fails to deliver the extract pursuant to our orders.

| ● | Risks associated with government regulations including without limitation:

| ○ | If we do not obtain the necessary governmental approvals, we will be unable to sub-license or commercialize our pharmaceutical products; and

| ○ | Even if we obtain regulatory approval for a drug candidate, our products may remain subject to regulatory scrutiny.

| ● | Risk associated with our Common Stock including without limitation:

| ○ | The market prices and trading volumes of the Common may be volatile and may be affected by economic conditions beyond our control; and,

| ○ | There is only a limited trading market for our Common Stock and such market may never develop.

These and other risks described in this prospectus could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flow, which could cause the trading price of our Common Stock to decline and could result in a loss of your investment.

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Summary Risk Factors

The below is a summary of principal risks to our business and risks associated with this offering. It is only a summary. You should read the more detailed discussion of risks set forth below and elsewhere in this prospectus for a more complete discussion of the risks listed below and other risks.

| ● | Risk associated with our competition, including, but not limited to:

| ○ | Many of our current and potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do, which could place us at a significant competitive disadvantage or deny our marketing exclusivity rights.

| ○ | Many of our current and potential competitors have significantly more experience in the marketing, commercialization, discovery, development and regulatory approvals of products, which could place us at a significant competitive disadvantage or deny our marketing exclusivity rights

| ● | Risk associated with our profitability including, but not limited to:

| ○ | We have never generated revenue and will continue to be unprofitable in the foreseeable future.

| ○ | Our business, operations and plans and timelines could be adversely affected by the effects of health epidemics, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic.

| ● | Risk associated with clinical trials and the development of our products, including but not limited to:

| ○ | Clinical trials are expensive and time consuming, and their outcome is uncertain.

| ○ | Our clinical trials could be delayed or unsuccessful, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for any of our drug candidates when expected, or at all.

| ○ | We may experience delays in our clinical trials that could adversely affect our business and operations.

| ○ | We rely on third parties to conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials and if such third parties do not meet our deadlines or otherwise conduct the studies as required, we may be delayed in progressing, or ultimately may not be able to progress, our drug candidates to clinical trials.

| ○ | We may not be able to secure and maintain research institutions to conduct our future trials.

| ○ | We may not be able to secure co-developers or partners to further post-Phase II clinical trials and eventually commercialize our drug candidates.

| ○ | We may need to prioritize the development of our most promising candidates at the expense of the development of other products.

| ○ | Physicians, patients, third-party payors or others in the medical community may not be receptive to our products, and we may not generate any future revenue from the sale or licensing of our products.

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| ● | Risks associated with intellectual property including but not limited to:

| ○ | We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining patent or other relating rights necessary to the development of our drug candidates in the pipeline;

| ○ | The intellectual property rights underlying our exclusive licensing rights may expire or be terminated due to lack of maintenance;

| ● | Risks associated with competition and manufacturing including, but not limited to:

| ○ | We face competition from entities that have developed or are developing products for our target disease indications, including companies developing novel treatments and technologies similar to ours; and

| ○ | We depend primarily upon a sole supplier of our key extract for three drug candidates and could incur significant costs and delays if we are unable to promptly find a replacement for such supplier if the supplier fails to deliver the extract pursuant to our orders.

| ● | Risks associated with government regulations including without limitation:

| ○ | If we do not obtain the necessary governmental approvals, we will be unable to sub-license or commercialize our pharmaceutical products; and

| ○ | Even if we obtain regulatory approval for a drug candidate, our products may remain subject to regulatory scrutiny.

| ● | Risk associated with our Common Stock including without limitation:

| ○ | The market prices and trading volumes of the Common may be volatile and may be affected by economic conditions beyond our control; and,

| ○ | There is only a limited trading market for our Common Stock and such market may never develop.

These and other risks described in this prospectus could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flow, which could cause the trading price of our Common Stock to decline and could result in a loss of your investment. In addition, you should carefully consider the risks described under “Risk Factors” beginning on page 9.

Corporate Information

ABVC was incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada on February 6, 2002. BriVision was incorporated in the State of Delaware on July 21, 2015. BioLite was incorporated in the State of Nevada on July 27, 2016. BioKey was incorporated in the State of California on November 20, 2000. BriVision, BioLite and BioKey are three operating subsidiaries that are wholly owned by the Company.

The Company’s shareholders approved an amendment to the Company’s Articles of Incorporation to change the Company’s corporate name from American BriVision (Holding) Corporation to ABVC BioPharma, Inc. and approved and adopted the Certificate of Amendment to affect same at the 2020 annual meeting of shareholders (the “Annual Meeting”). The name change amendment to the Company’s Articles of Incorporation was filed with Nevada’s Secretary of State and became effective on March 8, 2021 and FINRA approved our application for the name change as of May 3, 2021.

The Common Stock was approved for listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market and commenced trading under the ticker symbol “ABVC” on August 3, 2021. The Company’s CUSIP number is 0091F106.

Our principal executive office is located at 44370 Old Warm Springs Blvd., Fremont, CA 94538. Our telephone number at our principal executive office is (510)-668-0881. Our corporate website of BriVision is http://www.abvcpharma.com. The information on our corporate website is not part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this prospectus.

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THE OFFERING

Common Stock being offered by Selling Stockholders | Up to 11,714,683 shares of Common Stock, including: (i) up to 3,527,778 shares of Common Stock, issuable upon full conversion of the Lind Note in the principal amount of $3,704,167, (ii) up to 5,291,667 shares of Common Stock underlying the Lind Warrant, (iii) up to 211,667 shares of Common Stock underlying the PA Warrant, (iv) up to 342,857 shares of Common Stock, issuable upon full conversion of the 2nd Lind Note in the principal amount of $1,200,000, (v) up to 1,000,000 shares of Common Stock underlying the 2nd Lind Warrant; (vi) 30,000 shares of Common Stock underlying a placement agent common stock purchase warrant pursuant to the 2nd Lind Transaction; (vii) 285,714 shares of Common Stock, issuable upon full conversion of the 3rd Lind Note in the principal amount of $1,000,000; (viii) 1,000,000 shares of Common Stock underlying a common stock purchase warrant pursuant to the 3rd Lind Transaction; and (ix) 25,000 shares of Common Stock underlying a placement agent common stock purchase warrant pursuant to the 3rd Lind Transaction. The Selling Stockholders may sell their shares of Common Stock at prevailing market prices or privately negotiated prices. We will not receive any proceeds from the sales by the Selling Stockholders.
Use of Proceeds | We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares by the Selling Stockholders.
Trading Symbol | ABVC
Risk Factors | The securities offered by this prospectus are speculative and involve a high degree of risk and investors purchasing securities should not purchase the securities unless they can afford the loss of their entire investment. You should read “Risk Factors,” beginning on page 9 for a discussion of factors to consider before deciding to invest in our securities.
Transfer Agent | VStock Transfer, LLC

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RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities includes a high degree of risk. Prior to making a decision about investing in our securities, you should consider carefully the specific factors discussed below, together with all of the other information contained in this prospectus. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects would likely be materially and adversely affected. This could cause the market price of our Common Stock to decline and could cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to the Company’s Business

Unfavorable global economic conditions, including as a result of health and safety concerns, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy, including conditions that are outside of our control, such as the impact of health and safety concerns from the current outbreak of the COVID-19 coronavirus (“COVID-19”). The spread of the COVID-19, which was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020, has caused different countries and cities to mandate curfews, including “shelter-in-place” and closures of most non-essential businesses as well as other measures to mitigate the spread of the virus.

The negative impact of COVID-19 on our operations is ongoing and the extent of which remains uncertain and potentially wide-spread, including:

| ● | our ability to successfully execute our long-term growth strategy during these uncertain times;

| ● | our ability to recruit the necessary number of patients to complete future clinical trials;
| ● | supply chain disruptions in projects ABV-1504, ABV-1505 and ABV-1601, resulting from reduced workforces, scarcity of raw materials, and scrutiny or embargoing of goods produced in infected areas;

| ● | our ability to perform on-site due-diligence for project ABV-1505 (MDD Phase II completed new drug candidate) and ABV-1701 (Vitargus FIH completed medical device) with our potential partners/collaborators in US, Mainland China, and Japan;

| ● | our ability to access capital sources, as well as the ability of our key customers, suppliers, and vendors to do the same in regard to their own obligations; and

| ● | diversion of management and employee attention and resources from key business activities and risk management outside of COVID-19 response efforts, including maintenance of internal controls.

The COVID-19 pandemic remains highly volatile and continues to evolve on a daily basis and therefore, despite our efforts and developments to combat the virus, there can be no assurance that these measures will prove successful. The extent to which COVID-19 continues to impact the Company’s business, sales, and results of operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted.

The Company is a development stage biopharmaceutical company and is thus subject to the risks associated with new businesses in that industry.

The Company acquired the sole licensing rights to develop and commercialize for therapeutic purposes six compounds from BioLite and the right to co-develop with BioFirst a medical device (collectively the “ABVC Pipeline Products”). As such, the Company is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company with operations that generate unsubstantial revenues. The Company is establishing and implementing many important functions necessary to operate a business, including the clinical research and development of the ABVC Pipeline Products, further establishment of the Company’s managerial and administrative structure, accounting systems and internal financial controls

BioLite and BioKey are expected to continue to have limited revenue and remain unprofitable for an indefinite period of time.

Accordingly, you should consider the Company’s prospects in light of the risks and uncertainties that a pharmaceutical company with a limited operating history and revenue faces. In particular, potential investors should consider that there are significant risks that the Company will not be able to:

| ● | implement or execute its current business plan, or generate profits;

| ● | attract and maintain a skillful management team;

| ● | raise sufficient funds in the capital markets or otherwise to effectuate its business plan;

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| ● | determine that the processes and technologies that it has developed are commercially viable; and/or

| ● | enter into contracts with commercial partners, such as licensors and suppliers.

If any of the above risks occurs, the Company’s business may fail, in which case you may lose the entire amount of your investment in the Company. The Company cannot assure that any of its efforts in business operations will be successful or result in the timely development of new products, or ultimately produce any material revenue and profits.

As a pre-profit biopharmaceutical company, the Company needs to transition from a company with a research and development focus to a company capable of supporting commercial activities. The Company may not be able to reach such transition point or make such a transition, which would have affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If the Company fails to raise additional capital, its ability to implement its business model and strategy could be compromised.

The Company has limited capital resources and operations. The CDMO services provided by BioKey generates a limited amount of revenue that can only partially support the operations of the Company. To date, the Company’s operations have been funded partially from the proceeds from financings or loans from its shareholders . From time to time, we may seek additional financing to provide the capital required to expand research and development (“R&D”) initiatives and/or working capital, as well as to repay outstanding loans if cash flow from operations is insufficient to do so. We cannot predict with certainty the timing or amount of any such capital requirements.

If the Company does not raise sufficient capital to fund its ongoing development activities, it is likely that it will be unable to carry out its business plans, including R&D development and expansion of production facilities. Currently, the Company has had to put several projects on hold due to a lack of funding. Even if the Company obtains financing for near term operations and product development, the Company may require additional capital beyond the near term. Furthermore, additional capital may not be available in sufficient amounts or on reasonable terms, if at all, and our ability to raise additional capital may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and the recent disruptions to and volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. If the Company is unable to raise capital when needed, its business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially adversely affected, and it could be forced to reduce or discontinue our operations.

The Company has no history in obtaining regulatory approval for, or commercializing, any new drug candidate.

With limited operating history, the Company has never obtained regulatory approval for, or commercialized, any new drug candidate. It is possible that the FDA may refuse to accept our planned New Drug Application (or “NDA”) for any of the six drug products for substantive review or may conclude after review of our data that our application is insufficient to obtain regulatory approval of the new drug candidates or the medical device. Although our CDMO strategic business department has experience in obtaining abbreviated new drug application (or “ANDA”) approvals, the processes and timelines of obtaining an NDA approval and ANDA approval can differentiate substantially. If the FDA does not accept or approve our planned NDA for our product candidates, it may require that we conduct additional clinical, preclinical or manufacturing validation studies, which may be costly. Depending on the FDA required studies, approval of any NDA or application that we submit may be significantly delayed, possibly for several years, or may require us to expend more resources than we have. Any delay in obtaining, or inability to obtain, regulatory approvals of any of our drug candidate will prevent us from sublicensing such product. It is also possible that additional studies, if performed and completed, may not be considered sufficient by the FDA. If any of these outcomes occurs, we may be forced to abandon our planned NDA for such drug candidate, which materially adversely affects our business and could potentially cause us to cease operations. We face similar regulatory risks in a foreign jurisdiction.

Our growth is dependent on our ability to successfully develop, acquire or license new drugs.

Our growth is supported by continuous investment in time, resources and capital to identify and develop new products or new formulations for the market and market penetration. If we are unable to either develop new products on our own or acquire licenses for new products from other parties, our ability to grow revenues and market share will be adversely affected. In addition, we may not be able to recover our investment in the development of new drugs and medical devices, given that projects may be interrupted, unsuccessful, not as profitable as initially contemplated or we may not be able to obtain necessary financing for such development. Similarly, there is no assurance that we can successfully secure such rights from third parties on an economically feasible basis.

Our current products have certain side effects. If the side effects associated with our current or future products are not identified prior to their marketing and sale, we may be required to withdraw such products from the market, perform lengthy additional clinical trials or change the labeling of our products, any of which could adversely impact our growth.

The Company researches and develops the following seven drug products and one medical device: ABV-1501, ABV-1504, ABV-1505, ABV-1519, ABV-1702, ABV-1601 and ABV-1703. Each of these seven products may cause serious adverse effects to their users. For example, the API of ABV-1501, ABV-1702 and ABV-1703 is Maitake mushroom extract. Side effects, or adverse events, associated with Maitake mushroom extract include blood bilirubin increase, lymphocyte count decrease, neutrophil count decrease, platelet count decrease, white blood cell decrease, headache, and hyperglycemia. Serious adverse events (collectively, the “SAE”) associated with this compound include leukocytosis, platelet count decrease, eye disorders, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal disorders, aphonia, lung infection, muscle weakness right-sided, confusion, edema cerebral, stroke, dyspnea, wheezing, and pruritus.

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ABV-1504 and ABV-1505 have the same API, “Radix Polygala”, which is known as Polygala tenuifolia Willd or PDC-1421 Capsule (“Polygala tenuifolia Willd”). Side effects, or adverse events, associated with ABV-1504 and ABV-1505, coming from administration of the trial medicine or examination procedure such as the procedure of taking blood (fainting, pain and/or bruising), may lead to gastrointestinal disorders (abdominal fullness and constipation), nervous system disorders (drowsiness, sleepiness, and oral ulcer). In addition, long-term use may cause miscarriages.

The safety and preliminary efficacy findings from this study, combined with the unique properties of ABV-1701, are supportive of further investigation for its use following vitrectomy surgery in patients requiring vitreous replacement. However, new serious side effects of ABV-1701 may be uncovered as the clinical trials continue.

The occurrence of any of those adverse events would harm our future sales of these medicines and substantially increase the costs and expenses of marketing these medicines, which in turn could cause our revenues and net income to decline. In addition, the reputation and sales of our future medicines could be adversely affected due to the severe side effects discovered.

We may be subject to product liability claims in the future, which could divert our resources, cause us to incur substantial liabilities and limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

We face an inherent business risk of exposure to product liability claims in the event that the uses of our products are alleged to have caused adverse side effects. Side effects or marketing or manufacturing problems pertaining to any of our products could result in product liability claims or adverse publicity. These risks will exist for those products in clinical development and with respect to those products that receive regulatory approval for commercial sale. Furthermore, although we have not historically experienced any problems associated with claims by users of our products, we do not currently maintain product liability insurance and there could be no assurance that we are able to acquire product liability insurance with terms that are commercially feasible.

We face an inherent risk of product liability claims as a result of the clinical testing of our products and potentially commercially selling any products that we may develop. For example, we may be sued if any product we develop allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during clinical testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability or a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our product candidate. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

| ● | decreased demand for our product candidates or products that we may develop;
| ● | injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention;

| ● | withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

| ● | significant costs to defend resulting litigation;
| ● | substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients;
| ● | loss of revenue;
| ● | reduced resources of our management to pursue our business strategy; and
| ● | the inability to commercialize any products that we may develop.

We currently have insurance policies to cover liabilities under the clinic trials but do not maintain general liability insurance; and even if we have a general liability insurance in the future, this insurance may not fully cover potential liabilities that we may incur. The cost of any product liability litigation or other proceeding, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial. We would need to increase our insurance coverage if and when we begin selling any product candidate that receives marketing approval. In addition, insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive. If we are unable to obtain or maintain sufficient insurance coverage at an acceptable cost or to otherwise protect against potential product liability claims, it could prevent or inhibit the development and commercial production and sale of our product candidate, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We have conducted, and may in the future conduct, clinical trials for certain of our product candidates at sites outside the United States, and the FDA may not accept data from trials conducted in such locations.

We have conducted and may in the future choose to conduct one or more of our clinical trials outside the United States. Although the FDA may accept data from clinical trials conducted outside the United States, acceptance of this data is subject to certain conditions imposed by the FDA. For example, the clinical trial must be well designed and conducted and performed by qualified investigators in accordance with ethical principles. The trial population must also adequately represent the U.S. population, and the data must be applicable to the U.S. population and U.S. medical practice in ways that the FDA deems clinically meaningful. In addition, while these clinical trials are subject to the applicable local laws, FDA acceptance of the data will be dependent upon its determination that the trials also complied with all applicable U.S. laws and regulations. There can be no assurance that the FDA will accept data from trials conducted outside of the United States. If the FDA does not accept the data from any of our clinical trials that we determine to conduct outside the United States, it would likely result in the need for additional trials, which would be costly and time-consuming and delay or permanently halt our development of the product candidate.

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In addition, the conduct of clinical trials outside the United States could have a significant impact on us. Risks inherent in conducting international clinical trials include:

| ● | foreign regulatory requirements that could restrict or limit our ability to conduct our clinical trials;
| ● | administrative burdens of conducting clinical trials under multiple foreign regulatory schema;
| ● | foreign exchange fluctuations; and
| ● | diminished protection of intellectual property in some countries.

If clinical trials of our product candidates fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of the FDA and comparable non-U.S. regulators, we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

We are not permitted to commercialize, market, promote or sell any product candidate in the United States without obtaining marketing approval from the FDA. Comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities impose similar restrictions. We may never receive such approvals. We must complete extensive preclinical development and clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidate in humans before we will be able to obtain these approvals.

Clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is inherently uncertain as to outcome. Any inability to successfully complete preclinical and clinical development could result in additional costs to us and impair our ability to generate revenues from product sales, regulatory and commercialization milestones and royalties. In addition, if (1) we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our product candidate beyond the trials and testing that we contemplate, (2) we are unable to successfully complete clinical trials of our product candidate or other testing, (3) the results of these trials or tests are unfavorable, uncertain or are only modestly favorable, or (4) there are unacceptable safety concerns associated with our product candidate, we, in addition to incurring additional costs, may:

| ● | be delayed in obtaining marketing approval for our product candidates;

| ● | not obtain marketing approval at all;

| ● | obtain approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as we intended or desired;

| ● | obtain approval with labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or significant safety warnings, including boxed warnings;

| ● | be subject to additional post-marketing testing or other requirements; or

| ● | be required to remove the product from the market after obtaining marketing approval.

Even if any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success and the market opportunity for the product candidate may be smaller than we estimate.

We have never completed a new drug or new medical device FDA application process from Phase I to FDA approval and commercialization. Even if our products are approved by the appropriate regulatory authorities for marketing and sale, they may nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients, third party payors and others in the medical community. For example, physicians are often reluctant to switch their patients from existing therapies even when new and potentially more effective or convenient treatments enter the market. Further, patients often acclimate to the therapy that they are currently taking and do not want to switch unless their physicians recommend switching products or they are required to switch therapies due to lack of reimbursement for existing therapies.

The potential market opportunities for our products are difficult to estimate precisely. Our estimates of the potential market opportunities are predicated on many assumptions, including industry knowledge and publications, third party research reports and other surveys. While we believe that our internal assumptions are reasonable, these assumptions involve the exercise of significant judgment on the part of our management, are inherently uncertain and the reasonableness of these assumptions has not been assessed by an independent source. If any of the assumptions proves to be inaccurate, the actual markets for our products could be smaller than our estimates of the potential market opportunities.

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We may seek to enter into collaborations with third parties for the development and commercialization of our product candidates. If we fail to enter into such collaborations, or such collaborations are not successful, we may not be able to capitalize on the market potential of our product candidates.

We may seek third-party collaborators for development and commercialization of our products. Our likely collaborators for any marketing, distribution, development, licensing or broader collaboration arrangements include large and mid-size pharmaceutical companies, regional and national pharmaceutical companies, non-profit organizations, government agencies, and biotechnology companies. Our ability to generate revenues from these arrangements will depend on our collaborators’ abilities to successfully perform the functions assigned to them in these arrangements.

Collaborations involving our products will pose the following risks to us:

| ● | collaborators may have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations;

| ● | collaborators may not pursue development and commercialization of our product candidate or may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization programs based on preclinical or clinical trial results, changes in the collaborators’ strategic focus or available funding, or external factors such as an acquisition that diverts resources or creates competing priorities;

| ● | collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial program, stop a clinical trial or abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials or require a new formulation of a product candidate for clinical testing;

| ● | collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our product candidate if the collaborators believe that competitive products are more likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive than ours;

| ● | collaborators with marketing and distribution rights to one or more products may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of such product or products;

| ● | collaborators may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property or proprietary information or expose us to potential litigation;

| ● | collaborators may infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may expose us to litigation and potential liability;

| ● | disputes may arise between the collaborators and us that result in the delay or termination of the research, development or commercialization of our product candidate or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources; and

| ● | collaborations may be terminated and, if terminated, may result in a need for additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidates.

Collaborative agreements may not lead to development or commercialization of our product candidate in the most efficient manner or at all. If a collaborator of ours were to be involved in a business combination, the continued pursuit and emphasis on our product development or commercialization program could be delayed, diminished or terminated.

ABVC, through BioLite, may not be able to receive the full amounts available under the collaboration agreement by and between BioLite, Inc. and BioHopeKing, which could increase its burden to seek additional capital to fund the business operations.

In February and December 2015, BioLite, Inc., a subsidiary of BioLite, entered into a total of three collaboration agreements with BioHopeKing to jointly develop ABV-1501 for TNBC (or BLI-1401-2 as used by BioLite internally) and ABV-1504 for MDD (or BLI-1005 as used by BioLite internally) in most Asian countries and BLI-1006, which has been later replaced with BLI-1008 for ADHD in Asia, excluding Japan. ABVC and BioLite are co-developing ABV-1501 for TNBC and ABV-1504 for MDD pursuant to the Collaboration Agreement and its Addendum entered by and between BriVision and BioLite Taiwan where ABVC and BriVision are responsible for the clinical trials of such two new drug candidates. In accordance with the terms of the BioHopeKing Collaboration Agreement for ABV-1501 or BLI-1401-2 and the Addendum thereto, BioLite shall receive payments of a total of $10 million in cash and equity of BioHopeKing or equity securities owned by it at various stages on a schedule dictated by BioLite’s achievements of certain milestones and twelve per cent (12%) of net sales of the drug products when ABV-1501 or BLI-1401-2 is approved for sale in the licensed territories. If BioLite fails to reach any of the milestones in a timely manner, it may not receive the rest of the payments from BioHopeKing. As a result of BioLite’s potential inability to receive the full payments under those collaboration agreements with BioHopeKing, ABVC may have to seek other sources of financing to fund its operation activities.

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ABVC and its Subsidiaries may not be successful in establishing and maintaining additional strategic partnerships, which could adversely affect ABVC’s ability to develop and commercialize products, negatively impacting its operating results.

In addition to ABVC’s current collaboration with BioHopeKing for selected Asian markets, a part of its strategy is to evaluate and, as deemed appropriate, enter into additional partnerships in the future with major biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. ABVC’s products may prove to be difficult to effectively license out as planned. Various regulatory, commercial and manufacturing factors may impact ABVC’s ability to seek co-developers of or grow revenues from licensing out any of the seven products in the pipeline, none of which has been fully licensed out. Specifically, ABVC may encounter difficulty by virtue of:

| ● | its inability to effectively identify and align with commercial partners in the U.S. to collaborate the development of ABV-1504 for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder, ABV-1505 to treat Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disease, ABV-1501 for the treatment of Triple Negative Breast Cancer, ABV-1519 to treat of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, ABV-1703 to the treatment of Pancreatic Cancer, ABV-1601 to treat Depression in Cancer Patients and ABV-1702 to treat Myelodysplastic syndromes and ABV-1701 Vitargus for the treatments of Retinal Detachment or Vitreous Hemorrhage;

| ● | its inability to secure appropriate contract research organizations (“CRO”s) to conduct data analysis, lab research and FDA communication; and

| ● | its inability to effectively continue clinical studies on and secure positive research results of all of our investigational new drugs to attract additional commercial collaborators outside the U.S.

ABVC faces significant competition in seeking appropriate partners for its therapeutic candidates, and the negotiation process is time-consuming and complex. In order for ABVC to successfully partner its autoimmune, CNS and hematology therapeutic candidates, as well as Vitargus, its medical device, potential partners must view these medicinal candidates as economically valuable in markets they determine to be attractive in light of the terms that ABVC is seeking and compared to other available products for licensing by other companies. Even if ABVC is successful in its efforts to establish new strategic partnerships, the terms that ABVC agrees upon may not be favorable, and it may not be able to maintain such strategic partnerships if, for example, development or approval of an autoimmune therapeutic is delayed or sales of an approved product are disappointing. Any delay in entering into new strategic partnership agreements related to any of ABVC’s therapeutic candidates could delay the development and commercialization of such candidates and reduce its competitiveness even if it reaches the market.

If ABVC fails to establish and maintain additional strategic partnerships or collaboration related to its therapeutic candidates that have not been fully licensed, it will bear all of the risk and costs related to the development of any such drug candidate, and it may need to seek additional financing, hire additional employees and otherwise develop expertise for which it has not budgeted. This could negatively affect the development of any incompletely partnered new drug candidates.

ABVC’s licensors may choose to terminate any of the license agreements with ABVC. As a result, ABVC’s research and development of new drug candidates that contain the underlying API may be terminated abruptly.

If ABVC’s Subsidiary BioLite materially breaches any license agreements it has with Yukiguni Maitake Co. (“Yukiguni”), Medical and Pharmaceutical Industry Technology and Development Center (“MPITDC”) or Industrial Technology Research Institute (“ITRI”), or any of such license agreement terminates unexpectedly, BioLite may not be able to continue its research and development of the new drug candidate which contains the underlying API whose license has been terminated. Pursuant to the Yukiguni License Agreement, if BioLite fails to meet the milestone sales requirement or submit certain applications to the appropriate health authorities on a schedule prescribed therein, Yukiguni shall have the right to terminate the Yukiguni License Agreement. If the Yukiguni License Agreement is terminated involuntarily, BioLite will be forced to discontinue its new drug development of ABV-1703, ABV-1502 and ABV-1501 and terminate the collaboration agreements relating to the three new drug candidates. The termination of the right to use the underlying API will materially disrupt the operations of ABVC. Pursuant to the license agreement between BioLite Taiwan and ITRI, if BioLite Taiwan fails to complete the research submission milestones according to the schedule set forth therein without reasons or with reasons unstatisfied with ITRI, ITRI shall have the right to terminate the license agreement with BioLite Taiwan without refund to BioLite Taiwan. BioLite Taiwan and BioLite have submitted the IND for PDC-1421 and subsequently conducted Phase II clinical trials of two drug candidiates developed from PDC-1421 according to the schedule listed in the license agreement between BioLite Taiwan and MPITDC.

ABVC’s Subsidiary BioLite depends on one supplier for the API of ABV-1703, ABV-1519, ABV-1502 and ABV-1501 and any failure of such supplier to deliver sufficient quantities of the API that meets its quality standard could have a material adverse effect on its research of these four drug candidates.

Currently BioLite relies primarily on Yukiguni, a Japanese supplier, to provide Yukiguni Maitake Extract 404, the API which is contained in ABV-1703, ABV-1519, ABV-1502 and ABV-1501, four of the seven drug candidates in BioLite’s oncology/hematology portfolio. It has entered into the Yukiguni License Agreement, among other things, for the delivery of Yukiguni Maitake Extract 404. BioLite agrees to fulfill its demand of the Yukiguni Maitake Extract 404 by purchasing first from Yukiguni respecting the therapeutic products and Yukiguni represents that it will provide sufficient quantities of such API that meets cGMP standards. If the supplies of Yukiguni Maitake Extract 404 were interrupted for any reason, BioLite’s research and development activities of these four drug candidates could be delayed. These delays could be extensive and expensive, especially in situations where a substitution is not readily available.

BioLite is currently negotiating with another supplier of Yukiguni Maitake Extract 404 that is located in Canada. However, there can be no assurance that the negotiation will be successful. Failure to obtain adequate supplies of high quality Yukiguni Maitake Extract 404 in a timely manner could have a disruptive effect on ABVC and BioLite’s research and development activities of ABV-1703, ABV-1519, ABV-1502 and ABV-1501, resulting in a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

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ABVC may use hazardous chemicals and biological materials in its business. Any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials could be time consuming and costly.

ABVC’s research and development may involve the controlled use of hazardous materials, including chemicals and biological materials. ABVC cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or discharge and any resulting injury from these materials. ABVC may be sued for any injury or contamination that results from its use or the use by third parties of these materials, and its liability may exceed any insurance coverage and its total assets. Federal, state and local laws and regulations govern the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these hazardous materials and specified waste products, as well as the discharge of pollutants into the environment and human health and safety matters. Although ABVC makes its best efforts to comply with environmental laws and regulations despite the associated high costs and inconvenience, ABVC cannot guarantee that it will not mishandle any hazardous materials in the future. If it fails to comply with these requirements or any improper handling of hazardous materials occurs, it could incur substantial costs, including civil or criminal fines and penalties, clean-up costs or capital expenditures for control equipment or operational changes necessary to achieve and maintain compliance. In addition, ABVC cannot predict the impact on its business of new or amended environmental laws or regulations or any changes in the way existing and future laws and regulations are interpreted and enforced.

The facilities where the samples of drug candidates are manufactured need to be maintained and monitored in compliance with the good manufacturing practice standards, the failure of such maintenance could contaminate the results of our clinical trials and adversely affect our operations.

ABVC’s Subsidiary BioKey operates a laboratory facility that is a certified good manufacturing practice facility (“cGMP”) and some of its contract clinical trial service providers use cGMP facilities to conduct clinical studies. ABVC cannot be certain that ABVC or its present or future contract manufacturers or suppliers will be able to comply with cGMPs regulations and other FDA regulatory requirements. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in, among other things, total or partial suspension of production activities, failure of the FDA to grant approval for marketing, and withdrawal, suspension, or revocation of marketing approvals.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

Pharmaceutical patents and patent applications involve highly complex legal and factual questions, which, if determined adversely to the Company, could negatively impact its respective licensors’ patent position and interrupt its research activities.

The patent positions of pharmaceutical companies and research institutions can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. The interpretation and breadth of claims allowed in some patents covering pharmaceutical compositions may be uncertain and difficult to determine, and are often affected materially by the facts and circumstances that pertain to the patented compositions and the related patent claims. The standards of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, are sometimes uncertain and could change in the future. Consequently, the issuance and scope of patents cannot be predicted with certainty. Patents, if issued, may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. U.S. patents and patent applications may also be subject to interference proceedings, and U.S. patents may be subject to re-examination proceedings, post-grant review and/or inter parties review in the USPTO. Foreign patents may be subject to opposition or comparable proceedings in the corresponding foreign patent office, which could result in either loss of the patent or denial of the patent application or loss or reduction in the scope of one or more of the claims of the patent or patent application. In addition, such interference, re-examination, post-grant review, inter parties review and opposition proceedings may be costly. Accordingly, rights under any issued patents may not provide the Company with sufficient protection against competitive products or processes.

In addition, changes in or different interpretations of patent laws in the U.S. and foreign countries may permit others to use discoveries of the Company or to develop and commercialize their new drug candidates without providing any compensation thereto, or may limit the number of patents or claims the Company can obtain. The laws of some countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as U.S. laws and those countries may lack adequate rules and procedures for defending the intellectual property rights of the Company.

If the Company fails to obtain and maintain patent protection and trade secret protection of its respective products, the Company could lose their competitive advantages and competition it faces would increase, reducing any potential revenues and adversely affecting its ability to attain or maintain profitability.

Developments in patent law could have a negative impact on the Company’s Licensors’ patent positions and the Company’s business.

From time to time, the U.S. Supreme Court, other federal courts, the U.S. Congress or the USPTO may change the standards of patentability and any such changes could have a negative impact on the Company’s business.

In addition, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the America Invents Act, which was signed into law in 2011, includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These changes include a transition from a “first-to-invent” system to a “first-to-file” system, changes the way issued patents are challenged, and changes the way patent applications are disputed during the examination process. These changes may favor larger and more established companies that have greater resources to devote to patent application filing and prosecution. The USPTO has developed regulations and procedures to govern the full implementation of the America Invents Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the America Invents Act, and, in particular, the first-to-file provisions, became effective on March 16, 2013. Substantive changes to patent law associated with the America Invents Act may affect the Company, BioLite and BioKey’s ability to obtain patents, and if obtained, to enforce or defend them. Accordingly, it is not clear what, if any, impact the America Invents Act will ultimately have on the cost of prosecuting the Company’s patent applications, its ability to obtain patents based on its discoveries and its ability to enforce or defend its patents.

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If the Company is unable to protect the confidentiality of its trade secrets, its business and competitive position would be harmed, respectively.

In addition to patent protection, because the Company operates in the highly technical field of discovery and development of therapies, it relies in part on trade secret protection in order to protect its proprietary technology and processes. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. The Company has entered into confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements with its employees, consultants, outside scientific and commercial collaborators, sponsored researchers, and other advisors. These agreements generally require that the other party keep confidential and not disclose to third parties any confidential information developed by the party or made known to the party by the Company during the course of the party’s relationship therewith. These agreements also generally provide that inventions conceived by the party in the course of rendering services to the Company will be ABVC’s exclusive property. However, these agreements may not be honored and may not effectively assign intellectual property rights to the Company.

In addition to contractual measures, the Company tries to protect the confidential nature of its proprietary information using physical and technological security measures. Such measures may not, for example, in the case of misappropriation of a trade secret by an employee or third party with authorized access, provide adequate protection for the Company. The Company’s security measures may not prevent an employee or consultant from misappropriating its trade secrets and providing them to a competitor, and recourse it takes against such misconduct may not provide an adequate remedy to protect the Company’s interests fully. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive, and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the U.S. may be less willing to protect trade secrets. Trade secrets may be independently developed by others in a manner that could prevent legal recourse by the Company. If the Company’s confidential or proprietary information, such as the trade secrets, were to be disclosed or misappropriated, or if any such information was independently developed by a competitor, its competitive position could be harmed.

Third parties may assert that the Company’s employees or consultants have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information or misappropriated trade secrets.

The Company might employ individuals who were previously employed at universities or other biopharmaceutical companies, including its competitors or potential competitors. Although through certain non-disclosure covenants and employment agreements with its officers and employees, the Company tries to ensure that its employees and consultants do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in the work for the Company, the Company may be subject to claims that it or its employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of a former employer or other third parties. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If the Company fails in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, the Company may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if the Company is successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to the Company’s management and other employees.

ABVC’s ability to compete may decline if it does not adequately protect its proprietary rights or if it is barred by the intellectual property rights of others.

ABVC’s commercial success depends on obtaining and maintaining proprietary rights to its drug candidates as well as successfully defending these rights against third-party challenges. ABVC obtains its rights to use and research certain proprietary information to further develop the drug candidates primarily from three institutions, MPITDC, ITRI and Yukiguni (collectively the “Licensors”). These three institutions own the intellectual property rights in the products that have been licensed to us and may prosecute new patents of the drug candidates that are invented or discovered within the licensed scope of use under the respective license agreements. ABVC will only be able to protect its new drug candidates from unauthorized use by third parties to the extent that its valid and enforceable patents, or effectively protected trade secrets and know-how, cover them.

ABVC’s ability to obtain new patent protection for its new drug candidates is uncertain due to a number of factors, including that:

| ● | ABVC may not have been the first to make the inventions covered by pending patent applications or issued patents;

| ● | ABVC may not have been the first to file patent applications for its new drug candidates;

| ● | others may independently develop identical, similar or alternative products or compositions and uses thereof;

| ● | ABVC’s disclosures in patent applications may not be sufficient to meet the statutory requirements for patentability;

| ● | any or all of ABVC’s pending patent applications may not result in issued patents;

| ● | ABVC may not seek or obtain patent protection in countries that may eventually provide a significant business opportunity;

| ● | any patents issued to ABVC may not provide a basis for commercially viable products, may not provide any competitive advantages, or may be successfully challenged by third parties;

| ● | ABVC’s methods may not be patentable;

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| ● | ABVC’s licensors may successfully challenge that ABVC’s new patent application fall outside the licensed use of the products; or

| ● | others may design around ABVC’s patent claims to produce competitive products which fall outside of the scope of its patents.

Even if ABVC has or obtains new patents covering its new drug candidates, ABVC may still be barred from making, using and selling them because of the patent rights of others. Others may have filed, and in the future may file, patent applications covering products that are similar or identical to ABVC. There are many issued U.S. and foreign patents relating to therapeutic products and some of these relate to ABVC’s new drug candidates. These could materially affect ABVC’s ability to develop its drug candidates. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications unknown to ABVC that may later result in issued patents that its new drug candidates may infringe. These patent applications may have priority over patent applications filed by ABVC.

The Company and its respective licensors may not be able to enforce their intellectual property rights throughout the world.

The laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of some countries, particularly developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, especially those relating to pharmaceuticals and medical devices. This could make it difficult for the Company and its respective licensors to stop the infringement of some of the Licensors’ patents, or the misappropriation of their other intellectual property rights. For example, many foreign countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner must grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against third parties, including government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, patents may provide limited or no benefit. Patent protection must ultimately be sought on a country-by-country basis, which is an expensive and time-consuming process with uncertain outcomes. Accordingly, the Company and its licensors have chosen in the past and may choose in the future not to seek patent protection in certain countries, and as a result the Company will not have the benefit of patent protection in such countries. Moreover, the Company may choose in the future not to seek patent protection in certain countries, and as a result it will not have the benefit of patent protection in such countries.

Proceedings to enforce the Company’s and its licensors’ patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert its efforts and attention from other aspects of the businesses. Accordingly, the efforts to protect the Company’s intellectual property rights in such countries may be inadequate. In addition, changes in the law and legal decisions by courts in the U.S. and foreign countries may affect the Company’s ability to obtain adequate protection for its technology and the enforcement of intellectual property.

Regulatory Risks Relating to Biopharmaceutical Business

The Company is subject to various government regulations.

The manufacture and sale of human therapeutic and diagnostic products in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions are governed by a variety of statutes and regulations. These laws require approval of manufacturing facilities, controlled research and testing of products and government review and approval of a submission containing manufacturing, preclinical and clinical data in order to obtain marketing approval based on establishing the safety and efficacy of the product for each use sought, including adherence to current PIC/S Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal products during production and storage, and control of marketing activities, including advertising and labeling.

The products the Company is currently developing will require significant development, preclinical and clinical testing and investment of substantial funds prior to its commercialization. The process of obtaining required approvals can be costly and time-consuming, and there can be no assurance that future products will be successfully developed and will prove to be safe and effective in clinical trials or receive applicable regulatory approvals. Markets other than the U.S. have similar restrictions. Potential investors and shareholders should be aware of the risks, problems, delays, expenses and difficulties which we may encounter in view of the extensive regulatory environment which controls our business.

The Company cannot be certain that it will be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, any of its current or future product candidates.

The Company may not be able to develop any current or future product candidates. The Company’s new drug candidates will require substantial additional clinical development, testing, and regulatory approval before the commencement of commercialization. The clinical trials of the Company’s drug candidates are, and the manufacturing and marketing of our new drug candidates will be subject to extensive and rigorous review and regulation by numerous government authorities in the U.S. and in other countries where the Company intend to test and, if approved, market any new drug candidate. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any product candidate, the Company must demonstrate through pre-clinical testing and clinical trials that the product candidate is safe and effective for use in each target indication. This process can take many years and may include post-marketing studies and surveillance, which will require the expenditure of substantial resources. Of the large number of drugs in development in the U.S., only a small percentage successfully completes the FDA regulatory approval process and is commercialized. Accordingly, even if the Company is able to obtain the requisite financing to continue to fund its development and clinical programs, it cannot assure the investors that any of the product candidates will be successfully developed or commercialized.

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The Company is not permitted to market a therapeutic product in the U.S. until it receives approval of an NDA or ANDA, for that product from the FDA, or in any foreign countries until they receive the requisite approval from such countries. Obtaining approval of an NDA is a complex, lengthy, expensive and uncertain process, and the FDA may delay, limit or deny approval of any product candidate for many reasons, including, among others:

| ● | Unable to demonstrate that a product candidate is safe and effective to the satisfaction of the FDA;

| ● | the results of the Company’s clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical or clinical significance required by the FDA for marketing approval;

| ● | the FDA may not approve the formulation of any product candidate;

| ● | the CROs, that BioLite or the Company retains to conduct its clinical trials may take actions outside of its control that materially adversely impact its clinical trials;

| ● | delays in patient enrollment, variability in the number and types of patients available for clinical trials, and lower-than anticipated retention rates for patients in clinical trials;

| ● | the FDA may find the data from pre-clinical studies and clinical trials insufficient to demonstrate that a product candidate’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks, such as the risk of drug abuse by patients or the public in general;

| ● | the FDA may disagree with the interpretation of data from the Company’s pre-clinical studies and clinical trials;

| ● | the FDA may not accept data generated at the Company’s clinical trial sites;

| ● | if an NDA, if and when submitted, is reviewed by an advisory committee, the FDA may have difficulties scheduling an advisory committee meeting in a timely manner or the advisory committee may recommend against approval of our application or may recommend that the FDA require, as a condition of approval, additional pre-clinical studies or clinical trials, limitations on approved labeling or distribution and use restrictions;

| ● | the FDA may require development of a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, as a condition of approval or post-approval; or

| ● | the FDA may change its approval policies or adopt new regulations.

These same risks apply to applicable foreign regulatory agencies from which the Company, through BioLite, may seek approval for any of our new drug candidates.

Any of these factors, many of which are beyond the Company’s control, could jeopardize its ability to obtain regulatory approval for and successfully market any new drug candidate. As a result, any such setback in the Company’s pursuit of initial or additional regulatory approval would have a material adverse effect on its business and prospects.

If the Company does not successfully complete pre-clinical and Phase I and II clinical development, it will be unable to receive full payments under their respective collaboration agreements, find future collaborators or partners to take the drug candidates to Phase III clinical trials. Even if the Company successfully completes all Phase I and II clinical trials, those results are not necessarily predictive of results of additional trials that may be needed before an NDA for Phase III trials may be submitted to the FDA. Although there are a large number of drugs in development in the U.S. and other countries, only a very small percentage result in commercialization, and even fewer achieve widespread physician and consumer acceptance following the regulatory approval.

In addition, the Company may encounter delays or drug candidate rejections based on new governmental regulations, future legislative or administrative actions, or changes in FDA policy or interpretation during the period of product development. If the Company obtains required regulatory approvals, such approvals may later be withdrawn. Delays or failures in obtaining regulatory approvals may result in:

| ● | varying interpretations of data and commitments by the FDA and similar foreign regulatory agencies; and

| ● | diminishment of any competitive advantages that such drug candidates may have or attain.

Furthermore, if the Company fails to comply with applicable FDA and other regulatory requirements at any stage during this regulatory process, the Company may encounter or be subject to:

| ● | delays or termination in clinical trials or commercialization;

| ● | refusal by the FDA or similar foreign regulatory agencies to review pending applications or supplements to approved applications;

| ● | product recalls or seizures;

| ● | suspension of manufacturing;

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| ● | withdrawals of previously approved marketing applications; and

| ● | fines, civil penalties, and criminal prosecutions.

The Company faces substantial competition from companies with considerably more resources and experience than the Company has, which may result in others discovering, developing, receiving approval for, or commercializing products before or more successfully than the Company.

The Company competes with companies that research, develop, manufacture and market already-existing and new pharmaceutical products in the fields of CNS, hematology/oncology and autoimmune. The Company anticipates that it will face increased competition in the future as new companies enter the market with new drugs and/or technologies and/or their competitors improve their current products. One or more of their competitors may offer new drugs superior to the Company’s and render the Company’s drugs uneconomical. A lot of the Company’s current competitors, as well as many of its respective potential competitors, have greater name recognition, more substantial intellectual property portfolios, longer operating histories, significantly greater resources to invest in new drug development, more substantial experience in product marketing and new product development, greater regulatory expertise, more extensive manufacturing capabilities and the distribution channels to deliver products to customers. If the Company is not able to compete successfully, it may not generate sufficient revenue to become profitable. The Company’s ability to compete successfully will depend largely on its ability to:

| ● | successfully commercialize its drug candidates with commercial partners;

| ● | discover and develop new drug candidates that are superior to other products in the market;

| ● | with its collaborators, obtain required regulatory approvals;

| ● | attract and retain qualified personnel; and

| ● | obtain patent and/or other proprietary protection for its product candidates.

Established pharmaceutical companies devote significant financial resources to discovering, developing or licensing novel compounds that could make the Company’s products and product candidates obsolete. Our competitors may obtain patent protection, receive FDA approval, and commercialize medicines before we do. Other companies are or may become engaged in the discovery of compounds or botanical materials that may compete with the drug candidates the Company is developing.

The Company competes with a large number of well-established pharmaceutical companies that may have more resources than the Company does in developing therapeutics in the fields of CNS, oncology/hematology and ophthalmology.

Any new drug candidate the Company is developing or commercializing that competes with a currently-approved product must demonstrate compelling advantages in efficacy, convenience, tolerability and/or safety in order to address price competition and be commercially successful. If the Company is not able to compete effectively against its current and future competitors, its business will not grow and its financial condition and operations will suffer.

Risks Relating to Doing Business Outside the United States

Because part of ABVC’s pharmaceutical research and development is conducted outside of the U.S., the Company is subject to the risks of doing business internationally, including periodic foreign economic downturns and political instability, which may adversely affect the Company’s revenue and cost of doing business in Taiwan.

ABVC collaborates with partners whose primary place of business is in Taiwan, Republic of China and the Company has certain key employees in Taiwan. Foreign economic downturns may affect our results of operations in the future. Additionally, other facts relating to the operation of the Company’s business outside of the U.S. may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations, including:

| ● | international economic and political changes;

| ● | the imposition of governmental controls or changes in government regulations, including tax laws, regulations and treaties;

| ● | changes in, or impositions of, legislative or regulatory requirements regarding the pharmaceutical industry;

| ● | compliance with U.S. and international laws involving international operations, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and export control laws;

| ● | difficulties in achieving headcount reductions due to unionized labor and works councils;

| ● | restrictions on transfers of funds and assets between jurisdictions; and

| ● | China- Taiwan geo-political instability.

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As the Company continues to operate its business globally, its success will depend in part, on its ability to anticipate and effectively manage these risks. The impact of any one or more of these factors could materially adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Company may be exposed to liabilities under the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) and Chinese anti-corruption law.

The Company is subject to the FCPA, and other laws that prohibit improper payments or offers of payments to foreign governments, foreign government officials and political parties by U.S. persons as defined by the statute for purposes of obtaining or retaining businesses. The Company may have agreements with third parties who may make sales in mainland China and the U.S., during the process of which the Company may be exposed to corruption. Activities in Taiwan create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by an employee, consultant or agent of the Company, because these parties are not always subject to the Company’s control.

Although the Company believes to date it has complied in all material aspects with the provisions of the FCPA and Chinese anti-corruption law, the existing safeguards and any future improvements may prove to be less than effective and any of the Company’s employees, consultants or agents may engage in corruptive conduct for which the Company might be held responsible. Violations of the FCPA or Chinese anti-corruption law may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions against the Company and individuals and therefore could negatively affect the Company’s business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, the Taiwanese government may seek to hold the Company liable as a successor for FCPA violations committed by companies in which the Company invests or acquires.

International operations expose the Company to currency exchange and repatriation risks, and the Company cannot predict the effect of future exchange rate fluctuations on its business and operating results.

The Company has business operations in Taiwan and collaborative activities in the U.S. and Japan. Substantial amounts of revenues are received and expenses are incurred in New Taiwan Dollars and U.S. dollars. Thus, the Company has exposure to currency fluctuations. The Company cannot assure you that the effect of currency exchange fluctuations will not materially affect its revenues and net income in the future.

We conduct our operations internationally and the effect of business, legal and political risks associated with international operations may seriously harm our business.

The Company generated no revenues during the quarter ended March 31, 2025. Sales to customers outside the United States accounted for 100% and 93% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Our international sales and operations are subject to a wide range of risks, which may vary from country to country or region to region. These risks include the following:

| ● | export and import duties, changes to import and export regulations, and restrictions on the transfer of funds;

| ● | political and economic instability;

| ● | issues arising from cultural or language differences and labor unrest;

| ● | longer payment cycles and greater difficulty in collecting accounts receivable;

| ● | compliance with trade and technical standards in a variety of jurisdictions;

| ● | difficulties in staffing and managing international operations, including the risks associated with fraud, theft and other illegal conduct;

| ● | compliance with laws and regulations, including environmental, employment and tax laws, which vary from country to country and over time, increasing the costs of compliance and potential risks of non-compliance;

| ● | difficulties enforcing our contractual and intellectual property rights, especially in those foreign countries that do not respect and protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the United States and European countries;

| ● | operations may be affected by political tensions, trade disputes and similar matters, particularly between China and Taiwan or between China and the United States;

| ● | United States and foreign trade restrictions, including those that may limit the importation of technology or components to or from various countries or impose tariffs or quotas; and

| ● | imposition of currency exchange controls or taxes that make it impracticable or costly to repatriate funds from foreign countries.

We cannot assure you that risks relating to our international operations will not seriously harm our business.

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If the Company becomes directly subject to the recent scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity involving U.S.-listed Chinese companies, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate and resolve the matters. Any unfavorable results from the investigations could harm our business operations, this offering and our reputation.

Recently, U.S. public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China, have been subjects of intense scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity by investors, financial commentators and regulatory agencies, such as the SEC. Much of the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity has centered on financial and accounting irregularities, lack of effective internal control over financial accountings, inadequate corporate governance and ineffective implementation thereof and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result of enhanced scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity, the publicly traded stocks of many U.S. listed Chinese companies have sharply decreased in value and, in some cases, have become virtually worthless or illiquid. Many of these companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and SEC enforcement actions and are conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations. It is not clear what effects the sector-wide investigations will have on the Company. If the Company becomes a subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, the Company will have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and defend the Company. If such allegations were not proven to be baseless, the Company would be severely hampered and the price of the stock of the Company could decline substantially. If such allegations were proven to be groundless, the investigation might have significantly distracted the attention of the Company’s management.

Risks Related to the Company’s Financial Condition

Our existing indebtedness may adversely affect our ability to obtain additional funds and may increase our vulnerability to economic or business downturns.

We are subject to a number of risks associated with our indebtedness, including: 1) we must dedicate a portion of our cash flows from operations to pay debt service costs, and therefore we have less funds available for operations and other purposes; 2) it may be more difficult and expensive to obtain additional funds through financings, if available at all; 3) we are more vulnerable to economic downturns and fluctuations in interest rates, less able to withstand competitive pressures and less flexible in reacting to changes in our industry and general economic conditions; and 4) if we default under any of our existing credit facilities or if our creditors demand payment of a portion or all of our indebtedness, we may not have sufficient funds to make such payments. As of March 31, 2025, the Company’s working capital deficit was $5.3 million, , consisting of outstanding current liabilities were approximately $6.7 million, which consisted primarily of short-term bank loans and accrued expenses.

Failure to remediate a material weakness in internal accounting controls could result in material misstatements in our financial statements.

Our management has identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to not having sufficient and skilled accounting personnel with appropriate level of technical accounting knowledge and experience in the application of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States commensurate with the Company’s financial reporting requirements and has concluded that, due to such material weakness, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of March 31, 2025. Due to such material weakness, we were unable to maintain effective disclosure controls over financial reporting, which did result in material misstatements in our financial statements and led to a restatement of our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the quarter ended March 31, 2024. If not remediated, or if we identify additional material weaknesses, our failure to maintain effective internal controls could continue to adversely impact our ability to meet our reporting and financial obligations and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and the trading price of our common stock.

Failure to maintain the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures has led to a misstatement in our financial statements and a restatement. If we do not remediate the identified material weakness and continue to lack effective internal controls, we may be unable to prevent additional errors or misstatements in the future, which could harm our operating results, subject us to regulatory scrutiny or sanctions, cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, and negatively impact the market price of our common stock.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) have requirements that we may fail to meet or we may fall out of compliance with, such as the internal controls auditor attestation required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, with which we are not currently required to comply as we are a smaller reporting company. If we fail to achieve and maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, as such standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to ensure that we can conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Moreover, effective internal controls, particularly those related to revenue recognition, are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to help prevent financial fraud. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our business and operating results could be harmed, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, and the trading price of our stock could drop significantly.

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Our articles of incorporation allow for our board to create new series of preferred stock without further approval by our shareholders, which could adversely affect the rights of the holders of our Common Stock.

Our Board of Directors has the authority to fix and determine the relative rights and preferences of preferred stock without shareholder approval. As a result, our Board of Directors could authorize the issuance of a series of preferred stock that would grant to holders the preferred right to our assets upon liquidation, the right to receive dividend payments before dividends are distributed to the holders of Common Stock and the right to the redemption of the shares, together with a premium, prior to the redemption of our Common Stock. In addition, our Board of Directors could authorize the issuance of a series of preferred stock that has greater voting power than our Common Stock or that is convertible into our Common Stock, which could decrease the relative voting power of our Common Stock or result in dilution to our existing shareholders.

We may create any additional series of preferred stock and issue such shares in the future although we do not have any present intention of doing so.

We may not be able to secure financing needed for future operating needs on acceptable terms, or on any terms at all.

From time to time, we may seek additional financing to provide the capital required to expand our production facilities, Research and development (“R&D”) initiatives and/or working capital, as well as to repay outstanding loans if cash flow from operations is insufficient to do so. We cannot predict with certainty the timing or amount of any such capital requirements. If such financing is not available on satisfactory terms, we may be unable to expand our business or to develop new business at the rate desired. If we are able to incur debt, we may be subject to certain restrictions imposed by the terms of the debt and the repayment of such debt may limit our cash flow and growth. If we are unable to incur debt, we may be forced to issue additional equity, which could have a dilutive effect on our current shareholders.

Our internal computer systems, or those of our third-party contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our product development programs.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our third-party contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we do not believe that we have experienced any such system failure, accident, or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a loss of clinical trial data for our new drug candidates which could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in a loss of or damage to our data or applications or other data or applications relating to our technology or new drug candidates, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liabilities and the further development of our product candidates could be delayed.

The elimination of personal liability against our directors and officers under Nevada law and the existence of indemnification rights held by our directors, officers and employees may result in substantial expenses.

ABVC Bylaws eliminate the personal liability of our directors and officers to us and our shareholders for damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director or officer to the extent permissible under Nevada law. Further, our Bylaws provide that we are obligated to indemnify each of our directors or officers to the fullest extent authorized by Nevada law and, subject to certain conditions, advance the expenses incurred by any director or officer in defending any action, suit or proceeding prior to its final disposition. Those indemnification obligations could expose us to substantial expenditures to cover the cost of settlement or damage awards against our directors or officers, which we may be unable to afford. Further, those provisions and resulting costs may discourage us or our shareholders from bringing a lawsuit against any of our current or former directors or officers for breaches of their fiduciary duties, even if such actions might otherwise benefit our shareholders.

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Risks Related to the Company’s Common Stock

The share price of our Common Stock is volatile and may be influenced by numerous factors, some of which are beyond our control.

There is currently only a limited public market for our Common Stock, which is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, and there can be no assurance that a trading market will develop further or be maintained for our Common Stock in the future. The trading price of our Common Stock is likely to be highly volatile, and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. In addition to the factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere herein, these factors include:

| ● | the new drug candidates we acquire for commercialization;

| ● | the product candidates we seek to pursue, and our ability to obtain rights to develop those product candidates;

| ● | our decision to initiate a clinical trial, not to initiate a clinical trial or to terminate an existing clinical trial;

| ● | actual or anticipated adverse results or delays in our pre-clinical studies and clinical trials;

| ● | our failure to get any of our new drug candidates approved;

| ● | unanticipated serious safety and environmental concerns related to the use and research activities of any of our new drug candidates;

| ● | overall performance of the equity markets and other factors that may be unrelated to our operating performance or the operating performance of our competitors, including changes in market valuations of similar companies;

| ● | conditions or trends in the healthcare, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries;

| ● | introduction of new products offered by us or our competitors;

| ● | announcements of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by us or our competitors;

| ● | our ability to maintain an adequate rate of growth and manage such growth;

| ● | issuances of debt or equity securities by us;

| ● | sales of our securities by us or our shareholders in the future, or the perception that such sales could occur;

| ● | trading volume of our Common Stock;

| ● | effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures;

| ● | general political and economic conditions in U.S. and other countries and territories where we conduct our business;

| ● | effects of natural or man-made catastrophic events; and

| ● | adverse regulatory decisions;

| ● | additions or departures of key scientific or management personnel;

| ● | changes in laws or regulations applicable to our product candidates, including without limitation clinical trial requirements for approvals;

| ● | disputes or other developments relating to patents and other proprietary rights and our ability to obtain protection for our products;

| ● | our dependence on third parties, including CROs and scientific and medical advisors;

| ● | failure to meet or exceed any financial guidance or expectations regarding development milestones that we may provide to the public;

| ● | actual or anticipated variations in quarterly operating results;

| ● | failure to meet or exceed the estimates and projections of the investment community;

| ● | other events or factors, many of which are beyond our control.

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In addition, the stock market in general, and the stocks of small-cap healthcare, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our Common Stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. The realization of any of the above risks or any of a broad range of other risks, including those described in these “Risk Factors,” could have a dramatic and material adverse impact on the market price of our Common Stock.

Insiders have substantial control over us, and they could delay or prevent a change in our corporate control even if our other shareholders wanted it to occur.

Our executive officers, directors, and principal shareholders own, in the aggregate, approximately 61.4% of our outstanding Common Stock. As a result of their stockholdings, these shareholders are able to assert substantial control over matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. This could delay or prevent an outside party from acquiring or merging with us even if our other shareholders wanted it to occur.

The market price of our Common Stock may be volatile and there may not be sufficient liquidity in the market for our securities in order for investors to sell their securities.

The market price of our Common Stock has been and will likely continue to be highly volatile, as is the stock market in general. Factors that may materially affect the market price of our Common Stock are beyond our control, these factors may materially adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock, regardless of our performance. In addition, the public stock markets have experienced extreme price and trading volume volatility. These broad market fluctuations may influence the market price of our Common Stock. There is currently only a limited public market for our Common Stock, which is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, and there can be no assurance that a trading market will develop further or be maintained in the future.

The stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies, including very recently in connection with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has resulted in decreased stock prices for many companies notwithstanding the lack of a fundamental change in their underlying business models or prospects. These fluctuations have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors, including potentially worsening economic conditions and other adverse effects or developments relating to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, political, regulatory and other market conditions, may negatively affect the market price of shares of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. The market price of shares of our common stock may decline and you may lose some or all of your investment.

We have not paid dividends in the past and do not expect to pay dividends in the future, and any return on investment may be limited to the value of our shares.

We have never paid any cash dividends on our Common Stock and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future, and any return on investment may be limited to the value of our Common Stock. We plan to retain any future earnings to finance growth.

Under applicable Nevada law, we, as a Nevada corporation, generally may not make a distribution if i) we would not be able to pay our debts as they become due in the usual course of business, or ii) our total assets would be less than the sum of our total liabilities plus the amount that would be needed, if we were to be dissolved at the time of distribution, to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of shareholders whose preferential rights are superior to those receiving the distribution.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and any trading volume could decline.

Any trading market for our Common Stock that may develop will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. As of the date hereof, there is only 1 publish research report about our business. If securities or industry analysts provide additional coverage, and one or more of those analysts downgrade our stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our Common Stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and any trading volume to decline.

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Future sales and issuances of our Common Stock or rights to purchase Common Stock, including pursuant to our equity incentive plan or otherwise, could result in dilution of the percentage ownership of our shareholders and could cause our stock price to fall.

We expect that we will need significant additional capital in the future to continue our planned operations. To raise capital, we may sell Common Stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell Common Stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in more than one transaction, including issuance of equity securities pursuant to any future stock incentive plan to our officers, directors, employees and non-employee consultants for their services to us, investors in a prior transaction may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. Additionally, any such sales may result in material dilution to our existing shareholders, and new investors could gain rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our Common Stock. Further, any future sales of our Common Stock by us or resales of our Common Stock by our existing shareholders could cause the market price of our Common Stock to decline. Any future grants of options, warrants or other securities exercisable or convertible into our Common Stock, or the exercise or conversion of such shares, and any sales of such shares in the market, could have an adverse effect on the market price of our Common Stock. On October 29, 2021, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3, as amended on November 16, 2021, which was declared effective on November 29, 2021. On May 11, 2022, we agreed to issue 2,000,000 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share, at a price of $2.11 per share and 5-year warrants to purchase up to 2,000,000 shares of Common Stock, exercisable at a price of $2.45 per share pursuant to certain securities purchase agreement dated May 11, 2022, which was effected as a takedown off the Company’s shelf registration statement on Form S-3, as amended. We also issued the co-placement agents warrants to purchase up to 160,000 shares of Common Stock, on the same terms as the investors warrants in connection with the transaction. We may issue shares of Common Stock through the Form S-3 in the future, which would further dilute your ownership.

Our Common Stock may be subject to the “penny stock” rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, which may make it more difficult for shareholders to sell our Common Stock.

The SEC has adopted Rule 15g-9 which establishes the definition of a “penny stock,” for the purposes relevant to us, as any equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions. For any transaction involving a penny stock, unless exempt, the rules require that a broker or dealer approve a person’s account for transactions in penny stocks, and the broker or dealer receive from the investor a written agreement to the transaction, setting forth the identity and quantity of the penny stock to be purchased.

In order to approve a person’s account for transactions in penny stocks, the broker or dealer must obtain financial information and investment experience objectives of the person, and make a reasonable determination that the transactions in penny stocks are suitable for that person and the person has sufficient knowledge and experience in financial matters to be capable of evaluating the risks of transactions in penny stocks.

The broker or dealer must also deliver, prior to any transaction in a penny stock, a disclosure schedule prescribed by the SEC relating to the penny stock market, which, in highlight form sets forth the basis on which the broker or dealer made the suitability determination, and that the broker or dealer received a signed, written agreement from the investor prior to the transaction.

Generally, brokers may be less willing to execute transactions in securities subject to the “penny stock” rules. This may make it more difficult for investors to dispose of the Company’s Common Stock if and when such shares are eligible for sale and may cause a decline in the market value of its stock.

Disclosure also has to be made about the risks of investing in penny stocks in both public offerings and in secondary trading and about the commissions payable to both the broker-dealer and the registered representative, current quotations for the securities and the rights and remedies available to an investor in cases of fraud in penny stock transactions. Finally, monthly statements have to be sent disclosing recent price information for the penny stock held in the account and information on the limited market in penny stock.

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Our failure to meet the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market could result in a delisting of our Common Stock.

If we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market, such as the corporate governance requirements or the minimum closing bid price requirement, the Nasdaq Capital Market may take steps to delist our common stock. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our common stock and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our common stock when you wish to do so.

On August 19, 2022, we received a deficiency letter from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department (the “Staff”) of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying us that, for the last 30 consecutive business days, the closing bid price for our common stock was below the minimum $1.00 per share required for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (“Rule 5550(a)(2)”). Under the Nasdaq Listing Rules, we have until February 14, 2023 to regain compliance. Since we did not regain compliance by such date, we requested and received an additional 180 days, until August 14, 2023, to comply with Rule 5550(a)(2).

On May 24, 2023, the Company received a deficiency letter from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department (the “Staff”) of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that it is not currently in compliance with the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement, or the alternatives of market value of listed securities or net income from continuing operations, for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market. Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) requires listed companies to maintain stockholders’ equity of at least $2,500,000, and the Company’s stockholders’ equity was $1,734,507 as of March 31, 2023. In accordance with Nasdaq rules, the Company had 45 calendar days, or until July 10, 2023, to submit a plan to regain compliance. After submitting a plan to regain compliance, on July 10, 2023,Nasdaq granted the Company an extension until August 30, 20203, to comply with Listing Rule 5550(b)(1). On July 31, 2023, the Company issued 300,000 shares of Common Stock and 200,000 pre-funded warrants, at an exercise price of $0.01 per share, in a registered direct offering. Pursuant to this transaction, the stockholders’ equity was increased by $1.75M. On August 1, 2023, $500,000 of Notes were converted at $3.50 per share and the holder received 142,857 shares of Common Stock. As a result of this conversion, the stockholders’ equity was increased by $0.5M. Additionally, on August 14, 2023, the Company entered into a cooperation agreement with Zhonghui United Technology (Chengdu) Group Co., Ltd., pursuant to which the Company acquired a 20% ownership of certain property and a parcel of the land owned by Zhonghui in exchange for an aggregate of 370,000 shares of Common Stock. Accordingly, stockholders’ equity increased by $7.4M. On February 23, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Lind, pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note in the principal amount of $3,704,167 (the “Lind Offering”), for a purchase price of $3,175,000 (the “Lind Note”), that is convertible into shares of Common Stock at an initial conversion price of $1.05 per share, subject to adjustment. On August 24, 2023, the Company started repaying Lind the monthly installments due under the Lind Notes; $308,000 was repaid via the issuance of 176,678 shares of Common Stock (the “Monthly Shares”) at the Redemption Share Price (as defined in the Lind Note) of $1.698 per share. Pursuant to the terms of the Lind Note, Lind increased the amount of the next monthly payment to one million dollars, such that as of September and together with the Monthly Shares, the Company repaid Lind a total of $1M by September 2023. As a result, the stockholders’ equity increased by an additional $1M. As a result of the four transactions referenced above, the Company’ estimated that its stockholders’ equity would increase by approximately $10.65M. On September 6, 2023, Nasdaq issued a letter that the Company is in compliance with Rule 5550(b)(1), but noted that if at the time of the Company’s next periodic report the Company does not evidence compliance, it may be subject to delisting.

On July 10, 2024, we received a notification letter from the Nasdaq notifying the Company that the minimum bid price per share for its common shares has been below $1.00 for a period of 30 consecutive business days and the Company therefore no longer meets the minimum bid price requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). The notification received has no immediate effect on the listing of the Company’s common stock on Nasdaq. Under the Nasdaq Listing Rules, the Company has until January 6, 2025, to regain compliance. On January 9, 2025, the Company received a notification from Nasdaq granting the Company an additional 180 days, until July 7, 2025, to meet the minimum bid price requirement of $1.00 per share, as outlined in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Rule”). To satisfy the Rule, the Company’s common stock must achieve a closing bid price of at least $1.00 for a minimum of ten consecutive trading days within this extension period; if successful, Nasdaq will confirm compliance with the Rule and close this matter. If compliance is not achieved by the new deadline, Nasdaq may initiate delisting procedures, which the Company would have the right to appeal.

On April 24, 2025, we received a letter from the listing qualifications staff (the “Staff”) of Nasdaq informing us that, as reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, because our stockholders’ equity was $723,959, as of April 23, 2025, we did not meet the alternatives of market value of listed securities or net income from continuing operations, and we no longer comply with Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) (the “Rule 5550”).

We have 45 calendar days to submit a plan to the Staff to regain compliance. If our plan is accepted, we may be granted an extension of up to 180 calendar days from the date of the letter, or until October 21, 2025, to evidence compliance.

In determining whether to accept our plan, the Staff will consider such things as the likelihood that the plan will result in compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing criteria, our past compliance history, the reasons for our current non-compliance, other corporate events that may occur within our review period, our overall financial condition, and our public disclosures. If the Staff does not accept our plan, we will have the opportunity to appeal that decision to a Hearings Panel.

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The Nasdaq notification has no immediate effect on the listing of our Common Stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market. We intend to actively monitor our stockholders’ equity and will consider options available to us to achieve compliance with Rule 5550. There can be no assurance that we will be able to regain compliance with the Listing Rule or will otherwise be in compliance with the other listing standards for the Nasdaq Capital Market.

If our Common Stock ultimately were to be delisted for any reason, it could negatively impact us by (i) reducing the liquidity and market price of our Common Stock; (ii) reducing the number of investors willing to hold or acquire our Common Stock; (ii) limiting our ability to use a registration statement to offer and sell freely tradable securities, thereby preventing us from accessing the public capital markets; and (iv) impairing our ability to provide equity incentives to our employees.

