UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(B) OR 12(G) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report:

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-41493

Lichen International Limited

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

15th Floor, Xingang Square, Hubin North Road,

Siming District, Xiamen City,

Fujian Province, China, 361013

+86-592-5586999

(Address of principal executive offices)

Ya Li

+86-592-5586999

Ir@lichenzx.com

15th Floor, Xingang Square, Hubin North Road,

Siming District, Xiamen City,

Fujian Province, China, 361013

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Ordinary shares, par value $0.008 per share |  | LICN |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (Nasdaq Capital Market)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 16,216,825 Class A Ordinary Shares and 110,000 Class B Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

☐ Yes ☒ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ |  | Accelerated filer ☐ |  | Non-accelerated filer ☒
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☒ |  | International Financial Reporting Standards as issued |  | Other ☐
|  | by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ |  |

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934).

☐ Yes ☒ No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

☐ Yes ☐ No

Table of Contents

|  |  | Page
PART I |  |  |
Item 1. | Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers |  | 1
Item 2. | Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable |  | 1
Item 3. | Key Information |  | 1
Item 4. | Information on the Company |  | 47
Item 4A. | Unresolved Staff Comments |  | 75
Item 5. | Operating and Financial Review and Prospects |  | 75
Item 6. | Directors, Senior Management and Employees |  | 91
Item 7. | Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions |  | 99
Item 8. | Financial Information |  | 101
Item 9. | The Offer and Listing |  | 101
Item 10. | Additional Information |  | 102
Item 11. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 112
Item 12. | Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities |  | 112
PART II |  |  |
Item 13. | Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies |  | 113
Item 14. | Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds |  | 113
Item 15. | Controls and Procedures |  | 114
Item 16. | [Reserved] |  | 116
Item 16A. | Audit Committee Financial Expert |  | 116
Item 16B. | Code of Ethics |  | 116
Item 16C. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services |  | 116
Item 16D. | Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees |  | 116
Item 16E. | Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers |  | 116
Item 16F. | Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant |  | 117
Item 16G. | Corporate Governance |  | 117
Item 16H. | Mine Safety Disclosure |  | 117
Item 16I. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections. |  | 117
Item 16J. | Insider Trading Policies |  | 118
Item 16K. | Cybersecurity |  | 118
PART III |  |  |
Item 17. | Financial Statements |  | 119
Item 18. | Financial Statements |  | 119
Item 19. | Exhibits |  | 119

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INTRODUCTION

Throughout this report, unless the context indicates otherwise, references to “Lichen International”, “Lichen International Limited”, “we,” “us,” the “Company,” “our company,” or “LICN” refer to Lichen International Limited, a holding company. References to “Subsidiaries” or “PRC subsidiaries” refer to the Lichen International Limited’s subsidiaries established under the laws of the People’s Republic of China. References to “Group” are to Lichen International Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries collectively. Unless otherwise indicated, in this annual report, references to:

| ● | “China” or the “PRC” are to the People’s Republic of China;

| ● | “Class A Ordinary Shares” are to a class of shares of Lichen International (as defined below) called the “series A ordinary shares” with par value $0.008 per share;

| ● | “Class B Ordinary Shares” are to a class of shares of Lichen International (as defined below) called the “series B ordinary shares” with par value $0.008 per share;

| ● | “HKD” are to the official currency of Hong Kong;

| ● | “Lichen International” are to Lichen International Limited (formerly known as “Lichen China Limited”), a Cayman Islands exempted company;

| ● | “Legend Consulting BVI” are to Legend Consulting Investments Limited, a British Virgin Islands exempted company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Lichen International;

| ● | “Legend Consulting HK” are to Legend Consulting Limited (HK), a Hong Kong company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Legend Consulting BVI;

| ● | “Lichen WFOE” or “Lichen Zixun” are to Fujian Province Lichen Management and Consulting Company Limited, a wholly foreign-owned company organized under the laws of the PRC and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Legend Consulting HK;
| ● | “Lichen Singapore” is to Lichen Holding Singapore Pte. Ltd., a Singpore company organized under the laws of the Singapore and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Legend Consulting HK;
| ● | “Bondly HK” is to Bondly Enterprises Limited., a Hong Kong company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Legend Consulting HK;
| ● | “Bondly Xiamen” is to Xiamen Bondly Management and Consulting Company Limited, a limited liability company organized under the laws of the PRC and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Bondly HK;

| ● | “Lichen Yingtan” is to Yingtan Legend Capital Management Co., Ltd., a limited liability company organized under the laws of the PRC and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Legend Consulting HK;

| ● | “Legend Technology” is to Xiamen Legend Technology Co., Ltd., a limited liability company organized under the laws of the PRC and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Lichen Zixun;

| ● | “Legend Tax&Finance” is to Xiamen Legend Tax and Finance Service Co., Ltd., a limited liability company organized under the laws of the PRC and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Lichen Zixun;

| ● | “Shanghai Zhiyuan” is to Shanghai Legend Zhiyuan Management and Consulting Co., Ltd., a limited liability company organized under the laws of the PRC, in which Lichen Zixun holds a 55% equity interest.;
| ● | “Operating Subsidiaries” is Lichen Zixun and Bondly Xiamen;
| ● | “RMB” are to Renminbi, or the legal currency of the PRC;

| ● | “U.S. dollars,” “$,” and “USD” are to the legal currency of the United States; and

| ● | “WFOE” are to wholly foreign-owned enterprise.

LICN is a holding company with operations conducted in the PRC through its operating subsidiaries in the PRC, using RMB. The reporting currency is U.S. dollars. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at year-end exchange rates, income statement accounts are translated at average rates of exchange for the year and equity is translated at historical exchange rates. Any translation gains or losses are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). Gains or losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are included in net income (loss). Unless otherwise noted, all translations from RMB to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to RMB in this annual report were made at a year-end spot rate of RMB7.0288 to US$1.00 or an average rate of RMB7.1429 to US$1.00 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. On December 31, 2024, the year-end spot rate and average rate for RMB were, respectively, RMB7.1884 to US$1.00 and RMB7.1217 to US$1.00. On December 31, 2023, the year-end spot rate and average rate for RMB were, respectively, RMB7.0827 to US$1.00 and RMB7.0467 to US$1.00.

We have relied on statistics provided by a variety of publicly-available sources regarding China’s expectations of growth. We did not directly or indirectly sponsor or participate in the publication of such materials, and these materials are not incorporated in this report other than to the extent specifically cited in this report. We have commissioned the industry report from Frost & Sullivan Inc. (“Frost & Sullivan”). We have sought to provide current information in this report and believe that the statistics provided in this report remain up-to-date and reliable, and these materials are not incorporated in this report other than to the extent specifically cited in this report.

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DISCLOSURE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events, all of which are subject to risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements give our current expectations or forecasts of future events. You can identify these statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. You can find many (but not all) of these statements by the use of words such as “approximates,” “believes,” “hopes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “may” or other similar expressions in this annual report. These statements are likely to address our growth strategy, financial results and product and development programs. You must carefully consider any such statements and should understand that many factors could cause actual results to differ from our forward-looking statements. These factors may include inaccurate assumptions and a broad variety of other risks and uncertainties, including some that are known and some that are not. No forward-looking statement can be guaranteed and actual future results may vary materially. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

| ● | our goals and strategies;

| ● | our future business development, financial condition and results of operations;

| ● | introduction of new product and service offerings;

| ● | expected changes in our revenues, costs or expenditures;

| ● | our expectations regarding the demand for and market acceptance of our products and services;

| ● | expected growth of our customers, including consolidated account customers;

| ● | competition in our industry;

| ● | government policies and regulations relating to our industry;
| ● | the length and severity of the recent COVID-19 outbreak and its impact on our business and industry

| ● | any recurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic and scope of related government orders and restrictions and the extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy;

| ● | other factors that may affect our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations; and

| ● | other risk factors discussed under “Item 3. Key Information - 3.D. Risk Factors.”

We base our forward-looking statements on our management’s beliefs and assumptions based on information available to our management at the time the statements are made. We caution you that actual outcomes and results may, and are likely to, differ materially from what is expressed, implied or forecast by our forward-looking statements. Accordingly, you should be careful about relying on any forward-looking statements. Except as required under the federal securities laws, we do not have any intention or obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements after the distribution of this annual report, whether as a result of new information, future events, changes in assumptions, or otherwise.

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PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

Item 3. Key Information

OVERVIEW

Corporate Structure

The following diagram illustrates the corporate structure of Lichen International Limited and its significant subsidiaries as of the date of this annual report.

Holding Company Structure

We were formed under the name of “Lichen China Limited” on April 13, 2016 under the laws of the Cayman Islands. In February 2025, we changed the name from “Lichen China Limited” to “Lichen International Limited”. As of the date of this annual report, the authorized share is US$200,000,000 divided into 20,000,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares, and 5,000,000,000 Class B Ordinary Shares, of which 16,326,825 Class A Ordinary Shares and 110,000 Class B Ordinary Shares are issued and outstanding. The Company is a holding company and is currently not actively engaging in any business. Lichen International Limited controls and receives the economic benefits of its PRC subsidiaries’ business operation, if any, through equity ownership.

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Legend Consulting BVI was incorporated on December 20, 2013 under the laws of the British Virgin Islands with limited liability. Legend Consulting BVI is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. Legend Consulting BVI is a holding company and is currently not actively engaging in any business.

Legend Consulting HK was formed on January 8, 2014 under the laws of Hong Kong. Legend Consulting HK is a wholly owned subsidiary of Legend Consulting BVI. It is a holding company and is not actively engaging in any business.

Lichen Zixun was established on April 14, 2004 under the laws of the PRC. Lichen Zixun is a wholly owned subsidiary of Legend Consulting HK and is our main operating entity.

Lichen Singapore was established on December 28, 2023 under the laws of Singapore. Lichen Singapore is a wholly owned subsidiary of Legend Consulting HK.

Bondly HK was established on June 13, 2022 under the laws of Hong Kong. Bondly HK is a wholly owned subsidiary of Legend Consulting HK.

Bondly XM was established on August 25, 2022 under the laws of PRC. Bondly XM is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bondly HK and is our operating entity.

Lichen Yingtan is an investment holding company wholly owned by Legend Consulting HK.

Legend Technology, which is wholly owned and established by Lichen Zixun on July 9, 2025, is engaged in providing technology promotion and application services.

Legend Tax&Finance, which is wholly owned and established by Lichen Zixun on October 11, 2025, is engaged in providing financial and taxation solution services.

Shanghai Zhiyuan, established by Lichen Zixun on October 11, 2025, in which Lichen Zixun holds a 55% equity interest, is engaged in providing financial and taxation solution services.

As a result of our corporate structure, LICN’s ability to pay dividends may depend upon dividends paid by our Operating Subsidiaries. If our existing Operating Subsidiaries or any newly formed ones incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us.

Transfers of Cash between Our Company and Our Subsidiaries

We currently have not maintained any cash management policies that dictate the purpose, amount and procedure of cash transfers between the Company, our subsidiaries, or investors. Rather, the funds can be transferred in accordance with the applicable PRC laws and regulations. To the extent cash or assets in the business is in the PRC or Hong Kong or a PRC or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash or assets.

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Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payment of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. Therefore, our PRC subsidiaries are able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior approval from SAFE, subject to the condition that the remittance of such dividends outside of the PRC complies with certain procedures under PRC foreign exchange regulations, such as the overseas investment registrations by our shareholders or the ultimate shareholders of our corporate shareholders who are PRC residents. Approval from, or registration with, appropriate government authorities is, however, required where the RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also at its discretion restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to the Company only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. As of the date of this report, there are no restrictions or limitations imposed by the Hong Kong government on the transfer of capital within, into and out of Hong Kong (including funds from Hong Kong to the PRC), except for transfer of funds involving money laundering and criminal activities. Cayman Islands law prescribes that a company may only pay dividends out of its profits. Other than that, there is no restrictions on Lichen International Limited’s ability to transfer cash to investors. See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Doing Business in China - To the extent cash or assets in the business is in the PRC or Hong Kong or a PRC or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash or assets,” “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Doing Business in China - We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business,” and “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Doing Business in China - Our PRC subsidiaries are subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to us, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.”

As a holding company, we may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries, including those based in the PRC, for our cash and financing requirements. If any of our PRC subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. Lichen International Limited is permitted under the laws of the Cayman Islands to provide funding to our subsidiaries incorporated in the British Virgin Islands and Hong Kong through loans or capital contributions without restrictions on the amount of the funds. Our subsidiaries are permitted under the respective laws of the British Virgin Islands and Hong Kong to provide funding to Lichen International Limited through dividend distribution without restrictions on the amount of the funds. There are no restrictions on dividends transfers from HK to BVI and BVI to the Cayman Islands. Current PRC regulations permit our WFOE to pay dividends to the Company only out of its accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations.

The PRC has currency and capital transfer regulations that require us to comply with certain requirements for the movement of capital. The Company is able to transfer cash (US Dollars) to its PRC subsidiaries through an investment (by increasing the Company’s registered capital in a PRC subsidiary). The Company’s subsidiaries within China can transfer funds to each other when necessary through the way of current lending. The transfer of funds among companies are subject to the Provisions on Private Lending Cases, which was implemented on August 20, 2020 to regulate the financing activities between natural persons, legal persons and unincorporated organizations. As advised by our PRC counsel, Tianyuan Law Firm, the Provisions on Private Lending Cases does not prohibit using cash generated from one subsidiary to fund another subsidiary’s operations. We have not been notified of any other restriction which could limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to transfer cash between PRC subsidiaries. The Company’s subsidiaries in the PRC have not transferred any earnings or cash to the Company to date. As of the date of this report, there has not been any assets or cash transfer between the holding company and its subsidiaries. As of the date of this report, there has not been any dividends or distributions made to US investors. The Company’s business is primarily conducted through its subsidiaries. The Company is a holding company and its material assets consist solely of the ownership interests held in its PRC subsidiaries. The Company relies on dividends paid by its subsidiaries for its working capital and cash needs, including the funds necessary: (i) to pay dividends or cash distributions to its shareholders, (ii) to service any debt obligations and (iii) to pay operating expenses. As a result of PRC laws and regulations (noted below) that require annual appropriations of 10% of after-tax income to be set aside in a general reserve fund prior to payment of dividends, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries are restricted in that respect, as well as in other respects noted below, in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to the Company as a dividend.

With respect to transferring cash from the Company to its subsidiaries, increasing the Company’s registered capital in a PRC subsidiary requires the filing of the local commerce department, while a shareholder loan requires a filing with the State Administration of Foreign Exchange or its local bureau. Aside from the declaration to the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, there is no restriction or limitations on such cash transfer or earnings distribution.

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With respect to the payment of dividends, we note the following:

| 1. | PRC regulations currently permit the payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits, as determined in accordance with accounting standards and PRC regulations (an in-depth description of the PRC regulations is set forth below);

| 2. | Our PRC subsidiaries are required to set aside, at a minimum, 10% of their net income after taxes, based on PRC accounting standards, each year as statutory surplus reserves until the cumulative amount of such reserves reaches 50% of their registered capital;

| 3. | Such reserves may not be distributed as cash dividends;

| 4. | Our PRC subsidiaries may also allocate a portion of their after-tax profits to fund their staff welfare and bonus funds; except in the event of a liquidation, these funds may also not be distributed to shareholders; the Company does not participate in a Common Welfare Fund; and

| 5. | The incurrence of debt, specifically the instruments governing such debt, may restrict a subsidiary’s ability to pay shareholder dividends or make other cash distributions.

If, for the reasons noted above, our subsidiaries are unable to pay shareholder dividends and/or make other cash payments to the Company when needed, the Company’s ability to conduct operations, make investments, engage in acquisitions, or undertake other activities requiring working capital may be materially and adversely affected. However, our operations and business, including investment and/or acquisitions by our subsidiaries within China, will not be affected as long as the capital is not transferred in or out of the PRC.

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2020, Lichen Zixun made dividend payments of RMB30 million (approximately $4.3 million) to the then eventual shareholders of Lichen Zixun, who are PRC individuals. On February 10, 2023, Lichen International Limited made payments of $6 million to its subsidiary Legend Consulting BVI for investment. On January 14, 2025, Lichen International Limited made a capital contribution of $3 million (RMB21,954,000) to its subsidiary Fujian Province Lichen Management and Consulting Company Limited. As of the date of this report, other than the above stated, no dividends, distributions or transfers has been made between Lichen International Limited and any of its subsidiaries. As of the date of this report, the Company or its subsidiaries have made no other transfers, dividends, or distributions to investors and no investors have made transfers, dividends, or distributions to the Company or its subsidiaries.

For the foreseeable future, the Company intends to use the earnings for research and development, to develop new products and to expand its production capacity. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Also, as of the date of this report, no cash generated from one subsidiary is used to fund another subsidiary’s operations and we do not anticipate any difficulties or limitations on our ability to transfer cash between subsidiaries.

See “Item 8. Financial Information - A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information - Dividend Policy” and “Item 3. Key Information - 3.D. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to our Corporate Structure - We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by the Operating Subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of the Operating Subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business”.

Permissions and Licenses for Our Operations in PRC

We conduct substantially all of our business operations in China, and a majority of our directors and senior management are based in China. As such, our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. As of the date of this annual report, our subsidiaries have obtained the material/requisite licenses and permits from the PRC government authorities that are material for our operations in compliance with the relevant PRC laws and regulations.

Our Subsidiaries currently have, including the business license and agency bookkeeping license. The business license is a permit issued by China’s State Administration for Market Regulation that allows the company to conduct specific business within the government’s geographical jurisdiction. The agency bookkeeping license is issued by the financial department to enterprises, allowing enterprises to accept entrusted bookkeeping business. The business license and agency bookkeeping license are the only two permissions and approvals that our PRC subsidiaries are required to obtain to conduct our business in China. In addition, Lichen International Limited, Legend Consulting BVI and Legend Consulting HK are not required to obtain any permissions or approvals from any Chinese authorities to operate our business as of the date of this annual report.

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In connection with our previous issuance of securities to foreign investors, as advised by our PRC counsel, Tianyuan Law Firm, under current PRC laws, regulations and regulatory rules, as of the date of this annual report, (i) although we are required to complete the filing procedure in connection with our offerings under the Trial Measures, no relevant PRC laws or regulations in effect require that we obtain permission from any PRC authorities to issue securities to foreign investors, and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanction, or any regulatory objection to our prior offshore offerings from the China Securities Regulatory Commission (“CSRC”), the Cyberspace Administration of China (“CAC”), or any other PRC authorities that have jurisdiction over our operations; (ii) we are not required to obtain permissions from the CSRC; (iii) we are not required to file for a cybersecurity review with the CAC; and finally (iv) we have not received or were denied such requisite permissions by any other PRC authority.

Nonetheless, applicable laws and regulations may be tightened, and new laws or regulations may be introduced to impose additional government approval, license, and permit requirements. If we or our Subsidiaries inadvertently conclude that such permissions and approvals relating to the operations of our business are not required, fail to obtain and maintain such approvals, licenses or permits required for our business, or fail to respond to changes in the applicable laws, regulations, interpretations and regulatory environment, we or our subsidiaries could be subject to liabilities, monetary penalties and even operational disruption, which may materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition and the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause such securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information - D. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China.”

Implication of the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “HFCAA”)

U.S. laws and regulations, including the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or HFCAA, may restrict or eliminate our ability to complete a business combination with certain companies, particularly those acquisition candidates with substantial operations in China.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the HFCAA. An identified issuer will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies it as having a “non-inspection” year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, and on December 29, 2022, legislation entitled “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023” (the “Consolidated Appropriations Act”) was signed into law by President Biden, which contained, among other things, an identical provision to the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and amended the HFCAA by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, thus reducing the time period for triggering the prohibition on trading. If our auditor cannot be inspected by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, for two consecutive years, the trading of our securities on any U.S. national securities exchanges, as well as any over-the-counter trading in the U.S., will be prohibited. On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCAA, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCAA, whether the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction. On December 2, 2021, the SEC issued amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCAA. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in foreign jurisdictions. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determinations that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and in Hong Kong, because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions, which determinations were vacated on December 15, 2022.

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On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it had signed a Statement of Protocol (the “SOP”) with the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the Ministry of Finance of China. The SOP, together with two protocol agreements governing inspections and investigations (together, the “SOP Agreement”), establishes a specific, accountable framework to make possible complete inspections and investigations by the PCAOB of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong, as required under U.S. law.

On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong completely in 2022. The PCAOB Board vacated its previous 2021 determinations that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. However, whether the PCAOB will continue to be able to satisfactorily conduct inspections of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainties and depends on a number of factors out of our and our auditor’s control. The PCAOB continues to demand complete access in mainland China and Hong Kong moving forward and is making plans to resume regular inspections in early 2023 and beyond, as well as to continue pursuing ongoing investigations and initiate new investigations as needed. The PCAOB has also indicated that it will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations with the HFCAA if needed.

As of the date of the annual report, Enrome LLP, our auditor for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, headquartered in Singapore, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Enrome LLP’s registration with the PCAOB took effect in March 2022 and it is currently subject to PCAOB inspections.

However, we cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the audit of our financial statements. In the event it is later determined that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely the Company’s auditor because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction, then such lack of inspection could cause trading in the Company’s securities to be prohibited under the HFCAA and AHFCAA, and ultimately results in a determination by a securities exchange to delist the Company’s securities. The delisting of our Class A Ordinary Shares, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment, even making it worthless. In addition, under the AHFCAA, our securities may be prohibited from trading on the Nasdaq or other U.S. stock exchanges if our auditor is not inspected by the PCAOB for two consecutive years instead of three, and this ultimately could result in our Class A Ordinary Shares being delisted by and exchange. See “Item 3. Key Information - 3.D. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Doing Business in China - The U.S. Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, the recent joint statement by the SEC and PCAOB, and proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, could result in prohibition of trading of our securities on Nasdaq or any other U.S. securities exchange.” on page 27. We cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or other regulatory authorities will apply additional or more stringent criteria to us. Such uncertainty could cause the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares to be materially and adversely affected.

Recent Regulatory Development in the PRC

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors (the “M&A Rules”), adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, include, among other things, provisions that purport to require that an offshore special purpose vehicle, formed for the purpose of an overseas listing of securities through acquisitions of domestic enterprises in China or assets and controlled by enterprises or individuals in China, to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. On September 21, 2006, pursuant to the M&A Rules and other PRC laws, the CSRC published on its official website relevant guidance regarding its approval of the listing and trading of special purpose vehicles’ securities on overseas stock exchanges, including a list of application materials. However, substantial uncertainty remains regarding the scope and applicability of the M&A Rules to offshore special purpose vehicles.

On July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC government authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. These opinions and any related implementation rules to be enacted may subject us to additional compliance requirement in the future. As of the date hereof, no official guidance or related implementation rules have been issued.

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Pursuant to Cybersecurity Review Measures which were issued on December 28, 2021 and became effective on February 15, 2022, network platform operators holding over one million users’ personal information must apply with the Cybersecurity Review Office for a cybersecurity review before any public offering at a foreign stock exchange. However, given the Cybersecurity Review Measures were relatively new, there are substantial uncertainties as to the interpretation, application and enforcement of the Cybersecurity Review Measures. It remains uncertain whether we should apply for cybersecurity review prior to any offshore offering and that we would be able to complete the applicable cybersecurity review procedures in a timely manner, or at all, if we are required to do so. In addition, on November 14, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”) published the Administration Regulations on Network Data Security (Draft for Comments), or the Draft Measures for Network Data Security, which provides that data processors conducting the following activities shall apply for cybersecurity review: (i) merger, reorganization or separation of Internet platform operators that have acquired a large number of data resources related to national security, economic development or public interests affects or may affect national security; (ii) overseas listing of data processors processing over one million users’ personal information; (iii) listing in Hong Kong which affects or may affect national security; (iv) other data processing activities that affect or may affect national security. The CAC solicited comments on this draft, but there is no timetable as to when it will be enacted.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Overseas Listing Trial Measures”) and five relevant guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets, either in direct or indirect means, are required to fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC and report relevant information. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures provides that an overseas listing or offering is explicitly prohibited, if any of the following: (1) such securities offering and listing is explicitly prohibited by provisions in laws, administrative regulations and relevant state rules; (2) the intended securities offering and listing may endanger national security as reviewed and determined by competent authorities under the State Council in accordance with law; (3) the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing, or its controlling shareholder(s) and the actual controller, have committed relevant crimes such as corruption, bribery, embezzlement, misappropriation of property or undermining the order of the socialist market economy during the latest three years; (4) the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing is currently under investigations for suspicion of criminal offenses or major violations of laws and regulations, and no conclusion has yet been made thereof; or (5) there are material ownership disputes over equity held by the domestic company’s controlling shareholder(s) or by other shareholder(s) that are controlled by the controlling shareholder(s) and/or actual controller.

The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also provides that if the issuer meets both the following criteria, the overseas securities offering and listing conducted by such issuer will be deemed as indirect overseas offering by PRC domestic companies: (1) 50% or more of any of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent fiscal year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (2) the issuer’s main business activities are conducted in China, or its main place(s) of business are located in China, or the majority of senior management staff in charge of its business operations and management are PRC citizens or have their usual place(s) of residence located in China. Where an issuer submits an application for initial public offering to competent overseas regulators, such issuer must file with the CSRC within three business days after such application is submitted. In addition, the Overseas Listing Trial Measures provide that the direct or indirect overseas listings of the assets of domestic companies through one or more acquisitions, share swaps, transfers or other transaction arrangements shall be subject to filing procedures in accordance with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also requires subsequent reports to be filed with the CSRC on material events, such as change of control or voluntary or forced delisting of the issuer(s) who have completed overseas offerings and listings.

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At a press conference held for these new regulations (“Press Conference”), officials from the CSRC clarified that the domestic companies that have already been listed overseas on or before March 31, 2023 shall be deemed as existing issuers (the “Existing Issuers”). Existing Issuers are not required to complete the filling procedures immediately, and they shall be required to file with the CSRC upon occurrences of certain subsequent matters such as follow-on offerings of securities. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures and the Press Conference, the existing domestic companies that have completed overseas offering and listing before March 31, 2023, such as us, shall not be required to perform filing procedures for the completed overseas securities issuance and listing. However, from the effective date of the regulation, any of our subsequent securities offering in the same overseas market or subsequent securities offering and listing in other overseas markets shall be subject to the filing requirement with the CSRC within three working days after the offering is completed or after the relevant application is submitted to the relevant overseas authorities, respectively. If it is determined that any approval, filing or other administrative procedures from other PRC governmental authorities is required for any future offering or listing, we cannot assure you that we can obtain the required approval or accomplish the required filings or other regulatory procedures in a timely manner, or at all. If we fail to fulfill filing procedure as stipulated by the Trial Measures or offer and list securities in an overseas market in violation of the Trial Measures, the CSRC may order rectification, issue warnings to us, and impose a fine of between RMB1,000,000 and RMB10,000,000. Persons-in-charge and other persons that are directly liable for such failure shall be warned and each imposed a fine from RMB500,000 to RMB5,000,000. Controlling shareholders and actual controlling persons of us that organize or instruct such violations shall be imposed a fine from RMB1,000,000 and RMB10,000,000.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC published the Provisions on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Related to the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises (the “Provisions on Confidentiality and Archives Administration”), which came into effect on March 31, 2023. The Provisions on Confidentiality and Archives Administration requires that, in the process of overseas issuance and listing of securities by domestic entities, the domestic entities, and securities companies and securities service institutions that provide relevant securities service shall strictly implement the provisions of relevant laws and regulations and the requirements of these provisions, establish and improve rules on confidentiality and archives administration. Where the domestic entities provide with or publicly disclose documents, materials or other items related to the state secrets and government work secrets to the relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulatory authorities, or other entities or individuals, the companies shall apply for approval of competent departments with the authority of examination and approval in accordance with law and report the matter to the secrecy administrative departments at the same level for record filing. Where there is unclear or controversial whether or not the concerned materials are related to state secrets, the materials shall be reported to the relevant secrecy administrative departments for determination. However, there remain uncertainties regarding the further interpretation and implementation of the Provisions on Confidentiality and Archives Administration.

As of the date of this annual report, we and our PRC subsidiaries have obtained the requisite licenses and permits from the PRC government authorities that are material for the business operations of our PRC subsidiaries. In addition, as of the date of this annual report, we and our PRC subsidiaries are not required to obtain approval or permission from the CSRC or the CAC or any other entity that is required to approve our PRC subsidiaries’ operations or required for us to offer securities to foreign investors under any currently effective PRC laws, regulations, and regulatory rules. If it is determined that we are subject to filing requirements imposed by the CSRC under the Overseas Listing Regulations or approvals from other PRC regulatory authorities or other procedures, including the cybersecurity review under the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, for our future offshore offerings, it would be uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to complete such procedures or obtain such approval and any such approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in completing such procedures or obtaining such approval for our offshore offerings, or a rescission of any such approval if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities for failure to file with the CSRC or failure to seek approval from other government authorization for our offshore offerings. These regulatory authorities may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our offshore offerings into China or take other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our offshore offerings before settlement and delivery of the securities offered. Consequently, if investors engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, they do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals or accomplish the required filing or other regulatory procedures for our prior offshore offerings, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, reputation, and the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

If the CSRC, CAC or other regulatory agencies later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals for any follow-on offerings, we may be unable to obtain such approvals and we may face sanctions by the CSRC, CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies for failure to seek their approval which could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to our investors and the securities currently being offered may substantially decline in value and be worthless. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information - 3.D. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”

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3.A. [Reserved]

3.B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

3.C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

3.D. Risk Factors

Risk Factor Summary

You should carefully consider all of the information in this annual report before making an investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares. Below please find a summary of the principal risks and uncertainties we face, organized under relevant headings. In particular, as we are a PRC-based company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, you should pay special attention to subsections headed “Item 3. Key Information-3.D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure.” and “Item 3. Key Information-3.D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”

Our business is subject to a number of risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and prospects. These risks are discussed more fully below and include, but are not limited to, risks related to:

Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure

| ● | We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to our Corporate Structure - We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business” on page 14.

