<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001171843-23-000227.txt : 20230112
<SEC-HEADER>0001171843-23-000227.hdr.sgml : 20230112
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20230112080145
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001171843-23-000227
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		14
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20230112
ITEM INFORMATION:		Results of Operations and Financial Condition
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20230112
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20230112

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			NORTHERN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORP
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000875582
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	COATING, ENGRAVING & ALLIED SERVICES [3470]
		IRS NUMBER:				410857886
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			0831

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-11038
		FILM NUMBER:		23524959

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		4201 WOODLAND ROAD
		STREET 2:		PO BOX 69
		CITY:			CIRCLE PINES
		STATE:			MN
		ZIP:			55014
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(763) 225-6601

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		4201 WOODLAND ROAD
		STREET 2:		PO BOX 69
		CITY:			CIRCLE PINES
		STATE:			MN
		ZIP:			55014

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	NORTHERN INSTRUMENTS CORP
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19930328
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>8-K
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>f8k_011123.htm
<DESCRIPTION>FORM 8-K
<TEXT>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:xbrldi="http://xbrl.org/2006/xbrldi" xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" xmlns:iso4217="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/iso4217" xmlns:ix="http://www.xbrl.org/2013/inlineXBRL" xmlns:ixt="http://www.xbrl.org/inlineXBRL/transformation/2015-02-26" xmlns:ixt-sec="http://www.sec.gov/inlineXBRL/transformation/2015-08-31" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:dei="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021" xmlns:ref="http://www.xbrl.org/2006/ref" xmlns:us-gaap="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2021-01-31" xmlns:us-roles="http://fasb.org/us-roles/2021-01-31" xmlns:country="http://xbrl.sec.gov/country/2021" xmlns:srt="http://fasb.org/srt/2021-01-31"><head><title>Form 8-K</title></head><body style="font-size: 10pt"><div style="display: none;"><ix:header><ix:hidden><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityCentralIndexKey" contextRef="Form8K">0000875582</ix:nonNumeric> <ix:nonNumeric format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:AmendmentFlag" contextRef="Form8K">False</ix:nonNumeric></ix:hidden><ix:references> <link:schemaRef xlink:href="gnw-20190101.xsd" xlink:type="simple"></link:schemaRef> </ix:references> <ix:resources> <xbrli:context id="Form8K"> <xbrli:entity> <xbrli:identifier scheme="http://www.sec.gov/CIK">0000875582</xbrli:identifier> </xbrli:entity> <xbrli:period> <xbrli:startDate>2023-01-12</xbrli:startDate> <xbrli:endDate>2023-01-12</xbrli:endDate> </xbrli:period> </xbrli:context> <xbrli:unit id="USD"> <xbrli:measure>iso4217:USD</xbrli:measure> </xbrli:unit> <xbrli:unit id="Shares"> <xbrli:measure>xbrli:shares</xbrli:measure> </xbrli:unit> <xbrli:unit id="USDPShares"> <xbrli:divide> <xbrli:unitNumerator> <xbrli:measure>iso4217:USD</xbrli:measure> </xbrli:unitNumerator> <xbrli:unitDenominator> <xbrli:measure>xbrli:shares</xbrli:measure> </xbrli:unitDenominator> </xbrli:divide> </xbrli:unit> </ix:resources></ix:header></div><div style="margin-top: 3pt; 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margin-bottom: 0pt; border-bottom: Black 4pt solid;">&#160;</div><div style="page-break-before: always; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">&#160;</div><!-- 8-K Items --><div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>Item 2.02. Results of Operations and Financial Condition.</strong></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><p>On January 12, 2023, Northern Technologies International Corporation (&#8220;NTIC&#8221;) announced its consolidated financial results for the first fiscal quarter ended November 30, 2022. A copy of the press release is attached as Exhibit 99.1 to this current report on Form 8-K and the information set forth therein is incorporated herein by reference and constitutes a part of this report.</p><p>The information contained in Item 2.02 of this report and Exhibit 99.1 to this report shall not be deemed to be &#8220;filed&#8221; for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &#8220;Exchange Act&#8221;), and shall not be incorporated by reference into any filings made by NTIC under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except as may be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.</p></div></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>Item 9.01. Financial Statements and Exhibits.</strong></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><p>(d) <em>Exhibits</em>.</p><table style="font-size: 10pt;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;" valign="bottom">Exhibit No.</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; width: 20px;">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; text-align: center;" valign="bottom">Description</td></tr><tr><td style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; width: 20px;">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="exh_991.htm">99.1</a></td><td style="font-size: 10pt; width: 20px;">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="exh_991.htm">Press Release issued January 12, 2023 (furnished herewith)</a></td></tr><tr><td style="font-size: 10pt;">104</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; width: 20px;">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt;">The Cover Page from this Current Report on Form 8-K, Formatted in Inline XBRL (filed herewith)</td></tr></table></div></div></div><div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; border-bottom: Black 4pt solid;">&#160;</div><div style="page-break-before: always; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">&#160;</div><!