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UN ITED STATES

SECUR ITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Wa shington, D.C. 20549

FOR M 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Fo r the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025

☐ TRANS ITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Comm ission File Number: 001-36833

VOLITIONRX LIMITED
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 91-1949078
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1489 West Warm Springs Road, Suite 110 Henderson, Nevada |  | 89014
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

+1 (512) 774–8930

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

N/A

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share | VNRX | NYSE American, LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ☒
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

As of November 7, 2025, there were 122,801,572 shares of the registrant’s $0.001 par value common stock issued and outstanding.

VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

QUARTERL Y REPOR T ON FORM 10-Q

FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025

TABL E OF CONTENTS

PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  | PAGE
Item 1. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) |  | 4
Item 2. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS |  | 40
Item 3. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK |  | 48
Item 4. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES |  | 48
PART II | OTHER INFORMATION |  |
Item 1. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS |  | 50
Item 1A. | RISK FACTORS |  | 50
Item 2. | UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS |  | 50
Item 3. | DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES |  | 50
Item 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES |  | 50
Item 5. | OTHER INFORMATION |  | 50
Item 6. | EXHIBITS |  | 51
SIGNATURES |  | 52

2
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U se of Terms

Except as otherwise indicated by the context, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to the “Company,” “VolitionRx,” “Volition,” “we,” “us,” and “our” are references to VolitionRx Limited and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Volition Global Services SRL, Singapore Volition Pte. Limited, Belgian Volition SRL, Volition Diagnostics UK Limited, Volition America, Inc., and its majority-owned subsidiary, Volition Veterinary Diagnostics Development LLC. Additionally, unless otherwise specified, all references to “$” refer to the legal currency of the United States of America.

NucleosomicsTM,, Capture-PCRTM, Nu.Q® and Capture-SeqTM and their respective logos are trademarks and/or service marks of VolitionRx and its subsidiaries. All other trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to herein are the property of their respective owners.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025, (this “Report”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which statements are subject to considerable risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements are intended to qualify for the safe harbor from liability established by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this Report or incorporated by reference into this Report are forward-looking statements. We have attempted to identify forward-looking statements by using words such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate(s),” “expect,” “forecast(s),” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “plan(s),” “potential,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “strategy,” “will,” and other forms of these words or similar words or expressions or the negative thereof (although not all forward-looking statements contain these words). In particular, forward-looking statements contained in this Report, and the information and documents incorporated by reference within this Report, relate to, among other things, our predictions of earnings, revenues, expenses or other financial items; plans or expectations with respect to our development activities or business strategy, including regulatory approvals, commercialization and market acceptance; statements concerning industry trends and industry size; statements regarding anticipated demand for our products and market opportunity, or the products of our competitors; statements relating to manufacturing forecasts, and the potential impact of our relationships with contract manufacturers, original equipment manufacturers and distributors on our business; assumptions regarding the future cost and potential benefits of our research and development efforts; the effect of critical accounting policies; forecasts of our liquidity position or available cash resource and financing plans; and statements relating to the assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. We caution you that the foregoing list may not include all of the forward-looking statements made in this Report and the information and documents incorporated by reference within this Report.

We have based our forward-looking statements on our current assumptions, expectations and projections about trends affecting our business and industry and other future events. Although we do not make forward-looking statements unless we believe we have a reasonable basis for doing so, we cannot guarantee their accuracy. Forward-looking statements are subject to substantial known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause our future business, financial condition, results of operations or performance, to differ materially from our historical results or those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statement contained in this Report.

Some significant factors that may impact our estimates and forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

| · | Our need to raise additional capital in the future;
| · | The possibility that we may not be able to continue to operate, as indicated by the “going concern” opinion from our auditors;
| · | Our inability to generate any significant revenues or achieve profitability;
| · | Our expansion of our product development and sales and marketing capabilities could give rise to difficulties in managing our growth;
| · | Our dependence on third-party distributors;
| · | Our limited experience with sales and marketing;
| · | Our ability to successfully develop, manufacture, market, and sell our future products;
| · | Our ability to timely obtain necessary regulatory clearances or approvals to distribute and market our future products;
| · | The acceptance by the marketplace of our future products;
| · | The highly competitive and rapidly changing nature of the diagnostics market;
| · | Protection of our patents, intellectual property and trade secrets;
| · | Our reliance on third parties to manufacture and supply our intended products, and such manufacturers’ dependence on third-party suppliers;
| · | The material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting that we have identified;
| · | Pressures related to macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions; and
| · | Other risks identified elsewhere in this Report, as well as in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

For additional information, refer to the sections entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Risk Factors” within this Report, as well as in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, as filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025 (our “Annual Report”), and the other documents that we have filed with the SEC.

In addition, actual results may differ as a result of additional risks and uncertainties of which we are currently unaware or which we do not currently view as material to our business. For these reasons, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements.

You should read this Report in its entirety, including the documents that we file as exhibits to this Report and the documents we incorporate by reference into this Report, with the understanding that our future results may be materially different from what we currently expect. The forward-looking statements we make speak only as of the date on which they are made. We expressly disclaim any intent or obligation to update any forward-looking statements after the date hereof to conform such statements to actual results or to changes in our opinions or expectations. If we do update or correct any forward-looking statements, readers should not conclude that we will make additional updates or corrections.

3
Table of Contents

PAR T I FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

|  | Page
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | 5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss |  | 6
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit |  | 7
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | 9
Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 10

4
Table of Contents

VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Expressed in United States Dollars, except share numbers)

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | $ |  |  | $ |
ASSETS |  | (UNAUDITED) |  |  |  |
Current Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 199,407 |  |  |  | 3,264,429 |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 309,085 |  |  |  | 110,574 |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 460,070 |  |  |  | 338,660 |
Other current assets |  |  | 363,515 |  |  |  | 343,145 |
Total Current Assets |  |  | 1,332,077 |  |  |  | 4,056,808 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 4,243,486 |  |  |  | 4,429,152 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 572,289 |  |  |  | 599,816 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 301,033 |  |  |  | 313,747 |
Total Assets |  |  | 6,448,885 |  |  |  | 9,399,523 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT |  |
Current Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  |  | 3,114,430 |  |  |  | 2,766,178 |
Accrued liabilities |  |  | 4,585,137 |  |  |  | 3,476,903 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 354,000 |  |  |  | 230,000 |
Management and directors’ fees payable |  |  | 115,822 |  |  |  | 30,086 |
Current portion of long-term debt |  |  | 913,582 |  |  |  | 860,223 |
Current portion of finance lease liabilities |  |  | 54,020 |  |  |  | 46,737 |
Current portion of operating lease liabilities |  |  | 254,644 |  |  |  | 221,755 |
Current portion of grant repayable |  |  | 69,123 |  |  |  | 60,979 |
Warrant liability |  |  | 112,770 |  |  |  | 97,886 |
Derivative liability |  |  | 319,347 |  |  |  | - |
Current portion of convertible note payable, net |  |  | 1,529,152 |  |  |  | - |
Total Current Liabilities |  |  | 11,422,027 |  |  |  | 7,790,747 |
Deferred revenue, net of current portion |  |  | 22,026,769 |  |  |  | 22,663,400 |
Long-term debt, net of current portion |  |  | 5,565,751 |  |  |  | 3,952,846 |
Finance lease liabilities, net of current portion |  |  | 331,550 |  |  |  | 328,338 |
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion |  |  | 351,211 |  |  |  | 410,686 |
Grant repayable, net of current portion |  |  | 442,494 |  |  |  | 361,242 |
Convertible note payable, net of current portion |  |  | 2,258,645 |  |  |  | - |
Total Long-Term Liabilities |  |  | 30,976,420 |  |  |  | 27,716,512 |
Total Liabilities |  |  | 42,398,447 |  |  |  | 35,507,259 |
Stockholders' Deficit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Authorized: 325,000,000 shares of common stock, at $0.001 par value per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Issued and outstanding: 109,620,405 shares and 96,097,485 shares, respectively |  |  | 109,620 |  |  |  | 96,098 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 212,307,711 |  |  |  | 204,154,994 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | (421,946 | ) |  |  | 385,631 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (246,630,538 | ) |  |  | (229,544,343 | )
Total VolitionRx limited Stockholders' Deficit |  |  | (34,635,153 | ) |  |  | (24,907,620 | )
Non-controlling interest |  |  | (1,314,409 | ) |  |  | (1,200,116 | )
Total Stockholders’ Deficit |  |  | (35,949,562 | ) |  |  | (26,107,736 | )
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Deficit |  |  | 6,448,885 |  |  |  | 9,399,523 |

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements)

5
Table of Contents

VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited)

(Expressed in United States Dollars, except share numbers)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services |  |  | 88,896 |  |  |  | 68,434 |  |  |  | 366,150 |  |  |  | 155,713 |
Product |  |  | 538,381 |  |  |  | 406,088 |  |  |  | 914,200 |  |  |  | 886,141 |
Total Revenues |  |  | 627,277 |  |  |  | 474,522 |  |  |  | 1,280,350 |  |  |  | 1,041,854 |
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  |  | 2,285,907 |  |  |  | 3,473,782 |  |  |  | 7,613,228 |  |  |  | 11,819,106 |
General and administrative |  |  | 2,483,793 |  |  |  | 1,815,863 |  |  |  | 7,667,909 |  |  |  | 6,353,647 |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 958,567 |  |  |  | 1,053,584 |  |  |  | 2,919,400 |  |  |  | 4,112,731 |
Total Operating Expenses |  |  | 5,728,267 |  |  |  | 6,343,229 |  |  |  | 18,200,537 |  |  |  | 22,285,484 |
Operating Loss |  |  | (5,100,990 | ) |  |  | (5,868,707 | ) |  |  | (16,920,187 | ) |  |  | (21,243,630 | )
Other Income (Expenses) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Grant income |  |  | 232,184 |  |  |  | 85,378 |  |  |  | 429,411 |  |  |  | 85,378 |
Gain (Loss) on disposal of fixed assets |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,195 | ) |  |  | 330 |  |  |  | (34,693 | )
Interest income |  |  | 160 |  |  |  | 530 |  |  |  | 478 |  |  |  | 9,634 |
Interest expense |  |  | (143,800 | ) |  |  | (89,456 | ) |  |  | (363,825 | ) |  |  | (247,871 | )
Amortization of debt discount |  |  | (729,630 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,054,935 | ) |  |  | - |
Gain on change in fair value of derivative liability |  |  | 304,443 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 723,124 |  |  |  | - |
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of warrant liability |  |  | 27,842 |  |  |  | 4,872 |  |  |  | (14,884 | ) |  |  | 30,424 |
Total Other Income (Expenses) |  |  | (308,801 | ) |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | (280,301 | ) |  |  | (157,128 | )
Net Loss |  |  | (5,409,791 | ) |  |  | (5,868,578 | ) |  |  | (17,200,488 | ) |  |  | (21,400,758 | )
Net Loss Attributable to Non-Controlling Interest |  |  | 31,433 |  |  |  | 47,049 |  |  |  | 114,293 |  |  |  | 226,295 |
Net Loss Attributable to VolitionRx Limited Stockholders |  |  | (5,378,358 | ) |  |  | (5,821,529 | ) |  |  | (17,086,195 | ) |  |  | (21,174,463 | )
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | 22,348 |  |  |  | (141,980 | ) |  |  | (807,577 | ) |  |  | (103,668 | )
Net Comprehensive Loss |  |  | (5,387,443 | ) |  |  | (6,010,558 | ) |  |  | (18,008,065 | ) |  |  | (21,504,426 | )
Net Loss Per Share – Basic and Diluted Attributable to VolitionRx Limited stockholders |  |  | (0.05 | ) |  |  | (0.07 | ) |  |  | (0.17 | ) |  |  | (0.25 | )
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
– Basic and Diluted |  |  | 108,213,068 |  |  |  | 87,886,012 |  |  |  | 102,115,278 |  |  |  | 84,165,579 |

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements)

6
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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit (Unaudited)

(Expressed in United States Dollars, except share numbers)

For the Three and Nine Months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  | Other |  |  |  |  |  | Non - |  |  |  |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Paid-in |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Controlling |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Income |  |  | Deficit |  |  | Interest |  |  | Total |
|  | # |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |
Balance, December 31, 2024 |  |  | 96,097,485 |  |  |  | 96,098 |  |  |  | 204,154,994 |  |  |  | 385,631 |  |  |  | (229,544,343 | ) |  |  | (1,200,116 | ) |  |  | (26,107,736 | )
Common stock issued for cash, net of issuance costs |  |  | 4,551,429 |  |  |  | 4,551 |  |  |  | 2,380,103 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,384,654 |
Common stock issued for settlement of RSUs |  |  | 97,553 |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | (98 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stock-based compensation in relation to modification of options |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 103,573 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 103,573 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 347,801 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 347,801 |
Tax withholdings paid related to stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (24,411 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (24,411 | )
Foreign currency translation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (253,929 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (253,929 | )
Net loss for the period |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,423,759 | ) |  |  | (52,868 | ) |  |  | (5,476,627 | )
Balance, March 31, 2025 |  |  | 100,746,467 |  |  |  | 100,747 |  |  |  | 206,961,962 |  |  |  | 131,702 |  |  |  | (234,968,102 | ) |  |  | (1,252,984 | ) |  |  | (29,026,675 | )
Common stock issued for cash, net of issuance costs |  |  | 321,562 |  |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | 60,282 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 60,604 |
Common stock issued for cash, in respect of warrant shares |  |  | 1,958,273 |  |  |  | 1,958 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,958 |
Common stock issued for settlement of RSUs |  |  | 955,718 |  |  |  | 955 |  |  |  | (955 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Issuance of warrants in connection with convertible note offering |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,998,869 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,998,869 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 812,045 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 812,045 |
Tax withholdings paid related to stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (55,057 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (55,057 | )
Foreign currency translation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (575,996 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (575,996 | )
Net loss for the period |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (6,284,078 | ) |  |  | (29,992 | ) |  |  | (6,314,070 | )
Balance, June 30, 2025 |  |  | 103,982,020 |  |  |  | 103,982 |  |  |  | 209,777,146 |  |  |  | (444,294 | ) |  |  | (241,252,180 | ) |  |  | (1,282,976 | ) |  |  | (33,098,322 | )
Common stock issued for cash, net of issuance costs |  |  | 3,439,156 |  |  |  | 3,439 |  |  |  | 2,002,379 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,005,818 |
Common stock issued for cash, in respect of warrant shares |  |  | 1,599,000 |  |  |  | 1,599 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,599 |
Common stock issued for settlement of RSUs |  |  | 600,229 |  |  |  | 600 |  |  |  | (600 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 609,167 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 609,167 |
Tax withholdings paid related to stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (80,381 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (80,381 | )
Foreign currency translation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22,348 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22,348 |
Net loss for the period |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,378,358 | ) |  |  | (31,433 | ) |  |  | (5,409,791 | )
Balance, September 30, 2025 |  |  | 109,620,405 |  |  |  | 109,620 |  |  |  | 212,307,711 |  |  |  | (421,946 | ) |  |  | (246,630,538 | ) |  |  | (1,314,409 | ) |  |  | (35,949,562 | )