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Risks Relating to Doing Business in China

| ● | Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations” on page 15.
| ● | PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of future offerings to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of future offerings to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business” on page 16.

| ● | Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system, including uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws, and sudden or unexpected changes in laws and regulations in China with little advance notice could adversely affect us and limit the legal protections available to you and us. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system, including uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws, and sudden or unexpected changes in laws and regulations in China with little advance notice could adversely affect us and limit the legal protections available to you and us” on page 15.
| ● | Chinese regulatory authorities could change the rules and regulations regarding foreign ownership in the industry in which the company operates, which would likely result in a material change in our operations and/or a material change in the value of the securities we are registering for sale, including that it could cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - The filing, approval or other administration requirements of the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our future offshore offering under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to complete the filing procedure with the CSRC and obtain such approval or complete such filing, as applicable” on page 17.

| ● | We are not currently required to obtain any approval from the CAC. However, it is unclear whether we will be subject to the oversight of the CAC and how such oversight may impact us. Our business could be interrupted or we could be subject to liabilities which may materially and adversely affect the results of our operation and the value of your investment. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - We are not currently required to obtain any approval from the CAC. However, it is unclear whether we will be subject to the oversight of the CAC and how such oversight may impact us. Our business could be interrupted or we could be subject to liabilities which may materially and adversely affect the results of our operation and the value of your investment” on page 28.

| ● | Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the enacted Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the enacted Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations” on page 20.

| ● | We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business” on page 14.

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| ● | To the extent cash or assets in the business is in the PRC or Hong Kong or a PRC or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash or assets. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - To the extent cash or assets in the business is in the PRC or Hong Kong or a PRC or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash or assets” on page 20.

| ● | Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares” on page 21.

| ● | Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our net revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our net revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment” on page 22.

| ● | We must remit the proceeds from future offerings to PRC before they may be used to benefit the business and operation of our subsidiaries in the PRC, and this process may take a number of months. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - We must remit the proceeds from future offerings to PRC before they may be used to benefit the business and operation of our subsidiaries in the PRC, and this process may take a number of months” on page 23.

| ● | Our Class A Ordinary Shares may be delisted under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act if the PCAOB is unable to inspect our auditors. The delisting of our Class A Ordinary Shares, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment, even making it worthless. Furthermore, on June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which was signed into law on December 29, 2022, amending the HFCAA and requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchange if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three consecutive years. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued its determination that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and in Hong Kong, because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions, which determinations were vacated on December 15, 2022. Our auditor, Enrome LLP for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, is based in Singapore. Enrome LLP is registered with PCAOB and subject to PCAOB inspections. However, in the event it is later determined that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely the Company’s auditor because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction, then such lack of inspection could cause our securities to be delisted from the stock exchange. See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Doing Business in China - The U.S. Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, the recent joint statement by the SEC and PCAOB, and proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, could result in prohibition of trading of our securities on Nasdaq or any other U.S. securities exchange.” on page 27.

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| ● | Any actions by the Chinese government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our ordinary shares to investors and cause the value of our ordinary shares to significantly decline or be worthless. The M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - Any actions by the Chinese government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our ordinary shares to investors and cause the value of our ordinary shares to significantly decline or be worthless. The M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China” on page 29.

| ● | There are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation outside China or otherwise with respect to foreign entities. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - There are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation outside China or otherwise with respect to foreign entities” on page 30.

| ● | Adverse changes in political and economic policies of the PRC government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China, which could reduce the demand for our products and services and materially and adversely affect our competitive position. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - Adverse changes in political and economic policies of the PRC government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China, which could reduce the demand for our products and services and materially and adversely affect our competitive position” on page 30.

| ● | We may become subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the PRC regarding privacy, data security, cybersecurity, and data protection. We may be liable for improper use or appropriation of personal information provided by our customers. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - We may become subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the PRC regarding privacy, data security, cybersecurity, and data protection. We may be liable for improper use or appropriation of personal information provided by our customers” on page 31.

| ● | The approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission may be required in connection with our future offerings, and, if required, we cannot predict whether we will be able to obtain such approval. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - The approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission may be required in connection with our future offerings, and, if required, we cannot predict whether we will be able to obtain such approval” on page 33.

Risks Relating to our Class A Ordinary Shares

| ● | We are an “emerging growth company,” and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Class A Ordinary Shares less attractive to investors. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Class A Ordinary Shares - We are an “emerging growth company,” and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Class A Ordinary Shares less attractive to investors” on page 34.

| ● | Because we are a foreign private issuer and are exempt from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. issuers, you will have less protection than you would have if we were a domestic issuer. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Class A Ordinary Shares - Because we are a foreign private issuer and are exempt from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. issuers, you will have less protection than you would have if we were a domestic issuer” on page 35.

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| ● | The market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to resell your shares at attractive prices. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Class A Ordinary Shares - The market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to sell your shares at attractive prices” on page 36.

| ● | There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, which could subject United States investors in our Class A Ordinary Shares to significant adverse United States income tax consequences. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Class A Ordinary Shares - There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, which could subject United States investors in our Class A Ordinary Shares to significant adverse United States income tax consequences.” on page 39.

Risks Relating to Our Business

| ● | Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be continued to be affected due to the COVID-19 pandemic and other diseases or epidemic. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations - Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be affected due to the COVID-19 pandemic and other diseases or epidemic” on page 44.

| ● | We may incur impairment losses for intangible assets, which may adversely affect our results of operations. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations - We may incur impairment losses for intangible assets, which may adversely affect our results of operations” on page 41.

| ● | Our results of operations may be adversely affected by credit risk associated with our financial assets through profit and loss. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations - Our results of operations may be adversely affected by credit risk associated with our financial assets through profit and loss” on page 41.

| ● | Our business depends on the market recognition of our “Lichen” brand name. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations - Our business depends on the market recognition of our “Lichen” brand name” on page 41.

| ● | Our revenue was mainly derived from financial and taxation solution services projects, which are not recurring in nature and there is no assurance that our customers will provide us with new business. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations - Our revenue was mainly derived from financial and taxation solution services projects, which are not recurring in nature and there is no assurance that our customers will provide us with new business” on page 41.

| ● | Failure to maintain our relationship with our external experts could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations - Failure to maintain our relationship with our external experts could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations” on page 42.

| ● | Our financial and taxation solution services may attract liability. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations - Our financial and taxation solution services may attract liability” on page 44.

| ● | We may not be able to successfully implement our strategies, or achieve our business objectives and our business, operating results and financial position may be materially and adversely affected. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations - We may not be able to successfully implement our strategies, or achieve our business objectives and our business, operating results and financial position may be materially and adversely affected” on page 45.

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| ● | We have limited insurance coverage to protect us against all risks associated with our business operations. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations - We have limited insurance coverage to protect us against all risks associated with our business operations” on page 46.

| ● | Protection of intellectual property rights may not prevent third parties and/or our competitors’ infringement on our teaching and learning materials or self-developed software, which could weaken our competitive position and harm our business and results of operations. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations - Protection of intellectual property rights may not prevent third parties and/or our competitors’ infringement on our teaching and learning materials or self-developed software, which could weaken our competitive position and harm our business and results of operations” on page 45.

Risks Relating to Our Industry

| ● | The financial and taxation solution service, education support service and software and maintenance service industries rely on manpower and the increase in our staff costs may materially and adversely affect our operations, profitability and financial condition. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Industry - The financial and taxation solution service, education support service and software and maintenance service industries rely on manpower and the increase in our staff costs may materially and adversely affect our operations, profitability and financial condition” on page 46.

| ● | Our customer base is primarily concentrated on business enterprises and Partnered Institutions in the PRC. Any slowdown of the enterprises’ growth and development in the PRC or demands for financial and taxation solution services, education support services or software and maintenance services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Industry - Our customer base is primarily concentrated on business enterprises and Partnered Institutions in the PRC. Any slowdown of the enterprises’ growth and development in the PRC or demands for financial and taxation solution services, education support services or software and maintenance services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations” on page 46.

| ● | We face significant competition in various geographical locations where we offer our financial and taxation solution services, and if we fail to compete effectively, we may lose market share and our profitability could be adversely affected. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Industry - We face significant competition in various geographical locations where we offer our financial and taxation solution services, and if we fail to compete effectively, we may lose market share and our profitability could be adversely affected” on page 47.

Risks Relating to our Corporate Structure

We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business

We are a holding company, and we rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. If our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may require our PRC subsidiaries to adjust its taxable income, in a manner that would materially and adversely affect their ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us.

Under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries, as wholly foreign-owned enterprises in China, may pay dividends only out of their respective accumulated after-tax profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise is required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds, until the aggregate amount of such funds reaches 50% of its registered capital. At its discretion, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to staff welfare and bonus funds. These reserve funds and staff welfare and bonus funds are not distributable as cash dividends.

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In response to the persistent capital outflow and the Renminbi’s depreciation against the U.S. dollar in the fourth quarter of 2016, the People’s Bank of China (“PBOC”) and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, have implemented a series of capital control measures, including stricter vetting procedures for China-based companies to remit foreign currency for overseas acquisitions, dividend payments and shareholder loan repayments. The PRC government may continue to strengthen its capital controls and our PRC subsidiaries’ dividends and other distributions may be subjected to tighter scrutiny in the future. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

Risks Relating to Doing Business in China

Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations

Substantially all of our operations are located in China. Accordingly, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally and by continued economic growth in China as a whole. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, and has reduced state ownership of productive assets, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. In addition, in the past, the Chinese government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate increases, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, and since 2012, China’s economic growth has slowed down. Any prolonged slowdown in the Chinese economy may reduce the demand for our products and services and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system, including uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws, and sudden or unexpected changes in laws and regulations in China with little advance notice could adversely affect us and limit the legal protections available to you and us

There are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the laws and regulations governing our business and the enforcement and performance of our arrangements with customers in certain circumstances. The laws and regulations are sometimes vague and may be subject to future changes, and their official interpretation and enforcement could be unpredictable, with little advance notice. The effectiveness and interpretation of newly enacted laws or regulations, including amendments to existing laws and regulations, may be delayed, and our business may be affected if we rely on laws and regulations which are subsequently adopted or interpreted in a manner different from our current understanding of these laws and regulations. New laws and regulations that affect existing and proposed future businesses may also be applied retroactively. We cannot predict what effect the interpretation of existing or new PRC laws or regulations may have on our business.

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The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions under the civil law system may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. In addition, any new or changes in PRC laws and regulations related to foreign investment in China could affect the business environment and our ability to operate our business in China.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. Any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. These uncertainties may impede our ability to enforce the contracts we have entered into and could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all and may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such unpredictability towards our contractual, property and procedural rights could adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

The financial and taxation solution services industry in China is subject to extensive regulation. Related laws and regulations are relatively new and evolving. The interpretation and application of existing PRC laws, regulations and policies and possible new laws, regulations or policies relating to the financial and taxation solution services industry have created substantial uncertainties regarding the legality of existing and future foreign investments in, and the businesses and activities of, financial and taxation solution services businesses in China, including our business. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain our existing licenses or obtain new ones. If our operations do not comply with these new regulations at the time they become effective, or if we fail to obtain any licenses required under these new laws and regulations, we could be subject to penalties.

The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene or influence our operations as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals. The PRC government has recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries, such as the education and internet industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding our industry that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over securities offerings and other capital markets activities that are conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based companies like us. Any such action, once taken by the PRC government, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or in extreme cases, become worthless.

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of future offerings to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business

We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in China through our PRC subsidiaries. We may decide to finance our PRC subsidiaries by means of loans or capital contributions.

Any loans to Lichen WFOE, which is treated as a Foreign Investment Enterprise, or FIE, under PRC law, is subject to PRC regulations and foreign exchange loan registrations. For example, loans by us to Lichen WFOE to finance its activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the local counterpart of the SAFE, or filed with SAFE in its information system. According to the Notice of the People’s Bank of China (“PBOC”) and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Adjustments to Comprehensive Macro-prudential Regulation Parameters for Cross-border Financing issued by the People’s Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in January 2021, the limit for the total amount of foreign debt is 2 times of their respective net assets. Moreover, any medium or long-term loan to be provided by us to our PRC subsidiaries must also be filed and registered with the National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC. We may also decide to finance our PRC subsidiaries by means of capital contributions. These capital contributions must be reported to the Ministry of Commerce, or MOFCOM, or its local counterpart.

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We believe the proceeds from our future offerings would be available for investments in our PRC operation after completing the registration. For example, if we decide to make loans to our PRC subsidiaries, the loan can be in an amount of up to 2 times of the net assets in the consolidated financial statement. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain relevant government registrations or approvals on a timely basis, or at all.

These capital contributions must be approved by the Ministry of Commerce (“MOC”) or its local counterpart. On March 30, 2015, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”) promulgated Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Management Approach regarding the Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or Circular 19, which expands a pilot reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capital of foreign-invested enterprises nationwide. Circular 19 came into force and replaced both previous Circular 142 and Circular 36 on June 1, 2015. On June 9, 2016, SAFE promulgated Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital Accounts, or Circular 16, to further expand and strengthen such reform. Under Circular 19 and Circular 16, foreign-invested enterprises in the PRC are allowed to use their foreign exchange funds under capital accounts and RMB funds from exchange settlement for expenditure under current accounts within their business scope or expenditure under capital accounts permitted by laws and regulations, except that such funds shall not be used for (i) expenditure beyond the enterprise’s business scope or expenditure prohibited by laws and regulations; (ii) investments in securities or other investments than principal-secured products issued by banks; (iii) granting loans to non-affiliated enterprises, except where it is expressly permitted in the business license; and (iv) construction or purchase of real estate for purposes other than self-use (except for real estate enterprises). In addition, SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from foreign currency registered capital of a foreign-invested company. The use of such RMB capital may not be altered without SAFE’s approval, and such RMB capital may not in any case be used to repay RMB loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been used. Violations of these circulars could result in severe monetary or other penalties. These circulars may significantly limit our ability to use RMB converted from the cash provided by our offshore financing activities to fund the establishment of new entities in China by our PRC subsidiaries, to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies through our PRC subsidiaries.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans to our PRC subsidiaries or future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds we expect to receive from our offerings to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

The filing, approval or other administration requirements of the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our future offshore offering under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to complete the filing procedure with the CSRC and obtain such approval or complete such filing, as applicable

The M&A Rules requires an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC companies or individuals to obtain the approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission (“CSRC”) prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. However, the application of the M&A Rules remains unclear. While the application of the M&A Rules remains unclear, we believe, based on the advice of our PRC counsel, Tianyuan Law Firm, that the CSRC approval is not required for the listing and trading of our Class A Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market in the context of the initial public offering, given that the CSRC currently has not issued any definitive rule or interpretation concerning whether offerings like ours are subject to this regulation and the acquisitions of the 100% equity interests in Lichen Zixun by Legend Consulting HK is not subject to the M&A Rules. However, our PRC legal counsel has further advised us that there remains some uncertainty as to how the M&A Rules will be interpreted or implemented in the context of an overseas offering and its opinions summarized above are subject to any new laws, regulations and rules or detailed implementations and interpretations in any form relating to the M&A Rules. If CSRC approval is required in the future, it is uncertain whether it would be possible for us to obtain the approval, and any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining CSRC approval for the initial public offering or subsequent offerings would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC and other PRC regulatory agencies. There remains some uncertainty as to how the M&A Rules will be interpreted or implemented in the context of an overseas offering and the above summary is subject to any new laws, regulations, and rules or detailed implementations and interpretations in any form relating to the M&A Rules.

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The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors (the “M&A Rules”), adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, include, among other things, provisions that purport to require that an offshore special purpose vehicle, formed for the purpose of an overseas listing of securities through acquisitions of domestic enterprises in China or assets and controlled by enterprises or individuals in China, to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. On September 21, 2006, pursuant to the M&A Rules and other PRC laws, the CSRC published on its official website relevant guidance regarding its approval of the listing and trading of special purpose vehicles’ securities on overseas stock exchanges, including a list of application materials. However, substantial uncertainty remains regarding the scope and applicability of the M&A Rules to offshore special purpose vehicles.

On July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC government authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. These opinions and any related implementation rules to be enacted may subject us to additional compliance requirement in the future.

Pursuant to Cybersecurity Review Measures which were issued on December 28, 2021 and became effective on February 15, 2022, network platform operators holding over one million users’ personal information must apply with the Cybersecurity Review Office for a cybersecurity review before any public offering at a foreign stock exchange. However, given the Cybersecurity Review Measures were relatively new, there are substantial uncertainties as to the interpretation, application and enforcement of the Cybersecurity Review Measures. It remains uncertain whether we should apply for cybersecurity review prior to any offshore offering and that we would be able to complete the applicable cybersecurity review procedures in a timely manner, or at all, if we are required to do so. In addition, on November 14, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”) published the Administration Regulations on Network Data Security (Draft for Comments), or the Draft Measures for Network Data Security, which provides that data processors conducting the following activities shall apply for cybersecurity review: (i) merger, reorganization or separation of Internet platform operators that have acquired a large number of data resources related to national security, economic development or public interests affects or may affect national security; (ii) overseas listing of data processors processing over one million users’ personal information; (iii) listing in Hong Kong which affects or may affect national security; (iv) other data processing activities that affect or may affect national security. The CAC solicited comments on this draft, but there is no timetable as to when it will be enacted.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Overseas Listing Trial Measures”) and five relevant guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets, either in direct or indirect means, are required to fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC and report relevant information. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures provides that an overseas listing or offering is explicitly prohibited, if any of the following: (1) such securities offering and listing is explicitly prohibited by provisions in laws, administrative regulations and relevant state rules; (2) the intended securities offering and listing may endanger national security as reviewed and determined by competent authorities under the State Council in accordance with law; (3) the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing, or its controlling shareholder(s) and the actual controller, have committed relevant crimes such as corruption, bribery, embezzlement, misappropriation of property or undermining the order of the socialist market economy during the latest three years; (4) the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing is currently under investigations for suspicion of criminal offenses or major violations of laws and regulations, and no conclusion has yet been made thereof; or (5) there are material ownership disputes over equity held by the domestic company’s controlling shareholder(s) or by other shareholder(s) that are controlled by the controlling shareholder(s) and/or actual controller.

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The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also provides that if the issuer meets both the following criteria, the overseas securities offering and listing conducted by such issuer will be deemed as indirect overseas offering by PRC domestic companies: (1) 50% or more of any of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent fiscal year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (2) the issuer’s main business activities are conducted in China, or its main place(s) of business are located in China, or the majority of senior management staff in charge of its business operations and management are PRC citizens or have their usual place(s) of residence located in China. Where an issuer submits an application for initial public offering to competent overseas regulators, such issuer must file with the CSRC within three business days after such application is submitted. In addition, the Overseas Listing Trial Measures provide that the direct or indirect overseas listings of the assets of domestic companies through one or more acquisitions, share swaps, transfers or other transaction arrangements shall be subject to filing procedures in accordance with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also requires subsequent reports to be filed with the CSRC on material events, such as change of control or voluntary or forced delisting of the issuer(s) who have completed overseas offerings and listings.

At a press conference held for these new regulations (“Press Conference”), officials from the CSRC clarified that the domestic companies that have already been listed overseas on or before March 31, 2023 shall be deemed as existing issuers (the “Existing Issuers”). Existing Issuers are not required to complete the filling procedures immediately, and they shall be required to file with the CSRC upon occurrences of certain subsequent matters such as follow-on offerings of securities. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures and the Press Conference, the existing domestic companies that have completed overseas offering and listing before March 31, 2023, such as us, shall not be required to perform filing procedures for the completed overseas securities issuance and listing. However, from the effective date of the regulation, any of our subsequent securities offering in the same overseas market or subsequent securities offering and listing in other overseas markets shall be subject to the filing requirement with the CSRC within three working days after the offering is completed or after the relevant application is submitted to the relevant overseas authorities, respectively. If it is determined that any approval, filing or other administrative procedures from other PRC governmental authorities is required for any future offering or listing, we cannot assure you that we can obtain the required approval or accomplish the required filings or other regulatory procedures in a timely manner, or at all. If we fail to fulfill filing procedure as stipulated by the Trial Measures or offer and list securities in an overseas market in violation of the Trial Measures, the CSRC may order rectification, issue warnings to us, and impose a fine of between RMB1,000,000 and RMB10,000,000. Persons-in-charge and other persons that are directly liable for such failure shall be warned and each imposed a fine from RMB500,000 to RMB5,000,000. Controlling shareholders and actual controlling persons of us that organize or instruct such violations shall be imposed a fine from RMB1,000,000 and RMB10,000,000.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC published the Provisions on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Related to the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises (the “Provisions on Confidentiality and Archives Administration”), which came into effect on March 31, 2023. The Provisions on Confidentiality and Archives Administration requires that, in the process of overseas issuance and listing of securities by domestic entities, the domestic entities, and securities companies and securities service institutions that provide relevant securities service shall strictly implement the provisions of relevant laws and regulations and the requirements of these provisions, establish and improve rules on confidentiality and archives administration. Where the domestic entities provide with or publicly disclose documents, materials or other items related to the state secrets and government work secrets to the relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulatory authorities, or other entities or individuals, the companies shall apply for approval of competent departments with the authority of examination and approval in accordance with law and report the matter to the secrecy administrative departments at the same level for record filing. Where there is unclear or controversial whether or not the concerned materials are related to state secrets, the materials shall be reported to the relevant secrecy administrative departments for determination. However, there remain uncertainties regarding the further interpretation and implementation of the Provisions on Confidentiality and Archives Administration.

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As of the date of this annual report, we and our PRC subsidiaries have obtained the requisite licenses and permits from the PRC government authorities that are material for the business operations of our PRC subsidiaries. In addition, as of the date of this annual report, we and our PRC subsidiaries are not required to obtain approval or permission from the CSRC or the CAC or any other entity that is required to approve our PRC subsidiaries’ operations or required for us to offer securities to foreign investors under any currently effective PRC laws, regulations, and regulatory rules. If it is determined that we are subject to filing requirements imposed by the CSRC under the Overseas Listing Regulations or approvals from other PRC regulatory authorities or other procedures, including the cybersecurity review under the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, for our future offshore offerings, it would be uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to complete such procedures or obtain such approval and any such approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in completing such procedures or obtaining such approval for our offshore offerings, or a rescission of any such approval if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities for failure to file with the CSRC or failure to seek approval from other government authorization for our offshore offerings. These regulatory authorities may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our offshore offerings into China or take other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our offshore offerings before settlement and delivery of the securities offered. Consequently, if investors engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, they do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals or accomplish the required filing or other regulatory procedures for our prior offshore offerings, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, reputation, and the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the enacted Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations

On March 15, 2019, the PRC National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2020 and replaces the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in the PRC, namely, the Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-Invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations and become the legal foundation for foreign investment in the PRC. Meanwhile, the Implementation Regulation of the Foreign Investment Law and the Measures for Reporting of Information on Foreign Investment came into effect as of January 1, 2020, which clarified and elaborated the relevant provisions of the Foreign Investment Law.

The Foreign Investment Law sets out the basic regulatory framework for foreign investments and proposes to implement a system of pre-entry national treatment with a negative list for foreign investments, pursuant to which (i) foreign entities and individuals are prohibited from investing in the areas that are not open to foreign investments, (ii) foreign investments in the restricted industries must satisfy certain requirements under the law, and (iii) foreign investments in business sectors outside of the negative list will be treated equally with domestic investments. The Foreign Investment Law also sets forth necessary mechanisms to facilitate, protect and manage foreign investments and proposes to establish a foreign investment information reporting system, through which foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprises are required to submit initial report, report of changes, report of deregistration and annual report relating to their investments to the Ministry of Commerce, or MOFCOM, or its local branches.

To the extent cash or assets in the business is in the PRC or Hong Kong or a PRC or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash or assets

The transfer of funds and assets among Lichen International Limited, its Hong Kong and PRC subsidiaries are subject to restrictions. The PRC government imposes controls on the conversion of the RMB into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of the PRC. See “Risk Factors - Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our net revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.” In addition, the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax at a rate of 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises, unless reduced under treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and the governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC resident enterprises are tax resident. See “Risk Factors - Our PRC subsidiaries are subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to us, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.”

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As of the date of this annual report, there are no restrictions or limitations imposed by the Hong Kong government on the transfer of capital within, into and out of Hong Kong (including funds from Hong Kong to the PRC), except for the transfer of funds involving money laundering and criminal activities. However, there is no guarantee that the Hong Kong government will not promulgate new laws or regulations that may impose such restrictions in the future.

As a result of the above, to the extent cash or assets in the business is in the PRC or Hong Kong or a PRC or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash or assets.

Our PRC subsidiaries are subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to us, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We may need dividends and other distributions on equity from our PRC subsidiaries to satisfy our liquidity requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. If our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, our PRC subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of their respective accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds until the total amount set aside reaches 50% of their respective registered capital. Our PRC subsidiaries may also allocate a portion of their respective after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to employee welfare and bonus funds at their discretion. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. These limitations on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments, or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares

Substantially all of our revenues and expenditures are denominated in RMB, whereas our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. As a result, fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and RMB will affect the relative purchasing power in RMB terms of our U.S. dollar assets and the proceeds from our initial public offering. Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar while the functional currency for our PRC subsidiaries is RMB. Gains and losses from the re-measurement of assets and liabilities that are receivable or payable in RMB are included in our consolidated statements of operations. The re-measurement has caused the U.S. dollar value of our results of operations to vary with exchange rate fluctuations, and the U.S. dollar value of our results of operations will continue to vary with exchange rate fluctuations. A fluctuation in the value of RMB relative to the U.S. dollar could reduce our profits from operations and the translated value of our net assets when reported in U.S. dollars in our consolidated financial statements. This could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations as reported in U.S. dollars. If we decide to convert our RMB into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our Class A Ordinary Shares or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the RMB would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. In addition, fluctuations in currencies relative to the periods in which the earnings are generated may make it more difficult to perform period-to-period comparisons of our reported results of operations.

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The value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by, among other things, changes in China’s political and economic conditions and China’s foreign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the RMB to the U.S. dollar, and the RMB appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. However, the PBOC regularly intervenes in the foreign exchange market to limit fluctuations in RMB exchange rates and achieve policy goals. During the period between July 2008 and June 2010, the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar had been stable and traded within a narrow range. Since June 2010, the RMB has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. Since October 1, 2016, Renminbi has joined the International Monetary Fund (IMF)’s basket of currencies that make up the Special Drawing Right (SDR), along with the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the British pound. In the fourth quarter of 2016, the RMB depreciated significantly in the backdrop of a surging U.S. dollar and persistent capital outflows of China. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system and we cannot assure you that the Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

There remains significant international pressure on the PRC government to adopt a flexible currency policy. Any significant appreciation or depreciation of the RMB may materially and adversely affect our revenues, earnings and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our Class A Ordinary Shares in U.S. dollars. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from our initial public offering into RMB to pay our operating expenses, appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, a significant depreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar may significantly reduce the U.S. dollar equivalent of our earnings, which in turn could adversely affect the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. As of the date of this annual report, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert RMB into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our net revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive substantially all of our net revenues in RMB. Under our current corporate structure, our company in the Cayman Islands relies on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Therefore, our PRC subsidiaries are able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior approval from SAFE, subject to the condition that the remittance of such dividends outside of the PRC complies with certain procedures under PRC foreign exchange regulation, such as the overseas investment registrations by the beneficial owners of our company who are PRC residents. But approval from, or registration with, appropriate government authorities is required where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies.

In light of the flood of capital outflows of China in 2016 due to the weakening RMB, the PRC government has imposed more restrictive foreign exchange policies and stepped up scrutiny of major outbound capital movement. More restrictions and substantial vetting processes have been put in place by SAFE to regulate cross-border transactions falling under the capital account. The PRC government may also at its discretion restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders.

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We must remit the proceeds from future offerings to PRC before they may be used to benefit the business and operation of our subsidiaries in the PRC, and this process may take a number of months

The proceeds of our future offering must be sent back to the PRC, and the process for sending such proceeds back to the PRC may take several months after the closing of such offering. We may be unable to use these proceeds to grow our business in a timely manner until our PRC subsidiaries receive such proceeds in the PRC. In order to remit the offering proceeds to the PRC, we will have to take the following actions: (1) we will open a special foreign exchange account for capital account transactions. To open this account, we must submit to SAFE certain application forms, identity documents, transaction documents, form of foreign exchange registration of overseas investments by domestic residents, and foreign exchange registration certificate of the invested company. (2) we will remit the offering proceeds into this special foreign exchange account. (3) we will apply for settlement of the foreign exchange. In order to do so, we must submit to SAFE certain application forms, identity documents, payment order to a designated person, and a tax certificate.

The timing of the process is difficult to estimate because the efficiencies of different SAFE branches can vary materially. Ordinarily, the process takes several months to complete but is required by law to be accomplished within 180 days of application. The proceeds of our future offerings will be maintained in an interest-bearing account maintained by us in the United States, until the abovementioned approvals have been provided.

Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties

We are required under PRC laws and regulations to participate in various government sponsored employee benefit plans, including certain social insurance, housing funds and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of our employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time at locations where we operate our businesses. The requirement of employee benefit plans has not been implemented consistently by the local governments in China, given the different levels of economic development in different locations. If the local governments deem our contribution to be not sufficient, we may be subject to late contribution fees or fines in relation to any underpaid employee benefits, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Currently, we are making contributions to the plans based on the minimum standards, although the PRC laws required such contributions to be based on the actual employee salaries up to a maximum amount specified by the local government. If we are required to make increased contributions or are subject to late contribution fees or fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

The M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in August 2006 and amended in 2009, and some other regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions, established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the MOC be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law requires that the MOC shall be notified in advance of any concentration of undertaking if certain thresholds are triggered. In addition, the security review rules issued by the MOC that became effective in September 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by the MOC, and the rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the MOC or its local counterparts, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

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PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us or our PRC resident beneficial owners to liability and penalties under PRC law

SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, in July 2014, which requires PRC residents or entities to register with SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. In addition, such PRC residents or entities must update their SAFE registrations when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes material events relating to any change of basic information (including change of such PRC citizens or residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions. SAFE Circular 37 was issued to replace the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents Engaging in Financing and Roundtrip Investments via Overseas Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75. SAFE promulgated the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment in February 2015, which took effect on June 1, 2015. This notice has amended SAFE Circular 37, requiring PRC residents or entities to register with qualified banks, rather than SAFE or its local branch, in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing.

If our shareholders who are PRC residents or entities do not complete their registration as required, our PRC subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing their profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with the SAFE registration described above could result in liability under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

All of our shareholders who directly or indirectly hold shares in Lichen International Limited and who are known to us as being PRC residents have completed the foreign exchange registrations required in connection with our recent corporate restructuring. However, we may not be informed of the identities of all the PRC residents or entities holding direct or indirect interest in our company, nor can we compel our beneficial owners to comply with SAFE registration requirements. As a result, we cannot assure you that all of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make or obtain any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE regulations. Failure by such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE regulations, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our PRC subsidiaries, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends to us or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects.

If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control over and overall management of the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, the State Administration of Taxation issued a circular, known as Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners like us, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

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We believe none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. See “Material Tax Consequences Applicable to U.S. Holders of Our Ordinary Shares - People’s Republic of China Taxation.” However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” As substantially all of our management members are based in China, it remains unclear how the tax residency rule will apply to our case. If the PRC tax authorities determine that Lichen International Limited or any of our subsidiaries outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, then Lichen International Limited or such subsidiary could be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 25% on its world-wide income, which could materially reduce our net income. In addition, we will also be subject to PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. Furthermore, if the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, gains realized on the sale or other disposition of our Class A Ordinary Shares may be subject to PRC tax, at a rate of 10%, in the case of non-PRC enterprises, or 20%, in the case of non-PRC individuals (in each case, subject to the provisions of any applicable tax treaty), if such gains are deemed to be from PRC sources. It is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax imposed may reduce the returns on the investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares.

We may not be able to obtain certain benefits under relevant tax treaties on dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries to us through our Hong Kong subsidiary

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands and as such rely on dividends and other distributions on equity from our PRC subsidiaries to satisfy part of our liquidity requirements. Pursuant to the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, a withholding tax rate of 10% currently applies to dividends paid by a PRC “resident enterprise” to a foreign enterprise investor, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for preferential tax treatment. Pursuant to the Arrangement between the Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, or the Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement, such withholding tax rate may be lowered to 5% if a Hong Kong resident enterprise owns no less than 25% of a PRC enterprise. Furthermore, the Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Enterprises to Enjoy Treatments under Tax Treaties, which became effective in August 2015, require non-resident enterprises to determine whether they are qualified to enjoy the preferential tax treatment under the tax treaties and file the relevant report and materials with the tax authorities. There are also other conditions for enjoying the reduced withholding tax rate, according to other relevant tax rules and regulations. As of the date of the annual report, we did not record any withholding tax on the retained earnings of our subsidiaries in the PRC, as we intended to re-invest all earnings generated from our PRC subsidiaries for the operation and expansion of our business in China, and we intend to continue this practice in the foreseeable future. Should our tax policy change to allow for offshore distribution of our earnings, we would be subject to a significant withholding tax. We cannot assure you that our determination regarding our qualification to enjoy the preferential tax treatment will not be challenged by the relevant tax authority or if we will be able to complete the necessary filings with the relevant tax authority and enjoy the preferential withholding tax rate of 5% under the Double Taxation Arrangement with respect to dividends to be paid by our PRC subsidiaries to HK Beach, our Hong Kong subsidiary.

Enhanced scrutiny over acquisition transactions by the PRC tax authorities may have a negative impact on potential acquisitions we may pursue in the future

The PRC tax authorities have enhanced their scrutiny over the direct or indirect transfer of certain taxable assets, including, in particular, equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by a non-resident enterprise by promulgating and implementing Notice of the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on Several Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Tax Treatment on Enterprise Reorganization (Circular 59) and Announcement No. 7 [2015] of the State Administration of Taxation-Announcement on Several Issues concerning the Enterprise Income Tax on Income from the Indirect Transfer of Assets by Non-Resident Enterprises (Circular 7) which became effective in February 2015. Under Circular 7, where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring the equity interests of a PRC “resident enterprise” indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise, being the transferor, may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, if the indirect transfer is considered to be an abusive use of company structure without reasonable commercial purposes. Circular 7 also provides that, where a non-PRC resident enterprise transfers its equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise to its related parties at a price lower than the fair market value, the relevant tax authority has the power to make a reasonable adjustment to the taxable income of the transaction.

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Circular 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to not only indirect transfers but also transactions involving transfer of other taxable assets, through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, Circular 7 provides clear criteria on how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. Circular 7 also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of the taxable assets. Where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring the taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise being the transferor, or the transferee, or the PRC entity which directly owned the taxable assets may report to the relevant tax authority such indirect transfer. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax.

According to the “Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China” (adopted on March 16, 2007, first amended on February 24, 2017, and further amended on December 29, 2018), if the business dealings between an enterprise and its affiliated parties do not conform to the principle of independent transactions and thus reduce the taxable income or income of the enterprise or its affiliated parties, the tax authorities have the right to adjust in accordance with reasonable methods. The cost incurred by an enterprise and its related parties in developing and accepting intangible assets or providing and receiving labor services together shall be apportioned according to the principle of independent transaction when calculating taxable income.

Where enterprises that are controlled by resident enterprises or resident enterprises and Chinese residents in the country (region) where the actual tax burden is obviously lower than the tax rate level of China’s enterprise income tax, and profits are not distributed or are distributed at a reduced rate due to reasons other than reasonable business needs, the portion of the above profits attributable to such resident enterprises shall be included in the income of such resident enterprises for the reported period. Interest expenses incurred when the ratio of creditor’s rights investment to equity investment accepted by an enterprise from its affiliated parties exceeds the prescribed standard shall not be deducted in the calculation of taxable income. If an enterprise reduces its taxable income or income by implementing other arrangements without reasonable commercial purposes, tax authorities have the right to adjust them in accordance with reasonable methods.

We face uncertainties on the reporting and consequences on future private equity financing transactions, share exchange or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises. The PRC tax authorities may pursue such non-resident enterprises with respect to a filing or the transferees with respect to withholding obligation, and request our PRC subsidiaries to assist in the filing. As a result, we and non-resident enterprises in such transactions may become at risk of being subject to filing obligations or being taxed, under Circular 59 and Circular 7, and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Circular 59 and Circular 7 or to establish that we and our non-resident enterprises should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The PRC tax authorities have the discretion under Circular 59 and Circular 7 to make adjustments to the taxable capital gains based on the difference between the fair value of the taxable assets transferred and the cost of investment. Although we currently have no plans to pursue any acquisitions in China or elsewhere in the world, we may pursue acquisitions in the future that may involve complex corporate structures. If we are considered a non-resident enterprise under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and if the PRC tax authorities make adjustments to the taxable income of the transactions under Circular 59 and Circular 7, our income tax costs associated with such potential acquisitions will be increased, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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The U.S. Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, the recent joint statement by the SEC and PCAOB, and proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, could result in prohibition of trading of our securities on Nasdaq or any other U.S. securities exchange.

On April 21, 2020, former SEC Chairman Jay Clayton and PCAOB Chairman William D. Duhnke III, along with other senior SEC staff, released a joint statement highlighting the risks associated with investing in companies based in or have substantial operations in emerging markets including China. The joint statement emphasized the risks associated with lack of access for the PCAOB to inspect auditors and audit work papers in China and higher risks of fraud in emerging markets.

On May 18, 2020, Nasdaq filed three proposals with the SEC to (i) apply a minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in a “Restrictive Market”, (ii) adopt a new requirement relating to the qualification of management or board of directors for Restrictive Market companies, and (iii) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the company’s auditors.

On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (“HFCAA”), requiring a foreign company to certify it is not owned or controlled by a foreign government if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the company uses a foreign auditor not subject to PCAOB inspection. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect the company’s auditors for three consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the U.S. On December 2, 2020, the U.S. House of Representatives approved the HFCAA. On December 18, 2020, the HFCAA was signed into law and subsequently amended on December 29, 2022. Under the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that a company has filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit such shares from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the U.S.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC announced that it had adopted interim final amendments to implement congressionally mandated submission and disclosure requirements of the HFCAA. The interim final amendments will apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report on Forms 10-K, 20-F, 40-F or N-CSR with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB has determined it is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in that jurisdiction. The SEC will implement a process for identifying such a registrant and any such identified registrant will be required to submit documentation to the SEC establishing that it is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity in that foreign jurisdiction, and will also require disclosure in the registrant’s annual report regarding the audit arrangements of, and governmental influence on, such a registrant.

On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which was signed into law on December 29, 2022, amending the HFCAA and requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchange if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three consecutive years.

On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCAA, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCAA, whether the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction.

On December 2, 2021, the SEC issued amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCAA. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in foreign jurisdictions.

On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determinations that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and in Hong Kong, because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions, which determinations were vacated on December 15, 2022.

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On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it had signed a Statement of Protocol (the “SOP”) with the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the Ministry of Finance of China. The SOP, together with two protocol agreements governing inspections and investigations (together, the “SOP Agreement”), establishes a specific, accountable framework to make possible complete inspections and investigations by the PCAOB of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong, as required under U.S. law.

On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong completely in 2022. The PCAOB Board vacated its previous 2021 determinations that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. However, whether the PCAOB will continue to be able to satisfactorily conduct inspections of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainties and depends on a number of factors out of our and our auditor’s control. The PCAOB continues to demand complete access in mainland China and Hong Kong moving forward and is making plans to resume regular inspections in early 2023 and beyond, as well as to continue pursuing ongoing investigations and initiate new investigations as needed. The PCAOB has also indicated that it will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations with the HFCAA if needed.

Enrome LLP, our auditor for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, headquartered in Singapore, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Enrome LLP’s registration with the PCAOB took effect in March 2022 and it is currently subject to PCAOB inspections.

However, we cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the audit of our financial statements. In the event it is later determined that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely the Company’s auditor because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction, then such lack of inspection could cause trading in the Company’s securities to be prohibited under the HFCAA and the AHFCAA, and ultimately result in a determination by a securities exchange to delist the Company’s securities. The delisting of our Class A Ordinary Shares, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment, even making it worthless. It remains unclear what the SEC’s implementation process related to the above rules and amendments will entail or what further actions the SEC, the PCAOB or Nasdaq will take to address these issues and what impact those actions will have on U.S. companies that have significant operations in the PRC and have securities listed on a U.S. stock exchange. In addition, the above rules and amendments and any additional actions, proceedings, or new rules resulting from these efforts to increase U.S. regulatory access to audit information could create some uncertainty for investors, the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares could be adversely affected, and we could be delisted if we and our auditor are unable to meet the PCAOB inspection requirement or being required to engage a new audit firm, which would require significant expense and management time.

We are not currently required to obtain any approval from the CAC. However, it is unclear whether we will be subject to the oversight of the CAC and how such oversight may impact us. Our business could be interrupted or we could be subject to liabilities which may materially and adversely affect the results of our operation and the value of your investment

Pursuant to the PRC Cybersecurity Law and the Measures for Cybersecurity Censorship (the “Cybersecurity Review Measures”) promulgated on April 13, 2020, if a critical information infrastructure operator purchases internet products and services that affect or may affect national security, it should be subject to cybersecurity review by the CAC. Any internet product or service that affect or may affect national security as deemed by the cybersecurity review authorities may be subject to cybersecurity review. According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, a critical information infrastructure operator refers to any operator identified by an authority for the protection of critical information infrastructures. As of the date hereof, we have not received any notice from such authorities identifying us as a critical information infrastructure operator or requiring us to going through cybersecurity review by the CAC.

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On December 28, 2021, the CAC and other relevant PRC governmental authorities jointly promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures (the “new Cybersecurity Review Measures”) which took effect on February 15, 2022, and replaced the original Cybersecurity Review Measures. Pursuant to the new Cybersecurity Review Measures, if critical information infrastructure operators purchase network products and services, or network platform operators conduct data processing activities that affect or may affect national security, they will be subject to cybersecurity review. A network platform operator holding more than one million users/users’ individual information also shall be subject to cybersecurity review before listing abroad. The cybersecurity review will evaluate, among others, the risk of critical information infrastructure, core data, important data, or a large amount of personal information being influenced, controlled or maliciously used by foreign governments and risk of network data security after going public overseas.

As the new Cybersecurity Review Measures took effect on February 15, 2022, we believe we are not subject to the cybersecurity review by the CAC for our initial public offering and subsequent offerings, given that: (i) we are not a network platform operator holding more than one million users’ individual information; and (ii) data processed in our business does not have a bearing on national security and thus may not be classified as core or important data by the authorities and we will not be required to obtain any permission from the CAC. However, there remains uncertainty as to how the new Cybersecurity Review Measures will be interpreted or implemented and whether the PRC regulatory agencies, including the CAC, may adopt new laws, regulations, rules, or detailed implementation and interpretation related to the new Cybersecurity Review Measures. If any such new laws, regulations, rules, or implementation and interpretation comes into effect, we expect to take all reasonable measures and actions to comply and to minimize the adverse effect of such laws on us.

We cannot assure you that PRC regulatory agencies, including the CAC, would take the same view as we do, and there is no assurance that we can fully or timely comply with such laws. In the event that we are subject to any mandatory cybersecurity review and other specific actions required by the CAC, we face uncertainty as to whether any clearance or other required actions can be timely completed, or at all. Given such uncertainty, we may be further required to suspend our relevant business, shut down our website, or face other penalties, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Any actions by the Chinese government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our Class A Ordinary Shares to investors and cause the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or be worthless. The M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in August 2006 and amended in 2009, and some other regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the MOC be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise. For example, the M&A Rules require that MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise, if (i) any important industry is concerned, (ii) such transaction involves factors that impact or may impact national economic security, or (iii) such transaction will lead to a change in control of a domestic enterprise which holds a famous trademark or PRC time-honored brand. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law promulgated by the SCNPC effective in 2008 requires that transactions which are deemed concentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds (i.e., during the previous fiscal year, (i) the total global turnover of all operators participating in the transaction exceeds RMB10 billion and at least two of these operators each had a turnover of more than RMB400 million within China, or (ii) the total turnover within China of all the operators participating in the concentration exceeded RMB 2 billion, and at least two of these operators each had a turnover of more than RMB 400 million within China) must be cleared by MOFCOM before they can be completed.

Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law requires that the MOC shall be notified in advance of any concentration of undertaking if certain thresholds are triggered. In addition, the security review rules issued by the MOC that became effective in September 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by the MOC, and the rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the MOC or its local counterparts may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

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There are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation outside China or otherwise with respect to foreign entities.

We conduct substantially all of our business operations in China, and a majority of our directors and senior management are based in China, which is an emerging market. The SEC, U.S. Department of Justice and other authorities often have substantial difficulties in bringing and enforcing actions against non-U.S. companies and non-U.S. persons, including company directors and officers, in certain emerging markets, including China. Additionally, our public shareholders may have limited rights and few practical remedies in emerging markets where we operate, as shareholder claims that are common in the United States, including class action securities law and fraud claims, generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in many emerging markets, including China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation outside China or otherwise with respect to foreign entities. Although the local authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, the regulatory cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States has not been efficient in the absence of a mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. According to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law which became effective in March 2020, no foreign securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. Accordingly, without the consent of the competent PRC securities regulators and relevant authorities, no organization or individual may provide the documents and materials relating to securities business activities to foreign securities regulators.

As a result, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

Adverse changes in political and economic policies of the PRC government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China, which could reduce the demand for our products and services and materially and adversely affect our competitive position.

Substantially all of our business operations are conducted in China. Accordingly, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects are subject to economic, political and legal developments in China. Although the Chinese economy is no longer a planned economy, the PRC government continues to exercise significant control over China’s economic growth through direct allocation of resources, monetary and tax policies, and a host of other government policies such as those that encourage or restrict investment in certain industries by foreign investors, control the exchange between RMB and foreign currencies, and regulate the growth of the general or specific market.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. Any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. These uncertainties may impede our ability to enforce the contracts we have entered into and could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all and may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such unpredictability towards our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights could adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

These government involvements have been instrumental in China’s significant growth in the past 30 years. In response to the recent global and Chinese economic downturn, the PRC government has adopted policy measures aimed at stimulating the economic growth in China. If the PRC government’s current or future policies fail to help the Chinese economy achieve further growth or if any aspect of the PRC government’s policies limits the growth of our industry or otherwise negatively affects our business, our growth rate or strategy, our results of operations could be adversely affected as a result.

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We may become subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the PRC regarding privacy, data security, cybersecurity, and data protection. We may be liable for improper use or appropriation of personal information provided by our customers.

We may become subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the PRC regarding privacy, data security, cybersecurity, and data protection. These laws and regulations are continuously evolving and developing. The scope and interpretation of the laws that are or may be applicable to us are often uncertain and may be conflicting, particularly with respect to foreign laws. In particular, there are numerous laws and regulations regarding privacy and the collection, sharing, use, processing, disclosure, and protection of personal information and other user data. Such laws and regulations often vary in scope, may be subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent among different jurisdictions.

We expect to obtain information about various aspects of our operations as well as regarding our employees and third parties. We also maintain information about various aspects of our operations as well as regarding our employees. The integrity and protection of our customer, employee and company data is critical to our business. Our customers and employees expect that we will adequately protect their personal information. We are required by applicable laws to keep strictly confidential the personal information that we collect, and to take adequate security measures to safeguard such information.

The PRC Criminal Law, as amended by its Amendment 7 (effective on February 28, 2009) and Amendment 9 (effective on November 1, 2015), prohibits institutions, companies and their employees from selling or otherwise illegally disclosing a citizen’s personal information obtained during the course of performing duties or providing services or obtaining such information through theft or other illegal ways. On November 7, 2016, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress issued the Cyber Security Law of the PRC, or Cyber Security Law, which became effective on June 1, 2017.

Pursuant to the Cyber Security Law, network operators must not, without users’ consent, collect their personal information, and may only collect users’ personal information necessary to provide their services. Providers are also obliged to provide security maintenance for their products and services and shall comply with provisions regarding the protection of personal information as stipulated under the relevant laws and regulations.

The Civil Code of the PRC (issued by the PRC National People’s Congress on May 28, 2020 and effective from January 1, 2021) provides main legal basis for privacy and personal information infringement claims under the Chinese civil laws. PRC regulators, including the Cyberspace Administration of China, MIIT, and the Ministry of Public Security have been increasingly focused on regulation in the areas of data security and data protection.

The PRC regulatory requirements regarding cybersecurity are constantly evolving. For instance, various regulatory bodies in China, including the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Ministry of Public Security and the SAMR, have enforced data privacy and protection laws and regulations with varying and evolving standards and interpretations. In April 2020, the Chinese government promulgated Cybersecurity Review Measures, which came into effect on June 1, 2020. According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, operators of critical information infrastructure must pass a cybersecurity review when purchasing network products and services which do or may affect national security.

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In November 2016, the Standing Committee of China’s National People’s Congress passed China’s first Cybersecurity Law (“CSL”), which became effective in June 2017. The CSL is the first PRC law that systematically lays out the regulatory requirements on cybersecurity and data protection, subjecting many previously under-regulated or unregulated activities in cyberspace to government scrutiny. The legal consequences of violation of the CSL include penalties of warning, confiscation of illegal income, suspension of related business, winding up for rectification, shutting down the websites, and revocation of business license or relevant permits. In April 2020, the Cyberspace Administration of China and certain other PRC regulatory authorities promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which became effective in June 2020. Pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, operators of critical information infrastructure must pass a cybersecurity review when purchasing network products and services which do or may affect national security. On July 10, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China issued a revised draft of the Measures for Cybersecurity Review for public comments (“Draft Measures”), which required that, in addition to “operator of critical information infrastructure,” any “data processor” carrying out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security should also be subject to cybersecurity review, and further elaborated the factors to be considered when assessing the national security risks of the relevant activities, including, among others, (i) the risk of core data, important data or a large amount of personal information being stolen, leaked, destroyed, and illegally used or exited the country; and (ii) the risk of critical information infrastructure, core data, important data or a large amount of personal information being affected, controlled, or maliciously used by foreign governments after listing abroad. The Cyberspace Administration of China has said that under the proposed rules companies holding data on more than 1,000,000 users must now apply for cybersecurity approval when seeking listings in other nations because of the risk that such data and personal information could be “affected, controlled, and maliciously exploited by foreign governments,” The cybersecurity review will also investigate the potential national security risks from overseas IPOs. We do not know what regulations will be adopted or how such regulations will affect us and our listing on Nasdaq. In the event that the Cyberspace Administration of China determines that we are subject to these regulations, we may be required to delist from Nasdaq and we may be subject to fines and penalties. On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the NPC promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The Data Security Law also sets forth the data security protection obligations for entities and individuals handling personal data, including that no entity or individual may acquire such data by stealing or other illegal means, and the collection and use of such data should not exceed the necessary limits The costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, CSL and any other cybersecurity and related laws may limit the use and adoption of our products and services and could have an adverse impact on our business. Further, if the enacted version of the Measures for Cybersecurity Review mandates clearance of cybersecurity review and other specific actions to be completed by companies like us, we face uncertainties as to whether such clearance can be timely obtained, or at all.

On July 10, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China issued a revised draft of the Measures for Cybersecurity Review for public comments (the “Review Measures”), and on December 28, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China jointly with the relevant authorities published Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) which took effect on February 15, 2022 and replace the Review Measures, which required that, operators of critical information infrastructure purchasing network products and services, and data processors (together with the operators of critical information infrastructure, the “Operators”) carrying out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security, shall conduct a cybersecurity review, any operator who controls more than one million users’ personal information must go through a cybersecurity review by the cybersecurity review office if it seeks to be listed in a foreign country.

Under the Data Security Law enacted on September 1, 2021 and the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) implemented on February 15, 2022, since we are not an Operator, nor do we control more than one million users’ personal information, we would not be required to apply for a cybersecurity review by the CAC. However, if the CSRC, CAC or other regulatory agencies later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals for any follow-on offerings, we may be unable to obtain such approvals and we may face sanctions by the CSRC, CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies for failure to seek their approval which could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to our investors and the securities currently being offered may substantially decline in value and be worthless.

On August 17, 2021, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Protection of the Security of Critical Information Infrastructure, or the Regulations, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The Regulations supplement and specify the provisions on the security of critical information infrastructure as stated in the Cybersecurity Review Measures. The Regulations provide, among others, that protection department of certain industry or sector shall notify the operator of the critical information infrastructure in time after the identification of certain critical information infrastructure.

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On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the NPC approved the Personal Information Protection Law (“PIPL”), which became effective on November 1, 2021. The PIPL regulates collection of personal identifiable information and seeks to address the issue of algorithmic discrimination. Companies in violation of the PIPL may be subject to warnings and admonishments, forced corrections, confiscation of corresponding income, suspension of related services, and fines. We had not collected identifiable or sensitive personal information of individual end-users, such as ID card numbers and real names, which means our potential access or exposure to customers’ personal information is limited. However, in the event we inadvertently access or become exposed to customers’ personal identifiable information, then we may face heightened exposure to the PIPL.

We cannot assure you that PRC regulatory agencies, including the CAC, would take the same view as we do, and there is no assurance that we can fully or timely comply with such laws. In the event that we are subject to any mandatory cybersecurity review and other specific actions required by the CAC, we face uncertainty as to whether any clearance or other required actions can be timely completed, or at all. Given such uncertainty, we may be further required to suspend our relevant business, shut down our website, or face other penalties, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission may be required in connection with our future offerings, and, if required, we cannot predict whether we will be able to obtain such approval.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies requires an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC companies or individuals to obtain the approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange.

We believe that the CSRC’s approval is not required for the listing and trading of our Class A Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq in the context of our prior offshore offerings, given that: (i) our PRC subsidiary was incorporated as a wholly foreign-owned enterprise by means of direct investment rather than by merger or acquisition of equity interest or assets of a PRC domestic company owned by PRC companies or individuals as defined under the M&A Rules that are our beneficial owners; (ii) the CSRC currently has not issued any definitive rule or interpretation concerning whether our prior offshore offerings are subject to the M&A Rules; and (iii) no provision in the M&A Rules clearly classifies contractual arrangements as a type of transaction subject to the M&A Rules.

However, there remains some uncertainties as to how the M&A Rules will be interpreted or implemented in the context of an overseas offering and its opinions summarized above are subject to any new laws, rules and regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations in any form relating to the M&A Rules. We cannot assure you that relevant PRC government agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as we do. If it is determined that CSRC approval is required for our future offerings, we may face sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies for failure to seek CSRC approval for our future offerings. These sanctions may include fines and penalties on our operations in the PRC, limitations on our operating privileges in the PRC, delays in or restrictions on the repatriation of the proceeds from futures offerings into the PRC, restrictions on or prohibition of the payments or remittance of dividends by our PRC subsidiary, or other actions that could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. Furthermore, the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies may also take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our future offerings before the settlement and delivery of the Class A Ordinary Shares that we are offering. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to the settlement and delivery of the Class A Ordinary Shares we are offering, you would be doing so at the risk that the settlement and delivery may not occur.

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Risks Relating to our Class A and Class B Ordinary Shares

Future issuances of our Class B Ordinary Shares may be dilutive to the voting power of our Class A Ordinary Shareholders

Future issuances of our Class B Ordinary Shares, which can be approved by our Board of Directors, could result in dilution to existing holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares. Such issuances, or the perception that such issuances may occur, could depress the market price of the Class A Ordinary Shares.

In addition, there might be impact of the conversion of Class B Ordinary Shares on holders of Class A Ordinary Shares, including dilution and the reduction in aggregate voting power, as well as the potential increase in the relative voting power if any Class B holder retains their shares.

The dual-class structure of our ordinary shares may adversely affect the trading market for the Class A Ordinary Shares

Certain shareholder advisory firms have announced changes to their eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on certain indices, including the S&P 500, to exclude companies with multiple classes of shares and companies whose public shareholders hold no more than 5% of total voting power from being added to such indices. In addition, several shareholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual class structure of our ordinary shares may prevent the inclusion of the Class A Ordinary Shares in such indices and may cause shareholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure. Any such exclusion from indices could result in a less active trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares. Any actions or publications by shareholder advisory firms critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the value of the Class A Ordinary Shares.

We are an “emerging growth company,” and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Class A Ordinary Shares less attractive to investors

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although we could lose that status sooner if our revenues exceed $1.235 billion, if we issue more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt in a three-year period, or if the market value of our Class A Ordinary Shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million before that time, in which case we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31. We cannot predict if investors will find our Class A Ordinary Shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Class A Ordinary Shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares and our stock price may be more volatile.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to avail our company of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, will be subject to accounting standards that are available to emerging growth companies.

We are a “foreign private issuer,” and our disclosure obligations differ from those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. As a result, we may not provide you the same information as U.S. domestic reporting companies or we may provide information at different times, which may make it more difficult for you to evaluate our performance and prospects

Lichen International Limited is a foreign private issuer and, as a result, we are not subject to the same requirements as U.S. domestic issuers. Under the Exchange Act, we will be subject to reporting obligations that, to some extent, are more lenient and less frequent than those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. For example, we will not be required to issue quarterly reports or proxy statements. We will not be required to disclose detailed individual executive compensation information. Furthermore, our directors and executive officers will not be subject to the insider short-swing profit disclosure and recovery regime. As a foreign private issuer, we will also be exempt from the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) which, generally, are meant to ensure that select groups of investors are not privy to specific information about an issuer before other investors. However, we will still be subject to the anti-fraud and anti-manipulation rules of the SEC, such as Rule 10b-5 under the Exchange Act. Since many of the disclosure obligations imposed on us as a foreign private issuer differ from those imposed on U.S. domestic reporting companies, you should not expect to receive the same information about us and at the same time as the information provided by U.S. domestic reporting companies.