On April 30, 2025, the Company reported that it received a letter from the listing qualifications staff (the “Staff”) of Nasdaq informing it that, as reported in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, because its stockholders’ equity was $723,959, as of April 23, 2025, the Company did not meet the alternatives of market value of listed securities or net income from continuing operations, and it no longer comply with Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) (the “Listing Rule”).

On May 5, 2025, the Company received a notification letter (the “Notification Letter”) from Nasdaq notifying the Company that the Staff has determined that based on the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, which evidenced stockholders’ equity of $7,956,295, the Company complies with the Listing Rule and the matter is closed.

If our common stock were delisted from the Nasdaq, trading of our common stock would most likely take place on an over-the-counter market established for unlisted securities, such as the OTCQB or the Pink Market maintained by OTC Markets Group Inc. An investor would likely find it less convenient to sell, or to obtain accurate quotations in seeking to buy, our common stock on an over-the-counter market, and many investors would likely not buy or sell our common stock due to difficulty in accessing over-the-counter markets, policies preventing them from trading in securities not listed on a national exchange or other reasons. In addition, as a delisted security, our common stock would be subject to SEC rules as a “penny stock,” which impose additional disclosure requirements on broker-dealers. The regulations relating to penny stocks, coupled with the typically higher cost per trade to the investor of penny stocks due to factors such as broker commissions generally representing a higher percentage of the price of a penny stock than of a higher-priced stock, would further limit the ability of investors to trade in our common stock.

In the event of a delisting, we anticipate that we would take actions to restore our compliance with the Nasdaq Capital Market or another national exchange’s listing requirements, but we can provide no assurance that any such action taken by us would allow our Common Stock to remain listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, stabilize our market price, improve the liquidity of our common stock, prevent our common stock from dropping below the Nasdaq Capital Market’s minimum bid price requirement, or prevent future non-compliance with the Nasdaq Capital Market or another national exchange’s listing requirements.

We will continue to incur significant increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance requirements as a result of our Common Stock being listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

We will continue to incur significant increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market. As a public company, we will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. We are subject to mandatory reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, which require, among other things, that we continue to file with the SEC annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition, that we were not required to file as a voluntary reporting company (though we did file such reports with the SEC on a voluntary basis). We have incurred and will continue to incur costs associated with the preparation and filing of these SEC reports. Furthermore, we are subject to mandatory new corporate governance and other compliance requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the Nasdaq Capital Market or another national exchange have imposed various other requirements on public companies. Stockholder activism, the current political environment and the current high level of government intervention and regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact (in ways we cannot currently anticipate) the way we operate our business. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations have and will continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly.

In addition, if and when we cease to be a smaller reporting company and become subject to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we will be required to furnish an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with Section 404 within the prescribed time period, we will continue to be engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to dedicate substantially greater internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that our independent registered public accounting firm, when required, will not be able to conclude within the prescribed timeframe that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404. This could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements.

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, including statements based on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about us, our industry and the regulatory environment in which we and companies integral to our ecosystem operate. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections entitled “Prospectus Summary,” “Risk Factors,” “Use of Proceeds,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Business.” These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. In some cases, these forward-looking statements can be identified by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “potential,” “continue,” “is/are likely to” or other similar expressions. The forward-looking statements included in this prospectus relate to, among others:

| ● | risks and uncertainties associated with our research and development activities, including our clinical trials and preclinical studies;

| ● | the timing or likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals or of alternative regulatory pathways for our drug candidates;

| ● | the potential market opportunities for commercializing our drug candidates;

| ● | our expectations regarding the potential market size and the size of the patient populations for our drug candidates, if approved for commercial use, and our ability to serve such markets;

| ● | estimates of our expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and our needs for additional financing;

| ● | our ability to develop, acquire and advance our product candidates into, and successfully complete, clinical trials and preclinical studies and obtain regulatory approvals;

| ● | the implementation of our business model and strategic plans for our business and drug candidates;

| ● | the initiation, cost, timing, progress and results of future preclinical studies and clinical trials, and our research and development programs;

| ● | the terms of future licensing arrangements, and whether we can enter into such arrangements at all;

| ● | timing and receipt or payments of licensing and milestone revenues, if any;

| ● | the scope of protection we are able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering our drug candidates and our ability to operate our business without infringing the intellectual property rights of others;

| ● | regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries;

| ● | the performance of our third party suppliers and manufacturers;

| ● | our ability to maintain and establish collaborations or obtain additional funding;

| ● | the success of competing therapies that are currently or may become available;

| ● | our ability to continue as a going concern;

| ● | the effect of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic;
| ● | our financial performance; and

| ● | developments and projections relating to our competitors and our industry.

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We caution you that the forward-looking statements highlighted above do not encompass all of the forward-looking statements made in this prospectus or in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus.

There are important factors that could cause actual results to vary materially from those described herein as anticipated, estimated or expected, including, but not limited to: the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak, including on the demand for our products; the duration of the COVID-19 outbreak and severity of such outbreak in regions where we operate; the pace of recovery following the COVID-19 outbreak; our ability to implement cost containment and business recovery strategies; the adverse effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on our business or the market price of our common stock; competition in the industry in which we operate and the impact of such competition on pricing, revenues and margins, volatility in the securities market due to the general economic downturn; SEC regulations which affect trading in the securities of “penny stocks,” and other risks and uncertainties described herein and the risk factors set forth in Part I - Item 1A, “Risk Factors”, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as filed with the SEC on April 15, 2025, and elsewhere in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and challenging environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus. We cannot assure you that the results, events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur, and actual results, events or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in any forward- looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future. Depending on the market for our stock and other conditional tests, a specific safe harbor under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 may be available. Notwithstanding the above, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) expressly state that the safe harbor for forward-looking statements does not apply to companies that issue penny stock. Because we may from time to time be considered to be an issuer of penny stock, the safe harbor for forward-looking statements may not apply to us at certain times.

The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We do not undertake any obligation to release publicly any revisions to such forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this prospectus or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, other strategic transactions or investments we may make.

USE OF PROCEEDS

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the shares of Common Stock by the selling stockholders pursuant to this prospectus. All proceeds from the sale of the shares will be for the account of the selling stockholder. The selling stockholder may sell these shares in the open market or otherwise, at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market price, or at negotiated prices.

The selling stockholder will pay any underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses incurred by the selling stockholder for brokerage or legal services or any other expenses incurred by the selling stockholder in disposing of the shares included in this prospectus. We will bear all other costs, fees and expenses incurred in effecting the registration of the shares covered by this prospectus, including all registration and filing fees and fees and expenses of our counsel and accountants.

DETERMINATION OF OFFERING PRICE

The selling stockholders may sell these shares in the over-the-counter market or otherwise, at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market price, or at negotiated prices. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares by the selling stockholders.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read together with our financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements reflecting our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Industry Data” for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those discussed in our forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus.

Overview

From its inception, the Company has not generated substantial revenue from its medical device and new drug development. For the quarter ended March 31, 2025, the Company did not generate any revenue..

Business Overview

ABVC BioPharma Inc., which was incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada on February 6, 2002, is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on development of new drugs and medical devices, all of which are derived from plants.

Medicines derived from plants have a long history of relieving or preventing many diseases and, typically, have exhibited fewer side effects than drugs developed from animals or chemical ingredients. Perhaps the most famous example is aspirin, which evolved from a compound found in the bark and leaves of the willow tree and was later marketed by Bayer starting in 1899. Aspirin has very few serious side effects and has proven to be one of the most successful drugs in medical history. Some 50 years later, scientists identified anticancer compounds in the rosy periwinkle, which Eli Lilly subsequently produced for the treatment of leukemia and Hodgkins disease. Other well-known examples of successful botanical drugs include the cancer-fighting Taxol, isolated from the Pacific yew tree.

The Company develops its pipeline by carefully tracking new medical discoveries or medical device technologies in research institutions in the Asia-Pacific region. Pre-clinical, disease animal model and Phase I safety studies are examined closely by the Company’s scientists and other specialists known to the Company to identify drugs that it believes demonstrate efficacy and safety based on the Company’s internal qualifications. Once a drug is shown to be a good candidate for further development and ultimately commercialization, BriVision licenses the drug or medical device from the original researchers and begins to introduce the drugs clinical plan to highly respected principal investigators in the United States, Australia and Taiwan. In almost all cases, we have found that research institutions in each of those countries are eager to work with the Company to move forward with Phase II clinical trials.

Currently, institutions conducting phase II clinical trials in partnership with ABVC include:

| ● | Medical Device: ABV-1701, Vitargus® in vitrectomy surgery, Phase II Study in Australia and Thailand, Principal Investigator: Professor/Dr. Matthew Simunovic, Sydney Eye Hospital; Dr. Elvis Ojaimi, East Melbourne Eye Group & East Melbourne Retina, Duangnate Rojanaporn, M.D., Ramathibodi Hospital; Thuss Sanguansak, M.D., Srinagarind Hospital.

| ● | Drug: ABV-1505, Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Phase II, NCE drug Principal Investigators: Keith McBurnett, Ph.D. and Linda Pfiffner, Ph.D., University of California San Francisco (UCSF), School of Medicine

| ● | Drug: ABV-1601, Major Depression in Cancer Patients, Phase I/II, NCE drug Principal Investigator: Scott Irwin, MD, Ph.D. - Cedars Sinai Medical Center (CSMC)

| ● | Drug: ABV-1519, A Phase I/II, Open Label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of BLEX 404 Oral Liquid Combined with Pemetrexed + Carboplatin Therapy in Patients with Advanced Inoperable or Metastatic EGFR wild-type Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

Upon successful completion of the Phase II trial, the Company will seek a partner - a large pharmaceutical company - to complete a Phase III study, submit the New Drug Application (NDA), and commercialize the drug upon approval by the FDA and Taiwan FDAs.

Another part of the Company’s business is conducted by BioKey, a wholly owned subsidiary, that is engaged in a wide range of services, including, API characterization, pre-formulation studies, formulation development, analytical method development, stability studies, IND/NDA/ANDA/510K submissions, and manufacturing clinical trial materials (phase I through phase III) and commercial manufacturing.

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On June 21, 2023, Dr. Howard Doong resigned from his position as the Company’s CEO. The Company’s board of directors appointed Dr. Uttam Patil to replace Dr. Doong as the Company’s CEO.

On August 14, 2023, the Company entered into a cooperation agreement with Zhonghui United Technology (Chengdu) Group Co., Ltd., pursuant to which the Company acquired a 20% ownership of certain property and a parcel of the land (collectively, the “Property”) owned by Zhonghui in exchange for an aggregate of 370,000 shares of Common Stock at $1.87 per share (the “Zhonghui Shares”).

The Company and Zhonghui plan to jointly develop the Property into a healthcare center for senior living, long-term care, and medical care in the areas of ABVCs’ special interests, such as Ophthalmology, Oncology, and Central Nervous Systems. The plan is to establish a base for the China market and global development of these interests. The asset ownership certification is in the application process and pending approval from the Chinese government.

During the third quarter of 2023, the Company issued the Zhonghui Shares. The Zhonghui Shares are subject to a lock-up period of one year following the closing date of this Transaction. In addition, the parties agreed that, after one year following the closing of the transaction, if the market value of the shares issued or the value of the Property increase or decrease, the parties will negotiate in good faith to make reasonable adjustments thereto; provided, however that in no event shall Zhonghui’s ownership exceed 19.99% of the Company.

On July 31, 2023, the Company entered into a binding term sheet with Xinnovation Therapeutics Co., Ltd., a Company incorporated under the Law of People’s Republic of China. The term sheet contemplates that, pursuant to definitive agreements, Xinnovation will be granted an exclusive license to develop, manufacture, market, and distribute ABV-1504 for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and ABV-1505 for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, in the Chinese market and shall bear the costs for clinical trials and product registration in China and the Company would receive an initial license fee and royalty payments ranging from 5% to 12% based on the projected annual net sales of the licensed drugs by Xinnovation in China. This transaction remains subject to the negotiation of definitive documents and therefore there is no guarantee that this transaction will occur.

In November 2023, the Company and one of its subsidiaries, BioLite, Inc. (“BioLite”) each entered into a multi-year, global licensing agreement with AiBtl for the Company and BioLite’s CNS drugs with the indications of MDD (Major Depressive Disorder) and ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) (the “Licensed Products”). The potential license will cover the Licensed Products’ clinical trial, registration, manufacturing, supply, and distribution rights. The Licensed Products for MDD and ADHD, owned by ABVC and BioLite, were valued at $667 million by a third-party evaluation. The parties are determined to collaborate on the global development of the Licensed Products. The parties are also working to strengthen new drug development and business collaboration, including technology, interoperability, and standards development. As per each of the respective agreements, each of ABVC and BioLite received 23 million shares of AiBtl stock at $10 per share, and if certain milestones are met, each of ABVC and BioLite may receive $3,500,000 and royalties equaling 5% of net sales, up to $100 million. Upon the issuance of the shares, AiBtl became a subsidiary of ABVC. On June 23, 2024, the Company and BioLite, each entered into an amendment to the licensing agreement with AiBtl, pursuant to which the Company and BioLite have agreed to allow AiBtl to pay the second milestone payment in the amount of $3,500,000 per licensing agreement, incrementally (such as $50,000), at any given time, rather than in one lump sum.

On February 6, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with Shuling Jiang (“Shuling”), pursuant to which Shuling shall transfer the ownership of certain land she owns located at Taoyuan City, Taiwan (the “Shuling Land”) to the Company (the “Agreement”). Shuling is a director of the Company and owns approximately 15.4% of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock. On May 16, 2024, the Company’s board of directors determined that it was in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders to terminate the Agreement and not proceed with the transfer of land ownership. The shares originally issued were returned and the warrants were not issued. The parties are now re-negotiating the terms of the Company’s purchase of the Shuling Land, but will not enter into a definitive agreement unless and until shareholder approval of the proposed compensation is obtained.

On March 25, 2024, the Company, and one of its co-development partners, BioFirst Corporation, a company registered in Taiwan (“BioFirst”), each entered into a twenty-year, global definitive licensing agreement (the “Licensing Agreement”) with ForSeeCon Eye Corporation, a company registered in the British Virgin Islands (“FEYE”) for the products in the Company and BioFirst’s Ophthalmology pipeline, including Vitargus (the “Licensed Products”). The license covers the Licensed Products’ clinical trial, registration, manufacturing, supply, and distribution rights; FEYE also has the rights to sublicense or partner with a third party to develop the Licensed Products.

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On April 16, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with OncoX BioPharma, Inc., a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands (“Oncox”), pursuant to which the Company will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (the “Licensed Products”), within North America for 20 years (the “Oncox Agreement”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay ABVC $6,250,000 (or 1,250,000 Oncox shares valued at $5 per share1) 30 days after entering into the Oncox Agreement and $625,000 30 days following the completion of Oncox’s next round of fundraising, of which there is no guarantee; ABVC is also entitled to 5% royalties based on the Net Sales, as defined in the Oncox Agreement, from the first commercial sale of the Licensed Product in North America, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox entered into the same agreement with ABVC’s affiliate, Rgene Corporation.

On May 8, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with OncoX BioPharma, Inc, pursuant to which the Company will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Pancreatic Cancer (the “Licensed Products”), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Marketsfor 20 years (the “May 2024 Oncox Agreement”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay ABVC a total of $6,250,000 (or 1,250,000 Oncox shares valued at $5 per share1) within 30 days of entering into the May 2024 Oncox Agreement, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; ABVC is also entitled to royalties of 5% of Net Sales, as defined in the May 2024 Oncox Agreement, from the first commercial sale of the Licensed Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. The Company will permit Oncox to pay the license fee in installments or in a lump sum and will allow Oncox to use its revenue to fund such payments. Oncox entered into the same agreement with ABVC’s affiliate, Rgene Corporation.

On May 14, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with OncoX BioPharma, Inc, pursuant to which the Company will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Tripple Negative Breast Cancer (the “Licensed Products”), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “Oncox Agreement”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay ABVC a total of $6,250,000 (or 1,250,000 Oncox shares valued at $5 per share1) 30 days after entering into the Oncox Agreement, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; ABVC is also entitled to royalties of 5% of Net Sales, as defined in the Oncox Agreement, from the first commercial sale of the Licensed Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. The Company will permit Oncox to pay the license fee in installments or in a lump sum and will allow Oncox to use its revenue to fund such payments. Oncox entered into the same agreement with ABVC’s affiliate, Biolite, Inc.

On May 23, 2024, the Company and its subsidiary, BioLite Inc (collectively, the “licensor”), each entered into a licensing agreement with OncoX, on the same terms, pursuant to which the licensors will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndrome (the “MS Products”), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “May 23, 2024 Oncox Agreements”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay each licensor a total of $6,250,000 (or 1,250,000 Oncox shares valued at $5 per share4) 30 days after entering the May 23, 2024 Oncox Agreements, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; each licensor is also entitled to royalties of 5% of Net Sales, from the first commercial sale of the MS Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. Oncox may use its revenue to fund the licensing fees.

Use of acquired land

ABVC acquired the real estate described above for the long-term purpose of supporting its pipeline of products and reducing costs. As per FDA guidelines, the raw material of botanical drugs must be grown in a specific area under Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) or in an environmentally fully controlled plant factory to maintain quality. By acquiring land, ABVC plans to grow its botanical drug raw materials under its control; doing this will help the Company maintain the quality of the product and lower the cost of raw materials, which in turn will lower the cost of the drug substance and the drug product when its botanical drugs become commercialized.

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Common Stock Reverse Split

On July 25, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to its Articles of Incorporation authorizing a 1-for-10 reverse stock split of the issued and outstanding shares of its common stock. The Company’s stockholders previously approved the Reverse Stock Split at the Company’s Special Shareholder Meeting held on July 7, 2023. The Reverse Stock Split was effected to reduce the number of issued and outstanding shares and to increase the per share trading value of the Company’s common stock, although that outcome is not guaranteed. Unless otherwise noted, all shares and related financial information in this Form 10-K reflect this 1-for-10 reverse stock split.

NASDAQ Listing

In August 2022, we received a deficiency letter from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department (the “Staff”) notifying us that, for the last 30 consecutive business days, the closing bid price for our common stock was below the minimum $1.00 per share required for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (“Rule 5550(a)(2)”). In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we were initially given until February 14, 2023 to regain compliance with Rule 5550(a)(2). Since the Company did not regain compliance by such date, it requested and received an additional 180 days, until August 14, 2023, to comply with Rule 5550(a)(2).

The deficiency has no immediate effect on the listing of the Company’s common stock, and its common stock continues to trade on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ABVC” at this time.

If at any time before August 14, 2023, the bid price of the Company’s common stock closes at $1.00 per share or more for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days, the Staff will provide written confirmation that the Company has achieved compliance and the matter will be closed.

If the Company does not regain compliance with Rule 5550(a)(2) by August 14, 2023, the Staff will provide written notification that the Company’s securities will be delisted, although the Company maintains the right to appeal such determination. The Company intends to actively monitor the closing bid price for its common stock and will consider available options to resolve the deficiency and regain compliance with Rule 5550(a)(2).

On August 8, 2023, the Company received a notification letter from Nasdaq notifying the Company that the Staff has determined that for 10 consecutive business days, from July 25, 2023 to August 7, 2023, the closing bid price of the Company’s common stock has been at least $1.00 per share or greater. Accordingly, the Staff determined that the Company regained compliance with Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) and indicated that the matter is now closed.

On May 24, 2023, we received a deficiency letter from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department (the “Staff”) of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that it is not currently in compliance with the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement, or the alternatives of market value of listed securities or net income from continuing operations, for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market. Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) requires listed companies to maintain stockholders’ equity of at least $2,500,000, and the Company’s stockholders’ equity was $1,734,507 as of March 31, 2023. In accordance with Nasdaq rules, the Company had 45 calendar days, or until July 10, 2023, to submit a plan to regain compliance. After submitting a plan to regain compliance, on July 10, 2023, Nasdaq granted the Company an extension until August 30, 20203, to comply with Listing Rule 5550(b)(1). On July 31, 2023, the Company issued 300,000 shares of Common Stock and 200,000 pre-funded warrants, at an exercise price of $0.01 per share, in a registered direct offering. Pursuant to this transaction, the stockholders’ equity was increased by $1.75M. On August 1, 2023, $500,000 of Notes were converted at $3.50 per share and the holder received 142,857 shares of Common Stock. As a result of this conversion, the stockholders’ equity was increased by $0.5M. Additionally, on August 14, 2023, the Company entered into a cooperation agreement with Zhonghui United Technology (Chengdu) Group Co., Ltd., pursuant to which the Company acquired a 20% ownership of certain property and a parcel of the land owned by Zhonghui in exchange for an aggregate of 370,000 shares of Common Stock. Accordingly, stockholders’ equity increased by $7.4M. On February 23, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Lind, pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note in the principal amount of $3,704,167 (the “Lind Offering”), for a purchase price of $3,175,000 (the “Lind Note”), that is convertible into shares of Common Stock at an initial conversion price of $1.05 per share, subject to adjustment. On August 24, 2023, the Company started repaying Lind the monthly installments due under the Lind Notes; $308,000 was repaid via the issuance of 176,678 shares of Common Stock (the “Monthly Shares”) at the Redemption Share Price (as defined in the Lind Note) of $1.698 per share. Pursuant to the terms of the Lind Note, Lind increased the amount of the next monthly payment to one million dollars, such that as of September and together with the Monthly Shares, the Company repaid Lind a total of $1M by September 2023. As a result, the stockholders’ equity increased by an additional $1M. As a result of the four transactions referenced above, the Company’ estimated that its stockholders’ equity would increase by approximately $10.65M. On September 6, 2023, Nasdaq issued a letter that the Company is in compliance with Rule 5550(b)(1), but noted that if at the time of the Company’s next periodic report the Company does not evidence compliance, it may be subject to delisting.

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On July 10, 2024, we received a notification letter from the Nasdaq notifying the Company that the minimum bid price per share for its common shares has been below $1.00 for a period of 30 consecutive business days and the Company therefore no longer meets the minimum bid price requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). The notification received has no immediate effect on the listing of the Company’s common stock on Nasdaq. Under the Nasdaq Listing Rules, the Company has until January 6, 2025, to regain compliance. On January 9, 2025, the Company received a notification from Nasdaq granting the Company an additional 180 days, until July 7, 2025, to meet the minimum bid price requirement of $1.00 per share, as outlined in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Rule”). To satisfy the Rule, the Company’s common stock must achieve a closing bid price of at least $1.00 for a minimum of ten consecutive trading days within this extension period; if successful, Nasdaq will confirm compliance with the Rule and close this matter. If compliance is not achieved by the new deadline, Nasdaq may initiate delisting procedures, which the Company would have the right to appeal.

On April 24, 2025, we received a letter from the listing qualifications staff (the “Staff”) of Nasdaq informing us that, as reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, because our stockholders’ equity was $723,959, as of April 23, 2025, we did not meet the alternatives of market value of listed securities or net income from continuing operations, and we no longer comply with Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) (the “Rule 5550”).

We have 45 calendar days to submit a plan to the Staff to regain compliance. If our plan is accepted, we may be granted an extension of up to 180 calendar days from the date of the letter, or until October 21, 2025, to evidence compliance.

In determining whether to accept our plan, the Staff will consider such things as the likelihood that the plan will result in compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing criteria, our past compliance history, the reasons for our current non-compliance, other corporate events that may occur within our review period, our overall financial condition, and our public disclosures. If the Staff does not accept our plan, we will have the opportunity to appeal that decision to a Hearings Panel.

The Nasdaq notification has no immediate effect on the listing of our Common Stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market. We intend to actively monitor our stockholders’ equity and will consider options available to us to achieve compliance with Rule 5550. There can be no assurance that we will be able to regain compliance with the Listing Rule or will otherwise be in compliance with the other listing standards for the Nasdaq Capital Market.

If our Common Stock ultimately were to be delisted for any reason, it could negatively impact us by (i) reducing the liquidity and market price of our Common Stock; (ii) reducing the number of investors willing to hold or acquire our Common Stock; (ii) limiting our ability to use a registration statement to offer and sell freely tradable securities, thereby preventing us from accessing the public capital markets; and (iv) impairing our ability to provide equity incentives to our employees.

On April 30, 2025, the Company reported that it received a letter from the listing qualifications staff (the “Staff”) of Nasdaq informing it that, as reported in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, because its stockholders’ equity was $723,959, as of April 23, 2025, the Company did not meet the alternatives of market value of listed securities or net income from continuing operations, and it no longer comply with Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) (the “Listing Rule”).

On May 5, 2025, the Company received a notification letter (the “Notification Letter”) from Nasdaq notifying the Company that the Staff has determined that based on the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, which evidenced stockholders’ equity of $7,956,295, the Company complies with the Listing Rule and the matter is closed.

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Recent Research Results

Vitargus® Clinical Development:

The Phase II clinical study of Vitargus® commenced in the second quarter of 2023. Study sites include Ramathibodi Hospital (Principal Investigator: Dr. Duangnate Rojanaporn) and Srinagarind Hospital (Principal Investigator: Dr. Thuss Sanguansak) in Thailand, and Sydney Eye Hospital (Principal Investigator: Professor Dr. Matthew Simunovic) and East Melbourne Eye Group/East Melbourne Retina (Principal Investigator: Dr. Elvis Ojaimi) in Australia. The Company is currently producing a new investigational batch to support product improvements.

ABV-2002 Corneal Storage Solution:

The Company is developing ABV-2002, a corneal storage solution intended for use prior to penetrating keratoplasty or endothelial keratoplasty. ABV-2002 is formulated with a poly amino acid polymer that adjusts osmolarity to maintain hydration and prevent corneal swelling. It also contains a phenolic phytochemical providing antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Preliminary internal testing by BioFirst indicated potential advantages over existing storage media. Further clinical development has been temporarily suspended due to funding constraints.

BioFirst Corporation Operations:

BioFirst Corporation, incorporated in 2006, focuses on research, development, manufacturing, and commercialization of patented pharmaceutical products, primarily through global exclusive licensing agreements with domestic R&D institutions. BioFirst’s principal product under development is Vitargus®, licensed from the National Health Research Institutes. BioFirst is currently constructing a GMP-compliant manufacturing facility in Hsinchu Biomedical Science Park, Taiwan, with targeted completion in 2025. This facility is intended to support global supply of Vitargus®.

ABV-1505 ADHD Clinical Study:

On July 12, 2022, the Company announced enrollment progress in the Phase II Part II clinical study of ABV-1505, a treatment candidate for adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). As of the date of this report, 69 subjects have been enrolled, including 50 subjects who have completed the 56-day treatment. The study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving research centers in Taiwan and the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). UCSF’s Institutional Review Board approved participation, and the site initiation visit was completed in March 2023.

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Public Offering & Financings

2025 Financings

During the first quarter of 2025, the Company continued to strategically manage its outstanding convertible debt obligations with Lind Global Fund II, LP. In connection with the Senior Convertible Promissory Note issued in November 2023 (2nd Lind Note), the Company has successfully completed all conversions through equity issuances, thereby extinguishing the remaining principal balance. As of the date of this filing, only the corresponding cash components for four prior conversions remain to be settled, which the Company intends to address through the exercise of outstanding warrants-demonstrating a proactive and non-dilutive repayment approach. Additionally, for the Senior Convertible Promissory Note issued in January 2024 (3rd Lind Note), the Company has reduced the outstanding balance to $600,000, following two equity conversions of $200,000 each. The remaining cash obligations for these conversions are also expected to be fulfilled in a similar warrant-based strategy, although no definitive agreement has been entered as of the date hereof and there is no guarantee that a definitive agreement will be entered. These steps reflect the Company’s commitment to meeting its obligations while preserving long-term shareholder value and capitalizing on structured equity mechanisms to support operational continuity and financial health.

On January 5, 2025, the Company and Lind entered into a third letter agreement (the “December Letter Agreement”), pursuant to which Lind agreed to exercise for cash, 1,029,167 of the Existing Warrants (the number of warrants so exercised is herein referred to as the “Outstanding Exercised Warrants”) to purchase shares of Common Stock, with a current exercise price of $0.75 per share, at a reduced exercise price of $0.40 per share. Other than the Outstanding Exercised Warrants, the exercise price of the remaining warrants held by Lind remained unchanged. Pursuant to the December Letter Agreement, the Company also agreed not to sell or issue any additional shares of common stock for a period of 15 days following the closing, with some noted exceptions.

2024 Financings

On November 4, 2024, the Company and Lind entered into another letter agreement (the “November Letter Agreement”), pursuant to which Lind agreed to exercise, for cash, 500,000 of the Existing Warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock, with a current exercise price of $0.75 per share, at a reduced exercise price of $0.42 per share.

On October 18, 2024, the Company issued Lind 200,000 shares of the Company’s common stock as a repayment of $200,000 principal of 2nd Lind Note. According to the amended agreement pursuant to Nasdaq requirements, the conversion price is subject to $1.00 floor price if the conversion price was below such floor. Based on the conversion price of $0.4229, the Company made an additional $147,892 cash repayment in addition to the issuance of 200,000 shares.

On September 11, 2024, the Company issued Lind 200,000 shares of the Company’s common stock as a repayment of $200,000 principal of 2nd Lind Note. According to the amended agreement pursuant to Nasdaq requirements, the conversion price is subject to $1.00 floor price if the conversion price was below such floor. Based on the conversion price of $0.6575, the Company made an additional $90,722 cash repayment in addition to the issuance of 200,000 shares.

On July 12, 2024, the Company issued Lind 200,000 shares of the Company’s common stock as a repayment of $200,000 principal of 2nd Lind Note. According to the amended agreement pursuant to Nasdaq requirements, the conversion price is subject to $1.00 floor price if the conversion price was below such floor. Based on the conversion price of $0.7907, the Company made an additional $88,403 cash repayment in addition to the issuance of 200,000 shares.

On May 22, 2024, the Company and Lind entered into a letter agreement, pursuant to which Lind Global Fund II, LP (“Lind”) exercised, for cash, 1,000,000 of its Pre-Existing Warrants (all of the warrants issued to Lind on February 23, 2023, November 17, 2023 and January 17, 2024 are hereinafter referred to as the “Pre-Existing Warrants”) to purchase shares of Common Stock at a reduced exercise price of $0.75 per share. Lind also received a new warrant to purchase 1,000,000 shares Common Stock, exercisable at any time on or after the date of its issuance and until the five-year anniversary thereof, for $1.00 per share (the “New Lind Warrant”).

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On January 17, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Lind Global Fund II, LP (“Lind”), pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note in the principal amount of $1,000,000, for a purchase price of $833,333 (the “3rd Lind Note”), that is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price, which shall be the lesser of (i) $3.50 (the “Fixed Price”) and (ii) 90% of the average of the three lowest VWAPs (as defined in the 3rd Lind Note) during the 20 trading days prior to conversion (“Variable Price”), subject to adjustment (the “Note Shares”). Notwithstanding the foregoing, provided that no Event of Default (as defined in the 3rd Lind Note) shall have occurred, conversions under the 3rd Lind Note shall be at the Fixed Price for the first 180 days following the closing date. Lind will also receive a 5-year, common stock purchase warrant (the “3rd Lind Warrant”) to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $2.00 per share, subject to adjustment (each, a “Warrant Share,” together with the 3rd Lind Note, Note Shares and 3rd Lind Warrant, the “Securities”). The parties later agreed to a floor price of $1.00 for the Variable Price and that the Company would compensate Lind in cash if the Variable Price was less than such floor price at the time of conversion.

Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default (as defined in the 3rd Lind Note), the Company must pay Lind an amount equal to 120% of the then outstanding principal amount of the 3rd Lind Note, in addition to any other remedies under the 3rd Lind Note or the other Transaction Documents (as defined below).

The 3rd Lind Warrant may be exercised via cashless exercise in the event a registration statement covering the Warrant Shares is not available for the resale of such Warrant Shares or upon exercise of the 3rd Lind Warrant in connection with a Fundamental Transaction (as defined in the 3rd Lind Warrant).

Pursuant to the terms of the securities purchase agreement, if at any time prior to a date that is 18 months following the closing of the offering, the Company proposes to offer or sell any additional securities in a subsequent financing, the Company shall first offer Lind the opportunity to purchase up to 10% of such new securities.

In connection with the Offering, the Company and its subsidiaries: (i) Biokey, Inc., a California corporation (“BioKey”), (ii) Biolite Holding, Inc., a Nevada corporation (“BioLite”), (iii) Biolite BVI, Inc., a British Virgin Islands corporation (“BioLite BVI”) and (iv) American BriVision Corporation, a Delaware corporation (“American BriVision” and, collectively with the Company, BioKey, BioLite, and BioLite BVI, the “Guarantors”), jointly and severally guaranteed all of the obligations of the Company in connection with the offering (the “Guaranty”) with certain collateral, as set forth in the related Transaction Documents (as hereinafter defined). The sale of the 3rd Lind Note and the terms of the offering, including the Guaranty are set forth in the securities purchase agreement, the 3rd Lind Note, the 3rd Lind Warrant, the Second Amendment to Guaranty, the Second Amendment to Security Agreement, and the Second Amendment to Guarantor Security Agreement (collectively, the “Transaction Documents”).

Allele Capital Partners, LLC (“Allele”) together with its executing broker dealer, Wilmington Capital Securities, LLC (together with its affiliates, “Wilmington”), served as the exclusive placement agent (the “Placement Agent”) of the offering. the Company has agreed to pay certain expenses of the placement agent in connection with the offering and issued them a warrant to purchase up to 25,000 shares of common stock, on the same terms as set forth in the 3rd Lind Warrant.

The securities purchase agreement also contains customary representation and warranties of the Company and the Investors, indemnification obligations of the Company, termination provisions, and other obligations and rights of the parties.

The foregoing description of the Transaction Documents is qualified by reference to the full text of the forms of the Transaction Documents, which are filed as Exhibits hereto and incorporated herein by reference.

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2023 Financings

On November 17, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “2nd Lind Securities Purchase Agreement”) with Lind Global Fund II, LP (“Lind”), pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note in the principal amount of $1,200,000 (the “2nd Lind Offering”), for a purchase price of $1,000,000 (the “2nd Lind Note”), that is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price, which shall be the lesser of (i) $3.50 (the “Fixed Price”) and (ii) 90% of the average of the three lowest VWAPs (as defined in the 2nd Lind Note) during the 20 trading days prior to conversion, subject to adjustment. Notwithstanding the foregoing, provided that no Event of Default (as defined in the 2nd Lind Note) shall have occurred, conversions under the 2nd Lind Note shall be at the Fixed Price for the first 180 days following the closing date. Lind will also receive a 5-year, common stock purchase warrant (the “2nd Lind Warrant”) to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $2 per share, subject to adjustment. The parties later agreed to a floor price of $1.00 for the Variable Price and that the Company would compensate Lind in cash if the variable price was less than such floor price at the time of conversion.

Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default (as defined in the 2nd Lind Note), the Company must pay Lind an amount equal to 120% of the then outstanding principal amount of the 2nd Lind Note, in addition to any other remedies under the 2nd Lind Note or the other Transaction Documents (as defined below).

Pursuant to the terms of the 2nd Lind Securities Purchase Agreement, if at any time prior to a date that is 18 months following the closing of the 2nd Lind Offering, the Company proposes to offer or sell any additional securities in a subsequent financing, the Company shall first offer Lind the opportunity to purchase up to 10% of such new securities.

In connection with the 2nd Lind Offering, the Company and its subsidiaries: (i) Biokey, Inc., a California corporation (“BioKey”), (ii) Biolite Holding, Inc., a Nevada corporation (“BioLite”), (iii) Biolite BVI, Inc., a British Virgin Islands corporation (“BioLite BVI”) and (iv) American BriVision Corporation, a Delaware corporation (“American BriVision” and, collectively with the Company, BioKey, BioLite, and BioLite BVI, the “Guarantors”), jointly and severally guaranteed all of the obligations of the Company in connection with the 2nd Lind Offering (the “Guaranty”) with certain collateral, as set forth in the related Transaction Documents (as hereinafter defined).

The sale of the Note and the terms of the 2nd Lind Offering, including the Guaranty are set forth in the 2nd Lind Securities Purchase Agreement, the 2nd Lind Note, the 2nd Lind Warrant, the First Amendment to Guaranty, the First Amendment to Security Agreement, and the First Amendment to Guarantor Security Agreement (collectively, the “Transaction Documents”).

Allele Capital Partners, LLC (“Allele”) together with its executing broker dealer, Wilmington Capital Securities, LLC (together with its affiliates, “Wilmington”), served as the exclusive placement agent (the “Placement Agent”) of the 2nd Lind Offering. We have agreed to pay certain expenses of the placement agent in connection with the 2nd Lind Offering.

An amendment was filed on February 29, 2024 to disclose that due to Nasdaq requirements, the parties entered into an amendment to the Note, pursuant to which the conversion price shall have a floor price of $1.00 (the “Amendment”). Additionally, the Amendment requires the Company to make a cash payment to Lind if in connection with a conversion, the conversion price is deemed to be the floor price.

The Securities Purchase Agreement also contains customary representation and warranties of the Company and the Investors, indemnification obligations of the Company, termination provisions, and other obligations and rights of the parties.

The foregoing description of the Transaction Documents is qualified by reference to the full text of the forms of the Transaction Documents, which are filed as Exhibits hereto and incorporated herein by reference.

On February 23, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Lind Securities Purchase Agreement”) with Lind Global Fund II, LP (“Lind”), pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note in the principal amount of $3,704,167 (the “Lind Offering”), for a purchase price of $3,175,000 (the “Lind Note”), that is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial conversion price of $1.05 per share, subject to adjustment (the “Note Shares”). The Company also issued Lind a common stock purchase warrant (the “Lind Warrant”) to purchase up to 5,291,667 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $1.05 per share, subject to adjustment (each, a “Warrant Share,” together with the Note, Note Shares and Warrants, the “Lind Securities”).

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The Lind Note does not carry any Interest. Beginning with the date that is six months from the issuance date of the Lind Note and on each one (1) month anniversary thereafter, the Company shall pay Lind an amount equal to $308,650.58, until the outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note has been paid in full prior to or on the Maturity Date or, if earlier, upon acceleration, conversion or redemption of the Lind Note in accordance with the terms thereof (the “Monthly Payments”). At the Company’s discretion, the Monthly Payments shall be made in (i) cash, (ii) shares of the Company’s common stock, or (iii) a combination of cash and Shares; if made in shares, the number of shares shall be determined by dividing (x) the principal amount being paid in shares by (y) 90% of the average of the 5 lowest daily VWAPs during the 20 trading days prior to the applicable payment date. The Lind Notes sets forth certain conditions that must be satisfied before the Company may make any Monthly Payments in shares of common stock. If the Company makes a Monthly Payment in cash, the Company must also pay Lind a cash premium of 5% of such Monthly Payment.

Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default (as defined in the Lind Note), the Company must pay Lind an amount equal to 120% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note, in addition to any other remedies under the Note or the other Transaction Documents.

The Lind Warrant may be exercised via cashless exercise.

Pursuant to the terms of the Lind Securities Purchase Agreement, if at any time prior to a date that is 18 months following the closing of the Lind Offering, the Company proposes to offer or sell any additional securities in a subsequent financing, the Company shall first offer Lind the opportunity to purchase up to 10% of such new securities.

In connection with the Lind Offering, the Company and its subsidiaries: (i) Biokey, Inc., a California corporation (“BioKey”), (ii) Biolite Holding, Inc., a Nevada corporation (“BioLite”), (iii) Biolite BVI, Inc., a British Virgin Islands corporation (“BioLite BVI”) and (iv) American BriVision Corporation, a Delaware corporation (“American BriVision” and, collectively with the Company, BioKey, BioLite, and BioLite BVI, the “Guarantors”), jointly and severally guaranteed all of the obligations of the Company in connection with the Lind Offering (the “Guaranty”) with certain collateral, as set forth in the related Transaction Documents (as hereinafter defined).

The sale of the Lind Note and the terms of the Lind Offering, including the Guaranty are set forth in the Lind Securities Purchase Agreement, the Note, the Warrant, a Security Agreement, Guarantor Security, Guaranty, a Trademark Security Agreement with Rgene Corporation, a Trademark Security Agreement with BioFirst, a Patent Security Agreement, a Copyright Security Agreement and a Stock Pledge Agreement (collectively, the “Transaction Documents”).

Allele Capital Partners, LLC (“Allele”) together with its executing broker dealer, Wilmington Capital Securities, LLC (together with its affiliates, “Wilmington”), served as the exclusive placement agent (the “Placement Agent”) of the Lind Offering. As a result of the Lind Offering, the Company will pay the Placement Agent (i) a cash fee of 6% of the gross proceeds from the sale of the Securities, and (ii) common stock purchase warrants to purchase 6% of the number of shares of common stock issuable under the Lind Note. We also agreed to pay certain expenses of the placement agent in connection with the Lind Offering.

Pursuant to the Lind Securities Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to register all of the Lind Securities and the shares of common stock underlying the warrant issued to the placement agent.

The Securities Purchase Agreement also contains customary representation and warranties of the Company and the Investors, indemnification obligations of the Company, termination provisions, and other obligations and rights of the parties.

Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default (as defined in the Lind Note), the Company must pay Lind an amount equal to 120% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note (the “Mandatory Default Amount”), in addition to any other remedies under the Note or the other Transaction Documents. The Company and Lind entered into a letter agreement on September 12, 2023, pursuant to which the Mandatory Default Amount was reduced to 115% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note; pursuant to the letter agreement, Lind also agreed to waive any default associated with the Company’s market capitalization being below $12.5 million for 10 consecutive days through February 23, 2024, but retained its right to convert its Note. In addition, if the Company is unable to increase its market capitalization and is unable to obtain a further waiver or amendment to the Lind Note, then the Company could experience an event of default under the Lind Note, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. The Company cannot make any assurances regarding the likelihood, certainty, or exact timing of the Company’s ability to increase its market capitalization, as such metric is not within the immediate control of the Company and depends on a variety of factors outside the Company’s control.

The foregoing description of the Transaction Documents is qualified by reference to the full text of the forms of the Transaction Documents, which are filed as Exhibits hereto and incorporated herein by reference.

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2022 Financing

On May 11, 2022, the Company entered into certain securities purchase agreement (the “May SPA”) with certain investors (the “Purchasers”). Pursuant to the May SPA, the Company agreed to issue 2,000,000 shares of its Common Stock, at a price of $2.11 per share and 5-year warrants to purchase up to 2,000,000 shares of Common Stock, exercisable at a price of $2.45 per share (the “May Warrants”) to the Purchasers. The gross proceeds before deducting any estimated offering expenses are $4,220,000. The transaction contemplated by the May SPA was closed on May 16, 2022.

The Company paid to the co-placement agents an aggregate cash fee equal to 8% of the aggregate sales price of the securities sold and issued them warrants to purchase up to 160,000 shares of Common Stock, on the same terms as the May Warrants.

Strategy

Key elements of our business strategy include:

| ● | Advancing to the pivotal trial phase of ABV-1701 Vitargus® for the treatments of Retinal Detachment or Vitreous Hemorrhage, which we expect to generate revenues in the future.

| ● | Focusing on licensing ABV-1504 for the treatment of major depressive disorder, MDD, after the successful completion of its Phase II clinical trials.

| ● | Completing Phase II, Part 2 clinical trial for ABV-1505 for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD.

| ● | Out licensing drug candidates and medical device candidates to major pharmaceutical companies for phase III and pivotal clinical trials, as applicable, and further marketing if approved by the FDA.

We plan to augment our core research and development capability and assets by conducting Phase I and II clinical trials for investigational new drugs and medical devices in the fields of CNS, Hematology/Oncology and Ophthalmology.

Our management team has extensive experiences across a wide range of new drug and medical device development and we have in-licensed new drug and medical device candidates from large research institutes and universities in both the U.S. and Taiwan. Through an assertive product development approach, we expect that we will build a substantial portfolio of Oncology/ Hematology, CNS and Ophthalmology products. We primarily focus on Phase I and II research of new drug candidates and out license the post-Phase-II products to pharmaceutical companies; we do not expect to devote substantial efforts and resources to building the disease-specific distribution channels.

Business Objectives

The Company is operating its core business based on collaborative activities that can generate current and future revenues through research, development and/or commercialization joint venture agreements. The terms of these agreements typically include payment to the Company related to one or more of the following:

| ● | nonrefundable upfront license fees,

| ● | development and commercial milestones,

| ● | partial or complete reimbursement of research and development costs and

| ● | royalties on net sales of licensed products.

Each type of payments results in revenue except for revenue from royalties on net sales of licensed products, which are classified as royalty revenues. To date, we have not received any royalty revenues. Revenue is recognized upon satisfaction of a performance obligation by transferring control of a good or service to the joint venture partner.

As part of the accounting for these arrangements, the Company applies judgment to determine whether the performance obligations are distinct and develop assumptions in determining the stand-alone selling price for each distinct performance obligation identified in the collaboration agreements. To determine the stand-alone selling price, the Company relies on assumptions which may include forecasted revenues, development timelines, reimbursement rates for R&D personnel costs, discount rates and probabilities of technical and regulatory success.

The Company had multiple deliverables under the collaborative agreements, including deliverables relating to grants of technology licenses, regulatory and clinical development, and marketing activities. Estimation of the performance periods of the Company’s deliverables requires the use of management’s judgment. Significant factors considered in management’s evaluation of the estimated performance periods include, but are not limited to, the Company’s experience in conducting clinical development, regulatory and manufacturing activities. The Company reviews the estimated duration of its performance periods under its collaborative agreements on an annually basis, and makes any appropriate adjustments on a prospective basis. Future changes in estimates of the performance period under its collaborative agreements could impact the timing of future revenue recognition.

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For further details about these difference payment arrangements, see “Summary of Critical Accounting Policies” below. Examples of recent collaborative agreements the Company has entered into are as follows:

Collaborative agreement with ForSeeCon Eye Corporation, a related party

On March 25, 2024, the Company and BioFirst each entered into a twenty-year, global definitive licensing agreement (the “FEYE Licensing Agreement”) with ForSeeCon Eye Corporation, a company registered in the British Virgin Islands (“FEYE”) for the products in the Company and BioFirst’s Ophthalmology pipeline, including Vitargus (the “Vitargus Products”). The license covers the Vitargus Products’ clinical trial, registration, manufacturing, supply, and distribution rights; FEYE also has the rights to sublicense or partner with a third party to develop the Licensed Products. As per each of the respective FEYE Licensing Agreements, each of the Company and BioFirst shall receive a total licensing fee of $33,500,000, composed of an upfront payment of $30,000,000, which can instead be paid with 5 million shares of FEYE stock at $6 per share within 30 days after the execution of the FEYE Licensing Agreement, and a $3,500,000 cash milestone payment, due 30 days upon completion of next round fundraising. Additionally, each of the Company and BioFirst are eligible to receive royalties of 5% of net Sales. As of March 31, 2025, the Company has received 5,000,000 FEYE shares but did not recognize such licensing revenue since the fair value of FEYE stock is uncertain.

On June 18, 2024, the Company and BioFirst, each entered into an amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Licensing Agreement with FEYE, pursuant to which the Company and BioFirst have agreed to allow FEYE to pay the second milestone payment in the amount of $3,500,000 per Licensing Agreement, incrementally (such as $100,000), at any given time, rather than in one lump sum. In 2024 the Company received in cash and recognized revenue $296,000, pursuant to the Amendment. There was no transaction incurred during the period ended March 31, 2025.

Collaborative agreement with OncoX BiopPharma, Inc., a related party

On April 16, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with OncoX BioPharma, Inc., a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands (“Oncox”), pursuant to which the Company will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (the “Lung Cancer Products”), within North America for 20 years (the “April 2024 Oncox Agreement”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay ABVC $6,250,000 (or 1,250,000 Oncox shares valued at $5 per share1) 30 days after entering into the agreement and $625,000, 30 days following the completion of Oncox’s next round of fundraising, of which there is no guarantee; ABVC is also entitled to 5% royalties based on the Net Sales, as defined in the April 2024 Oncox Agreement, from the first commercial sale of the Lung Cancer Product in North America, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox entered into another agreement with ABVC’s affiliate, Rgene Corporation, on the same terms.In 2024 the Company received in cash and recognized revenue of $200,000, pursuant to the agreement.

On May 8, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with OncoX, pursuant to which the Company will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Pancreatic (the Pancreatic Product), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “May 8, 2024 Oncox Agreement”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay ABVC a total of $6,250,000 (or 1,250,000 Oncox shares valued at $5 per share2) within 30 days of entering into the May 8, 2024 Oncox Agreement, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; ABVC is also entitled to royalties of 5% of Net Sales, as defined in the May 8, 2024 Oncox Agreement, from the first commercial sale of the Pancreatic Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. The Company will permit Oncox to pay the license fee in installments or in a lump sum and will allow Oncox to use its revenue to fund such payments. Oncox entered into another agreement with ABVC’s affiliate, Rgene Corporation, on the same terms.

On May 14, 2024, the Company and its subsidiary, BioLite Inc (collectively, the “licensor”), each entered into a licensing agreement with OncoX, on the same terms, pursuant to which the licensors will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Tripple Negative Breast Cancer (the TNBC Product), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “May 14, 2024 Oncox Agreements”). In each agreement for consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay each licensor a total of $6,250,000 (or 1,250,000 Oncox shares valued at $5 per share3) within 30 days of entering into the May 14, 2024 Oncox Agreements, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; each licensor is also entitled to royalties of 5% of Net Sales, from the first commercial sale of the TNBC Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. The Company will permit Oncox to pay the license fee in installments or in a lump sum and will allow Oncox to use its revenue to fund such payments.

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On May 23, 2024, the Company and its subsidiary, BioLite Inc (collectively, the “licensor”), each entered into a licensing agreement with OncoX, on the same terms, pursuant to which the licensors will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndrome (the “MS Products”), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “May 23, 2024 Oncox Agreements”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay each licensor a total of $6,250,000 (or 1,250,000 Oncox shares valued at $5 per share4) 30 days after entering the May 23, 2024 Oncox Agreements, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; each licensor is also entitled to royalties of 5% of Net Sales, from the first commercial sale of the MS Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. Oncox may use its revenue to fund the licensing fees.

Collaborative agreements with BHK, a related party

(i) | In February and December of 2015, BioLite, Inc. entered into a total of three joint venture agreements with BioHopeKing to jointly develop ABV-1501 for Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), ABV-1504 for MDD and ABV-1505 for ADHD. The agreements granted marketing rights to BioHopeKing for certain Asian countries in return for a series of milestone payments totaling $10 million in cash and equity of BioHopeKing or equity securities owned by BioHopeKing.

The milestone payments are determined by a schedule of BioLite development achievements as shown below:

Milestone |  | Payment |
Execution of BHK Co-Development Agreement |  | $ | 1,000,000 |
Investigational New Drug (IND) Submission |  | $ | 1,000,000 |
Phase II Clinical Trial Complete |  | $ | 1,000,000 |
Initiation of Phase III Clinical Trial |  | $ | 3,000,000 |
New Drug Application (NDA) Submission |  | $ | 4,000,000 |
Total |  | $ | 10,000,000 |

(ii) | In December of 2015, BHK paid the initial cash payment of $1 million upon the execution of the BHK Agreement. The Company concluded that certain deliverables are considered separate units of accounting as the delivered items have value to the customer on a standalone basis and recognized this cash payment as collaboration revenue when all research, technical, and development data was delivered to BHK in 2015. The payment included compensation for past research efforts and contributions made by BioLite Taiwan before the BHK agreement was signed and does not relate to any future commitments made by BioLite Taiwan and BHK in the BHK Agreement.

(iii) | In August 2016, the Company received the second milestone payment of $1 million, and recognized collaboration revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016. The Company completed the phase II clinical trial for ABV-1504 MDD on October 31, 2019, but has not yet completed the phase II clinical trial for ABV-1505 ADHD.

(iv) | In addition to the milestone payments, BioLite Inc. is entitled to receive a royalty equal to 12% of BHK’s net sales related to ABV-1501, ABV-1504 and ABV-1505 Products. As of March 31, 2025, the Company has not earned royalties under the BHK Co-Development Agreement.

(v) | The BHK Co-Development Agreement will remain in effect for fifteen years from the date of first commercial sale of the Product in in Asia excluding Japan.

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Co-Development agreement with Rgene Corporation, a related party

On May 26, 2017, the Company entered into a co-development agreement (the “Rgene Agreement”) with Rgene Corporation (the “Rgene”), a related party under common control by the controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene Corporation and the Company (See Note 12). Pursuant to the Rgene Agreement, BriVision and Rgene agreed to co-develop and commercialize ABV-1507 HER2/neu Positive Breast Cancer Combination Therapy, ABV-1703 Pancreatic Cancer Combination Therapy and ABV-1527 Ovary Cancer Combination Therapy. Under the terms of the Rgene Agreement, Rgene is required to pay the Company $3,000,000 in cash or stock of Rgene with equivalent value by August 15, 2017 as compensation of BriVision’s past research efforts and contributions made by BriVision before the Rgene Agreement was executed. The payment does not relate to any future milestones attained by BriVision. In addition to $3,000,000, the Company is entitled to receive 50% of the future net licensing income or net sales profit earned by Rgene. All development costs shall be equally shared by both BriVision and Rgene.

On June 1, 2017, the Company delivered all research, technical data and development data to Rgene pursuant to the Rgene Agreement in return for a cash payment of $450,000 and 1,530,000 common shares of Rgene stock valued at $2,550,000, which in 2018 was accounted for using the equity method long-term investment. On December 31, 2018, the Company determined to fully write off this investment based on the Company’s assessment of the severity and duration of the impairment, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of the operating performance of the investee, adverse changes in market conditions, the regulatory or economic environment, changes in operating structure of Rgene, additional funding requirements and Rgene’s ability to remain in business. All research projects that were initiated will be managed and funded equally by the Company and Rgene.

The Company and Rgene signed an amendment to the Rgene Agreement on November 10, 2020, pursuant to which both parties agreed to delete AB-1507 HER2/neu Positive Breast Cancer Combination Therapy and AB-1527 Ovary Cancer Combination Therapy and add ABV-1519 EGFR Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Combination Therapy and ABV-1526 Large Intestine / Colon / Rectal Cancer Combination Therapy to the products to be co-developed and commercialized. Other provisions of the Rgene Agreement remain in full force and effect.

Clinical Development Service Agreement with Rgene Corporation, a related party

On June 10, 2022, the Company expanded its co-development partnership with Rgene. The Company’s subsidiary, BioKey, entered into a Clinical Development Service Agreement with Rgene (“Service Agreement”) to guide certain Rgene drug products, RGC-1501 for the treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), RGC-1502 for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and RGC 1503 for the treatment of colorectal cancer patients, through completion of Phase II clinical studies under U.S. FDA IND regulatory requirements (the “Rgene Studies”). Under the terms of the Service Agreement, BioKey is eligible to receive payments totaling up to $3.0 million over a 3-year period with each payment amount to be determined by certain regulatory milestones obtained during the agreement period.

Through a series of transactions over the past 5 years, the Company and Rgene have co-developed the three drug products covered by the Service Agreement, which has resulted in the Company owning 31.62% of Rgene.

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As part of the Rgene Studies, the Company agreed to loan $1.0 million to Rgene, for which Rgene has provided the Company with a 5% working capital convertible loan (the “Note”). If the Note is fully converted, the Company will own an additional 6.4% of Rgene. The Company is expected to receive the outstanding loan from the related party by the first half of 2024, either by cash or conversion of shares of Rgene. The Company may convert the Note at any time into shares of Rgene’s common stock at either (i) a fixed conversion price equal to $1.00 per share or (ii) 20% discount of the stock price of the then most recent offering, whichever is lower; the conversion price is subject to adjustment as set forth in the Note. The Note includes standard events of default, as well as a cross default provision pursuant to which a breach of the Service Agreement will trigger an event of default under the Note if not cured after 5 business days of written notice regarding the breach is provided. Upon an event of default, the outstanding principal and any accrued and unpaid interest shall be immediately due and payable.

The Service Agreement shall remain in effect until the expiration date of the last patent and automatically renew for 5 more years unless terminated earlier by either party with six months written notice. Either party may terminate the Service Agreement for cause by providing 30 days written notice.

Rgene has further agreed, effective July 1, 2022, to provide the Company with a seat on Rgene’s Board of Directors until the loan is repaid in full. The Company has nominated Dr. Jiang, its Chief Strategy Officer and Director to occupy that seat; Dr. Jiang is also one of the Company’s largest shareholders, owning 12.8% of the Company.

The Rgene Studies is a related party transaction.

Collaborative agreement with BioFirst Corporation, a related party

On July 24, 2017, the Company entered into a collaborative agreement (the “BioFirst Agreement”) with BioFirst Corporation, a corporation incorporated under the laws of Taiwan (“BioFirst”), pursuant to which BioFirst granted the Company global licensing rights to medical use of ABV-1701 Vitreous Substitute for Vitrectomy. BioFirst is a related party to the Company because a controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene Corporation and the Company is a Director and shareholders of BioFirst (See Note 12).

Pursuant to the BioFirst Agreement, the Company and BioFirst will co-develop and commercialize BFC-1401. The Company will pay BioFirst a total amount of $3,000,000 in cash or stock of the Company before September 30, 2018 as payment in full for BioFirst’s past research efforts and contributions made by BioFirst before the BioFirst Agreement was executed. The Company is entitled to receive 50% of any future net licensing revenue or net profit associated with Vitargus®. All development cost will be equally shared by both BriVision and BioFirst.

On September 25, 2017, BioFirst delivered all research, technical, data and development data to the Company. For the year ended September 30, 2017, the Company determined to fully expense the entire amount of $3,000,000 since the related licensing rights do not have alternative future uses. According to ASC 730-10-25-1, absent alternative future uses the acquisition of product rights to be used in research and development activities must be charged to research and development expenses immediately. Hence, the entire amount of $3,000,000 is fully expensed as research and development expense during the year ended September 30, 2017.

On June 30, 2019, the Company entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with BioFirst. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Company issued 428,571 shares of the Company’s common stock to BioFirst as payment for $3,000,000 owed by the Company to BioFirst in connection with the BioFirst Agreement.

On August 5, 2019, the Company entered into a second Stock Purchase Agreement with BioFirst whereby the Company issued 414,702 shares of the Company’s common stock to BioFirst as repayment in full for a loan in the amount of $2,902,911 provided to BriVision from BioFirst.

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On November 4, 2020, the Company executed an amendment to the BioFirst Agreement with BioFirst to add ABV-2001 Intraocular Irrigation Solution and ABV-2002 Corneal Storage Solution to the agreement. ABV-2002 is utilized during a corneal transplant procedure to replace a damaged or diseased cornea while ABV-2001 has broader utilization during a variety of ocular procedures.

Initially the Company will focus on ABV-2002, a solution utilized to store a donor cornea prior to either penetrating keratoplasty (full thickness cornea transplant) or endothelial keratoplasty (back layer cornea transplant). ABV-2002 is a solution comprised of a specific poly amino acid that protects ocular tissue from damage caused by external osmolarity exposure during pre-surgery storage. The specific polymer in ABV-2002 can adjust osmolarity to maintain a range of 330 to 390 mOsM thereby permitting hydration within the corneal stroma during the storage period. Stromal hydration results in (a) maintaining acceptable corneal transparency and (b) prevents donor cornea swelling. ABV-2002 also contains an abundant phenolic phytochemical found in plant cell walls that provides antioxidant antibacterial properties and neuroprotection.

Early testing by BioFirst indicates that ABV-2002 may be more effective for protecting the cornea and retina during long-term storage than other storage media available today and can be manufactured at lower cost. Further clinical development was put on hold due to the lack of funding.

In addition, BioFirst was incorporated on November 7, 2006, focusing on the R&D, manufacturing, and sales of innovative patented pharmaceutical products. The technology of BioFirst comes from the global exclusive licensing agreements BioFirst maintains with domestic R & D institutions. Currently, BioFirst’s main research and development product is the vitreous substitute (Vitargus®), licensed by the National Health Research Institutes. Vitargus is the world’s first bio-degradable vitreous substitute and offers a number of advantages over current vitreous substitutes by minimizing medical complications and reducing the need for additional surgeries.

BioFirst has started the construction of a GMP factory in Hsinchu Biomedical Science Park, Taiwan, with the aim at building a production base to supply the global market, and promote the construction of bio-degradable vitreous substitute manufacturing centers in Taiwan. Completion of this factory would allow ABVC to manufacture Vitargus with world-class technology in a GMP certified pharmaceutical factory. BioFirst is targeting to complete the construction in 2025.

Co-Development agreement with BioLite Japan K.K., a related party

On October 6, 2021 (the “Completion Date”), the Company, Lucidaim Co., Ltd., a Japanese corporation (“Lucidaim,” together with the Company, the “Shareholders”), and BioLite Japan K.K., a Japanese corporation (“Biolite JP”) entered into a Joint Venture Agreement (the “Agreement”). Biolite JP is a private limited company (a Japanese Kabushiki Kaisha) incorporated on December 18, 2018 and at the date of the Agreement has 10,000 ordinary shares authorized, with 3,049 ordinary shares issued and outstanding (the “Ordinary Shares”). Immediately prior to the execution of the Agreement, Lucidaim owned 1,501 ordinary shares and the Company owned the 1,548 ordinary shares. The Shareholders entered into the joint venture to formally reduce to writing their desire to invest in and operate Biolite as a joint venture. The business of the joint venture shall be the research and development of drugs, medical device and digital media, investment, fund running and consulting, distribution and marketing of supplements carried on by Biolite and its subsidiaries in Japan, or any other territory or businesses as may from time to time be agreed by an amendment to the Agreement. The closing of the transaction is conditioned upon the approval and receipt of all necessary government approvals, which have been received.

Pursuant to the Agreement and the related share transfer agreement, the Company shall transfer 54 of its Ordinary Shares to Lucidaim for no consideration, such that following the transfer, Lucidaim shall own 1,555 Ordinary Shares (51%) and the Company shall own 1,494 Ordinary Shares (49%). Also pursuant to the Agreement, there shall be 3 directors of Biolite JP, consisting of 1 director appointed by the Company and 2 appointed by Lucidiam. The Company shall appoint Eugene Jiang, the Company’s current Chairman and Chief Business Officer and Lucidaim shall appoint Michihito Onishi; the current director of Biolite JP, Toru Seo (who is also a director of BioLite Japan’s other shareholder), is considered the second Lucidaim director.

The Agreement further provides that the Company and Biolite shall assign the research collaboration and license agreement between them to Biolite or prepare the same (the “License Agreement”). The aforementioned transactions occurred on the Completion Date.

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As per the Agreement, the Shareholders shall supervise and manage the business and operations of Biolite JP. The directors shall not be entitled to any renumeration for their services as a director and each Shareholder can remove and replace the director he/she/it appointed. If a Shareholder sells or disposes of all of its Ordinary Shares, the director such Shareholder appointed must tender his/her resignation. The Agreement also sets forth certain corporate actions that must be pre-approved by all Shareholders (the “Reserved Matters”). If the Shareholders are unable to make a decision on any Reserved Matter, then either Shareholder can submit a deadlock notice to the other shareholder, 5 days after which they must refer the matter to each Shareholder’s chairman and use good faith to resolve the dispute. If such dispute is not resolved within 10 days thereafter, then either Shareholder can offer to buy all of the other Shareholder’s Ordinary Shares for cash at a specified price; if there is not affirmative acceptance of the sale, the sale shall proceed as set forth in the sale offer.

Each of the Shareholders maintains a pre-emptive right to purchase such number of additional Ordinary Shares as would allow such Shareholder to maintain its ownership percentage in Biolite JP if Biolite JP issues any new Ordinary Shares. However, the Agreement provides that the Company shall lose its pre-emptive rights under certain conditions. The Shareholders also maintain a right of first refusal if the other Shareholder receives an offer to buy such shareholder’s Ordinary Shares.

The Agreement also requires Biolite JP to obtain a bank facility in the amount of JPY 30,460,000 (approximately USD272,000), for its initial working capital purposes. Pursuant to the Agreement, each Shareholder agrees to guarantee such bank facility if the bank requires a guarantee. Accordingly, the Company may be liable for the bank facility in an amount up to JPY 14,925,400 (approximately USD134,000), which represents 49% of the maximum bank facility. The Agreement further provides that Biolite JP shall issue annual dividends at the rate of at least 1.5% of Biolite JP’s profits, if it has sufficient cash to do so.

Pursuant to the agreement between the Company and BioLite JP, both parties agreed to use their best efforts to execute a License Agreement by the end of December 2021. Under the terms of the agreement, negotiations on behalf of BioLite JP are conducted by directors appointed by Lucidaim. If the Company and such directors do not reach agreement on the terms, BioLite JP may, at its sole discretion, elect not to execute the License Agreement without any liability to the Company. The company is negotiating on the licensing terms and expects to conclude soon.

The Agreement contains non-solicitation and non-compete clauses for a period of 2 years after a Shareholder or its subsidiaries ceases to be a Shareholder, with such restrictive covenants limited to business within the ophthalmologic filed or central neurological field. Any rights to intellectual property that arise from Biolite JP’s activities, shall belong to Biolite JP.

The Agreement contains standard indemnification terms, except that no indemnifying party shall have any liability for an individual liability unless it exceeds JPY 500,000 (approximately USD4,500) and until the aggregate amount of all liabilities exceeds JPY 2,000,000 (approximately USD18,000) and then only to the extent such liability exceed such limit.

The Company paid $150,000 towards the setup of the joint venture; BioLite Japan’s other shareholder also paid $150,000 after the Letter of Intent was signed.

The Agreement shall continue for 10 years, unless earlier terminated. The Agreement also allows a Shareholder to terminate the agreement upon certain defaults committed by another Shareholder, as set forth in the Agreement.

This was a related party transaction.

In November 2021, the Company received $4,244,452 in gross proceeds from the exercise of warrants issued in the Company’s August 3, 2021, public offering of securities. Investors exercised a total of 673,405 Series A warrants at a price of $6.30 per share, and 200 Series B warrants at a price of $10 per share.

BioKey Revenues

In addition to collaborative agreements, ABVC earns revenue through its wholly owned BioKey subsidiary which provides a wide range of Contract Development & Manufacturing Organization (“CDMO”) services including API characterization, pre-formulation studies, formulation development, analytical method development, stability studies, IND/NDA/ANDA/510K submissions, and manufacturing clinical trial materials (from Phase I through Phase III) and commercial manufacturing of pharmaceutical products.

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In addition, BioKey provides a variety of regulatory services tailored to the needs of its customers, which include proofreading and regulatory review of submission documents related to formulation development, clinical trials, marketed products, generics, nutraceuticals and OTC products and training presentations. In addition to supporting ABVC’s new drug development, BioKey submits INDs, NDAs, ANDAs, and DMFs to the FDA, on ABVC’s behalf in compliance with new electronic submission guidelines of the FDA.

Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak

On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus outbreak a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern” and on March 10, 2020, declared it to be a pandemic. Actions taken around the world to help mitigate the spread of the coronavirus include restrictions on travel, and quarantines in certain areas, and forced closures for certain types of public places and businesses. The coronavirus and actions taken to mitigate it have had and are expected to continue to have an adverse impact on the economies and financial markets of many countries, including the geographical area in which the Company operates.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, our revenue for the fiscal 2022 were significantly impacted. In 2023, our business started recovering from the COVID-19 impact. We have been working on new contracts towards revenue generation and increase in sales of existing products and incorporating new products for sale.

The COVID-19 pandemic, including variants, has adversely affected, and is expected to continue to adversely affect, elements of our CDMO business sector. The COVID-19 pandemic government imposed restrictions constrained researcher access to labs globally. These constraints limited scientific discovery capacity and we observed that demand in those labs fell well below historic levels. As constraints on social distancing were gradually lifted around the world recently, labs have been able to increase research activity. While we believe that underlying demand is still not yet at pre-COVID-19 levels since lab operations remain below their normal capacity, we are hopeful that the vaccination programs that are underway combined with policy changes planned for the summer will further increase research activity and support a return to pre-COVID-19 demand levels worldwide.

The global pandemic of COVID-19 continues to evolve rapidly, and we will continue to monitor the situation closely, including its potential effect on our plans and timelines.

Additionally, it is reasonably possible that estimates made in the financial statements have been, or will be, materially and adversely impacted in the near term as a result of these conditions, including losses on inventory; impairment losses related to goodwill and other long-lived assets and current obligations.

Restatement of Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company restated its financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “2023 Restatement”), to correct misstatements in those prior periods related to improperly applying accounting guidance on the share-based payments, incorrectly recognizing interest expenses upon the conversion of convertible debts, and misidentifying the existence of non-controlling interest of our subsidiary.

The Company entered into a cooperation agreement on August 14, 2023, with Zhong Hui Lian He Ji Tuan, Ltd. (the “Zhonghui”) to acquire 20% of the ownership of certain property and a parcel of the land. According to the agreement, the Company issued 370,000 shares of its common stock as the consideration, and used $20 dollar per share to recognize the right as construction in progress on the balance sheet.