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements)

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit (Unaudited)

(Expressed in United States Dollars, except share numbers)

For the Three and Nine Months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  | Other |  |  |  |  |  | Non - |  |  |  |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Paid-in |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Controlling |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Income (Loss) |  |  | Deficit |  |  | Interest |  |  | Total |
|  | # |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |
Balance, December 31, 2023 |  |  | 81,898,321 |  |  |  | 81,898 |  |  |  | 194,448,414 |  |  |  | 243,940 |  |  |  | (202,576,507 | ) |  |  | (909,967 | ) |  |  | (8,712,222 | )
Common stock issued for cash, net of issuance costs |  |  | 13,350 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 15,721 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,734 |
Common stock issued for settlement of RSUs |  |  | 68,169 |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | (69 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 411,220 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 411,220 |
Tax withholdings paid related to stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,062 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,062 | )
Common stock issued in lieu of license fee |  |  | 129,132 |  |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 125,129 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 125,258 |
Foreign currency translation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,026 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,026 |
Net loss for the period |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (8,367,388 | ) |  |  | (104,617 | ) |  |  | (8,472,005 | )
Balance, March 31, 2024 |  |  | 82,108,972 |  |  |  | 82,109 |  |  |  | 194,997,353 |  |  |  | 258,966 |  |  |  | (210,943,895 | ) |  |  | (1,014,584 | ) |  |  | (16,620,051 | )
Common stock issued for cash, net of issuance costs |  |  | 734,155 |  |  |  | 734 |  |  |  | 588,754 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 589,488 |
Common stock issued for settlement of RSUs |  |  | 85,187 |  |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | (85 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 208,046 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 208,046 |
Tax withholdings paid related to stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (38,205 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (38,205 | )
Foreign currency translation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23,286 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23,286 |
Net loss for the period |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (6,985,546 | ) |  |  | (74,629 | ) |  |  | (7,060,175 | )
Balance, June 30, 2024 |  |  | 82,928,314 |  |  |  | 82,928 |  |  |  | 195,755,863 |  |  |  | 282,252 |  |  |  | (217,929,441 | ) |  |  | (1,089,213 | ) |  |  | (22,897,611 | )
Issuance costs |  |  | 9,170,000 |  |  |  | 9,170 |  |  |  | 5,951,030 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,960,200 |
Common stock issued for settlement of RSUs |  |  | 294,256 |  |  |  | 295 |  |  |  | (295 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 323,539 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 323,539 |
Tax withholdings paid related to stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (15,860 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (15,860 | )
Foreign currency translation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (141,980 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (141,980 | )
Net loss for the period |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,821,529 | ) |  |  | (47,049 | ) |  |  | (5,868,578 | )
Balance, September 30, 2024 |  |  | 92,392,570 |  |  |  | 92,393 |  |  |  | 202,014,277 |  |  |  | 140,272 |  |  |  | (223,750,970 | ) |  |  | (1,136,262 | ) |  |  | (22,640,290 | )

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements)

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | $ |  |  | $ |
Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  |  | (17,200,488 | ) |  |  | (21,400,758 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 752,882 |  |  |  | 817,542 |
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 182,954 |  |  |  | 169,273 |
Amortization of debt discount |  |  | 1,054,935 |  |  |  | - |
Loss on disposal of fixed assets |  |  | 330 |  |  |  | 34,693 |
Gain on change in derivative liability |  |  | (723,124 | ) |  |  | - |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 1,872,586 |  |  |  | 942,805 |
Loss (Gain) on change in fair value of warrant liability |  |  | 14,884 |  |  |  | (30,424 | )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | (121,410 | ) |  |  | (168,625 | )
Accounts receivable |  |  | (198,511 | ) |  |  | (69,992 | )
Other current assets |  |  | (20,370 | ) |  |  | (24,064 | )
Deferred revenue, current and non-current |  |  | (512,631 | ) |  |  | (106,600 | )
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  | 804,192 |  |  |  | (416,389 | )
Management and directors’ fees payable |  |  | 85,736 |  |  |  | (34,552 | )
Operating leases liabilities |  |  | (183,432 | ) |  |  | (174,758 | )
Net Cash Used In Operating Activities |  |  | (14,191,467 | ) |  |  | (20,461,849 | )
Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment |  |  | (78,591 | ) |  |  | (204,898 | )
Purchase of license |  |  | - |  |  |  | (171,095 | )
Net Cash Used In Investing Activities |  |  | (78,591 | ) |  |  | (375,993 | )
Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net proceeds from issuances of common stock |  |  | 4,454,633 |  |  |  | 6,565,422 |
Tax withholdings paid related to stock-based compensation |  |  | (159,849 | ) |  |  | (57,127 | )
Proceeds from grants repayable |  |  | 32,426 |  |  |  | - |
Proceeds from long-term debt |  |  | 1,570,176 |  |  |  | 754,457 |
Net proceeds from issuance of convertible note and warrants |  |  | 5,774,202 |  |  |  | - |
Payments on long-term debt |  |  | (697,174 | ) |  |  | (831,542 | )
Payments on grants repayable |  |  | - |  |  |  | (28,213 | )
Payments on finance lease liabilities |  |  | (37,361 | ) |  |  | (35,621 | )
Net Cash Provided By Financing Activities |  |  | 10,937,053 |  |  |  | 6,367,376 |
Effect of foreign exchange on cash |  |  | 267,983 |  |  |  | (845,371 | )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (3,065,022 | ) |  |  | (15,315,837 | )
Cash and cash equivalents – Beginning of the Period |  |  | 3,264,429 |  |  |  | 20,729,983 |
Cash and cash equivalents – End of the Period |  |  | 199,407 |  |  |  | 5,414,146 |
Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  |  | 363,825 |  |  |  | 247,871 |
Non-Cash Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock issued upon cashless exercises of stock options and settlement of vested RSUs |  |  | 1,654 |  |  |  | 578 |
Offering costs from issuance of common stock |  |  | 325,652 |  |  |  | 245,107 |
Fair value of derivative liability recognized upon issuance of convertible note |  |  | 1,042,471 |  |  |  | - |
Issuance of warrants in connection with convertible note offering |  |  | 1,983,842 |  |  |  | - |
Debt issuance cost recognized upon issuance of convertible note |  |  | 1,740,825 |  |  |  | - |
Common stock issued for license rights |  |  | - |  |  |  | 125,258 |
Non-cash note payable |  |  | 292,470 |  |  |  | 294,603 |

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements)

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 1 – Basis of Presentation and other information

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of VolitionRx Limited (the “Company” or “VolitionRx”) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q of Regulation S-X. They do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The December 31, 2024 consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. However, except as disclosed herein, there has been no material change in the information disclosed in the notes to the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2025 (the “Annual Report”). The interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with those audited consolidated financial statements included in the Annual Report. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation of the financial statements, consisting solely of normal recurring adjustments, have been made. Operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025.

Embedded Derivative Liability

The Company evaluates the embedded features of its financial instruments, including its convertible notes payable and warrants in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 480, “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity,” and ASC Topic 815 “Derivatives and Hedging.” Certain conversion options and redemption features are required to be bifurcated from their host instrument and accounted for as free-standing derivative financial instruments should certain criteria be met. The Company applies significant judgment to identify and evaluate complex terms and conditions for its financial instruments to determine whether such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives. Embedded derivatives must be separately measured from the host contract if all the requirements for bifurcation are met. The assessment of the conditions surrounding the bifurcation of embedded derivatives depends on the nature of the host contract and the features of the derivatives. Bifurcated embedded derivatives are recognized at fair value.

Fair Value Measurements

The fair value of financial instruments measured on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2025, consisted of the following:

|  | Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2025 |
Description |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
|  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |
Derivate Liability |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 319,347 |  |  |  | 319,347 |
Warrant liability |  |  | - |  |  |  | 112,770 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 112,770 |
|  |  | - |  |  |  | 112,770 |  |  |  | 319,347 |  |  |  | 432,117 |

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 1 – Basis of Presentation and other information (continued)

The following table provides a roll-forward of changes for the warrant and derivative liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the nine months ended September 30, 2025:

Warrant Liability |  |  |
|  | Total |
|  | $ |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 97,886 |
Loss on change in fair value of warrant liability |  |  | 14,884 |
Balance at September 30, 2025 |  |  | 112,770 |
Derivative Liability |  |  |  |
|  | Total |
|  | $ |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  |  | - |
Initial fair value of embedded derivative liability upon issuance |  |  | 1,042,471 |
Gain on change in fair value of derivate liability |  |  | (723,124 | )
Balance at September 30, 2025 |  |  | 319,347 |

Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share

The Company computes net loss per share in accordance with ASC 260, “Earnings Per Share,” which requires presentation of both basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) on the face of the statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Basic EPS is computed by dividing net loss available to common stockholders (numerator) by the weighted average number of shares outstanding (denominator) during the period. Diluted EPS gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. In computing diluted EPS, the average stock price for the period is used in determining the number of shares assumed to be purchased from the exercise of stock options or warrants. As of September 30, 2025, 58,311,316 potential common shares equivalents from warrants, options, and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) were excluded from the diluted EPS calculations as their effect is anti-dilutive.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-05, “Business Combinations—Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60): Recognition and Initial Measurement,” which requires a newly-formed joint venture to apply a new basis of accounting to its contributed net assets, resulting in the joint venture initially measuring its contributed net assets at fair value on the formation date. ASU 2023-05 is effective for all joint venture formations with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025. The Company adopted ASU 2023-05 on January 1, 2025. The adoption of ASU 2023-05 did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 1 – Basis of Presentation and other information (continued)

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which enhances the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures by requiring (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. It also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. These amendments are to be applied prospectively, with retrospective application permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses,” which requires the disaggregated disclosure of specific expense categories, including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and amortization included in each relevant expense caption presented on the statement of operations. The standard also requires disclosure of qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively, as well as the total amount of selling expenses and an entity’s definition of selling expenses. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets,” which introduces a practical expedient for the application of the current expected credit loss model to current accounts receivable and contract assets. The amendment is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, with early adoption permitted. This amendment is to be applied on a prospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

The Company currently believes there are no other issued and not yet effective accounting standards that are materially relevant to its condensed consolidated financial statements.

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 2 – Liquidity and Going Concern Assessment

The Company's condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared using GAAP applicable to a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and liquidation of liabilities in the normal course of business. Management assesses liquidity and going concern uncertainty in the Company’s consolidated financial statements to determine whether there is sufficient cash on hand and working capital, including available borrowings on loans, to operate for a period of at least one year from the date the financial statements are issued, which is referred to as the “look-forward period,” as defined in GAAP. As part of this assessment, based on conditions that are known and reasonably knowable to management, management considered various scenarios, forecasts, projections, estimates and made certain key assumptions, including the timing and nature of projected cash expenditures or programs, its ability to delay or curtail expenditures or programs and its ability to raise additional capital, if necessary, among other factors.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company incurred a net loss of $17.2 million and used cash flows in operating activities of $14.2 million. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $0.2 million and an accumulated deficit of $246.6 million.

The Company has generated operating losses and has experienced negative cash flows from operations since inception. The Company has not generated significant revenues and expects to incur further losses in the future, particularly from continued development of its clinical-stage diagnostic tests and commercialization activities. The future of the Company as an operating business will depend on its ability to obtain sufficient capital contributions or, financing, and/or generate revenues as may be required to sustain its operations. Management plans to address the above as needed by (a) granting licenses and/or distribution rights to third parties in exchange for specified up-front and/or back-end payments, (b) obtaining additional financing through debt or equity transactions, (c) securing additional grant funds, and (d) developing and commercializing the Company’s products in an efficient manner. Management continues to exercise tight cost controls and has implemented short-term cash preservation and cost-saving initiatives to conserve cash. As part of the Company’s cash conservation efforts, directors and certain employees have elected to exchange a portion of their fees earned or paid in cash or salary, respectively, for RSUs of the Company.

The ability of the Company to continue as a going concern is dependent upon its ability to successfully accomplish the plans described in the preceding paragraph and to eventually attain profitable operations.

Management assessed the mitigating effect of these plans to determine if it is probable that the plans would be effectively implemented within one year after the condensed consolidated financial statements are issued and when implemented, would mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. These plans are subject to market conditions and reliance on third parties, and there is no assurance that effective implementation of the Company’s plans will result in the necessary funding to continue operations and satisfy current and expected debt obligations. The Company concluded that these plans do not alleviate the substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern beyond one year from the date the condensed consolidated financial statements are issued.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of assets and their carrying amounts, or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern. If the Company is unable to obtain adequate capital, it could be forced to cease operations.

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 3 - Property and Equipment

The Company’s property and equipment consisted of the following amounts as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  |  |  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | Useful Life |  | Cost $ |  |  | Cost $ |
Computer hardware and software |  | 3 years |  |  | 747,661 |  |  |  | 701,505 |
Laboratory equipment |  | 5 years |  |  | 5,032,834 |  |  |  | 4,600,168 |
Office furniture and equipment |  | 5 years |  |  | 398,643 |  |  |  | 359,337 |
Buildings |  | 30 years |  |  | 2,245,896 |  |  |  | 1,981,247 |
Building improvements |  | 5-15 years |  |  | 1,935,069 |  |  |  | 1,637,139 |
Land |  | Not amortized |  |  | 140,797 |  |  |  | 124,206 |
Total property and equipment |  |  |  |  | 10,500,900 |  |  |  | 9,403,602 |
Less accumulated depreciation |  |  |  |  | 6,257,414 |  |  |  | 4,974,450 |
Total property and equipment, net |  |  |  |  | 4,243,486 |  |  |  | 4,429,152 |

During the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, the Company recognized $735,018 and $815,824, respectively, in depreciation expense.

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 4 - Intangible Assets

The Company’s intangible assets consist of patents, primarily acquired in the acquisition of Belgian Volition. The patents are being amortized over the assets’ estimated useful lives, which range from 8 to 20 years.

|  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | Cost $ |  |  | Cost $ |
Patents and Licenses |  |  | 1,513,134 |  |  |  | 1,354,274 |
Total Patents and Licenses |  |  | 1,513,134 |  |  |  | 1,354,274 |
Less accumulated amortization |  |  | 1,212,101 |  |  |  | 1,040,527 |
Total Patents and Licenses, net |  |  | 301,033 |  |  |  | 313,747 |

During the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, the Company recognized $17,864 and $(6,742), respectively, in amortization expense.