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Because we are a foreign private issuer and are exempt from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. issuers, you will have less protection than you would have if we were a domestic issuer

Nasdaq Listing Rule requires listed companies to have, among other things, a majority of its board members be independent. As a foreign private issuer, however, we are permitted to, and we may follow home country practice in lieu of the above requirements, or we may choose to comply with the above requirement within one year of listing. The corporate governance practice in our home country, the Cayman Islands, does not require a majority of our board to consist of independent directors. Thus, although a director must act in the best interests of the Company, it is possible that fewer board members will be exercising independent judgment and the level of board oversight on the management of our company may decrease as a result. In addition, the Nasdaq Listing Rules also require U.S. domestic issuers to have a compensation committee, a nominating/corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors, and an audit committee with a minimum of three members. We, as a foreign private issuer, are not subject to these requirements. The Nasdaq Listing Rules may require shareholder approval for certain corporate matters, such as requiring that shareholders be given the opportunity to vote on all equity compensation plans and material revisions to those plans, certain ordinary share issuances. We comply with the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rules in determining whether shareholder approval is required on such matters and to appoint a nominating and corporate governance committee. However, we may consider following home country practice in lieu of the requirements under Nasdaq Listing Rules with respect to certain corporate governance standards which may afford less protection to investors.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (as revised) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law may not be as clearly established, as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, a majority of our current directors and officers are nationals and/or residents of countries other than the United States. All or a substantial portion of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of the PRC may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. For more information regarding the relevant laws of the Cayman Islands and the PRC, see “Enforceability of Civil Liabilities.”

Shareholder claims, including securities law class actions and fraud claims, are common in the United States and are generally difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicability in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other barriers to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation outside China or otherwise with respect to foreign entities. Although the local authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such regulatory cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the United States have not been efficient in the absence of a mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. According to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. Accordingly, without the consent of the competent PRC securities regulators or other relevant authorities, no entity or individual may provide any documents and materials relating to securities business activities to foreign entities or government agencies.

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If we cannot satisfy, or continue to satisfy, the continued listing requirements and other rules of Nasdaq Capital Market, although we exempt from certain corporate governance standards applicable to US issuers as a Foreign Private Issuer, our securities may not be listed or may be delisted, which could negatively impact the price of our securities and your ability to sell them

We are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. We cannot assure you that we will be able to meet those continued listing requirements in the future. Even if our securities are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we cannot assure you that our securities will continue to be listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. In addition, in order to maintain our listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we will be required to comply with certain rules of Nasdaq Capital Market, including those regarding minimum stockholders’ equity, minimum share price and certain corporate governance requirements. Even if we initially meet the listing requirements and other applicable rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, we may not be able to continue to satisfy these requirements and applicable rules. If we are unable to satisfy the Nasdaq Capital Market criteria for maintaining our listing, our securities could be subject to delisting.

If the Nasdaq Capital Market does not list our securities, or subsequently delists our securities from trading, we could face significant consequences, including:

| ● | a limited availability for market quotations for our securities;

| ● | reduced liquidity with respect to our securities;

| ● | a determination that our Class A Ordinary Share is a “penny stock,” which will require brokers trading in our Class A Ordinary Share to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our Class A Ordinary Share;

| ● | limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and

| ● | a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

The market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to sell your shares at attractive prices

The market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

| ● | actual or anticipated fluctuations in our revenue and other operating results;

| ● | the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in these projections or our failure to meet these projections;

| ● | actions of securities analysts who initiate or maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;

| ● | announcements by us or our competitors of significant services or features, technical innovations, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, or capital commitments;

| ● | price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market, including as a result of trends in the economy as a whole;

| ● | lawsuits threatened or filed against us; and

| ● | other events or factors, including those resulting from war or incidents of terrorism, or responses to these events.

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In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. Stock prices of many companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, shareholders have filed securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business, and adversely affect our business.

Furthermore, as a relatively small-capitalization company with relatively small public float, we may experience greater stock price volatility, extreme price run-ups, lower trading volume and less liquidity than large-capitalization companies. In particular, our Class A Ordinary Shares may be subject to rapid and substantial price volatility, low volumes of trades and large spreads in bid and ask prices. Such volatility, including any stock-run up, may be unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance and financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for other investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

In addition, if the trading volumes of our Class A Ordinary Shares are low, investors buying or selling in relatively small quantities may easily influence prices of our Class A Ordinary Shares. This low volume of trades could also cause the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares to fluctuate greatly, with large percentage changes in price occurring in any trading day session. Holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares may also not be able to readily liquidate their investment or may be forced to sell at depressed prices due to low volume trading. Broad market fluctuations and general economic and political conditions may also adversely affect the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. As a result of this volatility, investors may experience losses on their investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares. A decline in the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares also could adversely affect our ability to issue additional shares of Class A Ordinary Shares or other of our securities and our ability to obtain additional financing in the future. No assurance can be given that an active market in our Class A Ordinary Shares will develop or be sustained. If an active market does not develop, holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares may be unable to readily sell the shares they hold or may not be able to sell their shares at all.

If we fail to establish and maintain proper internal financial reporting controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, companies are required to file a report of management on its internal control over financial reporting, which includes a statement of management acknowledging its responsibility for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting; an assessment by management of the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting; a statement identifying the framework used by the management to evaluate the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting; and an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm.

However, while we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm, until the date we are no longer an emerging growth company. our management are required to report on our internal controls over financial reporting under Section 404. We are in a continuing process of developing, establishing, and maintaining internal controls and procedures that allows our management to report on our internal controls over financial reporting.

As of the date of this annual report, our management has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. The material weaknesses relate to that the Company does not have in-house accounting personnel with sufficient knowledge of US GAAP and SEC reporting experiences. Management concluded that as of the date of this annual report, our internal control over financial reporting was ineffective.

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In order to address and resolve the foregoing material weakness, we have implemented measures designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting to remediate this material weakness, including hiring consultants who have requisite training and experience in the preparation of financial statements in compliance with applicable SEC requirements. In addition to hiring outside consultant, we also plan to take remedial measures including (i) hiring more qualified accounting personnel with relevant U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting experience and qualifications to strengthen the financial reporting function and to set up a financial and system control framework; (ii) implementing regular and continuous U.S. GAAP accounting and financial reporting training programs for our accounting and financial reporting personnel; (iii) setting up an internal audit function as well as engaging an external consulting firm to assist us with assessment of Sarbanes-Oxley compliance requirements and improvement of overall internal control; and (iv) appointing independent directors, establishing an audit committee, and strengthening corporate governance.

The implementation of these measures may not fully address the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, and we cannot conclude that they have been fully remedied. Our failure to correct theses material weaknesses or our failure to discover and address any other material weaknesses could result in inaccuracies in our financial statements and could also impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares, may be materially and adversely affected. Moreover, ineffective internal control over financial reporting significantly hinders our ability to prevent fraud. We are a public company in the United States subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, will require that we include a report from management on our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F beginning with our annual report for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024. In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, after we become a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future

We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, you may only receive a return on your investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares if the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares increases.

The obligation to disclose information publicly may put us at a disadvantage to competitors that are private companies

Upon completion of our initial public offering, we became a publicly listed company in the United States. As a publicly listed company, we are required to file annual reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In some cases, we need to disclose material agreements or results of financial operations that we would not be required to disclose if we were a private company. Our competitors may have access to this information, which would otherwise be confidential. This may give them advantages in competing with our company. Similarly, as a U.S.-listed public company, we will be governed by U.S. laws that our competitors, which are mostly private Chinese companies, are not required to follow. To the extent compliance with U.S. laws increases our expenses or decreases our competitiveness against such companies, our public listing could affect our results of operations.

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There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, which could subject United States investors in our Class A Ordinary Shares to significant adverse United States income tax consequences

We will be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year if either (i) 75% or more of our gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income, or (ii) 50% or more of the value of our assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income (the “asset test”). Based upon our current and expected income and assets, as well as projections as to the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares, we do not presently expect to be classified as a PFIC for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future.

While we do not expect to be a PFIC, because the value of our assets, for purposes of the asset test, may be determined by reference to the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares, fluctuations in the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may cause us to become a PFIC classification for the current or subsequent taxable years. The determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC will also depend, in part, on the composition and classification of our income, including the relative amounts of income generated by and the value of assets of our potential strategic investment business as compared to our other businesses. Because there are uncertainties in the application of the relevant rules, it is possible that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, may challenge our classification of certain income and assets as non-passive which may result in our being or becoming a PFIC in the current or subsequent years. In addition, the composition of our income and assets will also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in the initial public offering and subsequent offerings. If we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes, our risk of being a PFIC may substantially increase. Because there are uncertainties in the application of the relevant rules and PFIC status is a factual determination made annually after the close of each taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for the current taxable year or any future taxable year.

If we are a PFIC in any taxable year, a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Taxation-United States Federal Income Tax Considerations”) may incur significantly increased United States income tax on gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of our Class A Ordinary Shares and on the receipt of distributions on our Class A Ordinary Shares to the extent such gain or distribution is treated as an “excess distribution” under the United States federal income tax rules, and such holder may be subject to burdensome reporting requirements. Further, if we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds our Class A Ordinary Shares, we will generally continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. Holder holds our Class A Ordinary Shares. For more information see “Item 10. Additional Information-10.E. Taxation-United States Federal Income Tax Considerations-Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

If we cannot satisfy, or continue to satisfy, the continued listing requirements and other rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, specifically, Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), as we’ve received a notice from the Listing Qualifications Department of Nasdaq on January 23, 2025, our securities may be delisted, which could negatively impact the price of our securities and your ability to sell them.

Our securities are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. We cannot assure you that our securities will continue to be listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. In order to maintain our listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we are required to comply with certain rules, including those regarding minimum stockholders’ equity, minimum share price, minimum market value of publicly held shares, and various additional requirements. Even if we initially meet the listing requirements and other applicable rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, we may not be able to continue to satisfy these requirements and applicable rules. If we are unable to satisfy the criteria for maintaining our listing, our securities could be subject to delisting.

On January 23, 2025, the Company received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Staff (the “Staff”) of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC notifying the Company that it failed to maintain a minimum bid price of $1.00 over the previous 30 consecutive business days. The Rules provide the Company a compliance period of 180 calendar days, until July 22, 2025, to regain compliance. If at any time during this 180 day period the closing bid price of the Company’s security is at least $1 for a minimum of ten consecutive business days, the Staff will provide written confirmation of compliance. In the event the Company does not regain compliance by July 22, 2025, the Company may be eligible for an additional 180 calendar day compliance period to demonstrate compliance with the bid price requirement. To qualify for the additional 180-day period, the Company will be required to meet the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards for the Nasdaq Capital Market, with the exception of the bid price requirement, and will need to provide written notice to Nasdaq of its intention to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary. If the Company does not qualify for the second compliance period or fails to regain compliance during the second 180-day period, then Nasdaq will notify the Company of its determination to delist the Company. The Company would then be entitled to appeal that determination to a Nasdaq hearings panel.

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In addition, pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A)(iii), if the Company’s Common Shares trade below $0.10 per share for 10 consecutive trading days, the Company could be subject to a Nasdaq delisting notification which could result in the delisting of the Company’s Common Shares from the Nasdaq Capital Market immediately unless appealed or unless the Nasdaq provides a compliance period in which to cure such bid price deficiency (the “Low Priced Stocks Rule”).

On February 12, 2025, the Company announced that it received a letter from Nasdaq. This letter stated that, because the Company’s securities had a closing bid price of $0.10 or less for ten consecutive trading days as of the letter date, unless the Company timely requested a hearing before a Hearings Panel (the “Panel”) to appeal Nasdaq’s delisting determination, trading of the Company’s securities will be suspended at the opening of business on February 21, 2025, and a Form 25-NSE will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to remove the Company’s securities from listing and registration on Nasdaq, according to Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A)(iii).

The delisting determination ended the aforementioned compliance period before its expiration because the Company’s stock prices have triggered the Low Priced Stocks Rule. The Company was provided until February 19, 2025 to request an appeal of the delisting determination to the hearing panel. On February 19, 2025, the Company has submitted the Company’s hearing request.

On March 19, 2025, the Company received a letter from Nasdaq confirming that its Class A ordinary shares had maintained a closing bid price of at least $1.00 per share for 10 consecutive business days. As a result, Nasdaq determined that (i) the Company has regained compliance with the Nasdaq Capital Market’s listing requirements, (ii) the hearing before the Hearings Panel scheduled for March 25, 2025, has been canceled, and (iii) the Company’s securities will continue to be listed and traded on The Nasdaq Stock Market. This matter is now closed.

The Company has regained compliance under the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). However, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to maintain compliance with the Nasdaq Capital Market’s continued listing requirements.

If our securities are subsequently delisted from trading, we could face significant consequences, including:

| ● | a limited availability for market quotations for our securities;

| ● | reduced liquidity with respect to our securities;

| ● | a determination that our Class A Ordinary Shares is a “penny stock,” which will require brokers trading in our Class A Ordinary Shares to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares;

| ● | limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and

| ● | a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

As a result, an investor would likely find it more difficult to trade, or to obtain accurate price quotations for, our securities if our securities are de-listed from Nasdaq. Delisting would likely also reduce the visibility, liquidity and value of our securities, including as a result of reduced institutional investor interest in our company, and may increase the volatility of our securities.

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Risks Relating to our Business

We may incur impairment losses for intangible assets, which may adversely affect our results of operations

As reported in our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, our intangible assets amounted to approximately $8.09 million, $11.05 million and $6.03 million as of December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Intangible assets are tested for impairment whenever there is indication that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of our intangible assets exceeds their recoverable amount. The process of assessment is uncertain and complex and requires judgments in relation to such events or changes in circumstances. If our intangible assets are determined to be impaired in the future, we would be required to write down the carrying value by recognized impairment loss for our intangible assets in our consolidated financial statements during the period in which the relevant intangible assets are determined to be impaired, which may in turn adversely affect our results of operations.

Our results of operations may be adversely affected by credit risk associated with our financial assets through profit and loss

Our financial assets primarily consist of trade and other receivables and bank balances and cash. We recognize loss allowances for expected credit allowances (“ECL”) on financial assets measured at amortized costs. We measure loss allowances at an amount equal to lifetime ECL. When determining whether the credit risk of a financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition and when estimating ECL, we consider reasonable and supportable information that is relevant and available without undue cost or effort. This includes both quantitative and qualitative information and analysis, based on our historical experience and informed credit assessment and including forward-looking information. Any decrease in value of a financial asset is recorded as other losses, and therefore will directly affect our results of operations.

Our business depends on the market recognition of our “Lichen” brand name

We believe that the market awareness and reputation of our “Lichen” brand name has contributed significantly to the success and growth of our business. We also believe that maintaining and enhancing the “Lichen” brand name is critical to maintaining our competitive advantage. Our ability to maintain our brand reputation depends on a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control. As we continue to grow in size, expand our services and extend our geographical coverage through our own growth and expansion, and through our education support services provided to the Partnered Institutions, it may become difficult to maintain quality and consistency in the services we provide, which may lead to diminishing confidence in our “Lichen” brand name as well as our financial and taxation solution services, education support services and software and maintenance services. Numerous factors can potentially impact the reputation of our “Lichen” brand name, including but not limited to customers’ satisfaction with our financial and taxation solution services, education support services and software and maintenance services, performance of the external experts, negative press, and unaffiliated parties using our brand name. If our brand is tarnished, customers’ interest in us may decrease and our business could be materially and adversely affected. If we are unable to maintain or sustain our brand reputation and recognition, we may also be unable to maintain or increase customers’ patronage, which may cause material adverse effects on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our revenue was mainly derived from financial and taxation solution services projects, which are not recurring in nature and there is no assurance that our customers will provide us with new business

Our revenue was mainly derived from financial and taxation solution services projects which are non-recurring in nature. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, revenue generated from our financial and taxation solution services amounted to approximately $19.96 million, $34.29 million, and $31.77 million, representing approximately 81.41%, 82.68%, and 79.91% of our total revenue, respectively. Our customers are not obliged to renew such agreements with us should their business no longer requires our services. Further, the fees for our financial and taxation solution services are primarily based on, amongst others, the nature and estimated scope of services. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain or raise the level of our fees we charge our customers in the future, or even if we are able to maintain or raise such fees, we cannot assure you that we will be able to attract prospective customers to engage us for the relevant financial and taxation solution services at such increased fee rates. There is no guarantee that with our continued efforts, we will be able to secure new businesses from recurring customers effectively or at all at the same level of fees we charged. Accordingly, the number and scale of agreements and the amount of revenue we are able to secure may vary significantly from year to year, and it may be difficult to accurately forecast the volume and size and scale of future business.

In the event that we are unable to maintain our business with our recurring customers or to expand and diversify our customer base by sourcing new customers at desired levels or at all, or to develop and expand our service diversity, or to meet the requirements of our customers regarding service quality and delivery or any other requirements of our customers at reasonable or affordable costs, our relationship with our customers, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

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We may not be able to sufficiently guarantee the legal compliance and service quality standards of the Partnered Institutions under the Partnership Agreements and failure of the Partnered Institutions to meet requisite standard of service quality and compliance could materially and adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations

Our customers, being the Partnered Institutions under the partnership agreements (the “Partnership Agreements,” each a “Partnership Agreement”), are required to meet basic standards of service quality and compliance as stipulated in the Partnership Agreements when operating their business under our “Lichen” brand name. However, there is no assurance that Partnered Institutions will be able to continuously maintain such basic standards and our brand name will suffer as a result of their non-fulfillment by delivering subpar services. There is also no assurance that the Partnered Institutions will be in continuous compliance with the relevant PRC laws and regulations in obtaining the necessary approvals, licenses and permits and making all necessary registrations and filings for their education business in the PRC. As a consequence, our reputation and our “Lichen” brand name may be tarnished. Lichen Zixun has terminated two Partnership Agreements with two Partnered Institutions which did not or could not obtain relevant licenses or permits for conducting education and training activities. In the event any of the Partnered Institutions fail to be in compliance with the PRC laws and regulations resulting in penalty or closure orders from the relevant authorities in the PRC, our reputation and marketing activities may be hampered and our reputation and business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Failure to maintain our relationship with our external experts could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations

As of the date of this annual report, we have a team of 47 external experts. These external experts primarily conduct courses for the Partnered Institutions, participate in our promotional activities and events and occasionally provide financial and taxation solution services to our customers on an “as needed” basis. The external experts are one of the key components of our education support services and financial and taxation solution services, which we believe distinguishes us from our competitors. We believe that the knowledge and know-how of the external experts, enables us to stay at the forefront as a service provider in financial and taxation solution and education support services in the PRC and to continue to develop financial and taxation related course contents and innovative solutions. However, our current and future competitors may compete with us for the external experts. There is no assurance that the external experts will continue to partner and cooperate with us or will not cooperate with our competitors after the expiry of the terms under the Expert Cooperation Agreements (defined below). If we are unable to maintain our relationship with the external experts, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We may not be successful in developing and enhancing our teaching and learning materials provided to the Partnered Institutions or our self-developed software to keep abreast with the latest developments in the relevant laws and regulations in the PRC and technological changes

The laws and regulations in relation to the financial and taxation sectors are constantly evolving in the PRC. For example, since January 2012, China has begun the pilot program to replace the business tax with value-added tax in several provinces and the reform was officially implemented nationwide in May 2016. In 2016, the new tax management system of “Golden Tax System Phase III” was established in China. In 2018, the National People’s Congress and Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference launch the institutional reform of the state council, which points out that the reform of the tax collection and management system, and the combination of provincial and provincial level and local taxation institutions. In addition, with the issuance of the Accounting Standard for Small Enterprises in 2011 and the Opinions of the State Council on Supporting the Sound Development of Micro and Small Enterprises in 2014, the PRC government established a standard to regulate the accounting measurement and now encourages micro and small enterprises to seek professional financial and taxation solution advice and services. We currently rely on our R&D department to improve our teaching and learning materials provided to the Partnered Institutions. We are responsible for conducting studies into the trending topics in relation to the financial and taxation solution sector. With respect to our self-developed software, the introduction of new technology and emergence of new industry standards may render our self-developed software obsolete and uncompetitive. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, we incurred R&D expenses of approximately $1.30 million, $1.38 million, $1.19 million, respectively. We expect to continue to invest in our human and capital resources to ensure our teaching and learning materials, as well as our self-developed software, reflect the latest developments and changing customer needs. If we fail to develop and enhance our teaching and learning materials provided to the Partnered Institutions so as to keep up with and reflect the latest financial and taxation developments in the PRC, or to introduce updated versions of our existing self-developed software or introduce new software, our brand reputation and relationship among our customers and with the Partnered Institutions may be materially affected, thus our results of operations, financial condition and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

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We may not be able to enforce the restrictive covenants of the employment contracts against our employees, confidentiality and non-compete agreements against our senior management, and Expert Cooperation Agreements against the external experts, to prevent them from directly competing with us within the restraint period

Generally, our employees and our senior management enter into employment contracts and separate confidentiality and non-compete agreements with us, respectively. The external experts enter into expert cooperation agreements with us (the “Expert Cooperation Agreements,” each an “Expert Cooperation Agreement”). All of the aforesaid contracts and agreements are subject to restrictive covenants governed by PRC law.

If any dispute arises between our employees, senior management or external experts and us, we may not necessarily be able to enforce these employment contracts or confidentiality and non-compete agreements against our employees or senior management or Expert Cooperation Agreements against the external experts, and the enforceability of restrictive covenants may only be determined by the courts on a case-by-case basis. It is thus difficult to predict the outcome of the proceedings or gauge the level of legal protection that such proceedings may provide. If we cannot enforce the restrictive covenants of the employment contracts, confidentiality and non-compete agreements or Expert Cooperation Agreements, the relevant person may leave us upon or before the expiry of their engagement and join a competitor or form a competing company immediately after leaving us, which may disrupt our business and materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to retain members of our management team and other key personnel

We depend on the continued efforts of our senior management team and other key employees for our success. Our executive officers have an average of 22 years of experience in the PRC’s financial and taxation industry, of which an average of 15 years has been spent with us. They possess in-depth understanding of our target industries, our customers and competitors and the laws regulating our business. In addition, our executive officers also deliver talks and participate in seminars hosted by our Partnered Institutions. Therefore, they play an important role in formulating and implementing appropriate strategies for achieving business success. However, we may not be able to retain the services of our key management. The loss of service of any of our key management, in particular our executive officers, could impair our ability to operate and make it difficult to implement our business and growth strategies. We may not be able to replace such persons within a reasonable period of time or with another person of equivalent expertise and experience in a timely manner, or at all, which may severely disrupt our business operations.

Further, our R&D team is responsible for maintaining high-quality teaching and learning materials provided to the Partnered Institutions and our software technicians are responsible for designing and developing our self-developed software. However, we cannot assure you that any of the core R&D team or software technicians will continue his/her employment with us or won’t leave their position due to other reasons beyond our control. The loss of service of any member of our core R&D team or software technicians could impair our ability to or delay the development of our teaching and learning materials and self-developed software which contributes an important part of our education support services and software and maintenance services. As a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

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Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be affected if our customers do not pay the progress payments in full or on schedule or if we fail to bill

Under our financial and taxation solution services, we normally receive progress payments from our customers at various stages of our services rendered, as stipulated in the agreements.

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, our average trade receivables turnover days were approximately 48.6 days, 41.7 days, and 36.8 days, respectively, which were largely in line with our general credit period of 30 days. There can be no assurance that progress payments will be timely paid to us and in full in accordance with the progress payment schedules. Should we fail to receive progress payments from our customers for our work performed under the financial and taxation solution projects, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our financial and taxation solution services may attract liability

Our financial and taxation solution services normally involve providing advice to our customers. A customer who relies on our advice may suffer loss if we are negligent in providing such advice and the customer may have legal cause to claim compensation against us. In this regard, we are exposed to possible claims or lawsuits arising from such complaints. Should we experience any incident, such as claims or lawsuits, our “Lichen” brand name and our financial position may be adversely affected.

Our self-developed software products are exposed to product liability risk

Our financial and taxation training software and financial and taxation analysis software are designed to be used by our customers for learning and teaching purposes and practical business purposes, respectively, and may be critical to our customers’ business operations. Any bugs, defects or errors in our software may cause damage to our customers’ system and hardware, and adversely affect the performance of such software or our customers’ operations. There is no assurance that we have discovered and corrected all bugs, defects or errors in our self-developed software in our testing process. As such, we may incur additional costs in rectifying the defects or defending any potential claims or lawsuits against us. We do not maintain any product liability insurance for our self-developed software at present. If any of our customers initiates a claim or lawsuit with regard to our self-developed software against us, we may be liable to monetary damages or other liabilities and our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We are exposed to software source code storage risk

Our source codes and master copies of self-developed software are stored at our premises. We have implemented various measures, such as a restrictive access system, to safeguard these source codes and master copies of software. We also back up the source codes of our self-developed software from time to time. Nevertheless, there is no guarantee that such measures are sufficient or effective for the protection of the source codes and master copies of our self-developed software. Any damage to or loss of our source codes and master copies of self-developed software could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any loss or deterioration of our relationship with external software developers may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations

We engage external software developers to design and develop our software prototype. Any failure on our part to properly optimize, operate, safeguard the intellectual properties including the source code of the software prototype, or perform our contractual obligations under agreements with them may cause substantial harm to our business relationship with software developers. Our external software developers may fail to provide satisfactory software prototype or perform their obligations under the relevant agreements. They may also terminate agreements with us or demand commercial terms that are less favorable to us than under our existing agreements in the future. They may choose to partner with our competitors, allowing our competitors to enhance their software products and better compete against us. Any loss or deterioration of our relationship with external software developers may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We may not be able to successfully implement our strategies, or achieve our business objectives and our business, operating results and financial position may be materially and adversely affected

Our business strategies are intended to be accomplished by implementing various future business plans. We intend to allocate our net proceeds from our future offerings to establish representative offices in Beijing City and Chengdu City, recruit additional staff to support our business expansion, acquire other companies engaging in provision of financial and taxation solution services in the PRC, strengthen our R&D capabilities and expand the self-developed software offered by our Subsidiaries, and further improve our “Lichen” brand recognition through multi-channel marketing. There is no assurance that our business plans will materialize in accordance with the plan as set out in “Use of Proceeds” in this annual report, or at all, or that our business strategies will be fully or partially accomplished. In the event that we fail to accomplish our business plans or to do so in a timely manner, we may not be able to achieve our planned future business growth and our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, our future business plans may result in significant capital expenditures, selling expenses, and administrative and other operating costs incurred by us, which may or may not be recoverable, or may or may not bring in a positive result to our revenue. There is no assurance that we will successfully implement our strategies or that our strategies, even if implemented, will result in us achieving our objectives. Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected if our business objectives are not achieved.

Protection of intellectual property rights may not prevent third parties and/or our competitors’ infringement on our teaching and learning materials or self-developed software, which could weaken our competitive position and harm our business and results of operations

Our success depends upon, among other things, the protection of copyrights of our teaching and learning materials or self-developed software and other intellectual property rights. We rely on a combination of copyrights, trademarks, contractual restrictions and other software security technologies to protect, and restrict unauthorized access to, our intellectual property rights in teaching and learning materials or self-developed software. As of the date of the annual report, Lichen Zixun has registered four trademarks in Hong Kong and the PRC.

For our software developed by external software developers, we also own all the rights with respect to the software and are entitled to request the software developers to provide all source codes of the software pursuant to the agreements for software upgrade or development between our Subsidiaries and the software developers. The efforts that we take to protect our intellectual property rights may not always be sufficient or effective. Protecting our intellectual property rights can become costly and time consuming and may not always be successful. Our customers, being the Partnered Institutions under the Partnership Agreements, may disseminate our teaching and learning materials through the internet or other media without our consent. In addition, our self-developed software products are subject to the risks of piracy, such as reverse engineering, secondary development, unauthorized copying or other misappropriation by our customers or other third parties. If we fail to prevent the infringement of our intellectual property rights, the rights could be diminished and our competitive position could suffer, which could harm our business and results of operations.

The validity, enforceability and scope of protection available under the relevant intellectual property laws in China are uncertain and still evolving. Implementation and enforcement of Chinese intellectual property-related laws have historically been deficient and ineffective. Accordingly, intellectual property and confidentiality legal regimes in China may not afford protection to the same extent as in the United States or other countries. The experience and capabilities of Chinese courts in handling intellectual property litigation varies, and outcomes are unpredictable. Further, such litigation may require a significant expenditure of cash and may divert management’s attention from our operations, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. An adverse determination in any such litigation could materially impair our intellectual property rights and may harm our business, prospects and reputation.