At the time of preparing its financial statements for fiscal 2024, the Company reviewed the entire transaction, its relevant agreements and documentation, as well as the applicable accounting guidance. The Company applied FASB Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 845 Nonmonetary Transactions to determine the fair value of the asset acquired would be more evident than the fair value of the consideration in exchange, the Company’s restricted common stocks. The real estates acquired comes with a third-party valuation of $7,400,000 per the Company’s stake, which the value of the acquired assets is guaranteed by Zhonghui. Upon further review, the Company considered ASC 718 Compensation - Stock Compensation, should have been the appropriate guidance to apply given the Company’s common stocks are listed in Nasdaq with more observable fair value (Level 1). Furthermore, at the time of issuance of these financial statements, no real estate title was transferred to the Company. As a result, the Company adjusted the carrying value of the asset and reclassified the balance to “Prepayment for asset acquisition” account to reflect the value of 370,000 shares issued at $1.87, the closing price as of the contract date. The Company also corrected the share price used to recognize stock compensation expense from $20 to $1.87 for the 29,600 shares of common stock issued on the same day to several consultants. As a result, these adjustments reduced $6,708,100 for asset recognized and $536,648 for stock-compensation expense incurred in 2023.

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In February 2023, the Company issued a convertible note to LIND Global Fund II, LP. Due to misapplication of ASC 470-20 instead of ASC 815-40, the Company overstated interest expenses $1,179,667 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The overstatement is offsetting against additional paid-in capital due to the convertible note being converted to the Company’s own common stocks instead of being repaid or disposition.

In November 2023, the Company and one of its subsidiaries entered into a licensing agreement with AiBtl. The Company accounted for a 100% control of AiBtl as of December 31, 2023, but later discovered that AiBtl had outstanding founder shares that were not deposited to the stock transfer agent in the timely manner. Such shares reduced the Company’s controlling interest from 100% to 69.70%. Accordingly, the Company adjusted the relevant accounts in our consolidated financial statements.

As discussed in Note 12 to the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, in July 2019 the Company issued 644,972 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock to four consultants for their services. Such stock-based expenses were amortized over 5 years starting from the issuance date. Per the Company’s further review, the services, along with the agreements, were completed by December 31, 2022. Pursuant to ASC 718, the costs of services should be recognized along with the period when services are received. Therefore, the Company reversed share-based compensation expenses of $451,480 and $902,960 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2022, was corrected with the Stock Subscription Receivables for $1,354,440 as a result of such adjustments.

For further details about the impact of the Restatement, please see the Notes to the Company’s financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K that was filed with the SEC on April 15, 2025.

Impact of the Restatement

The impact of the restatement on the balance sheets, statements of operations, and statements of cash flows as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 is presented below.

|  | December 31, 2023 |
Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Restated |
Construction in progress |  | $ | 7,400,000 |  |  | $ | (7,400,000 | ) |  | $ | - |
Prepayment for acquisition of assets |  |  | - |  |  |  | 691,900 |  |  |  | 691,900 |
Total Assets |  |  | 14,492,599 |  |  |  | (6,708,100 | ) |  |  | 7,784,499 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 3,696,380 |  |  |  | (148,028 | ) |  |  | 3,548,352 |
Convertible notes payable |  |  | 569,456 |  |  |  | 317,066 |  |  |  | 886,522 |
Due to related parties |  |  | 173,132 |  |  |  | 361 |  |  |  | 173,493 |
Current Liabilities |  |  | 5,932,490 |  |  |  | 169,399 |  |  |  | 6,101,889 |
Total Liabilities |  |  | 6,361,627 |  |  |  | 169,399 |  |  |  | 6,531,026 |
Total stockholders’ deficit attributable to the Company |  |  | 8,388,050 |  |  |  | (6,833,940 | ) |  |  | 1,554,110 |
Noncontrolling interest |  |  | (257,078 | ) |  |  | (43,559 | ) |  |  | (300,637 | )
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 8,130,972 |  |  |  | (6,877,499 | ) |  |  | 1,253,473 |
Total Liabilities and equity |  | $ | 14,492,599 |  |  | $ | (6,708,100 | ) |  | $ | 7,784,499 |

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2023 |
Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Restated |
Stock based compensation |  | $ | 1,635,708 |  |  | $ | (1,449,775 | ) |  | $ | 185,933 |
Interest (expenses) |  |  | (2,493,340 | ) |  |  | 1,179,669 |  |  |  | (1,313,671 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (394,632 | ) |  |  | (98,162 | ) |  |  | (492,794 | )
Net income (loss) |  |  | (10,910,288 | ) |  |  | 2,629,444 |  |  |  | (8,280,844 | )
Basic and diluted net loss per common share |  | $ | (2.43 | ) |  | $ | 0.63 |  |  | $ | (1.80 | )

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2023 |
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Restated |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (10,910,288 | ) |  | $ | 2,629,444 |  |  | $ | (8,280,844 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 1,635,708 |  |  |  | (1,449,775 | ) |  |  | 185,933 |
Other non-cash income and expenses |  |  | 2,413,746 |  |  |  | (1,169,504 | ) |  |  | 1,244,242 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 786,793 |  |  |  | (148,028 | ) |  |  | 638,765 |
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (4,048,985 | ) |  |  | (137,863 | ) |  |  | (4,186,848 | )
Due to related parties* |  |  | (186,860 | ) |  |  | 361 |  |  |  | (186,499 | )
Proceeds from subsidiary’s common stock subscription |  |  | - |  |  |  | 137,500 |  |  |  | 137,500 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | $ | 3,732,100 |  |  | $ | 137,861 |  |  | $ | 3,918,961 |

* | Due to related parties previously reported amount was reclassified to financing activities based on current year’s presentation.

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Impact of the Restatement to the March 31, 2024 interim financial statements

The impact of the restatement on the balance sheets, statements of operations, and statements of cash flows as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2024 is presented below.

|  | March 31, 2024 |
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Restated |
Prepaid expense and other current asset |  | $ | 159,602 |  |  | $ | 223,707 |  |  | $ | 383,309 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 7,949,150 |  |  |  | (7,400,000 | ) |  |  | 549,150 |
Prepayment for asset acquisition |  |  | - |  |  |  | 691,900 |  |  |  | 691,900 |
Total Assets |  |  | 14,460,402 |  |  |  | (6,484,392 | ) |  |  | 7,976,010 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 4,050,845 |  |  |  | (605,178 | ) |  |  | 3,445,667 |
Convertible notes payable - third parties, net |  |  | 842,567 |  |  |  | 29,769 |  |  |  | 872,336 |
Due to related parties |  |  | 301,972 |  |  |  | 89,502 |  |  |  | 391,474 |
Current Liabilities |  |  | 6,633,614 |  |  |  | (455,908 | ) |  |  | 6,177,706 |
Total Liabilities |  |  | 6,973,447 |  |  |  | (455,908 | ) |  |  | 6,517,539 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 86,029,237 |  |  |  | (9,025,036 | ) |  |  | 77,004,201 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 7,792,076 |  |  |  | (6,092,525 | ) |  |  | 1,699,551 |
Noncontrolling interest |  |  | (305,121 | ) |  |  | 64,040 |  |  |  | (241,081 | )
Total Equity |  |  | 7,486,955 |  |  |  | (6,028,485 | ) |  |  | 1,458,470 |
Total Liabilities and Equity |  | $ | 14,460,402 |  |  | $ | (6,484,393 | ) |  | $ | 7,976,009 |

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Restated |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | $ | 831,257 |  |  | $ | (92,771 | ) |  | $ | 738,486 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | 2,544,995 |  |  |  | (513,364 | ) |  |  | 2,031,631 |
Interest expenses |  |  | (684,683 | ) |  |  | 503,007 |  |  |  | (181,676 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (48,043 | ) |  |  | (45,425 | ) |  |  | (93,468 | )
Net loss |  |  | (3,981,019 | ) |  |  | 1,053,352 |  |  |  | (2,927,667 | )
Basic and diluted net loss per common share |  | $ | (0.40 | ) |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | (0.29 | )

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Restated |
Net loss |  | $ | (3,981,019 | ) |  | $ | 1,053,355 |  |  | $ | (2,927,664 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 2,544,995 |  |  |  | (513,364 | ) |  |  | 2,031,631 |
Other non-cash income and expenses |  |  | 672,016 |  |  |  | (495,736 | ) |  |  | 176,280 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 354,465 |  |  |  | (398,070 | ) |  |  | (43,605 | )
Due to related parties |  |  | 128,840 |  |  |  | (128,840 | ) |  |  | - |
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (602,001 | ) |  |  | (353,815 | ) |  |  | (955,816 | )
Due to related parties* |  |  | - |  |  |  | (217,981 | ) |  |  | (217,981 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 805,006 |  |  |  | 119,141 |  |  |  | 924,147 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | (260,783 | ) |  |  | 234,674 |  |  |  | (26,109 | )
Issuance of common stock for conversion of debt |  | $ | 681,000 |  |  | $ | 213,426 |  |  | $ | 467,574 |

* | Due to related parties previously reported amount was reclassified to financing activities based on current year’s presentation.

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Summary of Critical Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (the “U.S. GAAP”). All significant intercompany transactions and account balances have been eliminated.

This basis of accounting involves the application of accrual accounting and consequently, revenues and gains are recognized when earned, and expenses and losses are recognized when incurred. The Company’s financial statements are expressed in U.S. dollars.

Fiscal Year

The Company changed its fiscal year from the period beginning on October 1st and ending on September 30th to the period beginning on January 1st and ending on December 31st, beginning January 1, 2018.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ materially from those results.

Stock Reverse Split

On July 25, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to its Articles of Incorporation authorizing a 1-for-10 reverse stock split of the issued and outstanding shares of its common stock. The Company’s stockholders previously approved the Reverse Stock Split at the Company’s Special Shareholder Meeting held on July 7, 2023. The Reverse Stock Split was effected to reduce the number of issued and outstanding shares and to increase the per share trading value of the Company’s common stock, although that outcome is not guaranteed. In turn, the Company believes that the Reverse Stock Split will enable the Company to restore compliance with certain continued listing standards of NASDAQ Capital Market. All shares and related financial information in this Form 10-K reflect this 1-for-10 reverse stock split.

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Fair Value Measurements

FASB ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements” defines fair value for certain financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are recorded at fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. It requires that an entity measure its financial instruments to base fair value on exit price, maximize the use of observable units and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to determine the exit price. It establishes a hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. This hierarchy increases the consistency and comparability of fair value measurements and related disclosures by maximizing the use of observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels based on the reliability of the inputs as follows:

| ● | Level 1 - Inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. Valuation of these instruments does not require a high degree of judgment as the valuations are based on quoted prices in active markets that are readily and regularly available.

| ● | Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the measurement date, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

| ● | Level 3 - Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and not corroborated by market data. The fair value for such assets and liabilities is generally determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques that incorporate the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability.

The carrying values of certain assets and liabilities of the Company, such as cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, due from related parties, inventory, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and due to related parties approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturities. The carrying value of the Company’s short-term bank loan, convertible notes payable, and accrued interest approximates their fair value as the terms of the borrowing are consistent with current market rates and the duration to maturity is short. The carrying value of the Company’s long-term bank loan approximates fair value because the interest rates approximate market rates that the Company could obtain for debt with similar terms and maturities.

Concentration of Clients

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, management estimated all accounts receivable balances are uncollectible. Provision credit loss balances were $11,993 and $11,993 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024, management estimated all accounts receivable balances are uncollectible and recognized $11,993 of credit loss.

As of December 31, 2023, the most major client, specializes in developing and commercializing of dietary supplements and therapeutics in dietary supplement industry, accounted for 87% of the Company’s total account receivable.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the out-licensing income from our two major licensees, accounts for 58% and 39% of the Company’s total revenues.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the most major client, distributing nutritional supplement in Asia Pacific, accounted for 80% of the Company’s total revenues.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents when purchased. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents amounted to $152,206 and $248,382, respectively.

The Company considers highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents when purchased. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents amounted to $248,382 and $60,155, respectively. Some of the Company’s cash deposits are held in financial institutions located in Taiwan where there is currently regulation mandated on obligatory insurance of bank accounts. The Company believes this financial institution is of high credit quality.

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Restricted Cash

Restricted cash primarily consist of cash held in a reserve bank account in Taiwan.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s restricted cash amounted $607,362 (NTD 20.2 million) and $615,433 (NTD 20.2 million), respectively.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s restricted cash amounted $615,433 (NTD 20.2 million) and $656,625 (NTD 20.1 million), respectively.

Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company’s financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company places its cash and temporary cash investments in high quality credit institutions, but these investments may be in excess of Taiwan Central Deposit Insurance Corporation and the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s insurance limits. The Company does not enter into financial instruments for hedging, trading or speculative purposes.

We perform ongoing credit evaluation of our customers and requires no collateral. An allowance for doubtful accounts is provided based on a review of the collectability of accounts receivable. We determine the amount of allowance for doubtful accounts by examining its historical collection experience and current trends in the credit quality of its customers as well as its internal credit policies. Actual credit losses may differ from our estimates.

Accounts receivable and allowance for expected credit losses accounts

Accounts receivable is recorded and carried at the original invoiced amount less an allowance for any potential uncollectible amounts.

The Company make estimates of expected credit and collectability trends for the allowance for credit losses and allowance for unbilled receivables based upon our assessment of various factors, including historical experience, the age of the accounts receivable balances, credit quality of customers, current economic conditions reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect our ability to collect from customers. The provision is recorded against accounts receivable balances, with a corresponding charge recorded in the consolidated statements of income. Actual amounts received may differ from management’s estimate of credit worthiness and the economic environment. Delinquent account balances are written-off against the allowance for doubtful accounts after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable.

Allowance for expected credit losses accounts were $616,397 and $616,414 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Allowance for expected credit losses accounts was $616,414 and $616,505 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606 (ASC 606), Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

Pursuant to ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines is within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration the Company is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services the Company transfers to the customers. At inception of the contract, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract, determines those that are performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

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The following are examples of when the Company recognizes revenue based on the types of payments the Company receives.

Collaborative Revenues - The Company recognizes collaborative revenues generated through collaborative research, development and/or commercialization agreements. The terms of these agreements typically include payment to the Company related to one or more of the following: non-refundable upfront license fees, development and commercial milestones, partial or complete reimbursement of research and development costs, and royalties on net sales of licensed products. Each type of payments results in collaborative revenues except for revenues from royalties on net sales of licensed products, which are classified as royalty revenues. To date, the Company has not received any royalty revenues. Revenue is recognized upon satisfaction of a performance obligation by transferring control of a good or service to the collaboration partners.

As part of the accounting for these arrangements, the Company applies judgment to determine whether the performance obligations are distinct, and develop assumptions in determining the stand-alone selling price for each distinct performance obligation identified in the collaboration agreements. To determine the stand-alone selling price, the Company relies on assumptions which may include forecasted revenues, development timelines, reimbursement rates for R&D personnel costs, discount rates and probabilities of technical and regulatory success.

The Company had multiple deliverables under the collaborative agreements, including deliverables relating to grants of technology licenses, regulatory and clinical development, and marketing activities. Estimation of the performance periods of the Company’s deliverables requires the use of management’s judgment. Significant factors considered in management’s evaluation of the estimated performance periods include, but are not limited to, the Company’s experience in conducting clinical development, regulatory and manufacturing activities. The Company reviews the estimated duration of its performance periods under its collaborative agreements on an annually basis, and makes any appropriate adjustments on a prospective basis. Future changes in estimates of the performance period under its collaborative agreements could impact the timing of future revenue recognition.

(i) Non-refundable upfront payments

If a license to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in an arrangement, the Company recognizes revenue from the related non-refundable upfront payments based on the relative standalone selling price prescribed to the license compared to the total selling price of the arrangement. The revenue is recognized when the license is transferred to the collaboration partners and the collaboration partners are able to use and benefit from the license. To date, the receipt of non-refundable upfront fees was solely for the compensation of past research efforts and contributions made by the Company before the collaborative agreements entered into and it does not relate to any future obligations and commitments made between the Company and the collaboration partners in the collaborative agreements.

(ii) Milestone payments

The Company is eligible to receive milestone payments under the collaborative agreement with collaboration partners based on achievement of specified development, regulatory and commercial events. Management evaluated the nature of the events triggering these contingent payments, and concluded that these events fall into two categories: (a) events which involve the performance of the Company’s obligations under the collaborative agreement with collaboration partners, and (b) events which do not involve the performance of the Company’s obligations under the collaborative agreement with collaboration partners.

The former category of milestone payments consists of those triggered by development and regulatory activities in the territories specified in the collaborative agreements. Management concluded that each of these payments constitute substantive milestone payments. This conclusion was based primarily on the facts that (i) each triggering event represents a specific outcome that can be achieved only through successful performance by the Company of one or more of its deliverables, (ii) achievement of each triggering event was subject to inherent risk and uncertainty and would result in additional payments becoming due to the Company, (iii) each of the milestone payments is non-refundable, (iv) substantial effort is required to complete each milestone, (v) the amount of each milestone payment is reasonable in relation to the value created in achieving the milestone, (vi) a substantial amount of time is expected to pass between the upfront payment and the potential milestone payments, and (vii) the milestone payments relate solely to past performance. Based on the foregoing, the Company recognizes any revenue from these milestone payments in the period in which the underlying triggering event occurs.

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(iii) Multiple Element Arrangements

The Company evaluates multiple element arrangements to determine (1) the deliverables included in the arrangement and (2) whether the individual deliverables represent separate units of accounting or whether they must be accounted for as a combined unit of accounting. This evaluation involves subjective determinations and requires management to make judgments about the individual deliverables and whether such deliverables are separate from other aspects of the contractual relationship. Deliverables are considered separate units of accounting provided that: (i) the delivered item(s) has value to the customer on a standalone basis and (ii) if the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item(s), delivery or performance of the undelivered item(s) is considered probable and substantially within its control. In assessing whether an item under a collaboration has standalone value, the Company considers factors such as the research, manufacturing, and commercialization capabilities of the collaboration partner and the availability of the associated expertise in the general marketplace. The Company also considers whether its collaboration partners can use the other deliverable(s) for their intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining element(s), whether the value of the deliverable is dependent on the undelivered item(s), and whether there are other vendors that can provide the undelivered element(s).

The Company recognizes arrangement consideration allocated to each unit of accounting when all of the revenue recognition criteria in ASC 606 are satisfied for that particular unit of accounting. In the event that a deliverable does not represent a separate unit of accounting, the Company recognizes revenue from the combined unit of accounting over the Company’s contractual or estimated performance period for the undelivered elements, which is typically the term of the Company’s research and development obligations. If there is no discernible pattern of performance or objectively measurable performance measures do not exist, then the Company recognizes revenue under the arrangement on a straight-line basis over the period the Company is expected to complete its performance obligations. Conversely, if the pattern of performance in which the service is provided to the customer can be determined and objectively measurable performance measures exist, then the Company recognizes revenue under the arrangement using the proportional performance method. Revenue recognized is limited to the lesser of the cumulative amount of payments received or the cumulative amount of revenue earned, as determined using the straight-line method or proportional performance method, as applicable, as of the period ending date.

At the inception of an arrangement that includes milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether each milestone is substantive and at risk to both parties on the basis of the contingent nature of the milestone. This evaluation includes an assessment of whether: (1) the consideration is commensurate with either the Company’s performance to achieve the milestone or the enhancement of the value of the delivered item(s) as a result of a specific outcome resulting from its performance to achieve the milestone, (2) the consideration relates solely to past performance and (3) the consideration is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms within the arrangement. The Company evaluates factors such as the scientific, clinical, regulatory, commercial, and other risks that must be overcome to achieve the particular milestone and the level of effort and investment required to achieve the particular milestone in making this assessment. There is considerable judgment involved in determining whether a milestone satisfies all of the criteria required to conclude that a milestone is substantive. Milestones that are not considered substantive are recognized as earned if there are no remaining performance obligations or over the remaining period of performance, assuming all other revenue recognition criteria are met.

(iv) Royalties and Profit Sharing Payments

Under the collaborative agreement with the collaboration partners, the Company is entitled to receive royalties on sales of products, which is at certain percentage of the net sales. The Company recognizes revenue from these events based on the revenue recognition criteria set forth in ASC 606. Based on those criteria, the Company considers these payments to be contingent revenues, and recognizes them as revenue in the period in which the applicable contingency is resolved.

Revenues Derived from Research and Development Activities Services - Revenues related to research and development and regulatory activities are recognized when the related services or activities are performed, in accordance with the contract terms. The Company typically has only one performance obligation at the inception of a contract, which is to perform research and development services. The Company may also provide its customers with an option to request that the Company provides additional goods or services in the future, such as active pharmaceutical ingredient, API, or IND/NDA/ANDA/510K submissions. The Company evaluates whether these options are material rights at the inception of the contract. If the Company determines an option is a material right, the Company will consider the option a separate performance obligation.

If the Company is entitled to reimbursement from its customers for specified research and development expenses, the Company accounts for the related services that it provides as separate performance obligations if it determines that these services represent a material right. The Company also determines whether the reimbursement of research and development expenses should be accounted for as revenues or an offset to research and development expenses in accordance with provisions of gross or net revenue presentation. The Company recognizes the corresponding revenues or records the corresponding offset to research and development expenses as it satisfies the related performance obligations.

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The Company then determines the transaction price by reviewing the amount of consideration the Company is eligible to earn under the contracts, including any variable consideration. Under the outstanding contracts, consideration typically includes fixed consideration and variable consideration in the form of potential milestone payments. At the start of an agreement, the Company’s transaction price usually consists of the payments made to or by the Company based on the number of full-time equivalent researchers assigned to the project and the related research and development expenses incurred. The Company does not typically include any payments that the Company may receive in the future in its initial transaction price because the payments are not probable. The Company would reassess the total transaction price at each reporting period to determine if the Company should include additional payments in the transaction price.

The Company receives payments from its customers based on billing schedules established in each contract. Upfront payments and fees may be recorded as advance from customers upon receipt or when due, and may require deferral of revenue recognition to a future period until the Company performs its obligations under these arrangements. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when the right of the Company to consideration is unconditional. The Company does not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the customers and the transfer of the promised goods or services to the customers will be one year or less.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment is carried at cost net of accumulated depreciation. Repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Expenditures that improve the functionality of the related asset or extend the useful life are capitalized. When property and equipment is retired or otherwise disposed of, the related gain or loss is included in operating income. Leasehold improvements are depreciated on the straight-line method over the shorter of the remaining lease term or estimated useful life of the asset. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line method, including property and equipment under capital leases, generally based on the following useful lives:

|  |  | Estimated Life in Years |
Buildings and leasehold improvements |  |  | 5 ~ 50 |
Machinery and equipment |  |  | 5 ~ 10 |
Office equipment |  |  | 3 ~ 6 |

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company has adopted ASC subtopic 360-10, Property, Plant and Equipment (“ASC 360-10”). ASC 360-10 requires that long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles held and used by the Company be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company evaluates its long-lived assets for impairment annually or more often if events and circumstances warrant. Events relating to recoverability may include significant unfavorable changes in business conditions, recurring losses, or a forecasted inability to achieve break-even operating results over an extended period. Should impairment in value be indicated, the carrying value of intangible assets will be adjusted, based on estimates of future discounted cash flows resulting from the use and ultimate disposition of the asset. ASC 360-10 also requires assets to be disposed of be reported at the lower of the carrying amount or the fair value less costs to sell.

Long-term Equity Investment

The Company acquires the equity investments to promote business and strategic objectives. The accounting treatment for equity investments, where the Company does not have control over the investees, is as follows:

| ● | Marketable equity investments: The Company measures marketable equity securities at fair value at each reporting date, with unrealized gains and losses recognized in net income in accordance with ASC 321. Fair value is determined based on quoted market prices or other observable inputs.

| ● | Non-marketable equity investments: When the equity method does not apply, non-marketable equity investments are accounted for at cost, adjusted for observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments and for impairments, if applicable.
| ● | Equity method investments: Investments in which the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the investee, are accounted for using the equity method. The Company recognizes its proportionate share of the investee’s income or loss in gains (losses) on equity investments on a monthly basis.

Significant judgment is required to identify whether an impairment exists in the valuation of the Company’s non-marketable equity investments, considering this a critical accounting estimate. Its yearly analysis considers both qualitative and quantitative factors that may have a significant impact on the investee’s fair value. Qualitative analysis of its investments involves understanding the financial performance and near-term prospects of the investee, changes in general market conditions in the investee’s industry or geographic area, and the management and governance structure of the investee. Quantitative assessments of the fair value of its investments are developed using the market and income approaches. The market approach includes the use of comparable financial metrics of private and public companies and recent financing rounds. The income approach includes the use of a discounted cash flow model, which requires significant estimates regarding the investees’ revenue, costs, and discount rates. The Company’s assessment of these factors in determining whether an impairment exists could change in the future due to new developments or changes in applied assumptions.

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Other-Than-Temporary Impairment

The Company periodically reviews its non-marketable equity investments and equity method investments, with recognition in earnings when declines in value are considered other than temporary. the Company assesses the severity and duration of any impairment, along with qualitative and quantitative factors, such as the investee’s financial performance, adverse market or regulatory conditions, operational changes, or additional funding needs. Evidence of a loss in value might include the inability to recover the carrying amount of the investment or the investee’s failure to sustain earnings capacity to justify its valuation. Impairments deemed other than temporary are recorded in gains (losses) on equity investments, even if the decline exceeds the losses recognized under the equity method, where applicable.

Convertible Notes Payable

The Company accounts for convertible notes payable in accordance with ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options, and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, as applicable. Upon issuance, the Company evaluates whether the embedded conversion feature should be bifurcated as a derivative under ASC 815 or classified within equity under ASC 470-20. This assessment includes analyzing the terms of the conversion feature and determining if it requires separate accounting. If the conversion feature is classified as equity, the proceeds from the issuance are allocated between the debt and equity components. The debt component is recorded at its fair value, and the residual amount is allocated to equity. The debt component is carried at amortized cost, with any discount amortized to interest expense over the term of the note using the effective interest method. Upon conversion, the carrying amount of the debt is reclassified to equity, and no gain or loss is recognized. If the note is settled in cash, any difference between the carrying amount and the settlement amount is recognized in earnings.

Warrants

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s own common shares and whether the warrant holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of the Company’s control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the warrants are outstanding. The Company determined that upon further review of the warrant agreement, the Public Warrants issued pursuant to the warrant agreement qualify for equity accounting treatment.

For issued or modified warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of equity at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as liabilities at their initial fair value on the date of issuance, and each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants are recognized as a non-cash gain or loss on the statements of operations.

Research and Development Expenses

The Company accounts for the cost of using licensing rights in research and development cost according to ASC Topic 730-10-25-1. This guidance provides that absent alternative future uses the acquisition of product rights to be used in research and development activities must be charged to research and development expenses when incurred.

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The Company accounts for R&D costs in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 730, Research and Development (“ASC 730”). Research and development expenses are charged to expense as incurred unless there is an alternative future use in other research and development projects or otherwise. Research and development expenses are comprised of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including personnel-related costs, facilities-related overhead, and outside contracted services including clinical trial costs, manufacturing and process development costs for both clinical and preclinical materials, research costs, and other consulting services. Non-refundable advance payment for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made. In instances where the Company enters into agreements with third parties to provide research and development services, costs are expensed as services are performed.

Post-retirement and post-employment benefits

The Company’s subsidiaries in Taiwan adopted the government mandated defined contribution plan pursuant to the Labor Pension Act (the “Act”) in Taiwan. Such labor regulations require that the rate of contribution made by an employer to the Labor Pension Fund per month shall not be less than 6% of the worker’s monthly salaries. Pursuant to the Act, the Company makes monthly contribution equal to 6% of employees’ salaries to the employees’ pension fund. The Company has no legal obligation for the benefits beyond the contributions made. The total amounts for such employee benefits, which were expensed as incurred, were $11,642 and $10,314 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Other than the above, the Company does not provide any other post-retirement or post-employment benefits.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company measures expense associated with all employee stock-based compensation awards using a fair value method and recognizes such expense in the consolidated financial statements on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period in accordance with ASC Topic 718 “Compensation-Stock Compensation”.

Total director, officer, and employee stock-based compensation expenses were $0 and $1,935,755 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Total employee stock-based compensation expenses were $1,995,049 and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company accounted for stock-based compensation to non-employees in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718 “Compensation-Stock Compensation” and FASB ASC Topic 505-50 “Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees” which requires that the cost of services received from non-employees is measured at fair value at the earlier of the performance commitment date or the date service is completed and recognized over the period the service is provided.

Total non-employee stock-based compensation expenses were $48,773 for rent for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and $95,876 for consulting services for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Total non-employee stock-based compensation expenses were $506,583 and $185,933 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability approach which allows the recognition and measurement of deferred tax assets to be based upon the likelihood of realization of tax benefits in future years. Under the asset and liability approach, deferred taxes are provided for the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not these items will expire before the Company is able to realize their benefits, or future deductibility is uncertain.

Under ASC 740, a tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The evaluation of a tax position is a two-step process. The first step is to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of any related appeals or litigations based on the technical merits of that position. The second step is to measure a tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not threshold to determine the amount of benefits recognized in the financial statements. A tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Tax positions that previously failed to meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold should be recognized in the first subsequent period in which the threshold is met. Previously recognized tax positions that no longer meet the more-likely-than-not criteria should be de-recognized in the first subsequent financial reporting period in which the threshold is no longer satisfied. Penalties and interest incurred related to underpayment of income tax are classified as income tax expense in the year incurred. No significant penalty or interest relating to income taxes has been incurred for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. GAAP also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosures and transition.

Valuation of Deferred Tax Assets

A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the Company’s deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. In assessing the need for the valuation allowance, management considers, among other things, projections of future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. If the Company determines that sufficient negative evidence exists, then it will consider recording a valuation allowance against a portion or all of the deferred tax assets in that jurisdiction. If, after recording a valuation allowance, the Company’s projections of future taxable income and other positive evidence considered in evaluating the need for a valuation allowance prove, with the benefit of hindsight, to be inaccurate, it could prove to be more difficult to support the realization of its deferred tax assets. As a result, an additional valuation allowance could be required, which would have an adverse impact on its effective income tax rate and results. Conversely, if, after recording a valuation allowance, the Company determines that sufficient positive evidence exists in the jurisdiction in which the valuation allowance was recorded, it may reverse a portion or all of the valuation allowance in that jurisdiction. In such situations, the adjustment made to the deferred tax asset would have a favorable impact on its effective income tax rate and results in the period such determination was made.

Loss Per Share of Common Stock

The Company calculates net loss per share in accordance with ASC 260, “Earnings per Share”. Basic loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share is computed similar to basic loss per share except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the potential common stock equivalents had been issued and if the additional common shares were dilutive. Diluted earnings per share excludes all dilutive potential shares if their effect is anti-dilutive.

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Commitments and Contingencies

The Company has adopted ASC 450 “Contingencies” subtopic 20, in determining its accruals and disclosures with respect to loss contingencies. Accordingly, estimated losses from loss contingencies are accrued by a charge to income when information available before financial statements are issued or are available to be issued indicates that it is probable that an assets had been impaired or a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Legal expenses associated with the contingency are expensed as incurred. If a loss contingency is not probable or reasonably estimable, disclosure of the loss contingency is made in the financial statements when it is at least reasonably possible that a material loss could be incurred.

Foreign-currency Transactions

For the Company’s subsidiaries in Taiwan, the foreign-currency transactions are recorded in New Taiwan dollars (“NTD”) at the rates of exchange in effect when the transactions occur. Gains or losses resulting from the application of different foreign exchange rates when cash in foreign currency is converted into New Taiwan dollars, or when foreign-currency receivables or payables are settled, are credited or charged to income in the year of conversion or settlement. On the balance sheet dates, the balances of foreign-currency assets and liabilities are restated at the prevailing exchange rates and the resulting differences are charged to current income except for those foreign currencies denominated investments in shares of stock where such differences are accounted for as translation adjustments under the Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit).

Segment Reporting

ASC 280 “Segment Reporting” requires public companies to report financial and descriptive information about their reportable operating segments. The Company identifies the operating segments based on how the chief operating decision maker internally evaluates separate financial information, business activities and management responsibility.

The Company currently has one reportable segment.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-05, Business Combinations-Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60) which requires certain joint ventures to apply a new basis of accounting upon formation by recognizing and initially measuring most of their assets and liabilities at fair value. The guidance does not apply to joint ventures that may be proportionately consolidated and those that are collaborative arrangements. ASU 2023-05 is effective for joint venture with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025, early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the standard will have on its unaudited consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740). The ASU requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information on income taxes paid. The ASU is effective on a prospective basis for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is also permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. This ASU will likely result in the required additional disclosures being included in our consolidated financial statements once adopted.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). The ASU requires disclosure of specified information about certain costs and expenses. This includes purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization. The ASU is effective on a prospective or retrospective basis for annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting period beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. This ASU will likely result in the required additional disclosures being included in our consolidated financial statements once adopted.

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Estimates and Assumptions

In preparing our consolidated financial statements, we use estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures. Our estimates are often based on complex judgments, probabilities and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable, but that are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. We are also subject to other risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ from estimated amounts.

Results of Operations - Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 (Restated).

The following table presents, for the three months indicated, our unaudited consolidated statements of operations information.

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | March 31, 2024 |  |  | Increase (Decrease) |  |  | % |
Revenue |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,205 |  |  | $ | (1,205 | ) |  |  | -100 | %
Gross Profits |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 928 |  |  | $ | (928 | ) |  |  | -100 | %
Operating Expenses |  | $ | 693,005 |  |  | $ | 2,839,183 |  |  | $ | (2,146,178 | ) |  |  | -76 | %
Loss from Operations |  | $ | (693,005 | ) |  | $ | (2,838,255 | ) |  | $ | 2,145,250 |  |  |  | -76 | %
Other Income (Expense) |  | $ | (251,185 | ) |  | $ | (89,412 | ) |  | $ | (161,773 | ) |  |  | 181 | %
Interest (Expense), Net |  | $ | (203,896 | ) |  | $ | (177,627 | ) |  | $ | (26,269 | ) |  |  | 15 | %
Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | (944,190 | ) |  | $ | (2,927,667 | ) |  | $ | 1,983,477 |  |  |  | -68 | %

Revenues. We generated $0 and $1,205 in revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Besides assisting our licensees seeking for potential business opportunities and investors, the Company also is exploring other revenue streams, including the FDA application services which generated limited revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2024. For out-licensing agreements, please refer to the above collaborative agreements for details.

Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses have decreased by $2,146,178 or 76%, to $693,005 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 from $2,839,183 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Such a decrease in operating expenses was mainly attributable to the decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses.

Interest income (expense), net. Our net interest expense was $(203,896) for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to ($177,627) for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase in net interest expense of $26,269, or approximately 15%, was primarily due to the increase in recognition of interest expense for the converted notes for proper accounting purposes.

Other Expense. Our other expense was $251,185 for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to other expense of $89,412 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The change was principally caused by the increase in loss on equity investment, interest expense, and offsetting by decrease in gain on foreign exchanges in the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Net Loss. As a result of the above factors, our net loss was $944,190 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to $2,927,667 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, representing a decrease of $1,983,477, or 68%.

Asset Recognition and Investment Reclassification

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company recognized certain updates to its financial position. The Company recorded the acquisition of land located in Puli, Taiwan, with a carrying value of approximately $7.67 million, based on control obtained over the asset during the period. The Company intends to utilize the land for future development of its health-related business operations. In addition, amounts previously classified as "Due from Related Parties" were reclassified to "Long-Term Investments" to reflect the nature of the Company’s ongoing investment in Rgene Corporation. The reclassification was based on management’s ongoing evaluation of the investment’s expected holding period and strategic purpose, after entering into the convertible note loan in 2023. These changes increased total assets and stockholders’ equity as of March 31, 2025. Notwithstanding these improvements in the Company’s asset base, management continues to evaluate liquidity risks and is seeking to address working capital needs through operational activities and external financing options.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Working Capital

|  | As of March 31, 2025 |  |  | As of December 31, 2024 |
|  |  | (Unaudited) |  |  |  |  |
Current Assets |  | $ | 1,469,561 |  |  | $ | 2,179,815 |
Current Liabilities |  | $ | 6,730,739 |  |  | $ | 6,557,461 |
Working Capital (Deficit) |  | $ | (5,261,178 | ) |  | $ | (4,677,646 | )

Going Concern and Liquidity Consideration

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company reported net loss of $944,190. As of March 31, 2025, the Company’s working capital deficit was $5,261,178. In addition, the Company had net cash outflows of $539,833 from operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025. These conditions give rise to substantial doubt as to whether the Company will be able to continue as a going concern.

Management’s plan is to continue to improve operations to generate positive cash flows by 1) ensuring our cash consideration from our licensing agreements be fully collected soon, 2) raising additional capital through private or public offerings, 3) strictly controlling cash operating expenses, and 4) reducing debts and interest expense.

Notably, the Company has generated cash inflow and reduced a substantial amount of convertible debts during the first three months ended March 31, 2025, from $0.95 million to $0.84 million. We also reduced our outstanding warrants from 2.0 million shares to 1 million shares in three months ended March 31, 2025, receiving around $411,667 in cash. If the Company is not able to generate positive operating cash flows, and raise additional capital, there is the risk that the Company may not be able to meet its short-term obligations. Management is committed to enhancing operations to generate positive cash flows to meet our operation needs.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31 |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 (Restated) |  |  | Change |  |  | % |
Cash Flow Used In Operating Activities |  | $ | (539,833 | ) |  | $ | (955,816 | ) |  | $ | 415,983 |  |  |  | -44 | %
Cash Flow Used in Investing Activities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - | %
Cash Flow Provided by Financing Activities |  | $ | 428,756 |  |  | $ | 924,147 |  |  | $ | (495,391 | ) |  |  | -54 | %

Cash Flow from Operating Activities

During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the net cash used in operating activities were $539,833 and $955,816, respectively. The decrease was primarily due to the decrease in operating expenses. Company has been strictly controlling the operating cash outflow, such as making certain payments with shares in lieu of cash, extending vendors’ payment terms, and other initiatives to save the cash burn.

Cash Flow from Investing Activities

During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the net cash used in investing activities were $0 and $0 respectively. The Company does not plan to make further cash investment with cash in the near future.

Cash Flow from Financing Activities

During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the net cash provided by financing activities were $428,756 and $924,147, respectively. The decrease in net cash provided by financing activities were primarily due to the proceeds from issuance of convertible notes, Lind’s exercise of warrants, and less short-term funding from our related parties.

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Results of Operations - Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023.

|  | Year Ended December 31 |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 (Restated) |  |  | Increase / (Decrease) |  |  | % |
Revenue |  | $ | 509,589 |  |  | $ | 152,430 |  |  | $ | 357,159 |  |  |  | 234 | %
Gross Profit |  | $ | 508,826 |  |  | $ | (149,607 | ) |  | $ | 658,433 |  |  |  | -440 | %
Operating Expenses |  | $ | 5,214,068 |  |  | $ | 6,617,127 |  |  | $ | (1,403,059 | ) |  |  | -21 | %
Loss from Operations |  | $ | (4,705,242 | ) |  | $ | (6,766,734 | ) |  | $ | 2,061,492 |  |  |  | -30 | %
Other (Expense), Net |  | $ | (664,334 | ) |  | $ | (1,258,104 | ) |  | $ | 593,770 |  |  |  | -47 | %
Interest (Expense), Net |  | $ | (738,541 | ) |  | $ | (1,128,190 | ) |  | $ | 389,649 |  |  |  | -35 | %
Net (Loss) |  | $ | (5,259,037 | ) |  | $ | (8,280,844 | ) |  | $ | 3,021,807 |  |  |  | -36 | %

Revenues. We generated $509,589 and $152,430 in revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase of $357,159, or approximately 234%, was primarily caused by outlicensing our intellectual properties completed in 2024, comparing to certain CDOM service provided in 2023.

Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses were $5,214,068 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $6,617,127 for the year ended December 31, 2023. Such decrease in operating expenses was mainly attributable to the decreased in selling, general and administrative expenses, decreased in research and development expenses, but offset by increasing in stock-based compensation expenses. We have been focusing our cost control initiatives to reduce to cash burns, with payments made with our restricted stocks.

Other Expense, Net. Other expense was $664,334 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to other expense of $1,258,104 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The change was principally caused by the decrease in interest expense, mainly from the convertible notes payable (pay off the 1st Lind Note and monthly repayment of 2nd Lind Note), while being offset by increase in loss on investment in equity securities for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Interest Income (Expense), Net, was $(738,541) for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $(1,128,190) for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease of $389,649 (or approximately 35%, was primarily due to the decrease in interest expense related to recognition of less interest expense for the converted notes for proper accounting purpose.

Net Loss. The net loss was $5,259,037 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $8,280,844 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company reduce its net loss by $3,021,807 or approximately 36% during the year ended December 31, 2024, through more cost efficient funding resources and discontinuing certain consulting services.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Working Capital

|  | As of December 31, 2024 |  |  | As of December 31, 2023 (Restated) |
Current Assets |  | $ | 2,179,815 |  |  | $ | 1,656,709 |
Current Liabilities |  | $ | 6,557,461 |  |  | $ | 6,101,889 |
Working Deficit |  | $ | (4,377,646 | ) |  | $ | (4,445,180 | )

|  | Year Ended December 31 |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 (Restated) |  |  | Change |  |  | % |
Cash Flow Used In Operating Activities |  | $ | (1,809,145 | ) |  | $ | (4,186,848 | ) |  | $ | 2,377,703 |  |  |  | -57 | %
Cash Flow Used in Investing Activities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (360,186 | ) |  | $ | 360,186 |  |  |  | -100 | %
Cash Flow Provided by Financing Activities |  | $ | 1,980,769 |  |  | $ | 3,869,961 |  |  | $ | (1,889,192 | ) |  |  | -49 | %

Cash Flow from Operating Activities

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the net cash used in operating activities were $1,809,145 and $4,186,848, respectively. The decrease in the amount of outflow $2,377,703 was primarily due to the increased in stock-based compensation as a payment for certain operating expenses, reduced in provision of credit losses, and increased in due to related parties.

Cash Flow from Investing Activities

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the net cash used in investing activities were $0 and $360,186, respectively. The decrease in the amount of $360,186 was primarily due to the decrease in prepayment for equity investment and purchase of equipment, while being offset by the increase in prepayment for long-term investments during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Cash Flow from Financing Activities

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the net cash provided by financing activities were $1,980,769 and $3,869,961, respectively. The Company’s financing activities in year 2024 are mainly focusing on reducing our debt and interest burden, while initiating certain fund raising activities through our subsidiary, AiBtl. During the year, we only sold the 3rd convertible note to Lind but paid off the 1st Lind Note and 2/3 of the 2nd Lind Note. We also issued certain common stock warrants as part of our financing activities in 2024. Comparing to 2023, we mainly relied on Lind Notes and warrants as our financing resource. We are on the process to reduce the reliance to the private equity funding as our out-licensing activities have remarkable breakthrough in 2024.

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BUSINESS

Industry Overview

The biotechnology industry focuses on developing breakthrough products and technologies to combat various types of diseases through efficient industrial manufacturing process. Biotechnology is an important business sector in the world’s economies and plays a key role in human health. Companies engaged in biotechnology generally require large amounts of capital investment for their research & development activities and it may take up to tens of years to develop and commercialize a new drug or a new medical device. ABVC (“we” or the “Company”) is an early stage biotechnology company with a pipeline of seven new drugs and one medical device under development, all of which are licensed from related parties of the Company.

Our Mission

We devote our resources to building a sophisticated biotech company and becoming a pioneer in the biopharmaceutical industry. Dr. Uttam Patil, our Chief Executive Officer, and Dr. Tsung-Shann Jiang, the founder and majority shareholder of the Company, understand the challenges and opportunities of the biotech industry and intend to provide therapeutic solutions to significant unmet medical needs and to improve health and quality of human life by developing innovative botanical drugs to treat central nervous system (“CNS”) and oncology/ hematology diseases.

Business Overview

As of the date hereof, the Company’s minimal revenue has come from the sale of CDMO services through BioKey. However, the Company’s focus is on developing a pipeline of products by carefully tracking new medical discoveries or medical device technologies in research institutions in the Asia-Pacific region. Pre-clinical, disease animal model and Phase I safety studies are examined closely by the Company’s scientists and other specialists known to the Company to identify drugs or medical devices that it believes demonstrate efficacy and safety based on the Company’s internal qualifications. Once a drug or medical device is shown to be a good candidate for further development and ultimately commercialization, ABVC licenses the drug or medical device from the original researchers and introduces the drug or medical device clinical trial plan to highly respected principal investigators in the United States, Australia and Taiwan. In almost all cases, ABVC has found that research institutions in each of those countries are eager to work with the Company to move forward with Phase II clinical trials.

Institutions that have or are now conducting phase II clinical trials in partnership with ABVC include:

| ● | Drug: ABV-1504, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Phase II completed. NCE drug Principal Investigators: Charles DeBattista M.D. and Alan F. Schatzberg, MD, Stanford University Medical Center, Cheng-Ta Li, MD, Ph.D - Taipei Veterans General Hospital

| ● | Drug: ABV-1505, Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Phase II Part 1 completed. Principal Investigators: Keith McBurnett, Ph.D. and Linda Pfiffner, Ph.D., University of California San Francisco (UCSF), School of Medicine. Phase II, Part 2 clinical study sites includes UCSF and 5 locations in Taiwan.The Principal Investigators are Keith McBurnett, Ph.D. and Linda Pfiffner, Ph.D., University of California San Francisco (UCSF), School of Medicine; Susan Shur-Fen Gau, M.D., National Taiwan University Hospital; Xinzhang Ni, M.D. Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Wenjun Xhou, M.D., Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Ton-Ping Su, M.D., Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Cheng-Ta Li, M.D., Taipei Veterans General Hospital. The Phase II, Part 2 began in the 1st quarter of 2022 at the 5 Taiwan sites. The UCSF site joined the study in the 2nd quarter of 2023. The subjects enrolled in the study has reached the number for interim analysis in 2023 December, and the interim analysis of the study is in progress.

| ● | Drug: ABV-1601, Major Depression in Cancer Patients, Phase I/II, NCE drug Principal Investigator: Scott Irwin, MD, Ph.D. - Cedars Sinai Medical Center (CSMC). The Phase I clinical study will be initiated around the end of 2025.

| ● | Medical Device: ABV-1701, Vitargus® in vitrectomy surgery, Phase II Study has been initiated in Australia and Thailand, Principal Investigator: Duangnate Rojanaporn, M.D., Ramathibodi Hospital; Thuss Sanguansak, M.D., Srinagarind Hospital of the two Thailand Sites and Professor/Dr. Matthew Simunovic, Sydney Eye Hospital; Dr. Elvis Ojaimi, East Melbourne Eye Group & East Melbourne Retina. The Phase II study started in the 2nd quarter of 2023, and the company is working on improvements to the Vitargus Product through the new batch of investigational product.

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The following trials are expected to begin in the third quarter of 2024:

| ● | Drug: ABV-1519, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer treatment, Phase I/II Study in Taiwan, Principal Investigator: Dr. Yung-Hung Luo, M.D., Taipei Veterans General Hospital (TVGH)

| ● | Drug: ABV-1703, Advanced Inoperable or Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer, Phase II, Principal Investigator: Andrew E. Hendifar, MD - Cedars Sinai Medical Center (CSMC)

Upon completing a Phase II trial, ABVC will seek a partner, typically a large pharmaceutical company, to complete a Phase III study and commercialize the drug or medical device upon approval by the US FDA, Taiwan TFDA and other country regulatory authorities.

GMP Manufacturing

ABVC owns a certified GMP manufacturing facility, through BioKey, that is qualified to deliver small quantities of drugs for use by its clients in clinical trials from Phase I to Phase III. The GMP facility can manufacture direct API or blend fill-in capsules, manual and automated encapsulation, wet granulation or tray drying process, tablet compression and coating process, packaging solid dosage forms for ANDA and IND submission.

The BioKey facility consists of a GMP suite, product development area, analytical laboratory, food processing area, caged GMP storage area, receiving area and two warehouses. The facility was remodeled in December 2008 and received its first drug manufacturing license in June 2009. ABVC’s current drug manufacturing license allows it to manufacture drug products under IND for human clinical trials until the expiration of the license on December 2, 2024. The renewal of licenses is in progress.

In 2022, BioKey began manufacturing a dietary supplement based on the maitake mushroom. The mushrooms, supplied by Shogun Maitake Canada, Co. Ltd., are grown in a controlled temperature and humid environment free of pesticides and chemicals. Initially, sales of the new supplement in the US and Canada will be targeted to high end grocery stores and worldwide via online distribution. While there are many mushroom-based supplements currently available to customers, BioKey believes its new line has a significant competitive advantage since the purity and consistency of the mushrooms themselves exceeds any maitake mushrooms currently available and the extraction process employed by BioKey delivers a particularly strong dose. The maitake mushroom is rich in bioactive polysaccharides, especially beta-glucans. These polysaccharides have well-documented immune-protecting and antitumor properties. BioKey has developed both a tablet and a liquid version of the supplement. GMP manufacturing of bulk quantities Maitake mushroom tablets and Maitake mushroom drinks were completed in 2 and 1 batches respectively for commercial launches in Taiwan and Canada in 2022.

Beta-glucans in maitake mushrooms has been shown to reduce cholesterol, resulting in improved artery functionality and overall better cardiovascular health that lowers the risk of heart disease. Further, studies have shown that the beta-glucans in maitake mushroom have the effect of strengthening the immune system1. In a trial of postmenopausal breast cancer patients, oral administration of a maitake extract was shown to have immunomodulatory effects. In a different trial done at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, maitake extracts were shown to enhance neutrophil and monocyte function in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. It boosts production of lymphokines (protein mediators) and interleukins (secreted proteins) resulting in improved immune response. Further, beta-glucans, has been shown in clinical trials to lower blood glucose levels thereby helping to activate insulin receptors, while reducing insulin resistance in diabetes management.

BioKey has entered into a three-year distribution agreement with Define Biotech Co. Ltd., a Taiwan-based pharmaceutical marketing company that focuses on sales of drugs, dietary supplements and medical products in the Asia-Pacific region. The agreement grants Define Biotech the exclusive right to distribute this new dietary supplement in China and Taiwan in exchange for the commitment to purchase $3.0 million worth of the new product over the three-year period. Renewal of the contract is under negotiation.

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NASDAQ Listing

On May 24, 2023, we received a deficiency letter from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department (the “Staff”) of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that it is not currently in compliance with the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement, or the alternatives of market value of listed securities or net income from continuing operations, for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market. Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) requires listed companies to maintain stockholders’ equity of at least $2,500,000, and the Company’s stockholders’ equity was $1,734,507 as of March 31, 2023. In accordance with Nasdaq rules, the Company had 45 calendar days, or until July 10, 2023, to submit a plan to regain compliance. After submitting a plan to regain compliance, on July 10, 2023,Nasdaq granted the Company an extension until August 30, 20203, to comply with Listing Rule 5550(b)(1). On July 31, 2023, the Company issued 300,000 shares of Common Stock and 200,000 pre-funded warrants, at an exercise price of $0.01 per share, in a registered direct offering. Pursuant to this transaction, the stockholders’ equity was increased by $1.75M. On August 1, 2023, $500,000 of Notes were converted at $3.50 per share and the holder received 142,857 shares of Common Stock. As a result of this conversion, the stockholders’ equity was increased by $0.5M. Additionally, on August 14, 2023, the Company entered into a cooperation agreement with Zhonghui United Technology (Chengdu) Group Co., Ltd., pursuant to which the Company acquired a 20% ownership of certain property and a parcel of the land owned by Zhonghui in exchange for an aggregate of 370,000 shares of Common Stock. Accordingly, stockholders’ equity increased by $7.4M. On February 23, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Lind, pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note in the principal amount of $3,704,167 (the “Lind Offering”), for a purchase price of $3,175,000 (the “Lind Note”), that is convertible into shares of Common Stock at an initial conversion price of $1.05 per share, subject to adjustment. On August 24, 2023, the Company started repaying Lind the monthly installments due under the Lind Notes; $308,000 was repaid via the issuance of 176,678 shares of Common Stock (the “Monthly Shares”) at the Redemption Share Price (as defined in the Lind Note) of $1.698 per share. Pursuant to the terms of the Lind Note, Lind increased the amount of the next monthly payment to one million dollars, such that as of September and together with the Monthly Shares, the Company repaid Lind a total of $1M by September 2023. As a result, the stockholders’ equity increased by an additional $1M. As a result of the four transactions referenced above, the Company’ estimated that its stockholders’ equity would increase by approximately $10.65M. On September 6, 2023, Nasdaq issued a letter that the Company is in compliance with Rule 5550(b)(1), but noted that if at the time of the Company’s next periodic report the Company does not evidence compliance, it may be subject to delisting.

On July 10, 2024, we received a notification letter from the Nasdaq notifying the Company that the minimum bid price per share for its common shares has been below $1.00 for a period of 30 consecutive business days and the Company therefore no longer meets the minimum bid price requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). The notification received has no immediate effect on the listing of the Company’s common stock on Nasdaq. Under the Nasdaq Listing Rules, the Company has until January 6, 2025, to regain compliance. On January 9, 2025, the Company received a notification from Nasdaq granting the Company an additional 180 days, until July 7, 2025, to meet the minimum bid price requirement of $1.00 per share, as outlined in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Rule”). To satisfy the Rule, the Company’s common stock must achieve a closing bid price of at least $1.00 for a minimum of ten consecutive trading days within this extension period; if successful, Nasdaq will confirm compliance with the Rule and close this matter. If compliance is not achieved by the new deadline, Nasdaq may initiate delisting procedures, which the Company would have the right to appeal.

On April 24, 2025, we received a letter from the listing qualifications staff (the “Staff”) of Nasdaq informing us that, as reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, because our stockholders’ equity was $723,959, as of April 23, 2025, we did not meet the alternatives of market value of listed securities or net income from continuing operations, and we no longer comply with Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) (the “Rule 5550”).

We have 45 calendar days to submit a plan to the Staff to regain compliance. If our plan is accepted, we may be granted an extension of up to 180 calendar days from the date of the letter, or until October 21, 2025, to evidence compliance.

In determining whether to accept our plan, the Staff will consider such things as the likelihood that the plan will result in compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing criteria, our past compliance history, the reasons for our current non-compliance, other corporate events that may occur within our review period, our overall financial condition, and our public disclosures. If the Staff does not accept our plan, we will have the opportunity to appeal that decision to a Hearings Panel.

The Nasdaq notification has no immediate effect on the listing of our Common Stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market. We intend to actively monitor our stockholders’ equity and will consider options available to us to achieve compliance with Rule 5550. There can be no assurance that we will be able to regain compliance with the Listing Rule or will otherwise be in compliance with the other listing standards for the Nasdaq Capital Market.

If our Common Stock ultimately were to be delisted for any reason, it could negatively impact us by (i) reducing the liquidity and market price of our Common Stock; (ii) reducing the number of investors willing to hold or acquire our Common Stock; (ii) limiting our ability to use a registration statement to offer and sell freely tradable securities, thereby preventing us from accessing the public capital markets; and (iv) impairing our ability to provide equity incentives to our employees.

On April 30, 2025, the Company reported that it received a letter from the listing qualifications staff (the “Staff”) of Nasdaq informing it that, as reported in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, because its stockholders’ equity was $723,959, as of April 23, 2025, the Company did not meet the alternatives of market value of listed securities or net income from continuing operations, and it no longer comply with Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) (the “Listing Rule”).

On May 5, 2025, the Company received a notification letter (the “Notification Letter”) from Nasdaq notifying the Company that the Staff has determined that based on the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, which evidenced stockholders’ equity of $7,956,295, the Company complies with the Listing Rule and the matter is closed.

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Our Pipeline

I. | Central Nervous System

| 1. | ABV-1504 to treat Major Depressive Disorder (“MDD”)

We are developing and researching ABV-1504, a botanical reuptake inhibitor that targets norepinephrine. Prior to clinical trials, we conducted radioligand-binding assay tests on ABV-1504. Radioligand-binding assays are used to characterize the binding effects of a drug to its target receptor. In the case of ABV-1504, the receptors of radioligand-binding assays are norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin. The radioligand-binding assay test on norepinephrine was conducted from May 3 to May 8, 2007 and the radioligand-binding assay test on dopamine and serotonin was administered from November 26 to December 5, 2007. The result of radioligand-binding assay to norepinephrine of ABV-1504was 2.102 μg/ml of IC50, which indicated ABV-1504’s high inhibitory efficiency on norepinephrine. The results of radioligand-binding assay to dopamine and serotonin were not as good as to norepinephrine, which indicated lower inhibitory efficiency. Because research has shown that norepinephrine inhibitors can alleviate the level of depression, our research team saw ABV-1504’s potential to treat depression and decided to commence the clinical trial process of ABV-1504.

In 2013, ABVC successfully completed the Phase I clinical trial of ABV-1504. The primary objective of the Phase I study was to assess the safety profile of ABV-1504. The safety endpoint was assessed based on the results of physical examinations, vital signs, laboratory data, electrocardiograms (“ECG”), Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale evaluation and a number of adverse events during the study period. We began recruiting healthy people as subjects for the Phase I trial in Taiwan on October 30, 2012. For the Phase I trial, we screened 85 healthy volunteers at the Taipei Veterans General Hospital and eventually enrolled 30 people as trial subjects. We divided the subjects into four cohort groups and administered ABV-1504oral capsules of 380 mg, 1140 mg, 2280 mg, and 3800 mg to the subjects in each cohort group, respectively. BioLite visited the first subject the first time on November 13, 2012 and the last subject the last time on July 5, 2013. During the said period, no subject had a serious adverse event nor discontinued the trial due to any adverse events. ABVC did not observe any clinically significant findings in physical examinations, vital signs, electrocardiogram, laboratory measurements, and C-SSRS throughout the treatment period. However, ABVC observed the following mild adverse events: two subjects with flatulence and one subject with constipation in the single-dose 380mg cohort of seven subjects; one subject with somnolence and one subject with stomatitis ulcer in the single-dose 2,280 mg cohort. Comparatively, two subjects with somnolence and one subject with stomatitis ulcer were observed in the placebo group of seven subjects. ABVC did not observe any suicidal ideation or behavior throughout the trial period. ABV-1504’s Phase I clinical trial results reflected that the oral administration of ABV-1504 to healthy volunteers was safe and well-tolerated at the dose levels of from 380 mg to 3,800 mg.

ABVC received an IND approval to proceed with the Phase II clinical trial of ABV-1504 from the F.D.A. in March 2014 and an IND approval of its Phase II trial from the Taiwan F.D.A. in June 2014. For the Phase II trial, BioLite administered oral capsules to 72 MDD patients (the trial subjects) in a randomized, double-blind study with a placebo control group to assess ABV-1504’s efficacy and safety profile, primarily in accordance with the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (“MADRS”). ABVC via BioLite began recruiting Phase II subjects in March 2015 at the following study sites, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei City Hospital-Songde Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, Wan Fang Hospital and started recruiting MDD patients at Stanford Depression Research Clinic. The first five sites are in Taiwan and the last one is in the United States. The primary endpoint of the Phase II trial is to see changes of the subjects’ MADRS total scores from the baseline scores of the placebo subjects within the first six weeks. The secondary objectives of the Phase II trial are to evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of ABV-1504 on other rating scales with secondary endpoints of (i) demonstrating changes in MADRS total scores from baseline scores within the second to seventh weeks and (ii) showing changes in the total scores on Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D-17), Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A), Depression and Somatic Symptoms Scale (DSSS), Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) from the baseline scores in the second, fourth, sixth and seventh week. ABVC plans to measure the percentages of partial responders (subjects with a 25% to 50% decrease of total MADRS scores from the baseline score) and responders (subjects with 50% or more decrease of total MADRS scores from the baseline score) by the second, fourth, sixth and seventh week. Additionally, ABVC intends to monitor the subjects’ performance in accordance with the Safety Assessments and Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale from the screening stage to each subject’s last visit as well as to analyze the differences in the mean changes of MADRS, HAM-D-17, HAM-A, DSSS, CGI and Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale scores of the subjects administered with ABV-1504 and the placebo group in the second, fourth, sixth and seventh week.

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On May 23, 2019, the Company announced the Phase II clinical study results of ABV-1504. The clinical study results showed that PDC-1421, the active pharmaceutical ingredient of ABV-1504, met the pre-specified primary endpoint of the Phase II clinical trial and significantly improved the symptoms of MDD. The Phase II clinical study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center trial, in which sixty (60) adult patients with confirmed moderate to severe MDD were treated with PDC-1421 in either low dose (380 mg) or high dose (2 x 380 mg) compared with placebo administration, three times a day for six weeks. PDC-1421 high dose (2 x 380 mg) met the pre-specified primary endpoint by demonstrating a highly significant 13.2-point reduction in the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score by Intention-To-Treat (ITT) analysis, averaged over the 6-week treatment period (overall treatment effect) from baseline, as compared to 9.2-point reduction of the placebo group. By Per-Protocol (PP) analysis, PDC-1421 showed a dose dependent efficacy toward MDD in which high dose (2 x 380 mg) gave 13.4-point reduction in MADRS total score from baseline and low dose (380 mg) gave 10.4-point reduction as compared to a 8.6-point in the placebo group. Based on the trial results as set forth above, the Company has decided to use the high dose formula for ABV-1504’s Phase III clinical trial.

| 2. | ABV-1505 to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (“ADHD”)

We developed the ADHD indication from the same API of ABV-1504. Also, ABV-1505 shares similar pharmaceutical mechanism of action as ABV-1504 in as much as ABV-1505 shows the potential of increasing the level of norepinephrine in the human’s nervous system by inhibiting its reabsorption. Because of ABV-1505’s sufficient similarity with ABV-1504, in January 2016 the FDA approved our IND application to conduct ABV-1505’s Phase II clinical trial based on its preclinical research and the Phase I trial results of ABV-1504.

For the ADHD Phase II trial, ABVC plans to recruit a maximum of 105 ADHD patients as trial subjects in the United States and Taiwan, to whom ABVC intends to administer ABV-1505 oral capsules. ABVC has designed a randomized, double-blind dose escalation study with a placebo-controlled group to assess the efficacy and safety profile of ABV-1505, primarily against the ADHD Rating Scale-IV (“ADHD-RS-IV”). The primary endpoint of the Phase II trial is a 40% or higher improvement on the ADHD-RS-IV from the respective baseline scores within a period of up to eight weeks. The secondary objective is to determine the efficacy and safety profile of ABV-1505 on other rating scales with secondary endpoints of (i) improvements of the total ADHD symptom scores from the respective baseline scores on the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Self Report: Short Version (“CAARS-S:S”) 18-Item for a treatment period of eight weeks at maximum; and (ii) achievement of scores of two or lower on both the Clinical Global Impression-ADHD- Severity (“CGI-ADHD-S”) and Clinical Global Impression-ADHD-Improvement (“CGI-ADHD-I”) from the subjects’ respective baseline scores. The University of California San Francisco (“UCSF”) initiated the Phase II, Part 1 clinical trial entitled “A Phase II Tolerability and Efficacy Study of PDC-1421 Treatment in Adult Patients with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Part I, on January 14, 2020. The Part 1 trial is a single center, open label, dose escalation evaluation with two dosage levels in six subjects. Six subjects were initially evaluated for safety and efficacy assessments at low-dose (1 capsule of PDC-1421, three times a day (TID)) for 28 days. A safety checkpoint was evaluated at day-28 for entering the high-dose (2 capsules TID). The subjects who passed the checkpoint were evaluated for safety and efficacy assessments at high-dose (2 capsules of PDC-1421 TID) for 28 days. On July 15, 2020, the last patient last visit (LPLV) marked the final step toward the completion of the ABV-1505 Phase II Part I clinical trial for the treatment of adult ADHD. On October 24, 2020, a full clinical study report (CSR) of ABV-1505 Phase II Part I clinical trial was issued. The study results showed that the PDC-1421 Capsule was safe, well tolerated and efficacious during its treatment and the follow-up period with six adult patients. For the primary endpoints, the percentages of improvement in ADHD-RS-IV score from baseline to 8 weeks treatment were 83.3% (N=5) in the ITT population and 80.0% (N=4) in the PP population. Both low and high doses of PDC-1421 Capsule met the primary end points by passing the required 40% population in ADHD-RS-IV test scores. Overall, the results from this study, which demonstrate the therapeutic value of PDC-1421, support further Phase II Part II clinical development of ABV-1505 for the treatment of adult ADHD.

The Phase II Part II study with its clinical protocol entitled “A Phase II Tolerability and Efficacy Study of PDC-1421 Treatment in Adult Patients with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Part II” is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel three-groups with a maximum 99 subjects to be enrolled. This study was started at five Taiwan medical centers beginning in April 2022. The University of California, San Francisco site was initiated in the 2nd quarter of 2023. The subjects enrolled in the study has reached the number for interim analysis (69 subjects) in 2023 December, and the interim analysis of the study is now in progress.

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| 3. | ABV-1601 to treat Depression in Cancer Patients

We developed a treatment for depression in cancer patient from the same active pharmaceutical ingredients as ABV-1504. ABV-1601 shares similar pharmaceutical mechanisms of action as ABV-1504 in that ABV-1601 shows the potential of increasing the level of norepinephrine in the human nervous system by inhibiting its reabsorption. Due to ABV-1601’s similarity with ABV-1504, the FDA approved our ABV-1601-001 clinical protocol under the same IND as for ABV-1504 (IND 112567) in December 2018.

For the Phase II trial of ABV-1601, ABVC plans to recruit a maximum number of 54 cancer patients with depression, to whom ABVC intends to administer ABV-1601 oral capsules. ABVC is engaging the Principal Investigator at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in the U.S. which designed a randomized, double-blind dose escalation study with a comparator-controlled group to assess the efficacy and safety profile of ABV-1601, primarily against Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score. The primary endpoint of the Phase II trial is a change in MADRS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), subscales (HADS-A and HADS-D), and Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) total scores from baseline in patients taking PDC-1421 compared to the comparator. As of the date hereof, the Part I of Phase II clinical protocol, which is an open trial, has been approved by Cedars-Sinai Medical Center IRB Committee. This study will be initiated around the end of 2025.

II. | Oncology

| 1. | ABV-1702 to treat Myelodysplastic Syndrome (“MDS”)

ABVC started the preparation for ABV-1702’s Phase II clinical trials after receiving its IND approval from the FDA in July 2016. ABVC plans to recruit fifty-two subjects in the United States who are diagnosed with either IPSS int-1, IPSS int-2 or high risk MDS or CMML and may take azacitidine as part of the subjects’ prescription. Azacitidine is an FDA-approved drug used to treat MDS. ABVC intends to administer ABV-1702 in the oral liquid form along with azacitidine. The Phase II trial is divided into two parts, where Part 1 is to determine the safety and recommended dose level (“RDL”) of ABV-1702 in combination with azacitidine and Part 2 is to determine whether ABV-1702 under the established RDL reduces bactericidal and fungicidal infection in the subjects’ respiratory systems. The primary endpoint of Part 1 Phase II trial is to assess the safety and RDL profile of ABV-1702 administered with azacitidine by measuring ABV-1702’s prohibited toxicity. The secondary endpoints of Phase II Part 1 are to determine the safety, time-to-first infection after first dose (Day 1) of the first azacitidine treatment cycle, reduction in treatment requirements and duration of infections, enhancement of immune responses, improvements of response rates, progression, and survival rates of the subjects under such ABV-1702 - azacitidine combination treatment. The primary endpoint of Part 2 of Phase II is to determine whether ABV-1702 under the established RDL reduces bactericidal and fungicidal infection risks in the subjects’ respiratory systems in combination with azacitidine as compared to the control group with incidence of infections and incidence/frequency of inpatient hospitalization due to infections. The secondary endpoints of Part 2 of Phase II are to determine the safety, time-to-first infection after first dose (Day 1) of the first azacitidine treatment cycle, reduction in required dosage and duration of infection, enhancement of immune responses, improvement of response rate, progression, and survival rates of the subjects under the trial conditions. In April 2016, BioLite submitted a letter to the FDA in response to its queries with additional information about the proposed Phase II trial.

The Company expects to begin Phase II clinical trials of ABV-1702 in the fourth quarter of 2025 and is actively looking for qualified principal investigators and an appropriate site for the study and therefore the timing cannot be guaranteed.

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| 2. | ABV-1703 to treat Pancreatic Cancer

ABVC developed a new indication for Pancreatic Cancer from Maitake Extract, which is named as ABV-1703 and out licensed it to Rgene for the preparation of its IND application with the FDA. On August 25, 2017, ABV-1703’s Phase II trial was approved by FDA. Pursuant to the ABVC-Rgene Co-development Agreement, ABVC is responsible for coordinating and conducting the clinical trials of ABV-1703 globally and Rgene is responsible for preparing the related FDA applications. As of the date hereof, we are engaging Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in the U.S. to conduct the Phase II clinical trial and plan to initiate the Phase II trial in 2025. We plan to submit ABV-1703’s Phase II clinical trial IND to the Taiwan FDA after we commence the clinical trials in the United States.

| 3. | ABV- 1501 Triple Negative Breast Cancer - Combination therapy for Triple Negative Breast Cancer (“TNBC”)

| ● | ABV- 1501 is developed from BLI-1401-2 whose active pharmaceutical ingredient is Yukiguni Maitake Extract 404. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (“MSKCC”) conducted the Phase I clinical trial of a polysaccharide extract from Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom), which is very similar to Yukiguni Maitake Extract 404. The Phase I trial focused on Grifola frondosa extract’s immunological effects on breast cancer patients. The results of the Phase I trial showed that oral administration of a polysaccharide extract from Maitake mushroom is associated with both immunologically stimulatory and inhibitory measurable effects in peripheral blood.

| ● | Our ABV-1501 Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application to the US FDA for the Phase II clinical trials referencing the MSKCC maitake research resulted in a Phase II IND approval in March of 2016 by the U.S. FDA.

| ● | The collaboration with BHK to file clinical trial application to the Taiwan FDA (“TFDA”) for conducting this combination therapy trial in Taiwan was temporarily put on hold due to the lack of funding.

