Note 21 – Fair value measurements

Determination of Fair Value

The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. In accordance with the Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures topic of FASB ASC, the fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company’s various financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.

The fair value guidance provides a consistent definition of fair value, which focuses on exit price in an orderly transaction (that is, not a forced liquidation or distressed sale) between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions. If there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset or liability, a change in valuation technique or the use of multiple valuation techniques may be appropriate. In such instances, determining the price at which willing market participants would transact at the measurement date under current market conditions depends on the facts and circumstances and requires the use of significant judgment. The fair value is a reasonable point within the range that is most representative of fair value under current market conditions.

Fair Value Hierarchy

In accordance with this guidance, the Company groups its financial assets and financial liabilities generally measured at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value.

Level 1 inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

Level 3 inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy:

Securities

Where quoted prices are available in an active market, securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities would include highly liquid government bonds, mortgage products and exchange traded equities. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, or discounted cash flow.

Note 21 – Fair value measurements (continued)

Level 2 securities would include U.S. agency securities, mortgage-backed agency securities, obligations of states and political subdivisions and certain corporate, asset backed and other securities. In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation, securities are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. Currently, all of the Company’s securities are considered to be Level 2 securities.

The following table summarizes the Company’s financial assets that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis during the period.


		Fair Value at December 31, 2016
Description	Balance as of December 31, 2016	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
U.S. Treasuries	$1,833	$	$1,833	$
U.S. agency obligations	13,113	-	13,113	-
Mortgage-backed securities	12,005	-	12,005	-
Municipals	9,947	-	9,947	-
Corporates	3,878	-	3,878	-

Total available-for-sale securities	$40,776	$ -	$40,776	$ -


		Fair Value at December 31, 2015
Description	Balance as of December 31, 2015	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
U.S. agency obligations	$18,810	$ -	$18,810	$ -
Mortgage-backed securities	10,647	-	10,647	-
Municipals	5,034	-	5,034	-
Corporates	1,505	-	1,505	-

Total available-for-sale securities	$35,996	$ -	$35,996	$ -

Note 21 – Fair value measurements (continued)

Loans held for sale

Loans held for sale are measured at lower of cost or fair value. Under ASC 820, market value is to represent fair value. Management obtains quotes or bids on all or part of these loans directly from the purchasing financial institutions. Premiums received or to be received on the quotes or bids are indicative of the fact that cost is lower than fair value. Because quotes and bids on loans held for sale are available in active markets, loans held for sale are considered to be Level 2.

Impaired loans

ASC 820 applies to loans measured for impairment at an observable market price (if available), or at the fair value of the loan’s collateral (if the loan is collateral dependent). Fair value of the loan’s collateral, when the loan is dependent on collateral, is determined by appraisals or independent valuation which is then adjusted for the cost related to liquidation of the collateral.

Loans are designated as impaired when, in the judgment of management based on current information and events, it is probable that all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement will not be collected when due. The measurement of loss associated with impaired loans can be based on either the observable market price of the loan or the fair value of the collateral. Fair value is measured based on the value of the collateral securing the loans. Collateral may be in the form of real estate or business assets including equipment, inventory, and accounts receivable. The vast majority of the collateral is real estate. The value of real estate collateral is determined utilizing an income or market valuation approach based on an appraisal conducted by an independent, licensed appraiser outside of the Bank using observable market data The value of business equipment is based upon an outside appraisal if deemed significant, or the net book value on the applicable business’s financial statements if not considered significant using observable market data. Likewise, values for inventory and accounts receivables collateral are based on financial statement balances or aging reports. Any fair value adjustments are recorded in the period incurred as provision for loan losses on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The carrying values of all impaired loans are considered to be Level 3.

Other Real Estate Owned

Certain assets such as other real estate owned (OREO) are measured at fair value less cost to sell. We believe that the fair value component in its valuation follows the provisions of ASC 820.