The Company amortizes the patents and licenses on a straight-line basis with terms ranging from 8 to 20 years. The annual estimated amortization schedule over the next five years is as follows:

2025 |  | $ | 5,199 |
2026 |  | $ | 20,283 |
2027 |  | $ | 20,283 |
2028 |  | $ | 20,283 |
2029 |  | $ | 20,283 |
Greater than 5 years |  | $ | 214,702 |
Total Intangible Assets |  | $ | 301,033 |

The Company periodically reviews its long-lived assets to ensure that their carrying value does not exceed their fair market value. The Company carried out such a review in accordance with ASC 360, “Property, Plant and Equipment,” as of December 31, 2024. The result of this review confirmed that the ongoing value of the patents was not impaired as of December 31, 2024.

No te 5 - Related-Party Transactions

See Note 6, Common Stock, for common stock issued to related parties and Note 7, Stock-Based Compensation, for stock options, warrants and RSUs issued to related parties. The Company has agreements with related parties for the purchase of consultancy services which are accrued under management and directors’ fees payable (see condensed consolidated balance sheets).

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 6 - Common Stock

As of September 30, 2025, the Company was authorized to issue 325 million shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, of which 109,620,405 and 96,097,485 shares were issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Stock Option Exercises

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, no shares of common stock were issued pursuant to the exercise of stock options.

Stock Options Expired / Cancelled

On February 11, 2025, 40,000 vested stock options previously granted to a consultant were cancelled and returned as authorized shares under the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”) on the expiration of the exercise period following the resignation of such employee.

On March 20, 2025, 26,200 vested stock options previously granted to an employee were cancelled and returned as authorized shares under the 2015 Plan on the expiration of the exercise period following the resignation of such employee.

On May 28, 2025, 171,291 vested stock options previously granted to an employee were cancelled and returned as authorized shares under the 2015 Plan on the expiration of the exercise period following the resignation of such employee.

On June 15, 2025, 51,722 vested stock options previously granted to an employee were cancelled and returned as authorized shares under the 2015 Plan on the expiration of the exercise period following the resignation of such employee.

On July 23, 2025, 292,000 vested stock options previously granted to various employees were cancelled under the 2011 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”) on the expiration of the exercise period.

Exercise of Pre-Funded Warrants

On May 1, 2025, a holder of Pre-Funded Warrants (as defined below under the heading “2024 Equity Capital Raise”) partially exercised such warrants and purchased 1,958,273 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $0.001 per share, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of $1,958. The shares issued upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants were registered pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-286401) declared effective by SEC on April 15, 2025 (the “2025 Form S-1”).

On July 7, 2025, a holder of Pre-Funded Warrants partially exercised such warrants and purchased 991,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $0.001 per share, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of $991. The shares issued upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants were registered pursuant to (the 2025 Form S-1).

On September 23, 2025, a holder of Pre-Funded Warrants partially exercised such warrants and purchased 608,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $0.001 per share, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of $608. The shares issued upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants were registered pursuant to the 2025 Form S-1.

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 6 - Common Stock (continued)

RSU Settlements

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs that vested and settled during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 all of which were issued pursuant to the 2015 Plan.

Equity Incentive Plan |  | RSUs Vested (#) |  |  | Vest Date |  | Shares Issued (#) |  |  | Shares Withheld for Taxes (#) |
2015 |  |  | 21,583 |  |  | Jan 1, 2025 |  |  | 21,583 |  |  |  | - |
2015 |  |  | 4,667 |  |  | Feb 22, 2025 |  |  | 2,750 |  |  |  | 1,917 |
2015 |  |  | 33,503 |  |  | Mar 13, 2025 |  |  | 21,643 |  |  |  | 11,860 |
2015 |  |  | 38,198 |  |  | Mar 13, 2025 |  |  | 24,676 |  |  |  | 13,522 |
2015 |  |  | 41,642 |  |  | Mar 13, 2025 |  |  | 26,901 |  |  |  | 14,741 |
2015 |  |  | 31,667 |  |  | Apr 4, 2025 |  |  | 28,867 |  |  |  | 2,800 |
2015 |  |  | 297,340 |  |  | May 1, 2025 |  |  | 248,908 |  |  |  | 48,432 |
2015 |  |  | 125,000 |  |  | May 13, 2025 |  |  | 125,000 |  |  |  | - |
2015 |  |  | 37,334 |  |  | May 23, 2025 |  |  | 35,654 |  |  |  | 1,680 |
2015 |  |  | 343,192 |  |  | Jun 1, 2025 |  |  | 286,908 |  |  |  | 56,284 |
2015 |  |  | 8,667 |  |  | Jun 15, 2025 |  |  | 5,381 |  |  |  | 3,286 |
2015 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | Jun 23, 2025 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 0 |
2015 |  |  | 138,452 |  |  | Jul 1, 2025 |  |  | 112,933 |  |  |  | 25,519 |
2015 |  |  | 4,667 |  |  | Jul 13, 2025 |  |  | 3,161 |  |  |  | 1,506 |
2015 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | Jul 13, 2025 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 0 |
2015 |  |  | 137,452 |  |  | Aug 1, 2025 |  |  | 104,801 |  |  |  | 32,651 |
2015 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | Aug 13, 2025 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 0 |
2015 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | Sep 11, 2025 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  |  | 0 |
2015 |  |  | 282,825 |  |  | Sep 28, 2025 |  |  | 222,334 |  |  |  | 60,491 |
2015 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | Sep 30, 2025 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  |  | 0 |
|  |  | 1,703,189 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,428,500 |  |  |  | 274,689 |

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs vested and settled during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 all of which were issued pursuant to the 2024 Plan.

Equity Incentive Plan |  | RSUs Vested (#) |  |  | Vest Date |  | Shares Issued (#) |  |  | Shares Withheld for Taxes (#) |
2024 |  |  | 225,000 |  |  | May 13, 2025 |  |  | 225,000 |  |  |  | - |
|  |  | 225,000 |  |  |  |  |  | 225,000 |  |  |  | - |

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 6 - Common Stock (continued)

2025 Equity Capital Raises

March 2025 Registered Direct Offering

On March 24, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with the several purchasers party thereto, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to such purchasers, in a registered direct offering pursuant to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-259783) declared effective by the SEC on November 8, 2021 (the “2021 Form S-3”), an aggregate of (i) 2,363,636 shares of the Company’s common stock to certain of its directors and executive officers, and certain of its existing stockholders (collectively, the “Insiders”) at an offering price of $0.55 per share (the “Insider Shares”), and (ii) 1,739,087 shares of common stock (the “March 2025 Warrant Investor Shares” and, together with the Insider Shares, the “March 2025 Shares”), together with common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 1,739,087 shares of common stock (the “March 2025 Warrants”), at a combined offering price of $0.55 per March 2025 Warrant Investor Share and accompanying March 2025 Warrant, to certain other existing stockholders of the Company and new investors. Each March 2025 Warrant has an exercise price per share of $0.66, and is exercisable on or after March 26, 2025 through and until March 26, 2030. The Insiders did not receive any March 2025 Warrants in the offering. The net proceeds received by the Company for the issuance and sale of the March 2025 Shares and the March 2025 Warrants were $2.3 million, before deducting offering expenses of $0.1 million paid by the Company. The net proceeds exclude any proceeds arising from the exercise of the March 2025 Warrants. The shares of common stock underlying the March 2025 Warrants were initially registered pursuant to the 2021 Form S-3. The shares of common stock underlying the March 2025 Warrants were subsequently registered pursuant to the 2025 Form S-1 and were withdrawn from the 2021 Form S-3.

August 2025 Registered Direct Offering

On August 4, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with the several purchasers party thereto, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to such purchasers, in a registered direct offering pursuant to Company’s registration statement on Form S-3 (Reg. No. 333-283088) filed with the SEC on November 8, 2024, as amended on April 11, 2025, and declared effective by the SEC on April 18, 2025 (the “2025 Form S-3”), an aggregate of (i) 156,250 shares of the Company’s common stock to certain of its directors and executive officers (collectively, the “Insider Purchasers”) at an offering price of $0.64 per share (the “August 2025 Insider Shares”), and (ii) 1,734,375 shares of common stock (the “August 2025 Warrant Investor Shares” and, together with the August 2025 Insider Shares, the “August 2025 Shares”), together with common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 1,734,735 shares of common stock (the “August 2025 Warrants”), at a combined offering price of $0.64 per August 2025 Warrant Investor Share and accompanying August 2025 Warrant, to certain other existing stockholders of the Company. Each August 2025 Warrant has an exercise price per share of $0.768, and is exercisable on or after August 4, 2025 through and until August 4, 2030. The Insider Purchasers did not receive any August 2025 Warrants in the offering. The net proceeds received by the Company for the issuance and sale of the August 2025 Shares and the August 2025 Warrants were $1.21 million, before deducting offering expenses of $0.1 million paid by the Company. The net proceeds exclude any proceeds arising from the exercise of the August 2025 Warrants.

September 2025 Private Placement

On September 18, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with an existing stockholder, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to such purchaser 483,870 shares of its common stock (the “September 2025 Shares”), plus warrants to purchase an additional 483,870 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.682 per share (the “September 2025 Warrants”), in a private placement, at a combined offering price of $0.62 per September 2025 Share and accompanying September 2025 Warrant. The September 2025 Warrants were exercisable immediately upon issuance and expire on September 18, 2030. The private placement did not involve any underwriters, underwriting discounts or commissions, or any public offering or registration with the SEC, and the securities were restricted from further transfer as evidenced by the legend thereon. The net proceeds received by the Company for the issuance and sale of the September 2025 Shares and the September 2025 Warrants were $0.3 million, before deducting offering expenses of $0.02 million paid by the Company. The net proceeds exclude any proceeds arising from the exercise of the September 2025 Warrants.

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 6 - Common Stock (continued)

2024 Equity Capital Raises

August 2024 Registered Direct Offering

On August 8, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with a purchaser pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to such purchaser, in a registered direct offering under the 2021 Form S-3 (the “2024 Equity Capital Raise”), an aggregate of 9,170,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, pre-funded warrants (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase up to 3,557,273 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Pre-Funded Warrant Shares”), Series A common stock warrants (the “Series A Warrants”) to purchase up to 12,727,273 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Series A Warrant Shares”) and Series B common stock warrants (the “Series B Warrants”, and together with the Series A Warrants, the “Common Warrants” and, together with the shares of common stock offered in the 2024 Equity Capital Raise and the Pre-Funded Warrants, the “Securities”) to purchase up to 12,727,273 shares of the Company’s common stock the “Series B Warrant Shares,” together with the Pre-Funded Warrant Shares and the Series A Warrant Shares, the “August 2024 Warrant Shares”. The exercise prices of the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Common Warrants is $0.001 per share and $0.57 per share, respectively. H.C. Wainwright & Co. acted as the exclusive placement agent for the Company in the offering. The combined offering price for a share of common stock and accompanying Common Warrants was $0.55 and the combined offering price for a Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Common Warrants was $0.549. The net proceeds received by the Company for the issuance and sale of the Securities were $6.4 million, before deducting offering expenses of $0.1 million paid by the Company. In addition, the Company issued warrants to the placement agent to purchase an aggregate of 381,818 shares of Company common stock on substantially the same terms as the Series B Warrants at an exercise price of $0.6875 per share. The net proceeds above assumes the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants but excludes any proceeds arising from the exercise of the Common Warrants or the placement agent warrants. The August 2024 Warrant Shares were initially registered pursuant to the 2021 Form S-3. The August 2024 Warrant Shares were subsequently registered pursuant to the 2025 Form S-1, and were withdrawn from the 2021 Form S-3.

December 2024 Registered Direct Offering

On December 5, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with several purchasers, including certain of its directors and executive officers (the “Insider Investors”), pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to such purchasers, in a registered direct offering pursuant to the 2021 Form S-3, an aggregate of (i) 445,648 shares to the Insider Investors at an offering price of $0.5722 per share and (ii) a further 2,857,389 shares of our common stock (the “December 2024 Warrant Investor Shares” and, together with the Insider Shares, the “December 2024 Shares”), together with 2,857,389 common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 2,857,389 shares of our common stock (the “Form A Warrants”) and 2,857,389 common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 1,428,693 shares of our common stock (the “Form B Warrants” and, together with the Form A Warrants, the “December 2024 Warrants”), at a combined offering price of $0.5722 per December 2024 Warrant Investor Share and accompanying December 2024 Warrants, to certain existing stockholders of the Company and new investors. The December 2024 Shares, Form A Warrants, and Form B Warrants were separately issued. Each Form A Warrant has an exercise price per share of $0.5722 and each Form B Warrant has an exercise price per share of $0.71525. Each December 2024 Warrant is exercisable on or after December 9, 2024 through and until December 9, 2029. The net proceeds received by the Company for the issuance and sale of the December 2024 Shares and the December 2024 Warrants were $1.9 million, before deducting offering expenses of $0.1 million paid by the Company. The net proceeds above excludes any proceeds arising from the exercise of the December 2024 Warrants. The shares of common stock underlying the December 2024 Warrants were initially registered pursuant to the 2021 Form S-3. The shares of common stock underlying the December 2024 Warrants were subsequently registered pursuant to the 2025 Form S-1, and were withdrawn from the 2021 Form S-3.

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Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 6 - Common Stock (continued)

Common Stock Issued for EpiCypher License Agreement

On March 12, 2024, the Company issued 129,132 shares of restricted common stock to EpiCypher, Inc. at a price of $0.97 per share as partial consideration for license rights in connection with a License Agreement between EpiCypher and Belgian Volition.

“At the Market” Offerings

2025 ATM Sales Agreement

On April 22, 2025, the Company entered into a Capital On DemandTM Sales Agreement (the "2025 ATM Sales Agreement") with JonesTrading Institutional Services, LLC ("JonesTrading") to sell shares of the Company's common stock, with an aggregate offering price of up to $7.5 million, from time to time through an "at the market" offering pursuant to the 2025 Form S-3, through JonesTrading acting as the Company's agent. Although the Company is not obligated to sell any shares under the 2025 ATM Sales Agreement, from April 22, 2025 through September 30, 2025, the Company raised aggregate proceeds (net of broker commissions and fees) of approximately $880,862 through the sale of 1,386,223 shares of its common stock pursuant to the 2025 ATM Sales Agreement.

Amendment to 2025 ATM Sales Agreement

On August 14, 2025, the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 to the 2025 ATM Sales Agreement to increase the maximum aggregate offering price of shares of common stock that may be offered, issued, and sold under the 2025 ATM Sales Agreement from $7.5 million to $30.0 million.

2022 Equity Distribution Agreement

On May 20, 2022, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “2022 EDA”) with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”) to sell shares of the Company’s common stock, with a maximum aggregate offering price of $25.0 million, from time to time through an “at the market” offering pursuant to the 2021 Form S-3 through Jefferies acting as the Company’s agent and/or principal.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company raised aggregate net proceeds (net of broker commissions and fees) of approximately $262,484 under the 2022 EDA through the sale of 448,706 shares of its common stock. As of September 30, 2025, the Company has raised aggregate net proceeds (net of broker commissions and fees) of approximately $2.4 million under the 2022 EDA through the sale of 1,945,838 shares of its common stock. Effective April 20, 2025, the Company terminated the 2022 EDA and no further sales of the Company’s common stock will be made under the 2022 EDA.