Our Collaborative Agreements

| I. | ABV-1701 Vitreous Substitute for Vitrectomy and Collaboration Agreement with BioFirst

On July 24, 2017, BriVision, one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries entered into a collaboration agreement (the “BioFirst Agreement”) with BioFirst, pursuant to which BioFirst granted BriVision the global license to co-develop BFC-1401 Vitreous Substitute for Vitrectomy (“BFC-1401”) for medical purposes. BioFirst is a related party to the Company because BioFirst and YuanGene Corporation (“YuanGene”), the Company’s controlling shareholder, are under common control, being both controlled by the controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene.

According to the BioFirst Agreement, we are to co-develop and commercialize BFC-1401 or ABV-1701 with BioFirst and are obligated to pay BioFirst $3,000,000 (the “Total Payment”) in cash or common stock of BriVision on or before September 30, 2018 in two installments. An upfront payment of $300,000, representing 10% of the Total Payment due under the Collaboration Agreement, was to be paid upon execution of the BioFirst Agreement. BriVision is entitled to receive 50% of the future net licensing income or net sales profit when ABV-1701 is sublicensed or commercialized. On June 30, 2019, the Company and BioFirst entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company will issue 428,571 shares of the Company’s common stock to BioFirst in consideration for $3,000,000 owed by the Company to BioFirst in connection with the BioFirst Collaborative Agreement. For more information about the BioFirst Agreement and Purchase Agreement, please refer to the current reports on Form 8-K filed on July 24, 2017 and July 12, 2019.

On November 7, 2016, the application of Phase I clinical trial prepared and submitted by BioFirst was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee, Australia (“HREC”), and on November 14, 2016, it was approved by the Therapeutic Goods Administration, Australia (“TGA”).

We successfully finished the Phase I clinical trial of ABV-1701 at Sydney Retina Clinic and Day Surgery, a clinic located in Sydney, Australia. This was the only site for this Phase I clinical trial. The trial started on November 17, 2016, and was completed with positive results in July 2018. The Protocol Title is “A Phase I, single center, safety and tolerability study of Vitargus in the treatment of Retinal Detachment.”

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The primary endpoint of this Phase I clinical trial was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a single intravitreal dose of Vitargus in patients as a vitreous substitute during vitrectomy surgery for retinal detachment. Intravitreal is a route of administration of a drug or other substance, in which the substance is delivered into the eyes. The secondary endpoint of this Phase I clinical trial is to assess retinal attachment and Virtagus degradation at day 90 and to assess best corrected visual acuity (“BVCA”) after vitrectomy surgery. BVCA refers to the best possible vision a person can achieve. The primary and second endpoints are required by HREC for the purpose of evaluation of our Phase I clinical trial application. We enrolled an aggregate number of 10 patient subjects in this trial. On November 17, 2016, we received the approval from the Data and Safety Monitoring Board for the first subject, and nine more subjects were enrolled thereafter. In this trial, Vitargus was injected into the vitreous cavity of vitrectomised eyes, whose vitreous gel was removed from the vitreous cavity after a vitrectomy surgery. On August 24, 2020, a full clinical study report (CSR) of ABV-1701 Phase I clinical trial was issued. The study results showed that ABV-1701 (Vitargus) was well-tolerated as a vitreous substitute without any apparent toxicity to ocular tissues. Further, there was no indication of an increased overall safety risk with Vitargus. For efficacy, participants showed significant improvement in visual acuity. The optical properties of Vitargus allowed the patients to see well and facilitated visualisation of the fundus immediately following surgery. In addition, since Vitargus set as a stable semisolid gel adhering to the retina, it maintained its position without requiring the patient to remain face-down following surgery.

ABV-1701, Vitargus® in vitrectomy surgery, Phase II Study was started in the 2nd quarter of 2023. Four (4) study sites in Australia and Thailand join this multi-nation and multi-site clinical study. The company is working on improvements to the Vitargus Product through the new batch of investigational product.

II. | Co-development Agreement with Rgene

On May 26, 2017, American BriVision Corporation entered into a co-development agreement (the “Co-Dev Agreement”) with Rgene Corporation (the “Rgene”), a related party under common control by controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene Corporation and the Company. Pursuant to Co-Dev Agreement, BriVision and Rgene agreed to co-develop and commercialize ABV-1507 HER2/neu Positive Breast Cancer Combination Therapy, ABV-17 Pancreatic Cancer Combination Therapy and ABV-1527 Ovary Cancer Combination Therapy. Under the terms of the Co-Dev Agreement, Rgene is required to pay the Company $3,000,000 in cash or stock of Rgene with equivalent value by August 15, 2017. The payment is for the compensation of BriVision’s past research efforts and contributions made by BriVision before the Co-Dev Agreement was signed and it does not relate to any future commitments made by BriVision and Rgene in this Co-Dev Agreement. In addition to the $3,000,000, the Company is entitled to receive 50% of the future net licensing income or net sales profit earned by Rgene, if any, and any development costs shall be equally shared by both BriVision and Rgene.

By June 1, 2017, the Company had delivered all research, technical, data and development data to Rgene. Since both Rgene and the Company are related parties and under common control by a controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene Corporation and the Company, the Company has recorded the full amount of $3,000,000 in connection with the Co-Dev Agreement as additional paid-in capital during the year ended September 30, 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company received $450,000 in cash. On December 24, 2018, the Company received the remaining balance of $2,550,000 in the form of newly issued shares of Rgene’s Common Stock, at the price of NT$50 (approximately equivalent to $1.60 per share), for an aggregate number of 1,530,000 shares, which accounted for equity method long-term investment as of December 31, 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company has recognized investment loss of $549. On December 31, 2018, the Company determined to fully write off this investment based on the Company’s assessment of the severity and duration of the impairment, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of the operating performance of the investee, adverse changes in market conditions and the regulatory or economic environment, changes in operating structure of Rgene, additional funding requirements, and Rgene’s ability to remain in business. All projects that have been initiated will be managed and supported by the Company and Rgene.

The Company and Rgene signed an amendment to the Co-Dev Agreement on November 10, 2020, pursuant to which both parties agreed to delete AB-1507 HER2/neu Positive Breast Cancer Combination Therapy and AB 1527 Ovary Cancer Combination Therapy and add ABV-1519 EGFR Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Combination Therapy and ABV-1526 Large Intestine / Colon / Rectal Cancer Combination Therapy to the products to be co-developed and commercialized. Other provisions of the Co-Dev Agreement remain in full force and effect.

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III. | Clinical Development Service Agreement with Rgene

On June 10, 2022, the Company expanded its co-development partnership with Rgene. BioKey entered into a Clinical Development Service Agreement with Rgene (“Service Agreement”) to guide certain Rgene drug products, RGC-1501 for the treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), RGC-1502 for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and RGC 1503 for the treatment of colorectal cancer patients, through completion of Phase II clinical studies under U.S. FDA IND regulatory requirements (the “Rgene Studies”).

Under the terms of the Service Agreement, BioKey is eligible to receive payments totaling up to $3.0 million over a 3-year period with each payment amount to be determined by certain regulatory milestones obtained during the agreement period. Through a series of transactions over the past 5 years, the Company and Rgene have co-developed the three drug products covered by the Service Agreement, which has resulted in the Company owning 31.62% of Rgene.

As part of the Rgene Studies, the Company agreed to loan $1.0 million to Rgene, for which Rgene has provided the Company with a 5% working capital convertible loan (the “Note”). If the Note is fully converted, the Company will own an additional 6.4% of Rgene. The Company is expected to receive the outstanding loan from the related party by the 2023 Q1, either by cash or conversion of shares of Rgene. The Company may convert the Note at any time into shares of Rgene’s common stock at either (i) a fixed conversion price equal to $1.00 per share or (ii) 20% discount of the stock price of the then most recent offering, whichever is lower; the conversion price is subject to adjustment as set forth in the Note. The Service Agreement shall remain in effect until the expiration date of the last patent and automatically renew for 5 more years unless terminated earlier by either party with six months written notice. Either party may terminate the Service Agreement for cause by providing 30 days written notice.

Rgene has further agreed, effective July 1, 2022, to provide the Company with a seat on Rgene’s Board of Directors until the loan is repaid in full. The Company has nominated Dr. Jiang, its Chief Strategy Officer and Director to occupy that seat; Dr. Jiang is also one of the Company’s largest shareholders, owning 12.8% of the Company. For more information about the Service Agreement and Note, please refer to the current reports on Form 8-K filed on June 21, 2022.

BLEX 404, a new drug under clinical development covered by the Service Agreement, is extracted from Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa), an edible mushroom. Its immunological effects and the safety have been demonstrated in two Phase I/II clinical studies performed at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) with breast cancer and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patients.

Market Distribution Strategy

We focus primarily on developing botanical drugs, which are intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation or treatment of disease in humans. Together with our strategic partners, we plan to market, distribute and sell our drug products internationally once those drug candidates comply with the local authorities regulating drugs and foods. Currently, many countries follow the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (the “ICH”) guidelines that are published by European Medicines to provide guidance on quality and safety of pharmaceutical development and new drug commercialization in Japan, the United States and Europe. All of our drug candidates first go through the United States FDA process for new drug development first and then seek regulatory approval from regulators equivalent to the FDA in the jurisdictions where we plan to distribute those candidates.

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Intellectual Property

The new drug candidates are dependent on or are the subject of the following patents and patent applications.

No. |  | Status |  | Patent No. |  | Patent Starting Date |  | Patent Expiration Date |  | Patent Name |  | Territory |  | Patent Owner(1)(2)
1 |  | granted |  | DE202007003503 U1 |  | 8/23/2007 |  | 9/20/2026 |  | Novel Polygalatenosides and use thereof as an antidepressant agent |  | Germany |  | MPITDC
2 |  | granted |  | 7531519 |  | 5/12/2009 |  | 9/20/2026 |  | Novel Polygalatenosides and use thereof as an antidepressant agent |  | The U.S. |  | MPITDC
3 |  | granted |  | 4620652 |  | 11/20/2006 |  | 11/19/2026 |  | Novel Polygalatenosides and use thereof as an antidepressant agent |  | Japan |  | MPITDC
4 |  | granted |  | I 314453 |  | 9/21/2006 |  | 9/20/2026 |  | Novel Polygalatenosides and use thereof as an antidepressant agent |  | Taiwan |  | MPITDC
5 |  | granted |  | I389713 |  | 3/21/2013 |  | 10/13/2030 |  | Cross-linked oxidized hyaluronic acid for use as a vitreous substitute (3) |  | Taiwan |  | NHRI
6 |  | granted |  | US 8197849 B2 |  | 6/12/2012 |  | 8/30/2030 |  | Cross-linked oxidized hyaluronic acid for use as a vitreous substitute |  | The U.S. |  | NHRI
7 |  | granted |  | AU 2011/215775 B2 |  | 4/17/2014 |  | 2/9/2031 |  | Cross-linked oxidized hyaluronic acid for use as a vitreous substitute |  | Australia |  | NHRI
8 |  | granted |  | KR 10-1428898 |  | 8/4/2014 |  | 2/9/2031 |  | Cross-linked oxidized hyaluronic acid for use as a vitreous substitute |  | Korea |  | NHRI
9 |  | granted |  | CA 2786911 (C) |  | 10/6/2015 |  | 2/10/2031 |  | Cross-linked oxidized hyaluronic acid for use as a vitreous substitute |  | Canada |  | NHRI
10 |  | granted |  | WO2011100469 A1 |  | N/A(4) |  | N/A(4) |  | Cross-linked oxidized hyaluronic acid for use as a vitreous substitute |  | PCT |  | NHRI
11 |  | granted |  | EP 2534200 |  | 4/8/2015 |  | 2/9/2031 |  | Cross-linked oxidized hyaluronic acid for use as a vitreous substitute |  | European Union (Germany, United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Spain, Italy) |  | NHRI
12 |  | granted |  | 特許第 5885349號 (P5885349) |  | 2/9/2011 |  | 2/9/2031 |  | Cross-linked oxidized hyaluronic acid for use as a vitreous substitute |  | Japan |  | NHRI
13 |  | granted |  | ZL 201180005494.7 |  | 12/24/2014 |  | 2/9/2031 |  | Cross-linked oxidized hyaluronic acid for use as a vitreous substitute(3) |  | China |  | NHRI
14 |  | granted |  | HK1178188 |  | 3/6/2015 |  | 6/21/2030 |  | Cross-linked oxidized hyaluronic acid for use as a vitreous substitute(3) |  | Hong Kong (5) |  | NHRI
15 |  | granted |  | US 16/936,032 |  | 9/4/2020 |  | 9/4/2040 |  | Polygala extract for the treatment of major depressive disorder |  | US |  | BioLite
16 |  | granted |  | TW I821593 |  | 11/1/2023 |  | 7/22/2040 |  | Polygala extract for the treatment of major depressive disorder |  | Taiwan |  | BioLite
17 |  | granted |  | US17/120,965 |  | 12/20/2020 |  | 12/20/2040 |  | Polygala Extract for the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder |  | U.S. |  | BioLite
18 |  | granted |  | TW 110106546 |  | 2/24/2021 |  | 2/24/2041 |  | Polygala Extract for the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder |  | Taiwan |  | BioLite
19 |  | granted |  | TW I792427 |  | 02/11/2023 |  | 07/19/2041 |  | Storage Media For Preservation of Corneal Tissue |  | Taiwan |  | NHRI

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20 |  | granted |  | AU2021314052B2 |  | 04/09/2024 |  | 04/09/2041 |  | Polygala Extract for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder |  | Australia |  | BioLite
21 |  | applied |  | 202180001626. 2 |  |  |  |  |  | Polygala Extract for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder |  | China |  |
22 |  | applied |  | 特願 2023502736 |  |  |  |  |  | Polygala Extract for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder |  | Japan |  |
23 |  | applied |  | 21 846 424.6 |  |  |  |  |  | Polygala Extract for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder |  | Europe |  |
24 |  | applied |  | 110106546 |  |  |  |  |  | Polygala Extract for the Treatment of Attention-Deficient and Hyperactivity Disorder |  | Taiwan |  |
25 |  | applied |  | 202180001615. 4 |  |  |  |  |  | Polygala Extract for the Treatment of Attention-Deficient and Hyperactivity Disorder |  | China |  |
26 |  | applied |  | 特願 2023536203 |  |  |  |  |  | Polygala Extract for the Treatment of Attention-Deficient and Hyperactivity Disorder |  | Japan |  |
27 |  | applied |  | 21 907 345.9 |  |  |  |  |  | Polygala Extract for the Treatment of Attention-Deficient and Hyperactivity Disorder |  | Europe |  |
28 |  | applied |  | 2021403197 |  |  |  |  |  | Polygala Extract for the Treatment of Attention-Deficient and Hyperactivity Disorder |  | Australia |  |

(1) | “MPITDC” stands for Medical and Pharmaceutical Industry Technology and Development Center, Taiwan.

(2) | “NHRI” stands for National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan.

(3) | The patent name is translated into English and the original patent name is written as “交联氧化透明质酸作为眼球玻璃体之替代物.”

(4) | The starting date and expiration date of patents under PTC are subject to the laws of the specific participating jurisdiction where the patent application is filed. We have subsequently submitted such patent to the jurisdictions listed in No.22 herein above.

(5) | NHRI has obtained standard patent in Hong Kong based on the registration of the patent (listed as No.24 herein) granted by the State Intellectual Property Office, People’s Republic of China.

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Corporate History and Structure

ABVC was incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada on February 6, 2002 and has four wholly-owned Subsidiaries: BriVision, BioLite Holding, Inc., BioKey Cayman, and BioKey, Inc. BriVision was incorporated in July 2015 in the State of Delaware and is in the business of developing pharmaceutical products in North America.

BioLite Holding was incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada on July 27, 2016, with 500,000,000 shares authorized, par value $0.0001. Its key Subsidiaries include BioLite BVI, Inc. (“BioLite BVI”) that was incorporated in the British Virgin Islands on September 13, 2016 and BioLite Inc. (“BioLite Taiwan”), a Taiwanese corporation that was founded in February 2006. BioLite Taiwan has been in the business of developing new drugs for over twelve years. Certain shareholders of BioLite Taiwan exchanged approximately 73% of equity securities in BioLite Taiwan for the Common Stock in BioLite Holding in accordance with a share purchase/ exchange agreement (the “Share Purchase/ Exchange Agreement”). As a result, BioLite Holding owns via BioLite BVI approximately 73% of BioLite Taiwan. The other shareholders who did not enter this Share Purchase/ Exchange Agreement retain their equity ownership in BioLite Taiwan.

Yunzhiyi, a Taiwan corporation, was incorporated in August 2024, with 90% owned by BioLite Taiwan and 10% owned by Shuling Jiang, one of the Company’s director. This entity is set up for holding the land in Taiwan that AiBtl is in the process of acquiring, which land will be used for developing health related business. As of the date hereof, the transfer of the land’s title is currently under government review, pending completion of the title transfer registration. Due to Taiwan’s legal restrictions prohibiting foreign entities from directly owning farmland, the parties agreed to structure the arrangement through nominee holdings.

Incorporated in California on November 20, 2000, BioKey has chosen to initially focus on developing generic drugs to ride the opportunity of the booming industry.

Upon closing of the Mergers on February 8, 2019, BioLite and BioKey became two wholly-owned subsidiaries of ABVC.

BioKey Cayman was incorporated in Cayman Islands in July 2023, which is 100% owned by ABVC. This subsidiary has no activities since inception.

In November 2023, the Company and one of its subsidiaries, BioLite, Inc. (“BioLite”) each entered into a multi-year, global licensing agreement with AiBtl BioPharma Inc. (“AiBtl”, or “AiBtl”) for the Company and BioLite’s CNS drugs with the indications of MDD (Major Depressive Disorder) and ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) (the “Licensed Products”). The license covers the Licensed Products’ clinical trial, registration, manufacturing, supply, and distribution rights. The parties are determined to collaborate on the global development of the Licensed Products. The parties are also working to strengthen new drug development and business collaboration, including technology, interoperability, and standards development. As per each of the respective agreements, each of ABVC and BioLite received 23 million shares of AiBtl stock at $10 per share, and if certain milestones are met, each may receive $3,500,000 and royalties equaling 5% of net sales, up to $100 million. Upon the issuance of the shares, AiBtl became a subsidiary of ABVC.

The following chart illustrates the corporate structure of ABVC:

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Effective March 5, 2022, the Company’s Board for Directors approved amending the Company’s Bylaws to remove Section 2.8, which permitted cumulative voting for directors since cumulative voting is specifically prohibited by our Articles of Incorporation. Since it is not otherwise stated in our Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws, directors shall be elected by a plurality of the votes cast at the election, as provided in the Nevada Revised Statutes.

Effective March 14, 2024, the Company’s Board for Directors approved amending the Company’s Bylaws to amend Section 2.8 of the Company’s Bylaws to revise the number of shares needed to establish a quorum at shareholder meetings. The Amendment changes the quorum requirement from a majority to 33-1/3% of the votes entitled to be cast on a matter.

Competition

The healthcare industry is highly competitive and subject to significant and rapid technological change as researchers learn more about diseases and develop new technologies and treatments. Significant competitive factors in our industry include product efficacy and safety; quality and breadth of an organization’s technology; skill of an organization’s employees and its ability to recruit and retain key employees; timing and scope of regulatory approvals; the average selling price of products; the availability of raw materials and qualified manufacturing capacity; manufacturing costs; intellectual property and patent rights and their protection; and our capabilities of securing competent collaborators. Market acceptance of our current products and product candidates will depend on a number of factors, including: (i) potential advantages over existing or alternative therapies or tests, (ii) the actual or perceived safety of similar classes of products, (iii) the effectiveness of sales, marketing, and distribution capabilities, and (iv) the scope of any approval provided by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities.

Since we are a small biopharmaceutical company compared to other companies that we may compete against, it is our intention to license our products to much larger pharmaceutical, specialty pharmaceutical and generic drug companies with the financial, technical and human resources to compete effectively in the markets we address.

We anticipate that our license partners will face intense and increasing competition when and as our new drug candidates enter the markets, as advanced technologies become available and as generic forms of currently branded products become available. Finally, the development of new treatment methods for the diseases we are targeting could render our products non-competitive or obsolete. There can be no assurance that any of our new drug candidates will be clinically superior or scientifically preferable to products developed or introduced by our competitors.

The following chart lists some, not all, of the biopharmaceutical companies that research, develop, commercialize, distribute or sell drugs that are in competition with our drug candidates.

Disease |  | Drug Name |  | Pharmaceutical Companies |  | Headquarters
Major Depressive Disorder |  | Cymbalta oral |  | Eli Lilly and Co., Inc. |  | IN
|  | Lexapro oral |  | Forest Laboratories, Inc. |  | NJ
|  |  |  | Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Inc. |  | CT
Attention-Deficit |  | Adderall XR |  | Shire Development LLC |  | MA
Hyperactivity Disease |  | Ritalin |  | Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation |  | NJ
|  | Dexedrine |  | Amedra Pharmaceuticals LLC |  | PA
Myelodysplastic |  | Vidaza |  | Celgene Corporation |  | NJ
Syndromes |  | Dacogen |  | Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. |  | CA
Triple Negative Breast Cancer |  | Avastin |  | Genentech, Inc. |  | CA
|  | Erbitux (Cetuximab) |  | ImClone Systems Incorporated |  | NY
Pancreatic Cancer |  | Abraxane, Abraxis BioScience LLC |  | Los Angeles |  | CA
|  | Novartis Pharma Stein AG |  | Stein |  | Switzerland
Vitargus for the treatments |  | Alcon Laboratories, Inc. |  | Fort Worth |  | TX
of Retinal Detachment or Vitreous Hemorrhage |  | Arcadophta |  | Toulouse |  | France

Government Regulations

Currently, we are focusing on the research and development of six therapeutic candidates in the fields of CNS, oncology/hematology and autoimmune, for which regulatory approval must be received before we can commence marketing. In addition, our cGMP facility is subject to review by the FDA. Regulatory approval processes and FDA regulations for ABVC’s current and any future product candidates are discussed below.

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Approval Process for Pharmaceutical Products

FDA Approval Process for Pharmaceutical Products

In the U.S., pharmaceutical products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA. The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (the “FDC Act”), and other federal and state statutes and regulations, govern, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, storage, recordkeeping, approval, labeling, promotion and marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling, and import and export of pharmaceutical products. Failure to comply with applicable U.S. requirements may subject a company to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as FDA refusal to approve pending NDAs, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, civil penalties, and criminal prosecution. Pharmaceutical product development in the U.S. typically involves the performance of satisfactory nonclinical, also referred to as pre-clinical, laboratory and animal studies under the FDA’s Good Laboratory Practice, or GLP, regulation, the development and demonstration of manufacturing processes, which conform to FDA mandated current good manufacturing requirements, or cGMPs, including a quality system regulating manufacturing, the submission and acceptance of an IND application, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin in the U.S., obtaining the approval of Institutional Review Boards, or IRBs, at each site where we plan to conduct a clinical trial to protect the welfare and rights of human subjects in clinical trials, adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to establish the safety and effectiveness of the drug for each indication for which FDA approval is sought, and the submission to the FDA for review and approval of an NDA. Satisfaction of FDA requirements typically takes many years and the actual time required may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity, and novelty of the product or disease.

Pre-clinical tests generally include laboratory evaluation of a product candidate, its chemistry, formulation, stability and toxicity, as well as certain animal studies to assess its potential safety and efficacy. Results of these pre-clinical tests, together with chemistry, manufacturing controls and analytical data and the clinical trial protocol, which details the objectives of the trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated, along with other requirements must be submitted to the FDA as part of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials can begin. The entire clinical trial and its protocol must be in compliance with what are referred to as good clinical practice, or GCP, requirements. The term, GCP, is used to refer to various FDA laws and regulations, as well as international scientific standards intended to protect the rights, health and safety of patients, define the roles of clinical trial sponsors and assure the integrity of clinical trial data.

An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day time period, raises concerns or questions about the intended conduct of the trials and imposes what is referred to as a clinical hold. Pre-clinical studies generally take several years to complete, and there is no guarantee that an IND based on those studies will become effective, allowing clinical testing to begin. In addition to FDA review of an IND, each medical site that desires to participate in a proposed clinical trial must have the protocol reviewed and approved by an independent IRB or Ethics Committee, or EC. The IRB considers, among other things, ethical factors, and the selection and safety of human subjects. Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with the FDA’s GCP requirements. The FDA and/or IRB may order the temporary, or permanent, discontinuation of a clinical trial or that a specific clinical trial site be halted at any time, or impose other sanctions for failure to comply with requirements under the appropriate entity jurisdiction.

Clinical trials to support NDAs for marketing approval are typically conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap.

In Phase I clinical trials, a product candidate is typically introduced either into healthy human subjects or patients with the medical condition for which the new drug is intended to be used. The main purpose of the trial is to assess a product candidate’s safety and the ability of the human body to tolerate the product candidate. Phase I clinical trials generally include less than 50 subjects or patients.

During Phase 2 trials, a product candidate is studied in an exploratory trial or trials in a limited number of patients with the disease or medical condition for which it is intended to be used in order to: (i) further identify any possible adverse side effects and safety risks, (ii) assess the preliminary or potential efficacy of the product candidate for specific target diseases or medical conditions, and (iii) assess dosage tolerance and determine the optimal dose for Phase III trials.

Phase III trials are generally undertaken to demonstrate clinical efficacy and to further test for safety in an expanded patient population with the goal of evaluating the overall risk-benefit relationship of the product candidate. Phase III trials are generally designed to reach a specific goal or endpoint, the achievement of which is intended to demonstrate the candidate product’s clinical efficacy and adequate information for labeling of the approved drug.

The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of an NDA to determine whether the application will be accepted for filing based on the FDA’s threshold determination that it is sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review. The FDA has agreed to certain performance goals in the review of NDAs. Most applications for standard review drug products are reviewed within ten months; most applications for priority review drugs are reviewed within six months. Priority review can be applied to drugs that the FDA determines offer major advances in treatment, or provide a treatment where no adequate therapy exists. The review process for both standard and priority review may be extended by the FDA for three additional months to consider certain late-submitted information, or information intended to clarify information already provided in the submission. The FDA may also refer applications for novel drug products, or drug products which present difficult questions of safety or efficacy, to an advisory committee - typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts - for review, evaluation, and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee, but it generally follows such recommendations. Before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP. Additionally, the FDA will inspect the facility or the facilities at which the drug is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless compliance with cGMPs is satisfactory and the NDA contains data that provide substantial evidence that the drug is safe and effective in the indication studied.

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After the FDA evaluates the NDA and the manufacturing facilities, it issues either an approval letter or a complete response letter. A complete response letter generally outlines the deficiencies in the submission and may require substantial additional testing or information in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. If and when those deficiencies have been addressed to the FDA’s satisfaction in a resubmission of the NDA, the FDA will issue an approval letter. The FDA has committed to reviewing such resubmissions in two or six months depending on the type of information included. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. As a condition of NDA approval, the FDA may require a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, to help ensure that the benefits of the drug outweigh the potential risks.

REMS can include medication guides, communication plans for healthcare professionals, and elements to assure safe use, or ETASU. ETASU can include, but are not limited to, special training or certification for prescribing or dispensing, dispensing only under certain circumstances, special monitoring, and the use of patient registries. The requirement for a REMS can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the drug. Moreover, product approval may require substantial post-approval testing and surveillance to monitor the drug’s safety or efficacy. Once granted, product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing.

Post-Approval Regulations

Even if a product candidate receives regulatory approval, the approval is typically limited to specific clinical indications. Further, even after regulatory approval is obtained, subsequent discovery of previously unknown problems with a product may result in restrictions on its use or even complete withdrawal of the product from the market. Any FDA-approved products manufactured or distributed by us are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including record-keeping requirements and reporting of adverse events or experiences. Further, drug manufacturers and their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and state agencies, and are subject to periodic inspections by the FDA and state agencies for compliance with cGMPs, which impose rigorous procedural and documentation requirements upon us and our contract manufacturers. ABVC cannot be certain that ABVC or its present or future contract manufacturers or suppliers will be able to comply with cGMPs regulations and other FDA regulatory requirements. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in, among other things, total or partial suspension of production activities, failure of the FDA to grant approval for marketing, and withdrawal, suspension, or revocation of marketing approvals.

If the FDA approves one or more of our product candidates, ABVC must provide certain updated safety and efficacy information. Product changes, as well as certain changes in the manufacturing process or facilities where the manufacturing occurs or other post-approval changes may necessitate additional FDA review and approval. The labeling, advertising, promotion, marketing and distribution of a drug must be in compliance with FDA and Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, requirements which include, among others, standards and regulations for direct-to-consumer advertising, off-label promotion, industry sponsored scientific and educational activities, and promotional activities involving the Internet. The FDA and FTC have very broad enforcement authority, and failure to abide by these regulations can result in penalties, including the issuance of a warning letter directing us to correct deviations from regulatory standards and enforcement actions that can include seizures, fines, injunctions and criminal prosecution.

Foreign Regulatory Approval

Outside of the U.S., ABVC’s ability to market our product candidates will be contingent also upon its receiving marketing authorizations from the appropriate foreign regulatory authorities, whether or not FDA approval has been obtained. The foreign regulatory approval process in most industrialized countries generally encompasses risks similar to those ABVC will encounter in the FDA approval process. The requirements governing conduct of clinical trials and marketing authorizations, and the time required to obtain requisite approvals, may vary widely from country to country and differ from those required for FDA approval.

ABVC will be subject to additional regulations in other countries in which we market, sell and import our products, including Canada. ABVC or its distributors must receive all necessary approvals or clearance prior to marketing and/or importing our products in those markets.

Other Regulatory Matters

Manufacturing, sales, promotion and other activities following product approval are also subject to regulation by numerous regulatory authorities in addition to the FDA, including, in the U.S., the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, other divisions of the Department of Health and Human Services, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, the Occupational Safety &Health Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency and state and local governments. In the U.S., sales, marketing and scientific/educational programs must also comply with state and federal fraud and abuse laws. Pricing and rebate programs must comply with the Medicaid rebate requirements of the U.S. Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 and more recent requirements in the Health Care Reform Law, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act, or ACA. If products are made available to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration, additional laws and requirements apply. The handling of any controlled substances must comply with the U.S. Controlled Substances Act and Controlled Substances Import and Export Act. Products must meet applicable child-resistant packaging requirements under the U.S. Poison Prevention Packaging Act. Manufacturing, sales, promotion and other activities are also potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws.

The distribution of pharmaceutical products is subject to additional requirements and regulations, including extensive recordkeeping, licensing, storage and security requirements intended to prevent the unauthorized sale of pharmaceutical products.

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The failure to comply with regulatory requirements subjects firms to possible legal or regulatory action. Depending on the circumstances, failure to meet applicable regulatory requirements can result in criminal prosecution, fines, imprisonment or other penalties, injunctions, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of product approvals, or refusal to allow a firm to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts. In addition, even if a firm complies with FDA and other requirements, new information regarding the safety or effectiveness of a product could lead the FDA to modify or withdraw product approval. Prohibitions or restrictions on sales or withdrawal of future products marketed by us could materially affect our business in an adverse way.

Changes in regulations, statutes or the interpretation of existing regulations could impact our business in the future by requiring, for example: (i) changes to our manufacturing arrangements; (ii) additions or modifications to product labeling; (iii) the recall or discontinuation of our products; or (iv) additional record-keeping requirements. If any such changes were to be imposed, they could adversely affect the operation of our business.

Employees

As of March 31, 2025, we, including the subsidiaries, have 19 employees, 16 of which are full-time, located in the U.S. and Taiwan.

|  | Number of |
Functional Area |  | Employees |
Senior management |  |  | 5 |
Research and development |  |  | 11 |
Administration |  |  | 2 |
Accounting |  |  | 5 |
Total |  |  | 23 |

ABVC believes that it maintains a good working relationship with its employees. ABVC offers its employees competitive benefits, including a pleasant and rewarding work environment, career-oriented training, and career growth opportunities. ABVC believes its employees are devoted to delivering superb services. ABVC did not experience any significant labor disputes.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time ABVC and its Subsidiaries may become involved in legal proceedings and claims, or be threatened with other legal actions and claims, arising in the ordinary course of business relating to its intellectual property, product liability, regulatory compliance and/or marketing and advertising of its products. As of the date of this prospectus, ABVC and its Subsidiaries were not involved or threatened with any legal actions and regulatory proceedings.

Environment

ABVC seeks to comply with all applicable statutory and administrative requirements concerning environmental quality. Expenditures for compliance with federal state and local environmental laws have not had, and are not expected to have, a material effect on ABVC’s capital expenditures, results of operations or competitive position.

Properties

Our Subsidiary BioLite has its laboratories located in Hsinchu Biomedical Science Park, with an address of 2nd Floor, No. 20, Sec. 2, Shengyi Rd., Zhubei City, Hsinchu County 302, Taiwan (R.O.C.). On January 1, 2015, BioLite Taiwan entered into a lease agreement with the National Science Park Administrative Office (Hsinchu City) under which it rents two dormitory buildings in Hsinchu County, Taiwan for a period of five years. The aggregate leasing area amounts to approximately 678 square meters (equivalent to approximately 7,298 square feet) on the second floor of the building. The leased space counts for approximately 1.9% of the total space of the building. On January 1, 2020 and January 1, 2024, BioLite Taiwan extended the contract for another five and five years respectively. The new expiration date is on December 31, 2029. The rent increases by a small percentage each year during the term of the lease agreement. BioLite paid $48,406 and $50,572 in rental expense for the laboratory space for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Another subsidiary BioKey is headquartered in Fremont, California. BioKey’s office lease will end on February 28, 2026 and the office occupies approximately 28,186 square feet. BioKey’s space consists of offices, research and production laboratories, and manufacturing facilities, which are GMP certified. BioKey has an option to extend the lease for its offices in Fremont for a period of five years commencing February 28, 2026, and BioKey may exercise this option for 5 more years. The total BioKey’s rental expenses were $421,894 and $353,466 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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MANAGEMENT

The following table sets forth as of the date of this prospectus, the name, age, and position of each executive officer and director and the term of office of each such person.

Name |  | Age |  | Title
Eugene Jiang |  | 38 |  | Chairman of the Board and Chief Business Officer (“CBO”)
Dr. Uttam Patil |  | 39 |  | Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), Interim CFO
Dr. Tsung-Shann (T.S.) Jiang |  | 71 |  | Chief Scientific Officer (“CSO”), Chief Strategy Officer (“CSTRO”) and Director
Dr. Tsang Ming Jiang |  | 64 |  | Director
Dr. Chang-Jen Jiang |  | 69 |  | Director
Norimi Sakamoto |  | 54 |  | Independent Director
Yen-Hsin Chou |  | 36 |  | Independent Director
Hsin-Hui Miao |  | 59 |  | Independent Director
Yoshinobu Odaira |  | 77 |  | Independent Director
Che-Wei Hsu |  | 43 |  | Independent Director
Shuling Jiang |  | 69 |  | Director
Yu-Min (Francis) Chung |  | 60 |  | Independent Director

Set forth below is certain biographical information regarding each of our directors and executive officers as of the date of this prospectus.

Eugene Jiang, Chairman, served as our CEO and President from the Company’s inception in July 2015 until he resigned on September 15, 2017. He remains the Chairman of the Board. He also serves as our CBO since September 2019 and serves as the CBO of BioKey, Inc. Since March 13, 2025, Eugene Jiang was appointed as AiBtl’s Chief Financial Officer. Since 2019. Mr. Jiang also serves as Director for BioLite Incorporation since June 2015 and as Director for BioFirst Corp. since 2012. He also serves as CEO for Genepro Investment Company since March 2010. Mr. Jiang obtained a PMBA degree from National Taiwan University in 2017 and an EMBA degree from the University of Texas in Arrington in 2010. And in 2009, Mr. Jiang received a bachelor’s degree in Physical Education from Fu-Jen Catholic University.

Dr. Uttam Patil, CEO, was appointed as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer on June 21, 2023; he now serves as interim CFO too. Since March 13, 2025, Dr. Patil was also appointed as AiBtl’s co-CEO. Dr. Patil has served as the Chief Operating and Scientific Officer of the Company’s subsidiary, BioKey, Inc. since May 2023; he also works for Rgene Corporation (a related party), as the R&D Manager since May 2023, after being promoted from Project Manager, to which he serves from August 2022 to May 2023. Prior to that, Dr. Patil was a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at NTNU from March 2020 to July 2022. In 2019, Dr. Patil received the “Platinum Award” for an Oral Presentation on the topic, “Nucleobase Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Hybridization with Single-Stranded DNA” at a Workshop on Organic Chemistry for Junior Chemists held in South Korea. Dr. Patil received his Ph.D. in Chemistry from National Tsing Hua University and a Masters in Analytical Chemistry from Pune University, as well as a Bachelors in industrial chemistry from Pune University.

Dr. T.S. Jiang, Chief Strategy Officer and Director, has served as the Company’s Chief Strategy Officer since September 2019. Since March 13, 2025, Dr. Jiang was also appointed as AiBtl’s Chief Strategy Officer. Dr. Jiang serves as the CEO of Biokey, Inc. since December 2021, as a director of BioFirst Corp. since 2013, and has been the CEO and chairman of BioLite, Inc., a subsidiary of BioLite BVI, Inc., since January 2010. Prior to BioLite, Dr. Jiang served as the president and/or chairman of multiple biotech companies in Taiwan, including PhytoHealth Corporation from 1998 to 2009 and AmCad BioMed Corporation from 2008 to 2009. In addition, Dr. Jiang is a director on various biotech associations, such as the Taiwan Bio Industry Organization (Taiwan) from 2006 to 2008 and the Chinese Herbs and Biotech Development Association in Taiwan from 2003 to 2006. Dr. Jiang was an assistant professor at University of Illinois from 1981 to 1987 and an associate professor at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey from 1987 to 1990 and served as a professor at a few Taiwanese universities during a period from 1990 to 1993, such as National Taiwan University, National Cheng Kung University and Tunghai University. Dr. Jiang obtained his bachelor degree in Engineering and Chemical Engineering from National Taiwan University in Taiwan in 1976, masters and Ph.D. from Northwestern University in the U.S. in 1981 and Executive Master of Business Administration (“EMBA”) from National Taiwan University in Taiwan in 2007. As a successful entrepreneur, Dr. Jiang has developed and commercialized PG2 Lyo Injection, a new drug to treat cancer related fatigue. From 1998 to 2009, Dr. T. S. Jiang served as President of Phyto Health Corporation where he led a project team to develop PG2 Injectable. This product was extracted, isolated and purified from a type of Traditional Chinese Medicine. PG2 Injection was intended for cancer patients who had trouble recovering from severe fatigue. Dr. Jiang oversaw and managed the R&D department, daily corporate operations and business of Phyto Health Corporation when he was the President. PG2 Lyo Injection received approval on its NDA from Taiwan Food and Drug Administration in 2010 and later was launched into the Taiwan market in 2012. We believe that Dr. Jiang provides leadership and technological guidance on our strategic development and operations.

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Dr. Tsang Ming Jiang, Director, has served as a director of BioFirst Corp. since 2017 and as a technical director at Supermicro Computer, Inc. since August 2022. Dr. Jiang served as a technical director at the Industrial Technology Research Institute in Taiwan from February 2017 to July 2021. Prior to joining the Industrial Technology Research Institute as a technical director, Dr. Jiang worked at the Company as chief information officer from November 2016 to January 2017, Ericsson as engineering manager from 2013 to 2016 and the Industrial Technology Research Institute as deputy director from October 2011 to February 2013. In addition, Dr. Jiang worked at several other research institutes, including University of Alaska Fairbanks, National Taiwan University and Chung Cheng University, with his research interest in cloud computing and Internet security, especially in the areas of virtualization, software-defined data centers, SDN enabled networks and big data analytics. Dr. Jiang received his Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering in 1983 and Master of Science in electrical engineering in 1984, both from National Taiwan University, and his Ph.D. in electrical engineering and computer science from University of Illinois at Chicago in 1988. Dr. Tsang Ming Jiang is a brother of Dr. Tsung-Shann Jiang, who together with his wife collectively owns 80% of Lion Arts Promotion, Inc. which has approximately 69.3% of ownership interest in the Company through YuanGene Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Lion Arts Promotion, Inc.

Dr. Chang-Jen Jiang, Director, has served as a director of BioLite Inc. since 2013 and as a director of BioFirst Corp. since 2015. Dr. Jiang has been a pediatrician at the department of pediatrics of Eugene Women and Children Clinic since 2016. Previously, Dr. Chang-Jen worked as an attending doctor at the department of pediatrics of Keelung Hospital, the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan from 1994 to 2009. Before his position at Keelung Hospital, he was a chief doctor at the department of pediatrics, hematology and oncology of Mackay Memorial Hospital in Taiwan for three years until 1994. Dr. Chang-Jen Jiang obtained his doctor of medicine degree (the Taiwanese equivalent degree of MD) from Taipei Medical University in Taiwan in 1982 and started his career in Mackay Memorial Hospital. We believe that the Company will benefit from Dr. Jiang’s knowledge in biology and experiences in medical practice.

Norimi Sakamoto, Director, currently serves a director at Shogun Maitake Canada Co., Ltd. from June 2016. Ms. Sakamoto served as the chief executive officer of MyLife Co., Ltd. from June 2013 to March 2020. Ms. Sakamoto started her career in 1997 from Sumitomo Corporation Hokkaido Co., Ltd. in Japan. Ms. Sakamoto received her Bachelor Degree of Arts in travel and tourism from Davis and Elkins College in 1993 and Master of Science in urban studies from the University of New Orleans in 1995.

Yen-Hsin Chou, Director, has served as a financial specialist at Mega Bank since 2011. Ms. Chou’s responsibilities primarily include customer services and financial consultations. Ms. Chou received a Bachelor Degree in finance and economics from Yuan Ze University School of Economics in 2010.

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Hsin-Hui Miao, Director, served as counter manager at Yueh Shan Chi Cram School from August 2021 to May 2022. From August 1988 to July 2021, Ms. Miao was a kindergarten teacher and also severed as the leader of general affairs team at the affiliated high school of Tunghai University, Kindergarten Division. Ms. Miao received her Bachelor Degree of Education from Taichung University of Education in 1998.

Yoshinobu Odaira, Director, was elected as a director on our Board of Directors on February 8, 2019. He is an entrepreneur and has founded a number of Japanese agricultural companies, including Yukiguni Maitake, our licensing partner. In 1983, Mr. Odaira established Yukiguni Maitake, which became a public company in Japan in 1994. In 2015, Bain Capital Private Equity purchased Yukiguni Maitake through a tender offer. In addition to his success with Yukiguni Maitake, Mr. Odaira served as the CEO of Yukiguni Shoji Co., Ltd. since 1988, as the CEO of Odaira Shoji Co., Ltd. from 1989 and as a director of Shogun Maitake Japan Co., Ltd. since June 1989. In 2015, Mr. Odaira founded two new companies, Shogun Maitake Canada Co., Ltd. in Canada and Odaira Kinoko Research Co., Ltd. in Japan. Mr. Odaira has served as the CEO and director of Shogun Maitake Canada Co., Ltd. since June 2016. Mr. Odaira served as a director of BioLite Inc. from February 2019 to April 2019. Yoshinobu Odaira graduated from the Ikazawa Junior High School in 1963. We believe that we will benefit from Mr. Odaira’s successful business experience.

Che Wei Hsu, Director, is currently employed as a clerk by Chunghwa Post Co., Ltd. since August 2016; previously she was a teacher in a Junior High School. Ms. Hsu received a Bachelor Degree from Tunghai University School of Chinese Literature in 2004.

Shuling Jiang, Director, has served as a director for various companies, including BioLite, Inc. and BioFirst Corp, since 2017 and started to serve as Managing Director for Biokey, Inc. in 2022. Ms. Jiang received a Bachelor Degree from National Taiwan Normal University School of Music in 1978 and a Master Degree from Northwestern University School of Music in 1983.

Yu-Min (Francis) Chung, Director, was a Partner at Maxpro Ventures, an investment firm in Taiwan focused on breakthrough biomedical technology companies, from July 2018 to May 2022. Prior to that, he served as Vice President at TaiAn Technology, which is a biotechnology service company and a management company for biotechnology venture capital funds in Taiwan, from June 2016 to June 2018. Mr. Chung received his Bachelor’s Degree of Science in Chemistry from National Taiwan University in 1987, Master’s Degree in Business Administration from National Taiwan University in 2006, and Ph.D. in Pharmacy from University of Iowa in 1995.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships among the executive officers and directors of the Company, except that Dr. Tsang Ming Jiang, Dr. Tsung-Shann Jiang and Dr. Chang-Jen Jiang are brothers, Mr. Eugene Jiang is Dr. Tsung-Shann Jiang’s son, and the marital relationship between Yoshinobu Odaira and Norimi Sakamoto.

Legal Proceedings

Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings

During the past ten years, none of our current directors, executive officers, promoters, control persons, or nominees has been:

| ● | the subject of any bankruptcy petition filed by or against any business of which such person was a general partner or executive officer either at the time of the bankruptcy or within two years prior to that time;

| ● | convicted in a criminal proceeding or is subject to a pending criminal proceeding (excluding traffic violations and other minor offenses);

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| ● | subject to any order, judgment, or decree, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, of any court of competent jurisdiction or any Federal or State authority, permanently or temporarily enjoining, barring, suspending or otherwise limiting his involvement in any type of business, securities or banking activities;

| ● | found by a court of competent jurisdiction (in a civil action), the Commission or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission to have violated a federal or state securities or commodities law.

| ● | the subject of, or a party to, any Federal or State judicial or administrative order, judgment, decree, or finding, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, relating to an alleged violation of (a) any Federal or State securities or commodities law or regulation; (b) any law or regulation respecting financial institutions or insurance companies including, but not limited to, a temporary or permanent injunction, order of disgorgement or restitution, civil money penalty or temporary or permanent cease-and-desist order, or removal or prohibition order; or (c) any law or regulation prohibiting mail or wire fraud or fraud in connection with any business entity; or

| ● | the subject of, or a party to, any sanction or order, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, of any self-regulatory organization (as defined in Section 3(a)(26) of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(26))), any registered entity (as defined in Section 1(a)(29) of the Commodity Exchange Act (7 U.S.C. 1(a)(29))), or any equivalent exchange, association, entity or organization that has disciplinary authority over its members or persons associated with a member.

Unless disclosed otherwise, we are currently not a party to any material legal or administrative proceedings and are not aware of any pending legal or administrative proceedings against us. We may from time to time become a party to various legal or administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business.

Director Independence

The NASDAQ Rules require that a majority of the Board be independent. The Board consists of 11 directors, of which nine are non-management directors. Each year the Board reviews the materiality of any relationship that each of our directors has with the Company, either directly or indirectly. No member of the Board has any relationship or arrangement that would require disclosure under Item 404 of Regulation S-K. For additional information see “Certain Relationships and Related-Party Transactions” in this report. Based on this review, the Board has determined that the following current directors are “independent directors” as defined by the NASDAQ Rules: Messrs. Odaira and Chung and Mses. Sakamoto, Chou and Miao.

Each director who is a member of the Audit and Finance Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is an independent director.

Board Committees

Audit Committee. The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors currently consists of Ms. Chou, Yen-Hsin (Chair), Ms. Miao, Hsin-Hui, and Ms. Hsu, Che-Wei. The functions of the Audit Committee include the retention of our independent registered public accounting firm, reviewing and approving the planned scope, proposed fee arrangements and results of the Company’s annual audit, reviewing the adequacy of the Company’s accounting and financial controls and reviewing the independence of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm. The Board has determined that Ms. Chou, Ms. Miao and Ms. Hsu are each an “independent director” under the listing standards of The NASDAQ Stock Market. The Board of Directors has also determined Ms. Chou is an “audit committee financial expert” within the applicable definition of the SEC. The Audit Committee is governed by a written charter approved by the Board of Directors, a copy of which is available on our website at www.abvcpharma.com. Information contained on our website are not incorporated by reference into and do not form any part of this reports. We have included the website address as a factual reference and do not intend it to be an active link to the website.

Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors currently consists of Ms. Norimi Sakamoto (Chair), Ms. Miao, Hsin-Hui, and Ms. Hsu, Che-Wei. The functions of the Compensation Committee include the approval of the compensation offered to our executive officers and recommending to the full Board of Directors the compensation to be offered to our directors, including our Chairman. The Board has determined that Ms. Sakamoto, Ms. Miao and Ms. Hsu are each an “independent director” under the listing standards of The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC. In addition, the members of the Compensation Committee qualify as “non-employee directors” for purposes of Rule 16b-3 under the Exchange Act and as “outside directors” for purposes of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The Compensation Committee is governed by a written charter approved by the Board of Directors, a copy of which is available on our website at www.abvcpharma.com. Information contained on our website are not incorporated by reference into and do not form any part of this report. We have included the website address as a factual reference and do not intend it to be an active link to the website.

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Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee. The Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee of the Board of Directors consists of Mr. Yoshinobu Odaira (Chair), Ms. Miao, Hsin-Hui, and Ms. Hsu, Che-Wei, each of whom is an independent director under Nasdaq’s listing standards. The corporate governance and nominating committee is responsible for overseeing the selection of persons to be nominated to serve on our board of directors. The corporate governance and nominating committee considers persons identified by its members, management, shareholders, investment bankers and others.

Guidelines for Selecting Director Nominees

The guidelines for selecting nominees, which are specified in the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee Charter, generally provide that persons to be nominated:

| ● | should have demonstrated notable or significant achievements in business, education or public service;

| ● | should possess the requisite intelligence, education and experience to make a significant contribution to the board of directors and bring a range of skills, diverse perspectives and backgrounds to its deliberations; and

| ● | should have the highest ethical standards, a strong sense of professionalism and intense dedication to serving the interests of the shareholders.

The corporate governance and nominating committee will consider a number of qualifications relating to management and leadership experience, background and integrity and professionalism in evaluating a person’s candidacy for membership on the board of directors. The nominating committee may require certain skills or attributes, such as financial or accounting experience, to meet specific board needs that arise from time to time and will also consider the overall experience and makeup of its members to obtain a broad and diverse mix of board members. The board of directors will also consider director candidates recommended for nomination by our shareholders during such times as they are seeking proposed nominees to stand for election at the next annual meeting of shareholders (or, if applicable, a special meeting of shareholders). Our shareholders that wish to nominate a director for election to the Board should follow the procedures set forth in our bylaws. The nominating committee does not distinguish among nominees recommended by shareholders and other persons.

Board Leadership Structure and Role in Risk Oversight

We have two separate individuals serving as our CEO and Chairman. Our Board of Directors, or the Board, is primarily responsible for overseeing our risk management processes on behalf of our company. The Board receives and reviews periodic reports from management, auditors, legal counsel, and others, as considered appropriate regarding our company’s assessment of risks. In addition, the Board focuses on the most significant risks facing our company and our company’s general risk management strategy, and also ensures that risks undertaken by our company are consistent with the board’s appetite for risk. While the Board oversees our company’s risk management, management is responsible for day-to-day risk management processes. We believe this division of responsibilities is the most effective approach for addressing the risks facing our company and that our board leadership structure supports this approach.

Code of Ethics

We adopted a code of ethics, a copy of which is attached herein as Exhibit 14.1. The Code of Ethics applies to all of our employees, officers and directors. This Code constitutes a “code of ethics” as defined by the rules of the SEC. Copies of the code may be obtained free of charge from our website, www.abvcpharma.com. Any amendments to, or waivers from, a provision of our code of ethics that applies to any of our executive officers will be posted on our website in accordance with the rules of the SEC.

Indemnification

Neither our Articles of Incorporation nor Bylaws prevent us from indemnifying our officers, directors and agents to the extent permitted under the Nevada Revised Statute (“NRS”). NRS Section 78.7502 provides that a corporation shall indemnify any director, officer, employee or agent of a corporation against expenses, including attorneys’ fees, actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection with any the defense to the extent that a director, officer, employee or agent of a corporation has been successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any action, suit or proceeding referred to Section 78.7502(1) or 78.7502(2), or in defense of any claim, issue or matter therein.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling the Company pursuant to Wyoming law, we are informed that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

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EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The following tables set forth, for each of the last two completed fiscal years of us, the total compensation awarded to, earned by or paid to any person who was a principal executive officer during the last two fiscal years and every other highest compensated executive officers earning more than $100,000 during the last fiscal year (together, the “Named Executive Officers”). The tables set forth below reflect the compensation of the Named Executive Officers.

Name and Principal Position |  | Year |  | Salary ($) |  |  | Bonus ($) |  |  | Stock Awards ($) |  |  | Option Awards ($)(7) |  |  | Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($) |  |  | Change in Pension Value and Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Earnings ($) |  |  | All Other Compensation ($) |  |  | Total ($) |
Uttam Patil (1) |  | 2042 |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 107,623 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 107,623 |
|  | 2023 |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |
Leeds Chow (2) |  | 2024 |  |  | 33,968 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 76,873 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 110,571 |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 180,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 180,000 |
Tsung-Shann Jiang (3) |  | 2024 |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 153,746 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 353,746 |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 200,000 |
Richard Chi-Hsin King (4) |  | 2024 |  |  | 90,556 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 90,556 |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 90,556 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 90,556 |
Eugene Jiang (5) |  | 2024 |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 215,244 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 415,244 |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 200,000 |
Chihliang An (6) |  | 2024 |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |
|  | 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) | Dr. Doong was appointed as the CEO on September 15, 2017. Dr. Doong later resigned from his position as the Company’s CEO on June 21, 2023. The Company’s board of directors appointed Dr. Uttam Patil to replace Dr. Doong as the Company’s CEO.

(2) | Mr. Chow was appointed as the CFO on September 4, 2022 and resigned on March 5, 2025.

(3) | Dr. Jiang was appointed as the CSTRO on September 1, 2019. Dr. Jiang was also appointed as the Company’s CSO on June 15, 2023, to replace Dr. King, who resigned from his position as CSO.
(4) | Dr. King was appointed as the CSO on September 15, 2017. Dr. King later resigned from his position as the Company’s CSO on June 15, 2023. The Company’s board of directors appointed Dr. Jiang to replace Dr. King as the Company’s CSO.

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(5) | Eugene Jiang was appointed as CBO on September 1, 2019.
(6) | Mr. An resigned from his positions as the Company’s CFO on September 4, 2022.

Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table

Other than set out below, there are no arrangements or plans in which we provide pension, retirement or similar benefits for directors or executive officers. Our directors and executive officers may receive share options at the discretion of our board of directors in the future. We do not have any material bonus or profit sharing plans pursuant to which cash or non-cash compensation is or may be paid to our directors or executive officers, except that share options may be granted at the discretion of our board of directors.

Stock Option Plan

Our board approved and adopted the Amended and Restated 2016 Equity Incentive Plan on September 12, 2020 (the “Plan”), a copy of which is attached hereto as exhibit 10.17.

Grants of Plan-Based Awards

On April 16, 2022, the Company entered into stock option agreements with 5 directors, pursuant to which the Company granted options to purchase an aggregate of 76,190 shares (post-split) of common stock under the Plan, as amended, at an exercise price of $30.0 per share (post-split). The options were vested at the grant date and become exercisable for 10 years from the grant date.

As of the date of this report, we have granted options under the Plan that can be exercised for an aggregate of 258,710 shares of Common Stock.

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Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year End

The following table summarizes outstanding unexercised options, unvested stocks and equity incentive plan awards held by each of our named executive officers, as of December 31, 2024:

OUTSTANDING EQUITY AWARDS AT FISCAL YEAR-END

OPTION AWARDS* |  |  | STOCK AWARDS |
Name |  |  | Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable |  |  |  | Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexercisable |  |  |  | Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Unearned Options (#) |  |  |  | Options Exercise Prices ($) |  |  | Option Expiration Date |  |  | Number of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested (#) |  |  |  | Market Value of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested ($) |  |  |  | Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights That Have Not Been Issued (#) |  |  |  | Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Market or Payout Value of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights That Have Not Been Issued ($) |
Howard Doong |  |  | 8,572 |  |  |  | 1,071 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20.0 |  |  | Nov 20, 2031 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
|  |  | 40,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30.0 |  |  | Oct 15, 2032 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | 15,238 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30.0 |  |  | Apr 16, 2033 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chihliang An |  |  | 5,476 |  |  |  | 952 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20.0 |  |  | Nov 20, 2031 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | 23,333 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30.0 |  |  | Oct 15, 2032 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | 15,238 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30.0 |  |  | Apr 16, 2033 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tsung-Shann Jiang |  |  | 3,411 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20.0 |  |  | Nov 20, 2031 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | 3,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30.0 |  |  | Oct 15, 2032 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | 15,238 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30.0 |  |  | Apr 16, 2033 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Richard Chi-Hsin King |  |  | 8,214 |  |  |  | 1,429 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20.0 |  |  | Nov 20, 2031 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | 31,667 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30.0 |  |  | Oct 15, 2032 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | 15,238 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30.0 |  |  | Apr 16, 2033 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Eugene Jiang |  |  | 7,242 |  |  |  | 1,219 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20.0 |  |  | Nov 20, 2031 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | 3,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30.0 |  |  | Oct 15, 2032 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | 15,238 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30.0 |  |  | Apr 16, 2033 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Uttam Patil |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

* | All number of options and exercise prices are adjusted for 1:10 reverse stock split in 2023.

Compensation of Directors

We did not pay stock options to directors in fiscal year 2024.

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Pension, Retirement or Similar Benefit Plans

There are no arrangements or plans in which we provide pension, retirement or similar benefits for directors or executive officers. We have no material bonus or profit sharing plans pursuant to which cash or non-cash compensation is or may be paid to our directors or executive officers, except that stock options may be granted at the discretion of the board of directors or a committee thereof.

Employment Contracts

Dr. Uttam Patil has entered into an employment agreement (“Patil Employment Agreement”) with the Company on June 23, 2023, pursuant to which he shall receive the initial base salary by stock options in accordance with Company’s standard payroll practice. As of the date of this prospectus, Dr. Patil has yet to receive any stock options.

On September 4, 2022, the Board appointed Mr. Leeds Chow as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) and Principal Accounting Officer effective from September 4, 2022 for a term of 3 years. On March 5, 2025, Mr. Chow resigned as CFO.

We maintain an employment agreement with Dr. Chi-Hsin Richard King (“King Employment Agreement”), pursuant to which he shall receive an annual base salary of $50,000. As of December 31, 2017, we paid Mr. King 10,416 shares of the Company’s common stock at a per share price of $1.60 as opposed to cash compensation. Under King Employment Agreement, Dr. King is employed as the CSO of the Company. We may terminate the employment for cause, at any time, without notice or remuneration, for certain acts of the executive officer, such as conviction or plea of guilty to a felony or grossly negligent or dishonest acts to our detriment, or misconduct or a failure to perform agreed duties. In such case, the executive officer will not be entitled to receive payment of any severance benefits or other amounts by reason of the termination, and the executive officer’s right to all other benefits will terminate, except as required by any applicable law. We may also terminate an executive officer’s employment without cause upon one-month advance written notice. In such case of termination by us, we are required to provide compensation to the executive officer, including severance pay equal to 12 months of base salary. The executive officer may terminate the employment at any time with a one-month advance written notice if there is any significant change in the executive officer’s duties and responsibilities or a material reduction in the executive officer’s annual salary. In such case, the executive officer will be entitled to receive compensation equivalent to 12 months of the executive officer’s base salary. On August 21, 2019, all of the Board members present at the Meeting, unanimously reelected Dr. Richard King as the Chief Scientific Officer (“CSO”), which became effective on September 1, 2019 for a term of three years. On June 13, 2023, Dr. Richard King resigned from his position as the CSO after being related in 2022. The Company’s board of directors appointed Dr. Jiang to replace Dr. Richard King as the CSO.

On August 21, 2019, all of the Board members present at the Meeting, except Eugene Jiang, appointed Mr. Eugene Jiang, the current Chairman of the Board, as the Chief Business Officer, effective since September 1, 2019 for a term of three years. Mr. Eugene Jiang excused himself from the discussion regarding his appointment as the Chief Business Officer of the Company during the Board meeting. Mr. Jiang was reelcted in 2022 and he contract was renewed for another three years.

On August 21, 2019, all of the Board members present at the Meeting, except Dr. Tsung-Shann Jiang, reelected Dr. Tsung-Shann Jiang as the Chief Strategy Officer, effective since September 1, 2019 for a term of three years. Dr. Tsung-Shann Jiang excused himself from the discussion regarding his appointment as the Chief Strategy Officer of the Company during the Board meeting. Dr. Jiang was reelected in 2022 and the contract was renewed for another three years.

Disclosure of Registrant's Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation

In response to Item 402(w) of Regulation S-K, there was no time during or after the last completed fiscal year that the Company was required to either prepare an accounting restatement that required recovery of erroneously awarded compensation pursuant to the Company’s compensation recovery policy, or had an outstanding balance as of the end of the last completed fiscal year of erroneously awarded compensation to be recovered from the application of the policy to a prior restatement.

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SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT

The following table sets forth certain information regarding beneficial ownership of our common stock as of the date hereof (i) each person (or group of affiliated persons) who is known by us to own more than five percent (5%) of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock, (ii) each director, executive officer and director nominee, and (iii) all of our directors, executive officers and director nominees as a group.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with SEC rules and generally includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. For purposes of this table, a person or group of persons is deemed to have “beneficial ownership” of any shares of common stock that such person has the right to acquire within 60 days of the date of the respective table. For purposes of computing the percentage of outstanding shares of our common stock held by each person or group of persons named above, any shares that such person or persons has the right to acquire within 60 days of the date of the respective table is deemed to be outstanding for such person, but is not deemed to be outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. The inclusion herein of any shares listed as beneficially owned does not constitute an admission of beneficial ownership.

Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each beneficial owner listed is 44370 Old Warm Springs Blvd., Fremont, CA 94538. Except as otherwise indicated, the persons listed below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of our common stock owned by them, except to the extent that power may be shared with a spouse.

As of May 16, 2025, we had 16,773,261 shares of common stock issued and outstanding.

Name of Beneficial Owner |  | Amount and Nature of Beneficial Ownership |  |  | Percent of Class |
Dr. Uttam Patil |  |  | 72,428 |  |  |  |  | *
Eugene Jiang (1) |  |  | 131,159 |  |  |  |  | *
Yen-Hsin Chou |  |  | 41,956 |  |  |  |  | *
Hsin-Hui Miao |  |  | 41,505 |  |  |  |  | *
Dr. Tsang-Ming Jiang |  |  | 41,994 |  |  |  |  | *
Norimi Sakamoto |  |  | 41,854 |  |  |  |  | *
Dr. Tsung-Shann Jiang (2)(4) |  |  | 543,589 |  |  |  | 3.4 | %
Dr. Chang-Jen Jiang (3) |  |  | 42,026 |  |  |  |  | *
Yoshinobu Odaira |  |  | 57,758 |  |  |  |  | *
Che-Wei Hsu |  |  | 41,489 |  |  |  |  | *
Shuling Jiang (4) |  |  | 1,665,015 |  |  |  | 10.6 | %
Yu-Min Chung |  |  | 41,387 |  |  |  |  | *
All officers and directors as a group (Twelve (12) persons) |  |  | 2,762,139 |  |  |  | 17.5 | %
YuanGene Corporation (5) |  |  | 829,699 |  |  |  | 5.3 | %

| * | less than 1%.

(1) | Eugene Jiang held 131,159 shares through direct ownership.

(2) | Dr. Tsung-Shann Jiang held 167,599 shares of common stock through his ownership in YuanGene Corporation, 722 shares through Rgene Corporation, 608 shares through BioFirst, 13,630 shares through Lion Arts, and the rest of 361,030 shares through direct ownership.

(3) | Dr. Chang-Jen Jiang held 158 shares of common stock in the Company through his ownership in BioFirst, 1 share through Rgene, and the rest of 41,847 shares through direct ownership.

(4) | Ms. Shuling Jiang held 662,100 shares of common stock through his ownership in YuanGene Corporation, 964 shares through Rgene Corporation, 8,833 shares through BioFirst, 112 shares through BioLite, 48,761 shares through Liongene, 21,313 shares through Keypoint, 1,012 shares through Genepro, 53,845 shares through Lion Arts, and the rest of 868,075 shares through direct ownership.

(5) | YuanGene Corporation is a company wholly-owned by Lion Arts, which is owned by Shu-Ling Chiang (80%) and Dr. Tsung-Shann Jiang (20%); however, YuanGene appointed Eugene Jiang to have sole voting control over the shares held by YuanGene, the principal office address of which is 2nd floor, Building B, SNPF Plaza, Savalalo, Apia, Samoa.

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RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS OF DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Except as disclosed herein, no director, executive officer, shareholder holding at least 5% of shares of our common stock, or any family member thereof, had any material interest, direct or indirect, in any transaction, or proposed transaction since January 1, 2022, in which the amount involved in the transaction exceeds the lesser of $120,000 or one percent of the average of our total assets at the year-end for the last two completed fiscal years.

Since March 13, 2025, the following officers and directors of the Company were appointed to the following positions at AiBtl: Eugene Jiang as AiBtl’s Chief Financial Officer, Uttam Patil as AiBtl’s co-CEO and T.S. Jiang as AiBtl’s Chief Strategy Officer.

Co-Development agreement with Rgene Corporation

On November 10, 2020, the Company and Rgene signed an amendment to the Co-Dev Agreement dated May 26, 2017, pursuant to which both parties agreed to delete AB-1507 HER2/neu Positive Breast Cancer Combination Therapy and AB 1527 Ovary Cancer Combination Therapy and add ABV-1519 EGFR Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Combination Therapy and ABV-1526 Large Intestine / Colon / Rectal Cancer Combination Therapy to the products to be co-developed and commercialized. Other provisions of the Co-Dev Agreement remain in full force and effect.

Clinical Development Service Agreement with Rgene Corporation

On June 10, 2022, the Company expanded its co-development partnership with Rgene. BioKey, Inc. entered into a Clinical Development Service Agreement with Rgene (“Service Agreement”) to guide certain Rgene drug products, RGC-1501 for the treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), RGC-1502 for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and RGC 1503 for the treatment of colorectal cancer patients, through completion of Phase II clinical studies under U.S. FDA IND regulatory requirements (the “Rgene Studies”). The Service Agreement shall remain in effect until the expiration date of the last patent and automatically renew for 5 more years unless terminated earlier by either party with six months written notice. Under the terms of the Service Agreement, BioKey is eligible to receive payments totaling up to $3.0 million over a 3-year period with each payment amount to be determined by certain regulatory milestones obtained during the agreement period.

Collaborative agreement with BioFirst Corporation

On November 4, 2020, we executed an amendment to our collaboration agreement with BioFirst dated July 24, 2017, to add ABV-2001 Intraocular Irrigation Solution and ABV-2002 Corneal Storage Solution to our agreement. ABV-2002 is intended to be utilized during a corneal transplant procedure to replace a damaged or diseased cornea while ABV-2001 has broader utilization during a variety of ocular procedures.

Initially ABVC will focus on ABV-2002, a solution utilized to store a donor cornea prior to either penetrating keratoplasty (full thickness cornea transplant) or endothelial keratoplasty (back layer cornea transplant). Designated ABV-2002 under ABVC’s product identification system, the solution is comprised of a specific poly amino acid that protects ocular tissue from damage caused by external osmolarity exposure during pre-surgery storage. The specific polymer in ABV 2002 can adjust osmolarity to maintain a range of 330 to 390 mOsM thereby permitting hydration within the corneal stroma during the storage period. Stromal hydration results in (a) maintaining acceptable corneal transparency and (b) prevents donor cornea swelling. ABV-2002 also contains an abundant phenolic phytochemical found in plant cell walls that provides antioxidant antibacterial properties and neuroprotection.

Early testing by BioFirst indicates that ABV-2002 may be more effective for protecting the cornea and retina during long-term storage than other storage media available today and can be manufactured at lower cost. ABV-2002 is categorized as a Class I Medical Device that has the lowest risk to patients; however, further clinical development was put on hold due to the lack of funding.

On May 11, 2018, the Company and BioFirst (Australia) entered into a loan agreement for a total amount of $40,000 to meet its working capital needs. The advances bear 0% interest rate and are due on demand prior to September 30, 2020. Afterwards, all outstanding load will bear interest rate at 12% per annum. On July 1, 2020, the Company entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst (Australia) for $361,487 to properly record R&D cost and tax refund allocation based on co-development contract executed on July 24, 2017. The loan was originally set to mature on September 30, 2021 with an interest rate of 6.5% per annum, however, on September 7, 2021, the Company entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst (Australia) for $67,873 to meet its new project needs. On December 1, 2021, the Company entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst (Australia) for $250,000 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. The loan has an interest rate of 6.5% per annum and matured on November 30, 2022. For accounting purpose, the due from and due to related party balances was being net off. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding loan balances and allocated research fee were both amounted to $681,185, and accrued interest balances were both amounted $158,798. The business conditions of BioFirst (Australia) deteriorated and, as a result, the Company recognized expected credit losses of $839,983 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company stopped accruing interest income recognizing such losses.