Real estate acquired through foreclosure is transferred to other real estate owned (“OREO”). The measurement of loss associated with OREO is based on the fair value of the collateral less anticipated selling costs compared to the unpaid loan balance. The value of OREO collateral is determined utilizing an income or market valuation approach based on an appraisal conducted by an independent, licensed appraiser outside of the Bank using observable market data.

Note 21 – Fair value measurements (continued)

Any fair value adjustments are recorded in the period incurred and expensed against current earnings. The carrying values of all OREO are considered to be Level 3.

The following table summarizes the Company’s impaired loans and OREO measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the period.


		Fair Value at December 31, 2016
Description	Balance as of December 31, 2016	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)

Impaired loans*	$2,830	$ -	$ -	$2,830

Loans held for sale	$3,833	$ -	$3,833	$ -

Other real estate	$2,370	$ -	$ -	$2,370

*Includes loans charged down to the net realizable value of the collateral.


		Fair Value at December 31, 2015
Description	Balance as of December 31, 2015	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)

Impaired loans*	$2,896	$ -	$ -	$2,896

Loans held for sale	$1,964	$ -	$1,964	$ -

Other real estate	$1,965	$ -	$ -	$1,965

*Includes loans charged down to the net realizable value of the collateral.

The following table sets forth information regarding the quantitative inputs used to value assets classified as Level 3:

Note 21 – Fair value measurements (continued)

	Quantitative information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements for December 31, 2016 (dollars in thousands)
	Fair Value	Valuation Technique(s)	Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted Average)
Impaired loans	$2,830	Discounted appraised value	Selling cost	5% - 10% (6%)
			Discount for lack of marketability and age of appraisal	0% - 25% (15%)
OREO	$2,370	Discounted appraised value	Selling cost	5% - 10% (6%)
			Discount for lack of marketability and age of appraisal	0% - 25% (15%)


	Quantitative information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements for December 31, 2015 (dollars in thousands)
	Fair Value	Valuation Technique(s)	Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted Average)
Impaired loans	$2,896	Discounted appraised value	Selling cost	5% - 10% (6%)
			Discount for lack of marketability and age of appraisal	0% - 45% (15%)
OREO	$1,965	Discounted appraised value	Selling cost	5% - 10% (6%)
			Discount for lack of marketability and age of appraisal	0% - 25% (15%)

Financial Instruments

Cash, cash equivalents and federal funds sold

The carrying amounts of cash and short-term instruments approximate fair values.

Securities

Fair values of securities, excluding restricted investments in Federal Reserve Bank stock, Federal Home Loan Bank stock, and Community Bankers’ Bank stock are based on quoted prices available in an active market. If quoted prices are available, these securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1

Note 21 – Fair value measurements (continued)

securities would include highly liquid government bonds, mortgage products and exchange traded equities. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, or discounted cash flow.

Restricted securities are classified as such because their ownership is restricted to certain types of entities and there is no established market for their resale. When the stock is repurchased, the shares are repurchased at the stock’s book value; therefore, the carrying amount of restricted securities approximate fair value. Restricted securities are considered to be Level 2.

Loans

For variable-rate loans that reprice frequently and with no significant change in credit risk, fair values are based on carrying values. Fair values for certain fixed rate loans are based on quoted market prices of similar loans adjusted for differences in loan characteristics. Fair values for other loans such as commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, using interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality. Fair values of impaired loans are estimated as described above. The carrying values of all loans are considered to be Level 3.

Loans held for sale are measured at the lower of cost or fair value. Fair values of loans held for sale are estimated as described above. The carrying values of all loans held for sale are considered to be Level 2.

Bank owned life insurance (BOLI)

The carrying amount approximates fair value. The carrying values of all BOLI is considered to be Level 2.

Deposits

Fair values disclosed for demand deposits (e.g., interest and noninterest checking, savings, and money market accounts) are, by definition, equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (i.e., their carrying amounts). Fair values for fixed rate certificates of deposit are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses that applies interest rates currently being offered on certificates to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities on time deposits. The carrying values of all deposits are considered to be Level 2.