-- Signatures --><p style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">SIGNATURE</p><p style="font-size: 10pt;">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</p><table style="width: 100%;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td>&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;" colspan="2">NORTHERN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="width: 49%;">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%;">&#160;</td><td style="width: 49%;">&#160;</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="font-size: 10pt;">Date: January 12, 2023</td><td style="font-size: 10pt;">By:&#160;</td><td style="text-decoration: underline; font-size: 10pt;">/s/ Matthew C. Wolsfeld&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt;">Matthew C. Wolsfeld</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt;">Chief Financial Officer</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt;"></td></tr></table><!-- Exhibit Index --><div></div><!-- (763) 225-6600 Form 8-KJanuary 12, 2023 --><p>&#160;</p></body></html>
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<FILENAME>exh_991.htm
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"><html lang="en-US"><head><title>EdgarFiling</title><meta content="text/html; charset=windows-1252" ><meta name="GENERATOR" content="MSHTML 8.00.7601.18094" ></head><body bgcolor="#ffffff"><p style="text-align: right;"><strong>EXHIBIT 99.1</strong></p><p style="text-align: center;"><font style="font-size: 14pt;"><strong>Northern Technologies International Corporation Reports Financial Results for First Quarter Fiscal 2023</strong></font></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong></strong></p><p>
   <p align="left">MINNEAPOLIS, Jan.  12, 2023  (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Northern Technologies International Corporation (NASDAQ: NTIC), a leading developer of corrosion inhibiting products and services, as well as bio-based and biodegradable polymer resin compounds, today reported its financial results for the first quarter of fiscal 2023.<br ></p>    <p>First quarter fiscal 2023 financial and operating highlights include (with growth rates on a fiscal quarter year-over-year basis):</p>    <ul type="disc"><li>Consolidated net sales increased 9.7% to a first quarter record of $19,953,000</li><li>ZERUST<sup>&#174;</sup> net sales increased 6.6% to $15,370,000</li><li>ZERUST<sup>&#174;</sup> Oil &amp; Gas net sales increased 66.9% to $1,622,000</li><li>NTIC China net sales decreased 7.7% to $3,747,000</li><li>Natur-Tec<sup>&#174;</sup> product net sales increased 21.6% to $4,583,000</li><li>Joint venture operating income decreased 10.0% to $2,371,000</li><li>Net income attributable to NTIC decreased to $502,000, or $0.05 per diluted share, compared to $4,494,000, or $0.46 per diluted share; non-GAAP adjusted net income, excluding the gain on the acquisition of the remaining ownership interest ZERUST<sup>&#174;</sup> India and other adjustments as set forth in the reconciliation below, was $608,000, or $0.06 per diluted share, compared to $781,000, or $0.08 per diluted share</li><li>Consolidated balance sheet as of November 30, 2022 was strong, with net cash and cash equivalents of $6,072,000</li></ul>    <p>&#8220;Demand continues to be stable from new and existing customers in North America for our ZERUST<sup>&#174;</sup> Industrial products and services, while strengthening for our Natur-Tec and ZERUST<sup>&#174;</sup> Oil &amp; Gas products both in the U.S. and abroad. As the world continues to reopen from COVID-19, we are building new customer relationships and enjoying strong global demand for our leading compostable plastic solutions. Additionally, the expanding adoption of our solutions within the oil and gas industry is supporting larger opportunities for our ZERUST<sup>&#174;</sup> Oil &amp; Gas products and technologies. Despite a more challenging operating environment across several of our ZERUST<sup>&#174;</sup> Industrial joint ventures, we expect to achieve record Natur-Tec and Zerust Oil &amp; Gas sales in fiscal 2023,&#8221; said G. Patrick Lynch, President and Chief Executive Officer of NTIC.</p>    <p>&#8220;We continue to focus on controlling operating expenses, enhancing gross margins and, thereby, improving overall profitability. Consequently, we expect our annualized profitability to improve for fiscal 2023 compared to fiscal 2022,&#8221; concluded Mr. Lynch.&#160;&#160;&#160;</p>    <p>NTIC&#8217;s consolidated net sales increased 9.7% to $19,953,000 during the three months ended November 30, 2022, compared to $18,193,000 for the three months ended November 30, 2021. The year-over-year increase in consolidated net sales was primarily due to sales growth within the Company&#8217;s ZERUST<sup>&#174;</sup> Industrial, ZERUST<sup>&#174;</sup> Oil &amp; Gas, and Natur-Tec product categories, as a result of higher global demand, as well as targeted price increases on certain products.</p>    <p>The following tables set forth NTIC&#8217;s net sales by product category for the three months ended November 30, 2022 and November 30, 2021, by segment:</p>  <table style="width:100%; border-collapse:collapse !important;;border-collapse: collapse; "><tr><td style="vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: solid black 1pt ; text-align: center ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; "><strong>Three Months Ended</strong></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1pt ; text-align: center ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; "><strong>November 30,&#160;<br ></strong><strong>2022</strong><strong><br ></strong></td><td style="text-align: center ; 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This decrease was attributable to a corresponding reduction in total net sales of the joint ventures as fees for services provided to joint ventures are primarily a function of the net sales of NTIC&#8217;s joint ventures, which decreased 8.5% to $24,730,000 during the three months ended November 30, 2022, compared to $27,023,000 for the three months ended November 30, 2021.