<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001171843-23-007215.txt : 20231121
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ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001171843-23-007215
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		12
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20231117
ITEM INFORMATION:		Results of Operations and Financial Condition
ITEM INFORMATION:		Non-Reliance on Previously Issued Financial Statements or a Related Audit Report or Completed Interim Review
FILED AS OF DATE:		20231121
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20231121

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			NORTHERN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORP
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000875582
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	COATING, ENGRAVING & ALLIED SERVICES [3470]
		IRS NUMBER:				410857886
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			0831

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-11038
		FILM NUMBER:		231424533

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		4201 WOODLAND ROAD
		STREET 2:		PO BOX 69
		CITY:			CIRCLE PINES
		STATE:			MN
		ZIP:			55014
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(763) 225-6601

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		4201 WOODLAND ROAD
		STREET 2:		PO BOX 69
		CITY:			CIRCLE PINES
		STATE:			MN
		ZIP:			55014

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	NORTHERN INSTRUMENTS CORP
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19930328
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<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center"><b>UNITED STATES</b></p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center"><b>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</b></p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center"><span style="text-transform: none"><b>Washington,
D.C. 20549</b></span></p>

<p style="margin: 0 0 6pt; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center">__________________</p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 18pt; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center"><b>FORM <span id="xdx_90A_edei--DocumentType_c20231117__20231117_zQmj1bRF9Jya"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2023-11-17" name="dei:DocumentType">8-K</ix:nonNumeric></span></b></p>

<p style="margin: 6pt 0 0; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center"><b>CURRENT REPORT</b></p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><b>Pursuant to Section 13 OR 15(d) of The Securities Exchange Act of 1934</b></p>

<p style="margin: 0 0 12pt; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center">__________________</p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported): <b><span id="xdx_90D_edei--DocumentPeriodEndDate_c20231117__20231117_zsjmZT01WNI8"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2023-11-17" format="ixt:datemonthdayyearen" name="dei:DocumentPeriodEndDate">November 17, 2023</ix:nonNumeric></span></b></p>

<p style="margin: 0 0 12pt; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center">___________________</p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 18pt; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center"><b><span id="xdx_904_edei--EntityRegistrantName_c20231117__20231117_zroxGcWiWcc4"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2023-11-17" name="dei:EntityRegistrantName">NORTHERN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION</ix:nonNumeric></span></b></p>

<p style="margin: 0 0 6pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)</p>

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    <p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">(State or other jurisdiction</p>
    <p style="margin: 0 0 6pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">of incorporation)</p></td>
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    <p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">(Commission</p>
    <p style="margin: 0 0 6pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">File Number)</p></td>
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    <p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">(I.R.S. Employer</p>
    <p style="margin: 0 0 6pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">Identification No.)</p></td></tr>
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    <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 10pt">(Zip Code)</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="width: 35%">&#160;</td>
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<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center"><b><span id="xdx_907_edei--CityAreaCode_c20231117__20231117_zQsCOhlcYgU4"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2023-11-17" name="dei:CityAreaCode">(763)</ix:nonNumeric></span> <span id="xdx_903_edei--LocalPhoneNumber_c20231117__20231117_zyPwLacoUJ7d"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2023-11-17" name="dei:LocalPhoneNumber">225-6600</ix:nonNumeric></span></b></p>

<p style="margin: 0 0 9pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">(Registrant&#8217;s telephone number, including area code)</p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><b>Not Applicable</b></p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">(Former name or former address, if changed since last report.)</p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously
satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:</p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 12pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">
<span id="xdx_90D_edei--WrittenCommunications_c20231117__20231117_zHX0XnPMehtf"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2023-11-17" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:WrittenCommunications">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span> Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</span></p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 12pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">
<span id="xdx_907_edei--SolicitingMaterial_c20231117__20231117_z5RUCJZc5gY9"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2023-11-17" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:SolicitingMaterial">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span> Soliciting
material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</span></p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 12pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt">
<span id="xdx_90D_edei--PreCommencementTenderOffer_c20231117__20231117_zCU4RSN2qNFd"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2023-11-17" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span> Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</span></p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 12pt"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_905_edei--PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_c20231117__20231117_zQoZR69WGOq5"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2023-11-17" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span>
Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c)) </span></p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

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    <td style="border-top: Black 1pt solid; width: 20%; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Trading Symbol(s)</span></td>
    <td style="border-top: Black 1pt solid; width: 38%; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Name of each exchange on which registered</span></td></tr>
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<p style="margin: 6pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company
as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (&#167;230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
(&#167;240.12b-2 of this chapter).</p>

<p style="margin: 0 0 6pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Emerging growth company <span id="xdx_90F_edei--EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_c20231117__20231117_zhtfNiIImXxe"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2023-11-17" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt"></span></p>

<p style="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-size: 10pt">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant
has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant
to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt">&#9744;</span></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 7in">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 7in"></p>

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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 7in"></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0"></td><td style="width: 1in"><b>Item 2.02</b></td><td><b>Results of Operations and Financial Condition.</b></td></tr></table>