FHLB borrowings

The fair value of FHLB borrowings is estimated using discounted cash flow analysis based on the rates currently offered for borrowings of similar remaining maturities and collateral requirements. The carrying values of all FHLB borrowings are considered to be Level 2.

Note 21 – Fair value measurements (continued)

Short-term borrowings

The carrying amounts of federal funds purchased, borrowings under repurchase agreements, and other short-term borrowings maturing within ninety days approximate fair value. The carrying values of all short term borrowings are considered to be Level 2.

Capital notes

Fair values of capital notes are based on market prices for debt securities having similar maturity and interest rate characteristics. The carrying values of all capital notes are considered to be Level 2.

Accrued interest

The carrying amounts of accrued interest approximate fair value. The carrying values of all accrued interest is considered to be Level 2.

Off-balance sheet credit-related instruments

Fair values for off-balance sheet, credit-related financial instruments are based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the counterparties’ credit standing. Fair value of off-balance sheet credit-related instruments were deemed to be immaterial at December 31, 2016 and 2015 and therefore are not included in the table below.

Note 21 – Fair value measurements (continued)

The estimated fair values, and related carrying or notional amounts, of Financial’s financial instruments are as follows:


		Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2016 using
		Quoted Prices	Significant
		in Active	Other	Significant
		Markets for	Observable	Unobservable
	Carrying	Identical Assets	Inputs	Inputs
Assets	Amounts	(Level 1)	(Level 2)	(Level 3)	Balance
Cash and due from banks	$16,938	$16,938	$ -	$ -	$16,938
Fed funds sold	11,745	11,745			11,745
Securities
Available-for-sale	40,776	-	40,776	-	40,776
Held-to-maturity	3,299	-	3,273	-	3,273
Restricted stock	1,373	-	1,373	-	1,373
Loans, net	464,353	-	-	468,393	468,393
Loans held for sale	3,833	-	3,833	-	3,833
Interest receivable	1,378	-	1,378	-	1,378
BOLI	12,673	-	12,673	-	12,673
Liabilities
Deposits	$523,112	$ -	$524,222	$ -	$524,222
Interest payable	88	-	88	-	88

		Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2015 using
	Carrying
Assets	Amounts	(Level 1)	(Level 2)	(Level 3)	Balance
Cash and due from banks	$15,952	$15,952	$ -	$ -	$15,952
Fed funds sold	12,703	12,703			12,703
Securities
Available-for-sale	35,996	-	35,996	-	35,996
Held-to-maturity	2,519	-	2,649	-	2,649
Restricted stock	1,313	-	1,313	-	1,313
Loans, net	430,445	-	-	438,322	438,322
Loans held for sale	1,964	-	1,964	-	1,964
Interest receivable	1,248	-	1,248	-	1,248
BOLI	9,781	-	9,781	-	9,781
Liabilities
Deposits	$467,610	$ -	$468,773	$ -	$468,773
Capital notes	10,000	-	10,024	-	10,024
Interest payable	61	-	61	-	61

Note 21 – Fair value measurements (continued)

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Bank’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Bank’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment, and therefore, cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Fair value estimates are based on existing on-balance-sheet and off-balance-sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. Significant assets that are not considered financial assets include deferred income taxes and bank premises and equipment; a significant liability that is not considered a financial liability is accrued post-retirement benefits. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimates.

Financial assumes interest rate risk (the risk that general interest rate levels will change) as a result of its normal operations. As a result, the fair values of Financial’s financial instruments will change when interest rate levels change, and that change may be either favorable or unfavorable to the Company. Management attempts to match maturities of assets and liabilities to the extent believed necessary to minimize interest rate risk. However, borrowers with fixed rate obligations are less likely to prepay in a rising rate environment and more likely to prepay in a falling rate environment. Conversely, depositors who are receiving fixed rates are more likely to withdraw funds before maturity in a rising rate environment and less likely to do so in a falling rate environment.

Management monitors rates and maturities of assets and liabilities and attempts to minimize interest rate risk by adjusting terms of new loans and deposits and by investing in securities with terms that mitigate the Company’s overall interest rate risk.