</p>    <p>Operating expenses, as a percent of net sales, for the first quarter of fiscal 2023 were 39.6%, compared to 38.9% for the same period last fiscal year. This slight decline in operating leverage was due to increased personnel expenses and expenses incurred during the current fiscal year period in connection with the startup of a new indirect, majority owned subsidiary, formed to assume control in Taiwan after our long-standing joint venture partner there passed away unexpectedly during the height of the pandemic last year.&#160;&#160; On a dollar basis, first quarter fiscal 2023 operating expenses were $7,895,000, compared to $7,070,000 for the same period last fiscal year.</p>    <p>The Company reported net income attributable to NTIC for the first quarter of fiscal 2023 of $502,000, or $0.05 per diluted share, compared to net income of $4,494,000, or $0.46 per diluted share for the same period last fiscal year. NTIC&#8217;s non-GAAP adjusted net income, excluding a gain of $3,952,000 relating to the acquisition of the remaining ownership interest of ZERUST<sup>&#174; </sup>India and other adjustments as set forth in the GAAP reconciliation at the end of this release, was $608,000, or $0.06 per diluted share, for the first quarter of fiscal 2023 compared to $781,000, or $0.08 per diluted share, for the same quarter last fiscal year.</p>    <p>NTIC&#8217;s consolidated balance sheet remains strong, with working capital of $25,409,000 as of November 30, 2022, including $6,066,000 in cash and cash equivalents, $6,000 in available for sale securities, and outstanding revolving line of credit balance of $5,450,000, compared to $23,169,000 of working capital as of August 31, 2022, including $5,334,000 in cash and cash equivalents and $6,000 in available for sale securities, and an outstanding revolving line of credit balance of $5,900,000.&#160;&#160;</p>    <p>As of November 30, 2022, the Company had $20,332,000 of investments in joint ventures, of which $9,740,000, or 47.9%, is cash, with the remaining balance mostly made up of other working capital.</p>    <p><strong>Conference Call and Webcast</strong></p>    <p>NTIC will host a conference call today at 8:00 a.m. Central Time to review its results of operations for the first quarter of fiscal 2023 and its outlook, followed by a question-and-answer session. The conference call will be available to interested parties through a webcast. To join the live call and ask a question, a participant must register using the URL below.</p>    <p>https://register.vevent.com/register/BI33126f31ee8043bab7975d58c6a13bff</p>    <p>Once registered, the participant will receive a dial-in number and unique PIN number to access the call.</p>    <p>The audio-only webcast can be accessed at the following link: https://edge.media-server.com/mmc/p/27wsadqy. A link to the webcast is also available on the Investor Relations section of NTIC&#8217;s webpage. Participants are advised to go to the website at least 15 minutes early to register, download and install any necessary audio software. For those unable to participate in the live webcast, a replay of the webcast will be archived and accessible for approximately one year on the Investor Relations section of NTIC&#8217;s webpage.</p>    <p><strong>About Northern Technologies International Corporation</strong>&#160;&#160;</p>    <p>Northern Technologies International Corporation develops and markets proprietary, environmentally beneficial products and services in over 60 countries either directly or via a network of subsidiaries, joint ventures, independent distributors and agents. NTIC&#8217;s primary business is corrosion prevention marketed mainly under the ZERUST<sup>&#174;</sup> brand. NTIC has been selling its proprietary ZERUST<sup>&#174;</sup> rust and corrosion inhibiting products and services to the automotive, electronics, electrical, mechanical, military and retail consumer markets for almost 50 years and more recently has also expanded into the oil and gas industry. NTIC offers worldwide on-site technical consulting for rust and corrosion prevention issues. NTIC&#8217;s technical service consultants work directly with the end users of NTIC&#8217;s products to analyze their specific needs and develop systems to meet their technical requirements. NTIC also markets and sells a portfolio of bio-based and biodegradable polymer resin compounds and finished products marketed under the Natur-Tec<sup>&#174;</sup> brand.</p>    <p><strong>Forward-Looking Statements</strong>&#160;&#160;</p>    <p align="justify"><em>Statements contained in this release that are not historical information are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements include NTIC&#8217;s belief that positive market momentum will continue to be favorable in fiscal 2023 resulting in NTIC&#8217;s expectation to achieve record Natur-Tec and ZERUST</em><sup><strong>&#174;</strong></sup> <em>Oil &amp; Gas sales and that annual profitability will improve in fiscal 2023 as NTIC continues to focus on rebuilding its margins, and other statements that can be identified by words such as &#8220;believes,&#8221; &#8220;continues,&#8221; &#8220;expects,&#8221; &#8220;anticipates,&#8221; &#8220;intends,&#8221; &#8220;potential,&#8221; &#8220;outlook,&#8221; &#8220;will,&#8221; &#8220;may,&#8221; &#8220;would,&#8221; &#8220;should,&#8221; &#8220;guidance&#8221; or words of similar meaning, and the