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We may face disputes from time to time relating to the intellectual property rights of third parties. We cannot assure you that our teaching and learning materials supplied to the Partnered Institutions under the Partnership Agreements or our self-developed software do not or will not infringe intellectual property rights of third parties

We have and may continue to be involved in legal and other disputes in the ordinary course of our business, including allegations against us for potential infringement of third-party copyrights or other intellectual property rights. Participation in such litigation and legal proceedings may also cause us to incur substantial expenses and divert the time and attention of our management. We may be required to pay damages or incur settlement expenses. Any similar claim against us, even without any merit, could also hurt our reputation and brand image. Any such event could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have limited insurance coverage to protect us against all risks associated with our business operations

Currently, we only maintain motor vehicle insurance policies and social insurance policies for our employees in the PRC. We believe our insurance coverage is consistent with the industry practice in the PRC and we have not experienced any material insurance claims in relation to our business as of the date of the annual report. We do not maintain insurance to cover all our assets or properties or any business interruption insurance. Any damage to our assets or properties due to natural disasters or accidents and any business disruption could result in our incurring substantial costs and diversion of resources, which would have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Our Industry

The financial and taxation solution service, education support service and software and maintenance service industries rely on manpower and the increase in our staff costs may materially and adversely affect our operations, profitability and financial condition

The operations of our Subsidiaries are labor-intensive and our Subsidiaries relies on a stable supply of financial and taxation personnel and practitioners and R&D personnel in the PRC, in particular, our internal consultants and software R&D staff. As of the date of this annual report, we have not experienced any shortage of staff in the PRC. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, the staff costs under cost of revenues were approximately $11.14 million, $11.93 million, and $11.41million, respectively. The average annual wage of employees in the financial and software industry in the PRC has been increasing in recent years and may continue to increase in future. If we are unable to identify and employ other appropriate means to reduce our staff costs, or pass such increase in our staff costs to our customers, the results of our operations, profitability and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Our customer base is primarily concentrated on business enterprises and Partnered Institutions in the PRC. Any slowdown of the enterprises’ growth and development in the PRC or demands for financial and taxation solution services, education support services or software and maintenance services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations

99.20% and 99.91% of our revenue during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025 was generated in the PRC and all of our revenue during the year ended December 31, 2023 was generated in the PRC. According to Frost & Sullivan, the growing number of enterprises and rapid development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the PRC lead to the demand for quality financial and taxation solution services. In addition, amongst other factors, the increased awareness of business enterprises in the PRC to compliance requirements with respect to financial and taxation laws and accounting standards, the inclination to improve their financial taxation or internal control systems to improve their cost efficiency, financial management model and productivity in an increasingly competitive business environment, the increasingly common use of artificial intelligence and big data to devise efficient financial and taxation management models and solutions, and the difficulties for small and medium-sized enterprises to attract or recruit experienced financial and taxation personnel, as such enterprises may not be able to offer competitive remuneration package, have also driven demands for financial and taxation solution services.

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With respect to education support services, according to Frost & Sullivan, high-end comprehensive accountants are highly welcomed by modern enterprises, which in turn creates demand and opportunities for education support services. In addition, the continuous development of internet technologies and increasingly complex financial and taxation system have also driven business enterprises to adopt financial and taxation software in their operation processes to improve their efficiency. However, we cannot assure you that there will be continuous development of business enterprises in the PRC or growth in demand of our services or products in the future. If there is any slowdown of business growth or development in the PRC or demand for our services or products due to policy changes or change in business practices or operating environment, our business, financial condition and results of our operations will be materially and adversely affected.

We face significant competition in various geographical locations where we offer our financial and taxation solution services, and if we fail to compete effectively, we may lose market share and our profitability could be adversely affected

According to Frost & Sullivan, the financial and taxation solution services market in the PRC is rapidly evolving, highly fragmented and competitive. There is no enterprise that currently dominates this industry or that occupies the leading position in this industry. According to Frost & Sullivan, the top 10 “Solution Service Specialists” in the PRC, defined as service providers that focus on the market of financial and taxation solution service, only accounted for approximately 2.6% of the total market share in terms of revenue in 2019. Competition is expected to persist and intensify in the near future. We, in particular, face intense competition in our financial and taxation solution services in the geographical locations where we offer such services from many different smaller sized organizations that focus on providing similar services. As a result of such intense competition, the number of our customers may decrease. We may be required to reduce our financial and taxation solution services fees in response to competition in order to retain or attract customers. As a result, our revenue and profitability may be adversely affected. We cannot assure you that we will be able to compete successfully against current or potential competitors. If we are unable to maintain our competitive position or otherwise respond to market competition effectively, we may lose our market share and our profitability could be adversely affected.

Item 4. Information on the Company

4.A. History and Development of the Company

Corporate History

Lichen International Limited (formerly known as “Lichen China Limited”) was incorporated on April 13, 2016 under the laws of the Cayman Islands. As of the date of this annual report, our authorized share capital is US$200,000,000 divided into 20,000,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares, and 5,000,000,000 Class B Ordinary Shares, of which 16,326,825 Class A Ordinary Shares and 110,000 Class B Ordinary Shares are issued and outstanding. The Company is a holding company and is currently not actively engaging in any business. Lichen International Limited controls and receives the economic benefits of its PRC subsidiaries’ business operation, if any, through equity ownership.

Legend Consulting BVI was incorporated on December 20, 2013 under the laws of the British Virgin Islands with limited liability. Legend Consulting BVI is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. Legend Consulting BVI is a holding company and is currently not actively engaging in any business.

Legend Consulting HK was formed on January 8, 2014 under the laws of Hong Kong. Legend Consulting HK is a wholly owned subsidiary of Legend Consulting BVI. It is a holding company and is not actively engaging in any business.

Lichen Zixun was established on April 14, 2004 under the laws of the PRC. Lichen Zixun is a wholly owned subsidiary of Legend Consulting HK and is our main operating entity.

Lichen Singapore was established on December 28, 2023 under the laws of Singapore. Lichen Singapore is a wholly owned subsidiary of Legend Consulting HK.

Bondly HK was established on June 13, 2022 under the laws of Hong Kong. Bondly HK is a wholly owned subsidiary of Legend Consulting HK.

Bondly XM was established on August 25, 2022 under the laws of PRC. Bondly XM is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bondly HK.

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Lichen Yingtan is an investment holding company wholly owned by Legend Consulting HK.

Legend Technology, which is wholly owned and established by Lichen Zixun on July 9, 2025, is engaged in providing technology promotion and application services.

Legend Tax&Finance, which is wholly owned and established by Lichen Zixun on October 11, 2025, is engaged in providing financial and taxation solution services.

Shanghai Zhiyuan, established by Lichen Zixun on October 11, 2025, in which Lichen Zixun holds a 55% equity interest, is engaged in providing financial and taxation solution services.

Recent Developments

The numbers of shares disclosed in this “Recent Development” section prior to the subsection “The Reverse Share Split” were not adjusted to reflect the Reverse Share Split. Unless otherwise indicated, all information elsewhere in this report reflects the Reverse Share Split.

Integration with DeepSeek Optimization Framework

In January 2025, the Company announced its plans to integrate the DeepSeek optimization framework into its existing Lichen Financial and Taxation AI Model. This integration is expected to significantly enhance the AI’s capabilities in handling complex financial and taxation tasks, offering more efficient and accurate solutions to its users.

The DeepSeek optimization framework, known for its advanced multi-modal generation, efficient computation, and long-context processing capabilities, will be integrated into Lichen China’s AI architecture to improve its performance in various financial and taxation scenarios. Given the rapid advancement of the AI industry, the Company will increase capital investment to upgrade and iterate its software by adopting the latest AI technologies. The integration and technical upgrade are scheduled to be completed by the end of Q2 2026, with a trial phase set to begin in early June 2026.

January 2025 Registered Direct Offering

On January 28, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain institutional investors named thereto, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a registered direct offering (the “January 2025 Registered Direct Offering”): (i) 20,933,333 shares of Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.00004 per share, at a purchase price of $0.08 per share; and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 21,566,667 Class A ordinary shares (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) at a purchase price of $0.079 per Pre-Funded Warrant.

The January 2025 Registered Direct Offering closed on January 29, 2025. The Company received approximately $3.4 million in gross proceeds from January 2025 Registered Direct Offering, before deducting placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses.

The Pre-Funded Warrants were sold to the Purchasers, whose purchase of the shares in January 2025 Registered Direct Offering would otherwise have resulted in the Purchasers, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 9.99% of the outstanding share capital of the Company following the consummation of January 2025 Registered Direct Offering. Each Pre-Funded Warrant represents the right to purchase one Class A ordinary share at an exercise price of $0.001 per share. The Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable immediately and may be exercised at any time until the Pre-Funded Warrants are exercised in full (subject to the beneficial ownership limitation described above). As of the date of this report, 3,900,000 Pre-Funded Warrants have been exercised and the Company has issued 3,900,000 Class A ordinary shares as a result of such exercise.

On January 28, 2025, the Company entered into a placement agency agreement (the “Placement Agency Agreement”) with Univest Securities, LLC (“Univest”), pursuant to which the Company engaged Univest as the exclusive placement agent in connection with January 2025 Registered Direct Offering. Univest agreed to use its reasonable best efforts to arrange for the sale of the shares and the Pre-Funded Warrants. In addition, under the Placement Agency Agreement the Company agreed to pay Univest a placement agent fee in cash equal to seven percent (7.0%) of the aggregate gross proceeds raised from the sale. The Company also agreed to reimburse Univest at closing for legal and other expenses incurred by them in connection with January 2025 Registered Direct Offering in an amount not to exceed $50,000.

The securities were offered and sold under the Company’s registration statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-277230), initially filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on February 21, 2024 and declared effective on March 1, 2024 (the “Registration Statement”) and the prospectus supplement dated January 28, 2025.

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The Reverse Share Split

On February 10, 2025, the Company convened its annual meeting of shareholders, during which the shareholders of the Company adopted resolutions approving an increase of the Company’s share capital and the reverse share split in a ratio of not less than less than one (1)-for-twenty (20) and not more than one (1)-for-two hundred (200) (the “Range”), with the exact ratio to be set at a whole number within the Range and the exact effective date to be determined by the Board in its sole discretion of the Company’s issued and unissued series A and series B ordinary shares. On February 10, 2025, the Board approved a one-for-two-hundred (1:200) reverse split of the Company’s issued and unissued Class A and Class B ordinary shares (the “Reverse Share Split”). As a result, on April 29, 2025, there are 716,825 Class A Ordinary Shares and 45,000 Class B Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding and the Company’s authorized share capital is US$1,000,000 and is divided into: (a) 100,000,000 series A ordinary shares of par value of US$0.008 each, and (b) 25,000,000 series B ordinary shares of par value of US$0.008 each. The Reverse Share Split was to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement. Our Class A Ordinary Shares began trading on an adjusted basis, reflecting the Reverse Share Split, on March 3, 2025, under the existing ticker symbol “LICN.”

Nasdaq Deficiency Notices

On January 23, 2025, the Company received a deficiency letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”), indicating non-compliance with the minimum bid price requirement under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1) for continued listing on Nasdaq. The Company was provided 180 calendar days, or until July 22, 2025, to regain compliance with this rule.

On February 12, 2025, the Company announced that it received a letter from Nasdaq. This letter stated that, because the Company’s securities had a closing bid price of $0.10 or less for ten consecutive trading days as of the letter date, unless the Company timely requested a hearing before a Hearings Panel (the “Panel”) to appeal Nasdaq’s delisting determination, trading of the Company’s securities will be suspended at the opening of business on February 21, 2025, and a Form 25-NSE will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to remove the Company’s securities from listing and registration on Nasdaq, according to Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A)(iii) (the “Low Priced Stocks Rule”).

The delisting determination ended the aforementioned compliance period before its expiration because the Company’s stock prices have triggered the Low Priced Stocks Rule. The Company was provided until February 19, 2025 to request an appeal of the delisting determination to the Panel. On February 19, 2025, the Company has submitted the Company’s hearing request.

On March 19, 2025, the Company received a letter from Nasdaq confirming that its ordinary shares had maintained a closing bid price of at least $1.00 per share for 10 consecutive business days. As a result, Nasdaq determined that (i) the Company has regained compliance with the Nasdaq Capital Market’s listing requirements, (ii) the hearing before the Panel scheduled for March 25, 2025, has been cancelled, and (iii) the Company’s securities will continue to be listed and traded on The Nasdaq Stock Market.

Disposition of Lichen Education

On March 27, 2025, the Company entered into an agreement to transfer 100% of the equity interests in the Xiamen City Legend Education Services Company Limited (“Lichen Education”) to Mrs. Lina Li, who is not affiliate of the Company or any of its directors or officers. Pursuant to the agreement, the Purchaser agreed to purchase the Lichen Education in exchange for cash consideration of RMB 7.91 million (approximately $1.10 million,). Upon the closing of the transaction on March 31, 2025, Mrs. Lina Li became the sole shareholder of Lichen Education and as a result, assumed all assets and liabilities of Lichen Education owned.

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Debt Settlement with Ya Li

On August 27, 2025, the Company entered into a debt settlement and mutual release agreement with Mr. Ya Li, the Chief Executive Officer, Director and Chairman of the Board of the Company. As of the date of the Agreement, the Company was indebted to Mr. Li accrued but unpaid salary in the amount of RMB 2,129,544 (approximately $297,000) in compensation for the period from January 2025 to June 2025 (the “Debt”). In order to settle the Debt, the Company agreed to issue, and Mr. Li agreed to accept 65,000 Class B Ordinary Shares of the Company, valued at $4.57 per share, which was approximately 102% of the average closing bid price of the Company’s Class A Ordinary Shares during the five trading days immediately prior to the date of the Agreement. On August 27, 2025, pursuant to the Agreement, the Company issued the shares to Mr. Li. The shares were issued pursuant to the exemption from the registration requirements of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) thereof and/or Regulation S promulgated thereunder.

September 2025 Private Placement

On September 15, 2025, the Company entered into securities purchase agreements with certain investors relating to the issuance and sale of 15,500,000 Class A Ordinary Shares, at $1.20 per share for a total purchase price of $18,600,000, payable in cash. The transaction closed on September 19, 2025. The shares were issued in a private placement exempt from the registration requirements of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) thereof, Regulation D promulgated thereunder and/or Regulation S promulgated thereunder.

The 2025 Equity Incentive Plan

In October 2025, the Company adopted the 2025 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2025 Incentive Plan”), for the purpose of granting share-based compensation awards to employees, directors and consultants to incentivize their performance and align their interests with ours. Under the 2025 Incentive Plan, we are authorized to issue an aggregate of 2,500,000 Class A Ordinary Shares. As of the date of this report, we have not issued any shares under the 2025 Incentive Plan.

Share capital increase

On December 30, 2025, the Company convened its extraordinary general meeting of shareholders, during which the shareholders of the Company adopted resolutions approving an increase of the Company’s share capital to US$200,000,000.00 divided into 20,000,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares and 5,000,000,000 Class B Ordinary Shares.

Transfers of Cash between Our Company and Our Subsidiaries

We currently have not maintained any cash management policies that dictate the purpose, amount and procedure of cash transfers between the Company, our subsidiaries, or investors. Rather, the funds can be transferred in accordance with the applicable PRC laws and regulations. To the extent cash or assets in the business is in the PRC or Hong Kong or a PRC or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash or assets.

Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payment of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. Therefore, our PRC subsidiaries are able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior approval from SAFE, subject to the condition that the remittance of such dividends outside of the PRC complies with certain procedures under PRC foreign exchange regulations, such as the overseas investment registrations by our shareholders or the ultimate shareholders of our corporate shareholders who are PRC residents. Approval from, or registration with, appropriate government authorities is, however, required where the RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also at its discretion restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to the Company only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. As of the date of this report, there are no restrictions or limitations imposed by the Hong Kong government on the transfer of capital within, into and out of Hong Kong (including funds from Hong Kong to the PRC), except for transfer of funds involving money laundering and criminal activities. Cayman Islands law prescribes that a company may only pay dividends out of its profits. Other than that, there is no restrictions on Lichen International Limited’s ability to transfer cash to investors. See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Doing Business in China - To the extent cash or assets in the business is in the PRC or Hong Kong or a PRC or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash or assets,” “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Doing Business in China - We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business,” and “Risk Factors - Risks Related to Doing Business in China - Our PRC subsidiaries are subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to us, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.”

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As a holding company, we may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries, including those based in the PRC, for our cash and financing requirements. If any of our PRC subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. Lichen International Limited is permitted under the laws of the Cayman Islands to provide funding to our subsidiaries incorporated in the British Virgin Islands and Hong Kong through loans or capital contributions without restrictions on the amount of the funds. Our subsidiaries are permitted under the respective laws of the British Virgin Islands and Hong Kong to provide funding to Lichen International Limited through dividend distribution without restrictions on the amount of the funds. There are no restrictions on dividends transfers from HK to BVI and BVI to the Cayman Islands. Current PRC regulations permit our WFOE to pay dividends to the Company only out of its accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations.

The PRC has currency and capital transfer regulations that require us to comply with certain requirements for the movement of capital. The Company is able to transfer cash (US Dollars) to its PRC subsidiaries through an investment (by increasing the Company’s registered capital in a PRC subsidiary). The Company’s subsidiaries within China can transfer funds to each other when necessary through the way of current lending. The transfer of funds among companies are subject to the Provisions on Private Lending Cases, which was implemented on August 20, 2020 to regulate the financing activities between natural persons, legal persons and unincorporated organizations. As advised by our PRC counsel, Tianyuan Law Firm, the Provisions on Private Lending Cases does not prohibit using cash generated from one subsidiary to fund another subsidiary’s operations. We have not been notified of any other restriction which could limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to transfer cash between PRC subsidiaries. The Company’s subsidiaries in the PRC have not transferred any earnings or cash to the Company to date. As of the date of this report, there has not been any assets or cash transfer between the holding company and its subsidiaries. As of the date of this report, there has not been any dividends or distributions made to US investors. The Company’s business is primarily conducted through its subsidiaries. The Company is a holding company and its material assets consist solely of the ownership interests held in its PRC subsidiaries. The Company relies on dividends paid by its subsidiaries for its working capital and cash needs, including the funds necessary: (i) to pay dividends or cash distributions to its shareholders, (ii) to service any debt obligations and (iii) to pay operating expenses. As a result of PRC laws and regulations (noted below) that require annual appropriations of 10% of after-tax income to be set aside in a general reserve fund prior to payment of dividends, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries are restricted in that respect, as well as in other respects noted below, in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to the Company as a dividend.

With respect to transferring cash from the Company to its subsidiaries, increasing the Company’s registered capital in a PRC subsidiary requires the filing of the local commerce department, while a shareholder loan requires a filing with the State Administration of Foreign Exchange or its local bureau. Aside from the declaration to the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, there is no restriction or limitations on such cash transfer or earnings distribution.

With respect to the payment of dividends, we note the following:

| 1. | PRC regulations currently permit the payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits, as determined in accordance with accounting standards and PRC regulations (an in-depth description of the PRC regulations is set forth below);

| 2. | Our PRC subsidiaries are required to set aside, at a minimum, 10% of their net income after taxes, based on PRC accounting standards, each year as statutory surplus reserves until the cumulative amount of such reserves reaches 50% of their registered capital;

| 3. | Such reserves may not be distributed as cash dividends;

| 4. | Our PRC subsidiaries may also allocate a portion of their after-tax profits to fund their staff welfare and bonus funds; except in the event of a liquidation, these funds may also not be distributed to shareholders; the Company does not participate in a Common Welfare Fund; and

| 5. | The incurrence of debt, specifically the instruments governing such debt, may restrict a subsidiary’s ability to pay shareholder dividends or make other cash distributions.

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If, for the reasons noted above, our subsidiaries are unable to pay shareholder dividends and/or make other cash payments to the Company when needed, the Company’s ability to conduct operations, make investments, engage in acquisitions, or undertake other activities requiring working capital may be materially and adversely affected. However, our operations and business, including investment and/or acquisitions by our subsidiaries within China, will not be affected as long as the capital is not transferred in or out of the PRC.

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2020, Lichen Zixun made dividend payments of RMB30 million (approximately $4.3 million) to the then eventual shareholders of Lichen Zixun, who are PRC individuals. On February 10, 2023, Lichen International Limited made payments of $6 million to its subsidiary Legend Consulting BVI for investment. On January 14, 2025, Lichen International Limited made a capital contribution of $3 million (RMB21,954,000) to its subsidiary Fujian Province Lichen Management and Consulting Company Limited. As of the date of this report, other than the above stated, no dividends, distributions or transfers has been made between Lichen International Limited and any of its subsidiaries. As of the date of this report, the Company or its subsidiaries have made no other transfers, dividends, or distributions to investors and no investors have made transfers, dividends, or distributions to the Company or its subsidiaries.

For the foreseeable future, the Company intends to use the earnings for research and development, to develop new products and to expand its production capacity. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Also, as of the date of this report, no cash generated from one subsidiary is used to fund another subsidiary’s operations and we do not anticipate any difficulties or limitations on our ability to transfer cash between subsidiaries.

See “Item 8. Financial Information - A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information - Dividend Policy” and “Item 3. Key Information - 3.D. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to our Corporate Structure - We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by the Operating Subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of the Operating Subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business”.

Permissions and Licenses for Our Operations in PRC

We conduct substantially all of our business operations in China, and a majority of our directors and senior management are based in China. As such, our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. As of the date of this annual report, our subsidiaries have obtained the material/requisite licenses and permits from the PRC government authorities that are material for our operations in compliance with the relevant PRC laws and regulations.

Our Subsidiaries currently have, including the business license and agency bookkeeping license. The business license is a permit issued by China’s State Administration for Market Regulation that allows the company to conduct specific business within the government’s geographical jurisdiction. The agency bookkeeping license is issued by the financial department to enterprises, allowing enterprises to accept entrusted bookkeeping business. The business license and agency bookkeeping license are the only two permissions and approvals that our PRC subsidiaries are required to obtain to conduct our business in China. In addition, Lichen International Limited, Legend Consulting BVI and Legend Consulting HK are not required to obtain any permissions or approvals from any Chinese authorities to operate our business as of the date of this annual report.

In connection with our previous issuance of securities to foreign investors, as advised by our PRC counsel, Tianyuan Law Firm, under current PRC laws, regulations and regulatory rules, as of the date of this annual report, (i) although we are required to complete the filing procedure in connection with our offerings under the Trial Measures, no relevant PRC laws or regulations in effect require that we obtain permission from any PRC authorities to issue securities to foreign investors, and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanction, or any regulatory objection to our prior offshore offerings from the China Securities Regulatory Commission (“CSRC”), the Cyberspace Administration of China (“CAC”), or any other PRC authorities that have jurisdiction over our operations; (ii) we are not required to obtain permissions from the CSRC; (iii) we are not required to file for a cybersecurity review with the CAC; and finally (iv) we have not received or were denied such requisite permissions by any other PRC authority.

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Nonetheless, applicable laws and regulations may be tightened, and new laws or regulations may be introduced to impose additional government approval, license, and permit requirements. If we or our Subsidiaries inadvertently conclude that such permissions and approvals relating to the operations of our business are not required, fail to obtain and maintain such approvals, licenses or permits required for our business, or fail to respond to changes in the applicable laws, regulations, interpretations and regulatory environment, we or our subsidiaries could be subject to liabilities, monetary penalties and even operational disruption, which may materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition and the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause such securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information - D. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China.”

Implication of the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “HFCAA”)

U.S. laws and regulations, including the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or HFCAA, may restrict or eliminate our ability to complete a business combination with certain companies, particularly those acquisition candidates with substantial operations in China.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the HFCAA. An identified issuer will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies it as having a “non-inspection” year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, and on December 29, 2022, legislation entitled “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023” (the “Consolidated Appropriations Act”) was signed into law by President Biden, which contained, among other things, an identical provision to the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and amended the HFCAA by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, thus reducing the time period for triggering the prohibition on trading. If our auditor cannot be inspected by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, for two consecutive years, the trading of our securities on any U.S. national securities exchanges, as well as any over-the-counter trading in the U.S., will be prohibited. On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCAA, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCAA, whether the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction. On December 2, 2021, the SEC issued amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCAA. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in foreign jurisdictions. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determinations that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and in Hong Kong, because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions, which determinations were vacated on December 15, 2022.

On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it had signed a Statement of Protocol (the “SOP”) with the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the Ministry of Finance of China. The SOP, together with two protocol agreements governing inspections and investigations (together, the “SOP Agreement”), establishes a specific, accountable framework to make possible complete inspections and investigations by the PCAOB of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong, as required under U.S. law.

On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong completely in 2022. The PCAOB Board vacated its previous 2021 determinations that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. However, whether the PCAOB will continue to be able to satisfactorily conduct inspections of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainties and depends on a number of factors out of our and our auditor’s control. The PCAOB continues to demand complete access in mainland China and Hong Kong moving forward and is making plans to resume regular inspections in early 2023 and beyond, as well as to continue pursuing ongoing investigations and initiate new investigations as needed. The PCAOB has also indicated that it will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations with the HFCAA if needed.

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As of the date of the annual report, Enrome LLP, our auditor for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, headquartered in Singapore, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Enrome LLP’s registration with the PCAOB took effect in March 2022 and it is currently subject to PCAOB inspections.

However, we cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the audit of our financial statements. In the event it is later determined that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely the Company’s auditor because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction, then such lack of inspection could cause trading in the Company’s securities to be prohibited under the HFCAA and AHFCAA, and ultimately results in a determination by a securities exchange to delist the Company’s securities. The delisting of our Class A Ordinary Shares, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment, even making it worthless. In addition, under the AHFCAA, our securities may be prohibited from trading on the Nasdaq or other U.S. stock exchanges if our auditor is not inspected by the PCAOB for two consecutive years instead of three, and this ultimately could result in our Class A Ordinary Shares being delisted by and exchange. See “Item 3. Key Information - 3.D. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Doing Business in China - The U.S. Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, the recent joint statement by the SEC and PCAOB, and proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, could result in prohibition of trading of our securities on Nasdaq or any other U.S. securities exchange.” on page 27. We cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or other regulatory authorities will apply additional or more stringent criteria to us. Such uncertainty could cause the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares to be materially and adversely affected.

Recent Regulatory Development in the PRC

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors (the “M&A Rules”), adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, include, among other things, provisions that purport to require that an offshore special purpose vehicle, formed for the purpose of an overseas listing of securities through acquisitions of domestic enterprises in China or assets and controlled by enterprises or individuals in China, to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. On September 21, 2006, pursuant to the M&A Rules and other PRC laws, the CSRC published on its official website relevant guidance regarding its approval of the listing and trading of special purpose vehicles’ securities on overseas stock exchanges, including a list of application materials. However, substantial uncertainty remains regarding the scope and applicability of the M&A Rules to offshore special purpose vehicles.

On July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC government authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. These opinions and any related implementation rules to be enacted may subject us to additional compliance requirement in the future.

Pursuant to Cybersecurity Review Measures which were issued on December 28, 2021 and became effective on February 15, 2022, network platform operators holding over one million users’ personal information must apply with the Cybersecurity Review Office for a cybersecurity review before any public offering at a foreign stock exchange. However, given the Cybersecurity Review Measures were relatively new, there are substantial uncertainties as to the interpretation, application and enforcement of the Cybersecurity Review Measures. It remains uncertain whether we should apply for cybersecurity review prior to any offshore offering and that we would be able to complete the applicable cybersecurity review procedures in a timely manner, or at all, if we are required to do so. In addition, on November 14, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”) published the Administration Regulations on Network Data Security (Draft for Comments), or the Draft Measures for Network Data Security, which provides that data processors conducting the following activities shall apply for cybersecurity review: (i) merger, reorganization or separation of Internet platform operators that have acquired a large number of data resources related to national security, economic development or public interests affects or may affect national security; (ii) overseas listing of data processors processing over one million users’ personal information; (iii) listing in Hong Kong which affects or may affect national security; (iv) other data processing activities that affect or may affect national security. The CAC solicited comments on this draft, but there is no timetable as to when it will be enacted.

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On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Overseas Listing Trial Measures”) and five relevant guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets, either in direct or indirect means, are required to fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC and report relevant information. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures provides that an overseas listing or offering is explicitly prohibited, if any of the following: (1) such securities offering and listing is explicitly prohibited by provisions in laws, administrative regulations and relevant state rules; (2) the intended securities offering and listing may endanger national security as reviewed and determined by competent authorities under the State Council in accordance with law; (3) the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing, or its controlling shareholder(s) and the actual controller, have committed relevant crimes such as corruption, bribery, embezzlement, misappropriation of property or undermining the order of the socialist market economy during the latest three years; (4) the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing is currently under investigations for suspicion of criminal offenses or major violations of laws and regulations, and no conclusion has yet been made thereof; or (5) there are material ownership disputes over equity held by the domestic company’s controlling shareholder(s) or by other shareholder(s) that are controlled by the controlling shareholder(s) and/or actual controller.

The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also provides that if the issuer meets both the following criteria, the overseas securities offering and listing conducted by such issuer will be deemed as indirect overseas offering by PRC domestic companies: (1) 50% or more of any of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent fiscal year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (2) the issuer’s main business activities are conducted in China, or its main place(s) of business are located in China, or the majority of senior management staff in charge of its business operations and management are PRC citizens or have their usual place(s) of residence located in China. Where an issuer submits an application for initial public offering to competent overseas regulators, such issuer must file with the CSRC within three business days after such application is submitted. In addition, the Overseas Listing Trial Measures provide that the direct or indirect overseas listings of the assets of domestic companies through one or more acquisitions, share swaps, transfers or other transaction arrangements shall be subject to filing procedures in accordance with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also requires subsequent reports to be filed with the CSRC on material events, such as change of control or voluntary or forced delisting of the issuer(s) who have completed overseas offerings and listings.

At a press conference held for these new regulations (“Press Conference”), officials from the CSRC clarified that the domestic companies that have already been listed overseas on or before March 31, 2023 shall be deemed as existing issuers (the “Existing Issuers”). Existing Issuers are not required to complete the filling procedures immediately, and they shall be required to file with the CSRC upon occurrences of certain subsequent matters such as follow-on offerings of securities. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures and the Press Conference, the existing domestic companies that have completed overseas offering and listing before March 31, 2023, such as us, shall not be required to perform filing procedures for the completed overseas securities issuance and listing. However, from the effective date of the regulation, any of our subsequent securities offering in the same overseas market or subsequent securities offering and listing in other overseas markets shall be subject to the filing requirement with the CSRC within three working days after the offering is completed or after the relevant application is submitted to the relevant overseas authorities, respectively. If it is determined that any approval, filing or other administrative procedures from other PRC governmental authorities is required for any future offering or listing, we cannot assure you that we can obtain the required approval or accomplish the required filings or other regulatory procedures in a timely manner, or at all. If we fail to fulfill filing procedure as stipulated by the Trial Measures or offer and list securities in an overseas market in violation of the Trial Measures, the CSRC may order rectification, issue warnings to us, and impose a fine of between RMB1,000,000 and RMB10,000,000. Persons-in-charge and other persons that are directly liable for such failure shall be warned and each imposed a fine from RMB500,000 to RMB5,000,000. Controlling shareholders and actual controlling persons of us that organize or instruct such violations shall be imposed a fine from RMB1,000,000 and RMB10,000,000.