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

Note 7 – Stock-Based Compensation

a) Common Stock Warrants

The following table summarizes the changes in common stock warrants of the Company outstanding during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025.

|  | Number of Warrants |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price ($) |
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 34,542,219 |  |  |  | 0.581 |
Granted |  |  | 16,978,166 |  |  |  | 0.681 |
Exercised |  |  | (3,557,273 | ) |  |  | 0.001 |
Expired/Cancelled |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Outstanding at September 30, 2025 |  |  | 47,963,112 |  |  |  | 0.659 |
Exercisable at September 30, 2025 |  |  | 47,963,112 |  |  |  | 0.659 |

On May 15, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “SPA”) with Lind Global Asset Management XII LLC (“Lind”), pursuant to which the Company issued Lind (i) a Senior Secured Convertible Promissory Note in the principal amount $7.5 million (the “Lind Note”), and (ii) a Common Stock Purchase Warrant for the purchase of up to 13,020,834 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.672 per share, subject to standard adjustments as defined in the warrant agreement, and exercisable for 5 years (the “Lind Warrants” and, such offering, the “Lind Offering”). The Company received net cash proceeds of approximately $5.8 million in the Lind Offering. The Lind Note may be converted by Lind from time to time at a price of $0.72 per share, subject to adjustment (the “Conversion Price”). The dollar amount of any conversions by Lind will be applied to toward upcoming Lind Note payments in reverse chronological order. The Lind Note may be prepaid in whole upon written notice on any business day following August 13, 2025; but in the event of a prepayment notice, Lind may convert up to one-third of principal amount due at the lesser of the Repayment Share Price or the Conversion Price. The “Repayment Share Price” is defined in the Lind Note as ninety percent (90%) of the average of the five lowest daily VWAPs (as defined in the Lind Note) during the 20 trading days prior to the payment date. The shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the note and exercise of the warrant were registered pursuant to a resale Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-288508), which was declared effective by the SEC on July 14, 2025. See Note 8, Commitments and Contingencies, for further details on the Lind Offering.

A portion of the proceeds from the Lind Offering was allocated to the Lind Warrants based on their relative fair value using a Monte Carlo simulation. The assumptions used in the model were as follows: (i) dividend yield of 0%; (ii) expected volatility of 81.27%; (iii) risk-free interest rate of 4.0%; (iv) simulated term of 5.0 years; (v) estimated fair value of the shares underlying such warrants of $0.45 per share; (vi) exercise price of $0.672; and (vii) various probability assumptions related to down round price adjustments. The fair value of the Lind Warrants was $3,941,059, resulting in the amount allocated to the warrants, based on their relative fair value of $1,998,869, which was recorded as additional paid-in capital.

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 7 – Stock-Based Compensation (continued)

a) Common Stock Warrants (continued)

Below is a table summarizing the common stock warrants issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025, which have an aggregate weighted average remaining contractual life of 6.01 years. The proceeds if exercised assume the warrants are exercised for cash.

Number Outstanding |  |  | Number Exercisable |  |  | Exercise Price ($) |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) |  |  | Proceeds to Company if Exercised ($) |
| 25,454,546 |  |  |  | 25,454,546 |  |  |  | 0.5700 |  |  |  | 2.86 |  |  |  | 14,509,091 |
| 2,857,389 |  |  |  | 2,857,389 |  |  |  | 0.5722 |  |  |  | 4.19 |  |  |  | 1,634,998 |
| 1,739,087 |  |  |  | 1,739,087 |  |  |  | 0.6600 |  |  |  | 4.49 |  |  |  | 1,147,797 |
| 13,020,834 |  |  |  | 13,020,834 |  |  |  | 0.6720 |  |  |  | 4.72 |  |  |  | 8,750,000 |
| 483,870 |  |  |  | 483,870 |  |  |  | 0.6820 |  |  |  | 4.97 |  |  |  | 329,999 |
| 381,818 |  |  |  | 381,818 |  |  |  | 0.6875 |  |  |  | 3.86 |  |  |  | 262,500 |
| 1,428,693 |  |  |  | 1,428,693 |  |  |  | 0.7153 |  |  |  | 4.19 |  |  |  | 1,021,873 |
| 1,734,375 |  |  |  | 1,734,375 |  |  |  | 0.7680 |  |  |  | 4.85 |  |  |  | 1,332,000 |
| 448,500 |  |  |  | 448,500 |  |  |  | 2.0000 |  |  |  | 2.71 |  |  |  | 897,000 |
| 54,000 |  |  |  | 54,000 |  |  |  | 3.0500 |  |  |  | 3.01 |  |  |  | 164,700 |
| 50,000 |  |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 3.4500 |  |  |  | 0.42 |  |  |  | 172,500 |
| 125,000 |  |  |  | 125,000 |  |  |  | 3.9500 |  |  |  | 1.25 |  |  |  | 493,750 |
| 185,000 |  |  |  | 185,000 |  |  |  | 4.9000 |  |  |  | 1.34 |  |  |  | 906,500 |
| 47,963,112 |  |  |  | 47,963,112 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 31,622,708 |

Stock-based compensation expense related to warrants of $nil and $5,238 was recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively. Total remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested warrants is $nil. As of September 30, 2025, the total intrinsic value of warrants outstanding was $3,195,290.

b) Options

The following table summarizes the changes in options outstanding of the Company during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025, all of which were issued pursuant to the 2011 Plan and the 2015 Plan.

|  | Number of Options |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price ($) |
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 4,637,748 |  |  |  | 3.88 |
Expired/Cancelled |  |  | (581,213 | ) |  |  | 3.92 |
Outstanding at September 30, 2025 |  |  | 4,056,535 |  |  |  | 3.87 |
Exercisable at September 30, 2025 |  |  | 4,056,535 |  |  |  | 3.87 |

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 7 – Stock-Based Compensation (continued)

b) Options (continued)

On January 29, 2025, the Company amended the terms of certain outstanding options granted pursuant to the 2015 Plan, such that the expiration date for outstanding options to purchase 545,000 shares of the Company's common stock, granted on February 11, 2019, was extended from six years from the date of grant to ten years from the date of grant, or an expiration date of February 11, 2029. As a result of these amendments $103,573 was recorded as an additional options expense.

Below is a table summarizing the options issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025, all of which were issued pursuant to the 2011 Plan (for option issuances prior to 2016) or the 2015 Plan (for option and RSU issuances commencing in 2016)and which have an aggregate weighted average remaining contractual life of 3.13 years. As of September 30, 2025, an aggregate of 9,700,000 shares of common stock were authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan, of which $nil shares of common stock remained available for future issuance thereunder. As of September 30, 2025, an aggregate of 7,500,000 shares of common stock were authorized for issuance under the 2024 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2024 Plan”), of which 3,251,722 shares of common stock remained available for future issuance thereunder.

Number Outstanding |  |  | Number Exercisable |  |  | Exercise Price ($) |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) |  |  | Proceeds to Company if Exercised ($) |
| 545,000 |  |  |  | 545,000 |  |  |  | 3.25 |  |  |  | 3.37 |  |  |  | 1,771,250 |
| 820,535 |  |  |  | 820,535 |  |  |  | 3.40 |  |  |  | 5.84 |  |  |  | 2,789,819 |
| 725,000 |  |  |  | 725,000 |  |  |  | 3.60 |  |  |  | 4.61 |  |  |  | 2,610,000 |
| 1,230,837 |  |  |  | 1,230,837 |  |  |  | 4.00 |  |  |  | 1.44 |  |  |  | 4,923,348 |
| 89,163 |  |  |  | 89,163 |  |  |  | 4.38 |  |  |  | 2.32 |  |  |  | 390,534 |
| 50,000 |  |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 4.80 |  |  |  | 1.25 |  |  |  | 240,000 |
| 596,000 |  |  |  | 596,000 |  |  |  | 5.00 |  |  |  | 1.49 |  |  |  | 2,980,000 |
| 4,056,535 |  |  |  | 4,056,535 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,704,951 |

Below is a table summarizing the options cancelled during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, which were originally issued pursuant to the 2011 Plan and 2015 Plan.

Equity Incentive Plan |  | Options (#) |  |  | Grant Date |  | Options Cancelled (#) |  |  | Grant Price ($) |  |  | Cancellation Date |
2015 |  |  | 40,000 |  |  | Feb 11, 2019 |  |  | 40,000 |  |  |  | 3.25 |  |  | Feb 11, 2025 |
2015 |  |  | 26,200 |  |  | Aug 3, 2021 |  |  | 26,200 |  |  |  | 3.40 |  |  | Mar 20, 2025 |
2015 |  |  | 35,000 |  |  | Apr 15, 2016 |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | May 28, 2025 |
2015 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | Mar 30, 2017 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | May 28, 2025 |
2015 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | Jan 23, 2018 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 5.00 |  |  | May 28, 2025 |
2015 |  |  | 36,291 |  |  | Aug 3, 2021 |  |  | 36,291 |  |  |  | 3.40 |  |  | May 28, 2025 |
2015 |  |  | 15,000 |  |  | Apr 13, 2020 |  |  | 15,000 |  |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | Jun 15, 2025 |
2015 |  |  | 36,722 |  |  | Aug 3, 2021 |  |  | 36,722 |  |  |  | 3.40 |  |  | Jun 15, 2025 |
2011 |  |  | 292,000 |  |  | Jul 23, 2015 |  |  | 292,000 |  |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | Jul 23, 2025 |
|  |  | 581,213 |  |  |  |  |  | 581,213 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options of $nil and $nil was recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024 respectively. Total remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options is $nil. As of September 30, 2025, the total intrinsic value of stock options outstanding was $nil.

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 7 – Stock-Based Compensation (continued)

c) (i) Restricted Stock Units – 2015 Plan

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025, all of which were issued pursuant to the 2015 Plan.

|  | RSUs (#) |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Share Price ($) |
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 3,392,316 |  |  |  | 0.8000 |
Granted |  |  | 705,258 |  |  |  | 0.6652 |
Vested/Settled |  |  | (1,703,189 | ) |  |  | 0.7176 |
Cancelled / Forfeited |  |  | (125,994 | ) |  |  | 1.4944 |
Outstanding at September 30, 2025 |  |  | 2,268,391 |  |  |  | 0.7776 |

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, all of which were issued pursuant to the 2015 Plan. The RSUs vest equally over periods stated on the dates noted, subject to the recipient’s continued service to the Company, and will result in the RSU compensation expense stated.

Equity Incentive Plan |  | RSUs Granted (#) |  |  | Grant Date |  | Vesting Period |  | First Vesting Date |  | Second Vesting Date |  |  | Third Vesting Date |  |  | RSU Expense ($) |
2015 |  |  | 16,912 |  |  | Jan 15, 2025 |  | 12 Months |  | Jan 16, 2026 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 10,656 |
2015 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | Jan 15, 2025 |  | 36 Months |  | Jan 15, 2026 |  | Jan 15, 2027 |  |  | Jan 15, 2028 |  |  |  | 31,505 |
2015 |  |  | 125,000 |  |  | Feb 26, 2025 |  | 67 Days |  | May 13, 2025 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 73,000 |
2015 |  |  | 12,500 |  |  | Mar 7, 2025 |  | 12 Months |  | Mar 7, 2026 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 7,563 |
2015 |  |  | 137,452 |  |  | Jun 1, 2025 |  | 2 Months |  | Aug 1, 2025 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 69,138 |
2015 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | Jun 23, 2025 |  | 0 Days |  | Jun 23, 2025 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 43,005 |
2015 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | Jun 23, 2025 |  | 21 Days |  | Jul 13, 2025 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 43,005 |
2015 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | Jun 23, 2025 |  | 52 Days |  | Aug 13, 2025 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 43,005 |
2015 |  |  | 101,700 |  |  | Aug 15, 2025 |  | 78 Days |  | Nov 1, 2025 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 70,672 |
2015 |  |  | 101,694 |  |  | Aug 15, 2025 |  | 171 Days |  | Feb 1, 2026 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 70,668 |
2015 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | Aug 15, 2025 |  | 47 Days |  | Sep 30, 2025 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 3,475 |
2015 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | Aug 15, 2025 |  | 139 Days |  | Dec 31, 2025 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 3,475 |
|  |  | 705,258 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 469,167 |

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 7 – Stock-Based Compensation (continued)

c) (i) Restricted Stock Units – 2015 Plan (continued)

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs vested and settled during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, all of which were issued pursuant to the 2015 Plan.

Equity Incentive Plan |  | RSUs Vested (#) |  |  | Vest Date |  | Shares Issued (#) |  |  | Shares Withheld for Taxes (#) |
2015 |  |  | 21,583 |  |  | Jan 1, 2025 |  |  | 21,583 |  |  |  | - |
2015 |  |  | 4,667 |  |  | Feb 22, 2025 |  |  | 2,750 |  |  |  | 1,917 |
2015 |  |  | 33,503 |  |  | Mar 13, 2025 |  |  | 21,643 |  |  |  | 11,860 |
2015 |  |  | 38,198 |  |  | Mar 13, 2025 |  |  | 24,676 |  |  |  | 13,522 |
2015 |  |  | 41,642 |  |  | Mar 13, 2025 |  |  | 26,901 |  |  |  | 14,741 |
2015 |  |  | 31,667 |  |  | Apr 4, 2025 |  |  | 28,867 |  |  |  | 2,800 |
2015 |  |  | 297,340 |  |  | May 1, 2025 |  |  | 248,908 |  |  |  | 48,432 |
2015 |  |  | 125,000 |  |  | May 13, 2025 |  |  | 125,000 |  |  |  | - |
2015 |  |  | 37,334 |  |  | May 23, 2025 |  |  | 35,654 |  |  |  | 1,680 |
2015 |  |  | 343,192 |  |  | Jun 1, 2025 |  |  | 286,908 |  |  |  | 56,284 |
2015 |  |  | 8,667 |  |  | Jun 15, 2025 |  |  | 5,381 |  |  |  | 3,286 |
2015 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | Jun 23, 2025 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 0 |
2015 |  |  | 138,452 |  |  | Jul 1, 2025 |  |  | 112,933 |  |  |  | 25,519 |
2015 |  |  | 4,667 |  |  | Jul 13, 2025 |  |  | 3,161 |  |  |  | 1,506 |
2015 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | Jul 13, 2025 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 0 |
2015 |  |  | 137,452 |  |  | Aug 1, 2025 |  |  | 104,801 |  |  |  | 32,651 |
2015 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | Aug 13, 2025 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 0 |
2015 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | Sep 11, 2025 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  |  | 0 |
2015 |  |  | 282,825 |  |  | Sep 28, 2025 |  |  | 222,334 |  |  |  | 60,491 |
2015 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  | Sep 30, 2025 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  |  | 0 |
|  |  | 1,703,189 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,428,500 |  |  |  | 274,689 |

25
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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 7 – Stock-Based Compensation (continued)

c) (i) Restricted Stock Units – 2015 Plan (continued)

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs cancelled during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, all of which were originally issued pursuant to the 2015 Plan.