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Joint Venture Agreement

On October 6, 2021 (the “Completion Date”), the Company, Lucidaim Co., Ltd., a Japanese corporation (“Lucidaim,” together with the Company, the “Shareholders”), and BioLite Japan K.K., a Japanese corporation (“Biolite JP”) entered into a Joint Venture Agreement (the “Agreement”). Biolite JP is a private limited company (a Japanese Kabushiki Kaisha) incorporated on December 18, 2018 and at the date of the Agreement has 10,000 ordinary shares authorized, with 3,049 ordinary shares issued and outstanding (the “Ordinary Shares”). Immediately prior to the execution of the Agreement, Lucidaim owned 1,501 Ordinary Shares and the Company owned 1,548 Ordinary Shares. The Shareholders entered into the joint venture to formally reduce to writing their desire to invest in and operate Biolite JP as a joint venture. The business of the joint venture shall be the research and development of drugs, medical device and digital media, investment, fund running and consulting, distribution and marketing of supplements carried on by Biolite JP and its subsidiaries in Japan, or any other territory or businesses as may from time to time be agreed by an amendment to the Agreement. The closing of the transaction is conditioned upon the approval and receipt of all necessary government approvals, which have been received.

Pursuant to the Agreement and the related share transfer agreement, the Company shall transfer 54 of its Ordinary Shares to Lucidaim for no consideration, such that following the transfer, Lucidaim shall own 1,555 Ordinary Shares (51%) and the Company shall own 1,494 Ordinary Shares (49%). Also pursuant to the Agreement, there shall be 3 directors of Biolite JP, consisting of 1 director appointed by the Company and 2 appointed by Lucidiam. The Company shall appoint Eugene Jiang, the Company’s current Chairman and Chief Business Officer and Lucidaim shall appoint Michihito Onishi; the current director of Biolite JP, Toru Seo (who is also a director of BioLite Japan’s other shareholder), is considered the second Lucidaim director. The Agreement further provides that the Company and Biolite JP shall assign the research collaboration and license agreement between them to Biolite JP or prepare the same (the “License Agreement”). The aforementioned transactions occurred on the Completion Date.

As per the Agreement, the Shareholders shall supervise and manage the business and operations of Biolite JP. The directors shall not be entitled to any renumeration for their services as a director and each Shareholder can remove and replace the director he/she/it appointed. If a Shareholder sells or disposes of all of its Ordinary Shares, the director such Shareholder appointed must tender his/her resignation. The Agreement also sets forth certain corporate actions that must be pre-approved by all Shareholders (the “Reserved Matters”). If the Shareholders are unable to make a decision on any Reserved Matter, then either Shareholder can submit a deadlock notice to the other shareholder, 5 days after which they must refer the matter to each Shareholder’s chairman and use good faith to resolve the dispute. If such dispute is not resolved within 10 days thereafter, then either Shareholder can offer to buy all of the other Shareholder’s Ordinary Shares for cash at a specified price; if there is not affirmative acceptance of the sale, the sale shall proceed as set forth in the sale offer.

Each of the Shareholders maintains a pre-emptive right to purchase such number of additional Ordinary Shares as would allow such Shareholder to maintain its ownership percentage in Biolite JP if Biolite JP issues any new Ordinary Shares. However, the Agreement provides that the Company shall lose its pre-emptive rights under certain conditions. The Shareholders also maintain a right of first refusal if the other Shareholder receives an offer to buy such shareholder’s Ordinary Shares.

The Agreement also requires Biolite JP to obtain a bank facility in the amount of JPY 30,460,000 (approximately USD272,000), for its initial working capital purposes. Pursuant to the Agreement, each Shareholder agrees to guarantee such bank facility if the bank requires a guarantee. Accordingly, the Company may be liable for the bank facility in an amount up to JPY 14,925,400 (approximately USD134,000), which represents 49% of the maximum bank facility. The Agreement further provides that Biolite JP shall issue annual dividends at the rate of at least 1.5% of Biolite JP’s profits, if it has sufficient cash to do so.

Pursuant to the Agreement, the Company and Biolite JP agree to use their best efforts to execute the License Agreement by the end of December 2021, but since it was not yet executed, the parties continue such efforts. The Company agreed that any negotiation on behalf of Biolite JP regarding the terms of the License Agreement shall be handled by the directors appointed by Lucidaim. If the Company and such Lucidaim directors do not reach agreement on the terms, Biolite JP may at its sole discretion determine not to execute the License Agreement without any liability to the Company.

The Agreement contains non-solicitation and non-compete clauses for a period of 2 years after a Shareholder or its subsidiaries ceases to be a Shareholder, with such restrictive covenants limited to business within the ophthalmologic filed or central neurological field. Any rights to intellectual property that arise from Biolite JP’s activities, shall belong to Biolite JP.

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The Agreement contains standard indemnification terms, except that no indemnifying party shall have any liability for an individual liability unless it exceeds JPY 500,000 (approximately USD4,500) and until the aggregate amount of all liabilities exceeds JPY 2,000,000 (approximately USD18,000) and then only to the extent such liability exceed such limit.

The Company paid $150,000 towards the setup of the joint venture; BioLite Japan’s other shareholder also paid $150,000 after the Letter of Intent was signed.

The Agreement shall continue for 10 years, unless earlier terminated. The Agreement also allows a Shareholder to terminate the agreement upon certain defaults committed by another Shareholder, as set forth in the Agreement.

In 2024, the Company recognized fully $150,000 loss in equity method investment based on continuing operating losses of BioLite JP.

In April 2024, the Japan Patent Office granted a new patent protection for the Company’s Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) candidate, ABV-1504. The patent is valid through 2040 and will help BioLite Japan market and commercialize the product.

Agreement with BioLite, Inc.

We entered into a Collaborative Agreement with BioLite, Inc., a company incorporated under the laws of Taiwan, and a subsidiary of the Company, (“BioLite”) on December 29, 2015, and then entered into two addendums to such agreement (as amended and revised, (the “Agreement”). The majority shareholder of BioLite is one of the Company’s subsidiaries, the Company’s Chairman is a director of BioLite and Dr. Jiang, the Company’s Chief Strategy Officer and a director, is the Chairman of BioLite.

Pursuant to the Agreement, the Company acquired the sole licensing rights to develop and commercialize for therapeutic purposes six compounds from BioLite. In accordance with the terms of the Agreement, the Company shall pay BioLite (i) milestone payments of up to $100 million in cash and equity of the Company or equity securities owned by it at various stages on a schedule dictated by BioLite’s achievements of certain milestones, as set forth in the Agreement (the “Milestone Payments”) and (ii) a royalty payment equal to 5% of net sales of the drug products when ABV-1501 is approved for sale in the licensed territories. If BioLite fails to reach any of the milestones in a timely manner, it may not receive the rest of the payments from the Company. According to the Agreement, after Phase II clinical trials are completed, 15% of the Milestone Payment becomes due and shall be paid in two stages: (i) 5% no later than December 31, 2021 (the “December 2021 Payment”) and (ii) 10% no later than December 31, 2022. On February 12, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors determined that the December 2021 Payment, which is equal to $5,000,000, shall be paid via the cancellation of certain outstanding debt, in the amount of $5,000,000, that BioLite owes the Company as of December 31, 2021. On February 22, 2022, the parties entered into an amendment to the Agreement allowing the Company to make all payments due under the Agreement via the forgiveness of debt, in equal value, owed by BioLite to the Company.

This was a related party transaction and was conducted at arm’s length. In addition to the Company’s board of directors approving the modification of terms of the Agreement, the Company’s audit committee approved them too. The Board believes it is in the Company’s best interest to cancel outstanding debt and apply it to the December 2021 Payment.

Following such approval, the Company and BioLite entered into an amendment to the Agreement reflecting the modified payment method.

Real Estate Purchase

On February 6, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with Shuling Jiang (“Shuling”), pursuant to which Shuling shall transfer the ownership of certain land she owns located at Taoyuan City, Taiwan (the “Shuling Land”) to the Company (the “Agreement”). Shuling is a director of the Company and owns approximately 15.4% of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock. On May 16, 2024, the Company’s board of directors determined that it was in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders to terminate the Agreement and not proceed with the transfer of land ownership. The shares originally issued were returned and the warrants were not issued. The parties are now re-negotiating the terms of the Company’s purchase of the Shuling Land, but will not enter into a definitive agreement unless and until shareholder approval of the proposed compensation is obtained.

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Other related party transactions

Due from related parties:

(1) | On June 16, 2022, the Company entered into a one-year convertible loan agreement with Rgene, with a principal amount of $1,000,000 and made $500,000 to Rgene which bears interest at 5% per annum for the use of working capital that, if fully converted, would result in ABVC owning an additional 6.4% of Rgene. The Company may convert the Note at any time into shares of Rgene’s common stock at either (i) a fixed conversion price equal to $1.00 per share or (ii) 20% discount of the stock price of the then most recent offering, whichever is lower; the conversion price is subject to adjustment as set forth in the Note. The Note includes standard events of default, as well as a cross-default provision pursuant to which a breach of the Service Agreement will trigger an event of default under the convertible note if not cured after 5 business days of written notice regarding the breach is provided. The loan was converted to Rgene’s common stock in May 2024 but the Company was not informed until April 2025. Please see detail discussion in Note 7. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding loan balance were $0 and $500,000; and accrued interest was $0and $63,819, respectively. Both principal and accrued interest were converted to Rgene’s common stocks. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company has other receivables amounted to $1,867 and $1,892, respectively, from Rgene due to daily operations.

(2) | On December 31, 2023, BioLite Taiwan entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst, with a principal amount of NTD 11,072,360 (approximately $337,707), which bears interest at 12% per annum for the use of working capital. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company entered into another loan agreement with BioFirst, with a principal amount of NTD 11,406,000 (approximately $347,883), which bears interest at 12% per annum for the use of working capital. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding loan balance were NTD 15,458,360 (approximately $465,297) and NTD 17,571,076 (approximately $535,918), respectively; accrued interests were$68,971 and $53,422, respectively. The Company has received NTD 2,080,000 (approximately $64,896) and $0 repayment during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(3) | On July 1, 2020, the Company entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst (Australia) for $361,487 to properly record R&D cost and tax refund allocation based on co-development contract executed on July 24, 2017. The loan was originally set to be mature on September 30, 2021 with an interest rate of 6.5% per annum, but on September 7, 2021, the Company entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst (Australia) for $67,873 to meet its new project needs. On July 27, 2021, the Company repaid a loan 249,975 to BioFirst (Australia). On December 1, 2021, the Company entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst (Australia) for $250,000 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. The loan will be matured on November 30, 2022 with an interest rate of 6.5% per annum. In 2022, the Company entered into several loan agreements with BioFirst (Australia) for a total amount of $507,000 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. During the first quarter of 2023, the Company entered into several loan agreements with BioFirst (Australia) for a total amount of $88,091 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company entered into several loan agreements with BioFirst (Australia) for a total amount of $25,500 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. All the loans period was twelve months with an interest rate of 6.5% per annum. For accounting purpose, the due from and due to related party balances was being net off. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding loan balances and allocated research fee were both amounted to $681,185, and accrued interest balances were both amounted $158,798. The business conditions of BioFirst (Australia) deteriorated and, as a result, the Company recognized expected credit losses of $839,983 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company stopped accruing interest income recognizing such losses.

(4) | On February 24, 2015, BioLite Taiwan and BioHopeKing Corporation (the “BHK”) entered into a co-development agreement, (the “BHK Co-Development Agreement”, see Note 4). The development costs shall be shared 50/50 between BHK and the Company. Under the term of the agreement, BioLite issued relevant development cost to BHK. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, due from BHK was both NTD 3,941,299 (approximately$118,633 and $120,210, respectively). The business conditions of BHK deteriorated and as a result, the Company recognized expected credit losses of NTD 3,941,299 as of December 31, 2024. No recovery was made during three months ended March 31, 2025.

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The Company’s due from related parties are subject to certain risks that our collaborative parties, including OncoX and FEYE, would face. Such risks exist in future market conditions, macro economy, legal and regulatory, results of clinical trials and product developments, and among others. As of March 31, 2025, the Company’s comprehensive review of these due from related party balances indicates that there are no expected losses except those being recognized above. This conclusion is based on the business relationships with our related parties and the absence of any significant indicators of potential default.

Due to related parties

Amount due to related parties consisted of the following as of the periods indicated:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
AiBtl Holding (1) |  | $ | 348,219 |  |  | $ | 348,219 |
The Jiangs (2) |  |  | 222,522 |  |  |  | 274,170 |
Shareholders (3) |  |  | 140,266 |  |  |  | 142,130 |
Lion Art Promotions Inc (4) |  |  | 65,738 |  |  |  | - |
Directors (5) |  |  | 12,953 |  |  |  | 8,526 |
Total |  | $ | 819,384 |  |  | $ | 773,045 |

(1) | On April 11, 2024, May 10, 2024, August 15, 2024, and December 24, 2024, AiBtl received short-term loans from its founding shareholder, AiBtl Holding, for the principal amounts of $40,000, $60,000, $33,732, and $214,487, respectively, for the purpose of daily operations. These loans do not bear interest and are payable on demand.
(2) | Since 2019, the Jiangs advanced funds to the Company for working capital purpose. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance due to the Jiangs amounted to $222,522 and $274,170, respectively. These loans bear no interest and are due on demand.

(3) | Since 2018, the Company’s shareholders have advanced funds to the Company for working capital purpose. The advances bear interest rate around 12% per annum. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding principal and accrued interest was $140,266 and $142,130, respectively. Interest expenses in connection with these loans were $4,963 and $5,938 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(4) | Accrued consulting services fee for the three months ended March 31, 2025.
(5) | As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, due to Directors amounted to $12,953 and $8,526, respectively, were related to the daily operating expenses since inception in 2023 paid by the Directors of AiBtl on behalf of the entity.

Promoters and Certain Control Persons

None of our management or other control persons were “promoters” (within the meaning of Rule 405 under the Securities Act), and none of such persons took the initiative in the formation of our business or received any of our debt or equity securities or any of the proceeds from the sale of such securities in exchange for the contribution of property or services, during the last five years.

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DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES

General

The Company’s authorized capital stock consists of:

| ● | 100,000,000 shares of Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share; and

| ● | 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share.

Our Common Stock may be issued for such consideration as may be fixed from time to time by our board of directors. Our board of directors may issue such shares of our Common Stock in one or more series, with such voting powers, shall be stated in the resolution or resolutions.

Common Stock

As of the date hereof, there are 16,773,261 shares of our Common Stock issued and outstanding. Holders of Common Stock are entitled to cast one vote for each share on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders, including the election of directors. The holders of Common Stock are entitled to receive ratably such dividends, if any, as may be declared by the Board out of funds legally available therefore. Such holders do not have any preemptive or other rights to subscribe for additional shares. All holders of Common Stock are entitled to share ratably in any assets for distribution to stockholders upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, subject to prior distribution rights of preferred stock then outstanding. There are no conversions, redemptions or sinking fund provisions applicable to the Common Stock. All outstanding shares of Common Stock are fully paid and non-assessable.

Preferred Stock

As of the date hereof, there is no preferred stock outstanding. Pursuant to the articles of incorporation of the Company, the Board of Directors is expressly granted the authority to issue preferred stock up to 20,000,000 shares and prescribe its designations.

The following description of preferred stock and the description of the terms of any particular series of preferred stock of the Company are not complete. The Company’s Board of Directors has the authority, without further action by the stockholders, to issue shares of preferred stock in one or more series and to fix the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions granted to or imposed upon the preferred stock. Any or all of these rights may be greater than the rights of the Company’s Common Stock. These descriptions are qualified in their entirety by reference to the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, as amended, and the certificate of designation relating to each such series.

Conversion Rights

Each share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is initially convertible at any time at the option of the holders into one share of Common Stock and automatically converts into one share of Common Stock (the “Conversion Ratio”) on its four-year anniversary of issuance and without the payment of additional consideration by the holder thereof.

No fractional shares shall be issued upon conversion of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock into Common Stock and no payment. In lieu of delivering fractional shares, we will pay to the holder, to the extent permitted by law, an amount in cash equal to the current fair market value of such fractional share as determined in good faith by our Board.

No Maturity, Sinking Fund or Mandatory Redemption

The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock has no maturity date and we are not required to redeem the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock at any time. However, we may choose to convert all the outstanding shares of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock into our Common Stock at the same Conversion Ratio at any time, provided that we have prepaid and distributed all the dividend accrued and to be accrued at the end of the four-year period since issuance thereof. Accordingly, the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock will remain outstanding until automatically converted to Common Stock on the four-year anniversary of issuance, unless the holders of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock or we choose to convert the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock into the Common Stock. The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is also not subject to any sinking fund.

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Voting Rights

Holders of shares of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock shall have the same voting rights as of the holders of our Common Stock.

Warrants and Options

As of the date hereof, we have 258,710 and 1,000,000 options and warrants, respectively of the Company outstanding. We are not registering shares of common stock underlying any warrants in this S1.

Transfer Agent

The transfer agent and registrar for our Common Stock is: VStock Transfer, LLC; Address: 18 Lafayette Place, Woodmere, New York 11598; Phone: (212) 828-8436; website: www.VStockTransfer.com

Anti-Takeover Provisions

Nevada Revised Statutes

Acquisition of Controlling Interest Statutes. Nevada’s “acquisition of controlling interest” statutes contain provisions governing the acquisition of a controlling interest in certain Nevada corporations. These “control share” laws provide generally that any person that acquires a “controlling interest” in certain Nevada corporations may be denied certain voting rights, unless a majority of the disinterested stockholders of the corporation elects to restore such voting rights. These statutes provide that a person acquires a “controlling interest” whenever a person acquires shares of a subject corporation that, but for the application of these provisions of the Nevada Revised Statutes, would enable that person to exercise (1) one-fifth or more, but less than one-third, (2) one-third or more, but less than a majority or (3) a majority or more, of all of the voting power of the corporation in the election of directors. Once an acquirer crosses one of these thresholds, shares which it acquired in the transaction taking it over the threshold and within the 90 days immediately preceding the date when the acquiring person acquired or offered to acquire a controlling interest become “control shares” to which the voting restrictions described above apply. Our articles of incorporation and bylaws currently contain no provisions relating to these statutes, and unless our articles of incorporation or bylaws in effect on the tenth day after the acquisition of a controlling interest were to provide otherwise, these laws would apply to us if we were to (i) have 200 or more stockholders of record (at least 100 of which have addresses in the State of Nevada appearing on our stock ledger) and (ii) do business in the State of Nevada directly or through an affiliated corporation. If these laws were to apply to us, they might discourage companies or persons interested in acquiring a significant interest in or control of the Company, regardless of whether such acquisition may be in the interest of our stockholders.

Combinations with Interested Stockholders Statutes. Nevada’s “combinations with interested stockholders” statutes prohibit certain business “combinations” between certain Nevada corporations and any person deemed to be an “interested stockholder” for two years after such person first becomes an “interested stockholder” unless (i) the corporation’s board of directors approves the combination (or the transaction by which such person becomes an “interested stockholder”) in advance, or (ii) the combination is approved by the board of directors and sixty percent of the corporation’s voting power not beneficially owned by the interested stockholder, its affiliates and associates. Furthermore, in the absence of prior approval certain restrictions may apply even after such two-year period. For purposes of these statutes, an “interested stockholder” is any person who is (x) the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of ten percent or more of the voting power of the outstanding voting shares of the corporation, or (y) an affiliate or associate of the corporation and at any time within the two previous years was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of ten percent or more of the voting power of the then outstanding shares of the corporation. The definition of the term “combination” is sufficiently broad to cover most significant transactions between the corporation and an “interested stockholder”. Subject to certain timing requirements set forth in the statutes, a corporation may elect not to be governed by these statutes. We have not included any such provision in our articles of incorporation.

The effect of these statutes may be to potentially discourage parties interested in taking control of the Company from doing so if it cannot obtain the approval of our board of directors.

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SELLING STOCKHOLDERS

This prospectus relates to the offering and sale, from time to time, of up to 3,527,778 shares of our Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Lind Note, up to 5,291,667 shares of Common Stock underlying the Lind Warrant, up to 211,667 shares of Common Stock underlying the PA Warrant, up to 342,857 shares of Common Stock, issuable upon full conversion of the 2nd Lind Note in the principal amount of $1,200,000, up to 1,000,000 shares of Common Stock underlying the 2nd Lind Warrant, up to 30,000 shares of Common Stock underlying the 2nd PA Warrant, up to 285,714 shares of Common Stock, issuable upon full conversion of the 3rd Lind Note in the principal amount of $1,000,000, up to 1,000,000 shares of Common Stock underlying the 3rd Lind Warrant; and up to 25,000 shares of Common Stock underlying the 3rd PA Warrant, held by the stockholders named in the table below. We are registering the shares to permit the selling stockholders and their pledgees, donees, transferees and other successors-in-interest that receive their shares from a selling stockholder as a gift, partnership distribution or other non-sale related transfer after the date of this prospectus to resell the shares when and as they deem appropriate in the manner described in the “Plan of Distribution.” As of May 16, 2025, there were 16,773,261 shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding.

The following table sets forth:

| ● | the name of the selling stockholders,

| ● | the number of shares of our Common Stock that the selling stockholders beneficially owned prior to the offering for resale of the shares under this prospectus,

| ● | the maximum number of shares of our Common Stock that may be offered for resale for the account of the selling stockholders under this prospectus, and

| ● | the number and percentage of shares of our Common Stock beneficially owned by the selling stockholders after the offering of the shares (assuming all of the offered shares are sold by the selling stockholders).

Unless set forth below, the selling stockholders received their securities in a private transaction with the Company.

Each selling stockholder may offer for sale all or part of the Shares from time to time. The table below assumes that the selling stockholders will sell all of the Shares offered for sale. A selling stockholder is under no obligation, however, to sell any Shares pursuant to this prospectus.

Name of selling stockholder |  | Shares of Common Stock Beneficially Owned Prior To offering |  |  | Maximum Number of Shares of Common Stock To Be Sold |  |  | Number of Shares of Common Stock Owned After offering (1) |  |  | Percentage Ownership After offering (1)(2) |
Lind Global Fund II LP |  |  | 11,448,016 |  |  |  | 11,448,016 | (3) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9.99 | %
Wilmington Capital Securities, LLC (4) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 266,667 | (4) |  |  | - |  |  |  | *

* | Represents Beneficial Ownership of Less Than One Percent of Our Outstanding Shares.

(1) | Since we do not have the ability to control how many, if any, of their shares each of the selling stockholders listed above will sell, we have assumed that the selling stockholders will sell all of the shares offered herein for purposes of determining how many shares they will own after the offering and their percentage of ownership following the offering.
(2) | All percentages have been rounded up to the nearest one hundredth of one percent.
(3) | Consists of: (i) 3,527,778 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the conversion of the Lind Note, which is calculated based on the initial Conversion Price (as defined in the Lind Note) of $1.05 per share, (ii) 5,291,667 shares of Common Stock underlying the Lind Warrant, (iii) 342,857 shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of 2nd Lind Note, which is calculated based on the Fixed Price (as defined in the 2nd Lind Note) of $3.5 per share, (iv) 1,000,000 shares of Common Stock underlying the 2nd Lind Warrant; (vii) 285,714 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the conversion of the 3rd Lind Note, which is calculated based on the Fixed Price (as defined in the 3rd Lind Note) of $3.5 per share and (viii) 1,000,000 shares of Common Stock underlying the 3rd Lind Warrant. All of the notes and warrants issued to Lind contain blocker provisions such that they cannot be exercised to the extent such exercise would cause the holder, together with its affiliates, to beneficially own in excess of 9.99% of the outstanding Equity Interests (as defined in the notes and warrants issued to Lind) of such class. The number of shares of Common Stock set forth in the second column does not give effect to such blocker provisions. The address for Lind Global Fund II LP is c/o The Lind Partners LLC, 444 Madison Avenue, Floor 41, New York, NY 10022. Lind Global Partners II LLC, the general partner of Lind Global Fund II LP, may be deemed to have sole voting and dispositive power with respect to the shares held by Lind Global Fund II LP. Jeff Easton, the managing member of Lind Global Partners II LLC, may be deemed to have sole voting and dispositive power with respect to the shares held by Lind Global Fund II LP.

(4) | Represents shares of Common Stock underlying the PA Warrants, 2nd PA Warrants and 3rd PA Warrants issued pursuant to the three transactions with Lind: 211,667 from the initial transaction with Lind, 30,000 from the second transaction with Lind and 25,000 from the third transaction with Lind. The PA Warrants, 2nd PA Warrants and 3rd PA Warrants contain blocker provisions such that they cannot be exercised to the extent such exercise would cause the holder, together with its affiliates, to beneficially own in excess of 9.99% of the outstanding Equity Interests (as defined in the PA Warrants, 2nd PA Warrants and 3rd PA Warrants) of such class. The number of shares of Common Stock set forth in the second column does not give effect to such blocker provisions. Investment and voting control held by John Mikes, president. The address for Wilmington Capital Securities, LLC is 600 Old Country Road, Suite 200, Garden City, NY 11530. Wilmington is a FINRA registered broker dealer.

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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

We are registering up to 11,714,683 shares of our Common Stock, including 9,031,112 shares of Common Stock previously registered on Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-271416), for resale by the Selling Stockholders.

The selling stockholders and any of their respective pledgees, donees, assignees and other successors-in-interest may, from time to time, sell any or all of their shares of common stock on any stock exchange, market or trading facility on which the shares are traded or in private transactions. These sales may be at fixed or negotiated prices. The selling stockholders may use any one or more of the following methods when selling shares:

| ● | ordinary brokerage transactions and transactions in which the broker-dealer solicits the purchaser;

| ● | block trades in which the broker-dealer will attempt to sell the shares as agent but may position and resell a portion of the block as principal;

| ● | facilitate the transaction;

| ● | purchases by a broker-dealer as principal and resale by the broker-dealer for its account;

| ● | an exchange distribution in accordance with the rules of the applicable exchange;

| ● | privately-negotiated transactions;

| ● | broker-dealers may agree with the selling stockholders to sell a specified number of such shares at a stipulated price per share;

| ● | through the writing of options on the shares;

| ● | a combination of any such methods of sale; and

| ● | any other method permitted pursuant to applicable law.

The selling stockholders may also sell shares under Rule 144 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), if available, rather than under this prospectus. The selling stockholders shall have the sole and absolute discretion not to accept any purchase offer or make any sale of shares if it deems the purchase price to be unsatisfactory at any particular time.

The selling stockholders or their respective pledgees, donees, transferees or other successors in interest, may also sell the shares directly to market makers acting as principals and/or broker-dealers acting as agents for themselves or their customers. Such broker-dealers may receive compensation in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from the selling stockholders and/or the purchasers of shares for whom such broker-dealers may act as agents or to whom they sell as principal or both, which compensation as to a particular broker-dealer might be in excess of customary commissions. Market makers and block purchasers purchasing the shares will do so for their own account and at their own risk. It is possible that a selling stockholder will attempt to sell shares of common stock in block transactions to market makers or other purchasers at a price per share which may be below the then existing market price. We cannot assure that all or any of the shares offered in this prospectus will be issued to, or sold by, the selling stockholders. The selling stockholders and any brokers, dealers or agents, upon effecting the sale of any of the shares offered in this prospectus, may be deemed to be “underwriters” as that term is defined under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations of such acts. In such event, any commissions received by such broker-dealers or agents and any profit on the resale of the shares purchased by them may be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts under the Securities Act.

We are required to pay all fees and expenses incident to the registration of the shares, including fees and disbursements of counsel to the selling stockholders, but excluding brokerage commissions or underwriter discounts.

The selling stockholders, alternatively, may sell all or any part of the shares offered in this prospectus through an underwriter. The selling stockholders have not entered into any agreement with a prospective underwriter and there is no assurance that any such agreement will be entered into.

The selling stockholders may pledge their shares to their brokers under the margin provisions of customer agreements. If a selling stockholder defaults on a margin loan, the broker may, from time to time, offer and sell the pledged shares. The selling stockholders and any other persons participating in the sale or distribution of the shares will be subject to applicable provisions of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations under such act, including, without limitation, Regulation M. These provisions may restrict certain activities of, and limit the timing of purchases and sales of any of the shares by, the selling stockholders or any other such person. In the event that any of the selling stockholders are deemed an affiliated purchaser or distribution participant within the meaning of Regulation M, then the selling stockholders will not be permitted to engage in short sales of common stock. Furthermore, under Regulation M, persons engaged in a distribution of securities are prohibited from simultaneously engaging in market making and certain other activities with respect to such securities for a specified period of time prior to the commencement of such distributions, subject to specified exceptions or exemptions. In addition, if a short sale is deemed to be a stabilizing activity, then the selling stockholders will not be permitted to engage in a short sale of our common stock. All of these limitations may affect the marketability of the shares.

If a selling stockholder notifies us that it has a material arrangement with a broker-dealer for the resale of the common stock, then we would be required to amend the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and file a prospectus supplement to describe the agreements between the selling stockholder and the broker-dealer.

In compliance with the guidelines of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., or FINRA, the maximum consideration or discount to be received by any member of the FINRA may not exceed 8% of the aggregate amount of the securities offered pursuant to this prospectus.

98

MARKET FOR OUR COMMON STOCK, DIVIDENDS AND

RELATED STOCKHOLDER INFORMATION

Market Information. Our common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), is currently quoted on the Nasdaq Capital Markets under the symbol “ABVC”.

Holders. As of May 16, 2025, we had approximately 656 shareholders of record of our common stock.

Dividends. Holders of our common stock are entitled to receive such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors. No dividends on our common stock have ever been paid, and we do not anticipate that dividends will be paid on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table discloses information as of the year ended December 31, 2024, with respect to compensation plans (including individual compensation arrangements) under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance, aggregated as follows:

Equity Compensation Plan Information

Plan category |  | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  |  | Weighted- average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  |  | Shares of common stock remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans |
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders |  |  | 258,710 |  |  | $ | 27.90 |  |  |  | 386,021 |
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  |  | 258,710 |  |  | $ | 27.90 |  |  |  | 386,021 |

99

LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the securities being offered by this prospectus been passed upon for us by Hunter Taubman Fischer & Li LLC.

EXPERTS

The consolidated financial statements of ABVC BioPharma, Inc. as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 included elsewhere in this prospectus have been audited by Simon & Edward, LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their report appearing elsewhere herein, and are included in reliance upon such report given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing. The financial statements as of March 31, 2025 included in this prospectus are not audited.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

We are a reporting company and file annual, quarterly and special reports, and other information with the SEC. Copies of the reports and other information may be read and copied at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You can request copies of such documents by writing to the SEC and paying a fee for the copying cost. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a web site at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC.

This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-1 that we filed with the SEC. Certain information in the registration statement has been omitted from this prospectus in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. We have also filed exhibits and schedules with the registration statement that are excluded from this prospectus. For further information you may:

| ● | read a copy of the registration statement, including the exhibits and schedules, without charge at the SEC’s Public Reference Room; or

| ● | obtain a copy from the SEC upon payment of the fees prescribed by the SEC.

We file periodic reports, proxy statements, and other information with the SEC. These periodic reports, proxy statements, and other information will be available for inspection and copying at the SEC’s public reference facilities and the website of the SEC referred to above. After the closing of this offering, you may access our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act with the SEC free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

DISCLOSURE OF COMMISSION POSITION ON INDEMNIFICATION FOR SECURITIES ACT LIABILITIES

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to our directors, officers and controlling persons pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, we have been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by us of expenses incurred or paid by one of our directors, officers or controlling persons in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by that director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, we will, unless in the opinion of our counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether that indemnification by us is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of that issue.

100

Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto and the report of Simon & Edward, LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, are set forth on pages F-2 through F-75 of this Report.

CONTENTS

PAGE | F-2 | REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM (PCAOB ID 2485)
PAGE | F-5 | CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND DECEMBER 31, 2023.
PAGE | F-6 | CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND DECEMBER 31, 2023.
PAGE | F-7 | CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND DECEMBER 31, 2023.
PAGES | F-8 | CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT) FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND DECEMBER 31, 2023.
PAGES | F-9 | NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.
PAGE | F-43 | Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024
PAGE | F-44 | Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the Three months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (Restated)
PAGE | F-45 | Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (Restated)
PAGES | F-46 | Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the Three months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (Restated)
PAGES | F-47 | Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-1

| 17506 Colima Road, Ste 101, Rowland Heights, CA 91748 Tel: +1 (626) 581-0818 Fax: +1 (626) 581-0809

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Shareholders and Board of Directors

ABVC BioPharma, Inc.

Fremont, CA

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of ABVC BioPharma, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Substantial Doubt About the Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company incurred substantial losses during the year ended December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had a working capital deficit and net cash outflows from operating activities. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Our opinion is not modified with respect to this matter.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

F-2

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Prepayment for asset acquisition

As described in Notes 5 of the consolidated financial statements, the Company entered into a cooperation agreement on August 14, 2023, under which it is expected to acquire ownership of certain properties and a parcel of land in Chengdu, China, by issuing 370,000 shares of common stock.

We identified the accounting for the initial recognition of the prepayment as a critical audit matter due to the Company’s use of its own common stock as consideration, coupled with the fact that the target assets were still under construction. This led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and significant audit effort was required in performing procedures to evaluate management’s determination of the cost and timing of control obtained.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

Ø | Obtained and reviewed the cooperation agreement and other related legal documents, to evaluate the terms and conditions.

Ø | Inquired with the management regarding the arrangement outlined in the agreement

Ø | Inspected the real property ownership certificate issued by the PRC authorities.

Ø | Inspected the appraisal report of the real property under construction.

Ø | Tested the issuance of common stock through transfer agent confirmation procedure.

Ø | Examined the fair value applied in determining the cost of the acquired asset.

Ø | Verified the recognition of the asset by recalculating the cost to ensure accuracy.

F-3

Issuance and Conversion of Senior Convertible Promissory Note (the “Notes”)

As outlined in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements, during the reporting period, the Company issued multiple convertible notes with detachable warrants. These financial instruments involved complex terms related to conversion features, fair value allocation, and classification between liabilities and equity under applicable accounting standards.

We identified the issuance and subsequent conversion of these notes as a critical audit matter due to the complexity of the financial instruments and the significant auditor judgment required. Auditing these matters involved extensive procedures and effort to evaluate management’s accounting conclusions and application of the relevant guidance.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

Ø | Obtained and reviewed the agreements for the convertible notes and detachable warrants to understand the key terms.

Ø | Evaluated management’s analysis of the classification and measurement of the convertible notes and warrants.

Ø | Tested the fair value measurements used in allocating proceeds and assessing conversion features.

Ø | Verified the initial recognition of the Notes by reviewing the amortization schedules, testing the inputs, and independently recalculating the schedules for accuracy.

Ø | Assessed the accuracy and completeness of subsequent accounting entries, including verification of principal repayments and conversions to equity.

Ø | Confirmed the ending balances through direct confirmations obtained from the creditors.

/s/ Simon & Edward, LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2024.

PCAOB ID: 2485

Rowland Heights, California

April 15, 2025

F-4

ABVC BIOPHARMA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  |  |  |  | (Restated) |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 248,382 |  |  | $ | 60,155 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 615,433 |  |  |  | 656,625 |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,530 |
Accounts receivable - related parties, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,463 |
Due from related parties - current |  |  | 1,155,051 |  |  |  | 747,573 |
Short-term investments |  |  | 64,736 |  |  |  | 79,312 |
Prepaid expense and other current assets |  |  | 96,213 |  |  |  | 101,051 |
Total Current Assets |  |  | 2,179,815 |  |  |  | 1,656,709 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 511,088 |  |  |  | 569,278 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 640,387 |  |  |  | 809,283 |
Long-term investments |  |  | 2,258,754 |  |  |  | 2,527,740 |
Prepayment for long-term investments |  |  | 1,124,842 |  |  |  | 1,274,842 |
Prepayment for asset acquisition |  |  | 691,900 |  |  |  | 691,900 |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 133,121 |  |  |  | 141,231 |
Due from related parties - non-current, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | 113,516 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 7,539,907 |  |  | $ | 7,784,499 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term bank and other loans |  | $ | 840,252 |  |  | $ | 899,250 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 3,509,422 |  |  |  | 3,548,352 |
Contract liabilities |  |  | 81,115 |  |  |  | 79,500 |
Taxes payables |  |  | - |  |  |  | 112,946 |
Operating lease liabilities - current |  |  | 403,581 |  |  |  | 401,826 |
Due to related parties |  |  | 773,045 |  |  |  | 173,493 |
Convertible notes payable - third parties, net |  |  | 950,046 |  |  |  | 886,522 |
Total Current Liabilities |  |  | 6,557,461 |  |  |  | 6,101,889 |
Tenant security deposit |  |  | 21,680 |  |  |  | 21,680 |
Operating lease liability - non-current |  |  | 236,807 |  |  |  | 407,457 |
Total Liabilities |  |  | 6,815,948 |  |  |  | 6,531,026 |
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 20,000,000 authorized, nil shares issued and outstanding |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 100,000,000 authorized, 13,868,484 and 7,940,298 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (1) |  |  | 13,868 |  |  |  | 7,940 |
Stock to be issued |  |  | 31,040 |  |  |  | - |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 78,595,065 |  |  |  | 73,978,380 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (68,949,807 | ) |  |  | (64,046,929 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | 445,665 |  |  |  | 516,387 |
Treasury stock |  |  | (8,909,691 | ) |  |  | (8,901,668 | )
Total Stockholders’ equity |  |  | 1,226,140 |  |  |  | 1,554,110 |
Noncontrolling interest |  |  | (502,181 | ) |  |  | (300,637 | )
Total Equity |  |  | 723,959 |  |  |  | 1,253,473 |
Total Liabilities and Equity |  | $ | 7,539,907 |  |  | $ | 7,784,499 |

(1) | Prior period results have been adjusted to reflect the 1-for-10 reverse stock split effected on July 25, 2023.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-5

ABVC BIOPHARMA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 (Restated) |
Revenue |  | $ | 509,589 |  |  | $ | 152,430 |
Cost of revenue |  |  | 763 |  |  |  | 302,037 |
Gross profit (loss) |  |  | 508,826 |  |  |  | (149,607 | )
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 2,261,336 |  |  |  | 5,368,278 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | 179,272 |  |  |  | 1,062,916 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 2,773,460 |  |  |  | 185,933 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 5,214,068 |  |  |  | 6,617,127 |
Loss from operations |  |  | (4,705,242 | ) |  |  | (6,766,734 | )
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 87,358 |  |  |  | 185,481 |
Interest expense |  |  | (825,899 | ) |  |  | (1,313,671 | )
Operating sublease income |  |  | 48,478 |  |  |  | 65,900 |
Gain (loss) on foreign exchange changes |  |  | (25,135 | ) |  |  | 22,690 |
Loss on investment in equity securities |  |  | (339,171 | ) |  |  | (221,888 | )
Write off unclaimed accrued liabilities |  |  | 255,592 |  |  |  | - |
Other income, net |  |  | 134,443 |  |  |  | 3,384 |
Total other income (expenses) |  |  | (664,334 | ) |  |  | (1,258,104 | )
Loss before provision for income tax |  |  | (5,369,576 | ) |  |  | (8,024,838 | )
Provision for income tax expense |  |  | (110,539 | ) |  |  | 256,006 |
Net loss |  |  | (5,259,037 | ) |  |  | (8,280,844 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (356,159 | ) |  |  | (492,794 | )
Net loss attributed to ABVC and subsidiaries |  |  | (4,902,878 | ) |  |  | (7,788,050 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | (70,722 | ) |  |  | (741 | )
Comprehensive loss |  | $ | (4,973,600 | ) |  | $ | (7,788,791 | )
Net loss per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.42 | ) |  | $ | (1.80 | )
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  |  | 11,673,980 |  |  |  | 4,335,650 |

(1) | Prior period results have been adjusted to reflect the 1-for-10 reverse stock split effected on July 25, 2023.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-6

ABVC BIOPHARMA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 (Restated) |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (5,259,037 | ) |  | $ | (8,280,844 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  |  | 32,025 |  |  |  | 28,531 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 2,773,460 |  |  |  | 185,933 |
Provision for doubtful accounts |  |  | 11,993 |  |  |  | 1,455,101 |
Other non-cash expenses, net |  |  | 532,769 |  |  |  | 1,244,245 |
Loss on investment in equity securities |  |  | 339,171 |  |  |  | 221,888 |
Amortization of right-of-use asset |  |  | 168,896 |  |  |  | 351,859 |
Deferred tax expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 115,668 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  | - |  |  |  | 228,557 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 12,948 |  |  |  | 101,926 |
Due from related parties |  |  | (293,962 | ) |  |  | (321,776 | )
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 152,819 |  |  |  | 638,762 |
Contract liabilities |  |  | 1,615 |  |  |  | 68,515 |
Tenant security deposit |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,700 |
Taxes payables |  |  | (112,946 | ) |  |  | 112,946 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | (168,896 | ) |  |  | (351,859 | )
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (1,809,145 | ) |  |  | (4,186,848 | )
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of equipment |  |  | - |  |  |  | (21,201 | )
Prepayment for equity investment |  |  | - |  |  |  | (338,985 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | - |  |  |  | (360,186 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Issuance of common stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,050,000 |
Repayment of short-term bank loans |  |  | (29,152 | ) |  |  | (1,000,000 | )
Proceeds from issuance of warrants |  |  | 394,071 |  |  |  | 2,406,338 |
Proceeds from exercise of warrants |  |  | 947,500 |  |  |  | - |
Proceeds from (repayment of) related party payables |  |  | 599,552 |  |  |  | (186,499 | )
Proceeds from convertible notes payable |  |  | 342,095 |  |  |  | 1,462,622 |
Repayment of convertible notes payable |  |  | (327,017 | ) |  |  | - |
Repurchase of treasury stocks |  |  | (7,320 | ) |  |  | - |
Proceeds from issuance of a promissory note |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | - |
Proceeds from common stock subscription |  |  | 31,040 |  |  |  | - |
Proceeds from subsidiary's executive contribution |  |  | - |  |  |  | 137,500 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 1,980,769 |  |  |  | 3,869,961 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | (24,589 | ) |  |  | 2,125 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | 147,035 |  |  |  | (674,948 | )
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning |  |  | 716,780 |  |  |  | 1,391,728 |
Ending |  | $ | 863,815 |  |  | $ | 716,780 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flows |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the year for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense paid |  | $ | 22,539 |  |  | $ | 33,180 |
Income taxes paid |  | $ | 25,863 |  |  | $ | 27,392 |
Non-cash financing and investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prepayment for asset acquisition by issuing common stock to a third party |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 691,900 |
Issuance of common stock for conversion of debt |  | $ | 593,714 |  |  | $ | 1,786,686 |
Issuance of subsidiary’s common stock for consulting services |  | $ | 383,500 |  |  | $ | - |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-7

ABVC BIOPHARMA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (Restated)

|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  | Stock Sub |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Non |  |  |  |
|  | Number of shares (1) |  |  | Amounts (1) |  |  | Subscribed stock |  |  | scription Receivable |  |  | Paid-in Capital |  |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  | Comprehensive Income |  |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | controlling Interest |  |  | Stockholders’ Equity |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 3,286,190 |  |  | $ | 3,286 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (1,354,440 | ) |  | $ | 67,937,050 |  |  | $ | (54,904,439 | ) |  | $ | 517,128 |  |  |  | (27,535 | ) |  | $ | (9,100,000 | ) |  | $ | 137,554 |  |  | $ | 3,236,139 |
Prior period adjustment |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,354,440 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,354,440 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Issuance of common shares for cash |  |  | 300,000 |  |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,049,700 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,050,000 |
Issuance of common shares for consulting service |  |  | 51,941 |  |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 196,048 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 196,100 |
Issuance of common shares for acquiring of Property |  |  | 370,000 |  |  |  | 370 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 691,530 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 691,900 |
Issuance of common shares for exercise of convertible notes |  |  | 3,732,167 |  |  |  | 3,732 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,782,954 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,786,686 |
Warrant issued with convertible notes payable |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,729,029 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,729,029 |
Issuance of pre-funded warrant |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 700,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 700,000 |
Exercise of pre-funded warrant |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (200 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Subsidiary executive contribution |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 82,897 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 54,603 |  |  |  | 137,500 |
Net loss for the period |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (7,788,050 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (492,794 | ) |  |  | (8,280,844 | )
Cumulative transaction adjustments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (741 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (741 | )
Distribute as employee compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (190,628 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 982 |  |  |  | 198,332 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,704 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  |  | 7,940,298 |  |  |  | 7,940 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 73,978,380 |  |  |  | (64,046,929 | ) |  |  | 516,387 |  |  |  | (26,553 | ) |  |  | (8,901,668 | ) |  |  | (300,637 | ) |  |  | 1,253,473 |
Issuance of common shares for Lind CN |  |  | 1,705,303 |  |  |  | 1,706 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 592,008 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 593,714 |
Issuance of pre-funded warrant |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 394,071 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 394,071 |
Issuance of common shares for acquisition of property |  |  | 703,496 |  |  |  | 703 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (703,496 | ) |  |  | (703 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 2,019,387 |  |  |  | 2,019 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,451,854 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,453,873 |
Issuance of common shares for exercise of warrants |  |  | 1,500,000 |  |  |  | 1,500 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 946,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 947,500 |
Repurchase of common stock from a prior employee |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (592 | ) |  |  | (7,320 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (7,320 | )
Stock subscription received |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 31,040 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 31,040 |
Issuance of subsidiary's common shares for consulting service |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 225,690 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 157,810 |  |  |  | 383,500 |
Debt discount recognized from Issuance of subsidiary's convertible note |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,276 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,591 |  |  |  | 3,867 |
Decrease in ownership of subsidiary due to share issuance |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,786 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,786) |  |  |  | - |
Net loss for the period |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,902,878 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (356,159 | ) |  |  | (5,259,037 | )
Cumulative transaction adjustments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (70,722 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (70,722 | )
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 13,868,484 |  |  | $ | 13,868 |  |  | $ | 31,040 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 78,595,065 |  |  | $ | (68,949,807 | ) |  | $ | 445,665 |  |  |  | (730,641 | ) |  | $ | (8,909,691 | ) |  | $ | (502,181 | ) |  | $ | 723,959 |

(1) | Prior period results have been adjusted to reflect the 1-for-10 reverse stock split effected on July 25, 2023.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-8

ABVC BIOPHARMA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. ORGANIZATION AND DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

ABVC BioPharma, Inc. (the “Company”), formerly known as American BriVision (Holding) Corporation, a Nevada corporation, through the Company’s operating entity, American BriVision Corporation (“BriVision”), which was incorporated in July 2015 in the State of Delaware, engages in biotechnology to fulfill unmet medical needs and focuses on the development of new drugs and medical devices derived from plants. BriVision develops its pipeline by carefully tracking new medical discoveries or medical device technologies in research institutions in the Asia-Pacific region. Pre-clinical, disease animal model and Phase I safety studies are examined closely by the Company to identify drugs that BriVision believes demonstrate efficacy and safety. Once a drug appears to be a good candidate for development and ultimately commercialization, BriVision licenses the drug or medical device from the original researchers and begins to introduce the drugs clinical plan to highly respected principal investigators in the United States, Australia and Taiwan to conduct a Phase II clinical trial. At present, clinical trials for the Company’s drugs and medical devices are being conducted at such world-famous institutions including Stanford University, University of California San Fransisco (UCSF) and Cedar Sinai Medical Centre (CSMC).

The Company has four wholly-owned subsidiaries, BriVision, BioLite Holding Inc. (“BioLite Holding”), BioKey Inc. (“BioKey”), BioKey (Cayman), Inc (“BioKey Cayman”), and a majority-owned subsidiary, AiBtl BioPharma Inc. (“AiBtl”).

BioLite Holding was incorporated in the State of Nevada with wholly owned subsidiary BioLite BVI, Inc. (“BioLite BVI”) that was incorporated in the British Virgin Islands. BioLite BVI holds 73% ownership of BioLite Inc. (“BioLite Taiwan”), a Taiwanese corporation that was founded in February 2006. BioLite Taiwan has been in the business of developing new drugs since it was incorporated.

Yunzhiyi, a Taiwanese corporation, was incorporated in August 2024, with 90% owned by BioLite Taiwan and 10% owned by Shuling Jiang, the Company’s director. This entity is set up for holding the land that AiBtl acquired in Taiwan for developing health related business in Taiwan.

Incorporated in California on November 20, 2000, BioKey has chosen to initially focus on developing generic drugs to ride the opportunity of the booming industry.

BioKey Cayman was incorporated in Cayman Islands in July 2023, which is 100% owned by ABVC. This subsidiary has no activities since inception.

Acquisition of AiBtl BioPharma Inc.

On November 12, 2023, the Company and BioLite Taiwan each entered into a multi-year, global licensing agreement with AiBtl for the Company and BioLite Taiwan’s CNS drugs with the indications of MDD (Major Depressive Disorder) and ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) (collectively, the “Licensed Products”). The potential license will cover the Licensed Products’ clinical trial, registration, manufacturing, supply, and distribution rights. The parties are determined to collaborate on the global development of the Licensed Products. The parties are also working to strengthen new drug development and business collaboration, including technology, interoperability, and standards development. As per each of the respective agreements, each of ABVC and BioLite Taiwan received 23 million shares of AiBtl stock and as a result, the Company has a controlling interest over AiBtl. If certain milestones are met, the Company and BioLite Taiwan are each eligible to receive $3,500,000 and royalties equaling 5% of net sales, up to $100 million. The financial statements of AiBtl are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company concluded the assets acquired and liabilities assumed did not meet the definition of a business as a limited number of inputs were acquired but no substantive business processes or signs of output were acquired. As such, the acquisition was accounted for as an asset purchase. The purchase consideration was nonmonetary assets (patent) and transfer on November 12, 2023. The equity interest transferred to ABVC and BioLite Taiwan on December 15, 2023.

F-9

2. LIQUIDITY, GOING CONCERN, AND RESTATEMENT

Liquidity and Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in conformity with the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (the “U.S. GAAP”) which contemplates continuation of the Company on a going concern basis. The going concern basis assumes that assets are realized, and liabilities are settled in the ordinary course of business at amounts disclosed in the financial statements. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern depends upon its ability to market and sell its products to generate positive operating cash flows. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company reported net loss of $5,259,037. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s working capital deficit was $4,377,646. In addition, the Company had net cash outflows of $1,809,145 from operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024. These conditions give rise to substantial doubt as to whether the Company will be able to continue as a going concern.

To sustain its ability to support the Company’s operating activities, the Company may have to consider supplementing its available sources of funds through the following sources:

| ● | cash generated from operations;

| ● | other available sources of financing from banks and other financial institutions in the U.S. and in Taiwan; and

| ● | financial support from the Company’s related parties and shareholders.

Management’s plan is to continue to improve operations to generate positive cash flows and raise additional capital through private or public offerings, or financial support from related parties or shareholders. If the Company is not able to generate positive operating cash flows, and raise additional capital, there is the risk that the Company may not be able to meet its short-term obligations. All of these factors raise substantial doubt about the ability of the Company to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 have been prepared on a going concern basis and do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classifications of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from the inability of the Company to continue as a going concern.

Restatement Background and Explanation

The Company has restated its financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, to correct misstatements in those prior periods related to improperly applying accounting guidance on the share-based payments, incorrectly recognizing interest expenses upon the conversion of convertible debts, and misidentifying the existence of non-controlling interest of our subsidiary.

As disclosed in Note 5, the Company entered into a cooperation agreement on August 14, 2023 with Zhong Hui Lian He Ji Tuan, Ltd. (the “Zhonghui”) to acquire 20% of the ownership of certain property and a parcel of the land. According to the agreement, the Company issued 370,000 shares of its common stock as the consideration, and used $20 dollar per share to recognize the right as construction in progress on the balance sheet.

At the time of preparing its 2024 financial statements, the Company reviewed the entire transaction, its relevant agreements and documentation, as well as the applicable accounting guidance. The Company applied FASB Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 845 Nonmonetary Transactions to determine the fair value of the asset acquired would be more evident than the fair value of the consideration in exchange, the Company’s restricted common stocks. The real estates acquired comes with a third-party valuation of $7,400,000 per the Company’s stake, which the value of the acquired assets is guaranteed by Zhonghui. Upon further review, the Company considered ASC 718 Compensation – Stock Compensation, should have been the appropriate guidance to apply given the Company’s common stocks are listed in Nasdaq with more observable fair value (Level 1). Furthermore, at the time of issuance of these financial statements, no real estate title was transferred to the Company. As a result, the Company adjusted the carrying value of the asset and reclassified the balance to “Prepayment for asset acquisition” account to reflect the value of 370,000 shares issued at $1.87, the closing price as of the contract date. The Company also corrected the share price used to recognize stock compensation expense from $20 to $1.87 for the 29,600 shares of common stock issued on the same day to several consultants. As a result, these adjustments reduced $6,708,100 for asset recognized and $536,648 for stock-compensation expense incurred in 2023.

In February 2023, the Company issued a convertible note to LIND Global Fund II, LP (Note 7). Due to misapplication of ASC 470-20 instead of ASC 815-40, the Company overstated interest expenses $1,179,669 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The overstatement is offsetting against additional paid-in capital due to the convertible note being converted to the Company’s own common stocks instead of being repaid or disposition.

F-10

In November 2023, the Company and one of its subsidiaries entered into a licensing agreement with AiBtl. The Company accounted for a 100% control of AiBtl as of December 31, 2023, but later discovered that AiBtl had outstanding founder shares that were not deposited to the stock transfer agent in the timely manner. Such shares reduced the Company’s controlling interest from 100% to 69.70%. Accordingly, the Company adjusted the relevant accounts in our consolidated financial statements.

As discussed in Note 12, in July 2019 the Company issued 644,972 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock to four consultants for their services. Such stock-based expenses were amortized over 5 years starting from the issuance date. Per the Company’s further review, the services, along with the agreements, were completed by December 31, 2022. Pursuant to ASC 718, the costs of services should be recognized along with the period when services are received. Therefore, the Company reversed share-based compensation expenses of $451,480 and $902,960 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2022 was corrected with the Stock Subscription Receivables for $1,354,440 as a result of such adjustments.

Impact of the Restatement

The impact of the restatement on the balance sheets, statements of operations, and statements of cash flows as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 is presented below.

|  | December 31, 2023 |
Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Restated |
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | 7,969,278 |  |  | $ | (7,400,000 | ) |  | $ | 569,278 |
Prepayment for asset acquisition |  |  | - |  |  |  | 691,900 |  |  |  | 691,900 |
Total Assets |  |  | 14,492,599 |  |  |  | (6,708,100 | ) |  |  | 7,784,499 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 3,696,380 |  |  |  | (148,028 | ) |  |  | 3,548,352 |
Convertible notes payable – third parties, net |  |  | 569,456 |  |  |  | 317,066 |  |  |  | 886,522 |
Due to related parties |  |  | 173,132 |  |  |  | 361 |  |  |  | 173,493 |
Current Liabilities |  |  | 5,932,490 |  |  |  | 169,399 |  |  |  | 6,101,889 |
Total Liabilities |  |  | 6,361,627 |  |  |  | 169,399 |  |  |  | 6,531,026 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 82,636,966 |  |  |  | (8,658,586 | ) |  |  | 73,978,380 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 8,388,050 |  |  |  | (6,833,940 | ) |  |  | 1,554,110 |
Noncontrolling interest |  |  | (257,078 | ) |  |  | (43,559 | ) |  |  | (300,637 | )
Total Equity |  |  | 8,130,972 |  |  |  | (6,877,499 | ) |  |  | 1,253,473 |
Total Liabilities and Equity |  | $ | 14,492,599 |  |  | $ | (6,708,100 | ) |  | $ | 7,784,499 |

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2023 |
Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Restated |
Stock based compensation |  | $ | 1,635,708 |  |  | $ | (1,449,775 | ) |  | $ | 185,933 |
Interest expenses |  |  | (2,493,340 | ) |  |  | 1,179,669 |  |  |  | (1,313,671 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (394,632 | ) |  |  | (98,162 | ) |  |  | (492,794 | )
Net loss |  |  | (10,910,288 | ) |  |  | 2,629,444 |  |  |  | (8,280,844 | )
Basic and diluted net loss per common share |  | $ | (2.43 | ) |  | $ | 0.63 |  |  | $ | (1.80 | )

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2023 |
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Restated |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (10,910,288 | ) |  | $ | 2,629,444 |  |  | $ | (8,280,844 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 1,635,708 |  |  |  | (1,449,775 | ) |  |  | 185,933 |
Other non-cash income and expenses |  |  | 2,413,746 |  |  |  | (1,169,501 | ) |  |  | 1,244,245 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 786,793 |  |  |  | (148,031 | ) |  |  | 638,762 |
Due to related parties |  |  | (186,860 | ) |  |  | 186,860 |  |  |  | - |
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (4,235,845 | ) |  |  | (48,997 | ) |  |  | (4,186,848 | )
Due to related parties* |  |  | - |  |  |  | (186,499 | ) |  |  | (186,499 | )
Proceeds from subsidiary’s executive contribution |  |  | - |  |  |  | 137,500 |  |  |  | 137,500 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 3,918,960 |  |  |  | (48,999 | ) |  |  | 3,869,961 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | 2,125- |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 2,123 |
Purchase of Property and equipment by issuing common stock to a third party |  |  | 7,400,000 |  |  |  | (7,400,000 | ) |  |  | - |
Prepayment for asset acquisition by issuing common stock to a third party |  |  | - |  |  |  | 691,600 |  |  |  | 691,900 |
Issuance of common stock for conversion of debt |  | $ | 3,306,112 |  |  | $ | (1,519,426 | ) |  | $ | 1,786,686 |

| * | Due to related parties previously reported amount was reclassified to financing activities based on current year’s presentation.

F-11

3. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the U.S. GAAP and pursuant to the regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). All significant intercompany transactions and account balances have been eliminated. The Company’s fiscal year is the calendar year.

Reclassifications of Prior Year Presentation

Certain amounts on prior year’s consolidated financial statements have been reclassified for consistency with the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on the reported results of operations.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with the U.S. GAAP that requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ materially from those results.

Stock Reverse Split

On July 25, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to its Articles of Incorporation authorizing a 1-for-10 reverse stock split of the issued and outstanding shares of its common stock. The Company’s stockholders previously approved the Reverse Stock Split at the Company’s Special Shareholder Meeting held on July 7, 2023. The Reverse Stock Split was effected to reduce the number of issued and outstanding shares and to increase the per share trading value of the Company’s common stock, although that outcome is not guaranteed. All shares and related financial information in this Form 10-K reflect this 1-for-10 reverse stock split.

Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820 “Fair Value Measurements” defines fair value for certain financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are recorded at fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. It requires that an entity measure its financial instruments to base fair value on exit price, maximize the use of observable units and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to determine the exit price. It establishes a hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. This hierarchy increases the consistency and comparability of fair value measurements and related disclosures by maximizing the use of observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels based on the reliability of the inputs as follows:

| ● | Level 1– Inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. Valuation of these instruments does not require a high degree of judgment as the valuations are based on quoted prices in active markets that are readily and regularly available.

| ● | Level 2– Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the measurement date, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

| ● | Level 3– Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and not corroborated by market data. The fair value for such assets and liabilities is generally determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques that incorporate the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability.

F-12

The carrying values of certain assets and liabilities of the Company, such as cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, due from related parties, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and due to related parties, approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturities. The carrying value of the Company’s short-term bank loans, convertible notes payable, and accrued interest approximates their fair value as the terms of the borrowing are consistent with current market rates and the duration to maturity is short.

Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company’s financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company places its cash and temporary cash investments in high quality credit institutions, but these investments may be in excess of the limit of $91,500 (NTD 3.0 million) covered by Taiwan Central Deposit Insurance Corporation, and the limit of $250,000 covered by the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s insurance limits. However, the Company does not anticipate any losses on excess deposits. The Company does not enter into financial instruments for hedging, trading or speculative purposes.

The Company performs ongoing credit evaluation of its customers and requires no collateral. Credit losses and allowance for unbilled receivables are provided based on a review of the collectability of accounts receivable. The Company determines the amount of allowance for doubtful accounts by examining its historical collection experience and current trends in the credit quality of its customers as well as its internal credit policies. Actual credit losses may differ from our estimates.

Concentration of Clients

As of December 31, 2024, management estimated all accounts receivable balances are uncollectible and recognized $11,993 of credit loss.

As of December 31, 2023, the most major clients, specializes in developing and commercializing of dietary supplements and therapeutics in dietary supplement industry, accounted for 87% of the Company’s total account receivable.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the out-licensing income from our two major licensees, accounts for 58% and 39% of the Company’s total revenues.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the major client, distributing nutritional supplements in Asia Pacific, accounted for 80% of the Company’s total revenues.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents when purchased. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents amounted to $248,382 and $60,155, respectively. Some of the Company’s cash deposits are held in financial institutions located in Taiwan where there is currently regulation mandated on obligatory insurance of bank accounts. The Company believes this financial institution is of high credit quality.

F-13

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash primarily consist of cash held in a reserve bank account in Taiwan. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s restricted cash amounted $615,433 (NTD 20.2 million) and $656,625 (NTD 20.1 million), respectively.

Accounts receivable and allowance for expected credit losses accounts

Accounts receivable is recorded and carried at the original invoiced amount less an allowance for any potential uncollectible amounts.

The Company make estimates of expected credit and collectability trends for the allowance for credit losses and allowance for unbilled receivables based upon our assessment of various factors, including historical experience, the age of the accounts receivable balances, credit quality of customers, current economic conditions reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect our ability to collect from customers. The provision is recorded against accounts receivable balances, with a corresponding charge recorded in the consolidated statements of income. Actual amounts received may differ from management’s estimate of credit worthiness and the economic environment. Delinquent account balances are written-off against the allowance for doubtful accounts after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable.

Allowance for expected credit losses accounts was $616,414 and $616,505 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Pursuant to ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines is within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration the Company is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services the Company transfers to the customers. At inception of the contract, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract, determines those that are performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

F-14

The following are examples of when the Company recognizes revenue based on the types of payments the Company receives.

Collaborative Revenues — The Company recognizes collaborative revenues generated through collaborative research, development and/or commercialization agreements. The terms of these agreements typically include payment to the Company related to one or more of the following: non-refundable upfront license fees, development and commercial milestones, partial or complete reimbursement of research and development costs, and royalties on net sales of licensed products. Each type of payments results in collaborative revenues except for revenues from royalties on net sales of licensed products, which are classified as royalty revenues. To date, the Company has not received any royalty revenues. Revenue is recognized upon satisfaction of a performance obligation by transferring control of a good or service to the collaboration partners.

As part of the accounting for these arrangements, the Company applies judgment to determine whether the performance obligations are distinct, and develop assumptions in determining the stand-alone selling price for each distinct performance obligation identified in the collaboration agreements. To determine the stand-alone selling price, the Company relies on assumptions which may include forecasted revenues, development timelines, reimbursement rates for R&D personnel costs, discount rates and probabilities of technical and regulatory success.

The Company had multiple deliverables under the collaborative agreements, including deliverables relating to grants of technology licenses, regulatory and clinical development, and marketing activities. Estimation of the performance periods of the Company’s deliverables requires the use of management’s judgment. Significant factors considered in management’s evaluation of the estimated performance periods include, but are not limited to, the Company’s experience in conducting clinical development, regulatory and manufacturing activities. The Company reviews the estimated duration of its performance periods under its collaborative agreements on an annually basis, and makes any appropriate adjustments on a prospective basis. Future changes in estimates of the performance period under its collaborative agreements could impact the timing of future revenue recognition.

(i) Non-refundable upfront payments

If a license to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in an arrangement, the Company recognizes revenue from the related non-refundable upfront payments based on the relative standalone selling price prescribed to the license compared to the total selling price of the arrangement. The revenue is recognized when the license is transferred to the collaboration partners and the collaboration partners are able to use and benefit from the license. To date, the receipt of non-refundable upfront fees was solely for the compensation of past research efforts and contributions made by the Company before the collaborative agreements entered into and it does not relate to any future obligations and commitments made between the Company and the collaboration partners in the collaborative agreements.

(ii) Milestone payments

The Company is eligible to receive milestone payments under the collaborative agreement with collaboration partners based on achievement of specified development, regulatory and commercial events. Management evaluated the nature of the events triggering these contingent payments, and concluded that these events fall into two categories: (a) events which involve the performance of the Company’s obligations under the collaborative agreement with collaboration partners, and (b) events which do not involve the performance of the Company’s obligations under the collaborative agreement with collaboration partners.

The former category of milestone payments consists of those triggered by development and regulatory activities in the territories specified in the collaborative agreements. Management concluded that each of these payments constitute substantive milestone payments. This conclusion was based primarily on the facts that (i) each triggering event represents a specific outcome that can be achieved only through successful performance by the Company of one or more of its deliverables, (ii) achievement of each triggering event was subject to inherent risk and uncertainty and would result in additional payments becoming due to the Company, (iii) each of the milestone payments is non-refundable, (iv) substantial effort is required to complete each milestone, (v) the amount of each milestone payment is reasonable in relation to the value created in achieving the milestone, (vi) a substantial amount of time is expected to pass between the upfront payment and the potential milestone payments, and (vii) the milestone payments relate solely to past performance. Based on the foregoing, the Company recognizes any revenue from these milestone payments in the period in which the underlying triggering event occurs.

(iii) Multiple Element Arrangements

The Company evaluates multiple element arrangements to determine (1) the deliverables included in the arrangement and (2) whether the individual deliverables represent separate units of accounting or whether they must be accounted for as a combined unit of accounting. This evaluation involves subjective determinations and requires management to make judgments about the individual deliverables and whether such deliverables are separate from other aspects of the contractual relationship. Deliverables are considered separate units of accounting provided that: (i) the delivered item(s) has value to the customer on a standalone basis and (ii) if the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item(s), delivery or performance of the undelivered item(s) is considered probable and substantially within its control. In assessing whether an item under a collaboration has standalone value, the Company considers factors such as the research, manufacturing, and commercialization capabilities of the collaboration partner and the availability of the associated expertise in the general marketplace. The Company also considers whether its collaboration partners can use the other deliverable(s) for their intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining element(s), whether the value of the deliverable is dependent on the undelivered item(s), and whether there are other vendors that can provide the undelivered element(s).

F-15

The Company recognizes arrangement consideration allocated to each unit of accounting when all of the revenue recognition criteria in ASC 606 are satisfied for that particular unit of accounting. In the event that a deliverable does not represent a separate unit of accounting, the Company recognizes revenue from the combined unit of accounting over the Company’s contractual or estimated performance period for the undelivered elements, which is typically the term of the Company’s research and development obligations. If there is no discernible pattern of performance or objectively measurable performance measures do not exist, then the Company recognizes revenue under the arrangement on a straight-line basis over the period the Company is expected to complete its performance obligations. Conversely, if the pattern of performance in which the service is provided to the customer can be determined and objectively measurable performance measures exist, then the Company recognizes revenue under the arrangement using the proportional performance method. Revenue recognized is limited to the lesser of the cumulative amount of payments received or the cumulative amount of revenue earned, as determined using the straight-line method or proportional performance method, as applicable, as of the period ending date.

At the inception of an arrangement that includes milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether each milestone is substantive and at risk to both parties on the basis of the contingent nature of the milestone. This evaluation includes an assessment of whether: (1) the consideration is commensurate with either the Company’s performance to achieve the milestone or the enhancement of the value of the delivered item(s) as a result of a specific outcome resulting from its performance to achieve the milestone, (2) the consideration relates solely to past performance and (3) the consideration is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms within the arrangement. The Company evaluates factors such as the scientific, clinical, regulatory, commercial, and other risks that must be overcome to achieve the particular milestone and the level of effort and investment required to achieve the particular milestone in making this assessment. There is considerable judgment involved in determining whether a milestone satisfies all of the criteria required to conclude that a milestone is substantive. Milestones that are not considered substantive are recognized as earned if there are no remaining performance obligations or over the remaining period of performance, assuming all other revenue recognition criteria are met.

(iv) Royalties and Profit Sharing Payments

Under the collaborative agreement with the collaboration partners, the Company is entitled to receive royalties on sales of products, which is at certain percentage of the net sales. The Company recognizes revenue from these events based on the revenue recognition criteria set forth in ASC 606. Based on those criteria, the Company considers these payments to be contingent revenues, and recognizes them as revenue in the period in which the applicable contingency is resolved.

Revenues Derived from Research and Development Activities Services (Also known as the Contract Development & Manufacturing Organization Services (“CDMO”)) — Revenues related to research and development and regulatory activities are recognized when the related services or activities are performed, in accordance with the contract terms. The Company typically has only one performance obligation at the inception of a contract, which is to perform research and development services. The Company may also provide its customers with an option to request that the Company provides additional goods or services in the future, such as active pharmaceutical ingredient, API, or IND/NDA/ANDA/510K submissions. The Company evaluates whether these options are material rights at the inception of the contract. If the Company determines an option is a material right, the Company will consider the option a separate performance obligation.