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On February 24, 2023, the CSRC published the Provisions on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Related to the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises (the “Provisions on Confidentiality and Archives Administration”), which came into effect on March 31, 2023. The Provisions on Confidentiality and Archives Administration requires that, in the process of overseas issuance and listing of securities by domestic entities, the domestic entities, and securities companies and securities service institutions that provide relevant securities service shall strictly implement the provisions of relevant laws and regulations and the requirements of these provisions, establish and improve rules on confidentiality and archives administration. Where the domestic entities provide with or publicly disclose documents, materials or other items related to the state secrets and government work secrets to the relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulatory authorities, or other entities or individuals, the companies shall apply for approval of competent departments with the authority of examination and approval in accordance with law and report the matter to the secrecy administrative departments at the same level for record filing. Where there is unclear or controversial whether or not the concerned materials are related to state secrets, the materials shall be reported to the relevant secrecy administrative departments for determination. However, there remain uncertainties regarding the further interpretation and implementation of the Provisions on Confidentiality and Archives Administration.

As of the date of this annual report, we and our PRC subsidiaries have obtained the requisite licenses and permits from the PRC government authorities that are material for the business operations of our PRC subsidiaries. In addition, as of the date of this annual report, we and our PRC subsidiaries are not required to obtain approval or permission from the CSRC or the CAC or any other entity that is required to approve our PRC subsidiaries’ operations or required for us to offer securities to foreign investors under any currently effective PRC laws, regulations, and regulatory rules. If it is determined that we are subject to filing requirements imposed by the CSRC under the Overseas Listing Regulations or approvals from other PRC regulatory authorities or other procedures, including the cybersecurity review under the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, for our future offshore offerings, it would be uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to complete such procedures or obtain such approval and any such approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in completing such procedures or obtaining such approval for our offshore offerings, or a rescission of any such approval if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities for failure to file with the CSRC or failure to seek approval from other government authorization for our offshore offerings. These regulatory authorities may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our offshore offerings into China or take other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our offshore offerings before settlement and delivery of the securities offered. Consequently, if investors engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, they do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals or accomplish the required filing or other regulatory procedures for our prior offshore offerings, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, reputation, and the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

If the CSRC, CAC or other regulatory agencies later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals for any follow-on offering, we may be unable to obtain such approvals and we may face sanctions by the CSRC, CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies for failure to seek their approval which could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to our investors and the securities currently being offered may substantially decline in value and be worthless. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information - 3.D. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”

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Corporate Information

Our principal executive office is located 15th Floor, Xingang Square, Hubin North Road, Siming District, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China, 361013. The telephone number of our principal executive offices is +86-592-5586999. Our registered office provider in Cayman Islands is Ocorian Trust (Cayman) Limited. Our registered office in Cayman Islands is at Windward 3, Regatta Office Park, PO Box 1350, Grand Cayman KY1-1108, Cayman Islands. Our registered agent in the United States is Cogency Global Inc., 122 E 42nd St 18th Fl, New York, NY 10168. We maintain a corporate website at http://www.lichenzx.com. We do not incorporate the information on our website into this report and you should not consider any information on, or that can be accessed through, our website as part of this report.

B. Business Overview

Overview

We are a leading financial and taxation service provider in China, in terms of revenue, as cited in the industry report of Frost & Sullivan. We have operated as a dedicated financial and taxation solution service specialist of professional services in China for over 20 years. We focus on providing (i) financial and taxation solution services; (ii) education support services; (iii) software and maintenance services and (iv) Pre-IPO advisory services in the PRC under our “Lichen” brand. With over 20 years of operation history, we have gained substantial experience and established a solid reputation with our proven track record in the PRC.

In recognition of our expertise and experience earned from over 20 years in the financial and taxation solution services industry, we have built up our reputation as a financial and taxation solution services provider of professional services in the PRC. From 2012 to 2025, we had been recognized as one of the Top 50 Providers of Management Consulting Services in China for fourteen consecutive years by the China Enterprise Confederation Management Advisory Committee. In 2024, we made our debut in one of the Top 10 Providers of Management Consulting Services in China.

Our Revenues Model and Core Services

We primarily provide (i) financial and taxation solution services; (ii) education support services; (iii) software and maintenance services and (iv) IPO advisory services in the PRC. The connections and synergies amongst our services are illustrated in the diagram below:

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The financial and taxation solution services provided to our enterprise customers mainly comprise financial and taxation related management consultation, internal control management consultation, annual or regular consultation, and internal training and general consultation.

The education support services provided to our Partnered Institutions mainly comprise the provision of marketing, operational and technical support and the sales of teaching and learning materials.

The software and maintenance services provided to our enterprise customers mainly comprise the sales of financial and taxation analysis software and sales of financial and taxation training software.

IPO advisory services provided to our enterprise customers mainly comprise comprehensive service solutions for prospective listed enterprises, assisting them in embarking on their IPO journey.

Financial and Taxation Services

We focus on our financial and taxation solution services to business enterprises in the PRC. We believe that every enterprise, regardless of its size, should adopt a sound financial and taxation management system for growth and sustainable development. Our financial and taxation solution services are customized based on the specific needs and requirements of our customers.

When we accept an engagement for financial or taxation solution services, we will first assess the customer’s needs and background so that we can have a general picture of the problem they face and the potential solution suitable for the case. Thus, we can quote a service fee based on our preliminary analysis on the total hours and experts to be used on this case according to its nature and the scope of service. The service fee is calculated on a case-by-case basis. We negotiate and fix the fee before the engagement start and collected in each phase of the engagement.

Our team consists of internal consultants and external experts with extensive experience and knowledge in the financial and taxation solution services industry. As of the date of this annual report, our team is comprised of 47 external experts and 285 internal consultants of our company that are responsible for providing financial and taxation solutions to our customers. In particular, all of our internal consultants possess professional qualifications in accounting and the majority of our project managers or directors were intermediate accountants, senior accountants or certified public accountants, as of December 31, 2025. In addition, as of December 31, 2025, over 80.0% of our external experts were registered certified public accountants or registered certified tax agents, and over 85.0% of our external experts possessed a master’s degree or doctoral degree, with a number of them recognized as leading individuals in the financial and taxation field, who have served as lecturers in major universities in the PRC, published teaching materials, books and case studies on a wide range of taxation, risk management and corporate governance related subjects and have been granted awards or subsidies from the governmental bodies, including the State Council of the PRC.

We have established and implemented stringent policy for selection of our external experts and recruitment of our internal consultants. When selecting a suitable candidate, we will take into account a number of factors, including their academic background, professional qualifications, working experience, reputation and influence in the financial and taxation industry. With our consultants and experts under the supervision and guidance of our management team, we believe that we are capable of providing customized and practical solutions to cater to our customers’ diversified financial and taxation needs in an effective manner. The experience and expertise of our team is designed to also help enhance the quality and standard, and ensure consistency, of our services.

We generally enter into Expert Cooperation Agreements with the external experts. Set out below is a summary of the principal terms of the Expert Cooperation Agreement:

Validity period | Fixed term of five years from the date of the Expert Cooperation Agreement.
Payment terms | We typically apportion 50% of the amount received under the financial and taxation solution projects to the external expert by way of progress payment if we require their assistance in these projects.
Intellectual property rights | Any intellectual property rights arising from the implementation of the Expert Cooperation Agreement belong to our Subsidiaries.

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Confidentiality | Any technology secrets and trade secrets are to be kept confidential by the external expert and this obligation survives the expiration of the Expert Cooperation Agreement for a period of five years.
Exclusivity | The external expert will not provide results of the collaborations with our Subsidiaries on education courses and financial and taxation solution projects or related services to any third parties during the term of the Expert Cooperation Agreement.
Restrictive covenant | The external experts are prohibited from dealing with our customers directly during the term of the Expert Cooperation Agreement and three years after its expiration.
Termination | The Expert Cooperation Agreement may be terminated by mutual agreement reached by both parties.

Workflow of our financial and taxation solution projects

Once customers inform us of their needs, we undertake a preliminary assessment and proposal to analyze the feasibility of the customer projects and to set out the timeline of the projects. We then enter into agreements with customers. Thereafter, we conduct an on-site inspection and on-site training, provide diagnosis reports, and have ongoing discussions with customers until they are satisfied with our recommendations.

We endeavor to utilize stringent quality control over the services we provide to our customers, with the goal of providing customized solutions based on the actual business and financial condition of each customer. We have devised a number of tools and measures to ensure that consistent, professional and high-quality services can be rendered by our consultants and experts to our customers. Further, we keep abreast of the relevant financial and taxation laws and regulations in the PRC and economic development, such that our advice to our customers corresponds with the latest trends and development in the financial and taxation regulations and policies of the PRC and is practical to our customers in light of the then existing business environment.

With the experience of our internal consultants, we are able to tailor solutions to our customers’ needs. Our internal consultants, apart from possessing professional qualifications in accounting, are also experienced personnel in the financial and/or taxation sectors, as our internal recruitment policies require our internal consultants and project managers to possess at least three and seven years of relevant working and/or consultancy experience, respectively. As such, we believe that our internal consultants have ample experience in the financial and/or taxation sectors to execute our financial and taxation solution projects.

Our work cycle typically spans a period of 10 to 16 weeks, with approximately two to four weeks allocated to planning and designing the diagnosis report, seven to nine weeks allocated to implementing the consultation plan and providing guidance to our customers and one to three weeks allocated to assessment. We typically assign three internal consultants to form a working team. Our internal consultants are also required to provide their services on an as-requested basis for our annual and regular consultation services.

Our internal consultants will, depending on the complexity of the project, work on-site from time to time. During on-site inspections, our internal consultants will strive to understand the business operations and goals of our customers by:

| (i) | conducting interviews with directors, senior management and employees of the enterprise;

| (ii) | reviewing corporate and financial documents, including those relating to history and corporate structure, organization structure, human resources management, internal control measures and sales invoice;

| (iii) | reviewing business plans of the enterprise; and

| (iv) | observing the day-to-day operations of the enterprise, etc.

Such on-site inspections can assist our internal consultants in devising the project diagnosis report. The project diagnosis report aims to point out the shortcoming, if any, of the current system of the enterprise and enables the enterprise to achieve its goals. The diagnosis report is then submitted to our quality control department for its approval before we submit the final version to our customers to implement. The implementation of the approved diagnosis report relies on our internal consultants to provide training to the employees of the customers and on-site guidance, to ensure the implementation process can adhere to the actual needs and problems of the enterprise, and to provide timely advice to the enterprise whenever the enterprise encounters any issues or difficulties during implementation.

By implementing the recommended measures set out in the project diagnosis report, we believe our customers are empowered to mitigate or lower their operational and financial risks, strengthen their management capabilities and increase their financial, taxation and/or internal control awareness, thereby improving their results of operations and maintaining their sustainability.

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Scope of our financial and taxation solution services

1. Financial and taxation related management consultation

We provide financial and taxation related management consultation services covering four aspects, namely, (a) cost management; (b) financial risk management; (c) computerized financial information systems; and (d) financial management system optimization. We identify weaknesses in our customers’ financial and taxation related management and provide advice and internal trainings to enhance the enterprise’s overall financial and taxation related management capabilities.

The areas, contents and intended benefits of our financial and taxation related management consultation services are set out below:

Area of Services |  |  | Contents of Services |  | Intended benefits for customers
Cost management |  | ● | Formulation of: |  | Assist our customers in improving workflow and systems to provide practical cost control solutions to achieve cost savings and improve profits
| - | Procurement policy (including procurement procedures, suppliers management and contract management) |
| - | Payment policy (including credit assessment and credit policy) |
| - | Inventory management policy (including inventory accounting and optimal inventory management) |
| - | Production management (including control on raw materials, direct labor cost management and manufacturing expense management) |
Financial risks management |  | ● | Formulation of financial risk management procedures (including risk identification, risk measurement and risk control) |  | Assist our customers in identifying financial risks involved in business operation, provide practical solutions to rationalize customers’ financial conditions to analyze current financial risks and avoid future financial risks
| ● | Assist customers in setting out a financial budget and formulating a capital plan |
| ● | Setting up financial risk warning system and crisis management system |
Computerized financial information system |  | ● | Selection of financial management software and servers |  | Assist our customers in transforming their manual financial information management system to a computerized system, to reduce human resource costs, increase data timeliness and accuracy and improve financial management efficiency and effectiveness
| ● | Design of integration of business and financial processes |
| ● | Formulation of system standardization and financial accounting standardization |
| ● | Initial design of computerization works |
| ● | Operational tracking and improvement of computerization |
Financial management system optimization |  | ● | Formulation of cash budgets and plans |  | Assist clients in strengthening financial management concepts and financial management methods, developing financial analysis tools and evaluation systems to standardize financial management objectives, thereby improving corporate management efficiency and supporting corporate development strategies
| ● | Establishment of comprehensive budget management |
| ● | Improvement of internal control system |
| ● | Development of finance team |
| ● | Formulation of financial analysis and financial evaluation system |

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2. Internal control management consultation

We provide internal control management consultation services covering three aspects, namely, establishment of an (a) internal control management system; (b) internal audit system; and (c) accounting system to enhance internal control and accounting capabilities. We identify weaknesses in our customers’ internal control, internal audit and accounting systems and recommend remedial measures to enhance the enterprise’s overall internal control and accounting capabilities.

The areas, contents and intended benefits of our internal control management consultation services are set forth below:

Area of Services |  |  | Contents of Services |  | Intended benefits for customers
Establishment of an internal control management system |  | ● | Improvement of internal control environment |  | Assist our customers in establishing or enhancing internal control management systems to monitor procedures, improve business efficiency, increase financial reliability and integrity and ensure compliance with relevant rules and regulations
| ● | Establishment of internal control system and process |
| ● | Optimization and improvement of control procedures |
| ● | Formulation of internal control manual |
Establishment of an internal audit system |  | ● | Adjustment of the organizational structure and enhancement of the authority of the internal audit unit |  | Assist our customers in establishing or enhancing an internal audit system to identify and rectify operational or financial weaknesses and improve overall business efficiency and performance, in order to achieve effective control of risks through internal audit
| ● | Improvement of the independence of internal audit unit and internal auditors |
| ● | Building up of the internal audit unit and team |
| ● | Improvement of internal audit system through information technology tools |
| ● | Establishment of internal audit system |

Establishment of accounting system |  | ● | Establishment of organizational structure and division of work responsibilities |  | Assist our customers in establishing or enhancing the accounting systems to sort out and systemize accounting policies and procedures, strengthening the effectiveness and accuracy of accounting and practicality of financial reports and analysis
| ● | Standardization of business process |
| ● | Standardization of accounting process |

3. Annual or regular consultation

We provide annual or regular consultation services in (a) finance; (b) taxation; and (c) post financial and management or internal control project implementation. Our annual consultation services are generally provided immediately after our financial and taxation related management consultation projects or internal control management consultation projects, to ensure the continuous implementation of our suggestions under the respective projects, and to provide continuous advice and guidance on day-to-day internal operation matters for our customers. In particular, our annual consultation services include (i) tracking and enhancing the implementation of our recommendations provided under our financial and taxation related management consultation projects or internal control management consultation projects; and (ii) providing new suggestions and guidance where new circumstances arise in our customers’ day-to-day operations which render our previous recommendations invalid or inapplicable.

We also provide regular consultation services on financial and taxation matters to our customers on a stand-alone basis. Our regular financial consultation services include (i) financial consultation, which refers to providing guidance on accounting, auditing, financial analysis and financial risk management and control, establishment of financial management systems and daily financial consultations; (ii) compliance consultation, which refers to providing our customers with information about the latest laws and regulations on financial management and assisting them to correctly understand and adopt appropriate financial tools; and (iii) professional training, which refers to providing training on latest financial and taxation policies of the PRC, financial management, disclosure requirements of financial reports and any other specific areas for which our customers require training. Our regular taxation consultation services include (i) taxation consultation, which refers to assisting our customers to identify the relevant types of taxes and preferential tax treatments applicable to them; (ii) professional training, which refers to providing training on latest taxation policies of the PRC and their implementation; and (iii) tax inspection assistance, which refers to assisting our customers to prepare for tax inspection conducted by the relevant tax authorities.

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As part of our annual or regular consultation services, our internal consultants, at the request of our customers, will also meet at our customers’ premises once a month to provide on-site consultation services.

4. Internal training and general consultation

Apart from financial and taxation related management consultation, internal control management consultation and annual or regular consultation services, we have commenced providing on-site internal training services to our customers since January 2019.

In addition, we also provide general consultation to our customers on an ad-hoc basis at customers’ requests on relatively simple matters, as compared to our other types of consultation services which generally involve more complicated, tailor-made and in-depth analysis and practical solution proposals.

Education Support Services

Our education support services are mainly provided to our Partnered Institutions. The Partnered Institutions are education services providers which mainly engage in organization of various seminars, talks and training courses to entrepreneurs, senior executives, and financial and taxation executives, etc. From the personal and business networks of our management, as well as our marketing initiatives (being our talks, seminars hosted by the Partnered Institutions and the website shared by the Partnered Institutions), potential customers who wish to set up education institutions may approach us and initiate discussions with us, with an aim to becoming our Partnered Institutions. We have made a strategic decision to terminate the education support services since August 2025.

Scope of our education support services

1. Marketing, operational and technical support

Lichen Zixun enters into Partnership Agreements with the Partnered Institutions to provide marketing, operational, technical and other support as part of our educational support business for the Partnered Institutions. We allow the Partnered Institutions to use our “Lichen” brand name to operate their education business and we provide our internal consultants to conduct high-end courses aimed at financial and taxation practitioners, other support services such as marketing and operational support and information technology services to the Partnered Institutions.

2. Sales of teaching and learning materials

We also generate revenue from the sales of teaching and learning materials to the Partnered Institutions. The financial and taxation related teaching and learning materials are sold to the Partnered Institutions for their education business. We developed courses in relation to (i) accounting licensing, (ii) accounting practice, (iii) financial management, (iv) financial tools, (v) non-financial management and (vi) taxation practice courses.

Cooperation with our Partnered Institutions

We believe that by leveraging the business relationships with our Partnered Institutions in the past eight years, as well as the expertise and experience that we have established in the financial and taxation solution services market over the years, we have built a unique business model and have generated synergies amongst the services that we provide as evidenced by the growth of our business.

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, the total revenue from our education support services was approximately $0.81 million, $2.90 million, and $3.73 million, representing approximately 3.31%, 6.98%, 9.38%, respectively, of our total revenues for the same periods.

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It is a key and crucial element of our Subsidiaries’ business model and marketing strategy to cooperate with the Partnered Institutions, which has created an important source of referrals for our Subsidiaries’ financial and taxation solution services. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, 12, 121, and 167, financial and taxation solution projects, respectively, were obtained from the referrals made by our Partnered Institutions, representing approximately 3.51%, 26.89%, and 38.22%, respectively, of the total number of financial and taxation solution projects and approximately 6.94%, 40.28%, and 53.82%, respectively, of the revenue of financial and taxation solution services during the same periods.

As to collaboration with these education institution operators, we carry out internal assessments to evaluate the potential and capability of such customers. Our internal assessments take into account the economic status, personal and business connections and the business belief of the intended education institution operators. They are typically required to have good standing and strong financial backgrounds, and their intended business location is expected to be in line with our Subsidiaries’ strategic development plan, such that they may assist our Subsidiaries to tap into those areas as we have planned. Should they reach our internal assessment standards, we require them to have an assessment interview with our personnel. Our operations department will also conduct a feasibility study and consult with the institution in order to choose a strategic location for the Partnered Institution. Upon passing the assessment interview, we will enter into a Partnership Agreement with the intended education institution operator, after the terms of the agreement are agreed upon. Upon expiration of the Partnership Agreement, we will conduct another internal assessment of the performance and future prospects of the Partnered Institution, to determine whether the Partnership Agreement should be renewed.

We have made a strategic decision to terminate the education support services since August 2025. Set out below are the principal terms of the Partnership Agreement:

Validity period | Fixed term of five years from the date of the Partnership Agreement.
Payment terms | A fixed fee is payable annually by way of bank transfer and no progress payments are resulted from the Partnership Agreement. The annual fees payable under the first year are to be settled within seven days after signing the Partnership Agreement, and the annual fees for the remaining years are to be paid in a specified month as agreed between our Subsidiaries and the Partnered Institution. For details relating to the pricing of the annual fees we charge Partnered Institutions, please refer to “Pricing” in this section. As for online courses, we charge a fixed fee ranging from RMB200 to RMB500 for each audience recruited by the Partnered Institution depending on the topics of the online courses.
Exclusivity | Our Partnered Institution is prohibited from dealing with any third parties where the scope of cooperation is similar to the Partnership Agreement, failing which, we have the right to terminate the Partnership Agreement and request our Partnered Institution to pay damages. We will not enter into similar partnership agreements with third parties who intend to conduct business in the Specified District without the consent of our Partnered Institution.
Termination | Our Subsidiaries may elect to terminate the Partnership Agreement if:

| (i) | our Partnered Institution breaches the terms and conditions of the Partnership Agreement; or
| (ii) | the shareholding of our Partnered Institution has undergone changes without our prior written consent.

| Our Partnered Institution may elect to terminate the Partnership Agreement if our Subsidiaries is unable to deliver our services under the Partnership Agreement within a reasonable time after being urged by our Partnered Institution.
Remedial measures | Where our Partnered Institution is in breach of the terms and conditions of the Partnership Agreement, our Subsidiaries will not return any fees already paid by the Partnered Institution and the Partnered Institution has to pay us a sum equivalent to two years of service fees as a penalty. Where our Subsidiaries is in breach of the terms and conditions of the Partnership Agreement, our Subsidiaries will return the remaining portion of the fees paid which is proportionate to the remaining contract period under the Partnership Agreement to the Partnered Institutions.

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Software and Maintenance Services

Lichen Zixun has been providing a financial and taxation training software and academic affairs management system to our Partnered Institutions as part of our services under the Partnership Agreements. Leveraging our understanding of corporate needs on financial and taxation management and analysis tools in daily operation of our enterprise customers, we began in 2017 to invest and develop our first financial and taxation analysis software, namely, Enterprise Financial Intelligence Analysis System V1.0, and have commercialized it for sale to our enterprise customers since 2019.

As of the date of this annual report, we have not experienced any product recalls, liability claims or material complaints on our software products. For details, please see “Research and Development” under the “Business” section.

After Sales Services

Our customers who engage us for our financial and taxation related or internal control related management consultation services may attend courses provided by the Partnered Institutions. Continuous trainings can enhance the financial and taxation concepts of our customers and ensure the continuous implementation of the financial and taxation solutions we provided to them. We also provide general customer care by responding to customer queries from time to time, in order to timely resolve their problems.

From time to time, the Partnered Institutions will also host talks and seminars conducted by our experienced senior management personnel, internal consultants or external experts and invite our customers to attend. As for our Partnered Institutions, we provide continuous support to them, including operational and technical support in school management and operation and trainings to Partnered Institutions’ staff and employees. With respect to our software products, we offer software installation, training and after sales technical and maintenance, such as telephone, instant communication and remote support services within one year of purchase for our financial and taxation training software and financial and taxation analysis software.

IPO advisory services

The company has launched IPO advisory services in 2025. Through channels such as customer referrals and external exhibitions, the company identifies and negotiates with clients to provide comprehensive service solutions for prospective listed enterprises, assisting them in embarking on their IPO journey in U.S. stock exchanges and Hong Kong stock exchange. These services include, but are not limited to, market research, financial compliance, and due diligence. Set out below are the principal terms of IPO advisory services Agreement:

Validity period | Fixed term of three years from the date of the IPO advisory services agreement.
Payment terms | RMB 500,000 per year, payable in installments as follows: 10% of shall be paid within 7 days upon signing of the contract, 25% shall be paid upon completion of 3 months of service, 25% upon completion of 6 months of service, 25% upon completion of 9 months of service, and the remaining 15% shall be paid before the end of the year. The consulting fee for each subsequent year shall accrue from the commencement date of the relevant year. Payment shall be made as follows:10% within 7 days from the start of the year, 5% upon completion of 3 months of service, 25% upon completion of 6 months of service, 25% upon completion of 9 months of service and the balance of such year’s fee shall be fully settled before the end of the year. 5% of the total proceeds raised from its listing within seven working days after the completion of the financing. Where the Company introduces private equity investments or funding to the customers, the customers shall pay the Company 5% of the total amount of such funding as a placement fee within five working days after the funds are received. Such placement fee shall not be included in the foregoing clauses.

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Exclusivity | Neither the customers, nor its reorganized holding entities or proposed listing entity, shall enter into any agreement with any third party that is identical or similar in nature.
Remedial measures | Where our customers is in breach of the terms and conditions of the IPO advisory services agreement, our Subsidiaries will not return any fees already paid by the customer and the customer has to pay RMB 100,000 per month based on the actual duration of services rendered, and RMB 200,000 to us as a penalty. Where our Subsidiaries is in breach of the terms and conditions of the IPO advisory services agreement, the customers shall have the right to terminate the contract, and our Subsidiaries shall not be liable for any breach of contract.

Sales and Marketing

We believe brand recognition to “Lichen” is critical to our ability to attract new customers and retain business collaboration and maintain our relationships with our existing clientele, and our promotion and marketing efforts are designed to enhance our brand awareness and reputations among them. Generally, we attract new customers with referrals from our Partnered Institutions and personal and business networks of our executives and directors.

In addition, we organize marketing activities, such as seminars, talks and consultation events with our Partnered Institutions, business federations and business associations, leveraging our accumulated resources and connections. Through the business relationships with our Partnered Institutions, we strive to provide our education support services to them, and by leveraging their business networks and their geographical coverage, we endeavor to promote our brand name and services to the participants of these seminars, talks and courses organized by them. We have deployed external experts and internal consultants to participate in and deliver more than 1,000 talks, courses and seminars organized for their target audience.

To highlight our efforts, we have co-hosted the 2018 China Management Consulting Innovation Forum with the China Enterprise Confederation Management Advisory Committee and hosted the 2019 Excellent Financial Manager Summit Forum in Xiamen, both of which were well attended by business leaders, senior government officials, university professors and financial and taxation executives.

We also promote our brand to a wide audience nationwide by multi-marketing strategies, which comprise (i) production and broadcasting of financial and taxation videos and programs, (ii) internet and conventional advertisement placing, and (iii) organizing and sponsoring marketing events and activities.

(i) Production and broadcasting of financial and taxation videos and programs

We believe that broadcasting our financial and taxation videos and programs on television and the internet can promote our brand image to a wider group of targeted audiences, by matching the content of the programs with the relevant television programs and/or internet websites and domains. Our external experts, internal consultants and senior management have participated in our promotional activities, such as appearing on television broadcasts and popular online video websites that feature our practical financial and taxation videos and programs. The television programs, which include the participation of our external experts, have been broadcasted on various selected television channels, while our videos, featuring our external experts, internal consultants and senior management, have been shown on popular and selected third-party online video platforms, such as iQIYI, Tencent Video, TouTiao, Sohu Video, Bilibili, Douyin, etc.

(ii) Internet and conventional advertisement placing

We plan to place advertisements on the internet and through social media platforms, all of which could be conveniently accessed by our targeted customers. We also intend to publish advertisements in selected financial magazines and newspapers. In addition, we plan to lease billboard advertising space and light box displays situated on highways and floor spaces, pillars and ceiling spaces in airports and metro stations, as well as the interiors and exteriors of trains, in order to attract potential new customers. According to Frost & Sullivan, it is a common advertising method for financial and taxation solution service providers to promote their services and brand awareness through placing advertisements on billboard and/or light box displays as well as other internet and conventional advertisement placing. We believe that strategic locations and high visibility of our billboards may give us an opportunity to engage in high-profile brand building. We will mainly place our advertisements in Beijing, Shanghai, Xiamen and Chengdu. We will also enhance the advertising spaces by integrating newer technologies, applications and techniques. We plan to include QR codes printed on our advertisements providing convenient access to the website of our Company and our online financial and taxation videos and programs.

(iii) Organizing and sponsoring marketing events and activities

We plan to further promote our brand by organizing national financial competitions and sponsoring different types of events and activities tailored for participation by high-end entrepreneurs. We encourage our Partnered Institutions and enterprise customers to participate in the national financial competitions. We also plan to sponsor high-end entrepreneurs’ events and activities, such as golf tournaments, to expand and strengthen our client base. We have already organized and sponsored four golf tournaments. After each golf tournament, our players are invited to attend awards ceremonies and banquets, which provide them with opportunities to exchange business contacts and allow our sales and marketing personnel to approach our targeted and potential customers.

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Customers

Our customers primarily consist of business enterprises in respect of our financial and taxation solution services, Partnered Institutions in respect of our education support services, and business enterprises and universities, colleges or other educational institutes for our software and maintenance services.

We have a diverse customer base consisting of listed companies, state-owned enterprises, government authorities and other business enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, in the PRC, spanning across more than 20 industries, such as manufacturing, wholesale or retail, food processing, information technology, software and related technical services, construction, property development, commercial and financial services, agriculture and fishery, catering, hotel and accommodation, transportation, postal services and warehousing, telecommunication, broadcasting and media services, research and development, oil refinery, gas or electricity supply, environment management, public facilities management, culture, sports and entertainment, water supply, repairs and public administration. Besides spreading across different industry sectors, we also enjoy a customer base with broad geographical locations in the PRC.