Equity Incentive Plan |  | RSUs (#) |  |  | Cancellation Date |  | Vesting Date |  | RSUs Cancelled (#) |
2015 |  |  | 3,600 |  |  | Jan 3, 2025 |  | Sep 28, 2025 |  |  | 3,600 |
2015 |  |  | 2,666 |  |  | Jan 3, 2025 |  | Oct 4, 2025 |  |  | 2,666 |
2015 |  |  | 3,600 |  |  | Jan 3, 2025 |  | Sep 28, 2026 |  |  | 3,600 |
2015 |  |  | 1,800 |  |  | Feb 5, 2025 |  | Sep 28, 2025 |  |  | 1,800 |
2015 |  |  | 1,800 |  |  | Feb 5, 2025 |  | Sep 28, 2026 |  |  | 1,800 |
2015 |  |  | 8,100 |  |  | Feb 28, 2025 |  | Sep 28, 2025 |  |  | 8,100 |
2015 |  |  | 12,000 |  |  | Feb 28, 2025 |  | Oct 4, 2025 |  |  | 12,000 |
2015 |  |  | 8,100 |  |  | Feb 28, 2025 |  | Sep 28, 2026 |  |  | 8,100 |
2015 |  |  | 34,000 |  |  | Mar 15, 2025 |  | Apr 4, 2025 |  |  | 34,000 |
2015 |  |  | 5,175 |  |  | Mar 15, 2025 |  | Sep 28, 2025 |  |  | 5,175 |
2015 |  |  | 6,000 |  |  | Mar 15, 2025 |  | Oct 4, 2025 |  |  | 6,000 |
2015 |  |  | 5,175 |  |  | Mar 15, 2025 |  | Sep 28, 2026 |  |  | 5,175 |
2015 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | Apr 1, 2025 |  | May 23, 2025 |  |  | 1,000 |
2015 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | Apr 1, 2025 |  | May 23, 2026 |  |  | 1,000 |
2015 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | Apr 1, 2025 |  | May 23, 2027 |  |  | 1,000 |
2015 |  |  | 7,875 |  |  | Sep 13, 2025 |  | Sep 28, 2025 |  |  | 7,875 |
2015 |  |  | 7,875 |  |  | Sep 13, 2025 |  | Sep 28, 2026 |  |  | 7,875 |
2015 |  |  | 9,000 |  |  | Sep 13, 2025 |  | Oct 4, 2025 |  |  | 9,000 |
2015 |  |  | 4,228 |  |  | Sep 13, 2025 |  | Jan 15, 2026 |  |  | 4,228 |
2015 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | Sep 30, 2025 |  | Sep 11, 2026 |  |  | 2,000 |
|  |  | 125,994 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 125,994 |

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 7 – Stock-Based Compensation (continued)

c) (i) Restricted Stock Units – 2015 Plan (continued)

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025, all of which were issued pursuant to the 2015 Plan and which have an aggregate weighted average remaining contractual life of 0.46 years.

RSUs Outstanding (#) |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Share Price ($) |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) |
| 10,000 |  |  |  | 0.6010 |  |  |  | 1.50 |
| 400,000 |  |  |  | 0.6020 |  |  |  | 1.10 |
| 12,500 |  |  |  | 0.6050 |  |  |  | 0.43 |
| 62,684 |  |  |  | 0.6301 |  |  |  | 0.29 |
| 450,000 |  |  |  | 0.6750 |  |  |  | 1.55 |
| 450,000 |  |  |  | 0.6900 |  |  |  | 0.51 |
| 213,394 |  |  |  | 0.6949 |  |  |  | 0.51 |
| 282,825 |  |  |  | 0.7000 |  |  |  | 0.22 |
| 74,666 |  |  |  | 0.7425 |  |  |  | 1.14 |
| 9,333 |  |  |  | 0.9707 |  |  |  | 0.90 |
| 4,666 |  |  |  | 1.3200 |  |  |  | 0.78 |
| 282,659 |  |  |  | 1.4600 |  |  |  | 0.01 |
| 8,665 |  |  |  | 1.5800 |  |  |  | 0.71 |
| 6,666 |  |  |  | 1.7200 |  |  |  | 0.49 |
| 333 |  |  |  | 2.1500 |  |  |  | 0.16 |
| 2,268,391 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs of $1,769,014 and $937,567 was recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively. Total remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested RSUs is $1,658,309.

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025, all of which were issued pursuant to the 2024 Plan and which have an aggregate weighted average remaining contractual life of 1.71 years.

|  | RSUs (#) |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Share Price ($) |
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  |  | 0.2070 |
Granted |  |  | 3,547,678 |  |  |  | 0.5819 |
Vested/Settled |  |  | (225,000 | ) |  |  | 0.5095 |
Cancelled / Forfeited |  |  | (299,400 | ) |  |  | 0.5701 |
Outstanding at September 30, 2025 |  |  | 4,023,278 |  |  |  | 0.5959 |
Exercisable at September 30, 2025 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 7 – Stock-Based Compensation (continued)

c) (ii) Restricted Stock Units - 2024 Plan

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, all of which were issued pursuant to the 2024 Plan. The RSUs vest equally over periods stated on the dates noted, subject to the recipient’s continued service to the Company, and will result in the RSU compensation expense stated.

Equity Incentive Plan |  | RSUs Granted (#) |  |  | Grant Date |  | Vesting Period |  | First Vesting Date |  | Second Vesting Date |  |  | Third Vesting Date |  |  | RSU Expense ($) |
2024 |  |  | 25,000 |  |  | Feb 26, 2025 |  | 77 Days |  | May 13, 2025 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 14,626 |
2024 |  |  | 154,678 |  |  | Mar 1, 2025 |  | 12 Months |  | Mar 1, 2026 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 95,900 |
2024 |  |  | 2,868,000 |  |  | Mar 17, 2025 |  | 36 Months |  | Mar 17, 2026 |  | Mar 17, 2027 |  |  | Mar 17, 2028 |  |  |  | 1,635,048 |
2024 |  |  | 200,000 |  |  | May 5, 2025 |  | 8 Days |  | May 13, 2025 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | 100,020 |
2024 |  |  | 300,000 | (i) |  | Jul 24, 2025 |  | Up to 42 Months |  | Variable |  | Variable |  |  | Variable |  |  |  | 134,977 |
|  |  | 3,547,678 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,980,571 |

(i) | These RSUs vest upon the share price closing above $2.50 per share for a minimum of thirty consecutive trading days within a period of three years from the date of grant, with further time-based vesting in a single installment six months after the timely achievement of the target, if at all, and subject to continued service. The estimated fair value of the RSUs that include a market vesting condition will be measured on the grant date using a Monte Carlo Simulation of a Geometric Brownian Motion stock path model and incorporating the probability of vesting occurring. The estimated fair value of these awards will be recognized over the derived service period (as determined by the valuation model), with such recognition occurring regardless of whether the market condition is met.

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs cancelled during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, all of which were originally issued pursuant to the 2024 Plan.

Equity Incentive Plan |  | RSUs (#) |  |  | Cancellation Date |  | Vesting Date |  | RSUs Cancelled (#) |
2024 |  |  | 95,618 |  |  | Jun 30, 2025 |  | Mar 17, 2026 |  |  | 95,618 |
2024 |  |  | 95,599 |  |  | Jun 30, 2025 |  | Mar 17, 2027 |  |  | 95,599 |
2024 |  |  | 95,583 |  |  | Jun 30, 2025 |  | Mar 17, 2028 |  |  | 95,583 |
2024 |  |  | 4,200 |  |  | Sep 30, 2025 |  | Mar 17, 2026 |  |  | 4,200 |
2024 |  |  | 4,200 |  |  | Sep 30, 2025 |  | Mar 17, 2027 |  |  | 4,200 |
2024 |  |  | 4,200 |  |  | Sep 30, 2025 |  | Mar 17, 2028 |  |  | 4,200 |
|  |  | 299,400 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 299,400 |

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 7 – Stock-Based Compensation (continued)

c) (ii) Restricted Stock Units - 2024 Plan (continued)

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs vested and settled during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, all of which were issued pursuant to the 2024 Plan.

Equity Incentive Plan |  | RSUs Vested (#) |  |  | Vest Date |  | Shares Issued (#) |  |  | Shares Withheld for Taxes (#) |
2024 |  |  | 225,000 |  |  | May 13, 2025 |  |  | 225,000 |  |  |  | - |
|  |  | 225,000 |  |  |  |  |  | 225,000 |  |  |  | - |

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 8 – Commitments and Contingencies

a) Finance Lease Obligations

The following is a schedule showing the future minimum lease payments under finance leases by years and the present value of the minimum payments as of September 30, 2025.

For the Nine Months Ending September 30, 2025 |  | Amount |
|  | $ |
2025 |  |  | 15,778 |
2026 |  |  | 63,109 |
2027 |  |  | 63,109 |
2028 |  |  | 63,107 |
2029 |  |  | 63,107 |
Greater than 5 years |  |  | 149,867 |
Total |  |  | 418,077 |
Less: Amount representing interest |  |  | (32,507 | )
Present value of minimum lease payments |  |  | 385,570 |

b) Operating Lease Right-of-Use Obligations

Operating leases as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, consisted of the following:

|  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | $ |  |  | $ |
Operating right-of-use assets |  |  | 572,289 |  |  |  | 599,816 |
Operating lease liabilities, current portion |  |  | 254,644 |  |  |  | 221,755 |
Operating lease liabilities, long term |  |  | 351,211 |  |  |  | 410,686 |
Total operating lease liabilities |  |  | 605,855 |  |  |  | 632,441 |
Weighted average remaining lease (months) |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | 48 |
Weighted average discount rate |  |  | 4.25 | % |  |  | 3.70 | %

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, cash paid for amounts included for the measurement of lease liabilities was $167,564 and the Company recorded operating lease expense of $166,864.

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 8 – Commitments and Contingencies (continued)

b) Operating Lease Right-of-Use Obligations (continued)

The following is a schedule showing the future minimum lease payments under operating leases by years and the present value of the minimum payments as of September 30, 2025.

For the Nine Months Ending September 30, 2025 |  | Amount |
|  | $ |
2025 |  |  | 67,977 |
2026 |  |  | 274,658 |
2027 |  |  | 192,990 |
2028 |  |  | 89,597 |
2029 |  |  | 14,049 |
Total |  |  | 639,271 |
Less: imputed interest |  |  | (33,416 | )
Total Operating Lease Liabilities |  |  | 605,855 |

The Company’s office space leases are short-term and the Company has elected under the short-term recognition exemption not to recognize them on the balance sheet. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized $83,309 in short-term lease costs associated with office space leases. The annual payments remaining for short-term office leases were as follows:

For the Nine Months Ending September 30, 2025 |  | Amount |
|  | $ |
2025 |  |  | 23,415 |
2026 |  |  | 7,890 |
Total Operating Lease Liabilities |  |  | 31,305 |

c) Grants Repayable

As of September 30, 2025, the total grant balance repayable was $511,617 and the payments remaining were as follows:

For the Nine Months Ending September 30, 2025 |  | Amount |
|  | $ |
2025 |  |  | 69,123 |
2026 |  |  | 47,957 |
2027 |  |  | 53,242 |
2028 |  |  | 89,934 |
2029 |  |  | 58,527 |
Greater than 5 years |  |  | 192,834 |
Total Grants Repayable |  |  | 511,617 |

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Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 8 – Commitments and Contingencies (continued)

d) Long-Term Debt

As of September 30, 2025, the total balance for long-term debt payable was $6,479,333 and the payments remaining were as follows:

For the Nine Months Ending September 30, 2025 |  | Amount |
|  | $ |
2025 - Remaining |  |  | 649,716 |
2026 |  |  | 1,154,582 |
2027 |  |  | 2,110,601 |
2028 |  |  | 3,492,281 |
2029 |  |  | 144,300 |
Greater than 5 years |  |  | 199,862 |
Total |  |  | 7,751,342 |
Less: amount representing interest |  |  | (1,272,009 | )
Total Long-Term Debt |  |  | 6,479,333 |

e) Convertible Note Payable

On May 15, 2025, the Company entered into the SPA with Lind, pursuant to which the Company issued the Lind Note in the amount of $7,500,000 and the Lind Warrant for the purchase of 13,020,834 shares of common stock.

The Lind Note, which does not accrue interest, shall be repaid in eighteen (18) consecutive monthly installments in the amount of $416,666 beginning six months from the issuance date. Lind may elect with respect to no more than two (2) monthly payments to increase the amount of such monthly payment up to $1,000,000 upon notice to the Company. The monthly payments due under the Lind Note may be made by the issuance of common stock valued at the Repayment Share Price, cash in an amount equal to 1.05 times the required payment amount, or a combination of cash and shares. The Lind Note sets forth certain conditions that must be satisfied before we may make any monthly payments in shares of common stock.

The Lind Note may be converted by Lind from time to time at a the Conversion Price. The dollar amount of any conversions by Lind will be applied to toward upcoming Lind Note payments in reverse chronological order. The Lind Note may be prepaid in whole upon written notice on any business day following August 13, 2025; but in the event of a prepayment notice, Lind may convert up to one-third (1/3) of principal amount due at the lesser of the Repayment Share Price or the Conversion Price.

Issuance of shares of common stock upon repayment or conversion of the Lind Note (the “Note Shares”) and upon exercise of the Lind Warrant (the “Warrant Shares”) is subject to an ownership limitation equal to 4.99% of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock; provided, that if Lind and its affiliates beneficially own in excess of 4.99% of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock, then such limitation shall automatically increase to 9.99% so long as Lind and its affiliates own in excess of 4.99% of such common stock (and shall, for the avoidance of doubt, automatically decrease to 4.99% upon Lind and its affiliates ceasing to own in excess of 4.99% of such common stock). Additionally, the issuance in the aggregate of any Note Shares and Warrant Shares in excess of 19.99% of the outstanding common stock shall be subject to stockholder approval in accordance with NYSE American Rule 713.

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Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 8 – Commitments and Contingencies (continued)

e) Convertible Note Payable (continued)

Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default (as defined in the Lind Note), the Lind Note will become immediately due and payable and the Company must pay Lind an amount equal to 120% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Note, subject to a reduction to 110% in certain circumstances, in addition to any other remedies under the Lind Note or the other transaction documents. Events of Default include, among others, failure of the Company to make any Lind Note payment when due, a default in any indebtedness or adverse judgements in excess of threshold amounts, the failure of the Company to instruct its transfer agent to issue unlegended certificates in certain circumstances, the Company’s shares of common stock no longer being public traded or listed on a national

securities exchange, any stop order or trading suspension restricting the trading in the Company’s common stock for a specified period, the announcement or consummation of a Change of Control (as defined in the SPA), the failure to file reports or filings required by the SEC, and the Company’s market capitalization falling below a threshold amount for a specified period, each as described in the Lind Note.