If the Company is entitled to reimbursement from its customers for specified research and development expenses, the Company accounts for the related services that it provides as separate performance obligations if it determines that these services represent a material right. The Company also determines whether the reimbursement of research and development expenses should be accounted for as revenues or an offset to research and development expenses in accordance with provisions of gross or net revenue presentation. The Company recognizes the corresponding revenues or records the corresponding offset to research and development expenses as it satisfies the related performance obligations.

The Company then determines the transaction price by reviewing the amount of consideration the Company is eligible to earn under the contracts, including any variable consideration. Under the outstanding contracts, consideration typically includes fixed consideration and variable consideration in the form of potential milestone payments. At the start of an agreement, the Company’s transaction price usually consists of the payments made to or by the Company based on the number of full-time equivalent researchers assigned to the project and the related research and development expenses incurred. The Company does not typically include any payments that the Company may receive in the future in its initial transaction price because the payments are not probable. The Company would reassess the total transaction price at each reporting period to determine if the Company should include additional payments in the transaction price.

The Company receives payments from its customers based on billing schedules established in each contract. Upfront payments and fees may be recorded as advance from customers upon receipt or when due, and may require deferral of revenue recognition to a future period until the Company performs its obligations under these arrangements. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when the right of the Company to consideration is unconditional. The Company does not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the customers and the transfer of the promised goods or services to the customers will be one year or less.

F-16

Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment, net is carried at cost net of accumulated depreciation. Repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Expenditures that improve the functionality of the related asset or extend the useful life are capitalized. When property and equipment is retired or otherwise disposed of, the related gain or loss is included in operating income. Leasehold improvements are depreciated on the straight-line method over the shorter of the remaining lease term or estimated useful life of the asset. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line method generally based on the following useful lives:

|  | Estimated Life in Years
Buildings and leasehold improvements |  | 5 ~ 50
Machinery and equipment |  | 5 ~ 10
Office equipment |  | 3 ~ 6

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company has adopted ASC subtopic 360-10, Property, Plant and Equipment (“ASC 360-10”). ASC 360-10 requires that long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles held and used by the Company be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company evaluates its long-lived assets for impairment annually or more often if events and circumstances warrant. Events relating to recoverability may include significant unfavorable changes in business conditions, recurring losses, or a forecasted inability to achieve break-even operating results over an extended period. Should impairment in value be indicated, the carrying value of intangible assets will be adjusted, based on estimates of future discounted cash flows resulting from the use and ultimate disposition of the asset. ASC 360-10 also requires assets to be disposed of be reported at the lower of the carrying amount or the fair value less costs to sell.

Long-term Equity Investment

The Company acquires the equity investments to promote business and strategic objectives. The accounting treatment for equity investments, where the Company does not have control over the investees, is as follows:

| ● | Marketable equity investments: The Company measures marketable equity securities at fair value at each reporting date, with unrealized gains and losses recognized in net income in accordance with ASC 321. Fair value is determined based on quoted market prices or other observable inputs.

| ● | Non-marketable equity investments: When the equity method does not apply, non-marketable equity investments are accounted for at cost, adjusted for observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments and for impairments, if applicable.
| ● | Equity method investments: Investments in which the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the investee, are accounted for using the equity method. The Company recognizes its proportionate share of the investee’s income or loss in gains (losses) on equity investments on a monthly basis.

Significant judgment is required to identify whether an impairment exists in the valuation of the Company’s non-marketable equity investments, considering this a critical accounting estimate. Its yearly analysis considers both qualitative and quantitative factors that may have a significant impact on the investee’s fair value. Qualitative analysis of its investments involves understanding the financial performance and near-term prospects of the investee, changes in general market conditions in the investee’s industry or geographic area, and the management and governance structure of the investee. Quantitative assessments of the fair value of its investments are developed using the market and income approaches. The market approach includes the use of comparable financial metrics of private and public companies and recent financing rounds. The income approach includes the use of a discounted cash flow model, which requires significant estimates regarding the investees’ revenue, costs, and discount rates. The Company’s assessment of these factors in determining whether an impairment exists could change in the future due to new developments or changes in applied assumptions.

Other-Than-Temporary Impairment

The Company periodically reviews its non-marketable equity investments and equity method investments, with recognition in profit and loss when declines in value are considered other than temporary. the Company assesses the severity and duration of any impairment, along with qualitative and quantitative factors, such as the investee’s financial performance, adverse market or regulatory conditions, operational changes, or additional funding needs. Evidence of a loss in value might include the inability to recover the carrying amount of the investment or the investee’s failure to sustain earnings capacity to justify its valuation. Impairments deemed other than temporary are recorded in gains (losses) on equity investments, even if the decline exceeds the losses recognized under the equity method, where applicable.

F-17

Convertible Notes Payable

The Company accounts for convertible notes payable in accordance with ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options, and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, as applicable. Upon issuance, the Company evaluates whether the embedded conversion feature should be bifurcated as a derivative under ASC 815 or classified within equity under ASC 470-20. This assessment includes analyzing the terms of the conversion feature and determining if it requires separate accounting. If the conversion feature is classified as equity, the proceeds from the issuance are allocated between the debt and equity components. The debt component is recorded at its fair value, and the residual amount is allocated to equity. The debt component is carried at amortized cost, with any discount amortized to interest expense over the term of the note using the effective interest method. Upon conversion, the carrying amount of the debt is reclassified to equity, and no gain or loss is recognized. If the note is settled in cash, any difference between the carrying amount and the settlement amount is recognized in profit and loss.

Warrants

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s own common shares and whether the warrant holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of the Company’s control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the warrants are outstanding. The Company determined that upon further review of the warrant agreement, the Public Warrants issued pursuant to the warrant agreement qualify for equity accounting treatment.

For issued or modified warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of equity at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as liabilities at their initial fair value on the date of issuance, and each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants are recognized as a non-cash gain or loss on the statements of operations.

Research and Development Expenses

The Company accounts for the cost of using licensing rights in research and development cost according to ASC 730-10-25-1. This guidance provides that absent alternative future uses the acquisition of product rights to be used in research and development activities must be charged to research and development expenses when incurred.

The Company accounts for R&D costs in accordance with ASC 730, Research and Development (“ASC 730”). Research and development expenses are charged to expense as incurred unless there is an alternative future use in other research and development projects or otherwise. Research and development expenses are comprised of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including personnel-related costs, facilities-related overhead, and outside contracted services including clinical trial costs, manufacturing and process development costs for both clinical and preclinical materials, research costs, and other consulting services. Non-refundable advance payment for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made. In instances where the Company enters into agreements with third parties to provide research and development services, costs are expensed as services are performed.

Post-retirement and post-employment benefits

The Company’s subsidiaries in Taiwan adopted the government mandated defined contribution plan pursuant to the Labor Pension Act (the “Act”) in Taiwan. Such labor regulations require that the rate of contribution made by an employer to the Labor Pension Fund per month shall not be less than 6% of the worker’s monthly salaries. Pursuant to the Act, the Company makes monthly contribution equal to 6% of employees’ salaries to the employees’ pension fund. The Company has no legal obligation for the benefits beyond the contributions made. The total amounts for such employee benefits, which were expensed as incurred, were $11,642 (NTD 0.4 million) and $10,314 (NTD 0.4 million) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Other than the above, the Company does not provide any other post-retirement or post-employment benefits.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company measures expense associated with all employee stock-based compensation awards using a fair value method and recognizes such expense in the consolidated financial statements on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period in accordance with ASC 718 “Compensation-Stock Compensation”. Total director, officer, and employee stock-based compensation expenses were $1,995,049 and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company accounted for stock-based compensation to non-employees in accordance with ASC 718 “Compensation-Stock Compensation” and ASC 505-50 “Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees” which requires that the cost of services received from non-employees is measured at fair value at the earlier of the performance commitment date or the date service is completed and recognized over the period the service is provided. Total non-employee stock-based compensation expenses were $506,583 for consulting services and $271,828 for rent for the year ended December 31, 2024, and $185,933 for consulting services for the year ended December 31, 2023.

F-18

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability approach which allows the recognition and measurement of deferred tax assets to be based upon the likelihood of realization of tax benefits in future years. Under the asset and liability approach, deferred taxes are provided for the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not these items will expire before the Company is able to realize their benefits, or future deductibility is uncertain.

Under ASC 740, a tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The evaluation of a tax position is a two-step process. The first step is to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of any related appeals or litigations based on the technical merits of that position. The second step is to measure a tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not threshold to determine the amount of benefits recognized in the financial statements. A tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Tax positions that previously failed to meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold should be recognized in the first subsequent period in which the threshold is met. Previously recognized tax positions that no longer meet the more-likely-than-not criteria should be de-recognized in the first subsequent financial reporting period in which the threshold is no longer satisfied. Penalties and interest incurred related to underpayment of income tax are classified as income tax expense in the year incurred. No significant penalty or interest relating to income taxes has been incurred for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. GAAP also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosures and transition.

Valuation of Deferred Tax Assets

A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the Company’s deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. In assessing the need for the valuation allowance, management considers, among other things, projections of future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. If the Company determines that sufficient negative evidence exists, then it will consider recording a valuation allowance against a portion or all of the deferred tax assets in that jurisdiction. If, after recording a valuation allowance, the Company’s projections of future taxable income and other positive evidence considered in evaluating the need for a valuation allowance prove, with the benefit of hindsight, to be inaccurate, it could prove to be more difficult to support the realization of its deferred tax assets. As a result, an additional valuation allowance could be required, which would have an adverse impact on its effective income tax rate and results. Conversely, if, after recording a valuation allowance, the Company determines that sufficient positive evidence exists in the jurisdiction in which the valuation allowance was recorded, it may reverse a portion or all of the valuation allowance in that jurisdiction. In such situations, the adjustment made to the deferred tax asset would have a favorable impact on its effective income tax rate and results in the period such determination was made.

Loss Per Share of Common Stock

The Company calculates net loss per share in accordance with ASC 260, “Earnings per Share”. Basic loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share is computed similar to basic loss per share except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the potential common stock equivalents had been issued and if the additional common shares were dilutive. Diluted earnings per share excludes all dilutive potential shares if their effect is anti-dilutive.

Commitments and Contingencies

The Company has adopted ASC 450 “Contingencies” subtopic 20, in determining its accruals and disclosures with respect to loss contingencies. Accordingly, estimated losses from loss contingencies are accrued by a charge to income when information available before financial statements are issued or are available to be issued indicates that it is probable that an asset had been impaired or a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Legal expenses associated with the contingency are expensed as incurred. If a loss contingency is not probable or reasonably estimable, disclosure of the loss contingency is made in the financial statements when it is at least reasonably possible that a material loss could be incurred.

Foreign-currency Transactions

For the Company’s subsidiaries in Taiwan, the foreign-currency transactions are recorded in New Taiwan Dollars (“NTD”) at the rates of exchange in effect when the transactions occur. Gains or losses resulting from the application of different foreign exchange rates when cash in foreign currency is converted into NTD, or when foreign-currency receivables or payables are settled, are credited or charged to income in the year of conversion or settlement. On the balance sheet dates, the balances of foreign-currency assets and liabilities are restated at the prevailing exchange rates and the resulting differences are charged to current income except for those foreign currencies denominated investments in shares of stock where such differences are accounted for as translation adjustments under the Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity.

F-19

Segment Reporting

ASC 280 “Segment Reporting” requires public companies to report financial and descriptive information about their reportable operating segments. The Company identifies the operating segments based on how the chief operating decision maker internally evaluates separate financial information, business activities and management responsibility.

The Company currently has one reportable segment and assets are reviewed on a consolidated basis. As such, segment data is not provided.

The following tables present revenue and gross profit information for each of our only reportable segment:

|  | For The Years Ended December 31 |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 (Restated) |
Revenue |  | $ | 509,589 |  |  | $ | 152,430 |
Cost of Revenue |  |  | 763 |  |  |  | 302,037 |
Segment Gross Profit (Loss) |  | $ | 508,826 |  |  | $ | (149,607 | )
Depreciation expense |  | $ | 32,025 |  |  | $ | 28,531 |

The following table provides a reconciliation of total segment gross profit to the Company's loss before provision for income tax:

|  | For The Years Ended December 31 |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 (Restated) |
Segment Gross Profit (Loss) |  | $ | 508,826 |  |  | $ | (149,607 | )
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 2,261,336 |  |  |  | 5,368,278 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | 179,272 |  |  |  | 1,062,916 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 2,773,460 |  |  |  | 185,933 |
Add (Less): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 87,358 |  |  |  | 185,481 |
Interest expense |  |  | (825,899 | ) |  |  | (1,313,671 | )
Operating sublease income |  |  | 48,478 |  |  |  | 65,900 |
Gain (loss) on foreign exchange changes |  |  | (25,135 | ) |  |  | 22,690 |
Loss on investment in equity securities |  |  | (339,171 | ) |  |  | (221,888 | )
Write off unclaimed accrued liabilities |  |  | 255,592 |  |  |  | - |
Other income, net |  |  | 134,443 |  |  |  | 3,384 |
Loss before provision for income tax |  | $ | (5,369,576 | ) |  | $ | (8,024,838 | )

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-05, Business Combinations—Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60) which requires certain joint ventures to apply a new basis of accounting upon formation by recognizing and initially measuring most of their assets and liabilities at fair value. The guidance does not apply to joint ventures that may be proportionately consolidated and those that are collaborative arrangements. ASU 2023-05 is effective for joint venture with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025, early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the standard will have on its unaudited consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740). The ASU requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information on income taxes paid. The ASU is effective on a prospective basis for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is also permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. This ASU will likely result in the required additional disclosures being included in our consolidated financial statements once adopted.

F-20

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). The ASU requires disclosure of specified information about certain costs and expenses. This includes purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization. The ASU is effective on a prospective or retrospective basis for annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting period beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. This ASU will likely result in the required additional disclosures being included in our consolidated financial statements once adopted.

4. COLLABORATIVE AGREEMENTS

Collaborative agreements with BHK, a related party

| (i) | On February 24, 2015, BioLite Taiwan and BioHopeKing Corporation (the “BHK”) entered into a co-development agreement, (the “BHK Co-Development Agreement”), pursuant to which it is collaborative with BHK to develop and commercialize BLI-1401-2 (Botanical Drug) Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Combination Therapy (BLI-1401-2 Products) in Asian countries excluding Japan for all related intellectual property rights, and has developed it for medicinal use in collaboration with outside researchers. The development costs shall be shared 50/50 between BHK and the Company. The BHK Co-Development Agreement will remain in effect for fifteen years from the date of first commercial sale of the Product in in Asia excluding Japan.

On July 27, 2016, BioLite Taiwan and BHK agreed to amend the payment terms of the milestone payment in an aggregate amount of $10 million based on the following schedule:

| ● | Upon the signing of the BHK Co-Development Agreement: $1 million, or 10% of total payment

| ● | Upon the first Investigational New Drug (IND) submission and BioLite Taiwan will deliver all data to BHK according to FDA Reviewing requirement: $1 million, or 10% of total payment

| ● | At the completion of first phase II clinical trial: $1 million, or 10% of total payment

| ● | At the initiation of phase III of clinical trial research: $3 million, or 30% of total payment

| ● | Upon the New Drug Application (NDA) submission: $4 million, or 40% of total payment

In December 2015, BHK has paid a non-refundable upfront cash payment of $1 million, or 10% of $10.0 million, upon the signing of BHK Co-Development Agreement. The Company concluded that the deliverables are considered separate units of accounting as the delivered items have value to the customer on a standalone basis and recognized this cash receipt as collaboration revenue when all research, technical, and development data was delivered to BHK in 2015. The receipt is for the compensation of past research efforts and contributions made by BioLite Taiwan before this collaborative agreement was signed and it does not relate to any future commitments made by BioLite Taiwan and BHK in this collaborative agreement. In August 2016, the Company has received the second milestone payment of NTD31,649,000, approximately equivalent to $1 million, and recognized collaboration revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016. As of the date of this report, the Company has not completed the first phase II clinical trial.

In addition to the milestone payments, BioLite Taiwan is entitled to receive royalty on 12% of BHK’s net sales related to BLI-1401-2 Products. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has not earned the royalty under the BHK Co-Development Agreement.

(ii) On December 9, 2015, BioLite Taiwan entered into another two collaborative agreements (the “BHK Collaborative Agreements”), pursuant to which it is collaborative with BHK to co-develop and commercialize BLI-1005 for “Targeting Major Depressive Disorder” (BLI-1005 Products) and BLI-1006 for “Targeting Inflammatory Bowel Disease” (BLI-1006 Products) in Asia excluding Japan for all related intellectual property rights, and has developed it for medicinal use in collaboration with outside researchers. The development costs shall be shared 50/50 between BHK and the Company. The BHK Co-Development Agreement will remain in effect for fifteen years from the date of first commercial sale of the Product in in Asia excluding Japan.

In 2015, the Company recognized the cash receipt in a total of NTD50 million, approximately equivalent to $1.6 million, as collaboration revenue when all research, technical, and development data was delivered to BHK. The Company concluded that the deliverables are considered separate units of accounting as the delivered items have value to the customer on a standalone basis and recognized this payment as collaboration revenue when all research, technical, data and development data was delivered to BHK. The cash receipt is for the compensation of past research efforts and contributions made by BioLite Taiwan before this BHK Collaborative Agreements was signed and it does not relate to any future commitments made by BioLite Taiwan and BHK in this BHK Collaborative Agreements.

In addition to the total of NTD50 million, approximately equivalent to $1.6 million, BioLite Taiwan is entitled to receive 50% of the future net licensing income or net sales profit. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has not earned the royalty under the BHK Collaborative Agreements.

F-21

Co-Development agreement with Rgene Corporation, a related party

On May 26, 2017, the Company through its subsidiary, BriVision, entered into a co-development agreement (the “Co-Dev Agreement”) with Rgene Corporation (the “Rgene”), a related party under common control by controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene Corporation and the Company (See Note 12). Pursuant to Co-Dev Agreement, the Company and Rgene agreed to co-develop and commercialize ABV-1507 HER2/neu Positive Breast Cancer Combination Therapy, ABV-1511 Pancreatic Cancer Combination Therapy and ABV-1527 Ovary Cancer Combination Therapy. Under the terms of the Co-Dev Agreement, Rgene is required to pay the Company $3.0 million in cash or stock of Rgene with equivalent value by August 15, 2017. The payment is for the compensation of the Company’s past research efforts and contributions before the Co-Dev Agreement was signed and it does not relate to any future commitments made by the Company and Rgene in this Co-Dev Agreement. In addition to $3.0 million, the Company is entitled to receive 50% of the future net licensing income or net sales profit earned by Rgene, if any, and any development costs shall be equally shared by both the Company and Rgene.

On June 1, 2017, the Company has delivered all research, technical, data and development data to Rgene. Since both Rgene and the Company are related parties and under common control by a controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene Corporation and the Company, the Company has recorded the full amount of $3.0 million in connection with the Co-Dev Agreement as additional paid-in capital during the year ended December 31, 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company has received $450,000 in cash. On December 24, 2018, the Company received the remaining balance of $2,550,000 in the form of newly issued shares of Rgene’s Common Stock, at the price of NTD50 per share (approximately equivalent to $1.60 per share), for an aggregate number of 1,530,000 shares, which accounted for equity method long-term investment as of December 31, 2018. On December 31, 2018, the Company determined to fully write off this investment based on the Company’s assessment of the severity and duration of the impairment, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of the operating performance of the investee, adverse changes in market conditions and the regulatory or economic environment, changes in operating structure of Rgene, additional funding requirements, and Rgene’s ability to remain in business. All projects that have been initiated will be managed and supported by the Company and Rgene.

The Company and Rgene signed an amendment to the Co-Dev Agreement on November 10, 2020, pursuant to which both parties agreed to delete AB-1507 HER2/neu Positive Breast Cancer Combination Therapy and AB 1527 Ovary Cancer Combination Therapy and add ABV-1519 EGFR Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Combination Therapy and ABV-1526 Large Intestine / Colon / Rectal Cancer Combination Therapy to the products to be co-developed and commercialized. Other provisions of the Co-Dev Agreement remain in full force and effect.

On June 10, 2022, the Company expanded its co-development partnership with Rgene. On that date, BioKey, ABVC has entered into a Clinical Development Service Agreement with Rgene to guide three Rgene drug products, RGC-1501 for the treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), RGC-1502 for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and RGC 1503 for the treatment of colorectal cancer patients, through completion of Phase II clinical studies under the U.S. FDA IND regulatory requirements. Under the terms of the new Services Agreement, BioKey is eligible to receive payments totaling $3.0 million over a 3-year period with each payment amount to be determined by certain regulatory milestones obtained during the agreement period. The Service Agreement shall remain in effect until the expiration date of the last patent and automatically renew for 5 more years unless terminated earlier by either party with six months written notice. Either party may terminate the Service Agreement for cause by providing 30 days written notice.

Through a series of transactions over the past 5 years, the Company and Rgene have co-developed the three drug products covered by the Service Agreement, which has resulted in the Company owning 31.62% of Rgene.

As part of the Rgene Studies, the Company agreed to loan $1.0 million to Rgene, for which Rgene has provided the Company with a 5% working capital convertible loan (the “Note”). If the Note is fully converted, the Company will own an additional 6.4% of Rgene. The Company is expected to receive the outstanding loan from the related party by the first half of 2025, either by cash or conversion of shares of Rgene. The Company may convert the Note at any time into shares of Rgene’s common stock at either (i) a fixed conversion price equal to $1.00 per share or (ii) 20% discount of the stock price of the then most recent offering, whichever is lower; the conversion price is subject to adjustment as set forth in the Note. The Note includes standard events of default, as well as a cross default provision pursuant to which a breach of the Service Agreement will trigger an event of default under the Note if not cured after 5 business days of written notice regarding the breach is provided. Upon an event of default, the outstanding principal and any accrued and unpaid interest shall be immediately due and payable.

The Service Agreement shall remain in effect until the expiration date of the last patent and automatically renew for 5 more years unless terminated earlier by either party with six months written notice. Either party may terminate the Service Agreement for cause by providing 30 days written notice.

F-22

Rgene has further agreed, effective July 1, 2022, to provide the Company with a seat on Rgene’s Board of Directors until the loan is repaid in full. The Company has nominated Dr. Jiang, its Chief Strategy Officer and Director to occupy that seat; Dr. Jiang is also one of the Company’s largest shareholders, owning 12.8% of the Company.

The Rgene Studies is a related party transaction.

Collaborative agreement with BioFirst Corporation, a related party

On July 24, 2017, the Company through its subsidiary, BriVision, entered into a collaborative agreement (the “BioFirst Collaborative Agreement”) with BioFirst Corporation (“BioFirst”), pursuant to which BioFirst granted the Company the global licensing right for medical use of the product (the “Product”): BFC-1401 Vitreous Substitute for Vitrectomy. BioFirst is a related party to the Company because a controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene Corporation and the Company is one of the directors and Common Stock shareholders of BioFirst (See Note 10).

Pursuant to the BioFirst Collaborative Agreement, the Company will co-develop and commercialize the Product with BioFirst and pay BioFirst in a total amount of $3.0 million in cash or stock of the Company before September 30, 2018. The amount of $3.0 million is in connection with the compensation for BioFirst’s past research efforts and contributions made by BioFirst before the BioFirst Collaborative Agreement was signed and it does not relate to any future commitments in this BioFirst Collaborative Agreement. In addition, the Company is entitled to receive 50% of the future net licensing income or net sales profit, if any, and any development cost shall be equally shared by both the Company and BioFirst.

On September 25, 2017, BioFirst has delivered all research, technical, data and development data to the Company. The Company determined to fully expense the entire amount of $3.0 millionsince currently the related licensing rights do not have alternative future uses. According to ASC 730-10-25-1, absent alternative future uses the acquisition of product rights to be used in research and development activities must be charged to research and development expenses immediately. Hence, the entire amount of $3.0 million is fully expensed as research and development expense during the year ended December 31, 2017.

On June 30, 2019, BriVision entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with BioFirst. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Company issued 42,857 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock to BioFirst in consideration for $3.0 million owed by the Company to BioFirst (the “Total Payment”) in connection with BioFirst Collaborative Agreement.

On August 5, 2019, BriVision entered into a second Stock Purchase Agreement (“Purchase Agreement 2”) with BioFirst. Pursuant to Purchase Agreement 2, the Company issued 41,470 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock to BioFirst in consideration for $2,902,911 owed by the Company to BioFirst in connection with a loan provided to BriVision from BioFirst.

On November 4, 2020, the Company executed an amendment to the BioFirst Collaborative Agreement to add ABV-2001 Intraocular Irrigation Solution and ABV-2002 Corneal Storage Solution to the agreement. ABV-2002 is utilized during a corneal transplant procedure to replace a damaged or diseased cornea while ABV-2001 has broader utilization during a variety of ocular procedures.

Initially the Company will focus on ABV-2002, a solution utilized to store a donor cornea prior to either penetrating keratoplasty (full thickness cornea transplant) or endothelial keratoplasty (back layer cornea transplant). ABV-2002 is a solution comprised of a specific poly amino acid that protects ocular tissue from damage caused by external osmolarity exposure during pre-surgery storage. The specific polymer in ABV-2002 can adjust osmolarity to maintain a range of 330 to 390 mOsM thereby permitting hydration within the corneal stroma during the storage period. Stromal hydration results in (a) maintaining acceptable corneal transparency and (b) prevents donor cornea swelling. ABV-2002 also contains an abundant phenolic phytochemical found in plant cell walls that provides antioxidant antibacterial properties and neuroprotection.

Early testing by BioFirst indicates that ABV-2002 may be more effective for protecting the cornea and retina during long-term storage than other storage media available today and can be manufactured at lower cost. Further ABV-2002 product development was put on hold due the lack of funding.

F-23

In addition, BioFirst was incorporated on November 7, 2006, focusing on the R&D, manufacturing, and sales of innovative patented pharmaceutical products. The technology of BioFirst comes from the global exclusive licensing from domestic R & D institutions. Currently, the main research and development product is the vitreous substitute (Vitargus®) Licensed by the National Health Research Institutes. Vitargus is the world’s first bio-degradable vitreous substitute and offers a number of advantages over current vitreous substitutes by minimizing medical complications and reducing the need for additional surgeries.

BioFirst has started the construction of a GMP factory in Hsinchu Biomedical Science Park, Taiwan, with the aim at building a production base to supply the global market, and promote the construction of bio-degradable vitreous substitute manufacturing centers in Taiwan. Completion of this factory would allow ABVC to manufacture Vitargus with world-class technology in a GMP certified pharmaceutical factory. BioFirst is targeting to complete the construction in 2025.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has not earned any net licensing income or net sales profit earned by BioFirst under these collaborative agreements.

Collaborative agreement with ForSeeCon Eye Corporation, a related party

On March 25, 2024, the Company and BioFirst each entered into a twenty-year, global definitive licensing agreement (the “FEYE Licensing Agreement”) with ForSeeCon Eye Corporation, a company registered in the British Virgin Islands (“FEYE”) for the products in the Company and BioFirst’s Ophthalmology pipeline, including Vitargus (the “Vitargus Products”). The license covers the Vitargus Products’ clinical trial, registration, manufacturing, supply, and distribution rights; FEYE also has the rights to sublicense or partner with a third party to develop the Licensed Products. As per each of the respective FEYE Licensing Agreements, each of the Company and BioFirst shall receive a total licensing fee of $33.5 million, composed of an upfront payment of $30 million, which can instead be paid with 5 million shares of FEYE stock at $6 per share within 30 days after the execution of the FEYE Licensing Agreement, and a $3.5 million cash milestone payment, due 30 days upon completion of next round fundraising. Additionally, each of the Company and BioFirst are eligible to receive royalties of 5% of net sales. As of December 31, 2024, the Company received 5 million FEYE shares but did not recognize such licensing revenue since the fair value of FEYE stock is uncertain.

On June 18, 2024, the Company and BioFirst, each entered into an amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Licensing Agreement with FEYE, pursuant to which the Company and BioFirst have agreed to allow FEYE to pay the second milestone payment in the amount of $3.5 million per Licensing Agreement, incrementally (such as $100,000), at any given time, rather than in one lump sum. During year ended December 31, 2024, the Company received in cash and recognized revenue of $296,000, respectively, pursuant to the Amendment.

Collaborative agreement with OncoX BiopPharma, Inc., a related party

On April 16, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with OncoX BioPharma, Inc., a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands (“Oncox”), pursuant to which the Company will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (the “Lung Cancer Products”), within North America for 20 years (the “April 2024 Oncox Agreement”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay ABVC $6.25 million (or 1.25 million Oncox shares valued at $5 per share) 30 days after entering into the agreement and $625,000, 30 days following the completion of Oncox’s next round of fundraising, of which there is no guarantee; ABVC is also entitled to 5% royalties based on the net sales, as defined in the April 2024 Oncox Agreement, from the first commercial sale of the Lung Cancer Product in North America, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox entered into another agreement with ABVC’s affiliate, Rgene Corporation, on the same terms. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company received in cash and recognized revenue of $200,000 pursuant to the agreement. At the time of transferring the license, the Company also received 1.25 million OncoX shares but did not recognize such licensing revenue since the fair value of Oncox stock is uncertain.

F-24

On May 8, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with OncoX, pursuant to which the Company will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Pancreatic (the Pancreatic Product), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “May 8, 2024 Oncox Agreement”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay ABVC a total of $6.25 million (or 1.25 million Oncox shares valued at $5 per share) within 30 days of entering into the May 8, 2024 Oncox Agreement, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; ABVC is also entitled to royalties of 5% of net sales, as defined in the May 8, 2024 Oncox Agreement, from the first commercial sale of the Pancreatic Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. The Company will permit Oncox to pay the license fee in installments or in a lump sum and will allow Oncox to use its revenue to fund such payments. Oncox entered into another agreement with ABVC’s affiliate, Rgene Corporation, on the same terms. At the time of transferring the license, the Company also received 1.25 million OncoX shares but did not recognize such licensing revenue since the fair value of Oncox stock is uncertain.

On May 14, 2024, the Company and its subsidiary, BioLite Inc (collectively, the “licensor”), each entered into a licensing agreement with OncoX, on the same terms, pursuant to which the licensors will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Tripple Negative Breast Cancer (the TNBC Product), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “May 14, 2024 Oncox Agreements”). In each agreement for consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay each licensor a total of $6.25 million (or 1.25 million Oncox shares valued at $5 per share) within 30 days of entering into the May 14, 2024 Oncox Agreements, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; each licensor is also entitled to royalties of 5% of net sales, from the first commercial sale of the TNBC Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. The Company will permit Oncox to pay the license fee in installments or in a lump sum and will allow Oncox to use its revenue to fund such payments. At the time of transferring the license, the Company and BioLite also each received 1.25 million OncoX shares but did not recognize such licensing revenue since the fair value of Oncox stock is uncertain.

On May 23, 2024, the Company and its subsidiary, BioLite Inc (collectively, the “licensor”), each entered into a licensing agreement with OncoX, on the same terms, pursuant to which the licensors will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndrome (the “MS Products”), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “May 23, 2024 Oncox Agreements”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay each licensor a total of $6.25 million (or 1.25 million Oncox shares valued at $5 per share) 30 days after entering the May 23, 2024 Oncox Agreements, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; each licensor is also entitled to royalties of 5% of net sales, from the first commercial sale of the MS Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. Oncox may use its revenue to fund the licensing fees. At the time of transferring the license, the Company and BioLite also each received 1.25 million OncoX shares but did not recognize such licensing revenue since the fair value of Oncox stock is uncertain.

Above mentioned price of OncoX’s shares was determined through private negotiations between the parties; no third-party valuation was completed.

5. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, AND PREPAMENT FOR ASSET ACQUISITION

Property and Equipment

The Company has offices and labs located in Taiwan, and a GMP manufacturing facility in Fremont, CA. Property and equipment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are summarized as follows:

|  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Land |  | $ | 338,966 |  |  | $ | 363,416 |
Buildings and leasehold improvements |  |  | 2,219,244 |  |  |  | 2,227,431 |
Machinery and equipment |  |  | 1,131,169 |  |  |  | 1,138,675 |
Office equipment |  |  | 163,448 |  |  |  | 174,797 |
|  |  | 3,852,827 |  |  |  | 3,904,319 |
Less: accumulated depreciation |  |  | (3,341,739 | ) |  |  | (3,335,041 | )
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | 511,088 |  |  | $ | 569,278 |

F-25

Depreciation expenses were $28,627 and $28,531 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, Land with book value amounted to approximately $338,966 and $363,416, respectively, were pledged for obtaining bank loan (see Notes 9 Bank loans).

Prepayment for asset acquisition

Prepayment for asset acquisition consists of the properties in Chengdu, China. The Company entered into a cooperation agreement on August 14, 2023, with Zhong Hui Lian He Ji Tuan, Ltd. (the “Zhonghui”). Pursuant thereto, the Company will acquire 20% of the ownership of certain property and a parcel of the land, with a view to jointly develop the property into a healthcare center for senior living, long-term care, and medical care in the areas of ABVC’s special interests, such as Ophthalmology, Oncology, and Central Nervous Systems. The plan is to establish a base for the China market and global development of these interests.

The valuation of such property is $37 million; based on the Company’s 20% ownership, the Company would acquire the value of $7,400,000. In exchange, the Company issued to Zhonghui an aggregate of 370,000 shares (the “Shares”) of common stock, at a per share price of $20.0. The Shares are subject to a lock-up period of one year following the closing date of the transaction. In addition, the parties agreed that, after one year following the closing of the transaction, if the market value of the Shares or the value of the property increases or decreases, the parties will negotiate in good faith to make reasonable adjustments. The Company’s ownership rights to the property and the associated land parcel, or a suitable replacement property, are safeguarded under the terms of the cooperation agreement, which is legally binding and enforceable.

As discussed in Note 2, the Company incorrectly applied ASC 845 instead of ASC 718, resulting in an adjustment of the reported value to from $7,400,000 to $691,900, and reclassification from Construction-in-Progress to Prepayment for Asset Acquisition.

The construction-in-progress property is planned to finish before the end of 2025.

6. LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS

(1) | The ownership percentages of each investee are listed as follows:

|  | Ownership percentage |  |  |
|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |  |  | Accounting
Name of investees |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | treatments
Braingenesis Biotechnology Co., Ltd.* |  |  | 0.17 | % |  |  | 0.17 | % |  | Cost Method
Genepharm Biotech Corporation |  |  | 0.67 | % |  |  | 0.67 | % |  | Cost Method
BioHopeKing Corporation |  |  | 5.90 | % |  |  | 5.90 | % |  | Cost Method
ForSeeCon Eye Corporation (see Note 10) |  |  | 19.78 | % |  |  | - | % |  | Cost Method
BioFirst Corporation |  |  | 18.68 | % |  |  | 18.68 | % |  | Equity Method
OncoX BioPharma, Inc. (see Note 10) |  |  | 24.97 | % |  |  | - | % |  | Equity Method
Rgene Corporation |  |  | 26.65 | % |  |  | 26.65 | % |  | Equity Method

| * | This company was acquired by Canal Biotech Corporation Inc. Our stock is in the process of replacement with the stock of the acquired company and the ownership percentage is subject to change.

(2) | The extent the investee relies on the company for its business is summarized as follows:

Name of investees |  | The extent the investee relies on the Company for its business
Braingenesis Biotechnology Co., Ltd. |  | No specific business relationship
Genepharm Biotech Corporation |  | No specific business relationship
BioHopeKing Corporation |  | Collaborating with the Company to develop and commercialize drugs (referring to Note 4, Collaborative Agreements)
BioLite Japan K.K. |  | The Company’s joint venture noncontrolling subsidiary perform research and development activities and explore business opportunities in Japan
ForSeeCon Eye Corporation |  | Collaborating with the Company to develop and commercialize ophthalmic medical devices (referring to Note 4, Collaborative Agreements)
BioFirst Corporation |  | Loaned from the investee and provides research and development support service
OncoX BioPharma, Inc. |  | Collaborating with the Company to develop and commercialize single-herb botanical drug for treatment of certain diseases (referring to Note 4, Collaborative Agreements)
Rgene Corporation |  | Collaborating with the Company to develop and commercialize drugs (referring to Note 4, Collaborative Agreements)

F-26

(3) | Long-term investment mainly consists of the following:

|  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Non-marketable Cost Method Investments, net |  |  |  |  |  |
Braingenesis Biotechnology Co., Ltd. |  | $ | 6,727 |  |  | $ | 7,213 |
Genepharm Biotech Corporation |  |  | 20,540 |  |  |  | 22,021 |
ForSeeCon Eye Corporation(d) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
BioHopeKing Corporation |  |  | 762,983 |  |  |  | 818,018 |
Subtotal |  |  | 790,250 |  |  |  | 847,252 |
Equity Method Investments, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BioFirst Corporation(a) |  |  | 1,468,504 |  |  |  | 1,680,488 |
Rgene Corporation(b) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
BioLite Japan K.K. (BioLite JP)(c) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
OncoX BioPharma, Inc.(e) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  | $ | 2,258,754 |  |  | $ | 2,527,740 |

(a) | BioFirst Corporation (the “BioFirst”):

The Company holds an equity interest in BioFirst Corporation, accounting for its equity interest using the equity method to accounts for its equity investment as prescribed in ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (“ASC 323”). Equity method adjustments include the Company’s proportionate share of investee’s income or loss and other adjustments required by the equity method. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company owns 18.68% and 18.68% common stock shares of BioFirst, respectively. The Company made a prepayment for equity investment in BioFirst to purchase additional shares to be issued by BioFirst in the aggregate amount of $2,688,578, recorded as prepayment for long-term investments as of December 31, 2022. On July 19, 2023, the Company successfully completed the registration process for this investment. The initial prepayment was $1,895,556, which is a portion of the prepayment as of December 31, 2022, and was converted into 994,450 shares of BioFirst stock. As of December 31, 2024, the amount of prepayment for long-term investments in Biofirst is $1,124,842.

Summarized unaudited financial information for the Company’s equity method investee, BioFirst, is as follows:

Balance Sheets

|  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Current Assets |  | $ | 1,323,952 |  |  | $ | 1,451,877 |
Non-current Assets |  |  | 1,083,472 |  |  |  | 686,206 |
Current Liabilities |  |  | 3,508,413 |  |  |  | 2,286,058 |
Non-current Liabilities |  |  | 114,606 |  |  |  | 347,193 |
Stockholders’ Deficit |  |  | (1,215,595 | ) |  |  | (495,168 | )

Statements of operations

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Net sales |  | $ | 357 |  |  | $ | 734 |
Gross profit |  |  | 216 |  |  |  | 289 |
Net loss |  |  | (770,877 | ) |  |  | (1,194,797 | )
Share of losses from investments accounted for using the equity method |  |  | (339,171 | ) |  |  | (221,888 | )

F-27

(b) | Rgene Corporation (the “Rgene”)

Both Rgene and the Company are under common control by Dr. Tsung-Shann Jiang, the CEO and chairman of the BioLite Inc. Since Dr. Tsung-Shann Jiang is able to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the Rgene, the Company determined to use the equity method to accounts for its equity investment as prescribed in ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (“ASC 323”). Equity method adjustments include the Company’s proportionate share of investee’s income or loss and other adjustments required by the equity method. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company owns 26.65% and 26.65% common stock shares of Rgene, respectively.

Summarized unaudited financial information for the Company’s equity method investee, Rgene, is as follows:

Balance Sheets

|  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Current Assets |  | $ | 46,491 |  |  | $ | 50,538 |
Non-current Assets |  |  | 222,988 |  |  |  | 250,716 |
Current Liabilities |  |  | 1,546,123 |  |  |  | 2,591,960 |
Non-current Liabilities |  |  | 319 |  |  |  | 811 |
Shareholders’ Deficit |  |  | (1,276,963 | ) |  |  | (2,291,517 | )

Statements of operations

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Net sales |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Gross Profit |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net loss |  |  | (118,367 | ) |  |  | (1,550,123 | )
Share of loss from investments accounted for using the equity method |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |

(4) | Disposition of long-term investment

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, there is no disposition of long-term investment.

| (5) | Loss on investment in equity securities

The components of loss on investment in equity securities for each period were as follows (not recognized since the carrying value of the investment was reduced to $0):

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Share of equity method investee losses |  | $ | (339,171 | ) |  | $ | (221,888 | )

F-28

(c) | BioLite Japan K.K. (BioLite JP)

In October 2021, the Company, Lucidaim Co., Ltd., a Japanese corporation (“Lucidaim,” together with the Company, the “Shareholders”), and BioLite Japan K.K., a Japanese corporation (“BioLite JP”) entered into a Joint Venture Agreement. BioLite JP is a private limited company incorporated on December 18, 2018. The business of the joint venture is the research and development of drugs, medical device and digital media, investment, fund running and consulting, distribution and marketing of supplements carried on by BioLite JP and its subsidiaries in Japan, or any other territory or businesses. At the date of the Agreement, BioLite JP has 10,000 ordinary shares authorized, with 3,049 ordinary shares issued and outstanding (the “Ordinary Shares”). Pursuant to the Agreement and the related share transfer agreement, Lucidaim shall own 1,555 Ordinary Shares (51%) and the Company shall own 1,494 Ordinary Shares (49%). The Company paid $150,000 towards the setup of the joint venture; BioLite Japan’s other shareholder also paid $150,000 after the Letter of Intent was signed. This prepayment is booked in prepayment for investment. As of December 31, 2024, the Company evaluated the investee’s business and financial conditions and determined to fully impair such prepayment.

(d) | ForSeeCon Eye Corporation (FEYE)

FEYE is a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands, focusing on the field of diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders, with its main product of Vitargus. The Company granted FEYE certain licensed products in exchange of FEYE ownership. See Note 4 for detail of such transactions.

(e) | OncoX BioPharma, Inc. (OncoX)

OncoX is a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands, focusing on oncology trials and drug development across Asia-Pacific. The Company granted OncoX certain licensed products in exchange of OncoX’s ownership. See Note 4 for detail of such transactions.

7. CONVERTIBLE NOTES PAYABLE

Lind Notes Payable

On February 23, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Lind Global Fund II, LP (“Lind”), pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note in the principal amount of $3,704,167, for a purchase price of $3,175,000 (the “Lind Note”), that is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial conversion price of $10.5 per share, subject to adjustment. The Company also issued Lind a common stock purchase warrant (the “Lind Warrant”) to purchase up to 529,167 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $10.5 per share for a period of 5 years, subject to adjustment that immediately upon such issuance or sale, the Exercise Price in effect immediately prior to such issuance or sale shall be reduced (and in no event increased) to an Exercise Price equal to the consideration per share paid for such Additional Shares of Common Stock. The warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes model. The fair value of the warrants was determined to be $1,225,543, which was recorded to debt discount.

Beginning with the date that is six months from the issuance date of the Lind Note and on each one (1) month anniversary thereafter, the Company shall pay Lind an amount equal to $308,651, until the outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note has been paid in full prior to or on the Maturity Date or, if earlier, upon acceleration, conversion or redemption of the Lind Note in accordance with the terms thereof (the “Monthly Payments”). At the Company’s discretion, the Monthly Payments shall be made in (i) cash, (ii) shares of the Company’s common stock, or (iii) a combination of cash and Shares; if made in shares, the number of shares shall be determined by dividing (x) the principal amount being paid in shares by (y) 90% of the average of the 5 lowest daily VWAPs during the 20 trading days prior to the applicable payment date. The Lind Notes sets forth certain conditions that must be satisfied before the Company may make any Monthly Payments in shares of common stock. If the Company makes a Monthly Payment in cash, the Company must also pay Lind a cash premium of 5% of such Monthly Payment.

Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default (as defined in the Lind Note), the Company must pay Lind an amount equal to 120% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note (the “Mandatory Default Amount”), in addition to any other remedies under the Note or the other Transaction Documents. The Company and Lind entered into a letter agreement on September 12, 2023, pursuant to which the Mandatory Default Amount was reduced to 115% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note; pursuant to the letter agreement, Lind also agreed to waive any default associated with the Company’s market capitalization being below $12.5 million for 10 consecutive days through February 23, 2024, but retained its right to convert its Note. In addition, if the Company is unable to increase its market capitalization and is unable to obtain a further waiver or amendment to the Lind Note, then the Company could experience an event of default under the Lind Note, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. The Company cannot make any assurances regarding the likelihood, certainty, or exact timing of the Company’s ability to increase its market capitalization, as such metric is not within the immediate control of the Company and depends on a variety of factors outside the Company’s control.

F-29

The Lind Warrant may be exercised via cashless exercise.

The warrant exercise price was reset to $3.5 in accordance to the issuance of common stock in relation to securities purchase agreement on July 2023. On May 22, 2024, the exercise price of these warrants was reset to $0.75 along with the immediate exercise of existing warrants and issuance of the New Warrants. As of December 31, 2024, these Lind Warrants associated with the first Lind Note were fully exercised.

On November 17, 2023, the Company entered another securities purchase agreement with Lind, pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note (the “2nd Lind Note”) in the principal amount of $1,200,000, for a purchase price of $1,000,000, that is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price, which shall be the lesser of (i) $3.50 and (ii) 90% of the average of the three lowest VWAPs during the 20 trading days prior to conversion. The 2nd Lind Note shall be due and payable on May 19, 2025 and bear no interest. The Company may prepay all, but not less than all, outstanding principal amount prior to the maturity, and Lind shall have the right to convert up to one third of the principal amount when the Company prepays. Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default (as defined in the 2nd Lind Note), the Company must pay Lind an amount equal to 120% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note, in addition to any other remedies under the Note or the other transaction documents. Lind also received a 5-year common stock purchase warrant to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $2 per share for a period of 5 years. The warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes model. The fair value of the warrants was determined to be $480,795, which was recorded to debt discount. An amendment was filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024 to disclose that due to Nasdaq requirements, the parties entered into an amendment to the Note, pursuant to which the conversion price shall have a floor price of $1.00. Additionally, the amendment requires the Company to make a cash payment to Lind if in connection with a conversion, the conversion price is deemed to be the floor price. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Lind converted $800,000 of 2nd Lind Note principal amounts into the Company’s common stocks. Refer to the common stock issuance details in Note 12, Equity. As of April 1, 2025, Lind has converted the remaining $400,000 principal balance into the Company’s common stocks.

On January 17, 2024, the Company entered another securities purchase agreement with Lind, pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note (the “3rd Lind Note”) in the principal amount of $1,000,000, for a purchase price of $833,333, that is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price, which shall be the lesser of (i) $3.50 and (ii) 90% of the average of the three lowest VWAPs during the 20 trading days prior to conversion. The 3rd Lind Note shall be due and payable on July 17, 2025 and bear no interest. The Company may prepay all, but not less than all, outstanding principal amount prior to the maturity, and Lind shall have the right to convert up to one third of the principal amount when the Company prepays. Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default (as defined in the 3rd Lind Note), the Company must pay Lind an amount equal to 120% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note, in addition to any other remedies under the Note or the other transaction documents Lind also received a 5-year, common stock purchase warrant to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $2 per share. The warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes model. The fair value of the warrants was determined to be $394,071, which was recorded to debt discount. An amendment was filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024 to disclose that due to Nasdaq requirements, the parties entered into an amendment to the Note, pursuant to which the conversion price shall have a floor price of $1.00. Additionally, the amendment requires the Company to make a cash payment to Lind if in connection with a conversion, the conversion price is deemed to be the floor price. No conversion or repayment to 3rd Lind Note has occurred during the year ended December 31, 2024. As of April 1, 2025, Lind has converted $400,000 principal balance into the Company’s common stock, leaving outstanding principal of $600,000.

In connection with above three Lind Note offerings, the Company and its subsidiaries: BioKey, BioLite, Biolite BVI, and American BriVision, jointly and severally guaranteed all of the obligations of the Company in connection with the offering with certain collateral, as set forth in the related transaction documents.

On May 22, 2024 and November 19, 2024, Lind has exercised 1,000,000 and 500,000 of the existing warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock at a reduced exercise price of $0.75 and $0.42 per share, respectively. Refer to the details in Note 12, Equity.

Total interest expenses in connection with the above three Lind Notes were $773,139 and $1,233,284 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

F-30

Other Convertible Notes Payable

On November 1, 2024 and November 5, 2024, the Company’s subsidiary, AiBtl, issued two convertible note payable, each with a principal amount of $30,000 to two separate individuals, for total consideration of $60,000. Each note has a 1-year term and an implied annual discount rate of 6.89%. These convertible notes bear 0% interest rate and are convertible by the holders into the AiBtl’s common stock at $5 per share at any time before the maturity. AiBtl reserves the right to repurchase the note in full at any time before the maturity.

The convertible notes payable is accounted for in accordance with ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options. The Company evaluated the conversion feature and determined that it qualifies for equity classification as it meets the “fixed-for-fixed” criteria. The proceeds from the issuance were allocated to the present value of the liability component in aggregate for $56,132, and to debt discount for $3,868. The debt discount is recorded in additional paid-in capital in the statement of change in equity.

The debt discount is being amortized over the 1-year term using the effective interest method. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized $646 in interest expense related to the amortization of the debt discount.

The carrying amounts of the liability component are summarized as follows:

December 31, 2024 |  |  | Issuance Entity |  | Issuance Date |  | Maturity Date |  | Principal Amount at Issuance |  |  | Stated Interest Rate |  |  | Effective Interest Rate |  |  | Conversion Price |  |  | Common Stock to be converted |  | Principal Amount at Balance Sheet Date |  |  | Unamortized Discount |  |  | Carrying Value |  |  | Fair Value |
2nd LIND Note |  |  | ABVC |  | November 17, 2023 |  | May 19, 2025 |  | $ | 1,200,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 86.94 | % |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | ABVC |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 118,048 |  |  | $ | 281,952 |  |  | $ | 480,000 |
3rd LIND Note |  |  | ABVC |  | January 17, 2024 |  | July 17, 2025 |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 87.40 | % |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | ABVC |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  |  | 388,685 |  |  |  | 611,315 |  |  |  | 1,200,000 |
Other Note |  |  | AiBtl |  | November 1, 2024 |  | November 1, 2025 |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 6.89 | % |  | $ | 5.00 |  |  | AiBtl |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 1,610 |  |  |  | 28,390 |  |  |  | 30,000 |
Other Note |  |  | AiBtl |  | November 5, 2024 |  | November 5, 2025 |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 6.89 | % |  | $ | 5.00 |  |  | AiBtl |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 1,611 |  |  |  | 28,389 |  |  |  | 30,000 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,260,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,460,000 |  |  | $ | 509,954 |  |  | $ | 950,046 |  |  | $ | 1,740,000 |

December 31, 2023 |  | Issuance Entity |  | Issuance Date |  | Maturity Date |  | Principal Amount |  |  | Stated Interest Rate |  |  | Effective Interest Rate |  |  | Conversion Price |  |  | Common Stock to be converted |  | Principal Amount at Balance Sheet Date |  |  | Unamortized Discount |  |  | Carrying Value |  |  | Fair Value |
1st LIND Note |  | ABVC |  | February 23, 2023 |  | August 23, 2024 |  | $ | 3,704,167 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 61.42 | % |  | $ | 3.50 |  |  | ABVC |  | $ | 811,175 |  |  | $ | 290,063 |  |  | $ | 521,112 |  |  | $ | 973,410 |
2nd LIND Note |  | ABVC |  | November 17, 2023 |  | May 19, 2025 |  |  | 1,200,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 86.94 | % |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | ABVC |  |  | 1,200,000 |  |  |  | 834,590 |  |  |  | 365,410 |  |  |  | 1,440,000 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,904,167 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,011,175 |  |  | $ | 1,124,653 |  |  | $ | 886,522 |  |  | $ | 2,413,410 |

F-31

8. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following as of the periods indicated:

|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Accrued research and development expense |  | $ | 1,799,583 |  |  | $ | 1,799,583 |
Accrued directors and officers (owners) compensation |  |  | 1,025,867 |  |  |  | 1,018,253 |
Accrued royalties |  |  | 255,592 |  |  |  | 274,028 |
Accrued compensation and employee benefits |  |  | 126,106 |  |  |  | 29,138 |
Others |  |  | 302,274 |  |  |  | 427,350 |
Total |  | $ | 3,509,422 |  |  | $ | 3,548,352 |

9. SHORT-TERM LOANS

(1) | Short-term loans consists of the following:

|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Cathay United Bank |  | $ | 200,252 |  |  | $ | 245,250 |
CTBC Bank |  |  | 610,000 |  |  |  | 654,000 |
Other individual |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | - |
Total |  | $ | 840,252 |  |  | $ | 899,250 |

Cathay United Bank

On June 28, 2016, BioLite Taiwan and Cathay United Bank entered into a one-year bank loan agreement (the “Cathay United Loan Agreement”) in a credit limit amount of NTD 7.5 million, equivalent to $228,750. The term started June 28, 2016 with maturity date at June 28, 2017. The loan balance bears interest at a floating rate of prime rate plus 1.31%. The prime rate is based on term deposit saving interest rate of Cathay United Bank. The Company renews the agreement with the bank every year, and the next renewal date is September 6, 2025. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the effective interest rates per annum was 2.99% and 2.87%, respectively. The loan is collateralized by the building and improvement of BioLite Taiwan, and is also personal guaranteed by the Company’s chairman. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company made payments of the loan in total of NTD 934,366, equivalent to $29,152.

Interest expenses were $6,891 and $6,856 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

CTBC Bank

On June 12, 2017 and July 19, 2017, BioLite Taiwan and CTBC Bank entered into two short-term saving secured bank loan agreements (the “CTBC Loan Agreements”) in a credit limit amount of NTD 10 million, equivalent to $327,500, and NTD 10 million, equivalent to $327,500, respectively. Both two loans with the same maturity date at January 19, 2018. In February 2018, BioLite Taiwan combined two loans and extended the loan contract with CTBC for one year. The Company renews the agreement with the bank every year, and the next renewal date is February 28, 2025. The loan balances bear interest at a fixed rate of 2.5% per annum, and is secured by the money deposited in a savings account with the CTBC Bank. This loan was also personal guaranteed by the Company’s chairman and BioFirst. During the year ended December 31, 2020, BioLite Taiwan has opened a TCD account with CTBC bank to guarantee the loan going forward.

Interest expenses were $15,557 and $15,610 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Other individual – Third party

On March 21, 2024, the Company issued an unsecured promissory note to a third party for the proceeds of $30,000. The note bears interest rate of 12% per annum and matures on March 21, 2025, or upon the occurrence of an event of default.

Interest expenses were $2,811 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

F-32

10. RELATED PARTIES TRANSACTIONS

The related parties of the company with whom transactions are reported in these financial statements are as follows:

Name of entity or Individual |  | Relationship with the Company and its subsidiaries
BioFirst Corporation (the “BioFirst”) |  | Entity controlled by controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene
BioFirst (Australia) Pty Ltd. (the “BioFirst (Australia)”) |  | 100% owned by BioFirst; Entity controlled by controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene
Rgene Corporation (the “Rgene”) |  | Shareholder of the Company; Entity controlled by controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene; the Chairman of Rgene is Mr. Tsung-Shann Jiang
GenePharm Inc. (the “GenePharm”) |  | Dr. George Lee, Board Director of Biokey, is the Chairman of GenePharm.
The Jiangs |  | Mr. Tsung-Shann Jiang, the controlling beneficiary shareholder of the Company and Rgene, the Chairman and CEO of the BioLite Holding Inc. and BioLite Inc. and the President and a member of board of directors of BioFirst Ms. Shu-Ling Jiang, Mr. Tsung-Shann Jiang’s wife, is the Chairman of Keypoint; and a member of board of directors of BioLite Inc. Mr. Eugene Jiang is Mr. and Ms. Jiang’s son. Mr. Eugene Jiang is the chairman, and majority shareholder of the Company and a member of board of directors of BioLite Inc. Mr. Chang-Jen Jiang is Mr. Tsung-Shann Jiang’s sibling and the director of the Company. Ms. Mei-Ling Jiang is Ms. Shu-Ling Jiang’s sibling.
BioLite Japan |  | Entity controlled by controlling beneficiary shareholder of ABVC
BioHopeKing Corporation (“BHK”) |  | Entity controlled by controlling beneficiary shareholder of ABVC
AiBtl (Holding) BioPharma, Inc. (“AiBtl Holding”) |  | Founding shareholder of AiBtl BioPharma Inc.
Jaimes Vargas Russman |  | CEO of AiBtl BioPharma Inc.
Lion Arts Promotion, Inc. |  | Entity controlled by the Jiangs.

Revenues – related parties

During the years ended December 31, 2024, the Company received $296,000 in cash, pursuant to the licensing agreement and related amendment with FEYE, and recognized $296,000 revenue correspondingly. In addition, the Company received $200,000 during the year ended December 31, 2024, pursuant to the licensing agreement with OncoX, and recognized revenue correspondingly. Please refer to Note 4, Collaborative Agreements for details.

|  | Year Ended December 31 |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
OncoX |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | - |
FEYE |  |  | 296,000 |  |  | $ | - |
Rgene |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 2,055 |
Total |  | $ | 496,000 |  |  | $ | 2,055 |

Consulting fees - related parties

In March 2024, the Company engaged Lion International to provide operation, business development, human resources, and capital finance consulting services. The agreement is for 12 months expiring in February 2025, and is optional for renewal upon mutual agreement. The Company incurred $104,083 for the year ended December 31, 2024. No such consulting service was engaged in year 2023.

Accounts receivable - related parties

Accounts receivable due from related parties consisted of the following as of the periods indicated:

|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
GenePharm Inc. |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Rgene |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,463 |
Total |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 10,463 |

As of December 31, 2024, management considered the outstanding accounts receivable from Rgene may not be recoverable, and recognized credit loss in full.

F-33

Due from related parties

Amount due from related parties consisted of the following as of the periods indicated:

Due from related party- Current

|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Rgene (1) |  | $ | 565,711 |  |  | $ | 541,486 |
BioFirst (2) |  |  | 589,340 |  |  |  | 206,087 |
Total |  | $ | 1,155,051 |  |  | $ | 747,573 |

Due from related parties- Non-current, net

|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
BioFirst (Australia) (3) |  | $ | 839,983 |  |  | $ | 839,983 |
BioHopeKing Corporation (4) |  |  | 120,210 |  |  |  | 113,516 |
Total |  |  | 1,014,193 |  |  |  | 953,499 |
Less: allowance for expected credit losses accounts |  |  | (1,014,193 | ) |  |  | (839,983 | )
Net |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 113,516 |

(1) | On June 16, 2022, the Company entered into a one-year convertible loan agreement with Rgene, with a principal amount of $1,000,000 to Rgene which bears interest at 5% per annum for the use of working capital that, if fully converted, would result in ABVC owning an additional 6.4% of Rgene. The Company may convert the Note at any time into shares of Rgene’s common stock at either (i) a fixed conversion price equal to $1.00 per share or (ii) 20% discount of the stock price of the then most recent offering, whichever is lower; the conversion price is subject to adjustment as set forth in the Note. The Note includes standard events of default, as well as a cross-default provision pursuant to which a breach of the Service Agreement will trigger an event of default under the convertible note if not cured after 5 business days of written notice regarding the breach is provided. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the outstanding loan balance were both $500,000; and accrued interest was $63,819 and $38,819, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has other receivables amounted $1,892 and $2,667, respectively, from Rgene due to daily operations.

(2) | On December 31, 2023, BioLite Taiwan entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst, with a principal amount of NTD 11,072,360 (approximately $337,707), which bears interest at 12% per annum for the use of working capital. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company entered into another loan agreement with BioFirst, with a principal amount of NTD 11,406,000 (approximately $347,883), which bears interest at 12% per annum for the use of working capital. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the outstanding loan balance were NTD 17,571,076 (approximately $535,918) and NTD 6,302,360 ($206,087), respectively; accrued interest was $53,422 and $0, respectively. The Company has received NTD 4,040,000 (approximately $126,048) repayment and expects to receive other repayment within next 12 months.

(3) | On July 1, 2020, the Company entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst (Australia) for $361,487 to properly record R&D cost and tax refund allocation based on co-development contract executed on July 24, 2017. The loan was originally set to be mature on September 30, 2021 with an interest rate of 6.5% per annum, but on September 7, 2021, the Company entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst (Australia) for $67,873 to meet its new project needs. On July 27, 2021, the Company repaid a loan 249,975 to BioFirst (Australia). On December 1, 2021, the Company entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst (Australia) for $250,000 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. The loan will be matured on November 30, 2022 with an interest rate of 6.5% per annum. In 2022, the Company entered into several loan agreements with BioFirst (Australia) for a total amount of $507,000 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. During the first quarter of 2023, the Company entered into several loan agreements with BioFirst (Australia) for a total amount of $88,091 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company entered into several loan agreements with BioFirst (Australia) for a total amount of $25,500 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. All the loans period was twelve months with an interest rate of 6.5% per annum. For accounting purpose, the due from and due to related party balances was being net off. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the outstanding loan balances and allocated research fee were both amounted to $681,185, and accrued interest balances were both amounted $158,798. The business conditions of BioFirst (Australia) deteriorated and, as a result, the Company recognized expected credit losses of $839,983 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company stopped accruing interest income recognizing such losses.

F-34

(4) | On February 24, 2015, BioLite Taiwan and BioHopeKing Corporation (the “BHK”) entered into a co-development agreement, (the “BHK Co-Development Agreement”, see Note 4). The development costs shall be shared 50/50 between BHK and the Company. Under the term of the agreement, BioLite issued relevant development cost to BHK. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, due from BHK was both NTD 3,941,299 (approximately $120,210 and $113,516, respectively). The business conditions of BHK deteriorated and as a result, the Company recognized expected credit losses of $120,210 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The Company’s due from related parties are subject to certain risks that our collaborative parties, including OncoX and FEYE, would face. Such risks exist in future market conditions, macro economy, legal and regulatory, results of clinical trials and product developments, and among others. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s comprehensive review of these due from related party balances indicates that there are no expected losses except those being recognized above. This conclusion is based on the business relationships with our related parties and the absence of any significant indicators of potential default.

Due to related parties

Amount due to related parties consisted of the following as of the periods indicated:

|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
AiBtl Holding (1) |  | $ | 348,219 |  |  | $ | - |
The Jiangs (2) |  |  | 274,170 |  |  |  | 19,789 |
Shareholders (3) |  |  | 142,130 |  |  |  | 152,382 |
Directors (4) |  |  | 8,526 |  |  |  | 1,322 |
Total |  | $ | 773,045 |  |  | $ | 173,493 |

(1) | On April 11, 2024, May 10, 2024, August 15, 2024, and December 24, 2024, AiBtl received short-term loans from its founding shareholder, AiBtl Holding, for the principal amounts of $40,000, $60,000, $33,732, and $214,487, respectively, for the purpose of daily operations. These loans do not bear interest and are payable on demand.
(2) | Since 2019, the Jiangs advanced funds to the Company for working capital purpose. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the outstanding balance due to the Jiangs amounted to $274,170 and $19,789, respectively. These loans bear no interest and are due on demand.

(3) | Since 2018, the Company’s shareholders have advanced funds to the Company for working capital purpose. The advances bear interest rate around 12% per annum. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the outstanding principal and accrued interest was $172,112 and $152,382, respectively. Interest expenses in connection with these loans were $21,101 and $20,094 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(4) | As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, due to Directors amounted to $8,526 and $1,322, respectively, were related to the daily operating expenses in 2024 and entity setup fee in 2023 paid by the Directors of AiBtl on behalf of the entity.

F-35

11. INCOME TAXES

Income tax (benefit) expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
State |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Foreign |  |  | (110,539 | ) |  |  | 140,338 |
Total Current |  | $ | (110,539 | ) |  | $ | 140,338 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
State |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Foreign |  |  | - |  |  |  | 115,668 |
Total Deferred |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 115,668 |
Total provision for income tax (benefit) expense |  | $ | (110,539 | ) |  | $ | 256,006 |

Deferred tax assets (liability) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consist approximately of:

|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Loss on impairment of Assets |  |  | 713,223 |  |  |  | 713,223 |
Net operating loss carryforwards |  |  | 5,677,413 |  |  |  | 5,018,343 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 178,014 |  |  |  | 213,482 |
Operating lease assets |  |  | (178,014 | ) |  |  | (213,482 | )
Deferred tax assets, Gross |  |  | 6,390,636 |  |  |  | 5,731,566 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (6,390,636 | ) |  |  | (5,731,566 | )
Deferred tax assets, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |

12. EQUITY

The Company previously reported that during the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company entered into service agreements with Euro-Asia Investment & Finance Corp Ltd. (a related party), Ever Adventure inv. (Formosa) Consultant Co., Ltd., New Eastern Asia (a related party), and Kimho Consultants Co., Ltd. (a related party) for the maintenance of the listing in the U.S. stock exchange market, investor relations, and business development. Pursuant to the agreements, the Company issued 644,972 shares of the Company’s common stock for the consulting service from July 2019 to July 2024 for the service fee of $4,514,800 in aggregate, and recorded as stock subscription receivable. For the years ended December 31, 2024 (through June 30, 2024) and 2023, stock subscription receivable recognized as stock-based compensation in equity was $451,480 and $902,960, respectively.

After further reviewed and investigation, above services were completely provided by December 31, 2022. Pursuant to ASC 718, the costs of services should be recognized along with the period when services are received. Therefore, the Company reversed share-based compensation expenses of $451,480 and $902,960 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2022 was corrected with the Stock Subscription Receivables for $1,354,440 as a result of such adjustments.

On January 3, 2023, the Company issued 22,341 common stock (post-split) to a consultant for providing consulting services on listing to NASDAQ in 2021.

On July 27, 2023, the Company entered into that certain securities purchase agreement. relating to the offer and sale of 30,000 shares of common stock (post-split) and 20,000 pre-funded warrants (post-split), at an exercise price of $0.001 per share, in a registered direct offering. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to sell the Shares and/or Pre-funded Warrants at a per share purchase price of $3.50, for gross proceeds of $1,750,000, before deducting any estimated offering expenses. On August 1, 2023, 200,000 pre-funded warrants were exercised.

F-36

On August 14, 2023, the Company entered into a cooperation agreement with Zhonghui. Pursuant thereto, the Company expect to receive 20% of the ownership of a property and the parcel of the land owned by Zhonghui in Leshan, Sichuan, China. During the third quarter of 2023, the Company issued to Zhonghui, an aggregate of 370,000 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock, at a per share price of $1.87, for $691,900. The Company also issued 29,600 common stock to consultants for providing consulting services on the above transaction. Please refer Note 2 for the restatement of prior year reported amounts.

On January 27, 2024, the Company granted 1,302,726 restricted shares to its employees and directors under the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan as compensation for their previous services, with an issuance date of February 2, 2024. These shares are subject to a three-year restriction period.

On February 6, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with Shuling Jiang (“Shuling”), pursuant to which Shuling shall transfer the ownership of certain land she owns located at Taoyuan City, Taiwan (the “Land”) to the Company (the “Agreement”). Shuling is a director of the Company, is married to TS Jiang, the Company’s Chief Strategic Officer and owns approximately 15.4% of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock. In consideration for the Land, the Company was to pay Shuling (i) 703,496 restricted shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Shares”) at a price of $3.50 per share and (ii) five-year warrants to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $2.00 per share. Under the Agreement, Shuling was to also transfer outstanding liability owed on the Land (approximately $500,000) to the Company. On May 16, 2024, the Company’s board of directors determined that it was in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders to terminate the Agreement and not proceed with the transfer of land ownership; the Company may reconsider the transaction at a later date. The shares were returned and booked as treasury stock, and the warrants were not issued.

On May 24, 2024, the Company issued 200,000 shares of common stock to a consultant for providing business and funding opportunities.

In June 2024, the Company entered into a stock purchase agreement with an investor, which the Company issued 41,387 shares of common stock at $0.75 per share to the investor for cash. Due to certain stock transfer processes, one of the Company’s shareholders transferred such shares to the investor on behalf of the company in July 2024; the company plans to issue the same number of shares to the transferring shareholder soon.

In July 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with its landlord in California, pursuant that the Company will make the rent payments in the Company’s common stocks. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has issued 399,384 shares with average issuance price of $0.68 per share, for the monthly rent from April 2024 and half month of December 2024, in total of $271,827. The Company subsequently issued 80,654 shares of its common stock for each of the half month rent in the first quarter of 2025.

Noncontrolling Interests

AiBtl was incorporated in January 2023 and issued 20,000,000 shares of its common stocks to the founding shareholder AiBtl Holding with the par value $0.0001, for $2,000 at the time of incorporation. Due to certain administrative process, the previous issuance was not correctly and timely recorded at AiBtl’s book which resulted in the correction of the previous reported non-controlling interest equity balance. Later in December 2023, AiBtl issued 23,000,000 shares to ABVC and 23,000,000 shares to BioLite, respectively, as a consideration for the Company’s out-licensing products, as disclosed in Note 4. At the close of the transaction, AiBtl became the Company’s 60.70% owned subsidiary included in the consolidated financial statements.

On March 14, 2024, AiBtl issued 1,610,700 AiBtl’s common stocks to a land acquisition transaction in Taiwan, including the 1-year business consulting fee of $383,500 incurred beginning in November 2023, and the cost of land $7,670,000. Due to certain administrative processes and restrictions, AiBtl has not acquired ownership of the land and no asset was recognized.