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, sales to our five largest customers amounted to approximately $1.20 million, $2.02 million, and $1.81 million, representing approximately 4.89%, 4.87%, and 4.56%, respectively, of our total revenue. As of the date of this annual report, we have no customer that accounts for more than 10% of our revenue.

Suppliers

Our suppliers primarily consist of the external experts, education and office materials providers, including education materials and textbooks, software developers and technology vendors, and a media company in the PRC. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, purchases from our five largest suppliers amounted to approximately $8.03 million, $2.75 million, $2.09 million, which accounted for approximately 52.6%, 95.6%, and 89.5%, respectively, of our total purchases.

Research and Development

We place strong emphasis on the R&D of our services. In order to maintain our market position and to further expand market share in our services, it is paramount to continuously keep ourselves up-to-date with the latest market demand and trends and develop services, in our efforts to surpass the services offered by our competitors in terms of quality and practicality. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, we incurred R&D expenses of approximately $1.30 million, $1.38 million, and $1.19 million, respectively. Our R&D department is responsible for the development of teaching and learning materials on new topics for our Partnered Institutions, financial and taxation training software, and financial and taxation analysis software. As of the date of this annual report, all of the staff of our R&D department possess a tertiary education diploma or undergraduate degree.

Our R&D department is responsible for developing, updating and improving our software products for educational purposes and business and commercial use. As of the date of this annual report, we had 18 software technicians, with an average working experience of more than 17 years. All of them possessed a bachelor’s degree or master’s degree. The software R&D team identifies the needs of the market by obtaining feedback from our Partnered Institutions, receiving first-hand information on market needs, industry trends and practical experiences from our internal consultants and external experts through their interaction and exchanges with enterprise clients during their provision of financial and taxation solution services, observing offerings by our competitors and through internal discussion. Once a market need is identified, the software R&D team will conduct feasibility studies to assess the market demand and design detailed specifications on functions and performance.

Our financial and taxation analysis software, namely, Enterprise Financial Intelligence Analysis System V1.0, is designed for our enterprise customers in the industrial and manufacturing industries to conduct business management analysis on the CRM system, inventory sharing, product lifecycle management and supply chain management, which enables them to improve their operation and financial process and business efficacy. Our financial and taxation training software, mainly including virtual accounting practice software designed to simulate different tasks of an accountant such as preparation of general ledgers, cost management, taxation and budgeting etc. in real daily practice, assists our Partnered Institutions to illustrate the actual roles and work of an accountant in business practices to their participants.

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With our dedicated efforts and investments in various R&D initiatives and projects, we have developed (i) 16 sets of teaching and learning materials covering various financial and taxation related topics, (ii) eight financial and taxation training software, and (iii) one financial and taxation analysis software to support and complement various types of services offered by our Subsidiaries.

Seasonality

Our services historically have not been subject to seasonal variations.

Insurance

We do not have any business liability, interruption or litigation insurance coverage for our operations in China. Insurance companies in China offer limited business insurance products. While business interruption insurance is available to a limited extent in China, we have determined that the risks of interruption, cost of such insurance and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to have such insurance. Therefore, we are subject to business and product liability exposure. See “Risk Factors - We have limited insurance coverage to protect us against all risks associated with our business operations.”

Regulation

Our operation in China is subject to a number of PRC laws and regulations. This section summarizes the most significant PRC laws and regulations relevant to our business and operations in China and the key provisions of such regulations.

Regulations on Foreign Investment

The Foreign Investment Law of the PRC was adopted by the 2nd session of the thirteenth National People’s Congress on March 15, 2019 and became effective on January 1, 2020. The Foreign Investment Law sets out the basic regulatory framework for foreign investments and proposes to implement a system of pre-entry national treatment with a negative list for foreign investments, pursuant to which (i) foreign natural persons, enterprises or other organizations, collectively the foreign investors, shall not invest in any sector forbidden by the negative list for access of foreign investment, (ii) for any sector restricted by the negative list, foreign investors shall conform to the investment conditions provided in the negative list, and (iii) sectors not included in the negative list shall be managed under the principle that domestic investment and foreign investment shall be treated equally. The Foreign Investment Law also sets forth necessary mechanisms to facilitate, protect and manage foreign investments and proposes to establish a foreign investment information report system in which foreign investors or foreign-funded enterprises shall submit the investment information to competent departments of commerce through the enterprise registration system and the enterprise credit information publicity system.

On December 30, 2019, the Ministry of Commerce and the State Administration for Market Regulation issued the Measures for the Reporting of Foreign Investment Information, which came into effect on January 1, 2020 and replaced Interim Administrative Measures. Since January 1, 2020, for foreign investors carrying out investment activities directly or indirectly in China, the foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprises shall submit investment information to the commerce authorities pursuant to these measures.

Special Administrative Measures for Entrance of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2020 Version)

The Special Administrative Measures for Entrance of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2020 Version), or the Negative List, which was promulgated jointly by the Ministry of Commerce and the National Development and Reform Commission on June 23, 2020 and became effective on July 23, 2020, replaced and abolished the Special Administrative Measures for Entrance of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2019 Version) regulating the access of foreign investors to China. Pursuant to the Negative List, foreign investors should refrain from investing in any of prohibited sectors specified in the Negative List, and foreign investors are required to obtain the permit for access to other sectors that are listed in the Negative List but not classified as “prohibited”. The Negative List covers 12 industries. Fields not covered in the Negative List shall be administrated under the principle of equal treatment to domestic and foreign investments.

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We are a Cayman Islands company and our businesses by nature in China are mainly financial and taxation solution services, education support services and software and maintenance services, which are not restricted or prohibited for foreign investors by the Negative List.

Regulations on Intellectual Property Rights

Patent. Patents in the PRC are principally protected under the Patent Law of the PRC. The duration of a patent right is 10 years, 15 years or 20 years from the date of application, depending on the type of patent right.

Copyright. Copyrights in the PRC, including copyrighted software, is principally protected under the Copyright Law of the PRC and related rules and regulations. Under the Copyright Law, the term of protection for copyrighted software is 50 years.

Trademark. The PRC Trademark Law has adopted a “first-to-file” principle with respect to trademark registration. Registered trademarks are protected under the Trademark Law of the PRC and related rules and regulations. Trademarks are registered with the Trademark Office of the SAIC. Where registration is sought for a trademark that is identical or similar to another trademark which has already been registered or given preliminary examination and approval for use in the same or similar category of commodities or services, the application for registration of such trademark may be rejected. Trademark registrations are effective for a renewable ten-year period, unless otherwise revoked.

Domain Names. Domain name registrations are handled through domain name service agencies established under the relevant regulations, and applicants become domain name holders upon successful registration.

We have adopted necessary mechanisms to register, maintain and enforce intellectual property rights in the PRC. However, we cannot assure you that we can prevent our intellectual property from all the unauthorized use by any third party, neither can we promise that none of our intellectual property rights would be challenged any third party.

Regulations on Internet Information Services

According to the Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services promulgated by the State Council on September 25, 2000, and amended on January 8, 2011, internet information services are classified into two categories: (1) profitable internet information services; and (2) non-profitable internet information services. Profitable internet information services refer to the provision, via the internet, of information or webpage development etc. for payment to internet users. Non-profitable internet information services refer to the provision, via the internet, of open or sharable information for free to internet users. PRC applies the license system to profitable internet information services and applies the record-filing system to non-profitable internet information services. We have completed the registration required by the measures for the website we operate.

Regulations Relating to Taxation

Regulations on Dividend Withholding Tax

Pursuant to the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, if a non-resident enterprise has not set up an organization or establishment in the PRC, or has set up an organization or establishment but the income derived has no actual connection with such organization or establishment, it will be subject to a withholding tax on its PRC-sourced income at a rate of 20%. Pursuant to the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, the withholding tax rate in respect to the payment of dividends by a PRC enterprise to a Hong Kong enterprise is reduced to 5% from a standard rate of 10% if the Hong Kong enterprise directly holds at least 25% of the PRC enterprise. Pursuant to the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on the Issues concerning the Application of the Dividend Clauses of Tax Agreements, or Circular 81, a Hong Kong resident enterprise must meet the following conditions, among others, in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax: (i) it must directly own the required percentage of equity interests and voting rights in the PRC resident enterprise; and (ii) it must have directly owned such percentage in the PRC resident enterprise throughout the 12 months prior to receiving the dividends. There are also other conditions for enjoying the reduced withholding tax rate according to other relevant tax rules and regulations.

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According to the Circular on Several Issues regarding the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties, which was issued on February 3, 2018 by the SAT, effective as of April 1, 2018, when determining the applicant’s status of the “beneficial owner” regarding tax treatments in connection with dividends, interests or royalties in the tax treaties, several factors, including without limitation, whether the applicant is obligated to pay more than 50% of its income in twelve months to residents in any third country or region, whether the business operated by the applicant constitutes the actual business activities, and whether the counterparty country or region to the tax treaties does not levy any tax or grant tax exemption on relevant incomes or levy tax at an extremely low rate, will be taken into account, and it will be analyzed according to the actual circumstances of the specific cases. This circular further provides that applicants who intend to prove his or her status of the “beneficial owner” shall submit the relevant documents to the relevant tax bureau according to the Announcement on Issuing the Measures for the Administration of Non-Resident Taxpayers’ Enjoyment of the Treatment under Tax Agreements.

On October 14, 2019, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Notice on the Administrative Measures for Non-resident Enterprises to Enjoy Contractual Benefits (Circular No. 35 of the State Administration of Taxation in 2019, Circular 35), which was implemented from January 1, 2020. According to Circular 35, non-resident enterprises may enjoy the benefits by the way of “self-judgment, declaration and enjoyment, and retention of relevant information for future reference”. If a non-resident enterprise judges that it meets the conditions for enjoying the contractual benefits, it may enjoy the contractual benefits at the time of tax declaration or through the withholding agent. At the same time, it shall collect and retain relevant information for reference in accordance with Circular 35, and accept the follow-up management of the tax authorities.

Regulations on Enterprise Income Tax

According to the Enterprise Income Tax Law which was issued by the National People’s Congress on March 16, 2007 and last revised and came into effect on December 29, 2018, and the Implementation Rules to the Enterprise Income Tax Law issued by the State Council on December 6, 2007 and effective on January 1, 2008 and was revised on April 23, 2019, both domestic and foreign-invested enterprises established under the laws of foreign countries or regions whose “de facto management bodies” are located in the PRC are considered resident enterprises, and will generally be subject to EIT at the rate of 25% of their global income. Under the Implementing Rules of the Enterprise Income Tax Law, a “de facto management body” is defined as a body that has material and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel and human resources, finances and properties of an enterprise. A circular issued by the State Administration of Taxation of the PRC in April 2009 and amended in 2017, regarding the standards used to classify certain Chinese invested enterprises controlled by Chinese enterprises or Chinese enterprise groups and established outside of China as “resident enterprise”, which also clarified that dividends and other income paid by such PRC “resident enterprises” will be considered PRC source income and subject to PRC withholding tax, currently at a rate of 10%, when paid to shareholders outside of the PRC. This circular also subjects such PRC “resident enterprises” to various reporting requirements with the PRC tax authorities. We believe that Lichen International Limited or any of our subsidiaries outside of China is not a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management bodies”.

Regulations on Value-Added Tax

In November 2011, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Pilot Plan for Imposition of Value-Added Tax to Replace Business Tax. In March 2016, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation further promulgated the Notice on Fully Promoting the Pilot Plan for Replacing Business Tax by Value-Added Tax. On March 20, 2019, the Ministry of Finance, the State Administration of Taxation and General Administration of Customs issued Announcement on Policies for Deepening the VAT Reform jointly, under which the VAT rates under the basic mechanism is 13% for the sectors such as operating and financial leases of equipment, 9% for sectors such as transportation, postal, basic telecommunication, and construction services as well as sales and leases of real property and real property rights, 0% for exported services and 6% for all remaining services, including financial services. Unlike business tax, a taxpayer is allowed to offset the qualified input VAT paid on taxable purchases against the output VAT chargeable on the modern services provided. Furthermore, according to Announcement of the State Taxation Administration on Matters relating to Expanding the Scope of the Pilot Scheme for Issuance of Special VAT Invoices by Small-Scale Taxpayers issued by State Administration on February 3, 2019, the basic mechanism may not apply to small-scale taxpayers who may pay the VAT taxes at the levy rates of 3% and 5% on the basis of their sales amount. As of the date of this annual report, our PRC subsidiaries are generally subject to VAT rates of 6%.

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Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange

Regulations on Foreign Currency Exchange

The principal regulations governing foreign currency exchange in China are the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, most recently amended in August 2008. Under the PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. By contrast, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital account items, such as direct investments, repayment of foreign currency-denominated loans, repatriation of investments and investments in securities outside of China.

In November 2012, SAFE promulgated the Circular of Further Improving and Adjusting Foreign Exchange Administration Policies on Foreign Direct Investment, which substantially amends and simplifies the current foreign exchange procedure. Pursuant to this circular, the opening of various special purpose foreign exchange accounts, such as pre-establishment expenses accounts, foreign exchange capital accounts and guarantee accounts, the reinvestment of RMB proceeds derived by foreign investors in the PRC, and remittance of foreign exchange profits and dividends by a foreign-invested enterprise to its foreign shareholders no longer require the approval or verification of SAFE, and multiple capital accounts for the same entity may be opened in different provinces, which was not possible previously. In addition, SAFE promulgated another circular in May 2013, which specifies that the administration by SAFE or its local branches over direct investment by foreign investors in the PRC must be conducted by way of registration and banks must process foreign exchange business relating to the direct investment in the PRC based on the registration information provided by SAFE and its branches. On February 13, 2015, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment, or SAFE Notice 13. After SAFE Notice 13 became effective on June 1, 2015, instead of applying for approvals regarding foreign exchange registrations of foreign direct investment and overseas direct investment from SAFE, entities and individuals may apply for such foreign exchange registrations from qualified banks. The qualified banks, under the supervision of SAFE, may directly review the applications and conduct the registration.

On March 30, 2015, SAFE promulgated Circular 19, which expands a pilot reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of foreign-invested enterprises nationwide. Circular 19 came into force and replaced both previous Circular 142 and Circular 36 on June 1, 2015. On June 9, 2016, SAFE promulgated Circular 16 to further expand and strengthen such reform. Under Circular 19 and Circular 16, foreign-invested enterprises in the PRC are allowed to use their foreign exchange funds under capital accounts and RMB funds from exchange settlement for expenditure under current accounts within its business scope or expenditure under capital accounts permitted by laws and regulations, except that such funds shall not be used for (i) expenditure beyond the enterprise’s business scope or expenditure prohibited by laws and regulations; (ii) investments in securities or other investments than banks’ principal-secured products; (iii) granting of loans to non-affiliated enterprises, except where it is expressly permitted in the business license; and (iv) construction or purchase of real estate for purposes other than self-use (except for real estate enterprises).

In January 2017, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Further Improving Reform of Foreign Exchange Administration and Optimizing Genuineness and Compliance Verification, or SAFE Circular 3, which stipulates several capital control measures with respect to the outbound remittance of profit from domestic entities to offshore entities, including (i) under the principle of genuine transaction, banks shall check board resolutions regarding profit distribution, the original version of tax filing records and audited financial statements; and (ii) domestic entities shall hold income to account for previous years’ losses before remitting the profits. Further, according to SAFE Circular 3, domestic entities shall make detailed explanations of the sources of capital and utilization arrangements, and provide board resolutions, contracts and other proof when completing the registration procedures in connection with an outbound investment.

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Regulations on Foreign Exchange Registration of Overseas Investment by PRC Residents

SAFE issued SAFE Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, that became effective in July 2014, replacing the previous SAFE Circular 75. SAFE Circular 37 regulates foreign exchange matters in relation to the use of special purpose vehicles, or SPVs, by PRC residents or entities to seek offshore investment and financing or conduct round trip investment in China. Under SAFE Circular 37, a SPV refers to an offshore entity established or controlled, directly or indirectly, by PRC residents or entities for the purpose of seeking offshore financing or making offshore investment, using legitimate onshore or offshore assets or interests, while “round trip investment” refers to direct investment in China by PRC residents or entities through SPVs, namely, establishing foreign-invested enterprises to obtain the ownership, control rights and management rights. SAFE Circular 37 provides that, before making contribution into an SPV, PRC residents or entities are required to complete foreign exchange registration with SAFE or its local branch. SAFE promulgated the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment in February 2015, which took effect on June 1, 2015. This notice has amended SAFE Circular 37, requiring PRC residents or entities to register with qualified banks rather than SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing.

PRC residents or entities who had contributed legitimate onshore or offshore interests or assets to SPVs but had not obtained registration as required before the implementation of the SAFE Circular 37 must register their ownership interests or control in the SPVs with qualified banks. An amendment to the registration is required if there is a material change with respect to the SPV registered, such as any change of basic information (including change of the PRC residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, and mergers or divisions. Failure to comply with the registration procedures set forth in SAFE Circular 37 and the subsequent notice, or making misrepresentation on or failure to disclose controllers of the foreign-invested enterprise that is established through round-trip investment, may result in restrictions being imposed on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant foreign-invested enterprise, including payment of dividends and other distributions, such as proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation, to its offshore parent or affiliate, and the capital inflow from the offshore parent, and may also subject relevant PRC residents or entities to penalties under PRC foreign exchange administration regulations.

Our PRC resident beneficial owners subject to these registration requirements have registered with the Jinjiang SAFE branch and/or qualified banks to reflect the recent changes to our corporate structure.

Regulations on Dividend Distribution

Under our current corporate structure, the Company may rely on dividend payments from Lichen Zixun and Bondly Xiamen, which are wholly foreign-owned enterprises incorporated in China, to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. The principal regulations governing distribution of dividends of foreign-invested enterprises include Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China and Company Law of the People’s Republic of China. Under these laws, wholly foreign-owned enterprises in China may freely make remittance inward and outward in RMB or foreign exchange of capital contribution, profits, capital yield, income from asset disposal, intellectual property licensing fees, indemnity obtained according to law or income from compensation and liquidation. In addition, wholly foreign-owned enterprises in China are required to allocate at least 10% of their respective accumulated profits each year as a statutory reserve fund, if any, to fund the reserve fund until the statutory reserves fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the enterprises. Wholly foreign-owned companies may, at their discretion, allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to optional reserve funds. After making up the losses and allocating reserve funds, the remaining after-tax profits of wholly foreign-owned enterprises may be distributed to the shareholders. Appropriations to the discretionary surplus reserve are made at the discretion of the Board of Directors and there is no discretionary surplus reserve as of December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023. The reserved amounts as determined pursuant to PRC statutory laws totaled $1.74 million, $1.74 million, and $1.74 million as of December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023.

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Regulations Relating to Employment

The PRC Labor Law and the Labor Contract Law require that employers must execute written employment contracts with full-time employees. If an employer fails to enter into a written employment contract with an employee within one year from the date on which the employment relationship is established, the employer must rectify the situation by entering into a written employment contract with the employee and pay the employee twice the employee’s salary for the period from the day following the lapse of one month from the date of establishment of the employment relationship to the day prior to the execution of the written employment contract. All employers must compensate their employees with wages equal to at least the local minimum wage standards. Violations of the PRC Labor Law and the Labor Contract Law may result in the imposition of fines and other administrative sanctions, and serious violations may result in criminal liabilities.

Enterprises in China are required by PRC laws and regulations to participate in certain employee benefit plans, including social insurance funds, namely a pension plan, a medical insurance plan, an unemployment insurance plan, a work-related injury insurance plan and a maternity insurance plan, and a housing provident fund, and contribute to the plans or funds in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of the employees as specified by the local government from time to time at locations where they operate their businesses or where they are located. Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans may be subject to fines and other administrative sanctions.

Currently, we are making contributions to the plans based on the minimum standards, although the PRC laws required such contributions to be based on the actual employee salaries up to a maximum amount specified by the local government. Therefore, in our consolidated financial statements, we have made an estimate and accrued a provision in relation to the potential make-up of our contributions for these plans as well as to pay late contribution fees and fines. If we are subject to late contribution fees or fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in the People’s Republic of China - Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.”

Regulations Relating to Overseas Securities Offering and Listing

On 17 February 2023, the CSRC promulgated Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Overseas Listing Trial Measures”) and relevant five guidelines, which became effective on 31 March 2023. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures comprehensively improve and reform the existing regulatory regime for overseas offering and listing of PRC domestic companies’ securities and will regulate both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing of PRC domestic companies’ securities by adopting a filing-based regulatory regime. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets, either in direct or indirect means, are required to fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC and report relevant information. Where a listed company that has been issued and listed overseas transfer of listing, it shall report the specific situation to the CSRC within 3 working days from the date of the occurrence and announcement of relevant matters. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in the People’s Republic of China -The filing, approval or other administration requirements of the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our future offshore offering under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to complete the filing procedure with the CSRC and obtain such approval or complete such filing, as applicable.”

As of the date of this annual report, our operations are run in compliance with the all PRC regulations disclosed above.

C. Organizational structure.

The following is a list of all of our subsidiaries as of the date of this annual report.

Subsidiaries |  | Place of Incorporation |  | Incorporation Time
Legend Consulting Limited (BVI) |  | British Virgin Islands |  | December 20, 2013
Legend Consulting Limited (HK) |  | Hong Kong SAR |  | January 8, 2014
Fujian Lichen Management Consulting Limited (PRC) |  | People’s Republic of China |  | April 14, 2004
Lichen Holding Singapore Pte. Ltd. |  | Singapore |  | December 28, 2023
Bondly Enterprises Limited (HK) |  | Hong Kong SAR |  | June 13, 2022
Xiamen Bondly Management and Consulting Company Limited (PRC) |  | People’s Republic of China |  | August 25, 2022
Yingtan Legend Capital Management Co., Ltd. (PRC) |  | People’s Republic of China |  | November 27, 2023
Xiamen Legend Technology Co., Ltd. |  | People’s Republic of China |  | July 9, 2025
Xiamen Legend Tax and Finance Service Co., Ltd. |  | People’s Republic of China |  | October 11, 2025
Shanghai Legend Zhiyuan Management and Consulting Co., Ltd. |  | People’s Republic of China |  | October 11, 2025

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The following diagram illustrates the corporate structure of Lichen International Limited and its significant subsidiaries as of the date of this annual report:

D. Property, Plant and Equipment

Facilities

Real property

There is no private land and property ownership in China. The right to possess the property is held by the government and the right to use the property has been transferred to our operating subsidiaries in PRC.

Location |  | Description and tenure |  | Use of property |  | Approximate Gross Floor Area (sq.m.) |
Six Car parking Spaces in the Basement (No. 10 Hubin Bei Road, Siming District, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, PRC) |  | The car parking spaces are subject to a right to use the land for a term until January 7, 20439 for car purposes. |  | Car parking |  |  | N/A |
Office Premises in Shanghai (Level 28 of Zhongyi Building No. 1040 Caoyang Road Putuo District Shanghai City, PRC) |  | The property is subject to a right to use the land for a maximum term of 50 years for composite purpose. |  | Office |  |  | 1,156.29 |
Office Premises in Xiamen (Room 202, Taishan Pavilion, Wuyi Garden, No.2 Yundang Road, Siming District) |  | The property is subject to a right to use the land for a term until March 1, 2065 for office purposes. |  | Office |  |  | 120.44 |

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Leased property

Lichen Zixun leased the following property in the PRC:

Location |  | Term |  | Use of property |  | Rent |  | Termination
Broadcasting studio in Beijing (LG1, Left Bank Community, 68 North Fourth Ring West Road, Haidian District, Beijing City, PRC) |  | April 1, 2025 to March 31, 2025；Renewed from April 1, 2025 to March 31, 2028 |  | Broadcasting studio |  | RMB 650,000 per year |  | Either party may terminate this Agreement with thirty days prior written notice to the other party. Lichen Zixun may renew the lease with two-month’s written notice prior to the end of the lease.
Office in Fujian (Room 14G, Yinli Building, No. 672, Qinghua South District, Qingyang Sub-district, Jinjiang City, Fujian Province, PRC) |  | November 1, 2023 to October 31, 2026 |  | Office |  | RMB 45,600 per year |  | N/A
Office in Fujian (Units 13A, 13B, No. 10 Hubin Bei Road, Siming District, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, PRC) |  | January 1, 2026 to December 31, 2027 |  | Office |  | RMB 300,000 per year |  | Either party may terminate this Agreement with thirty days prior written notice to the other party. If the lessor agrees to renew the lease, both parties shall enter into a new lease contract.

Intellectual Property

Our “Lichen” brand is an important element of our business. The registered trademarks in the PRC are as follows:

Trademarks

Registrant |  | Trademark |  | Application Code |  | Category |  | Application Area
Lichen Zixun |  |  |  | 14288203 |  | 35 |  | Advertisement, business operations, business management, office management
Lichen Zixun |  |  |  | 14288204 |  | 36 |  | Financial evaluation, real estate evaluation, capital investment
Lichen Zixun |  |  |  | 14288205 |  | 41 |  | School, boarding school, training, coaching
Lichen Zixun |  |  |  | 24220583 |  | 41 |  | School, boarding school, training, coaching
Lichen Zixun |  |  |  | 65114101 |  | 38 |  | Network broadcasting, information transfer, video conferencing service
Lichen Zixun |  |  |  | 65114094 |  | 42 |  | Computer software maintenance, Software as a Service (SaaS), packaging design services
Lichen Zixun |  |  |  | 65170613 |  | 9 |  | Computer, data processing, communication and transmission

As of the date of this annual report, we have not (i) received any intellectual property infringement-related complaints or claims against us; (ii) been notified of any infringement of any intellectual property of any third party by us or of any of our intellectual property being infringed by any third party; and (iii) been involved in any litigation in relation to claims of infringement of intellectual property.

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Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 5. Operating And Financial Review And Prospects

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information - 3.D. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report.

Overview

We are a leading financial and taxation service provider in China, in terms of revenue, according to the industry report of Frost & Sullivan. We have operated as a dedicated financial and taxation solution service specialist of professional and high-quality services in China for over 20 years. We focus on providing (i) financial and taxation solution services; (ii) education support services; (iii) software and maintenance services and (iv) Pre-IPO advisory services in the PRC under our “Lichen” brand. With over 20 years of operation history, we have gained substantial experience and established a solid reputation with our proven track record in the PRC.

In recognition of our expertise and experience earned from over 20 years in the financial and taxation solution services industry, we have built up our reputation as a dedicated financial and taxation solution services provider of professional and high-quality services in the PRC. From 2012 to 2025, we had been recognized as one of the Top 50 Providers of Management Consulting Services in China for fourteen consecutive years by the China Enterprise Confederation Management Advisory Committee. In 2024, we made our debut in one of the Top 10 Providers of Management Consulting Services in China for the first time.

5.A. Operating Results.

Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Our operating results are primarily affected by the following factors:

| ● | Growth of the Chinese Economy We operate our business within China and the growth or decline of the Chinese economy in general affects our business.

| ● | Industry Demand Since China is still a developing country, the financial and taxation solution industry has barely reached its full capacity and the current and potential demand for financial and taxation solutions is still expected to remain at a relatively high level.

| ● | Contract Pricing and Terms To provide our clients with high-quality financial and taxation solution services, a fair price and reasonable terms are essential for us to operate successfully in the industry in the long term.

| ● | Competition The financial and taxation solution consulting market is highly dispersed and competitive with a large number of participants. To maintain the goodwill and reputation under the brand “Lichen” is essential for the Company to grow.

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| ● | Artificial Intelligence Technologies (AI) Development The advancement and widespread application of artificial intelligence technologies (AI) are expected to transform the traditional financial and taxation consulting industry. AI-driven tools may enhance service efficiency while intensifying industry competition, which could influence pricing, demand, and our future operating results. We believe AI also creates new opportunities for higher-value advisory services, including strategic planning, complex tax structuring, and risk management, where human expertise and judgment remain critical. Our ability to adapt to these technological changes, by integrating AI capabilities into our service offerings and upskilling our workforce, will be a key factor in maintaining our competitive position and meeting evolving client expectations in the long term.
| ● | Strategic Acquisitions and Investments Strategic acquisitions could significantly reinforce our market position with larger scale of operation, consolidation of resources, expanding customer base and more market share. Specifically, by merging with providers of various operational sizes and/or with different industry specialty, establishing representative offices in more cities, recruiting additional staff to support our business expansion plans, would firmly expand our business and strengthen our market position; and the ability to access capital is also very important to execute our acquisition strategy.

| ● | Changes to Government Policies China has highly complicated taxation regulations and the fast-changing business environment we operate in is constantly adapting to these policy changes.

| ● | Our Ability to Broaden Service Offerings and Diversify Our Customer Base Service offerings dictate our added value to our customers and the profitability of the Company; and the diversification of our customer base in turn dictates the range of services we offer.