<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in">The information appearing below under Item 4.02 is incorporated herein by
reference.</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0"></td><td style="width: 1in"><b>Item 4.02</b></td><td><b>Non-Reliance on Previously Issued Financial Statements or a Related Audit Report or Completed Interim Review.</b></td></tr></table>

<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(a)&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;On
November 17, 2023, the management and Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of Northern Technologies International Corporation (the
&#8220;Company&#8221; or &#8220;NTIC&#8221;) determined that the Company&#8217;s consolidated financial statements for the three and six
months ended February 28, 2023 and three and nine months ended May 31, 2023 require restatement to correct the accounting treatment of
employee retention credits (&#8220;ERCs&#8221;), and disclosures, which ERCs were incorrectly recognized as income during such periods.
The change will result in a decrease to net income attributable to NTIC of $474,000 and $466,000 during the three months ended February
28, 2023 and May 31, 2023, respectively, compared to the same prior year periods. The change to net income attributable to NTIC includes
the effect of the adjustment on the management bonus accrual. In the course of preparing the Company&#8217;s consolidated financial statements
for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023, the Company determined that although the Company believes the collection of the ERCs are still
&#8220;more likely than not,&#8221; the Company is not able to deem the receipt of the ERCs &#8220;probable&#8221; under U.S. generally
accepted accounting practices (&#8220;U.S. GAAP&#8221;), therefore, requiring the restatement of the Company&#8217;s previously issued
consolidated financial statements for the three and six months ended February 28, 2023 and three and nine months ended May 31, 2023 and
amendments to the Company&#8217;s related previously filed quarterly reports on Form 10-Q.</p>


<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus
Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (&#8220;CARES Act&#8221;) was signed into law providing numerous tax provisions and other stimulus
measures, including ERCs, which are refundable tax credits against certain employment taxes. The Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief
Act of 2020 and the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 extended and expanded the availability of ERCs.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company engaged tax advisors
of a Big 4 accounting firm which determined the Company qualified for ERCs. <span style="font-size: 10pt">The Company qualified for ERCs
based on qualified wages paid in the first and second quarters of 2021 and filed for and recognized $573,751 and $566,006, respectively,
of income from the ERCs in the second and third quarters of fiscal 2023. In connection with the preparation of its consolidated financial
statements for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023, the Company concluded that it should have accounted for the ERCs as government grants
in accordance with International Accounting Standard (IAS) 20, Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance
(&#8220;IAS 20&#8221;) since U.S. GAAP does not provide for the accounting of government grants. Pursuant to IAS 20, the Company cannot
recognize any income from the grant until it is &#8220;reasonably assured&#8221; (similar to the &#8220;probable&#8221; threshold in U.S.
GAAP) that the grant conditions will be met and that the grant will be received, at which time grant income is recorded on a systematic
basis over the periods in which the Company recognizes the payroll expenses for which the grant is intended to compensate. In connection
with the preparation of the Company&#8217;s consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2023, the Company determined
that although it believes the collection of the ERCs are still &#8220;more likely than not,&#8221; the Company is not able to deem the
credits &#8220;probable,&#8221; and, therefore, cannot be reasonably assured that the grant conditions will be met, requiring the restatement
of the Company&#8217;s previously issued consolidated financial statements for the three and six months ended February 28, 2023 and three
and nine months ended May 31, 2023.</span></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As a result of the foregoing,
the Company&#8217;s management and the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors concluded that the Company&#8217;s previously issued
consolidated financial statements for the three and six months ended February 28, 2023, which are included in the Company&#8217;s quarterly
report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended February 28, 2023 (the &#8220;Second Quarter Form 10-Q&#8221;), and previously issued
consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2023, which are included in the Company&#8217;s quarterly
report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended May 31, 2023 (the &#8220;Third Quarter Form 10-Q&#8221;), which were filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission (&#8220;SEC&#8221;) on April 13, 2023 and July 13, 2023, respectively, should not be relied upon with
respect to the matters described herein. The Company intends to file amendments to its Second Quarter Form 10-Q and its Third Quarter
Form 10-Q with the SEC to correct the accounting treatment of the ERCs and related impacts and disclosures.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Audit Committee of the
Board of Directors and management of the Company have discussed the matters disclosed in this current report on Form 8-K with the Company&#8217;s
independent registered public accounting firm, Baker Tilly US, LLP.</p>
<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The following tables summarize the effects of the restatements
on select consolidated statements of operations, balance sheet and cash flow amounts as reported as of and for the periods stated and
are unaudited:</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"><i>Consolidated Balance Sheet:</i></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"></p>