Yunzhiyi, a Taiwan corporation, was incorporated in August 2024, with 90% owned by BioLite Taiwan and 10% owned by Shuling Jiang, the Company’s director. This entity is set up for holding the land that AiBtl acquired in Taiwan for developing health related business in Taiwan. Due to certain administrative processes and restrictions, the title transfer has not completed, and no asset was recognized as of the issuance of this report. However, AiBtl entered a series of agreements with the sellers in March 2025, to obtain the complete rights and obligations of the land while in the process of transferring the title. These agreements are effective until the tile transfer is completed. AiBtl recognized such asset on its balance sheet in March 2025.

F-37

Lind Offerings and Repayments

On February 23, 2023, in connection with the issuance of the Lind Note (referring to Note 7), the Company issued Lind a 5-year term of common stock purchase warrant to purchase up to 529,167 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $10.5 per share (post-split), subject to adjustment. The warrant exercise price was reset to $3.5 in accordance with the issuance of common stock in relation to securities purchase agreement in July 2023. On May 22, 2024, the exercise price of these warrants was further reset to $0.75 along with the immediate exercise of existing warrants and issuance of the New Warrants.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has made repayment of Lind Note with the Company’s common stock for 1,705,303 shares and 3,732,167 shares, respectively, totaling $593,714 and $1,786,686, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the first Lind Note was fully repaid.

On November 17, 2023, in connection with the issuance of the 2nd Lind Note (referring to Note 7), Lind also received a 5-year term of common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $2 per share. The warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes model and the fair value was determined to be $480,795, which was recorded as a debt discount.

On January 17, 2024, in connection with the issuance of the 3rd Lind Note (referring to Note 7), Lind also received 5-year term of common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $2 per share.

On May 22, 2024, the Company and Lind entered into a letter agreement, pursuant to which Lind will exercise, for cash, 1,000,000 of its Pre-Existing Warrants (all of the warrants issued to Lind on February 23, 2023, November 17, 2023 and January 17, 2024 are hereinafter referred to as the “Pre-Existing Warrants”), to purchase shares of Common Stock at a reduced exercise price of $0.75 per share. Such 1,000,000 Pre-Existing Warrants exercised include 529,167 warrants issued in February 2023 and 470,833 warrants issued in November 2023. Concurrently, the exercise price of all Pre-Existing Warrants was reduced to $0.75 per share according to this agreement. Lind also received new warrants to purchase 1,000,000 shares of common stock, exercisable at any time on or after the date of its issuance and until the five-year anniversary thereof, for $1.00 per share (the “New Warrants”). The fair value of the New Warrants was determined to be $925,210 using the Black-Scholes model. The New Warrants may be exercised via cashless exercise or resale pursuant to the registration statement that was declared effective. As of December 31, 2024, Lind has exercised 1,000,000 shares of Pre-Existing Warrants and received 1,000,000 shares of New Warrants according to this agreement. All warrants issued to Lind may be exercised via cashless exercise.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued Lind in total of 800,000 shares of the Company’s common stock as the repayment of $800,000 principal of 2nd Lind Note. According to the amended agreement pursuant to Nasdaq requirements, the conversion price is subject to $1.00 floor price if the conversion price was below such floor, resulting in effective conversion price between $0.7907 to $0.4932. The Company made additional $327,017 cash repayments, with $127,759 unpaid cash booked in Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities. As of the date of this report, Lind has converted the remaining $400,000 principal balance on 2nd Lind Note into 400,000 shares of the Company’s common stocks.

Subsequent to December 31, 2024 through the date of this report, Lind has converted $400,000 of 3rd Lind Note principal balance into 400,000 the Company’s common stock, leaving outstanding principal of $600,000.

Warrants issued and outstanding in connection with above Lind convertible notes as of December 31, 2024, and their activities during the year ended are as follows:

|  | Number of Underlying Shares |  |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share |  |  | Weighted- Average Contractual Life Remaining in Years |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding as of January 1, 2024 |  |  | 1,529,167 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |  |  |  | 3.15 |  |  | $ | 5,542 |
Issued |  |  | 2,000,000 |  |  | $ | 0.70 |  |  |  | 4.22 |  |  |  | 190,000 |
Exercised |  |  | (1,500,000 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 2,029,167 |  |  | $ | 0.70 | * |  |  | 4.20 |  |  | $ | 195,542 |

* | On January 5, 2025, the Company and Lind entered into a third letter agreement (the “December Letter Agreement”), pursuant to which Lind agreed to exercise for cash, 1,029,167 of the Existing Warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock, with a current exercise price of $0.75 per share, at a reduced exercise price of $0.40 per share. The weighted average exercise price per share as of December 31, 2024 was adjusted to the reduction accordingly.

F-38

13. STOCK OPTIONS

The Company has not granted any options during years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company’s most recent option grant was in 2022 that 76,190 shares (post-split) of common stock were granted to employees and certain consultants. The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted in 2022 was $27.9 (post-split). There are 386,021 options available for grant under the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan as of December 31, 2024. Compensation costs associated with the Company’s stock options are recognized, based on the grant-date fair values of these options over vesting period. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no unvested options.

Options issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024, and their activities during the year then ended are as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Weighted- |  |  | Weighted- |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Average |  |  | Average |  |  |  |
|  | Number of |  |  | Exercise |  |  | Contractual |  |  |  |
|  | Underlying Shares (post-split) |  |  | Price Per Share (post-split) |  |  | Life Remaining in Years |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding as of January 1, 2024 |  |  | 258,710 |  |  | $ | 27.9 |  |  |  | 7.74 |  |  |  | - |
Granted |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Forfeited |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 258,710 |  |  |  | 27.9 |  |  |  | 7.74 |  |  | $ | - |
Exercisable as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 258,710 |  |  |  | 27.9 |  |  |  | 7.74 |  |  | $ | - |
Vested and expected to vest |  |  | 258,710 |  |  | $ | 27.9 |  |  |  | 6.74 |  |  | $ | - |

14. LOSS PER SHARE

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares and dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

|  | For the Year Ended |
|  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to ABVC’s common stockholders |  | $ | (4,902,878 | ) |  | $ | (7,788,050 | )
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average shares outstanding – Basic & Diluted |  |  | 11,673,980 |  |  |  | 4,335,650 |
Loss per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
-Basic & Diluted |  | $ | (0.42 | ) |  | $ | (1.80 | )

Diluted loss per share takes into account the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue Common Stock were exercised and converted into Common Stock. Since the Company suffered net loss for both years, any diluted shares would have anti-diluted effect.

F-39

15. LEASE

The Company adopted FASB Accounting Standards Codification, Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”) using the modified retrospective approach, electing the practical expedient that allows the Company not to restate its comparative periods prior to the adoption of the standard on January 1, 2019.

The Company applied the following practical expedients in the transition to the new standard and allowed under ASC 842:

| ● | Reassessment of expired or existing contracts: The Company elected not to reassess, at the application date, whether any expired or existing contracts contained leases, the lease classification for any expired or existing leases, and the accounting for initial direct costs for any existing leases.

| ● | Use of hindsight: The Company elected to use hindsight in determining the lease term (that is, when considering options to extend or terminate the lease and to purchase the underlying asset) and in assessing impairment of right-to-use assets.

| ● | Reassessment of existing or expired land easements: The Company elected not to evaluate existing or expired land easements that were not previously accounted for as leases under ASC 840, as allowed under the transition practical expedient. Going forward, new or modified land easements will be evaluated under ASU No. 2016-02.

| ● | Separation of lease and non- lease components: Lease agreements that contain both lease and non-lease components are generally accounted for separately.

| ● | Short-term lease recognition exemption: The Company also elected the short-term lease recognition exemption and will not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities for leases with a term less than 12 months.

The new leasing standard requires recognition of leases on the consolidated balance sheets as right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use underlying assets for the lease terms and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the leases. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value and future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. The Company’s future minimum based payments used to determine the Company’s lease liabilities mainly include minimum based rent payments. As most of Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its estimated incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments.

The Company recognized lease liabilities, with corresponding ROU assets, based on the present value of unpaid lease payments for existing operating leases longer than twelve months. The ROU assets were adjusted per ASC 842 transition guidance for existing lease-related balances of accrued and prepaid rent, unamortized lease incentives provided by lessors, and restructuring liabilities. Operating lease cost is recognized as a single lease cost on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is recorded in Selling, general and administrative expenses. Variable lease payments for common area maintenance, property taxes and other operating expenses are recognized as expense in the period when the changes in facts and circumstances on which the variable lease payments are based occur.

The Company has no finance leases. The Company’s leases primarily include various office and laboratory spaces, copy machine, and vehicles under various operating lease arrangements. The Company’s operating leases have remaining lease terms of up to approximately five years.

|  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 640,387 |  |  | $ | 809,283 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease liabilities (current) |  |  | 403,581 |  |  |  | 401,826 |
Operating lease liabilities (non-current) |  |  | 236,807 |  |  |  | 407,457 |

F-40

Supplemental Information

The following provides details of the Company’s lease expenses:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Operating lease expenses |  | $ | 514,420 |  |  | $ | 358,576 |

Other information related to leases is presented below:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 484,181 |  |  | $ | 358,576 |

|  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  | 2.48 years |  |  |  | 1.73 years |
Weighted Average Discount Rate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  | 1.19 | % |  |  | 1.50 | %

The minimum future annual payments under non-cancellable leases during the next five years and thereafter, at rates now in force, are as follows:

|  | Operating leases |
2025 |  | $ | 409,587 |
2026 |  |  | 104,236 |
2027 |  |  | 47,320 |
2028 |  |  | 47,320 |
2029 |  |  | 47,320 |
Thereafter |  |  | - |
Total future minimum lease payments, undiscounted |  |  | 655,782 |
Less: Imputed interest |  |  | (15,395 | )
Present value of future minimum lease payments |  | $ | 640,387 |

F-41

16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

In the ordinary course of business, the Company may be subject to legal proceedings regarding contractual and employment relationships and a variety of other matters. The Company records contingent liabilities resulting from such claims, when a loss is assessed to be probable, and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. In the opinion of management, there were no pending or threatened claims and litigation as of December 31, 2024 and up through the date of the consolidated financial statements was available to the issued.

17. ACQUISITION

On November 12, 2023, the Company and one of its subsidiaries, BioLite, Inc. (“BioLite Taiwan”) each entered into a multi-year, global licensing agreement with AiBtl BioPharma Inc. (“AiBtl”, or the acquired company) for the Company and BioLite Taiwan’s CNS drugs with the indications of MDD (Major Depressive Disorder) and ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) (collectively, the “Licensed Products”). The potential license will cover the Licensed Products’ clinical trial, registration, manufacturing, supply, and distribution rights. The parties are determined to collaborate on the global development of the Licensed Products. The parties are also working to strengthen new drug development and business collaboration, including technology, interoperability, and standards development. As per each of the respective agreements, each of ABVC and BioLite Taiwan received 23 million shares of AiBtl stock and as a result, the Company has a controlling interest over AiBtl. If certain milestones are met, the Company and BioLite Taiwan are each eligible to receive $3,500,000 and royalties equaling 5% of net sales, up to $100 million.

The Company concluded the assets acquired and liabilities assumed did not meet the definition of a business as a limited number of inputs were acquired but no substantive business processes or signs of output were acquired. As such, the acquisition was accounted for as an asset purchase. The purchase consideration was nonmonetary assets (patent) and transfer on November12, 2023. The equity interest transferred to ABVC and BioLite Taiwan on December 15, 2023.

Cash and cash equivalents |  | S | - |
Total assets acquired |  |  | - |
Accrued expense |  |  | (243,888 | )
Due to Director |  |  | (498 | )
Total liabilities acquired |  |  | (243,386 | )
Total consideration (Intangible assets) |  |  | - |

18. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On January 5, 2025, the Company and Lind entered into a third letter agreement (the “December Letter Agreement”), pursuant to which Lind agreed to exercise for cash, 1,029,167 of the Existing Warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock, with a current exercise price of $0.75 per share, at a reduced exercise price of $0.40 per share.

During the first quarter of 2025, Lind has converted the remaining $400,000 principal balance on 2nd Lind Note into 400,000 shares of the Company’s common stocks, and converted $400,000 of 3rd Lind Note principal balance into 400,000 the Company’s common stock, leaving 3rd Lind Note with outstanding principal of $600,000.

In April 2025, the Company conducted a private offering of its common stock to several individual investors, issuing 502,081 unregistered shares at $0.60 per share, raising a total of $301,250.

In April 2025, AiBtl issued 1,800 shares of its common stock at $5 per share, raising a total of $9,000 from an individual investor.

F-42

ABVC BIOPHARMA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | March 31 |  |  | December 31 |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 152,206 |  |  | $ | 248,382 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 607,362 |  |  |  | 615,433 |
Inventories |  |  | 11,460 |  |  |  | - |
Due from related parties |  |  | 537,119 |  |  |  | 1,155,051 |
Short-term investments |  |  | 65,052 |  |  |  | 64,736 |
Prepaid expense and other current assets |  |  | 96,362 |  |  |  | 96,213 |
Total Current Assets |  |  | 1,469,561 |  |  |  | 2,179,815 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 8,168,746 |  |  |  | 511,088 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 533,460 |  |  |  | 640,387 |
Long-term investments |  |  | 2,760,062 |  |  |  | 2,258,754 |
Prepayment for long-term investments |  |  | 1,124,842 |  |  |  | 1,124,842 |
Prepayment for asset acquisition |  |  | 691,900 |  |  |  | 691,900 |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 127,128 |  |  |  | 133,121 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 14,875,699 |  |  | $ | 7,539,907 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term bank and other loans |  | $ | 801,407 |  |  | $ | 840,252 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 3,826,819 |  |  |  | 3,509,422 |
Contract liabilities |  |  | 81,115 |  |  |  | 81,115 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 366,475 |  |  |  | 403,581 |
Due to related parties |  |  | 819,384 |  |  |  | 773,045 |
Convertible notes payable – third parties, net |  |  | 835,539 |  |  |  | 950,046 |
Total Current Liabilities |  |  | 6,730,739 |  |  |  | 6,557,461 |
Tenant security deposit |  |  | 21,680 |  |  |  | 21,680 |
Operating lease liability – non-current |  |  | 166,985 |  |  |  | 236,807 |
Total Liabilities |  |  | 6,919,404 |  |  |  | 6,815,948 |
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 20,000,000 authorized, nil shares issued and outstanding |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 100,000,000 authorized, 15,378,305 and 13,868,484 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively |  |  | 15,378 |  |  |  | 13,868 |
Stock to be issued |  |  | 31,040 |  |  |  | 31,040 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 83,615,369 |  |  |  | 78,595,065 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (69,791,882 | ) |  |  | (68,949,807 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | 444,172 |  |  |  | 445,665 |
Treasury stock |  |  | (8,909,691 | ) |  |  | (8,909,691 | )
Total Stockholders’ equity |  |  | 5,404,386 |  |  |  | 1,226,140 |
Noncontrolling interest |  |  | 2,551,909 |  |  |  | (502,181 | )
Total Equity |  |  | 7,956,295 |  |  |  | 723,959 |
Total Liabilities and Equity |  | $ | 14,875,699 |  |  | $ | 7,539,907 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-43

ABVC BIOPHARMA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  |  |  |  | March 31 |
|  | March 31 2025 |  |  | 2024 (Restated) |
Revenues |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,205 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | - |  |  |  | 277 |
Gross (loss) profit |  |  | - |  |  |  | 928 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 615,371 |  |  |  | 738,486 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | 28,861 |  |  |  | 69,066 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 48,773 |  |  |  | 2,031,631 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 693,005 |  |  |  | 2,839,183 |
Loss from operations |  |  | (693,005 | ) |  |  | (2,838,255 | )
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 19,071 |  |  |  | 4,049 |
Interest expense |  |  | (222,967 | ) |  |  | (181,676 | )
Operating sublease income |  |  | 12,000 |  |  |  | 8,000 |
Gain (loss) on foreign exchange changes |  |  | (9,912 | ) |  |  | 60,730 |
Loss on investment in equity securities |  |  | (50,877 | ) |  |  | - |
Other income (expenses) |  |  | 1,500 |  |  |  | 19,485 |
Total other income (expenses) |  |  | (251,185 | ) |  |  | (89,412 | )
Loss before provision income tax |  |  | (944,190 | ) |  |  | (2,927,667 | )
Provision for income tax expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net loss |  |  | (944,190 | ) |  |  | (2,927,667 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (102,115 | ) |  |  | (93,468 | )
Net loss attributed to ABVC and subsidiaries |  |  | (842,075 | ) |  |  | (2,834,199 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | (1,493 | ) |  |  | (48,236 | )
Comprehensive loss |  | $ | (843,568 | ) |  | $ | (2,882,435 | )
Net loss per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.06 | ) |  | $ | (0.29 | )
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  |  | 14,968,232 |  |  |  | 9,736,150 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-44

ABVC BIOPHARMA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  |  |  |  | March 31 |
|  | March 31 2025 |  |  | 2024 (Restated) |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (944,190 | ) |  | $ | (2,927,667 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  |  | 7,021 |  |  |  | 1,286 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 48,773 |  |  |  | 2,031,631 |
Provision for doubtful accounts |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |
Other non-cash expenses |  |  | 210,040 |  |  |  | 176,283 |
Loss on investment in equity securities |  |  | 50,877 |  |  |  | - |
Amortization of right-of-use asset |  |  | 106,927 |  |  |  | 101,260 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Inventories |  |  | (11,460 | ) |  |  | - |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | (149 | ) |  |  | (53,380 | )
Due from related parties |  |  | 54,113 |  |  |  | (140,364 | )
Other assets – tenant security deposit |  |  | 5,029 |  |  |  | - |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 40,113 |  |  |  | (43,605 | )
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | (106,927 | ) |  |  | (101,260 | )
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (539,833 | ) |  |  | (955,816 | )
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from short-term loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30,000 |
Repayment of short-term loans |  |  | (29,250 | ) |  |  | - |
Proceeds from issuance of warrants |  |  | - |  |  |  | 394,071 |
Proceeds from exercise of warrants |  |  | 411,667 |  |  |  | - |
Proceeds from convertible notes payable |  |  | - |  |  |  | 282,095 |
Due to related parties, net |  |  | 46,339 |  |  |  | 217,981 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 428,756 |  |  |  | 924,147 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | 6,830 |  |  |  | (26,109 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | (104,247 | ) |  |  | (57,778 | )
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning |  |  | 863,815 |  |  |  | 716,780 |
Ending |  | $ | 759,568 |  |  | $ | 659,002 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flows |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the year for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense paid |  | $ | 5,231 |  |  | $ | 5,701 |
Income taxes paid |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Non-cash financing and investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquiring control of the land |  | $ | 7,670,000 |  |  | $ | - |
Issuance of common stock for conversion of debt |  | $ | 47,579 |  |  | $ | 467,574 |
Conversion of convertible note due from related parties to equity investment |  | $ | 563,819 |  |  | $ | - |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-45

ABVC BIOPHARMA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  |  |  |  | Stockholders’ |
|  | Number of |  |  |  |  |  | Subscribed |  |  | Paid-in |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Number of |  |  |  |  |  | Noncontrolling |  |  | Equity |
|  | shares |  |  | Amounts |  |  | stock |  |  | Capital |  |  | Deficit |  |  | Income |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Interest |  |  | (Deficit) |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  |  | 7,940,298 |  |  | $ | 7,940 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 73,978,380 |  |  | $ | (64,046,929 | ) |  | $ | 516,387 |  |  |  | (26,553 | ) |  | $ | (8,901,668 | ) |  | $ | (300,637 | ) |  | $ | 1,253,473 |
Issuance of common shares for Lind CN Repayment |  |  | 751,795 |  |  |  | 752 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 466,822 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 467,574 |
Issuance of pre-funded warrant in connection to the 3rd Lind Note |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 394,071 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 394,071 |
Issuance of common shares for acquisition of property |  |  | 703,496 |  |  |  | 703 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (703,496 | ) |  |  | (703 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 1,302,726 |  |  |  | 1,303 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,934,452 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,935,755 |
Issuance of subsidiary's common shares for consulting service |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 225,690 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 157,810 |  |  |  | 383,500 |
Decrease in ownership of subsidiary due to share issuance |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,786 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,786 | ) |  |  | - |
Net loss for the period |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,834,199 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (93,468 | ) |  |  | (2,927,667 | )
Cumulative transaction adjustments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (48,236 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (48,236 | )
Balance at March 31, 2024 (Restated) |  |  | 10,698,315 |  |  | $ | 10,698 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 77,004,201 |  |  | $ | (66,881,128 | ) |  | $ | 468,151 |  |  |  | (730,049 | ) |  | $ | (8,902,371 | ) |  | $ | (241,081 | ) |  | $ | 1,458,470 |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 13,868,484 |  |  | $ | 13,868 |  |  | $ | 31,040 |  |  | $ | 78,595,065 |  |  | $ | (68,949,807 | ) |  | $ | 445,665 |  |  |  | (730,641 | ) |  | $ | (8,909,691 | ) |  | $ | (502,181 | ) |  | $ | 723,959 |
Issuance of common shares for Lind CN Repayment |  |  | 400,000 |  |  |  | 400 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 47,179 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 47,579 |
Issuance of common shares for exercise of warrants |  |  | 1,029,167 |  |  |  | 1,029 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 410,638 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 411,667 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 80,654 |  |  |  | 81 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 48,692 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 48,773 |
Acquiring control of the land |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,513,795 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,156,205 |  |  |  | 7,670,000 |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (842,075 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (102,115 | ) |  |  | (944,190 | )
Cumulative transaction adjustments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,493 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,493 | )
Balance at March 31, 2025 |  |  | 15,378,305 |  |  | $ | 15,378 |  |  | $ | 31,040 |  |  | $ | 83,615,369 |  |  | $ | (69,791,882 | ) |  | $ | 444,172 |  |  |  | (730,641 | ) |  | $ | (8,909,691 | ) |  | $ | 2,551,909 |  |  | $ | 7,956,295 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-46

ABVC BIOPHARMA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. ORGANIZATION AND DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

ABVC BioPharma, Inc. (the “Company”), formerly known as American BriVision (Holding) Corporation, a Nevada corporation, through the Company’s operating entity, American BriVision Corporation (“BriVision”), which was incorporated in July 2015 in the State of Delaware, engages in biotechnology to fulfill unmet medical needs and focuses on the development of new drugs and medical devices derived from plants. BriVision develops its pipeline by carefully tracking new medical discoveries or medical device technologies in research institutions in the Asia-Pacific region. Pre-clinical, disease animal model and Phase I safety studies are examined closely by the Company to identify drugs that BriVision believes demonstrate efficacy and safety. Once a drug appears to be a good candidate for development and ultimately commercialization, BriVision licenses the drug or medical device from the original researchers and begins to introduce the drugs clinical plan to highly respected principal investigators in the United States, Australia and Taiwan to conduct a Phase II clinical trial. At present, clinical trials for the Company’s drugs and medical devices are being conducted at such world-famous institutions including Stanford University, University of California San Fransisco (UCSF) and Cedar Sinai Medical Centre (CSMC).

The Company has four wholly-owned subsidiaries, BriVision, BioLite Holding Inc. (“BioLite Holding”), BioKey Inc. (“BioKey”), BioKey (Cayman), Inc (“BioKey Cayman”), and a majority-owned subsidiary, AiBtl BioPharma Inc. (“AiBtl”).

BioLite Holding was incorporated in the State of Nevada with wholly owned subsidiary BioLite BVI, Inc. (“BioLite BVI”) that was incorporated in the British Virgin Islands. BioLite BVI holds 73% ownership of BioLite Inc. (“BioLite Taiwan”), a Taiwanese corporation that was founded in February 2006. BioLite Taiwan has been in the business of developing new drugs since it was incorporated.

Yunzhiyi, a Taiwanese corporation, was incorporated in August 2024, with 90% owned by BioLite Taiwan and 10% owned by Shuling Jiang, the Company’s director. This entity is set up for holding the land that AiBtl is working to acquire in Puli, Taiwan for developing health related business in Taiwan.

Incorporated in California on November 20, 2000, BioKey has chosen to initially focus on developing generic drugs to ride the opportunity of the booming industry.

BioKey Cayman was incorporated in Cayman Islands in July 2023, which is 100% owned by ABVC. This subsidiary has no activities since inception.

AiBtl BioPharma, Inc. was acquired by the Company with the transaction of the collaborative licensing agreements. On November 12, 2023, the Company and BioLite Taiwan each entered into a multi-year, global licensing agreement with AiBtl for the Company and BioLite Taiwan’s CNS drugs with the indications of MDD (Major Depressive Disorder) and ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) (collectively, the “Licensed Products”). The potential license will cover the Licensed Products’ clinical trial, registration, manufacturing, supply, and distribution rights. The parties are determined to collaborate on the global development of the Licensed Products. The parties are also working to strengthen new drug development and business collaboration, including technology, interoperability, and standards development. As per each of the respective agreements, each of ABVC and BioLite Taiwan received 23 million shares of AiBtl stock and as a result, the Company has a controlling interest over AiBtl. If certain milestones are met, the Company and BioLite Taiwan are each eligible to receive $3,500,000 and royalties equaling 5% of net sales, up to $100 million. The financial statements of AiBtl are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. As a result of these transactions, the Company became a controlling parent of AiBtl, with 58.85% of group ownership over AiBtl.

F-47

2. LIQUIDITY, GOING CONCERN, AND RESTATEMENT

Liquidity and Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in conformity with the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (the “U.S. GAAP”) which contemplates continuation of the Company on a going concern basis. The going concern basis assumes that assets are realized, and liabilities are settled in the ordinary course of business at amounts disclosed in the financial statements. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern depends upon its ability to market and sell its products to generate positive operating cash flows. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company reported net loss of $944,190. As of March 31, 2025, the Company’s working capital deficit was $5,261,178. In addition, the Company had net cash outflows of $539,833 from operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025. These conditions give rise to substantial doubt as to whether the Company will be able to continue as a going concern.

To sustain its ability to support the Company’s operating activities, the Company may have to consider supplementing its available sources of funds through the following sources:

| ● | cash generated from operations;

| ● | other available sources of financing from banks and other financial institutions in the U.S. and in Taiwan; and

| ● | financial support from the Company’s related parties and shareholders.

Management’s plan is to continue to improve operations to generate positive cash flows and raise additional capital through private or public offerings, or financial support from related parties or shareholders. If the Company is not able to generate positive operating cash flows, and raise additional capital, there is the risk that the Company may not be able to meet its short-term obligations. All of these factors raise substantial doubt about the ability of the Company to continue as a going concern. The interim condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2025, and for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 have been prepared on a going concern basis and do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classifications of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from the inability of the Company to continue as a going concern.

Restatement Background and Explanation

The Company has restated its financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, to correct misstatements in those prior periods related to improperly applying accounting guidance on the share-based payments, incorrectly recognizing interest expenses upon the conversion of convertible debts, and misidentifying the existence of non-controlling interest of our subsidiary. These restatements also resulted in the restatements of the relevant accounts as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

As disclosed in Note 5, the Company entered into a cooperation agreement on August 14, 2023 with Zhong Hui Lian He Ji Tuan, Ltd. (the “Zhonghui”) to acquire 20% of the ownership of certain property and a parcel of the land. According to the agreement, the Company issued 370,000 shares of its common stock as the consideration, and used $20 dollar per share to recognize the right as construction in progress on the balance sheet.

At the time of preparing its 2024 financial statements, the Company reviewed the entire transaction, its relevant agreements and documentation, as well as the applicable accounting guidance. The Company applied FASB Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 845 Nonmonetary Transactions to determine the fair value of the asset acquired would be more evident than the fair value of the consideration in exchange, the Company’s restricted common stocks. The real estates acquired comes with a third-party valuation of $7,400,000 per the Company’s stake, which the value of the acquired assets is guaranteed by Zhonghui. Upon further review, the Company considered ASC 718 Compensation – Stock Compensation, should have been the appropriate guidance to apply given the Company’s common stocks are listed in Nasdaq with more observable fair value (Level 1). Furthermore, at the time of issuance of these financial statements, no real estate title was transferred to the Company. As a result, the Company adjusted the carrying value of the asset and reclassified the balance to “Prepayment for asset acquisition” account to reflect the value of 370,000 shares issued at $1.87, the closing price as of the contract date. The Company also corrected the share price used to recognize stock compensation expense from $20 to $1.87 for the 29,600 shares of common stock issued on the same day to several consultants. As a result, these adjustments reduced $6,708,100 for asset recognized and $536,648 for stock-compensation expense incurred in 2023.

In February 2023, the Company issued a convertible note to LIND Global Fund II, LP (Note 7). Due to misapplication of ASC 470-20 instead of ASC 815-40, the Company overstated interest expenses $1,179,669 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The overstatement is offsetting against additional paid-in capital due to the convertible note being converted to the Company’s own common stocks instead of being repaid or disposition.

In November 2023, the Company and one of its subsidiaries entered into a licensing agreement with AiBtl. The Company accounted for a 100% control of AiBtl as of December 31, 2023, but later discovered that AiBtl had outstanding founder shares that were not deposited to the stock transfer agent in the timely manner. Such shares reduced the Company’s controlling interest from 100% to 69.70% as of December 31, 2023. Accordingly, the Company adjusted the relevant accounts in our consolidated financial statements.

F-48

As discussed in Note 12, in July 2019 the Company issued 644,972 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock to four consultants for their services. Such stock-based expenses were amortized over 5 years starting from the issuance date. Per the Company’s further review, the services, along with the agreements, were completed by December 31, 2022. Pursuant to ASC 718, the costs of services should be recognized along with the period when services are received. Therefore, the Company reversed share-based compensation expenses of $451,480 and $902,960 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2022 was corrected with the Stock Subscription Receivables for $1,354,440 as a result of such adjustments.

Please read the impacts of the 2023 restatement in our audited 2024 consolidated financial statements filed in our Form 10-K with the SEC on April 15, 2025.

Impact of the Restatement to the March 31, 2024 interim financial statements

The impact of the restatement on the balance sheets, statements of operations, and statements of cash flows as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2024 is presented below.

|  | March 31, 2024 |
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Restated |
Prepaid expense and other current asset |  | $ | 159,602 |  |  | $ | 223,707 |  |  | $ | 383,309 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 7,949,150 |  |  |  | (7,400,000 | ) |  |  | 549,150 |
Prepayment for asset acquisition |  |  | - |  |  |  | 691,900 |  |  |  | 691,900 |
Total Assets |  |  | 14,460,402 |  |  |  | (6,484,392 | ) |  |  | 7,976,010 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 4,050,845 |  |  |  | (605,178 | ) |  |  | 3,445,667 |
Convertible notes payable – third parties, net |  |  | 842,567 |  |  |  | 29,769 |  |  |  | 872,336 |
Due to related parties |  |  | 301,972 |  |  |  | 89,502 |  |  |  | 391,474 |
Current Liabilities |  |  | 6,633,614 |  |  |  | (455,908 | ) |  |  | 6,177,706 |
Total Liabilities |  |  | 6,973,447 |  |  |  | (455,908 | ) |  |  | 6,517,539 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 86,029,237 |  |  |  | (9,025,036 | ) |  |  | 77,004,201 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 7,792,076 |  |  |  | (6,092,525 | ) |  |  | 1,699,551 |
Noncontrolling interest |  |  | (305,121 | ) |  |  | 64,040 |  |  |  | (241,081 | )
Total Equity |  |  | 7,486,955 |  |  |  | (6,028,485 | ) |  |  | 1,458,470 |
Total Liabilities and Equity |  | $ | 14,460,402 |  |  | $ | (6,484,393 | ) |  | $ | 7,976,009 |

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Restated |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | $ | 831,257 |  |  | $ | (92,771 | ) |  | $ | 738,486 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | 2,544,995 |  |  |  | (513,364 | ) |  |  | 2,031,631 |
Interest expenses |  |  | (684,683 | ) |  |  | 503,007 |  |  |  | (181,676 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (48,043 | ) |  |  | (45,425 | ) |  |  | (93,468 | )
Net loss |  |  | (3,981,019 | ) |  |  | 1,053,352 |  |  |  | (2,927,667 | )
Basic and diluted net loss per common share |  | $ | (0.40 | ) |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | (0.29 | )

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Restated |
Net loss |  | $ | (3,981,019 | ) |  | $ | 1,053,355 |  |  | $ | (2,927,664 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 2,544,995 |  |  |  | (513,364 | ) |  |  | 2,031,631 |
Other non-cash income and expenses |  |  | 672,016 |  |  |  | (495,736 | ) |  |  | 176,280 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 354,465 |  |  |  | (398,070 | ) |  |  | (43,605 | )
Due to related parties |  |  | 128,840 |  |  |  | (128,840 | ) |  |  | - |
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (602,001 | ) |  |  | (353,815 | ) |  |  | (955,816 | )
Due to related parties* |  |  | - |  |  |  | (217,981 | ) |  |  | (217,981 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 805,006 |  |  |  | 119,141 |  |  |  | 924,147 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | (260,783 | ) |  |  | 234,674 |  |  |  | (26,109 | )
Issuance of common stock for conversion of debt |  | $ | 681,000 |  |  | $ | 213,426 |  |  | $ | 467,574 |

| * | Due to related parties previously reported amount was reclassified to financing activities based on current year’s presentation.

F-49

3. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (the “U.S. GAAP”). All significant intercompany transactions and account balances have been eliminated. These financial statements do not include all the information and footnotes required by the U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the annual financial statements prepared in accordance with the U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted consistent with Article 8 of Regulation S-X. In the opinion of the Company’s management, the unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited financial statements and include all adjustments, in a normal recurring nature, as necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s financial position as of March 31, 2025, and results of operations and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2025 has been derived from the audited financial statements at December 31, 2024, and interim results of operations are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full fiscal year or for any future period. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and related notes included in the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements.

This basis of accounting involves the application of accrual accounting and consequently, revenues and gains are recognized when earned, and expenses and losses are recognized when incurred. The Company’s unaudited financial statements are expressed in U.S. dollars.

Reclassifications:

Certain amounts on the prior year’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, condensed consolidated statements of operations and condensed cash flows were reclassified to conform to the current-year presentation, with no effect on ending stockholders’ equity.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with the U.S. GAAP that requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ materially from those results.

Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820 “Fair Value Measurements” defines fair value for certain financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are recorded at fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. It requires that an entity measure its financial instruments to base fair value on exit price, maximize the use of observable units and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to determine the exit price. It establishes a hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. This hierarchy increases the consistency and comparability of fair value measurements and related disclosures by maximizing the use of observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels based on the reliability of the inputs as follows:

| ● | Level 1– Inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. Valuation of these instruments does not require a high degree of judgment as the valuations are based on quoted prices in active markets that are readily and regularly available.

| ● | Level 2– Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the measurement date, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

| ● | Level 3– Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and not corroborated by market data. The fair value for such assets and liabilities is generally determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques that incorporate the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability.

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The carrying values of certain assets and liabilities of the Company, such as cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, due from related parties, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and due to related parties, approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturities. The carrying value of the Company’s short-term bank loans, convertible notes payable, and accrued interest approximates their fair value as the terms of the borrowing are consistent with current market rates and the duration to maturity is short.

Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company’s financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company places its cash and temporary cash investments in high quality credit institutions, but these investments may be in excess of the limit of $91,500 (NTD 3.0 million) covered by Taiwan Central Deposit Insurance Corporation, and the limit of $250,000 covered by the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s insurance limits. However, the Company does not anticipate any losses on excess deposits. The Company does not enter into financial instruments for hedging, trading or speculative purposes.

The Company performs ongoing credit evaluation of its customers and requires no collateral. Credit losses and allowance for unbilled receivables are provided based on a review of the collectability of accounts receivable. The Company determines the amount of allowance for doubtful accounts by examining its historical collection experience and current trends in the credit quality of its customers as well as its internal credit policies. Actual credit losses may differ from our estimates.

Concentration of Clients

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, management estimated all accounts receivable balances are uncollectible. Provision credit loss balances were $11,993 and $11,993 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company’s revenue was generated from one customer.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents when purchased. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents amounted to $152,206 and $248,382, respectively. Some of the Company’s cash deposits are held in financial institutions located in Taiwan where there is currently regulation mandated on obligatory insurance of bank accounts. The Company believes this financial institution is of high credit quality.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash primarily consist of cash held in a reserve bank account in Taiwan. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s restricted cash amounted $607,362 (NTD 20.2 million) and $615,433 (NTD 20.2 million), respectively.

Accounts receivable and allowance for expected credit losses accounts

Accounts receivable are recorded and carried at the original invoiced amount less an allowance for any potential uncollectible amounts.

The Company makes estimates of expected credit and collectability trends for the allowance for credit losses and allowance for unbilled receivables based upon our assessment of various factors, including historical experience, the age of the accounts receivable balances, credit quality of customers, current economic conditions reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect our ability to collect from customers. The provision is recorded against accounts receivable balances, with a corresponding charge recorded in the consolidated statements of income. Actual amounts received may differ from management’s estimate of credit worthiness and the economic environment. Delinquent account balances are written-off against the allowance for doubtful accounts after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable.

Allowance for expected credit losses accounts were $616,397 and $616,414 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Pursuant to ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines is within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration the Company is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services the Company transfers to the customers. At inception of the contract, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract, determines those that are performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

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The following are examples of when the Company recognizes revenue based on the types of payments the Company receives.

Collaborative Revenues — The Company recognizes collaborative revenues generated through collaborative research, development and/or commercialization agreements. The terms of these agreements typically include payment to the Company related to one or more of the following: non-refundable upfront license fees, development and commercial milestones, partial or complete reimbursement of research and development costs, and royalties on net sales of licensed products. Each type of payments results in collaborative revenues except for revenues from royalties on net sales of licensed products, which are classified as royalty revenues. To date, the Company has not received any royalty revenues. Revenue is recognized upon satisfaction of a performance obligation by transferring control of a good or service to the collaboration partners.

As part of the accounting for these arrangements, the Company applies judgment to determine whether the performance obligations are distinct, and develop assumptions in determining the stand-alone selling price for each distinct performance obligation identified in the collaboration agreements. To determine the stand-alone selling price, the Company relies on assumptions which may include forecasted revenues, development timelines, reimbursement rates for R&D personnel costs, discount rates and probabilities of technical and regulatory success.

The Company had multiple deliverables under the collaborative agreements, including deliverables relating to grants of technology licenses, regulatory and clinical development, and marketing activities. Estimation of the performance periods of the Company’s deliverables requires the use of management’s judgment. Significant factors considered in management’s evaluation of the estimated performance periods include, but are not limited to, the Company’s experience in conducting clinical development, regulatory and manufacturing activities. The Company reviews the estimated duration of its performance periods under its collaborative agreements on an annually basis, and makes any appropriate adjustments on a prospective basis. Future changes in estimates of the performance period under its collaborative agreements could impact the timing of future revenue recognition.

(i) Non-refundable upfront payments

If a license to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in an arrangement, the Company recognizes revenue from the related non-refundable upfront payments based on the relative standalone selling price prescribed to the license compared to the total selling price of the arrangement. The revenue is recognized when the license is transferred to the collaboration partners and the collaboration partners are able to use and benefit from the license. To date, the receipt of non-refundable upfront fees was solely for the compensation of past research efforts and contributions made by the Company before the collaborative agreements entered into and it does not relate to any future obligations and commitments made between the Company and the collaboration partners in the collaborative agreements.

(ii) Milestone payments

The Company is eligible to receive milestone payments under the collaborative agreement with collaboration partners based on achievement of specified development, regulatory and commercial events. Management evaluated the nature of the events triggering these contingent payments, and concluded that these events fall into two categories: (a) events which involve the performance of the Company’s obligations under the collaborative agreement with collaboration partners, and (b) events which do not involve the performance of the Company’s obligations under the collaborative agreement with collaboration partners.

The former category of milestone payments consists of those triggered by development and regulatory activities in the territories specified in the collaborative agreements. Management concluded that each of these payments constitute substantive milestone payments. This conclusion was based primarily on the facts that (i) each triggering event represents a specific outcome that can be achieved only through successful performance by the Company of one or more of its deliverables, (ii) achievement of each triggering event was subject to inherent risk and uncertainty and would result in additional payments becoming due to the Company, (iii) each of the milestone payments is non-refundable, (iv) substantial effort is required to complete each milestone, (v) the amount of each milestone payment is reasonable in relation to the value created in achieving the milestone, (vi) a substantial amount of time is expected to pass between the upfront payment and the potential milestone payments, and (vii) the milestone payments relate solely to past performance. Based on the foregoing, the Company recognizes any revenue from these milestone payments in the period in which the underlying triggering event occurs.

(iii) Multiple Element Arrangements

The Company evaluates multiple element arrangements to determine (1) the deliverables included in the arrangement and (2) whether the individual deliverables represent separate units of accounting or whether they must be accounted for as a combined unit of accounting. This evaluation involves subjective determinations and requires management to make judgments about the individual deliverables and whether such deliverables are separate from other aspects of the contractual relationship. Deliverables are considered separate units of accounting provided that: (i) the delivered item(s) has value to the customer on a standalone basis and (ii) if the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item(s), delivery or performance of the undelivered item(s) is considered probable and substantially within its control. In assessing whether an item under a collaboration has standalone value, the Company considers factors such as the research, manufacturing, and commercialization capabilities of the collaboration partner and the availability of the associated expertise in the general marketplace. The Company also considers whether its collaboration partners can use the other deliverable(s) for their intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining element(s), whether the value of the deliverable is dependent on the undelivered item(s), and whether there are other vendors that can provide the undelivered element(s).

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The Company recognizes arrangement consideration allocated to each unit of accounting when all of the revenue recognition criteria in ASC 606 are satisfied for that particular unit of accounting. In the event that a deliverable does not represent a separate unit of accounting, the Company recognizes revenue from the combined unit of accounting over the Company’s contractual or estimated performance period for the undelivered elements, which is typically the term of the Company’s research and development obligations. If there is no discernible pattern of performance or objectively measurable performance measures do not exist, then the Company recognizes revenue under the arrangement on a straight-line basis over the period the Company is expected to complete its performance obligations. Conversely, if the pattern of performance in which the service is provided to the customer can be determined and objectively measurable performance measures exist, then the Company recognizes revenue under the arrangement using the proportional performance method. Revenue recognized is limited to the lesser of the cumulative amount of payments received or the cumulative amount of revenue earned, as determined using the straight-line method or proportional performance method, as applicable, as of the period ending date.

At the inception of an arrangement that includes milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether each milestone is substantive and at risk to both parties on the basis of the contingent nature of the milestone. This evaluation includes an assessment of whether: (1) the consideration is commensurate with either the Company’s performance to achieve the milestone or the enhancement of the value of the delivered item(s) as a result of a specific outcome resulting from its performance to achieve the milestone, (2) the consideration relates solely to past performance and (3) the consideration is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms within the arrangement. The Company evaluates factors such as the scientific, clinical, regulatory, commercial, and other risks that must be overcome to achieve the particular milestone and the level of effort and investment required to achieve the particular milestone in making this assessment. There is considerable judgment involved in determining whether a milestone satisfies all of the criteria required to conclude that a milestone is substantive. Milestones that are not considered substantive are recognized as earned if there are no remaining performance obligations or over the remaining period of performance, assuming all other revenue recognition criteria are met.

(iv) Royalties and Profit Sharing Payments

Under the collaborative agreement with the collaboration partners, the Company is entitled to receive royalties on sales of products, which is at certain percentage of the net sales. The Company recognizes revenue from these events based on the revenue recognition criteria set forth in ASC 606. Based on those criteria, the Company considers these payments to be contingent revenues, and recognizes them as revenue in the period in which the applicable contingency is resolved.

Revenues Derived from Research and Development Activities Services (Also known as the Contract Development & Manufacturing Organization Services (“CDMO”)) — Revenues related to research and development and regulatory activities are recognized when the related services or activities are performed, in accordance with the contract terms. The Company typically has only one performance obligation at the inception of a contract, which is to perform research and development services. The Company may also provide its customers with an option to request that the Company provides additional goods or services in the future, such as active pharmaceutical ingredient, API, or IND/NDA/ANDA/510K submissions. The Company evaluates whether these options are material rights at the inception of the contract. If the Company determines an option is a material right, the Company will consider the option a separate performance obligation.

If the Company is entitled to reimbursement from its customers for specified research and development expenses, the Company accounts for the related services that it provides as separate performance obligations if it determines that these services represent a material right. The Company also determines whether the reimbursement of research and development expenses should be accounted for as revenues or an offset to research and development expenses in accordance with provisions of gross or net revenue presentation. The Company recognizes the corresponding revenues or records the corresponding offset to research and development expenses as it satisfies the related performance obligations.

The Company then determines the transaction price by reviewing the amount of consideration the Company is eligible to earn under the contracts, including any variable consideration. Under the outstanding contracts, consideration typically includes fixed consideration and variable consideration in the form of potential milestone payments. At the start of an agreement, the Company’s transaction price usually consists of the payments made to or by the Company based on the number of full-time equivalent researchers assigned to the project and the related research and development expenses incurred. The Company does not typically include any payments that the Company may receive in the future in its initial transaction price because the payments are not probable. The Company would reassess the total transaction price at each reporting period to determine if the Company should include additional payments in the transaction price.

The Company receives payments from its customers based on billing schedules established in each contract. Upfront payments and fees may be recorded as advances from customers upon receipt or when due, and may require deferral of revenue recognition for a future period until the Company performs its obligations under these arrangements. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when the right of the Company to consideration is unconditional. The Company does not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the customers and the transfer of the promised goods or services to the customers will be one year or less.

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Stock-based Compensation

The Company measures expense associated with all employee stock-based compensation awards using a fair value method and recognizes such expense in the consolidated financial statements on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period in accordance with ASC 718 “Compensation-Stock Compensation”. Total director, officer, and employee stock-based compensation expenses were $0 and $1,935,755 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Company accounted for stock-based compensation to non-employees in accordance with ASC 718 “Compensation-Stock Compensation” and ASC 505-50 “Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees” which requires that the cost of services received from non-employees is measured at fair value at the earlier of the performance commitment date or the date service is completed and recognized over the period the service is provided. Total non-employee stock-based compensation expenses were $48,773 for rent for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and $95,876 for consulting services for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Commitments and Contingencies

The Company has adopted ASC 450 “Contingencies” subtopic 20, in determining its accruals and disclosures with respect to loss contingencies. Accordingly, estimated losses from loss contingencies are accrued by a charge to income when information available before financial statements are issued or are available to be issued indicates that it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred at the date of the financial statements and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Legal expenses associated with the contingency are expensed as incurred. If a loss contingency is not probable or reasonably estimable, disclosure of the loss contingency is made in financial statements when it is at least reasonably possible that a material loss could be incurred.

Foreign-currency Transactions

For the Company’s subsidiaries in Taiwan, the foreign-currency transactions are recorded in New Taiwan Dollars (“NTD”) at the rates of exchange in effect when the transactions occur. Gains or losses resulting from the application of different foreign exchange rates when cash in foreign currency is converted into NTD, or when foreign-currency receivables or payables are settled, are credited or charged to income in the year of conversion or settlement. On balance sheet dates, the balances of foreign-currency assets and liabilities are restated at the prevailing exchange rates and the resulting differences are charged to current income except for those foreign currencies denominated investments in shares of stock where such differences are accounted for as translation adjustments under the Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity.

Segment Reporting

ASC 280 “Segment Reporting” requires public companies to report financial and descriptive information about their reportable operating segments. The Company identifies the operating segments based on how the chief operating decision maker internally evaluates separate financial information, business activities and management responsibility.

The Company currently has one reportable segment, and assets are reviewed on a consolidated basis. As such, segmental data is not provided.

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The following tables present revenue and gross profit information for each of our only reportable segment:

|  | For The Three-Month Periods Ended March 31 |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 (Restated) |
Revenue |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,205 |
Cost of Revenue |  |  | - |  |  |  | 277 |
Segment Gross Profit (Loss) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 928 |
Depreciation expense |  | $ | 7,021 |  |  | $ | 1,286 |

The following table provides a reconciliation of total segment gross profit to the Company's loss before provision for income tax:

|  | For The Three-Month Periods Ended March 31 |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 (Restated) |
Segment Gross Profit (Loss) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 928 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 615,371 |  |  |  | 738,486 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | 28,861 |  |  |  | 69,066 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 48,773 |  |  |  | 2,031,631 |
Add (Less): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 19,071 |  |  |  | 4,049 |
Interest expense |  |  | (222,967 | ) |  |  | (181,676 | )
Operating sublease income |  |  | 12,000 |  |  |  | 8,000 |
Gain (loss) on foreign exchange changes |  |  | (9,912 | ) |  |  | 60,730 |
Loss on investment in equity securities |  |  | (50,877 | ) |  |  | - |
Other income, net |  |  | 1,500 |  |  |  | 19,485 |
Loss before provision for income tax |  | $ | (944,190 | ) |  | $ | (2,927,667 | )

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740). The ASU requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information on income taxes paid. The ASU is effective on a prospective basis for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is also permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. This ASU will likely result in the required additional disclosures being included in our consolidated financial statements once adopted.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). The ASU requires disclosure of specified information about certain costs and expenses. This includes purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization. The ASU is effective on a prospective or retrospective basis for annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting period beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. This ASU will likely result in the required additional disclosures being included in our consolidated financial statements once adopted.

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4. COLLABORATIVE AGREEMENTS

Collaborative agreements with BHK, a related party

| (i) | On February 24, 2015, BioLite Taiwan and BioHopeKing Corporation (the “BHK”) entered into a co-development agreement, (the “BHK Co-Development Agreement”), pursuant to which it is collaborative with BHK to develop and commercialize BLI-1401-2 (Botanical Drug) Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Combination Therapy (BLI-1401-2 Products) in Asian countries excluding Japan for all related intellectual property rights, and has developed it for medicinal use in collaboration with outside researchers. The development costs shall be shared 50/50 between BHK and the Company. The BHK Co-Development Agreement will remain in effect for fifteen years from the date of first commercial sale of the Product in in Asia excluding Japan.

On July 27, 2016, BioLite Taiwan and BHK agreed to amend the payment terms of the milestone payment in an aggregate amount of $10 million based on the following schedule:

| ● | Upon the signing of the BHK Co-Development Agreement: $1 million, or 10% of total payment

| ● | Upon the first Investigational New Drug (IND) submission and BioLite Taiwan will deliver all data to BHK according to FDA Reviewing requirement: $1 million, or 10% of total payment

| ● | At the completion of first phase II clinical trial: $1 million, or 10% of total payment

| ● | At the initiation of phase III of clinical trial research: $3 million, or 30% of total payment

| ● | Upon the New Drug Application (NDA) submission: $4 million, or 40% of total payment

In December 2015, BHK has paid a non-refundable upfront cash payment of $1 million, or 10% of $10.0 million, upon the signing of BHK Co-Development Agreement. The Company concluded that the deliverables are considered separate units of accounting as the delivered items have value to the customer on a standalone basis and recognized this cash receipt as collaboration revenue when all research, technical, and development data was delivered to BHK in 2015. The receipt is for the compensation of past research efforts and contributions made by BioLite Taiwan before this collaborative agreement was signed and it does not relate to any future commitments made by BioLite Taiwan and BHK in this collaborative agreement. In August 2016, the Company received the second milestone payment of NTD31,649,000, approximately equivalent to $1 million, and recognized collaboration revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016. As of the date of this report, the Company has not completed the first phase II clinical trial.

In addition to the milestone payments, BioLite Taiwan is entitled to receive royalty on 12% of BHK’s net sales related to BLI-1401-2 Products. As of March 31, 2025, the Company has not earned the royalty under the BHK Co-Development Agreement.

(ii) On December 9, 2015, BioLite Taiwan entered into another two collaborative agreements (the “BHK Collaborative Agreements”), pursuant to which it is collaborative with BHK to co-develop and commercialize BLI-1005 for “Targeting Major Depressive Disorder” (BLI-1005 Products) and BLI-1006 for “Targeting Inflammatory Bowel Disease” (BLI-1006 Products) in Asia excluding Japan for all related intellectual property rights, and has developed it for medicinal use in collaboration with outside researchers. The development costs shall be shared 50/50 between BHK and the Company. The BHK Co-Development Agreement will remain in effect for fifteen years from the date of first commercial sale of the Product in in Asia excluding Japan.

In 2015, the Company recognized the cash receipt in a total of NTD50 million, approximately equivalent to $1.6 million, as collaboration revenue when all research, technical, and development data was delivered to BHK. The Company concluded that the deliverables are considered separate units of accounting as the delivered items have value to the customer on a standalone basis and recognized this payment as collaboration revenue when all research, technical, data and development data was delivered to BHK. The cash receipt is for the compensation of past research efforts and contributions made by BioLite Taiwan before this BHK Collaborative Agreements was signed and it does not relate to any future commitments made by BioLite Taiwan and BHK in this BHK Collaborative Agreements.

In addition to the total of NTD50 million, approximately equivalent to $1.6 million, BioLite Taiwan is entitled to receive 50% of the future net licensing income or net sales profit. As of March 31, 2025, the Company has not earned the royalty under the BHK Collaborative Agreements.

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Co-Development agreement with Rgene Corporation, a related party

On May 26, 2017, the Company through its subsidiary, BriVision, entered into a co-development agreement (the “Co-Dev Agreement”) with Rgene Corporation (the “Rgene”), a related party controlled by the controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene Corporation (See Note 10). Pursuant to Co-Dev Agreement, the Company and Rgene agreed to co-develop and commercialize ABV-1507 HER2/neu Positive Breast Cancer Combination Therapy, ABV-1511 Pancreatic Cancer Combination Therapy and ABV-1527 Ovary Cancer Combination Therapy. Under the terms of the Co-Dev Agreement, Rgene is required to pay the Company $3.0 million in cash or stock of Rgene with equivalent value by August 15, 2017. The payment is for the compensation of the Company’s past research efforts and contributions before the Co-Dev Agreement was signed and it does not relate to any future commitments made by the Company and Rgene in this Co-Dev Agreement. In addition to $3.0 million, the Company is entitled to receive 50% of the future net licensing income or net sales profit earned by Rgene, if any, and any development costs shall be equally shared by both the Company and Rgene.

On June 1, 2017, the Company has delivered all research, technical, data and development data to Rgene. Since both Rgene and the Company are related parties and under control by a controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene Corporation and a director and officer of the Company, the Company has recorded the full amount of $3.0 million in connection with the Co-Dev Agreement as additional paid-in capital during the year ended December 31, 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company received $450,000 in cash. On December 24, 2018, the Company received the remaining balance of $2,550,000 in the form of newly issued shares of Rgene’s Common Stock, at the price of NTD50 per share (approximately equivalent to $1.60 per share), for an aggregate number of 1,530,000 shares, which accounted for equity method long-term investment as of December 31, 2018. On December 31, 2018, the Company determined to fully write off this investment based on the Company’s assessment of the severity and duration of the impairment, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of the operating performance of the investee, adverse changes in market conditions and the regulatory or economic environment, changes in operating structure of Rgene, additional funding requirements, and Rgene’s ability to remain in business. All projects that have been initiated will be managed and supported by the Company and Rgene.

The Company and Rgene signed an amendment to the Co-Dev Agreement on November 10, 2020, pursuant to which both parties agreed to delete AB-1507 HER2/neu Positive Breast Cancer Combination Therapy and ABV-1527 Ovary Cancer Combination Therapy and add ABV-1519 EGFR Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Combination Therapy and ABV-1526 Large Intestine / Colon / Rectal Cancer Combination Therapy to the products to be co-developed and commercialized. Other provisions of the Co-Dev Agreement remain in full force and effect.

On June 10, 2022, the Company expanded its co-development partnership with Rgene. On that date, BioKey, ABVC has entered into a Clinical Development Service Agreement with Rgene to guide three Rgene drug products, RGC-1501 for the treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), RGC-1502 for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and RGC 1503 for the treatment of colorectal cancer patients, through completion of Phase II clinical studies under the U.S. FDA IND regulatory requirements. Under the terms of the new Services Agreement, BioKey is eligible to receive payments totaling $3.0 million over a 3-year period with each payment amount to be determined by certain regulatory milestones obtained during the agreement period. The Service Agreement shall remain in effect until the expiration date of the last patent and automatically renew for 5 more years unless terminated earlier by either party with six months’ written notice. Either party may terminate the Service Agreement for cause by providing 30 days written notice.

Through a series of transactions over the past 5 years, the Company and Rgene have co-developed the three drug products covered by the Service Agreement, which has resulted in the Company owning 26.65% of Rgene.

As part of the Rgene Studies, the Company agreed to loan $1.0 million and made $0.5 million to Rgene, for which Rgene has provided the Company with a 5% interest rate convertible loan (the “Note”). If the Note is fully converted, the Company will own an additional 6.4% of Rgene. The Company is expected to receive the outstanding loan from the related party by the first half of 2025, either by cash or conversion of shares of Rgene. The Company may convert the Note at any time into shares of Rgene’s common stock at either (i) a fixed conversion price equal to $1.00 per share or (ii) 20% discount of the stock price of the then most recent offering, whichever is lower; the conversion price is subject to adjustment as set forth in the Note. The Note includes standard events of default, as well as a cross-default provision pursuant to which a breach of the Service Agreement will trigger an event of default under the Note if not cured after 5 business days of written notice regarding the breach is provided. Upon an event of default, the outstanding principal and any accrued and unpaid interest shall be immediately due and payable. The Note was fully converted to Rgene’s common stocks in 2024. See Note 6 for details.

The Service Agreement shall remain in effect until the expiration date of the last patent and automatically renew for 5 more years unless terminated earlier by either party with six months’ written notice. Either party may terminate the Service Agreement for cause by providing 30 days written notice.

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Rgene has further agreed, effective July 1, 2022, to provide the Company with a seat on Rgene’s Board of Directors until the loan is repaid in full. The Company has nominated Dr. Jiang, its Chief Strategy Officer and Director to occupy that seat; Dr. Jiang is also one of the Company’s director and officer.

The Rgene Studies is a related party transaction.

Collaborative agreement with BioFirst Corporation, a related party

On July 24, 2017, the Company through its subsidiary, BriVision, entered into a collaborative agreement (the “BioFirst Collaborative Agreement”) with BioFirst Corporation (“BioFirst”), pursuant to which BioFirst granted the Company the global licensing right for medical use of the product (the “Product”): BFC-1401 Vitreous Substitute for Vitrectomy. BioFirst is a related party to the Company because a controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene Corporation and the Company is one of the directors and common stock shareholders of BioFirst (See Note 10).

Pursuant to the BioFirst Collaborative Agreement, the Company will co-develop and commercialize the Product with BioFirst and pay BioFirst in a total amount of $3.0 million in cash or stock of the Company before September 30, 2018. The amount of $3.0 million is in connection with the compensation for BioFirst’s past research efforts and contributions made by BioFirst before the BioFirst Collaborative Agreement was signed and it does not relate to any future commitments in this BioFirst Collaborative Agreement. In addition, the Company is entitled to receive 50% of the future net licensing income or net sales profit, if any, and any development cost shall be equally shared by both the Company and BioFirst.

On September 25, 2017, BioFirst delivered all research, technical, data and development data to the Company. The Company determined to fully expense the entire amount of $3.0 million since currently the related licensing rights do not have alternative future uses. According to ASC 730-10-25-1, absent alternative future uses the acquisition of product rights to be used in research and development activities must be charged to research and development expenses immediately. Hence, the entire amount of $3.0 million is fully expensed as research and development expense during the year ended December 31, 2017.

On June 30, 2019, BriVision entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with BioFirst. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Company issued 42,857 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock to BioFirst in consideration for $3.0 million owed by the Company to BioFirst (the “Total Payment”) in connection with BioFirst Collaborative Agreement.

On August 5, 2019, BriVision entered into a second Stock Purchase Agreement (“Purchase Agreement 2”) with BioFirst. Pursuant to Purchase Agreement 2, the Company issued 41,470 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock to BioFirst in consideration for $2,902,911 owed by the Company to BioFirst in connection with a loan provided to BriVision from BioFirst.

On November 4, 2020, the Company executed an amendment to the BioFirst Collaborative Agreement to add ABV-2001 Intraocular Irrigation Solution and ABV-2002 Corneal Storage Solution to the agreement. ABV-2002 is utilized during a corneal transplant procedure to replace a damaged or diseased cornea while ABV-2001 has broader utilization during a variety of ocular procedures.

Initially the Company will focus on ABV-2002, a solution utilized to store a donor cornea prior to either penetrating keratoplasty (full thickness cornea transplant) or endothelial keratoplasty (back layer cornea transplant). ABV-2002 is a solution comprised of a specific poly amino acid that protects ocular tissue from damage caused by external osmolarity exposure during pre-surgery storage. The specific polymer in ABV-2002 can adjust osmolarity to maintain a range of 330 to 390 mOsM thereby permitting hydration within the corneal stroma during the storage period. Stromal hydration results in (a) maintaining acceptable corneal transparency and (b) prevents donor cornea swelling. ABV-2002 also contains an abundant phenolic phytochemical found in plant cell walls that provides antioxidant antibacterial properties and neuroprotection.

Early testing by BioFirst indicates that ABV-2002 may be more effective for protecting the cornea and retina during long-term storage than other storage media available today and can be manufactured at lower cost. Further ABV-2002 product development was put on hold due to the lack of funding.

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In addition, BioFirst was incorporated on November 7, 2006, focusing on the R&D, manufacturing, and sales of innovative patented pharmaceutical products. The technology of BioFirst comes from the global exclusive licensing from domestic R & D institutions. Currently, the main research and development product is the vitreous substitute (Vitargus®) Licensed by the National Health Research Institutes. Vitargus is the world’s first bio-degradable vitreous substitute and offers a number of advantages over current vitreous substitutes by minimizing medical complications and reducing the need for additional surgeries.

BioFirst has started the construction of a GMP factory in Hsinchu Biomedical Science Park, Taiwan, with the aim at building a production base to supply the global market, and promote the construction of bio-degradable vitreous substitute manufacturing centers in Taiwan. Completion of this factory would allow ABVC to manufacture Vitargus with world-class technology in a GMP certified pharmaceutical factory. BioFirst is targeting to complete the construction in 2025.

As of March 31, 2025, the Company has not earned any net licensing income or net sales profit earned by BioFirst under these collaborative agreements.

Collaborative agreement with ForSeeCon Eye Corporation, a related party

On March 25, 2024, the Company and BioFirst each entered into a twenty-year, global definitive licensing agreement (the “FEYE Licensing Agreement”) with ForSeeCon Eye Corporation, a company registered in the British Virgin Islands (“FEYE”) for the products in the Company and BioFirst’s Ophthalmology pipeline, including Vitargus (the “Vitargus Products”). The license covers Vitargus Products’ clinical trial, registration, manufacturing, supply, and distribution rights; FEYE also has the rights to sublicense or partner with a third party to develop the Licensed Products. As per each of the respective FEYE Licensing Agreements, each of the Company and BioFirst shall receive a total licensing fee of $33.5 million, composed of an upfront payment of $30 million, which can instead be paid with 5 million shares of FEYE stock at $6 per share within 30 days after the execution of the FEYE Licensing Agreement, and a $3.5 million cash milestone payment, due 30 days upon completion of next round fundraising. Additionally, each of the Company and BioFirst are eligible to receive royalties of 5% of net sales. As of March 31, 2025, the Company received 5 million FEYE shares but did not recognize such licensing revenue since the fair value of FEYE stock is uncertain.

On June 18, 2024, the Company and BioFirst, each entered into an amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Licensing Agreement with FEYE, pursuant to which the Company and BioFirst have agreed to allow FEYE to pay the second milestone payment in the amount of $3.5 million per Licensing Agreement, incrementally (such as $100,000), at any given time, rather than in one lump sum. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company received in cash and recognized revenue of $296,000, pursuant to the Amendment. There was no cash receipt in the three months periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Collaborative agreement with OncoX BiopPharma, Inc., a related party

On April 16, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with OncoX BioPharma, Inc., a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands (“Oncox”), pursuant to which the Company will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (the “Lung Cancer Products”), within North America for 20 years (the “April 2024 Oncox Agreement”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay ABVC $6.25 million (or 1.25 million Oncox shares valued at $5 per share) 30 days after entering into the agreement and $625,000, 30 days following the completion of Oncox’s next round of fundraising, of which there is no guarantee; ABVC is also entitled to 5% royalties based on the net sales, as defined in the April 2024 Oncox Agreement, from the first commercial sale of the Lung Cancer Product in North America, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox entered into another agreement with ABVC’s affiliate, Rgene Corporation, on the same terms. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company received in cash and recognized revenue of $200,000 pursuant to the agreement. At the time of transferring the license, the Company also received 1.25 million OncoX shares but did not recognize such licensing revenue since the fair value of Oncox stock is uncertain. There was no cash receipt in the three months periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

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On May 8, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with OncoX, pursuant to which the Company will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Pancreatic (the Pancreatic Product), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “May 8, 2024 Oncox Agreement”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay ABVC a total of $6.25 million (or 1.25 million Oncox shares valued at $5 per share) within 30 days of entering into the May 8, 2024 Oncox Agreement, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; ABVC is also entitled to royalties of 5% of net sales, as defined in the May 8, 2024 Oncox Agreement, from the first commercial sale of the Pancreatic Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. The Company will permit Oncox to pay the license fee in installments or in a lump sum and will allow Oncox to use its revenue to fund such payments. Oncox entered into another agreement with ABVC’s affiliate, Rgene Corporation, on the same terms. At the time of transferring the license, the Company also received 1.25 million OncoX shares but did not recognize such licensing revenue since the fair value of Oncox stock is uncertain. There was no cash receipt in the three months periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

On May 14, 2024, the Company and its subsidiary, BioLite Inc (collectively, the “licensor”), each entered into a licensing agreement with OncoX, on the same terms, pursuant to which the licensors will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Tripple Negative Breast Cancer (the TNBC Product), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “May 14, 2024 Oncox Agreements”). In each agreement for consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay each licensor a total of $6.25 million (or 1.25 million Oncox shares valued at $5 per share) within 30 days of entering into the May 14, 2024 Oncox Agreements, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; each licensor is also entitled to royalties of 5% of net sales, from the first commercial sale of the TNBC Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. The Company will permit Oncox to pay the license fee in installments or in a lump sum and will allow Oncox to use its revenue to fund such payments. At the time of transferring the license, the Company and BioLite also each received 1.25 million OncoX shares but did not recognize such licensing revenue since the fair value of Oncox stock is uncertain. There was no cash receipt in the three months periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

On May 23, 2024, the Company and its subsidiary, BioLite Inc (collectively, the “licensor”), each entered into a licensing agreement with OncoX, on the same terms, pursuant to which the licensors will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndrome (the “MS Products”), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “May 23, 2024 Oncox Agreements”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay each licensor a total of $6.25 million (or 1.25 million Oncox shares valued at $5 per share) 30 days after entering the May 23, 2024 Oncox Agreements, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; each licensor is also entitled to royalties of 5% of net sales, from the first commercial sale of the MS Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. Oncox may use its revenue to fund the licensing fees. At the time of transferring the license, the Company and BioLite also each received 1.25 million OncoX shares but did not recognize such licensing revenue since the fair value of Oncox stock is uncertain. There was no cash receipt in the three months periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Above mentioned price of OncoX’s shares was determined through private negotiations between the parties; no third-party valuation was completed.

5. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, AND PREPAMENT FOR ASSET ACQUISITION

Property and Equipment

The Company has offices and labs located in Taiwan, and a GMP manufacturing facility in Fremont, CA. Property and equipment as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are summarized as follows:

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Land |  | $ | 8,004,520 |  |  | $ | 338,966 |
Buildings and leasehold improvements |  |  | 2,217,756 |  |  |  | 2,219,244 |
Machinery and equipment |  |  | 1,129,804 |  |  |  | 1,131,169 |
Office equipment |  |  | 161,384 |  |  |  | 163,448 |
|  |  | 11,513,464 |  |  |  | 3,852,827 |
Less: accumulated depreciation |  |  | (3,344,718 | ) |  |  | (3,341,739 | )
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | 8,168,746 |  |  | $ | 511,088 |

Depreciation expenses were $7,021 and $1,286 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the land with book value amounted to approximately $334,520 and $338,966 (except for the recently acquired land in Puli, Taiwan, amounted to $7,670,000), respectively, were pledged for obtaining bank loan (see Notes 9 Bank loans).

Prepayment for asset acquisition

Prepayment for asset acquisition consists of the properties in Chengdu, China. The Company entered into a cooperation agreement on August 14, 2023, with Zhong Hui Lian He Ji Tuan, Ltd. (the “Zhonghui”). Pursuant thereto, the Company will acquire 20% of the ownership of certain property and a parcel of the land, with a view to jointly develop the property into a healthcare center for senior living, long-term care, and medical care in the areas of ABVC’s special interests, such as Ophthalmology, Oncology, and Central Nervous Systems. The plan is to establish a base for the China market and global development of these interests.

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The valuation of such property is $37 million; based on the Company’s 20% ownership, the Company would acquire the value of $7,400,000. In exchange, the Company issued to Zhonghui an aggregate of 370,000 shares (the “Shares”) of common stock, at a per share price of $20.0. The Shares are subject to a lock-up period of one year following the closing date of the transaction. In addition, the parties agreed that, after one year following the closing of the transaction, if the market value of the Shares or the value of the property increases or decreases, the parties will negotiate in good faith to make reasonable adjustments. The Company’s ownership rights to the property and the associated land parcel, or a suitable replacement property, are safeguarded under the terms of the cooperation agreement, which is legally binding and enforceable.

