Note 5 – Fair Value Measurements

Determination of Fair Value

The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. In accordance with the Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures topic of FASB ASC, the fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company’s various financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.

The fair value guidance provides a consistent definition of fair value, which focuses on exit price in an orderly transaction (that is, not a forced liquidation or distressed sale) between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions. If there has been a significant decrease in the volume

Note 5 – Fair Value Measurements (continued)

and level of activity for the asset or liability, a change in valuation technique or the use of multiple valuation techniques may be appropriate. In such instances, determining the price at which willing market participants would transact at the measurement date under current market conditions depends on the facts and circumstances and requires the use of significant judgment. The fair value is a reasonable point within the range that is most representative of fair value under current market conditions.

Fair Value Hierarchy

In accordance with this guidance, the Company groups its financial assets and financial liabilities generally measured at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value.

Level 1 inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

Level 3 inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy:

Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Securities Available-for-Sale

Fair values of securities, excluding restricted investments in Federal Reserve Bank stock, Federal Home Loan Bank stock, and Community Bankers’ Bank stock are based on quoted prices available in an active market. If quoted prices are available, these securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities would include highly liquid government bonds, mortgage products and exchange traded equities. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, or discounted cash flow.

Level 2 securities would include U.S. agency securities, mortgage-backed agency securities, obligations of states and political subdivisions and certain corporate, asset backed and other securities. In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation, securities are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. Currently, all of the Company’s securities are considered to be Level 2 securities.

The following table summarizes the Company’s financial assets that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis during the period.

Note 5 – Fair Value Measurements (continued)


		Carrying Value at September 30, 2018 (in thousands)
Description	Balance as of September 30, 2018	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
US Treasuries	$1,780	$ -	$1,780	$ -
US agency obligations	22,712	-	22,712	-
Mortgage-backed securities	12,225	-	12,225	-
Municipals	11,851	-	11,851	-
Corporates	3,765	-	3,765	-

Total available-for-sale securities	$52,333	$ -	$52,333	$ -
		Carrying Value at December 31, 2017 (in thousands)
Description	Balance as of December 31, 2017	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
US Treasuries	$1,858	$	$1,858	$
US agency obligations	23,850	-	23,850	-
Mortgage-backed securities	13,388	-	13,388	-
Municipals	12,274	-	12,274	-
Corporates	3,942	-	3,942	-

Total available-for-sale securities	$55,312	$ -	$55,312	$ -

Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis

Impaired loans

Loans are designated as impaired when, in the judgment of management based on current information and events, it is probable that all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement will not be collected when due. The measurement of loss associated with impaired loans can be based on either the observable market price of the loan or the fair value of the collateral. Fair value is measured based on the value of the collateral securing the loans. Collateral may be in the form of real estate or business assets including equipment, inventory, and accounts receivable. The vast majority of the collateral is real estate. The value of real estate collateral is determined utilizing an income or market valuation approach based on an appraisal conducted by an independent, licensed appraiser outside of the Bank using observable market data (Level 2). However, in situations where the collateral is a house or building in the process of construction, the appraisal is more than 12 months old, management has determined the fair value of the collateral is further impaired below the appraised value, or the appraisal is not based solely on market comparables adjusted for observable inputs, the value is considered Level 3. The value of business equipment is based upon an outside appraisal if deemed significant, or the net book value on the applicable business’ financial statements if not considered significant using observable market data. Likewise, values for inventory and accounts receivables collateral are based on financial statement balances or aging reports (Level 3). Any fair value adjustments are recorded in the period incurred as provision for loan losses on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Note 5 – Fair Value Measurements (continued)

Loans held for sale

Loans held for sale are carried at cost which approximates estimated fair value. These loans currently consist of one-to-four family residential loans originated for sale in the secondary market. Fair value is based on the price secondary markets are currently offering for similar loans using observable market data which is not materially different than cost due to the short duration between origination and sale (Level 2). As such, the Company records fair value adjustments on a nonrecurring basis. No nonrecurring fair value adjustments were recorded on loans held for sale during the period ended September 30, 2018. Gains and losses on the sale of loans are recorded within gains on sales of loans held for sale, net on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Other real estate owned

Certain assets such as other real estate owned (OREO) are measured at fair value less cost to sell. We believe that the fair value component in its valuation follows the provisions of ASC 820.

Real estate acquired through foreclosure is transferred to OREO. The measurement of loss associated with OREO is based on the fair value of the collateral compared to the unpaid loan balance and anticipated costs to sell the property. The value of OREO property is determined utilizing an income or market valuation approach based on an appraisal conducted by an independent, licensed appraiser outside of the Bank using observable market data (Level 2).

Any fair value adjustments are recorded in the period incurred and expensed against current earnings. However, in situations where the collateral is a house or building in the process of construction, the appraisal is more than 12 months old, management has determined the fair value of the collateral is further impaired below the appraised value, or the appraisal is not based solely on market comparables adjusted for observable inputes, the value is considered Level 3.

The following table summarizes the Company’s impaired loans, loans held for sale, and OREO measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the period (in thousands).