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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"><i>Consolidated Statements of Operations:</i></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"><i>Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income:</i></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
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    <td style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"></p>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 3 -->
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"><i>Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:</i></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
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    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(388,221</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(100,000</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(488,221</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"><i>&#160;</i></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"><i>Consolidated Balance Sheet:</i></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
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    <td style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(1,139,757</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">87,313,423</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">86,173,666</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(939,757</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">65,457,430</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">69,930,948</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(939,757</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">68,991,191</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">87,313,423</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(1,139,757</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td>
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"><i>Consolidated Statements of Operations:</i></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"><i></i></p>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 4 -->
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"><i>Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income:</i></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td>
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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    <td style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td>
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"><i>Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:</i></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(209,459</td><td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td>
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In connection with its evaluation of the restatements
described above, management of the Company has concluded that a material weakness in the Company&#8217;s internal control over financial
reporting existed as of February 28, 2023 and May 31, 2023. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in
internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim
financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.&#160;The Company did not maintain effective controls over the
probability assessment associated with the recognition of income related to the ERCs.</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company&#8217;s management
is taking steps to remediate the material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting relating to the probability assessment
associated with the recognition of income related to ERCs. These steps will include the preparation of a technical accounting memorandum
for any material unusual transactions including careful evaluation of any probability assessments or other areas of judgment involved,
such as the ERCs, to determine the correct accounting treatment for such transactions. Management believes the additional control procedures
designed, and when implemented, will fully remediate the material weakness.</p>


<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company intends to promptly file an amendment to
the Second Quarter Form 10-Q containing restated consolidated financial statements for the three and six months ended February 28, 2023
and an amendment to the Third Quarter Form 10-Q containing restated consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended
May 31, 2023.</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><b>Forward-Looking Statements</b></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This current report on Form
8-K contains not only historical information, but also forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities
Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These forward-looking statements are subject
to the safe harbor created by those sections. Such statements include the Company&#8217;s ability to remediate the material weakness in
its internal control over financial reporting, the Company&#8217;s intention to file amendments to its Second Quarter Form 10-Q and its
Third Quarter Form 10-Q, and other statements that can be identified by words such as &#8220;believes,&#8221; &#8220;continues,&#8221;
&#8220;expects,&#8221; &#8220;anticipates,&#8221; &#8220;intends,&#8221; &#8220;potential,&#8221; &#8220;outlook,&#8221; &#8220;will,&#8221;
&#8220;may,&#8221; &#8220;would,&#8221; &#8220;should,&#8221; &#8220;guidance&#8221; or words of similar meaning, and the use of future
dates. Such forward-looking statements are based upon the current beliefs and expectations of the Company&#8217;s management and are inherently
subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected or implied. Such potential
risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, in no particular order: the risk that the material weakness will not be remediated
effectively or on a timely basis or that additional material weaknesses will occur in the future; the health of the U.S. and worldwide
economies, including in particular the U.S. automotive industry and its evolution towards electric vehicles; the effect of economic uncertainty,
recessionary indicators, inflation, increased interest rates and turmoil in the global credit, financial and banking markets or perception
thereof; the effect of supply chain disruptions; the effect of COVID-19; dependence on joint ventures, relationships with joint venture
partners and their success, including fees and dividend distributions; risks associated with international operations, exposure to exchange
rate fluctuations, tariffs and trade disputes; the effect of economic slowdown and political unrest, including the Russia and Ukraine
war and the Israel and Hamas conflict; the level of growth in the Company&#8217;s markets; its investments in research and development
efforts; acceptance of existing and new products; timing of purchase orders under supply contracts; variability in sales to oil and gas
customers and effect on quarterly financial results; increased competition; costs and effects of complying with changes in tax, fiscal,
government and other regulatory policies, and rules relating to environmental, health and safety matters; and its reliance on its intellectual
property rights and the absence of infringement of the intellectual property rights of others. More detailed information on these and
additional factors which could affect the Company&#8217;s operating and financial results is described in its filings with the Securities
and Exchange Commission, including its annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2022 and subsequent quarterly reports
on Form 10-Q, as amended if appropriate. The Company urges all interested parties to read these reports to gain a better understanding
of the many business and other risks that it faces. Additionally, the Company undertakes no obligation to publicly release the results
of any revisions to these forward-looking statements, which may be made to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date hereof
or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center"></p>

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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center"><b>SIGNATURES</b></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 10pt">
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 50%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify; width: 50%">NORTHERN TECHNOLOGIES&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify">INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Soliciting Material</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">No Trading Symbol Flag</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Trading Symbol</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(g) Security</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityReportingObligation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Reporting Obligation</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Audited Annual Financial Statements</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Voluntary Filers</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" xlink:label="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Current Reporting Status</link:label>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>ntic-20231117_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL PRESENTATION FILE
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139797959942720">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Nov. 17, 2023</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Nov. 17,  2023<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-11038<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NORTHERN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000875582<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">41-0857886<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">4201 Woodland Road<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2', window );">Entity Address, Address Line Two</a></td>
<td class="text">P.O. Box 69<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Circle Pines<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">MN<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">55014<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">(763)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">225-6600<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common stock, par value $0.02 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">NTIC<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
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<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
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<td>dei_</td>
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<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
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</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 2 such as Street or Suite number</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