As discussed in Note 2, the Company incorrectly applied ASC 845 instead of ASC 718, resulting in an adjustment of the reported value to from $7,400,000 to $691,900, and reclassification from Construction-in-Progress to Prepayment for Asset Acquisition.

The construction-in-progress property is planned to finish before the end of 2025.

Acquisition of land in Taiwan

In March 2024, AiBtl issued 1,534,000 AiBtl’s common stocks to acquire farmland in Taiwan, which land will be used for developing health related businesses. As of the date of issuance of these financial statements, the transfer of the land’s title is under government review, pending completion of the title transfer registration. However, upon the closing of the transaction, both parties are aware of such Taiwan’s legal restrictions prohibiting foreign entities directly owning farmland. In addition to newly incorporated controlling subsidiary, Yunzhiyi, to be holding the title of the land upon government’s approval, on March 31, 2025, the Company and the landowners executed the Nominee Holding Agreement, Land Lease Agreement, and Consulting Agreement, under the witness of and confirmed by a legal counsel in Taiwan, in which the landowners unconditionally grant the full legal rights to the land to the Company before the completion of the title transfer. Based on the execution of the agreement, the Company recognized $7,670,000 ($5 per share of AiBtl’s common stock) of land on its balance sheet.

6. LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS

(1) | The ownership percentages of each investee are listed as follows:

|  | Ownership percentage |  |  |
|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |  |  | Accounting
Name of investees |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | treatments
Braingenesis Biotechnology Co., Ltd.* |  |  | 0.17 | % |  |  | 0.17 | % |  | Cost Method
Genepharm Biotech Corporation |  |  | 0.67 | % |  |  | 0.67 | % |  | Cost Method
BioHopeKing Corporation |  |  | 5.90 | % |  |  | 5.90 | % |  | Cost Method
ForSeeCon Eye Corporation (see Note 10) |  |  | 19.78 | % |  |  | 19.78 | % |  | Cost Method
BioFirst Corporation |  |  | 18.68 | % |  |  | 18.68 | % |  | Equity Method
OncoX BioPharma, Inc. (see Note 10) |  |  | 24.97 | % |  |  | 24.97 | % |  | Equity Method
Rgene Corporation |  |  | 37.00 | % |  |  | 26.65 | % |  | Equity Method
BioLite Japan K.K. |  |  | 49.00 | % |  |  | 49.00 | % |  | Equity Method

| * | This company was acquired by Canal Biotech Corporation Inc. Our stock is in the process of replacement with the stock of the acquired company and the ownership percentage is subject to change.

(2) | The extent the investee relies on the company for its business is summarized as follows:

Name of investees |  | The extent the investee relies on the Company for its business
Braingenesis Biotechnology Co., Ltd. |  | No specific business relationship
Genepharm Biotech Corporation |  | No specific business relationship
BioHopeKing Corporation |  | Collaborating with the Company to develop and commercialize drugs (referring to Note 4, Collaborative Agreements)
BioLite Japan K.K. |  | The Company’s joint venture noncontrolling subsidiary perform research and development activities and explore business opportunities in Japan
ForSeeCon Eye Corporation |  | Collaborating with the Company to develop and commercialize ophthalmic medical devices (referring to Note 4, Collaborative Agreements)
BioFirst Corporation |  | Loaned from the investee and provides research and development support service
OncoX BioPharma, Inc. |  | Collaborating with the Company to develop and commercialize single-herb botanical drug for treatment of certain diseases (referring to Note 4, Collaborative Agreements)
Rgene Corporation |  | Collaborating with the Company to develop and commercialize drugs (referring to Note 4, Collaborative Agreements)

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(3) | Long-term investment mainly consists of the following:

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Non-marketable Cost Method Investments, net |  |  |  |  |  |
Braingenesis Biotechnology Co., Ltd. |  | $ | 6,640 |  |  | $ | 6,727 |
Genepharm Biotech Corporation |  |  | 20,271 |  |  |  | 20,540 |
ForSeeCon Eye Corporation(d) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
BioHopeKing Corporation |  |  | 752,880 |  |  |  | 762,983 |
Subtotal |  |  | 779,791 |  |  |  | 790,250 |
Equity Method Investments, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BioFirst Corporation(a) |  |  | 1,420,800 |  |  |  | 1,468,504 |
Rgene Corporation(b) |  |  | 559,471 |  |  |  | - |
BioLite Japan K.K. (BioLite JP)(c) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
OncoX BioPharma, Inc.(e) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  | $ | 2,760,062 |  |  | $ | 2,258,754 |

(a) | BioFirst Corporation (the “BioFirst”):

The Company holds an equity interest in BioFirst Corporation, accounting for its equity interest using the equity method to accounts for its equity investment as prescribed in ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (“ASC 323”). Equity method adjustments include the Company’s proportionate share of investee’s income or loss and other adjustments required by the equity method. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company owns 18.68% and 18.68% common stock shares of BioFirst, respectively. The Company made a prepayment for equity investment in BioFirst to purchase additional shares to be issued by BioFirst in the aggregate amount of $2,688,578, recorded as prepayment for long-term investments as of December 31, 2022. On July 19, 2023, the Company successfully completed the registration process for this investment. The initial prepayment was $1,895,556, which is a portion of the prepayment as of December 31, 2022, and was converted into 994,450 shares of BioFirst stock. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amount of prepayment for long-term investments in Biofirst is both $1,124,842.

(b) | Rgene Corporation (the “Rgene”)

As described in Note 4, the Company acquired 26.65% of Rgene’s outstanding common shares since 2018 through multiple collaborative agreements, and has been accounting this equity investment with equity method as prescribed in ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (“ASC 323”). Equity method adjustments include the Company’s proportionate share of investee’s income or loss and other adjustments required by the equity method. Further, as disclosed in Note 10 Related Party Transactions, the Company entered a convertible loan agreement with Rgene in 2022 and has been working with Rgene to obtain approval for the Company to exercise the conversion from Department of Investment Review in Taiwan, a government agency reviews foreign investors conducting investment in Taiwan. In May 2024, the conversion request for the conversion was approved but the Company was not informed by Rgene until April 2025. The Company determined that the impact to the financial statements is immaterial and assumed the conversion was incurred on January 1, 2025. After the conversion, the Company owns 37% of outstanding shares of Rgene.

(4) | Disposition of long-term investment

During the three-month periods ended March 31, 2025and 2024, there is no disposition of long-term investment.

(5) | Loss on investment in equity securities

The components of loss on investment in equity securities for each period were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Share of equity method investee losses |  | $ | (50,877 | ) |  | $ | - |

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(c) | BioLite Japan K.K. (BioLite JP)

In October 2021, the Company, Lucidaim Co., Ltd., a Japanese corporation (“Lucidaim,” together with the Company, the “Shareholders”), and BioLite Japan K.K., a Japanese corporation (“BioLite JP”) entered into a Joint Venture Agreement. BioLite JP is a private limited company incorporated on December 18, 2018. The business of the joint venture is the research and development of drugs, medical device and digital media, investment, fund running and consulting, distribution and marketing of supplements carried on by BioLite JP and its subsidiaries in Japan, or any other territory or businesses. At the date of the Agreement, BioLite JP has 10,000 ordinary shares authorized, with 3,049 ordinary shares issued and outstanding (the “Ordinary Shares”). Pursuant to the Agreement and the related share transfer agreement, Lucidaim shall own 1,555 Ordinary Shares (51%) and the Company shall own 1,494 Ordinary Shares (49%). The Company paid $150,000 towards the setup of the joint venture; BioLite Japan’s other shareholder also paid $150,000 after the Letter of Intent was signed. This prepayment is booked in prepayment for investment. As of December 31, 2024, the Company evaluated the investee’s business and financial conditions and determined to fully impair such prepayment.

(d) | ForSeeCon Eye Corporation (FEYE)

FEYE is a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands, focusing on the field of diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders, with its main product of Vitargus. The Company granted FEYE certain licensed products in exchange of FEYE ownership. See Note 4 for detail of such transactions.

(e) | OncoX BioPharma, Inc. (OncoX)

OncoX is a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands, focusing on oncology trials and drug development across Asia-Pacific. The Company granted OncoX certain licensed products in exchange of OncoX’s ownership. See Note 4 for detail of such transactions.

7. CONVERTIBLE NOTES PAYABLE

Lind Notes Payable

On February 23, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Lind Global Fund II, LP (“Lind”), pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note in the principal amount of $3,704,167, for a purchase price of $3,175,000 (the “Lind Note”), that is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial conversion price of $10.5 per share, subject to adjustment. The Company also issued Lind a common stock purchase warrant (the “Lind Warrant”) to purchase up to 529,167 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $10.5 per share for a period of 5 years, subject to adjustment that immediately upon such issuance or sale, the Exercise Price in effect immediately prior to such issuance or sale shall be reduced (and in no event increased) to an Exercise Price equal to the consideration per share paid for such Additional Shares of Common Stock. The warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes model. The fair value of the warrants was determined to be $1,225,543, which was recorded to debt discount.

Beginning with the date that is six months from the issuance date of the Lind Note and on each one (1) month anniversary thereafter, the Company shall pay Lind an amount equal to $308,651, until the outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note has been paid in full prior to or on the Maturity Date or, if earlier, upon acceleration, conversion or redemption of the Lind Note in accordance with the terms thereof (the “Monthly Payments”). At the Company’s discretion, the Monthly Payments shall be made in (i) cash, (ii) shares of the Company’s common stock, or (iii) a combination of cash and Shares; if made in shares, the number of shares shall be determined by dividing (x) the principal amount being paid in shares by (y) 90% of the average of the 5 lowest daily VWAPs during the 20 trading days prior to the applicable payment date. The Lind Notes sets forth certain conditions that must be satisfied before the Company may make any Monthly Payments in shares of common stock. If the Company makes a Monthly Payment in cash, the Company must also pay Lind a cash premium of 5% of such Monthly Payment.

Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default (as defined in the Lind Note), the Company must pay Lind an amount equal to 120% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note (the “Mandatory Default Amount”), in addition to any other remedies under the Note or the other Transaction Documents. The Company and Lind entered into a letter agreement on September 12, 2023, pursuant to which the Mandatory Default Amount was reduced to 115% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note; pursuant to the letter agreement, Lind also agreed to waive any default associated with the Company’s market capitalization being below $12.5 million for 10 consecutive days through February 23, 2024, but retained its right to convert its Note. In addition, if the Company is unable to increase its market capitalization and is unable to obtain a further waiver or amendment to the Lind Note, then the Company could experience an event of default under the Lind Note, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. The Company cannot make any assurances regarding the likelihood, certainty, or exact timing of the Company’s ability to increase its market capitalization, as such metric is not within the immediate control of the Company and depends on a variety of factors outside the Company’s control.

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The Lind Warrant may be exercised via cashless exercise.

The warrant exercise price was reset to $3.5 in accordance to the issuance of common stock in relation to securities purchase agreement on July 2023. On May 22, 2024, the exercise price of these warrants was reset to $0.75 along with the immediate exercise of existing warrants and issuance of the New Warrants. As of March 31, 2025, these Lind Warrants associated with the first Lind Note were fully exercised.

On November 17, 2023, the Company entered another securities purchase agreement with Lind, pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note (the “2nd Lind Note”) in the principal amount of $1,200,000, for a purchase price of $1,000,000, that is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price, which shall be the lesser of (i) $3.50 and (ii) 90% of the average of the three lowest VWAPs during the 20 trading days prior to conversion. The 2nd Lind Note shall be due and payable on May 19, 2025, and bears no interest. The Company may prepay all, but not less than all, outstanding principal amount prior to maturity, and Lind shall have the right to convert up to one third of the principal amount when the Company prepays. Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default (as defined in the 2nd Lind Note), the Company must pay Lind an amount equal to 120% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note, in addition to any other remedies under the Note or the other transaction documents. Lind also received a 5-year common stock purchase warrant to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $2 per share for a period of 5 years. The warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes model. The fair value of the warrants was determined to be $480,795, which was recorded to debt discount. An amendment was filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024 to disclose that due to Nasdaq requirements, the parties entered into an amendment to the Note, pursuant to which the conversion price shall have a floor price of $1.00. Additionally, the amendment requires the Company to make a cash payment to Lind if in connection with a conversion, the conversion price is deemed to be the floor price. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Lind converted $800,000 of 2nd Lind Note principal amounts into the Company’s common stocks. Refer to the common stock issuance details in Note 12, Equity. On March 3 and April 1, 2025, Lind converted the remaining $400,000 principal balance ($200,000 for each conversion) into the Company’s common stocks.

On January 17, 2024, the Company entered another securities purchase agreement with Lind, pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note (the “3rd Lind Note”) in the principal amount of $1,000,000, for a purchase price of $833,333, that is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price, which shall be the lesser of (i) $3.50 and (ii) 90% of the average of the three lowest VWAPs during the 20 trading days prior to conversion. The 3rd Lind Note shall be due and payable on July 17, 2025 and bear no interest. The Company may prepay all, but not less than all, outstanding principal amount prior to maturity, and Lind shall have the right to convert up to one third of the principal amount when the Company prepays. Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default (as defined in the 3rd Lind Note), the Company must pay Lind an amount equal to 120% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note, in addition to any other remedies under the Note or the other transaction documents Lind also received a 5-year, common stock purchase warrant to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $2 per share. The warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes model. The fair value of the warrants was determined to be $394,071, which was recorded to debt discount. An amendment was filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024 to disclose that due to Nasdaq requirements, the parties entered into an amendment to the Note, pursuant to which the conversion price shall have a floor price of $1.00. Additionally, the amendment requires the Company to make a cash payment to Lind if in connection with a conversion, the conversion price is deemed to be the floor price. No conversion or repayment to 3rd Lind Note has occurred during the year ended December 31, 2024. On March 3 and April 1, 2025, Lind converted $400,000 principal balance ($200,000 for each conversion) into the Company’s common stock, leaving outstanding principal of $600,000.

In connection with above three Lind Note offerings, the Company and its subsidiaries: BioKey, BioLite, Biolite BVI, and American BriVision, jointly and severally guaranteed all of the obligations of the Company in connection with the offering with certain collateral, as set forth in the related transaction documents.

On May 22, 2024, November 19, 2024, and January 9, 2025, Lind exercised 1,000,000, 500,000, 1,029,167 of the existing warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock at a reduced exercise price of $0.75, $0.42, and $0.40 per share, respectively. Refer to the details in Note 12, Equity.

Total interest expenses in connection with the above three Lind Notes were $209,372 and $172,884 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

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Other Convertible Notes Payable

On November 1, 2024 and November 5, 2024, the Company’s subsidiary, AiBtl, issued two convertible notes payable, each with a principal amount of $30,000 to two separate individuals, for total consideration of $60,000. Each note has a 1-year term and an implied annual discount rate of 6.89%. These convertible notes bear a 0% interest rate and are convertible by the holders into the AiBtl’s common stock at $5 per share at any time before the maturity. AiBtl reserves the right to repurchase the note in full at any time before maturity.

The convertible notes payable is accounted for in accordance with ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options. The Company evaluated the conversion feature and determined that it qualifies for equity classification as it meets the “fixed-for-fixed” criteria. The proceeds from the issuance were allocated to the present value of the liability component in aggregate for $56,132, and to debt discount for $3,868. The debt discount is recorded in additional paid-in capital in the statement of change in equity.

The debt discount is being amortized over the 1-year term using the effective interest method. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company recognized $984 in interest expense related to the amortization of the debt discount.

The carrying amounts of the liability component are summarized as follows:

March 31, 2025 |  | Issuance Entity |  | Issuance Date |  | Maturity Date |  | Principal Amount at Issuance |  |  | Stated Interest Rate |  |  | Effective Interest Rate |  |  | Conversion Price |  |  | Common Stock to be converted |  | Principal Amount at Balance Sheet Date |  |  | Unamortized Discount |  |  | Carrying Value |  |  | Fair Value |
2nd LIND Note |  | ABVC |  | November 17, 2023 |  | May 19, 2025 |  | $ | 1,200,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 86.94 | % |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | ABVC |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 26,110 |  |  | $ | 173,890 |  |  | $ | 240,000 |
3rd LIND Note |  | ABVC |  | January 17, 2024 |  | July 17, 2025 |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 87.40 | % |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | ABVC |  |  | 800,000 |  |  |  | 196,114 |  |  |  | 603,886 |  |  |  | 960,000 |
Other Note |  | AiBtl |  | November 1, 2024 |  | November 1, 2025 |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 6.89 | % |  | $ | 5.00 |  |  | AiBtl |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 1,119 |  |  |  | 28,881 |  |  |  | 30,000 |
Other Note |  | AiBtl |  | November 5, 2024 |  | November 5, 2025 |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 6.89 | % |  | $ | 5.00 |  |  | AiBtl |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 1,118 |  |  |  | 28,882 |  |  |  | 30,000 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,260,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,060,000 |  |  | $ | 224,460 |  |  | $ | 835,539 |  |  | $ | 1,260,000 |

December 31, 2024 |  | Issuance Entity |  | Issuance Date |  | Maturity Date |  | Principal Amount at Issuance |  |  | Stated Interest Rate |  |  | Effective Interest Rate |  |  | Conversion Price |  |  | Common Stock to be converted |  | Principal Amount at Balance Sheet Date |  |  | Unamortized Discount |  |  | Carrying Value |  |  | Fair Value |
2nd LIND Note |  | ABVC |  | November 17, 2023 |  | May 19, 2025 |  | $ | 1,200,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 86.94 | % |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | ABVC |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 118,048 |  |  | $ | 281,952 |  |  | $ | 480,000 |
3rd LIND Note |  | ABVC |  | January 17, 2024 |  | July 17, 2025 |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 87.40 | % |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | ABVC |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  |  | 388,685 |  |  |  | 611,315 |  |  |  | 1,200,000 |
Other Note |  | AiBtl |  | November 1, 2024 |  | November 1, 2025 |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 6.89 | % |  | $ | 5.00 |  |  | AiBtl |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 1,610 |  |  |  | 28,390 |  |  |  | 30,000 |
Other Note |  | AiBtl |  | November 5, 2024 |  | November 5, 2025 |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 6.89 | % |  | $ | 5.00 |  |  | AiBtl |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 1,611 |  |  |  | 28,389 |  |  |  | 30,000 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,260,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,460,000 |  |  | $ | 509,954 |  |  | $ | 950,046 |  |  | $ | 1,740,000 |

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8. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following as of the periods indicated:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Accrued research and development expense |  | $ | 1,799,583 |  |  | $ | 1,799,583 |
Accrued directors and officers (owners) compensation |  |  | 991,821 |  |  |  | 1,025,867 |
Cash portion of the Lind Note repayments |  |  | 227,284 |  |  |  | 127,759 |
Accrued compensation and employee benefits |  |  | 140,252 |  |  |  | 126,106 |
Others |  |  | 617,879 |  |  |  | 557,866 |
Total |  | $ | 3,826,819 |  |  | $ | 3,509,422 |

9. SHORT-TERM LOANS

(1) | Short-term loans consists of the following:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Cathay United Bank |  | $ | 169,407 |  |  | $ | 200,252 |
CTBC Bank |  |  | 602,000 |  |  |  | 610,000 |
Other individual |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 30,000 |
Total |  | $ | 801,407 |  |  | $ | 840,252 |

Cathay United Bank

On June 28, 2016, BioLite Taiwan and Cathay United Bank entered into a one-year bank loan agreement (the “Cathay United Loan Agreement”) in a credit limit amount of NTD 7.5 million, equivalent to $228,750. The term started June 28, 2016 with maturity date at June 28, 2017. The loan balance bears interest at a floating rate of prime rate plus 1.31%. The prime rate is based on the term deposit saving interest rate of Cathay United Bank. The Company renews the agreement with the bank every year, and the next renewal date is September 6, 2025. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the effective interest rates per annum was 2.99% and 2.99%, respectively. The loan is collateralized by the building and improvement of BioLite Taiwan, and is also personal guaranteed by the Company’s chairman. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company made payments of the loan in total of NTD 937,500, equivalent to $29,250.

Interest expenses were $1,470 and $1,736 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

CTBC Bank

On June 12, 2017 and July 19, 2017, BioLite Taiwan and CTBC Bank entered into two short-term saving secured bank loan agreements (the “CTBC Loan Agreements”) in a credit limit amount of NTD 10 million, equivalent to $327,500, and NTD 10 million, equivalent to $327,500, respectively. Both two loans with the same maturity date at January 19, 2018. In February 2018, BioLite Taiwan combined two loans and extended the loan contract with CTBC for one year. The Company renews the agreement with the bank every year, and the next renewal date is February 28, 2025. The loan balances bear interest at a fixed rate of 2.5% per annum, and is secured by the money deposited in a savings account with the CTBC Bank. This loan was also personal guaranteed by the Company’s chairman and BioFirst. During the year ended December 31, 2020, BioLite Taiwan opened a TCD account with CTBC bank to guarantee the loan going forward.

Interest expenses were $3,761 and $3,964 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Other individual – Third party

On March 21, 2024, the Company issued an unsecured promissory note to a third party for the proceeds of $30,000. The note bears interest rate of 12% per annum and matures on March 21, 2025, or upon the occurrence of an event of default. The promissory note was extended for anther year and matures on March 21, 2026, with the same terms.

Interest expenses were $888 and $0 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

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10. RELATED PARTIES TRANSACTIONS

The related parties of the company with whom transactions are reported in these financial statements are as follows:

Name of entity or Individual |  | Relationship with the Company and its subsidiaries
BioFirst Corporation (the “BioFirst”) |  | Entity controlled by controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene
BioFirst (Australia) Pty Ltd. (the “BioFirst (Australia)”) |  | 100% owned by BioFirst; Entity controlled by controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene
Rgene Corporation (the “Rgene”) |  | Shareholder of the Company; Entity controlled by controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene; the Chairman of Rgene is Mr. Tsung-Shann Jiang
GenePharm Inc. (the “GenePharm”) |  | Dr. George Lee, Board Director of Biokey, is the Chairman of GenePharm.
The Jiangs |  | Mr. Tsung-Shann Jiang, the controlling beneficiary shareholder of the Company and Rgene, the Chairman and CEO of the BioLite Holding Inc. and BioLite Inc. and the President and a member of board of directors of BioFirst Ms. Shu-Ling Jiang, Mr. Tsung-Shann Jiang’s wife, is the Chairman of Keypoint; and a member of board of directors of BioLite Inc. Mr. Eugene Jiang is Mr. and Ms. Jiang’s son. Mr. Eugene Jiang is the chairman, and majority shareholder of the Company and a member of board of directors of BioLite Inc. Mr. Chang-Jen Jiang is Mr. Tsung-Shann Jiang’s sibling and the director of the Company. Ms. Mei-Ling Jiang is Ms. Shu-Ling Jiang’s sibling.
BioLite Japan |  | Entity controlled by controlling beneficiary shareholder of ABVC
BioHopeKing Corporation (“BHK”) |  | Entity controlled by controlling beneficiary shareholder of ABVC
AiBtl (Holding) BioPharma, Inc. (“AiBtl Holding”) |  | Founding shareholder of AiBtl BioPharma Inc.
Jaimes Vargas Russman |  | CEO of AiBtl BioPharma Inc.
Lion Arts Promotion, Inc. |  | Entity controlled by the Jiangs.

Revenues – related parties

There was no cash receipt for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 from related parties on the licensing agreements or other services. Therefore, no related party revenue was recognized during these periods. Please refer to Note 4, Collaborative Agreements for details.

Consulting fees – related parties

In March 2024, the Company engaged Lion Arts Promotion Inc to provide operation, business development, human resources, and capital finance consulting services. The agreement is for 12 months expiring in February 2025, and is optional for renewal upon mutual agreement. The Company incurred $68,141 and $14,628 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Accounts receivable - related parties

Accounts receivable due from related parties consisted of the following as of the periods indicated:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2024 |
Rgene |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Total |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |

As of December 31, 2024, management considered the outstanding accounts receivable from Rgene may not be recoverable, and recognized credit loss in full.

F-67

Due from related parties

Amounts due from related parties consisted of the following as of the periods indicated:

Due from related party- Current

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Rgene (1) |  | $ | 1,867 |  |  | $ | 565,711 |
BioFirst (2) |  |  | 535,252 |  |  |  | 589,340 |
Total |  | $ | 537,119 |  |  | $ | 1,155,051 |

Due from related parties- Non-current, net

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
BioFirst (Australia) (3) |  | $ | 839,983 |  |  | $ | 839,983 |
BioHopeKing Corporation (4) |  |  | 118,633 |  |  |  | 120,210 |
Total |  |  | 958,616 |  |  |  | 1,014,193 |
Less: allowance for expected credit losses accounts |  |  | (958,616 | ) |  |  | (1,014,193 | )
Net |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |

(1) | On June 16, 2022, the Company entered into a one-year convertible loan agreement with Rgene, with a principal amount of $1,000,000 and made $500,000 to Rgene which bears interest at 5% per annum for the use of working capital that, if fully converted, would result in ABVC owning an additional 6.4% of Rgene. The Company may convert the Note at any time into shares of Rgene’s common stock at either (i) a fixed conversion price equal to $1.00 per share or (ii) 20% discount of the stock price of the then most recent offering, whichever is lower; the conversion price is subject to adjustment as set forth in the Note. The Note includes standard events of default, as well as a cross-default provision pursuant to which a breach of the Service Agreement will trigger an event of default under the convertible note if not cured after 5 business days of written notice regarding the breach is provided. The loan was converted to Rgene’s common stock in May 2024 but the Company was not informed until April 2025. Please see detail discussion in Note 7. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding loan balance were $0 and $500,000; and accrued interest was $0and $63,819, respectively. Both principal and accrued interest were converted to Rgene’s common stocks. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company has other receivables amounted to $1,867 and $1,892, respectively, from Rgene due to daily operations.

(2) | On December 31, 2023, BioLite Taiwan entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst, with a principal amount of NTD 11,072,360 (approximately $337,707), which bears interest at 12% per annum for the use of working capital. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company entered into another loan agreement with BioFirst, with a principal amount of NTD 11,406,000 (approximately $347,883), which bears interest at 12% per annum for the use of working capital. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding loan balance were NTD 15,458,360 (approximately $465,297) and NTD 17,571,076 (approximately $535,918), respectively; accrued interests were$68,971 and $53,422, respectively. The Company has received NTD 2,080,000 (approximately $64,896) and $0 repayment during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(3) | On July 1, 2020, the Company entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst (Australia) for $361,487 to properly record R&D cost and tax refund allocation based on co-development contract executed on July 24, 2017. The loan was originally set to be mature on September 30, 2021 with an interest rate of 6.5% per annum, but on September 7, 2021, the Company entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst (Australia) for $67,873 to meet its new project needs. On July 27, 2021, the Company repaid a loan 249,975 to BioFirst (Australia). On December 1, 2021, the Company entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst (Australia) for $250,000 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. The loan will be matured on November 30, 2022 with an interest rate of 6.5% per annum. In 2022, the Company entered into several loan agreements with BioFirst (Australia) for a total amount of $507,000 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. During the first quarter of 2023, the Company entered into several loan agreements with BioFirst (Australia) for a total amount of $88,091 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company entered into several loan agreements with BioFirst (Australia) for a total amount of $25,500 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. All the loans period was twelve months with an interest rate of 6.5% per annum. For accounting purpose, the due from and due to related party balances was being net off. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding loan balances and allocated research fee were both amounted to $681,185, and accrued interest balances were both amounted $158,798. The business conditions of BioFirst (Australia) deteriorated and, as a result, the Company recognized expected credit losses of $839,983 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company stopped accruing interest income recognizing such losses.

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(4) | On February 24, 2015, BioLite Taiwan and BioHopeKing Corporation (the “BHK”) entered into a co-development agreement, (the “BHK Co-Development Agreement”, see Note 4). The development costs shall be shared 50/50 between BHK and the Company. Under the term of the agreement, BioLite issued relevant development cost to BHK. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, due from BHK was both NTD 3,941,299 (approximately$118,633 and $120,210, respectively). The business conditions of BHK deteriorated and as a result, the Company recognized expected credit losses of NTD 3,941,299 as of December 31, 2024. No recovery was made during three months ended March 31, 2025.

The Company’s due from related parties are subject to certain risks that our collaborative parties, including OncoX and FEYE, would face. Such risks exist in future market conditions, macro economy, legal and regulatory, results of clinical trials and product developments, and among others. As of March 31, 2025, the Company’s comprehensive review of these due from related party balances indicates that there are no expected losses except those being recognized above. This conclusion is based on the business relationships with our related parties and the absence of any significant indicators of potential default.

Due to related parties

Amount due to related parties consisted of the following as of the periods indicated:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
AiBtl Holding (1) |  | $ | 348,219 |  |  | $ | 348,219 |
The Jiangs (2) |  |  | 222,522 |  |  |  | 274,170 |
Shareholders (3) |  |  | 140,266 |  |  |  | 142,130 |
Lion Art Promotions Inc (4) |  |  | 65,738 |  |  |  | - |
Directors (5) |  |  | 12,953 |  |  |  | 8,526 |
Total |  | $ | 819,384 |  |  | $ | 773,045 |

(1) | On April 11, 2024, May 10, 2024, August 15, 2024, and December 24, 2024, AiBtl received short-term loans from its founding shareholder, AiBtl Holding, for the principal amounts of $40,000, $60,000, $33,732, and $214,487, respectively, for the purpose of daily operations. These loans do not bear interest and are payable on demand.
(2) | Since 2019, the Jiangs advanced funds to the Company for working capital purpose. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance due to the Jiangs amounted to $222,522 and $274,170, respectively. These loans bear no interest and are due on demand.

(3) | Since 2018, the Company’s shareholders have advanced funds to the Company for working capital purpose. The advances bear interest rate around 12% per annum. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding principal and accrued interest was $140,266 and $142,130, respectively. Interest expenses in connection with these loans were $4,963 and $5,938 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(4) | Accrued consulting services fee for the three months ended March 31, 2025.
(5) | As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, due to Directors amounted to $12,953 and $8,526, respectively, were related to the daily operating expenses since inception in 2023 paid by the Directors of AiBtl on behalf of the entity.

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11. INCOME TAXES

Income tax (benefit) expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were $0 and $0, respectively.

Deferred tax assets (liability) as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 consist approximately of:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Loss on impairment of assets |  |  | 713,223 |  |  |  | 713,223 |
Net operating loss carryforwards |  |  | 5,870,805 |  |  |  | 5,677,413 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 155,559 |  |  |  | 178,014 |
Operating lease assets |  |  | (155,559 | ) |  |  | (178,014 | )
Deferred tax assets, gross |  |  | 6,584,028 |  |  |  | 6,390,636 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (6,584,028 | ) |  |  | (6,390,636 | )
Deferred tax assets, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |

12. EQUITY

The Company previously reported that during the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company entered into service agreements with Euro-Asia Investment & Finance Corp Ltd. (a related party), Ever Adventure inv. (Formosa) Consultant Co., Ltd., New Eastern Asia (a related party), and Kimho Consultants Co., Ltd. (a related party) for the maintenance of the listing in the U.S. stock exchange market, investor relations, and business development. Pursuant to the agreements, the Company issued 644,972 shares of the Company’s common stock for the consulting service from July 2019 to July 2024 for the service fee of $4,514,800 in aggregate, and recorded as stock subscription receivable. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, stock subscription receivable recognized as stock-based compensation in equity was $225,740.

After further reviewed and investigation, above services were completely provided by December 31, 2022. Pursuant to ASC 718, the costs of services should be recognized along with the period when services are received. Therefore, the Company reversed share-based compensation expenses of $225,740 for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

F-70

On August 14, 2023, the Company entered into a cooperation agreement with Zhonghui. Pursuant thereto, the Company expect to receive 20% of the ownership of a property and the parcel of the land owned by Zhonghui in Leshan, Sichuan, China. During the third quarter of 2023, the Company issued to Zhonghui, an aggregate of 370,000 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock, at a per share price of $1.87, for $691,900. The Company also issued 29,600 common stock to consultants for providing consulting services on the above transaction. Please refer Note 2 for the restatement of prior period reported amounts.

On January 27, 2024, the Company granted 1,302,726 restricted shares to its employees and directors under the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan as compensation for their previous services, with an issuance date of February 2, 2024. These shares are subject to a three-year restriction period.

On February 6, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with Shuling Jiang (“Shuling”), pursuant to which Shuling shall transfer the ownership of certain land she owns located at Taoyuan City, Taiwan (the “Land”) to the Company (the “Agreement”). Shuling is a director of the Company, is married to TS Jiang, the Company’s Chief Strategic Officer and owns approximately 15.4% of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock. In consideration for the Land, the Company was to pay Shuling (i) 703,496 restricted shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Shares”) at a price of $3.50 per share and (ii) five-year warrants to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $2.00 per share. Under the Agreement, Shuling was to also transfer outstanding liability owed on the Land (approximately $500,000) to the Company. On May 16, 2024, the Company’s board of directors determined that it was in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders to terminate the Agreement and not proceed with the transfer of land ownership; the Company may reconsider the transaction at a later date. The shares were returned and booked as treasury stock, and the warrants were not issued.

In July 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with its landlord in California, pursuant that the Company issued 169,992 shares of common stock for the rent payable through July 2024, in total of $127,494. The Company also issued 43,458 shares on August 14, 2024 for the August 2024 rent, and 46,072 shares were issued on September 3, 2024 for the September 2024 rent. Further, we issued 64,147 shares on October 29, 2024 for October rent, 45,293 shares on November 13, 2024 for November rent, and 30,422 shares on December 26, 2024 for half month of December rent. In 2025, the Company issued 28,135 shares, 22,031 shares, and 30,488 shares for each of the half month rent from January 2025 to March 2025, respectively. On April 9, 2025, the Company entered another agreement with the landlord to settle remaining balance of each half month of February and March 2025 rent, and April 2025 rent, by issuing 120,398 of the Company’s common stock, in the value of $66,219.

Noncontrolling Interests

On March 14, 2024, AiBtl issued 1,610,700 AiBtl’s common stocks to a land acquisition transaction in Taiwan, including the 1-year business consulting fee of $383,500 incurred beginning in November 2023, and the cost of land $7,670,000. Due to certain administrative processes and restrictions, AiBtl has not acquired ownership of the land and no asset was recognized.

Yunzhiyi, a Taiwan corporation, was incorporated in August 2024, with 90% owned by BioLite Taiwan and 10% owned by Shuling Jiang, the Company’s director. This entity is set up for holding the land that AiBtl acquired in Taiwan for developing health related business in Taiwan. Due to certain administrative processes and restrictions, the title transfer has not completed, and no asset was recognized as of the issuance of this report. However, AiBtl entered a series of agreements with the sellers in March 2025, to obtain the complete rights and obligations of the land while in the process of transferring the title. These agreements are effective until the title transfer is completed. AiBtl recognized such asset on its balance sheet on March 31, 2025. Refer to Note 6 for details.

Lind Offerings and Repayments

On February 23, 2023, in connection with the issuance of the Lind Note (referring to Note 7), the Company issued Lind a 5-year term of common stock purchase warrant to purchase up to 529,167 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $10.5 per share (post-split), subject to adjustment. The warrant exercise price was reset to $3.5 in accordance with the issuance of common stock in relation to securities purchase agreement in July 2023. On May 22, 2024, the exercise price of these warrants was further reset to $0.75 along with the immediate exercise of existing warrants and issuance of the New Warrants.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company has made repayment of Lind Note with the Company’s common stock for 751,795 shares, totaling $681,000. As of December 31, 2024, the first Lind Note was fully repaid.

F-71

On November 17, 2023, in connection with the issuance of the 2nd Lind Note (referring to Note 7), Lind also received a 5-year term of common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $2 per share. The warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes model and the fair value was determined to be $480,795, which was recorded as a debt discount.

On January 17, 2024, in connection with the issuance of the 3rd Lind Note (referring to Note 7), Lind also received 5-year term of common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $2 per share.

On May 22, 2024, the Company and Lind entered into a letter agreement, pursuant to which Lind will exercise, for cash, 1,000,000 of its Pre-Existing Warrants (all of the warrants issued to Lind on February 23, 2023, November 17, 2023 and January 17, 2024 are hereinafter referred to as the “Pre-Existing Warrants”), to purchase shares of Common Stock at a reduced exercise price of $0.75 per share. Such 1,000,000 Pre-Existing Warrants exercised include 529,167 warrants issued in February 2023 and 470,833 warrants issued in November 2023. Concurrently, the exercise price of all Pre-Existing Warrants was reduced to $0.75 per share according to this agreement. Lind also received new warrants to purchase 1,000,000 shares of common stock, exercisable at any time on or after the date of its issuance and until the five-year anniversary thereof, for $1.00 per share (the “New Warrants”). The fair value of the New Warrants was determined to be $925,210 using the Black-Scholes model. The New Warrants may be exercised via cashless exercise or resale pursuant to the registration statement that was declared effective. As of December 31, 2024, Lind has exercised 1,000,000 shares of Pre-Existing Warrants and received 1,000,000 shares of New Warrants according to this agreement. All warrants issued to Lind may be exercised via cashless exercise.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued Lind in total of 800,000 shares of the Company’s common stock as the repayment of $800,000 principal of 2nd Lind Note. According to the amended agreement pursuant to Nasdaq requirements, the conversion price is subject to $1.00 floor price if the conversion price was below such floor, resulting in effective conversion price between $0.7907 to $0.4932. The Company made additional $327,017 cash repayments, with $127,759 unpaid cash booked in Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities as of December 31, 2024. On March 3, 2025 and April 1, 2025, Lind converted the remaining $400,000 ($200,000 in each conversion) principal balance on 2nd Lind Note into 400,000 shares of the Company’s common stocks. All principal balance of 2nd Lind Note was fully converted as of April 1, 2025.

On March 3, 2025 and April 1, 2025, Lind converted $400,000 ($200,000 in each conversion) principal balance on 3rd Lind Note into 400,000 shares of the Company’s common stocks, leaving outstanding principal of $600,000.

On January 5, 2025, the Company and Lind entered into a third letter agreement, pursuant to which Lind agreed to exercise for cash, 1,029,167 of the Existing Warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock, with a current exercise price of $0.75 per share, at a reduced exercise price of $0.40 per share.

Warrants issued and outstanding in connection with above Lind convertible notes as of March 31, 2025, and their activities during the three-month period ended are as follows:

|  | Number of Underlying Shares |  |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share |  |  | Weighted- Average Contractual Life Remaining in Years |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding as of January 1, 2025 |  |  | 2,029,167 |  |  | $ | 0.70 | * |  |  | 4.20 |  |  | $ | 195,542 |
Issued |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Exercised |  |  | (1,029,167 | ) |  | $ | 0.40 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Outstanding as of March 31, 2025 |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |  |  |  | 4.14 |  |  | $ | 60,000 |

| * | On January 5, 2025, the Company and Lind entered into a third letter agreement (the “December Letter Agreement”), pursuant to which Lind agreed to exercise for cash, 1,029,167 of the Existing Warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock, with a current exercise price of $0.75 per share, at a reduced exercise price of $0.40 per share. The weighted average exercise price per share as of December 31, 2024 was adjusted to the reduction accordingly.

F-72

13. STOCK OPTIONS

The Company has not granted any options during three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company’s most recent option grant was in 2022 that 76,190 shares (post-split) of common stock were granted to employees and certain consultants. The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted in 2022 was $27.9 (post-split). There are 386,021 options available for grant under the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan as of December 31, 2024. Compensation costs associated with the Company’s stock options are recognized, based on the grant-date fair values of these options over vesting period. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no unvested options.

Options issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2025, and their activities during the year then ended are as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Weighted- |  |  | Weighted- |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Average |  |  | Average |  |  |  |
|  | Number of |  |  | Exercise |  |  | Contractual |  |  |  |
|  | Underlying Shares (post-split) |  |  | Price Per Share (post-split) |  |  | Life Remaining in Years |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding as of January 1, 2025 |  |  | 258,710 |  |  | $ | 27.9 |  |  |  | 6.74 |  |  |  | - |
Granted |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Forfeited |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Outstanding as of March 31, 2025 |  |  | 258,710 |  |  |  | 27.9 |  |  |  | 6.50 |  |  | $ | - |
Exercisable as of March 31, 2025 |  |  | 258,710 |  |  |  | 27.9 |  |  |  | 6.50 |  |  | $ | - |
Vested and expected to vest |  |  | 258,710 |  |  | $ | 27.9 |  |  |  | 6.50 |  |  | $ | - |

14. LOSS PER SHARE

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares and dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | March 31, 2024 |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to ABVC’s common stockholders |  | $ | (842,075 | ) |  | $ | (2,834,199 | )
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average shares outstanding – Basic & Diluted |  |  | 14,968,232 |  |  |  | 9,736,150 |
Loss per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
-Basic & Diluted |  | $ | (0.06 | ) |  | $ | (0.29 | )

Diluted loss per share takes into account the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue Common Stock were exercised and converted into Common Stock. Since the Company suffered net loss for both years, any diluted shares would have anti-diluted effect.

F-73

15. LEASE

The Company adopted FASB Accounting Standards Codification, Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”) using the modified retrospective approach, electing the practical expedient that allows the Company not to restate its comparative periods prior to the adoption of the standard on January 1, 2019.

The Company applied the following practical expedients in the transition to the new standard and allowed under ASC 842:

| ● | Reassessment of expired or existing contracts: The Company elected not to reassess, at the application date, whether any expired or existing contracts contained leases, the lease classification for any expired or existing leases, and the accounting for initial direct costs for any existing leases.

| ● | Use of hindsight: The Company elected to use hindsight in determining the lease term (that is, when considering options to extend or terminate the lease and to purchase the underlying asset) and in assessing impairment of right-to-use assets.

| ● | Reassessment of existing or expired land easements: The Company elected not to evaluate existing or expired land easements that were not previously accounted for as leases under ASC 840, as allowed under the transition practical expedient. Going forward, new or modified land easements will be evaluated under ASU No. 2016-02.

| ● | Separation of lease and non- lease components: Lease agreements that contain both lease and non-lease components are generally accounted for separately.

| ● | Short-term lease recognition exemption: The Company also elected the short-term lease recognition exemption and will not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities for leases with a term less than 12 months.

The new leasing standard requires recognition of leases on the consolidated balance sheets as right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use underlying assets for the lease terms and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the leases. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value and future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. The Company’s future minimum based payments used to determine the Company’s lease liabilities mainly include minimum based rent payments. As most of Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its estimated incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments.

The Company recognized lease liabilities, with corresponding ROU assets, based on the present value of unpaid lease payments for existing operating leases longer than twelve months. The ROU assets were adjusted per ASC 842 transition guidance for existing lease-related balances of accrued and prepaid rent, unamortized lease incentives provided by lessors, and restructuring liabilities. Operating lease cost is recognized as a single lease cost on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is recorded in Selling, general and administrative expenses. Variable lease payments for common area maintenance, property taxes and other operating expenses are recognized as expense in the period when the changes in facts and circumstances on which the variable lease payments are based occur.

The Company has no finance leases. The Company’s leases primarily include various office and laboratory spaces, copy machine, and vehicles under various operating lease arrangements. The Company’s operating leases have remaining lease terms of up to approximately five years.

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 533,460 |  |  | $ | 640,387 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease liabilities (current) |  |  | 366,475 |  |  |  | 403,581 |
Operating lease liabilities (non-current) |  |  | 166,985 |  |  |  | 236,807 |

F-74

Supplemental Information

The following provides details of the Company’s lease expenses:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Operating lease expenses |  | $ | 117,166 |  |  | $ | 98,502 |

Other information related to leases is presented below:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 117,166 |  |  | $ | 98,502 |

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  | 2.43 years |  |  |  | 2.48 years |
Weighted Average Discount Rate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  | 1.32 | % |  |  | 1.19 | %

The minimum future annual payments under non-cancellable leases during the next five years and thereafter, at rates now in force, are as follows:

|  | Operating leases |
2025 (Excluding current period) |  | $ | 302,071 |
2026 |  |  | 104,849 |
2027 |  |  | 46,699 |
2028 |  |  | 46,699 |
2029 |  |  | 46,699 |
Thereafter |  |  | - |
Total future minimum lease payments, undiscounted |  |  | 547,017 |
Less: Imputed interest |  |  | (13,557 | )
Present value of future minimum lease payments |  | $ | 533,460 |

16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

In the ordinary course of business, the Company may be subject to legal proceedings regarding contractual and employment relationships and a variety of other matters. The Company records contingent liabilities resulting from such claims, when a loss is assessed to be probable, and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. In the opinion of management, there were no pending or threatened claims and litigation as of March 31, 2025 and up through the date of the consolidated financial statements was available to the issued.

17. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

In April 2025, the Company conducted a private offering of its common stock to several individual investors, issuing 724,372 unregistered shares at $0.60 to $0.65 per share, raising a total of $436,125.

In April 2025, the Company issued 9,909 unregistered restricted shares to an individual consultant as a consideration of $9,800 ($0.99 per share) for the services.

In April 2025, the Company issued 50,000 and 90,277 shares of common stock to two advisors for their financial and business advisory services, as the consideration of $52,500 and $94,791 ($1.05 and $1.05 per share), respectively.

In April 2025, AiBtl issued 1,800 shares of its common stock at $5 per share, raising a total of $9,000 from an individual investor.

F-75

PART II - INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

Item 13. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution

The following table sets forth all expenses to be paid by the Registrant, other than estimated placement agents’ fees, in connection with our public offering. All amounts shown are estimates except for the SEC registration fee and the FINRA filing fee:

SEC registration fee |  | $ | 3,019.01 |
FINRA filing fee |  | $ | 5,985.47 |
Legal fees and expenses |  | $ | 95,000 |
Accounting fees and expenses |  | $ | 19,250 |
Transfer agent and registrar fees |  | $ | 10,238 |
Miscellaneous fees and expenses |  | $ | - |
Total |  | $ | 133,492.48 |

Item 14. Indemnification of Directors and Officers

Neither our Articles of Incorporation nor Bylaws prevent us from indemnifying our officers, directors and agents to the extent permitted under the Nevada Revised Statute (“NRS”). NRS Section 78.7502 provides that a corporation shall indemnify any director, officer, employee or agent of a corporation against expenses, including attorneys’ fees, actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection with any the defense to the extent that a director, officer, employee or agent of a corporation has been successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any action, suit or proceeding referred to Section 78.7502(1) or 78.7502(2), or in defense of any claim, issue or matter therein.

NRS 78.7502(1) provides that a corporation may indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, except an action by or in the right of the corporation, by reason of the fact that he is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses, including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection with the action, suit or proceeding if he: (a) is not liable pursuant to NRS 78.138; or (b) acted in good faith and in a manner which he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful.

NRS Section 78.7502(2) provides that a corporation may indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by or in the right of the corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that he is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against expenses, including amounts paid in settlement and attorneys’ fees actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection with the defense or settlement of the action or suit if he: (a) is not liable pursuant to NRS 78.138; or (b) acted in good faith and in a manner which he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation. Indemnification may not be made for any claim, issue or matter as to which such a person has been adjudged by a court of competent jurisdiction, after exhaustion of all appeals there from, to be liable to the corporation or for amounts paid in settlement to the corporation, unless and only to the extent that the court in which the action or suit was brought or other court of competent jurisdiction determines upon application that in view of all the circumstances of the case, the person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses as the court deems proper.

II-1

NRS Section 78.747 provides that except as otherwise provided by specific statute, no director or officer of a corporation is individually liable for a debt or liability of the corporation, unless the director or officer acts as the alter ego of the corporation. The court as a matter of law must determine the question of whether a director or officer acts as the alter ego of a corporation.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us pursuant to the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, we will, unless in the opinion of our counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by us is against public policy as expressed hereby in the Securities Act and we will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws

Our articles of incorporation, as amended, do not include specific provisions relating to the indemnification of our directors or officers.

Our bylaws provide that the Company may indemnify and advance litigation expenses to its directors, officers, employees and agents to the extent permitted by law, the Company’s Articles or Bylaws, and shall indemnify and advance litigation expenses to its directors, officers, employees and agents to the extent required by law, the Company’s Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws. The Company’s obligations of indemnification, if any, shall be conditioned on the Company receiving prompt notice of the claim and the opportunity to settle and defend the claim. The Company may, to the extent permitted by law, purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of an individual who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company.

Item 15. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

During the last three years, the Company has not issued unregistered securities to any person, except as described below. None of these transactions involved any underwriters, underwriting discounts or commissions, except as specified below, or any public offering, and, unless otherwise indicated below, the Registrant believes that each transaction was exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act by virtue of Section 4(a)(2) thereof and/or Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated thereunder, and/or Regulation S promulgated thereunder regarding offshore offers and sales. All recipients had adequate access, though their relationships with the Registrant, to information about the Registrant. All following number of shares are post-split.

II-2

In January 2022, the Company agreed to pay the deferred service fees related to the public offering closed on August 5, 2021 amounting to $4,296,763 by issuing 130,601 shares of unrestricted common shares, valued at $32.9 per share on the grant date.

In March 2022, the Company issued 7,500 shares to BarLew Holdings, LLC, a consultant (“Barlew”). On January 1, 2022, the Company engaged Barlew for consulting and advisory services for six months, with a monthly payment of USD15,000, as well as additional compensation of 7,500 shares of restricted common stock.

In March 2022, the Company issued 24,225 warrants to a FINRA member firm.

On May 11, 2022, the Company and certain investors entered into certain securities purchase agreement relating to the offer and sale of 200,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share in a registered direct offering.

On July 10, 2022, the Board approved the issuance of 7,500 shares of common stock to Barlew Holdings, LLC pursuant to the consulting agreement by and between Barlew Holdings, LLC and the Company dated July 1, 2022, and 25,000 shares of common stock to Inverlew Advisors, LLC, in accordance with the consulting agreement by and between Inverlew Advisors, LLC and the Company dated July 1, 2022.

On December 1, 2022, the Company issued 12,5000 and 10,000 common shares to Euro-Asia Investment & Finance Corp Ltd. and Thalia Media Ltd. for consulting and advisory services.

On January 3, 2023, the Company issued 22,341 common shares to a consultant for providing consulting services on listing to NASDAQ in 2021.

On July 27, 2023, the Company entered into that certain securities purchase agreement relating to the offer and sale of 300,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share and 200,000 pre-funded warrants, at an exercise price of $0.001 per share, in a registered direct offering. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to sell the Shares and/or Pre-funded Warrants at a per share purchase price of $3.50, for gross proceeds of $1,750,000, before deducting any estimated offering expenses. On August 1, 2023, the pre-funded warrants were exercised.

On August 14, 2023, the Company entered into a cooperation agreement with Zhonghui. Pursuant thereto, the Company acquired 20% of the ownership of a property and the parcel of the land owned by Zhonghui in Leshan, Sichuan, China (collectively, the “Property”). During the third quarter of 2023, the Company issued to Zhonghui, an aggregate of 370,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, at a per share price of $1.87. The Company also issued 29,600 common stock to consultants for providing consulting services on the above transaction.

On January 27, 2024, the company granted 1,302,726 restricted shares to its employees and directors under the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan, with an issuance date of February 2, 2024. These shares are subject to a three-year restriction period.

On May 24, 2024, the Company issued 200,000 shares of common stock to a consultant for providing business and funding opportunities.

In July 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with its landlord in California, pursuant that the Company issued 169,992 shares of common stock for the rent payable through July 2024, in total of $127,494. The Company also issued 43,458 shares on August 14, 2024 for the August 2024 rent, and 46,072 shares were issued on September 3, 2024 for the September 2024 rent. Further, we issued 64,147 shares on October 29, 2024 for October rent, 45,293 shares on November 13, 2024 for November rent, and 30,422 shares on December 26, 2024 for half month of December rent. In 2025, we issued 28,135 shares, 22,031 shares, and 30,488 shares for each of the half month rent from January 2025 to March 2025, respectively. On April 9, 2025, the Company entered another agreement with the landlord to settle remaining balance of each half month of February and March 2025 rent, and April 2025 rent, by issuing 120,398 of the Company’s common stock, in the value of $66,219.

In December 2024, the Company issued 117,277 shares of its common stock to employees as compensation.

In April 2025, the Company conducted a private offering of its common stock to several individual non-US investors, issuing an aggregate of 724,372 unregistered shares of common stock at $0.60 to $0.65 per share, raising a total of $436,125.

In April 2025, the Company issued 9,909 unregistered restricted shares to an individual consultant as a consideration of $9,800 for the services.

In April 2025, the Company issued 50,000 and 90,277 shares of common stock to two advisors for their financial and business advisory services, as the consideration of $52,500 and $94,791 ($1.05 and $1.05 per share), respectively.

Between April 11, 2025 and April 30, 2025, the Company sold an aggregate of an aggregate of 724,372 shares of its Common Stock to 15 Non-U.S. Persons. The Company received aggregate gross proceeds of a little more than $436,000 for the Shares.

II-3

Item 16. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

Exhibit No. |  | Description
2.1 |  | Share Exchange Agreement, dated February 8, 2016 (1)
3.1 |  | Articles of Incorporation of the Company (2)
3.2 |  | Bylaws of the Company, as amended (48)
3.3 |  | Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation filed on March 21, 2016 (4)
3.4 |  | Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation filed on December 30, 2015 (5)
3.5 |  | Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation filed on March 30, 2020 (6)
3.6 |  | Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation filed on February 17, 2021 (10)
4.1 |  | Form of Warrant (7)
4.2 |  | Form of the Registrant’s Common Stock certificate (16)
5.1 |  | Legal Opinion of Hunter Taubman Fischer & Li LLC (45)
10.1 |  | Collaboration Agreement dated December 29, 2015 (8)
10.2 |  | Collaborative Agreement and Milestone Payment Agreement dated May 6, 2016 (9)
10.3 |  | Addendum to the Collaboration Agreement dated January 12, 2017 (11)
10.4 |  | Collaboration Agreement with BioFirst dated July 24, 2017 (12)
10.5 |  | Co-Development Agreement with Rgene dated May 26, 2017 (13)
10.6 |  | Employment Agreement with Dr. Uttam Patil (42)
10.7 |  | Reserved
10.8 |  | Reserved.
10.9 |  | Promissory Note entered by American BriVision (Holding) Corporation (17)
10.10 |  | Form of Commercial Security Agreement (18)
10.11 |  | Form of Exchange Agreement entered into by and between the Company and non-US persons (19)
10.12 |  | Form of Exchange Agreement entered into by and between the Company and US persons (20)
10.13 |  | Form of Exchange Agreement entered into by and between the Company and non-US person (21)
10.14 |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement entered into by and between the Company and U.S. investors (22)
10.15 |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement entered into by and between the Company and non-U.S. investors (24)
10.16 |  | Amended and Restated American BriVision (Holding) Corporation 2016 Equity Incentive (28)
10.17 |  | Joint Venture Agreement between the Company, Lucidaim Co., Ltd. And BioLite Japan K.K.(26)
10.18 |  | Amendment to the Collaboration Agreement dated December 29, 2015 (32)
10.19 |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement entered into by and between the Company and certain investors dated May 11, 2022 (34)
10.20 |  | Clinical Development Service Agreement between the Company and Rgene dated June 10, 2022 (portions of the exhibit have been omitted because they (i) are not material and (ii) is the type of information that the registrant treats as private or confidential) (35)

II-4

10.21 |  | Promissory Note dated June 16, 2022 issued by Rgene Corporation to the Company (36)
10.22 |  | Securities Purchase Agreement (37)
10.23 |  | Form of Note (37)
10.24 |  | Form of Warrant (37)
10.25 |  | Security Agreement (37)
10.26 |  | Guarantor Security Agreement (37)
10.27 |  | Guaranty (37)
10.28 |  | Trademark Security Agreement with Rgene Corporation (37)
10.29 |  | Trademark Security Agreement with BioFirst Corporation (37)
10.30 |  | Patent Security Agreement (37)
10.31 |  | Copyright Security Agreement (37)
10.32 |  | Stock Pledge Agreement (37)
10.33 |  | Form of Placement Agent Warrant (37)
10.34 |  | Form of 2nd Lind Note (41)
10.35 |  | Form of 2nd Lind Warrant (41)
10.36 |  | Securities Purchase Agreement dated November 17, 2023 (41)
10.37 |  | First Amendment To Security Agreement (41)
10.38 |  | First Amendment To Guarantor Security Agreement (41)
10.39 |  | First Amendment to Guaranty (41)
10.40 |  | Securities Purchase Agreement dated January 17, 2024 (43)
10.41 |  | Form of 3rd Placement Agent Warrant (45)
10.42 |  | Second Amendment To Security Agreement (43)
10.43 |  | Second Amendment To Guarantor Security Agreement (43)
10.44 |  | Second Amendment to Guaranty (43)
10.45 |  | Form of 3rd Lind Note (43)
10.46 |  | Form of 3rd Lind Warrant (43)
10.47 |  | Employment Agreement with Uttam Patil (44)
10.48 |  | Amendment (46)
10.49 |  | Amendment (47)
10.50 |  | Amendment No. 1 to 3rd Lind Note (49)
10.51 |  | Definitive License Agreement between the Company and OncoX BioPharma, Inc. May 8, 2024 (51)
10.52 |  | Definitive License Agreement between Rgene and OncoX BioPharma, Inc. dated May 8, 2024 (51)
10.53 |  | Lind Letter Agreement dated May 22, 2024 (52)
10.54 |  | Lind Form of Warrant dated May 22, 2024 (52)
10.55 |  | Definitive License Agreement between the Company and OncoX BioPharma, Inc. May 23, 2024 (53)
10.56 |  | Definitive License Agreement between Biolite, Inc. and OncoX BioPharma, Inc. dated May 23, 2024 (53)
10.57 |  | Amendment to the Definitive License Agreement between the Company and ForSeeCon Eye Corporation (54)
10.58 |  | Amendment to the Definitive License Agreement between BioFirst Corporation and ForSeeCon Eye Corporation (54)
10.59 |  | Amendment to the License Agreement between the Company and AiBtl BioPharma Inc. (55)
10.60 |  | Amendment to the License Agreement between BioLite, Inc. and AiBtl BioPharma Inc. (55)
10.61 |  | Letter Agreement dated January 5, 2025 (56)
10.62 |  | Land Transfer Plan dated March 31, 2025 (49)

II-5

10.63 |  | Nominee Holding Agreement dated April 1, 2024 (49)
10.64 |  | Land Lease Agreement dated April 1, 2024 (49)
10.65 |  | Addendum to Definitive Licensing Agreement between ABVC and AiBtl dated March 11, 2025 (49)
10.66 |  | Addendum to Definitive Licensing Agreement between BioLite and AiBtl dated March 11, 2025 (49)
10.67 |  | Yunzhiyi Land Holding Agreement dated October 28, 2024 (49)
10.68 |  | Form of Purchase Agreement (57)
10.69 |  | Form of Voting Rights Proxy Agreement (57)
14.1 |  | Code of Ethics (23)
15.1 |  | Letter in Lieu of Consent for Review Report (45)
21.1 |  | List of subsidiaries (49)
23.1 |  | Consent of Hunter Taubman Fischer & Li LLC (Included in Exhibit 5.1)
23.2 |  | Consent of Simon & Edward, LLP (Filed herewith)
99.1 |  | Charter of the Audit Committee (29)
99.2 |  | Charter of the Compensation Committee (30)
99.3 |  | Charter of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee (31)
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document (Fiscal year ended December 31, 2024)
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).
107 |  | Filing Fees Exhibit (45)

(1) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 16, 2016.

(2) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.01 to the Company’s Form SB-2 filed on June 28, 2002

II-6

(3) | Reserved.

(4) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 28, 2016.

(5) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to the Company’s Form S-1, filed on September 13, 2016.

(6) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on April 7, 2020

(7) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on April 24, 2020

(8) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 16, 2016.

(9) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 9, 2016.

(10) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.6 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 10, 2021.

(11) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 22, 2017.

(12) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on July 24, 2017.

(13) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 30, 2017.

(14) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 20, 2017.

(15) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 20, 2017.

(16) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form S-1, filed on June 14, 2022.

(17) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 1, 2019.

(18) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 1, 2019.

(19) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on April 14, 2020.

(20) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed April 14, 2020.

(21) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed April 24, 2020.

(22) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed May 15, 2020.

(23) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.1 to the Company’s Amendment No.1 to Form S-1, filed on November 14, 2016.

(24) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed May 15, 2020.

II-7

(25) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed March 31, 2023.
(26) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on October 8, 2021.
(27) | Reserved.
(28) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed March 16, 2021.

(29) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Form S-1, filed on November 24, 2020.
(30) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Company’s Form S-1, filed on November 24, 2020.
(31) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 to the Company’s Form S-1, filed on November 24, 2020.

(32) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on May 16, 2022.
(33) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed March 31, 2023.
(34) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed May 12, 2022.
(35) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 21, 2022.
(36) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 21, 2022.
(37) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 24, 2023.
(38) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed March 31, 2023.
(39) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on November 15, 2023.
(40) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 107 to the Company’s Form S-1, filed on June 1, 2023.
(41) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on November 20, 2023.
(42) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 23, 2023.
(43) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on January 17, 2024.
(44) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 23, 2023.
(45) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form S-1, filed on February 9, 2024.
(46) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 29, 2024.
(47) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 29, 2024.
(48) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form S-1, filed on March 22, 2024.
(49) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on April 15, 2025
(50) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 29, 2024.
(51) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 9, 2024
(52) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 23, 2024
(53) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 24, 2024
(54) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 24, 2024
(55) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 25, 2024
(56) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on January 6, 2025
(57) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on April 30, 2025

II-8

Item 17. Undertakings

The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes:

(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:

(i) To include any prospectus required by section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933;

(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement.

(iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement;

(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

(4) That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser:

(i) If the Registrant is relying on Rule 430B (§230.430B of this chapter):

(A) Each prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and

II-9

(B) Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by section 10(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an Underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date; or

(ii) If the Registrant is subject to Rule 430C, each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying on Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A, shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.

(5) That, for the purpose of determining liability of the Registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned Registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:

(i) Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned Registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;

(ii) Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned Registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned Registrant;

(iii) The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned Registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and

(iv) Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.

The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes to provide to the Underwriters at the closing specified in the underwriting agreement certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the Underwriters to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers, and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer, or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit, or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer, or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

II-10

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant has duly caused this registration statement on Form S-1 to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized in the City of Taipei and City of Hong Kong, on May 16, 2025.

| ABVC BioPharma, Inc.
| By: | /s/ Uttam Patil
| Name: | Uttam Patil
| Title: | Chief Executive Officer
| ABVC BioPharma, Inc.
| By: | /s/ Uttam Patil
| Name: | Uttam Patil
| Title: | Interim Chief Financial Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ Uttam Patil |  | President and Chief Executive Officer |  | May 16, 2025
Uttam Patil |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |  |
/s/ Uttam Patil |  | Interim Chief Financial Officer |  | May 16, 2025
Uttam Patil |  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |  |
/s/ Eugene Jiang |  | Chairman of the Board of Directors |  | May 16, 2025
Eugene Jiang |  |  |  |
/s/ Yen-Hsin Chou |  | Director |  | May 16, 2025
Yen-Hsin Chou |  |  |  |
/s/ Hsin-Hui Miao |  | Director |  | May 16, 2025
Hsin-Hui Miao |  |  |  |
/s/ Tsang-Ming Jiang |  | Director |  | May 16, 2025
Tsang-Ming Jiang |  |  |  |
/s/ Shuling Jiang |  | Director |  | May 16, 2025
Shuling Jiang |  |  |  |
/s/ Norimi Sakamoto |  | Director |  | May 16, 2025
Norimi Sakamoto |  |  |  |
/s/ Tsung-Shann Jiang |  | Director |  | May 16, 2025
Tsung-Shann Jiang |  |  |  |
/s/ Chang-Jen Jiang |  | Director |  | May 16, 2025
Chang-Jen Jiang |  |  |  |
/s/ Yoshinobu Odaira |  | Director |  | May 16, 2025
Yoshinobu Odaira |  |  |  |
/s/ Che-Wei Hsu |  | Director |  | May 16, 2025
Che-Wei Hsu |  |  |  |
/s/ Yu-Min (Francis) Chung |  | Director |  | May 16, 2025
Yu-Min (Francis) Chung |  |  |  |

II-11

POS AM 2125 31649000 50000000 50000000 42857 BioFirst Corporation (the “BioFirst”): The Company holds an equity interest in BioFirst Corporation, accounting for its equity interest using the equity method to accounts for its equity investment as prescribed in ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (“ASC 323”). Equity method adjustments include the Company’s proportionate share of investee’s income or loss and other adjustments required by the equity method. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company owns 18.68% and 18.68% common stock shares of BioFirst, respectively. The Company made a prepayment for equity investment in BioFirst to purchase additional shares to be issued by BioFirst in the aggregate amount of $2,688,578, recorded as prepayment for long-term investments as of December 31, 2022. On July 19, 2023, the Company successfully completed the registration process for this investment. The initial prepayment was $1,895,556, which is a portion of the prepayment as of December 31, 2022, and was converted into 994,450 shares of BioFirst stock. As of December 31, 2024, the amount of prepayment for long-term investments in Biofirst is $1,124,842. Rgene Corporation (the “Rgene”) Both Rgene and the Company are under common control by Dr. Tsung-Shann Jiang, the CEO and chairman of the BioLite Inc. Since Dr. Tsung-Shann Jiang is able to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the Rgene, the Company determined to use the equity method to accounts for its equity investment as prescribed in ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (“ASC 323”). Equity method adjustments include the Company’s proportionate share of investee’s income or loss and other adjustments required by the equity method. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company owns 26.65% and 26.65% common stock shares of Rgene, respectively. BioLite Japan K.K. (BioLite JP) In October 2021, the Company, Lucidaim Co., Ltd., a Japanese corporation (“Lucidaim,” together with the Company, the “Shareholders”), and BioLite Japan K.K., a Japanese corporation (“BioLite JP”) entered into a Joint Venture Agreement. BioLite JP is a private limited company incorporated on December 18, 2018. The business of the joint venture is the research and development of drugs, medical device and digital media, investment, fund running and consulting, distribution and marketing of supplements carried on by BioLite JP and its subsidiaries in Japan, or any other territory or businesses. At the date of the Agreement, BioLite JP has 10,000 ordinary shares authorized, with 3,049 ordinary shares issued and outstanding (the “Ordinary Shares”). Pursuant to the Agreement and the related share transfer agreement, Lucidaim shall own 1,555 Ordinary Shares (51%) and the Company shall own 1,494 Ordinary Shares (49%). The Company paid $150,000 towards the setup of the joint venture; BioLite Japan’s other shareholder also paid $150,000 after the Letter of Intent was signed. This prepayment is booked in prepayment for investment. As of December 31, 2024, the Company evaluated the investee’s business and financial conditions and determined to fully impair such prepayment. ForSeeCon Eye Corporation (FEYE) FEYE is a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands, focusing on the field of diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders, with its main product of Vitargus. The Company granted FEYE certain licensed products in exchange of FEYE ownership. See Note 4 for detail of such transactions. OncoX BioPharma, Inc. (OncoX) OncoX is a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands, focusing on oncology trials and drug development across Asia-Pacific. The Company granted OncoX certain licensed products in exchange of OncoX’s ownership. See Note 4 for detail of such transactions. P400000Y 20000 20000 31649000 50000000000000 50000000000000 42857 50 BioFirst Corporation (the “BioFirst”): The Company holds an equity interest in BioFirst Corporation, accounting for its equity interest using the equity method to accounts for its equity investment as prescribed in ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (“ASC 323”). Equity method adjustments include the Company’s proportionate share of investee’s income or loss and other adjustments required by the equity method. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company owns 18.68% and 18.68% common stock shares of BioFirst, respectively. The Company made a prepayment for equity investment in BioFirst to purchase additional shares to be issued by BioFirst in the aggregate amount of $2,688,578, recorded as prepayment for long-term investments as of December 31, 2022. On July 19, 2023, the Company successfully completed the registration process for this investment. The initial prepayment was $1,895,556, which is a portion of the prepayment as of December 31, 2022, and was converted into 994,450 shares of BioFirst stock. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amount of prepayment for long-term investments in Biofirst is both $1,124,842. Rgene Corporation (the “Rgene”) As described in Note 4, the Company acquired 26.65% of Rgene’s outstanding common shares since 2018 through multiple collaborative agreements, and has been accounting this equity investment with equity method as prescribed in ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (“ASC 323”). Equity method adjustments include the Company’s proportionate share of investee’s income or loss and other adjustments required by the equity method. Further, as disclosed in Note 10 Related Party Transactions, the Company entered a convertible loan agreement with Rgene in 2022 and has been working with Rgene to obtain approval for the Company to exercise the conversion from Department of Investment Review in Taiwan, a government agency reviews foreign investors conducting investment in Taiwan. In May 2024, the conversion request for the conversion was approved but the Company was not informed by Rgene until April 2025. The Company determined that the impact to the financial statements is immaterial and assumed the conversion was incurred on January 1, 2025. 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