use of future dates. Such forward-looking statements are based upon the current beliefs and expectations of NTIC&#8217;s management and are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected or implied. Such potential risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, in no particular order: the health of the U.S. and worldwide economies, including in particular the U.S. automotive industry; the effect of economic uncertainty and trade disputes; the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on NTIC&#8217;s business and operating results; the effect of inflation, an economic slowdown and possible recession and political unrest, including the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine; the effects of supply chain and shipping issues on NTIC&#8217;s business and operating results; NTIC&#8217;s dependence on its joint ventures, including in particular in Germany, its relationships with its joint venture partners and the success of its joint ventures, including fees and dividend distributions that NTIC receives from them; risks associated with NTIC&#8217;s international operations, including its NTIC China operations, its acquisition of the remaining 50% ownership interest in ZERUST</em><sup><strong>&#174;</strong></sup> <em>India, NTIC&#8217;s exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and tariffs; the level of growth in NTIC&#8217;s markets; NTIC&#8217;s investments in research and development efforts; acceptance of existing and new products; timing of NTIC&#8217;s receipt of purchase orders under supply contracts; variability in sales to customers in the oil and gas industry and the effect on NTIC&#8217;s quarterly financial results; increased competition; the costs and effects of complying with changes in tax, fiscal, government and other regulatory policies, and rules relating to environmental, health and safety matters; pending and potential litigation; and NTIC&#8217;s reliance on its intellectual property rights and the absence of infringement of the intellectual property rights of others. More detailed information on these and additional factors which could affect NTIC&#8217;s operating and financial results is described in the Company&#8217;s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including its annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2022 and subsequent quarterly report on Form 10-Q to be filed shortly with the SEC. NTIC urges all interested parties to read these reports to gain a better understanding of the many business and other risks that the Company faces. Additionally, NTIC undertakes no obligation to publicly release the results of any revisions to these forward-looking statements, which may be made to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date hereof or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.</em></p>    <p align="justify"><strong>Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures</strong></p>    <p align="justify"><em>In addition to the financial measures prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), this press release contains certain non-GAAP financial measures, including adjusted net income attributable to NTIC and adjusted net income attributable to NTIC per diluted share. The reasons for the use of these measures, reconciliations of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures and other information relating to these measures are included below following the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. Non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for NTIC&#8217;s financial results prepared in accordance with GAAP.</em></p>    <p align="left"><strong>NORTHERN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES&#160;<br ></strong><strong>CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF NOVEMBER 30</strong><strong>, 2022 (UNAUDITED) AND&#160;<br ></strong><strong>AUGUST 31, 2022 (AUDITED)</strong><strong>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</strong></p>  <table style="width:100%; 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vertical-align: bottom ; ">86,193,953</td><td style="border-top: solid black 1pt ; border-bottom: double black 3pt ; padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: justify ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: justify ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-top: double black 3pt ; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-top: double black 3pt ; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-top: double black 3pt ; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-top: double black 3pt ; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-top: double black 3pt ; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-top: double black 3pt ; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: justify ; 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vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-top: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">63,595,262</td><td style="border-top: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="vertical-align: middle;   text-align: left;   padding-left: 10.0px; vertical-align: bottom ; ">Non-controlling interests</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1pt ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">3,707,259</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right ; 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text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">1,258,858</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: middle;   text-align: left;   padding-left: 30.0px; vertical-align: bottom ; ">Total joint venture operations</td><td style="border-top: solid black 1pt ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-top: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">2,371,209</td><td style="border-top: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-top: solid black 