		Carrying Value at September 30, 2018
Description	Balance as of September 30, 2018	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Impaired loans*	$1,857	$ -	$ -	$1,857
Loans held for sale	2,529	-	2,529	-
Other real estate owned	2,455	-	-	2,455

* Includes loans charged down to the net realizable value of the collateral.


		Carrying Value at December 31, 2017
Description	Balance as of December 31, 2017	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Impaired loans*	$2,523	$ -	$ -	$2,523
Loans held for sale	2,626	-	2,626	-
Other real estate owned	2,650	-	-	2,650

* Includes loans charged down to the net realizable value of the collateral.

Note 5 – Fair Value Measurements (continued)

The following table sets forth information regarding the quantitative inputs used to value assets classified as Level 3:


	Quantitative information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements for September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands)
	Fair Value	Valuation Technique(s)	Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted Average)
Assets
Impaired loans	$1,857	Discounted appraised value	Selling cost	0% - 10% (8%)
			Discount for lack of marketability and age of appraisal	0% - 20% (6%)

OREO	2,455	Discounted appraised value	Selling cost	0% - 10% (6%)
			Discount for lack of marketability and age of appraisal	0% - 25% (15%)


	Quantitative information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements for December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands)
	Fair Value	Valuation Technique(s)	Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted Average)
Assets
Impaired loans	$2,523	Discounted appraised value	Selling cost	0% - 10% (8%)
			Discount for lack of marketability and age of appraisal	0% - 20% (6%)

OREO	2,650	Discounted appraised value	Selling cost	0% - 10% (6%)
			Discount for lack of marketability and age of appraisal	0% - 25% (15%)

Note 5 – Fair Value Measurements (continued)

The estimated fair values, and related carrying or notional amounts, of Financial’s financial instruments and their placement in the fair value hierarchy at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was as follows (in thousands):



		Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2018 using
			Quoted Prices	Significant
			in Active	Other	Significant
			Markets for	Observable	Unobservable
	Carrying		Identical Assets	Inputs	Inputs
Assets	Amounts		(Level 1)	(Level 2)	(Level 3)	Balance
Cash and due from banks	$25,849		$25,849	$ -	$ -	$25,849
Fed funds sold	24,615		24,615	-	-	24,615
Securities
Available-for-sale	52,333		-	52,333	-	52,333
Held-to-maturity	3,703		-	3,394	-	3,394
Restricted stock	1,462			1,462	-	1,462
Loans, net (1)	524,104		-	-	511,788	511,788
Loans held for sale	2,529		-	2,529	-	2,529
Interest receivable	1,876		-	1,876	-	1,876
BOLI	13,274		-	13,274	-	13,274

Liabilities
Deposits	$607,447		$ -	$608,115	$ -	$608,115
Capital notes	5,000		-	4,690	-	4,690
Interest payable	131		-	131	-	131


		Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017 using
		Quoted Prices	Significant
		in Active	Other	Significant
		Markets for	Observable	Unobservable
	Carrying	Identical Assets	Inputs	Inputs
Assets	Amounts	(Level 1)	(Level 2)	(Level 3)	Balance
Cash and due from banks	$20,267	$20,267	$ -	$ -	$20,267
Fed funds sold	16,751	16,751			16,751
Securities
Available-for-sale	55,312	-	55,312	-	55,312
Held-to-maturity	5,713	-	5,619	-	5,619
Restricted stock	1,505	-	1,505		1,505
Loans, net (1)	491,022	-	-	492,397	492,397
Loans held for sale	2,626	-	2,626	-	2,626
Interest receivable	1,713	-	1,713	-	1,713
BOLI	13,018	-	13,018	-	13,018

Liabilities
Deposits	$567,493	$ -	$568,224	$ -	$568,224
Capital notes	5,000	-	5,310		5,310
Interest payable	111	-	111	-	111

(1)

Carrying amount is net of unearned income and the Allowance. In accordance with the prospective adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, the fair value of loans as of September 30, 2018 was measured using an exit price notion. The fair value of loans as of December 31, 2017 was measured using an entry price notion.

Note 5 – Fair Value Measurements (continued)

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time Financial’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of Financial’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment, and therefore, cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Fair value estimates are based on existing on-balance-sheet and off-balance-sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. Significant assets that are not considered financial assets include deferred income taxes and bank premises and equipment; a significant liability that is not considered a financial liability is accrued post-retirement benefits. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimates.

Financial assumes interest rate risk (the risk that general interest rate levels will change) as a result of its normal operations. As a result, the fair values of Financial’s financial instruments will change when interest rate levels change, and that change may be either favorable or unfavorable to Financial. Management attempts to match maturities of assets and liabilities to the extent believed necessary to minimize interest rate risk. However, borrowers with fixed rate obligations are less likely to prepay in a rising rate environment and more likely to prepay in a falling rate environment. Conversely, depositors who are receiving fixed rates are more likely to withdraw funds before maturity in a rising rate environment and less likely to do so in a falling rate environment.

Management monitors rates and maturities of assets and liabilities and attempts to minimize interest rate risk by adjusting terms of new loans and deposits and by investing in securities with terms that mitigate Financial’s overall interest rate risk.