The Lind Note contains certain negative covenants, including restricting the Company from certain distributions, stock repurchases, borrowing, sale of assets, loans and exchange offers. Additionally, unless waived by Lind, the Company is required to utilize a portion of the net proceeds from certain specified debt or equity transactions and asset sales to repay the outstanding principal amount due under the Lind Note.

The Company evaluated the embedded features within the convertible note in accordance with ASC Topic 480 and ASC Topic 815. The Company determined that the embedded features, specifically (i) the default penalty on outstanding principal, and (ii) the default conversion option into common shares at 90% of the lowest volume weighted average price for the common shares on the Company’s VWAP in the three days preceding conversion, constitute derivative liabilities. These features, arising from default provisions, including the contingent default penalty (deemed redemption) and the contingent variable conversion feature, meet the definition of a derivative and do not qualify for derivative accounting exemptions. Consequently, these embedded features were bifurcated from the debt host as a single derivative liability.

The initial fair value of the derivative liabilities was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model, considering various potential outcomes and scenarios. The model used the following assumptions: (i) dividend yield of 0%; (ii) expected volatility of 99.99%; (iii) risk-free interest rate of 3.89%; (iv) discount rate of 42.95%; (v) simulated term of 1.92 years; (vi) estimated fair value of the shares of $0.45 per share; and (vii) various probability assumptions related to down round price adjustments. Subsequent changes in fair value are recognized in the statement of operations for each reporting period. The issuance costs for the convertible Lind Note, along with the allocated fair values of both the Lind Warrants and the bifurcated embedded derivative liability, were collectively treated as a debt discount. The debt discount is amortized to interest expense over the term of the Note using the effective interest method.

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Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 8 – Commitments and Contingencies (continued)

e) Convertible Note Payable (continued)

Estimated future minimum principal payments of the convertible note payable for the next five years consists of the following as of September 30, 2025:

For the Nine Months Ending September 30, 2025 |  | Amount |
|  | $ |
2025 - Remaining |  |  | 833,334 |
2026 |  |  | 5,000,000 |
2027 |  |  | 1,666,666 |
Total Payments |  |  | 7,500,000 |
Debt Carrying Value |  |  | 4,583,334 |
Debt discount |  |  | (3,054,182 | )
Current portion of convertible note payable, net |  |  | 1,529,152 |
Debt Carrying Value |  |  | 2,916,666 |
Debt discount |  |  | (658,021 | )
Convertible note payable, net of current portion |  |  | 2,258,645 |

f) Collaborative Agreement Obligations

In 2018, the Company entered into a research collaboration agreement with the University of Taiwan for a three-year research period for a cost to the Company of up to $2.55 million payable over such period. As of September 30, 2025, $510,000 is due and payable by the Company under this agreement.

In 2022, the Company entered into a sponsored research agreement with The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center to evaluate the role of neutrophil extracellular traps ("NETs") in cancer patients with sepsis for a cost to the Company of $245,319. As of September 30, 2025, $245,319 is still to be paid by the Company under this agreement.

In July 2023, the Company entered into a research agreement with Xenetic Biosciences Inc and CLS Therapeutics Ltd to evaluate the anti-tumoral effects of Nu.Q® CAR T cells for a cost to the Company of $107,589. As of September 30, 2025, $81,447 is due and payable by the Company under this agreement and as of September 30, 2025, $81,447 is due by the Company under this agreement.

In August 2023, the Company entered into a project research agreement with Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust to evaluate the practical clinical utility of the Nu.Q® H3.1 nucleosome levels in adult patients with sepsis to facilitate early diagnosis and prognostication for a cost to the Company of $130,928. As of September 30, 2025, $130,928 is still to be paid by the Company under this agreement. As of September 30, 2025, $21,821 is due by the Company under this agreement.

In January 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with the University Medical Centre Amsterdam (“UMC”), to perform a retrospective study to evaluate the diagnostic potential of the Nu.Q® H3.1 nucleosomes as diagnostic, prognostic and phenotyping biomarkers in sepsis for a cost to the Company of $0. As of September 30, 2025, $0 is still to be paid by the Company under this agreement. As of September 30, 2025, $0 is due by the Company under this agreement.

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Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 8 – Commitments and Contingencies (continued)

f) Collaborative Agreement Obligations (continued)

The Company entered into an agreement with Gustave Roussy a leading cancer centre in Europe that treats patients with all types of cancer to perform and be responsible for the co-ordination of a Non-Interventional Phase IV clinical trial to undertake a Prospective analysis of circulating nucleosomes in patients receiving a first line treatment for a non-Hodgkin lymphoma for a cost to the Company of $119,540. As of September 30, 2025, $119,540 is still to be paid by the Company under this agreement. As of September 30, 2025, $17,928 is due by the Company under this agreement.

In October 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with the National Taiwan University to undertake a clinical research study entitled Validation of Nu.Q biomarker panel in differentiating between high and low risk of cancer in nodules identified by Lung cancer LDCT screening for a cost to the Company of $402,250. As of September 30, 2025, $281,575 is still to be paid by the Company under this agreement. As of September 30, 2025, $120,675 is due by the Company under this agreement.

As of September 30, 2025, the total amount to be paid for future research and collaboration commitments was $ 1,368,809 and the payments remaining were as follows:

|  | Total Amount Remaining |  |  | 2025 - Remaining |
|  | $ |  |  | $ |
National University of Taiwan |  |  | 510,000 |  |  |  | 510,000 |
MD Anderson Cancer Center |  |  | 245,319 |  |  |  | 245,319 |
Guys and St Thomas |  |  | 130,928 |  |  |  | 130,928 |
Xenetic Biosciences |  |  | 81,447 |  |  |  | 81,447 |
National University of Taiwan |  |  | 281,575 |  |  |  | 281,575 |
Gustave Roussy |  |  | 119,540 |  |  |  | 119,540 |
Total Collaborative Obligations |  |  | 1,368,809 |  |  |  | 1,368,809 |

g) Other Commitments

Belgian Volition

In connection with the acquisition of the Company’s former subsidiary, Volition Germany GmbH, the Company entered into a royalty agreement with the founder providing for the payment of royalties in the amount of 6% of net sales of Volition Germany’s nucleosomes as reagents to pharmaceutical companies for use in the development, manufacture and screening of molecules for use as therapeutic drugs for a period of five years post-closing. Volition Germany has been dissolved and its assets transferred to Belgian Volition.

As of September 30, 2025, $229 is payable under the 6% royalty agreement on sales to date towards the Company’s aggregate minimum royalty obligation of $129,064.

VolitionRx

On February 5, 2025, the Company entered into a 9-month loan agreement with First Insurance Funding for a maximum of $294,603 with fixed interest rate of 7.82%, maturing in November 2025. As of September 30, 2025, the maximum has been drawn down under this agreement and the principal balance payable was $64,993. The agreement is in relation to the directors and officers insurance policy.

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VOL ITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 8 – Commitments and Contingencies (continued)

h) Legal Proceedings

In the ordinary course of business, the Company may be subject to claims, counter-claims, lawsuits and other litigation of the type that generally arise from the conduct of its business. The Company knows of no legal proceedings which the Company believes will have a material adverse effect on its financial position.

i) Commitments in Respect of Corporate Goals and Performance-Based Awards

As of September 30, 2025, the Company has recognized total compensation expense of $1,522,980 of which $527,940 is in relation to RSUs from grants in 2022 that vested in 2023, $516,039 is in relation to RSUs from such grants that vested in 2024, and $479,001 is in relation to RSUs from such grants that will vest in 2025. The Company has unrecognized compensation expense of $1,505 in relation to such RSUs, based on the outcomes related to the prescribed performance targets on the outstanding awards.

Total |  |  | Vesting |  | Amortized |  |  | Amortized |  |  | Amortized |  |  | Amortized |  |  | Un-Amortized |
Award |  |  | Year |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
$ |  |  |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |
| 527,940 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 393,853 |  |  |  | 134,087 |  |  |  | - |
| 516,040 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 190,833 |  |  |  | 260,119 |  |  |  | 65,088 |  |  |  | - |
| 480,507 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 83,213 |  |  |  | 171,519 |  |  |  | 177,584 |  |  |  | 46,686 |  |  |  | 1,505 |
| 1,524,487 |  |  |  |  |  | 83,213 |  |  |  | 362,352 |  |  |  | 831,556 |  |  |  | 245,861 |  |  |  | 1,505 |

As of September 30, 2025, the Company had recognized total compensation expense of $606,864. The Company has unrecognized compensation expense of $65,511 in relation to the RSUs from grants in 2023, of which, $0 in relation to RSUs that will vest in 2025, and $65,511 in relation to RSUs that will vest in 2026 subject to the outcomes related to the prescribed performance targets on the outstanding awards.

Total |  |  | Vesting |  | Amortized |  |  | Amortized |  |  | Amortized |  |  | Un-Amortized |
Award |  |  | Year |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2025 |
$ |  |  |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |
| 242,902 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 148,132 |  |  |  | 94,770 |  |  |  | - |
| 218,081 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 66,990 |  |  |  | 103,578 |  |  |  | 47,513 |  |  |  | - |
| 211,392 |  |  | 2026 |  |  | 45,062 |  |  |  | 69,116 |  |  |  | 31,703 |  |  |  | 65,511 |
| 672,375 |  |  |  |  |  | 112,052 |  |  |  | 320,826 |  |  |  | 173,986 |  |  |  | 65,511 |

Effective March 17, 2025, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors approved the granting of cash bonuses of up to two months’ gross salary to the salaried employees of the Company and its affiliates, payable upon the achievement by the Company or its affiliates of various corporate goals focused around licensing, revenue, cost reduction and non-dilutive funding. Pursuant to the terms of the grants, the Company would pay a cash bonus to such award recipients in their January 2026 monthly payroll upon the achievement of the corporate goals provided that the bonus recipient commenced employment prior to October 1, 2025 and continued employment until at least December 31, 2025, at the sole discretion of both the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer.

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Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 8 – Commitments and Contingencies (continued)

i) Commitments in Respect of Corporate Goals and Performance-Based Awards (continued)

Effective March 17, 2025, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors approved the granting of RSUs of 2,868,000 shares of common stock under the 2024 Plan, payable upon the achievement of various corporate goals focused around licensing, revenue, cost reduction and non-dilutive funding, to various personnel including directors, executives, members of management, consultants and employees of the Company and/or its subsidiaries in exchange for services provided to the Company. Pursuant to the terms of the grants, conditioned upon the achievement by the Company or its affiliates/subsidiaries of one or more of the corporate goals as set forth in the minutes of the Compensation Committee, as determined in the sole discretion of the Compensation Committee, these RSU will vest at a rate of approximately one-third vesting on each of March 17, 2026, March 17, 2027, and March 17, 2028 subject to continued service of the award recipient to the Company through the applicable vesting dates.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company had recognized total compensation expense of $484,380. The Company has unrecognized compensation expense of $979,980 in relation to the RSUs from grants in 2025, of which $224,055 is in relation to RSUs that will vest in 2026, $355,907 in relation to RSUs that will vest in 2027, and $400,018 in relation to RSUs that will vest in 2028 based on the outcomes related to the prescribed performance targets on the outstanding awards.

Total |  |  | Vesting |  | Amortized |  |  | Un-Amortized |  |  | Cancelled |
Award |  |  | Year |  | 2025 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2025 |
$ |  |  |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |
| 545,026 |  |  | 2026 |  |  | 264,065 |  |  |  | 224,055 |  |  |  | 56,906 |
| 545,015 |  |  | 2027 |  |  | 132,213 |  |  |  | 355,907 |  |  |  | 56,895 |
| 545,006 |  |  | 2028 |  |  | 88,102 |  |  |  | 400,018 |  |  |  | 56,886 |
| 1,635,047 |  |  |  |  |  | 484,380 |  |  |  | 979,980 |  |  |  | 170,687 |

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Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 9 – Subsequent Events

Settlement of RSUs

On October 4, 2025, 282,659 RSUs previously granted to various employees vested and resulted in the issuance of 216,966 shares of common stock with 65,693 shares of common stock withheld for taxes.

On October 6, 2025, 5,000 RSUs previously granted to a consultant vested and resulted in the issuance of 5,000 shares of common stock.

On November 1, 2025, 101,700 RSUs previously granted to executive officers of the Company or its subsidiaries vested and resulted in the issuance of 81,867 shares of common stock with 19,833 shares of common stock withheld for taxes.

On November 6, 2025, 133,334 RSUs previously granted to a director of the Company vested and resulted in the issuance of 133,334 shares of common stock.

2025 Underwritten Offering

On October 10, 2025, the Company entered into an Underwriting Agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with Newbridge Securities Corporation (the “Underwriter”), relating to an underwritten public offering of 11,550,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, together with accompanying common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 11,550,000 shares of Common Stock (the “Closing Warrants”). Each share of common stock was offered and sold together with an accompanying common stock warrant to purchase one share of common stock at a combined offering price to the public of $0.52, including $0.01 per common stock warrant, less an underwriting discount of 7.0% (the “Offering”). Pursuant to the terms of the Underwriting Agreement, the Company also granted the Underwriter a 30-day option (the “Over-Allotment Option”) to purchase up to an additional 1,732,500 shares of common stock (the “Option Shares”), as well as accompanying common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,732,500 shares of common stock (the “Option Warrants” and collectively with the Closing Warrants, the “Warrants”) at the same combined offering price to the public.

On November 7, 2025, the Company and the Underwriter entered into an amendment to the Underwriting Agreement (the “Amendment”), to modify the terms of the Over-Allotment Option. The Amendment permits the Underwriter, in its sole discretion, to exercise the Over-Allotment Option with respect to solely Option Shares, solely Option Warrants, or any combination thereof, rather than only as a combined exercise for both Option Shares and Option Warrants together. Concurrently with the execution of the Amendment, the Underwriter exercised its Over-Allotment Option to purchase 1,194,000 Option Shares and 1,732,500 Option Warrants at the price to public as in the Offering, allocated as $0.51 per share and $0.01 per warrant, less an underwriting discount of 7.0%.

The Warrants have an exercise price of $0.60 per share, subject to adjustment as provided for therein, are exercisable immediately and are exercisable for a period of five years from the closing of the Offering. The Warrants may only be exercised on a cashless basis if there is no registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for, the issuance of the shares underlying the Warrants to the holder. The Company is prohibited from effecting an exercise of any Warrants to the extent that such exercise would result in the number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by such holder and its affiliates exceeding 4.99% (or 9.99% at election of the holder) of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, which percentage may be increased or decreased at the holder’s election not to exceed 9.99%. The Company also entered into a warrant agent agreement with the Company’s transfer agent, VStock Transfer LLC (the “Warrant Agent”), to act as warrant agent for the Company, setting forth certain terms and conditions with respect to the Warrant Agent’s service as warrant agent for the Warrants.