1pt ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ; 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">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: middle;   text-align: left;   padding-left: 20.0px; vertical-align: bottom ; ">Selling expenses</td><td style="padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">3,507,434</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">3,237,758</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: middle;   text-align: left;   padding-left: 20.0px; vertical-align: bottom ; ">General and administrative expenses</td><td style="padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">3,130,599</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">2,596,347</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: middle;   text-align: left;   padding-left: 20.0px; vertical-align: bottom ; ">Research and development expenses</td><td style="padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">1,256,724</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">1,235,821</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: middle; 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">&#160;</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">1,266,611</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td colspan="3" style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: bottom ; ">REMEASUREMENT GAIN ON ACQUISITION OF EQUITY METHOD INVESTEE</td><td style="padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; "><br ><br >&#8212;</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; 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">&#160;</td><td style="padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">10,943</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: bottom ; ">INTEREST EXPENSE</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1pt ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">(91,331</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">)</td><td style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1pt ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">(2,891</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">)</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: bottom ; ">INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAX EXPENSE</td><td style="border-top: solid black 1pt ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-top: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">744,413</td><td style="border-top: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-top: solid black 1pt ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-top: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">5,226,213</td><td style="border-top: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td colspan="3" style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: bottom ; ">INCOME TAX EXPENSE</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1pt ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">110,733</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1pt ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">504,380</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1pt ; padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: bottom ; ">NET INCOME</td><td style="padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">633,680</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; padding-right: 0 ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">4,721,833</td><td style="padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td colspan="3" style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: bottom ; 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padding-left: 0 ; text-align: left ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td colspan="3" style="border-top: double black 3pt ; text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td colspan="3" style="border-top: double black 3pt ; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: bottom ; ">NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO NTIC PER COMMON SHARE:</td><td colspan="3" style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right ;  vertical-align: middle; vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align: bottom ; ">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: middle;   text-align: left;   padding-left: 20.0px; vertical-align: bottom ; ">Basic</td><td style="padding-right: 0 ; border-bottom: double black 3pt ; 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</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>gnw-20190101_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL LABEL FILE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" standalone="no"?>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>gnw-20190101_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL PRESENTATION FILE
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.4</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139851301686528">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jan. 12, 2023</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Jan. 12,  2023<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-11038<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NORTHERN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000875582<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">41-0857886<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">4201 Woodland RoadP.O. Box 69<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Circle Pines<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">MN<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">55014<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">763<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">225-6600<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common stock, par value $0.02 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">NTIC<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
