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Stock-Based Compensation | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2020
Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation | 6. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION We use broad-based stock plans to attract and retain highly qualified officers and employees and to help ensure that management’s interests are aligned with those of our shareholders. We have also granted equity-based awards to directors, nonemployees, and certain employees of Cellectis. In December 2014, we adopted the Calyxt, Inc. Equity Incentive Plan (2014 Plan), which allowed for the grant of stock options, and in June 2017, we adopted the 2017 Omnibus Plan (2017 Plan), which allowed for the grant of stock options, restricted stock, restricted units, performance shares, and other types of equity awards. As of December 31, 2020, 1,784,478 shares were registered and available for grant under approved registration statements, while 3,938,285 shares were available for grant in the form of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units under the 2017 Plan. Stock-based awards currently outstanding also include some granted under the 2014 Plan, under which no further awards will be granted. Stock Options The estimated fair values of stock options granted, and the assumptions used for the Black-Scholes option pricing model were as follows:
|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Estimated fair values of stock options granted |  | $ | 3.24 |  |  | $ | 10.18 |  |  | $ | 9.09 |
Assumptions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk-free interest rate |  | .3% - 1.7% |  |  | 1.7% - 2.5% |  |  | 2.2% - 3.0% |
Expected volatility |  | 77.4% - 81.2% |  |  | 52.6% - 78.9% |  |  | 40.9% - 57.2% |
Expected term (in years) |  | 6.0 - 10 |  |  | 6.8 - 10 |  |  | 5.6 - 10 |
We estimate the fair value of each option on the grant date, or other measurement dates if applicable, using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which requires us to make predictive assumptions regarding employee exercise behavior, future stock price volatility, and dividend yield. Our expected term represents the period that options granted are expected to be outstanding determined using the simplified method. We estimate our future stock price volatility using the historical volatility of comparable public companies over the expected term of the option. We estimate the risk-free interest rate based on the United States Treasury zero-coupon yield curve at the date of grant for the expected term of the option. We do not nor do we expect to pay dividends. Options may be priced at 100 percent or more of the fair market value on the date of grant and generally vest over three to six years after the date of grant. Options generally expire within 10 years after the date of grant. Information on stock option activity is as follows:
|  | Options Exercisable |  |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share |  |  | Options Outstanding |  |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share |
Balance as of December 31, 2019 |  |  | 1,789,567 |  |  | $ | 8.73 |  |  |  | 4,481,359 |  |  | $ | 11.73 |
Granted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 887,765 |  |  |  | 4.67 |
Exercised |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (58,575 | ) |  |  | 3.60 |
Forfeited or expired |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (689,376 | ) |  |  | 12.89 |
Balance as of December 31, 2020 |  |  | 2,347,665 |  |  | $ | 10.15 |  |  |  | 4,621,173 |  |  | $ | 10.30 |
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock option awards was as follows:
|  | Year ended December 31, |
In Thousands |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Stock-based compensation expenses |  | $ | 3,371 |  |  | $ | 6,035 |  |  | $ | 3,609 |
The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercisable at December 31, 2020 was $0.6 million and the weighted average remaining contractual term was 6.2 years as of that date. Net cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options less shares used for minimum withholding taxes and the intrinsic value of options exercised were as follows:
|  | Year ended December 31, |
In Thousands |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Net cash proceeds |  | $ | 212 |  |  | $ | 344 |  |  | $ | 2,622 |
Intrinsic value of options exercised |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 905 |  |  | $ | 7,569 |
As of December 31, 2020, unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested stock options was $7.7 million. This expense will be recognized over 30 months on average. Restricted Stock Units Units settled in stock subject to a restricted period may be granted to key employees under the 2017 Plan. Restricted stock units generally vest and become unrestricted over three to five years after the date of grant. Information on restricted stock unit activity follows:
|  | Number of Restricted Stock Units Outstanding |  |  | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Unvested balance at December 31, 2019 |  |  | 813,526 |  |  | $ | 10.31 |
Granted |  |  | 105,633 |  |  |  | 6.54 |
Vested |  |  | (309,693 | ) |  |  | 10.08 |
Cancelled |  |  | (61,659 | ) |  |  | 10.80 |
Unvested balance at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 547,807 |  |  | $ | 9.49 |
The total grant-date fair value of restricted stock unit awards that vested was as follows:
|  | Year ended December 31, |
In Thousands |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Grant-date fair value |  | $ | 3,122 |  |  | $ | 3,141 |  |  | $ | 2,691 |
Information on the weighted average grant date fair value of restricted stock units issued was as follows:
|  | Year ended December 31, |
In Thousands |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Weighted average grant date fair value |  | $ | 6.54 |  |  | $ | 12.48 |  |  | $ | 16.76 |
Stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock units was as follows:
|  | Year ended December 31, |
In Thousands |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Stock-based compensation expenses |  | $ | 1,155 |  |  | $ | 2,910 |  |  | $ | 776 |
As of December 31, 2020, unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted stock units was $2.0 million. This expense will be recognized over 25 months on average. We treat stock-based compensation awards granted to employees of Cellectis as deemed dividends. We recorded deemed dividends for restricted stock units as follows:
|  | Year ended December 31, |
In Thousands |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Deemed dividends from grants to Cellectis employees |  | $ | 1,168 |  |  | $ | 1,358 |  |  | $ | 2,253 |
Performance Stock Units In June 2019, we granted 311,667 performance stock units under the 2017 Plan to three executive officers. The performance stock units will vest at 50 percent, 100 percent, or 120 percent of the shares under the award at the end of a three-year performance period based upon increases in the value of our common stock from the grant price of $12.48. The performance stock units will be settled in restricted stock upon vesting, with restrictions on transfer lapsing on the second anniversary of the restricted stock issuance date. The estimated fair values of performance stock units granted, and the assumptions used for the Monte Carlo simulation pricing model were as follows:
Estimated fair values of performance stock units granted |  | $ | 7.06 |
Assumptions: |  |  |  |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 1.71 | %
Expected volatility |  |  | 75.0 | %
Expected term (in years) |  | 3.0 |
|  | Year ended December 31,
In Thousands |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |
Stock-based compensation expenses |  | $ | 445 |  |  | $ | 225 |  |
As of December 31, 2020, unrecognized compensation expense related to performance stock units was $1.5 million and will be recognized over 42 months. Cellectis Equity Incentive Plan Prior to 2018, Cellectis granted stock options to our employees. Compensation costs related to these grants have been recognized in the statements of operations with a corresponding credit to stockholders’ equity, representing the Cellectis’ capital contribution to us. The fair value of each stock option was estimated at the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. We recognized stock-based compensation expense related to our Cellectis’ grants of $0.1 million in 2018. Expenses in 2019 were immaterial and as of December 31, 2019, all expenses related to these awards had been recognized.

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