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Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

No te 9 – Subsequent Events (continued)

2025 Underwritten Offering (Continued)

The Company reimbursed the Underwriter for up to $100,000 of its reasonable, necessary, and documented out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with the Offering, including the fees and expenses of counsel to the Underwriter.

Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the Company also issued to the Underwriter warrants to purchase up to an aggregate 929,775 shares of common stock, or 7.0% of the number of Shares sold in the Offering, assuming the overallotment option is exercised in full (the “Underwriter Warrants”), at an exercise price of $0.63 per share. The Underwriter Warrants are in substantially the same form as the Warrants and are exercisable at any time during the period commencing six months after their issuance and expire five years after the date of the closing of the Offering. In connection with the Underwriter’s exercise of the Over-Allotment Option, the Company issued to the Underwriter an additional 83,580 Underwriter Warrants, or 7.0% of the number of 1,194,000 Option Shares sold in the Over-Allotment Option.

The Offering is being made pursuant to the 2025 Form S-3.

Certain directors and officers agreed to purchase an aggregate of 254,229 shares and accompanying warrants in the Offering on the same terms offered to the public. The Offering closed on October 14, 2025.

Net proceeds to the Company from the Offering were approximately $5.4 million after deducting estimated Offering expenses payable by the Company and assuming no exercise of the Warrants. Following the Underwriter’s partial exercise of the Over-Allotment Option and purchase of the Option Shares and Option Warrants on November 7, 2025, the Company received an additional $582,426 in net proceeds after deducting expenses payable.

END NOTES TO FINANCIALS

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Report and in our Annual Report. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that are based on our current expectations and reflect our plans, estimates and anticipated future financial performance. These statements involve numerous risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in this Report and in our Annual Report, as well as our other public filings with the SEC. Please refer to the section of this Report entitled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for additional information.

Overview

Imagine a world where diseases like cancer and sepsis can be diagnosed early and monitored easily using routine blood tests. That’s the world Volition is trying to build by developing its innovative family of simple, easy to use, cost-effective blood tests.

Volition is a multi-national epigenetics company. It has patented technologies that use chromosomal structures, such as nucleosomes, and transcription factors as biomarkers in cancer and other diseases. The tests in the Company’s product portfolio detect certain characteristic changes that occur from the earliest stages of disease, enabling early detection and offering a better way to monitor disease progression and a patient’s response to treatment.

The tests offered by Volition and its subsidiaries are designed to detect and monitor a range of life-altering diseases, including certain cancers and diseases associated with NETosis, such as sepsis. Early diagnosis and monitoring have the potential to not only prolong the life of patients but also improve their quality of life.

We have several key pillars of focus:

| · | Nu.Q® Vet - cost-effective, easy-to-use blood tests for dogs and other companion animals. The Nu.Q® Vet Cancer Test is commercially available as a cancer screening test in dogs.
| · | Nu.Q® NETs - detects diseases associated with NETosis such as sepsis.
| · | Nu.Q® Discover - a complete solution to profiling nucleosomes.
| · | Nu.Q® Cancer - from screening, diagnosis and staging, therapy decision, planning and treatment to monitoring response to treatment and disease progression.
| · | Capture-PCR™ and Capture-SEQ™ - isolating and capturing circulating tumor-derived DNA from plasma samples for early cancer detection.

Commercialization Strategy

We are guided by three underlying principles to our commercialization strategy – ensuring our products:

| · | Result in low capital expenditures for licensors and end users and low operating expenses for Volition,
| · | Are affordable, and
| · | Are accessible worldwide.

The principles above inform our overall commercialization strategy for our products, which is driven by the following:

| · | Conducting research and development in-house and through our research partners;
| · | Monetizing our intellectual property with upfront payments, milestone payments, royalties, and sales of kits and key components; and
| · | Commercializing our products via global players and in fragmented markets through regional companies.

We aim to partner with established diagnostic companies and/or liquid biopsy companies to market, sell, and process our tests, leveraging their networks and expertise.

We believe, given the global prevalence of cancer and diseases associated with NETosis, and the low-cost, accessible and routine nature of our tests, they could potentially be used throughout the world.

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We aim to remain an IP powerhouse in the epigenetic space and expect to monetize our IP and technologies through licensing and distribution contracts with companies that have established distribution networks and expertise on a worldwide or regional basis, in both human and animal care across platforms (centralized labs and point-of-care / in-house diagnostics).

To this end, on March 28, 2022, Volition entered into a master license and product supply agreement with Heska, now an Antech Company. In exchange for granting Heska exclusive worldwide rights to sell our Nu.Q® Vet Cancer Test at the point of care for companion animals, Volition received a $10.0 million upfront payment upon signing, received $13.0 million based upon the achievement of two milestones and is eligible to receive up to an additional $5.0 million based upon the achievement of a final milestone upon the earlier of the first commercial sale by or on behalf of Heska of a screening or monitoring test for lymphoma in felines, or the nine-month anniversary of the first peer reviewed paper evidencing clinical utility for the screening or monitoring of lymphoma in felines being published in any one of a number of periodicals identified by the parties. In addition, Volition has granted Heska non-exclusive rights to sell the Nu.Q® Vet Cancer Test in kit format for companion animals through Heska’s network of central reference laboratories.

We also entered into a licensing and supply agreement with IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. (“IDEXX”) in October 2022. This contract provides worldwide customer reach through IDEXX’s global reference laboratory network as we continue to commercialize our transformational Nu.Q® technology within the companion animal healthcare sector and capitalize on the significant opportunities available. IDEXX launched the IDEXX Nu.Q® Canine Cancer Test in January 2023.

In November 2023, we launched the Nu.Q® Vet Cancer Test in the UK and Ireland through our distributor, the Veterinary Pathology Group, and in the UK through Nationwide Laboratories. In July 2024, we launched the Nu.Q® Vet Cancer Test in Japan with Fujifilm Vet Systems Co. Ltd. The Nu.Q® Vet Cancer Test is now available in over twenty countries.

In September 2025, we signed a Research License and Exclusive Commercial Option Rights Agreement for Antiphospholipid Syndrome (“APS”) with Werfen, a global leader in the field of in specialized diagnostics for hemostasis, thrombosis and other NETs-related indications. Full terms of the agreement are confidential, but Werfen will gain access to the components of Volition's proprietary Nu.Q® H3.1 NETs assay and will investigate its clinical utility in the management of APS patients on its platforms. Werfen also has an option to negotiate terms with us for it to launch the product commercially under an exclusive license.

Also in September 2025, we signed an agreement with Hologic Diagenode (“Hologic”) (NASDAQ: HOLX), for the co-marketing of our Nu.Q® Discover service. Under the agreement, Hologic will co-market Nu.Q® Discover services with Hologic customers for an initial one-year term. If successful, the aim is for Hologic to be appointed as an exclusive provider of those services, subject to further terms being agreed. The intention of this agreement is to expand customer access to our proprietary Nu.Q® Discover assays.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have financed our operations since inception primarily through private placements and public offerings of our common stock. As of September 30, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $0.2 million.

Net cash used in operating activities was $14.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and $20.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease in cash used in operating activities for the period ended September 30, 2025 when compared to same period in 2024 can be primarily attributed to a reduction in research and development expenditure reflecting the completion of certain clinical trials and studies in 2024.

Net cash used in investing activities was $0.1 million and $0.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction in the purchase of licenses in the current period.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $11.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and $6.4 million for the comparable period ended September 30, 2024. The increase in cash provided by financing activities for the period ended September 30, 2025 when compared to same period in 2024 was primarily due to (i) $6.3 million in cash, before deducting commitment and legal fees of $0.3 million, received in exchange for the issuance of a senior secured convertible note and warrants in May 2025, (ii) $2.3 million in cash, before deducting offering expenses of $0.1 million, received from the issuance and sale of common stock and warrants in a registered direct offering that closed in March 2025, (iii) $0.3 million in net proceeds received from the issuance and sale of 448,706 shares of common stock under our “at-the-market” facility with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”) acting as exclusive placement agent, which facility terminated effective April 20, 2025, (iv) $0.9 million in net proceeds received from the issuance and sale of 1,386,223 shares of common stock under our 2025 ATM Sales Agreement during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, (v) $1.2 million in cash, before deducting offering expenses of $0.1 million, received from the issuance and sale of common stock and warrants in a registered direct offering that closed in August 2025, and (vi) $0.3 million in cash, received from the issuance and sale of common stock and warrants in a private placement that closed in September 2025.

For additional information on our “at-the-market” facility with Jefferies, which terminated in April 2025, our “at-the-market” facility established by our 2025 ATM Sales Agreement, the March 2025 registered direct offering, the August 2025 registered direct offering and the September 2025 private placement, refer to Note 6, Common Stock –2025 Equity Capital Raises and “-At the Market Offerings” of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements included within this Report. For additional information on the issuance of the May 2025 senior secured convertible note and warrants, refer to Note 8, Commitments and Contingencies – Convertible Note Payable, of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements included within this Report.

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The following table summarizes our approximate contractual payments due by year as of September 30, 2025.

Approximate Payments (Including Interest) Due by Year
|  | Total |  |  | 2025 - Remaining |  |  | 2026 - 2029 |  |  | Greater than 5 years |
Description |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |
Financing lease liabilities |  |  | 418,077 |  |  |  | 15,778 |  |  |  | 252,432 |  |  |  | 149,867 |
Operating lease liabilities and short-term lease |  |  | 670,576 |  |  |  | 91,392 |  |  |  | 579,184 |  |  |  | - |
Grants repayable |  |  | 511,617 |  |  |  | 69,123 |  |  |  | 249,660 |  |  |  | 192,834 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 7,751,342 |  |  |  | 649,716 |  |  |  | 6,901,764 |  |  |  | 199,862 |
Collaborative agreements obligations |  |  | 1,368,809 |  |  |  | 1,368,809 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Convertible Note |  |  | 7,500,000 |  |  |  | 833,334 |  |  |  | 6,666,666 |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | 18,220,421 |  |  |  | 3,028,152 |  |  |  | 14,649,706 |  |  |  | 542,563 |

We intend to use our cash reserves to predominantly fund further research and development, and commercialization activities. We do not have any substantial source of revenues and expect to rely on additional future financing, through the sale of licensing or distribution rights, grant funding and the sale of equity or debt securities to provide sufficient funding to execute our strategic plan. There is no assurance that we will be successful in raising further funds.

In the event additional financing is delayed, we will prioritize the completion of clinical validation studies for the purpose of the sale of licensing or distribution rights, and the maintenance of our patent rights. In the event of an ongoing lack of financing, it may be necessary to discontinue operations, which will adversely affect the value of our common stock.

We have not attained profitable operations and are dependent upon obtaining financing to pursue any extensive activities. For these reasons, our auditors included in their report on our audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, an explanatory paragraph regarding factors that raise substantial doubt that we will be able to continue as a going concern. For additional information regarding our going concern assessment, refer to Note 2, Liquidity and Going Concern Assessment, of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements included within this Report.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change |  |  | Change |
|  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Service |  |  | 88,896 |  |  |  | 68,434 |  |  |  | 20,462 |  |  |  | 30 | %
Product |  |  | 538,381 |  |  |  | 406,088 |  |  |  | 132,293 |  |  |  | 33 | %
Total Revenues |  |  | 627,277 |  |  |  | 474,522 |  |  |  | 152,755 |  |  |  | 32 | %
Research and development |  |  | 2,285,907 |  |  |  | 3,473,782 |  |  |  | (1,187,875 | ) |  | (34 | %)
General and administrative |  |  | 2,483,793 |  |  |  | 1,815,863 |  |  |  | 667,930 |  |  |  | 37 | %
Sales and marketing |  |  | 958,567 |  |  |  | 1,053,584 |  |  |  | (95,017 | ) |  | (9 | %)
Total Operating Expenses |  |  | 5,728,267 |  |  |  | 6,343,229 |  |  |  | (614,962 | ) |  | (10 | %)
Grant income |  |  | 232,184 |  |  |  | 85,378 |  |  |  | 146,806 |  |  |  | >100 | %
Gain (loss) on disposal of fixed assets |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,195 | ) |  |  | 1,195 |  |  | (>100 | %)
Interest income |  |  | 160 |  |  |  | 530 |  |  |  | (370 | ) |  | (70 | %)
Interest expense |  |  | (143,800 | ) |  |  | (89,456 | ) |  |  | (54,344 | ) |  |  | 61 | %
Amortization of debt discount |  |  | (729,630 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (729,630 | ) |  | (>100 | %)
Gain on change in fair value of derivative liability |  |  | 304,443 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 304,443 |  |  |  | >100 | %
(Loss) gain on change in fair value of warrant liability |  |  | 27,842 |  |  |  | 4,872 |  |  |  | 22,970 |  |  | (>100 | %)
Total Other Income (Expenses) |  |  | (308,801 | ) |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | (308,930 | ) |  | (>100 | %)
Net Loss |  |  | (5,409,791 | ) |  |  | (5,868,578 | ) |  |  | 458,787 |  |  | (8 | %)

Revenues

Our operations are transitioning from a research and development stage to a commercialization stage. Revenues during the three-months ended September 30, 2025 were $0.6 million, compared with $0.5 million for the three-months ended September 30, 2024. Our main source of revenues during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024 was product revenues primarily from sales of the Nu.Q® Vet Cancer Test and Nu.Q Discover kits. Service revenue consisted solely of Nu.Q Discover services.

Operating Expenses

Total operating expenses decreased to $5.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 from $6.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, as a result of the factors described below.

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Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses decreased to $2.3 million from $3.5 million for the three-months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, respectively. This decrease was primarily related to a reduction in personnel expenses and lower direct research and development expenses reflecting a reduction in clinical trial activity following completion of studies. The number of full-time equivalent (“FTE”) personnel we employed in this division decreased by 12 to 47 compared to the prior year period.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change |
|  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |
Personnel expenses |  |  | 1,292,755 |  |  |  | 1,694,457 |  |  |  | (401,702 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 52,440 |  |  |  | 49,643 |  |  |  | 2,797 |
Direct research and development expenses |  |  | 488,335 |  |  |  | 984,541 |  |  |  | (496,206 | )
Other research and development |  |  | 188,776 |  |  |  | 464,762 |  |  |  | (275,986 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 263,601 |  |  |  | 280,379 |  |  |  | (16,778 | )
Total research and development expenses |  |  | 2,285,907 |  |  |  | 3,473,782 |  |  |  | (1,187,875 | )

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased to $2.5 million from $1.8 million for the three-months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, respectively. The increase was primarily due to higher legal and professional fees, stock-based compensation and personnel expenses, partly offset by lower general and administrative costs. The FTE personnel number within this division decreased by 3 to 17 compared to the prior year period.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change |
|  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |
Personnel expenses |  |  | 1,102,526 |  |  |  | 994,909 |  |  |  | 107,617 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 425,220 |  |  |  | 217,334 |  |  |  | 207,886 |
Legal and professional fees |  |  | 790,894 |  |  |  | 260,586 |  |  |  | 530,308 |
Other general and administrative |  |  | 125,788 |  |  |  | 302,663 |  |  |  | (176,875 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 39,365 |  |  |  | 40,371 |  |  |  | (1,006 | )
Total general and administrative expenses |  |  | 2,483,793 |  |  |  | 1,815,863 |  |  |  | 667,930 |

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses decreased to $1.0 million from $1.1 million for the three-months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, respectively. The reduction is due to lower personnel expenses and direct marketing and professional fees, partly offset by lower stock-based compensation during the period. The FTE personnel number within this division decreased by 6 to 11 compared to the prior year period.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change |
|  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |
Personnel expenses |  |  | 607,553 |  |  |  | 693,690 |  |  |  | (86,137 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 131,507 |  |  |  | 56,562 |  |  |  | 74,945 |
Direct marketing and professional fees |  |  | 213,364 |  |  |  | 291,268 |  |  |  | (77,904 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 6,143 |  |  |  | 12,064 |  |  |  | (5,921 | )
Total sales and marketing expenses |  |  | 958,567 |  |  |  | 1,053,584 |  |  |  | (95,017 | )

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Other Income (Expenses)

For the three-months ended September 30, 2025, the Company’s other expenditure was $0.3 million compared to other income of $0.0 million for the three-months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in other expenses was mainly due to the amortization of debt discount partly offset by a gain on change in fair value of derivative liability (non-cash accounting charges).

Net Loss

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company’s net loss was approximately $5.4 million in comparison to a net loss of $5.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The change was primarily a result of lower personnel costs and a reduction in clinical trial activity, partly reflecting the completion of certain research and development projects.

Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change |  |  | Change |
|  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Service |  |  | 366,150 |  |  |  | 155,713 |  |  |  | 210,437 |  |  |  | >100 | %
Product |  |  | 914,200 |  |  |  | 886,141 |  |  |  | 28,059 |  |  |  | 3 | %
Total Revenues |  |  | 1,280,350 |  |  |  | 1,041,854 |  |  |  | 238,496 |  |  |  | 23 | %
Research and development |  |  | 7,613,228 |  |  |  | 11,819,106 |  |  |  | (4,205,878 | ) |  | (36 | %)
General and administrative |  |  | 7,667,909 |  |  |  | 6,353,647 |  |  |  | 1,314,262 |  |  |  | 21 | %
Sales and marketing |  |  | 2,919,400 |  |  |  | 4,112,731 |  |  |  | (1,193,331 | ) |  | (29 | %)
Total Operating Expenses |  |  | 18,200,537 |  |  |  | 22,285,484 |  |  |  | (4,084,947 | ) |  | (18 | %)
Grant income |  |  | 429,411 |  |  |  | 85,378 |  |  |  | 344,033 |  |  |  | >100 | %
Loss on disposal of fixed assets |  |  | 330 |  |  |  | (34,693 | ) |  |  | 35,023 |  |  | (>100 | %)
Interest income |  |  | 478 |  |  |  | 9,634 |  |  |  | (9,156 | ) |  | (95 | %)
Interest expense |  |  | (363,825 | ) |  |  | (247,871 | ) |  |  | (115,954 | ) |  |  | 47 | %
Amortization of debt discount |  |  | (1,054,935 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,054,935 | ) |  | (>100 | %)
Gain on change in fair value of derivative liability |  |  | 723,124 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 723,124 |  |  |  | >100 | %
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of warrant liability |  |  | (14,884 | ) |  |  | 30,424 |  |  |  | (45,308 | ) |  | (>100 | %)
Total Other Income (Expenses) |  |  | (280,301 | ) |  |  | (157,128 | ) |  |  | (123,173 | ) |  |  | 78 | %
Net Loss |  |  | (17,200,488 | ) |  |  | (21,400,758 | ) |  |  | (4,200,270 | ) |  | (20 | %)

Revenues

Our operations are transitioning from a research and development stage to a commercialization stage. Revenues during the nine-months ended September 30, 2025 were $1.3 million, compared with $1.0 million for the nine-months ended September 30, 2024. Our main source of revenue during the nine-months ended September 30, 2025 and nine-months ended September 30, 2024 was product revenues primarily from sales of the Nu.Q® Vet Cancer Test and Nu.Q Discover kits. The year over year increase in revenues was primarily driven by sales of Nu.Q® Discover services.

Operating Expenses

Total operating expenses decreased to $18.2 million from $22.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively, as a result of the factors described below.

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Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses decreased to $7.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, from $11.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This decrease was primarily related to lower research and development expenses and a reduction in personnel expenses as a result of reduced clinical trial activity following completion of certain clinical studies. The FTE personnel number decreased by 12 to 47 compared to the prior year period.

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change |
|  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |
Personnel expenses |  |  | 4,506,754 |  |  |  | 5,986,037 |  |  |  | (1,479,283 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 177,248 |  |  |  | 212,217 |  |  |  | (34,969 | )
Direct research and development expenses |  |  | 1,542,583 |  |  |  | 3,822,868 |  |  |  | (2,280,285 | )
Other research and development |  |  | 601,716 |  |  |  | 980,462 |  |  |  | (378,746 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 784,927 |  |  |  | 817,522 |  |  |  | (32,595 | )
Total research and development expenses |  |  | 7,613,228 |  |  |  | 11,819,106 |  |  |  | (4,205,878 | )

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased to $7.7 million from $6.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively. This increase was primarily due to higher stock-based compensation expenses (non-cash charges), and higher legal and professional fees during the period. The FTE personnel number decreased by 3 to 17 compared to the prior year period.

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change |
|  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |
Personnel expenses |  |  | 3,433,045 |  |  |  | 3,253,311 |  |  |  | 179,734 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 1,363,968 |  |  |  | 512,096 |  |  |  | 851,872 |
Legal and professional fees |  |  | 2,107,465 |  |  |  | 1,433,252 |  |  |  | 674,213 |
Other general and administrative |  |  | 646,599 |  |  |  | 1,030,511 |  |  |  | (383,912 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 116,832 |  |  |  | 124,477 |  |  |  | (7,645 | )
Total general and administrative expenses |  |  | 7,667,909 |  |  |  | 6,353,647 |  |  |  | 1,314,262 |

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses decreased to $2.9 million compared to $4.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024. This decrease was due to reduced personnel expenses and direct marketing and professional fees during the period. The FTE personnel number decreased by 6 to 11 compared to the prior year period.

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change |
|  | $ |  |  | $ |  |  | $ |
Personnel expenses |  |  | 2,078,947 |  |  |  | 3,150,406 |  |  |  | (1,071,459 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 331,371 |  |  |  | 218,492 |  |  |  | 112,879 |
Direct marketing and professional fees |  |  | 484,297 |  |  |  | 707,474 |  |  |  | (223,177 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 24,785 |  |  |  | 36,359 |  |  |  | (11,574 | )
Total sales and marketing expenses |  |  | 2,919,400 |  |  |  | 4,112,731 |  |  |  | (1,193,331 | )

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Other Income (Expenses)

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company’s other expenses were $0.3 million compared to other expenses of $0.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in other expenses is mainly due to amortization of debt discount and interest expenses, partly offset by a gain on change in fair value of a derivative liability and higher grant income.

Net Loss

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company’s net loss was approximately $17.2 million in comparison to a net loss of $21.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The change was primarily a result of reduced clinical trial activity and personnel costs.

Going Concern

We have not attained profitable operations on an ongoing basis and are dependent upon obtaining external financing to continue to pursue our operational and strategic plans. For these reasons, management has determined that there is substantial doubt that the business will be able to continue as a going concern without further financing.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

There have been no material changes to our off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to stockholders.

Future Financings

We may seek to obtain additional capital through the sale of debt or equity securities if we deem it desirable or necessary. These sales may include the sale of equity securities from time to time through an “at the market” offering under our 2025 ATM Sales Agreement with JonesTrading or through other equity or debt financings. See Note 6, Common Stock – 2025 ATM Sales Agreement, of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements. However, we may be unable to obtain such additional capital when needed, or on terms favorable to us or our stockholders, if at all. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, the percentage ownership of our stockholders will be reduced, stockholders may experience additional dilution, or such equity securities may provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of the holders of our common stock. If additional funds are raised through the issuance of debt securities, the terms of such securities may place restrictions on our ability to operate our business.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our interim condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), applied on a consistent basis. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods.

We also regularly evaluate estimates and assumptions related to deferred income tax asset valuation allowances, useful lives of property and equipment and intangible assets, borrowing rate used in operating lease right-of-use asset and liability valuations, impairment analysis of intangible assets, valuations of stock-based compensation, valuation of warrant and derivative liabilities and deferred revenue.

We base our estimates and assumptions on current facts, historical experiences, information from third party professionals and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the accrual of costs and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially and adversely from our estimates. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and the actual results, future results of operations could be affected.

We regularly evaluate the accounting policies and estimates that we use to prepare our financial statements. A summary of these policies is included in the notes to our financial statements. There have been no material changes to the critical accounting policies and key estimates and assumptions disclosed in the section titled “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” in Part II, Item 7 within our Annual Report.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The Company has implemented all applicable new accounting pronouncements that are in effect. The Company does not believe that there are any other applicable new accounting pronouncements that have been issued that might have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are a smaller reporting company and are not required to disclose this information.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). As a result of this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that, as of September 30, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective due to the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting described below. Notwithstanding the identified material weaknesses, management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, believes the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report fairly represent, in all material respects, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows as of and for the periods presented in accordance with GAAP.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. We identified a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting. In particular we do not have sufficient written documentation of our internal control policies and procedures, including written policies and procedures to ensure the correct application of accounting and financial reporting with respect to the current requirements of GAAP and SEC disclosure requirements

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the period covered by this report that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Please refer our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 filed, with the SEC on March 31, 2025.

Planned Remediation of Material Weakness

Our management has been actively engaged in developing and implementing remediation plans to address material weakness described above. These remediation efforts are ongoing and include or are expected to include:

| · | replacing our outside service providers to centralize the accounting function in-house;
| · | engaging internal control consultants to assist us in performing a financial reporting risk assessment as well as identifying and designing our system of internal controls necessary to mitigate the risks identified;
| · | preparation of written documentation of our internal control policies and procedures; and
| · | we have engaged external consultants to provide support and to assist us in our evaluation of more complex applications of GAAP.

We continue to enhance corporate oversight over process-level controls and structures to ensure that there is appropriate assignment of authority, responsibility, and accountability to enable remediation of our material weakness. We believe that our remediation plan will be sufficient to remediate the identified material weakness and strengthen our internal control over financial reporting. As we continue to evaluate, and work to improve, our internal control over financial reporting, management may determine that additional measures to address control deficiencies or modifications to the remediation plan are necessary.

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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Except for the ongoing remediation of the material weakness in internal controls over financial reporting noted above, no changes in our internal control over financial reporting were made during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Limitations of the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Internal Controls

Our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control.

The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving our stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, a control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

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PAR T II OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In the ordinary course of business, we may be subject to claims, counter claims, lawsuits and other litigation of the type that generally arise from the conduct of our business. We are not aware of any material, existing or pending legal proceedings against our company, nor are we involved as a plaintiff in any material proceeding or pending litigation. There are no proceedings in which our directors, officers or any affiliates, or any registered or beneficial stockholders, is an adverse party or has a material interest adverse to our interest.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes in our assessment of risk factors affecting our business since those presented in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

On September 18, 2025, the Company issued 483,870 shares of its common stock, plus warrants to purchase an additional 483,870 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.682 per share, to an existing stockholder in a private placement, at a combined offering price of $0.62 per share and accompanying warrant, or an aggregate offering price of $300,000 (excluding any proceeds from the exercise of the warrants). The warrants were exercisable immediately upon issuance and expire on September 18, 2030. A copy of the form of warrant is filed as Exhibit 4.3 to this Report and is incorporated herein by reference. The private placement did not involve any underwriters, underwriting discounts or commissions, or any public offering and the Company believes the transaction was exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act by virtue of Section 4(a)(2) and/or Regulation D due to, among other things, the fact that there was no general solicitation or advertising, the transactions did not involve a public offering of securities, the representations of the investment intent and otherwise by the investor, and the securities were restricted from further transfer as evidenced by the legend thereon.

Repurchase of Equity Securities

No equity securities were repurchased during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements

The Company’s directors and officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1 under the Exchange Act) may enter into trading plans or other arrangements with financial institutions to purchase or sell shares of the Company’s common stock. These plans or arrangements may be intended to comply with the affirmative defense provisions of Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act, which are referred to as Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements, or they may represent non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, none of our directors or officers adopted, modified or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” (as those terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit |  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Filed
Number |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | File No. |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date |  | Herewith
3.1 |  | Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended and currently in effect. |  | S-3 |  | 333-288508 |  | 3.1 |  | 7/3/25 |  |
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended and currently in effect. |  | 10-Q |  | 001-36833 |  | 3.2 |  | 5/13/24 |  |
4.1 |  | Description of Capital Stock |  | S-3 |  | 333-288508 |  | 4.2 |  | 7/3/25 |  |
4.2 |  | Form of Warrant issued August 5, 2025 |  | 8-K |  | 001-36833 |  | 4.1 |  | 8/4/25 |  |
4.3 |  | Form of Warrant issued September 18. 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
10.1 |  | Capital On DemandTM Sales Agreement, dated April 22, 2025, by and between VolitionRx Limited and JonesTrading Institutional Services LLC. |  | 8-K |  | 001-36833 |  | 1.1 |  | 4/22/25 |  |
10.2 |  | Amendment No. 1 to Capital On DemandTM Sales Agreement, dated August 14, 2025, by and between VolitionRx Limited and JonesTrading Institutional Services LLC |  | 10-Q/A |  | 001-36833 |  | 10.2 |  | 8/15/25 |  |
10.3# |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated August 1, 2025, by and among the Company and the purchasers on the signature pages thereto |  | 8-K |  | 001-36833 |  | 10.1 |  | 8/4/25 |  |
31.1* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.1* |  | Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X

# | Certain of the schedules (and similar attachments) to this exhibit have been omitted in accordance with Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act because they do not contain information material to an investment or voting decision and that information is not otherwise disclosed in the exhibit or disclosure document. The registrant agrees to furnish a copy of all omitted schedules (or similar attachments) to the SEC upon its request.
* | The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 accompany this Quarterly Report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and shall not be deemed “filed” by the registrant for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act and are not to be incorporated by reference into any of the registrant’s filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in any such filing.

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S IGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| VOLITIONRX LIMITED |
Dated: November 13, 2025 | By: | /s/ Cameron Reynolds |
|  | Cameron Reynolds |
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer (Authorized Signatory and Principal Executive Officer) |
Dated: November 13, 2025 | By: | /s/ Terig Hughes |
|  | Terig Hughes |
|  | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Authorized Signatory and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |

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