Key Components of Results of Operations

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023

The following table summarizes the consolidated results of our operations for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023:

(All amounts, other than percentages, in thousands of U.S. dollars)

|  | For the years ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Revenues |  |  | 24,518 |  |  |  | 41,477 |  |  |  | 39,759 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | (15,381 | ) |  |  | (15,803 | ) |  |  | (15,439 | )
Gross profit |  |  | 9,137 |  |  |  | 25,674 |  |  |  | 24,320 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling and marketing |  |  | (10,629 | ) |  |  | (12,529 | ) |  |  | (3,124 | )
General and administrative |  |  | (12,914 | ) |  |  | (17,696 | ) |  |  | (8,937 | )
Goodwill impairment |  |  | (3,663 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total operating expenses |  |  | (27,206 | ) |  |  | (30,225 | ) |  |  | (12,061 | )
(Loss) Income from operations |  |  | (18,069 | ) |  |  | (4,551 | ) |  |  | 12,259 |
Other (expenses) income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other (expense) income, net |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 216 |  |  |  | (709 | )
Interest income |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | 163 |  |  |  | 38 |
Loss on disposal of subsidiary |  |  | (3,865 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
(Loss) Income before income taxes |  |  | (21,787 | ) |  |  | (4,172 | ) |  |  | 11,588 |
Income tax expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,948 | ) |  |  | (3,250 | )
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (21,787 | ) |  | $ | (6,120 | ) |  | $ | 8,338 |

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Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024

Revenues

We generate revenue from the provision of financial and taxation solution services, education support services,software and maintenance services and Pre-IPO advisory services. Our total revenue was approximately $24.52 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to approximately $41.48 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an decrease of approximately $19.96 million, or 40.89%. Such decrease was due to an approximately $14.33 million decrease in revenue from financial and taxation solution services, an approximately $2.09 million decrease in revenue from our education support services, an approximately $1.35 million decrease in revenue from our software and maintenance services and an approximately $0.81 million increase in revenue from our Pre-IPO advisory services which we began providing in the year ended December 31, 2025.

Revenue from financial and taxation solution services amounted to approximately $19.96 million, or 81.41% of total revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2025, decreased by $14.33 million, or 41.79%, from approximately $34.29 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Such decrease was mainly due to the reason that many former bookkeeping agencies in China have transformed into consulting service providers and engaged in price competition by offering relatively low service fees. The quantity of the customers decreased by 126 from 587, or 21.47% for the year ended December 31, 2024 to 461 for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Revenue from education support services decreased by $2.09 million, or 71.97%, from approximately $2.90 million or 6.98% of total revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2024, to approximately $0.81 million, or 3.31% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025. Such decrease was attributable to the Company’s gradual termination of operations in the education support services.

Our operations for software and maintenance services began in March 2019. Revenue from this business amounted to approximately $2.94 million, or 11.97% of total revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2025, decreased by $1.35 million, or 31.51%, from approximately $4.29 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Such decrease was due to the market contraction, coupled with the fact that AI software has gradually replaced certain functions of conventional software.

Revenue from Pre-IPO advisory services commenced in January 2025. For the year ended December 31, 2025, revenue from this business line amounted to approximately $0.81 million, representing 3.30% of total revenue. Through channels including customer referrals and external exhibitions, the Company identifies and negotiates with potential clients to provide comprehensive service solutions for enterprises planning to go public, supporting them throughout their IPO process.

Cost of revenue

Our cost of revenue includes employee salaries, registration fees paid to our Partner Institutions and amortization of software in software sales. Our cost of revenue decreased by $0.42 million, or 2.67%, to approximately $15.38 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, from approximately $15.80 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Despite the decline in our revenue, the Company did not reduce workforce. The underutilization of consulting personnel, together with continued fixed labor costs, led to a significant revenue decline without a commensurate drop in expenses.

Selling and marketing expenses

Our selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of online and offline promotion, video broadcast promotion and self-media promotion. Our selling and marketing expenses decreased by $1.90 million, or 15.16%, to approximately $10.63 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, from approximately $12.53 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Such decrease was primarily due to the reduction in advertising and marketing expenditures. As a percentage of revenue, selling and marketing expenses increased to 43.35% for the year ended December 31, 2025, from 30.21% for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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General and administrative expenses

Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation for management, social security payment, depreciation of property and equipment and amortization of intangible assets. Our general and administrative expenses decreased by $4.78 million, or 27.02%, to approximately $12.91 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, from approximately $17.70 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. As a percentage of revenue, general and administrative expenses increased to 52.67% for the year ended December 31, 2025, from 42.66% for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Goodwill impairment

We recognized $3.66 million in goodwill impairment for the year ended December 31, 2025. Since Bondly Enterprises Limited and its subsidiary incurred a loss and failed to reach the projected performance in fiscal year of 2025. We have assessed and recorded the goodwill impairment of acquired Bondly HK amounted to $3.66 million as of December 31, 2025.

(Loss) Income from operations

As a result of the foregoing, we incurred loss from operations of approximately $18.07 million for year ended December 31, 2025, compared $4.55 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Total other (expense) income

We had approximately $3.72 million in total other expense for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to approximately $0.38 million in total other income for the year ended December 31, 2024. Total other (expense) income for the year ended December 31, 2025 consisted of other income, net, in the amount of approximately $0.01 million, interest income in the amount of approximately $0.15 million and loss on disposal of subsidiary in the amount of approximately $3.87 million. Total other (expense) income for the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of other income, net, in the amount of approximately $0.22 million and interest income in the amount of approximately $0.16 million.

Income tax expense

We recorded income tax expenses of nil for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to approximately $1.95 million for the year ended December 31, 2024; an decrease of approximately $1.95 million, or 100.00%. The decrease in the income tax expense mainly resulted from the decrease in our revenue.

Net loss

As a result of the cumulative effect of the factors described above, our net loss increased by approximately $15.67 million, or 256.00%, to approximately $21.79 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, from approximately $6.12 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

Revenues

We generate revenue from the provision of financial and taxation solution services, education support services and software and maintenance services. Our total revenue was approximately $41.48 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to approximately $39.76 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of approximately $1.72 million, or 4.32%. Such increase was due to an approximately $2.52 million increase in revenue from financial and taxation solution services, an approximately $0.83 million decrease in revenue from our education support services, and an approximately $0.03 million increase in revenue from our software and maintenance services, which we began providing in the year ended December 31, 2019.

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Revenue from financial and taxation solution services amounted to approximately $34.29 million, or 82.68% of total revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2024, increased by $2.52 million, or 7.93%, from approximately $8 31.77million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Such increase was mainly due to the continuous expansion of the branding, multi-channel marketing and the synergies generated by the acquisition of Bondly that brought new clients and orders. Since the Company has listed in February 2023, the quantity of the customers increased by 160 from 427, or 37.5% for the year ended December 31, 2023 to 587 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Revenue from education support services decreased by $0.83 million, or 22.33%, from approximately $3.73 million or 9.38% of total revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2023, to approximately $2.90 million, or 6.98% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024. Such decrease was primarily due to its strategic focus on financial and taxation solution business shifted from education support since last year.

Our operations for software and maintenance services began in March 2019. Revenue from this business amounted to approximately $4.29 million, or 10.34% of total revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2024, increased by $0.03 million, or 0.70%, from approximately $4.26 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The revenue of software and maintenance services remains stable these two years.

Cost of revenue

Our cost of revenue includes employee salaries, registration fees paid to our partner institutions and amortization of software in software sales. Our cost of revenue increased by $0.36 million, or 2.36%, to approximately $15.80 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, from approximately $15.44 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Such increase was in line with our increased revenue.

Selling and marketing expenses

Our selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of online and offline promotion, video broadcast promotion and self-media promotion. Our selling and marketing expenses increased by $9.41 million, or 301.06%, to approximately $12.53 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, from approximately $3.12 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Such increase was primarily due to the strengthened multi-channel promotion and collaboration with well-known influencers of the company. As a percentage of revenue, selling and marketing expenses increased to 30.21% for the year ended December 31, 2024, from 7.86% for the year ended December 31, 2023.

General and administrative expenses

Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation for management, social security payment, depreciation of property and equipment and amortization of intangible assets, share-based compensation and service expense related to acquisition. Our general and administrative expenses increased by $8.76 million, or 98.01%, to approximately $17.70 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, from approximately $8.94 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. As a percentage of revenue, general and administrative expenses increased to 42.66% for the year ended December 31, 2023, from 22.48% for the year ended December 31, 2023.

(Loss) Income from operations

As a result of the foregoing, we incurred loss from operations of approximately $4.55 million for year ended December 31, 2024 while we recorded income from operations of approximately $12.26 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Total other (expense) income

We had approximately $0.38 million in total other income for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to approximately $0.67 million in total other expense for the year ended December 31, 2023. Total other income (expenses) for the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of other income, net, in the amount of approximately $0.22 million and interest income in the amount of approximately $0.16 million. Total other income (expenses) for the year ended December 31, 2023 consisted of other expense, net, in the amount of approximately $0.71 million and interest income in the amount of approximately $0.04 million.

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Income tax expense

We recorded income tax expenses of approximately $1.95 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to approximately $3.25 million for the year ended December 31, 2023; an decrease of approximately $1.30 million, or 40.06%. The decrease in income tax expense was primarily attributable to the losses incurred by the Company during the fourth quarter.

Net (loss) income

As a result of the cumulative effect of the factors described above, we incurred net loss amounted to approximately $6.12 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 while we recorded net income amounted to approximately $8.34 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

5.B. Liquidity and Capital Resources.

Cash Flow Summary

The following table presents an overview of cash flows for the periods indicated:

(All amounts, other than percentages, in thousands of U.S. dollars)

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities |  | $ | (17,849 | ) |  | $ | (5,572 | ) |  | $ | 557 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (5,478 | ) |  |  | (9,888 | ) |  |  | (9,865 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 23,612 |  |  |  | 13,087 |  |  |  | 14,098 |
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash |  |  | (83 | ) |  |  | 3,229 |  |  |  | (1,533 | )
Net increase in cash |  | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | 856 |  |  | $ | 3,257 |

Operating Activities:

For the year ended December 31, 2025, net cash used in operating activities was mainly resulted from the net loss of $21.79 million, and the depreciation of property and equipment and the amortization of intangible, right-of-use and other assets in the amount of approximately $4.29 million, loss on disposal of subsidiary in the amount of approximately $3.87 million, goodwill impairment in the amount of approximately $3.66 million, share-based compensation in the amount of approximately $0.31 million, accounts receivable in the amount of approximately $2.07 million and accrued liabilities and other current liabilities in the amount of approximately $1.66 million, offset by prepayments and other current assets in the amount of approximately $11.16 million, lease liabilities in the amount of approximately $0.12 million, contract liabilities in the amount of approximately $0.42 million and tax payables in the amount of approximately $0.21 million.

Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $5.57 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to net cash provided by operating activities was approximately $0.56 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash used in operating activities was mainly resulted from the net loss of $6.12 million, and the depreciation of property and equipment and the amortization of intangible, right-of-use and other assets in the amount of approximately $2.99 million, share-based compensation in the amount of approximately $3.41 million and accounts receivable in the amount of $0.64 million, offset by the prepayments and other current assets in the amount of approximately $4.75 million, accrued liabilities and other current liabilities in the amount of approximately $0.71 million and taxes payable in the amount of approximately $0.60 million.

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Net cash provided by operating activities was approximately $0.56 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to approximately $10.77 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by operating activities was mainly resulted from the net income of $8.34 million, and the depreciation of property and equipment and the amortization of intangible, right-of-use and other assets in the amount of approximately $3.00 million and the deferred IPO costs in the amount of approximately $1.10 million offset by the accounts receivable in the amount of $0.98 million, prepayments and other current assets in the amount of $9.70 million and the due to the related parties in the amount of approximately $1.07 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $5.48 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to approximately $9.89 million in net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 2024. Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was primarily attributable to purchase of Bondly HK, net in the amount of approximately $5.33 million, acquisition in long term investment in the amount of approximately $1.15 million and the proceeds on disposal of the subsidiary in the amount of $1.00 million.

Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $9.89 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to approximately $9.87 million in net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 2023. Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to the deposit of AI software in the amount of approximately $5.90 million and cash consideration related to purchase of Bondly HK in the amount of approximately $3.82 million, while net cash used in investing activities was approximately $9.87 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to approximately $2.84 million in net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 2022.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 mainly resulted from the purchases of property and equipment, net in the amount of approximately $2.06 million, purchase of intangible assets in the amount of approximately $3.20 million and the deposit of Haicang property in the amount of $4.60 million.

Financing Activities:

Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $23.61 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 consisted proceeds from issuance of Class A ordinary shares in the amount of approximately $24.48 million and the due to a related party amounted to approximately $0.87 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $13.09 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of proceeds from issuance of Class A ordinary shares in the amount of approximately $12.22 million and the due to a related party amounted to approximately $0.86 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $14.10 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 consisted entirely of the proceeds of IPO in the amount of approximately $14.10 million.

Capital Expenditures

We made capital expenditures of approximately $5.48 million, approximately $9.89 million and approximately $9.87 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In these periods, our capital expenditures were mainly used for the acquisition of potential company, development for our software, and purchasing the office buildings for our operation. We plan to continue to make capital expenditures to meet the needs that result from the expected growth of our business.

Dividend

The holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our Board of Directors subject to the Cayman Islands Companies Act. The Directors may from time to time declare dividends (including interim dividends) and distributions on the issued and outstanding shares of the Company and authorize payment of the same out of the funds of the Company lawfully available therefor. Dividends may also be declared or paid out of share premium account or otherwise permitted by the Cayman Islands Companies Act, provided that in no circumstances may we pay a dividend if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business.

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Off-Balance Sheet Commitments and Arrangements

The Company has commitments for capital expenditures totaling $7,056,681 (RMB 49.6 million) as of December 31, 2025. These commitments are primarily related to the acquisition of office buildings and the development of software.

We did not have any other off-balance sheet commitments or arrangements as of December 31, 2025.

5.C. Research and Development, Patent and Licenses, etc.

Please refer to “Item 4. Information on the Company – D. Property, Plant and Equipment – Intellectual Property.”

5.D. Trend Information.

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our net revenues, income from continuing operations, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause reported financial information not necessarily to be indicative of future operating results or financial condition or results of operations.

5.E. Critical Accounting Policies.

An accounting policy is considered critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time such estimate is made, and if different accounting estimates that reasonably could have been used, or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely to occur periodically, could materially impact the consolidated financial statements.

We prepare our financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on the most recently available information, our own historical experiences and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from our expectations as a result of changes in our estimates. Some of our accounting policies require a higher degree of judgment than others in their application and require us to make significant accounting estimates.

The following descriptions of critical accounting policies, judgments and estimates should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and other disclosures included in this annual report. When reviewing our consolidated financial statements, you should consider (i) our selection of critical accounting policies, (ii) the judgments and other uncertainties affecting the application of such policies and (iii) the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions.

Revenue recognition

The Company adopted ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, effective as of January 1, 2019. Accordingly, the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 are presented under ASC 606. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Revenue is the transaction price the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for the promised goods or services in a contract in the ordinary course of the Company’s activities and is recorded net of value-added tax (“VAT”). To achieve that core principle, the Company applies the following steps:

Step 1: Identify the contract (s) with a customer

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Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract

Step 3: Determine the transaction price

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation

No practical expedients were used when the Company adopted the ASC 606. Revenue recognition policies for each type of revenue stream are as follows:

Financial and taxation solution services

Revenues from financial and taxation solution services for which control of services is transferred over time is recognized progressively based on the contract costs incurred to date (primarily comprising staff costs and industry expert cost by reference to the time as recorded in the monthly working record incurred to date) as compared to the total costs to be incurred under the transaction (by reference to the total budgeted time of the respective project) to depict the Company’s performance in transferring control of services promised to a customer. The Company recognizes revenues over time only if it can reasonably measure its progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation. The Company normally requires the customers to pay a deposit upon entering into the service contracts.

For revenue generated from the provision of financial and taxation solution services, the arrangement involves a bundle of activities (e.g., scheme design, implementation guidance, evaluation) that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. Accordingly, these activities are not separately identifiable and form only one series of distinct service.

The series of distinct services within the contract are treated as one performance obligation because they are substantially the same and transfer to the customer in the same pattern over time. The Company evaluates that it acts as the principal in these arrangements. It controls the promised services before transfer, is primarily responsible for fulfillment, and has discretion in pricing. Therefore, the Company reports revenues from financial and taxation solution services on a gross basis. We do not provide any other credit and incentive related to our services, therefore there is no variable consideration in the arrangement. As our services are provided without right of return and we do not provide any other credit and incentive to our customers, therefore, the provision of financial and taxation solution services does not involve variable consideration.

Education support services - sales of teaching and learning materials

Revenues from the sales of educational materials for which control of assets is transferred at a point in time is recognized when the goods are delivered to customers. The Company does not provide any sales-related warranties. There is no right of return by customers under the Company’s standard contract terms.

Education support services - Provision of marketing, operation and technical support services

Revenues from provision of marketing, operation and technical support services from the partnered institutions is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreement. The transaction price inclusive of value added tax as received from customers in advance is recognized as a contract liability at the time of the initial transaction and is released on a straight-line basis over the period of service (usually one year).

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Software and maintenance services

Standard software is a right to use license because the software has standalone functionality and the customer can use the software as it is available at a point in time. The Company recognizes revenues for such licenses at a point in time when the customer has received licenses and thus has control over the software. In case there is an update of the standard software, end customers or distributors are required to pay additional consideration to buy upgraded version. Revenues from maintenance services is recognized over time within the service period.

For revenue generated from the software and maintenance services, one software and maintenance service is normally included as a bundle package for the first-time purchase. There are two separate performance obligations in such bundle sales as the software is a distinct good while the maintenance service is a distinct service. We allocate the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation based on their relative standalone selling prices.

The Company evaluates that it acts as the principal in these arrangements. It controls the promised services before transfer, is primarily responsible for fulfillment, and has discretion in pricing. Therefore, the Company reports revenues from the software and maintenance services on a gross basis. We do not provide any other credit and incentive related to our services, therefore there is no variable consideration in the arrangement. As our services are provided without right of return and we do not provide any other credit and incentive to our customers, therefore, software and maintenance services does not involve variable consideration.

Software and maintenance services

Revenues from the provision of Pre-IPO advisory services is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreement. The arrangement involves a bundle of activities (e.g., planning, guidance and participation in the pre-IPO-related matters) that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. Accordingly, these activities are not separately identifiable and form only one series of distinct service.

The series of distinct services within the contract is treated as one performance obligation because the services are substantially the same and transfer to the customer in the same pattern over time. The Company determines that it acts as the principal in these arrangements, as it controls the promised services before transfer, is primarily responsible for fulfillment, and has discretion in pricing. Accordingly, the Company reports revenues from Pre-IPO advisory services on a gross basis.

The transaction price consists of a fixed component and a variable component. The success fee is variable consideration that depends on the outcome of a future event (the IPO funding amount). At contract inception, significant uncertainty exists regarding whether the IPO will occur and the amount of funding. Given this uncertainty, the success fee is constrained and not included in the initial transaction price, as including it would result in a significant revenue reversal if the IPO fails.

Contract liabilities

Contract liability is recorded when a payment is received from a customer before the Company transfers the related services. Contract liability is recognized as revenue when the Company performs the services under the contract.

Disaggregated information of revenues by services:

|  | For the years ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Financial and taxation solution services |  | $ | 19,961 |  |  | $ | 34,293 |  |  | $ | 31,772 |
Education support services |  |  | 812 |  |  |  | 2,897 |  |  |  | 3,730 |
Software and maintenance services |  |  | 2,936 |  |  |  | 4,287 |  |  |  | 4,257 |
Pre-IPO advisory services |  |  | 809 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Revenue |  | $ | 24,518 |  |  | $ | 41,477 |  |  | $ | 39,759 |

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Segment reporting

An operating segment is a component of the Company that engages in business activities from which it may earn revenue and incur expenses and is identified on the basis of the internal financial reports that are provided to and regularly reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) in order to allocate resources and assess performance of the segment.

In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the CODM, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s revenue segments have similar economic characteristics and they are managed as a single business unit. The Company uses the “management approach” in determining reportable operating segments. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the CODM, which is comprised of the executive directors of the Company, for making operating decisions and assessing performance as the source for determining the Company’s reportable segments. The Company has determined that there is only one reportable operating segment.

Value added tax (“VAT”)

Revenue represents the invoiced value of goods and service, net of VAT. The VAT is based on gross sales price and VAT rates range up to 13%, depending on the type of products sold or service provided. Entities that are VAT general taxpayers are allowed to offset qualified input VAT paid to suppliers against their output VAT liabilities. Net VAT balance between input VAT and output VAT is recorded in taxes payable. All of the VAT returns filed by the Company’s subsidiaries in PRC remain subject to examination by the tax authorities for five years from the date of filing.

Income tax expenses

The Company follows the liability method of accounting for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740 (“ASC 740”), Income Taxes. The Company accounts for current income taxes in accordance with the laws of the relevant tax authorities. Deferred income taxes are recognized when temporary differences exist between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period including the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

The Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gain under the current tax laws of U.S. And the Company is subject to tax on income or capital gain under the tax laws of PRC.

An uncertain tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, no uncertain tax position is recognized. Penalties and interest incurred related to underpayment of income tax are classified as income tax expense in the period incurred. No significant penalties or interest relating to income taxes have been incurred during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023. All of the tax returns of the Company’s subsidiaries in PRC remain subject to examination by the tax authorities for five years from the date of filing.

Statutory surplus reserves

The Company’s PRC subsidiaries are required to allocate at least 10% of their after-tax profit to the general reserve in accordance with the PRC accounting standards and regulations. The allocation to the general reserve will cease if such reserve has reached 50% of the registered capital of respective company. These reserves can only be used for specific purposes and are not transferable to the Company in the form of loans, advances, or cash dividends. There is no such regulation of providing statutory reserve in Hong Kong.

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Advertising expenses

Advertising expenditures are expensed as incurred and such expenses were included as part of selling and marketing expenses. For the years ended December 2025, 2024 and 2023, the advertising expenses amounted to approximately $9.90 million, $11.87 million and $2.37 million, respectively.

Comprehensive (loss) income

Comprehensive (loss) income consists of two components, net (loss) income and other comprehensive (loss) income. Other comprehensive (loss) income refers to revenue, expenses, gains and losses that under GAAP are recorded as an element of equity but are excluded from net income. Other comprehensive (loss) income consists of a foreign currency translation adjustment resulting from the Company not using the U.S. dollar as its functional currencies.

(Loss) Earnings per share

The Company computes earnings per share (“EPS”) in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings per Share. ASC 260 requires companies to present basic and diluted EPS. Basic EPS is measured as net income divided by the weighted average common share outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS presents the dilutive effect on a per-share basis of the potential Ordinary Shares (e.g., convertible securities, options and warrants) as if they had been converted at the beginning of the periods presented, or issuance date, if later. Potential Ordinary Shares that have an anti-dilutive effect (i.e., those that increase income per share or decrease loss per share) are excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS. There were no dilutive or anti-dilutive potential Ordinary Shares or effect for the years ended 2025, 2024 and 2023.

Use of estimate and assumptions

The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods presented. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences may be material to the consolidated financial statements. Changes in facts and circumstances may cause the Company to revise its estimates. In accordance with ASC 250, the changes in estimates will be recognized in the same period of changes in facts and circumstances. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements include, allowance for credit losses, inventories, useful lives of long-lived assets, goodwill, long-term investment, impairment of long-lived assets and uncertain tax position. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Business combination

Business combinations are recorded using the acquisition method of accounting. The assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interests of the acquiree at the acquisition date, if any, are measured at their fair values as of the acquisition date. Goodwill is recognized and measured as the excess of the total consideration transferred plus the fair value of any non-controlling interest of the acquiree and fair value of previously held equity interest in the acquiree, if any, at the acquisition date over the fair values of the identifiable net assets acquired. Common forms of the consideration made in acquisitions include cash and common equity instruments. Consideration transferred in a business acquisition is measured at the fair value as of the date of acquisition. Acquisition-related expenses and restructuring costs are expensed as incurred.

Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805 establishes a measurement period to provide the Company with a reasonable amount of time to obtain the information necessary to identify and measure various items in a business combination and cannot extend beyond one year from the acquisition date.

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Accounts receivable, net

Accounts receivable are recorded at the gross billing amount less an allowance for any uncollectible accounts due from the customers. Accounts receivable do not bear interest.

Since January 1, 2024, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), using the modified retrospective transition method. ASU 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with an expected loss methodology, which will result in more timely recognition of credit losses. Upon adoption, the Company changed the impairment model to utilize a forward-looking current expected credit losses (CECL) model in place of the incurred loss methodology for financial instruments measured at amortized cost and receivables resulting from the application of ASC 606, including contract assets.

The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses and records the allowance for credit losses as an offset to accounts receivable and the estimated credit losses charged to the allowance is classified as “General and administrative expenses” in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income. The Company assesses collectability by reviewing accounts receivable on aging schedules because the accounts receivable were primarily consisted of receivables arising from (i) financial and taxation solution services; (ii) education support services to partnered institutions; (iii) software and maintenance services, and (iv) Pre-IPO advisory services. In determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses, the Company considers historical collectability based on past due status, the age of the balances, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect the Company’s ability to collect from customers. Delinquent account balances are written-off against the allowance for expected credit loss after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable.

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not provide expected credit losses against accounts receivable.

Prepayments, deposits, and other current assets

Prepayments, deposits, and other current assets mainly represents cash deposited for AI software development service. The deposits are refundable and bear no interest pursuant to terms of contract. The software development service is in progress and anticipated to be completed by 2026. As of the date of this report, the Company has invested approximately US$23.05 million in the research and development of AI software.

Long-term investments

The Company’s long-term investments primarily consist of equity investments accounted for using the equity method and other investments accounted for at fair value.

Equity investments accounted for using the equity method

The Company applies the equity method of accounting to account for equity investments and limited partnership in a private equity fund, according to ASC 323 Investment—Equity Method and Joint Ventures, over which it has significant influence but does not own a majority equity interest or otherwise control. Under the equity method, the Company initially records the investments at cost and the difference between the cost of the equity investee and the fair value of the underlying equity in the net assets of the equity investee is recognized as equity method goodwill, which is included in the equity method investments on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company subsequently adjusts the carrying amount of the investments to recognize its proportionate share of each equity investee’s net income or loss into earnings and cash distributions from investees, after the date of investment. The Company evaluates the equity method investments for impairment under ASC 323. An impairment loss on the equity method investments is recognized as “Investment loss, net (including impairments)” in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income when the decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary.

Investments accounted for at fair value

In accordance with ASC 825, Financial Instruments, for financial products with variable interest rates referenced to performance of underlying assets and with original maturities greater than one year, the Company elected the fair value method at the date of initial recognition and carries these investments at fair value. Changes in the fair value of these investments are reflected on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income as “Investment loss, net (including impairments)”.

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Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination.

Goodwill is not depreciated or amortized but is tested for impairment on an annual basis as of December 31, and in between annual tests when an event occurs or circumstances change that could indicate that the asset might be impaired. In accordance with the FASB ASC 350 guidance on “Testing of Goodwill for Impairment”, a company first has the option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the company decides, as a result of its qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is mandatory. Otherwise, no further testing is required. The quantitative impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of each reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss equal to the difference between the fair value of the reporting unit and the carrying amount will be recorded. Application of a goodwill impairment test requires significant management judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assigning assets and liabilities to reporting units, assigning goodwill to reporting units, and determining the fair value of each reporting unit. The judgment in estimating the fair value of reporting units includes estimating future cash flows, determining appropriate discount rates and making other assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit.

In testing goodwill for impairment, the Company compares the fair value of each reporting unit with its carrying amount. Fair value is determined using a discounted cash flow (DCF) model, which is considered an income approach based on Level 3 inputs. Significant assumptions used in the DCF model include: projected future revenue growth rates, projected operating margins, long-term terminal growth rates, discount rates reflecting the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and etc. The enterprise value is derived by discounting the projected future cash flows of the reporting unit to their present value, plus a terminal value based on a perpetual growth method. The fair value of the reporting unit is then reconciled to the total enterprise value, considering control premiums and market participant perspectives as appropriate.

As of December 31, 2025, goodwill resulting from business acquisitions has only one reporting unit, including Bondly HK. The Company evaluates the indicators of potential goodwill impairment on a quarterly basis and performs the annual goodwill impairment assessment as of December 31. As of December 31, 2025, the Company qualitatively assessed relevant events and circumstances, including macroeconomics conditions, industry and market considerations, its overall financial performance, and concluded by weighing all these factors in their entirety that it was more likely than not the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit was lower than its respective carrying value. Accordingly, the Company recognized a goodwill impairment charge of $3,663,458 for the year ended December 31, 2025. No impairment of goodwill was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Impairment of long-lived assets other than goodwill

The Company reviews its long-lived assets, including property and equipment, finite-lived intangible assets (such as acquired customer relationships and software), and right-of-use assets arising from lease arrangements, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable, or at least annually.

In assessing potential impairment, the Company considers both qualitative and quantitative factors, including significant declines in actual or projected revenue and profitability, material adverse changes in market conditions, industry trends, or the economic outlook, significant changes in the use of assets, unexpected technological obsolescence, and other factors that could affect the recoverability of the carrying values.

The Company recognizes an impairment loss when the sum of expected undiscounted future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset. The amount of impairment is measured as the difference between the asset’s estimated fair value and its book value. The Company did not record any impairment of long-lived assets other than goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

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Fair value of financial instruments

ASC 825-10 requires certain disclosures regarding the fair value of financial instruments. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:

| ● | Level 1 — inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

| ● | Level 2 — inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted market prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable and inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data.

| ● | Level 3 — inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable.

The fair value of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities and due to the related parties, approximate their recorded values due to their short-term maturities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-12, which is to correct, clarify, and otherwise improve U.S. GAAP. ASU 2025-12 includes 33 improvements that span a wide range of topics, including Clarifying diluted earnings per share (EPS) calculation when a loss from continuing operations exists, Clarifying disclosure requirements for lease receivables from sales-type or direct financing leases, Revising the calculation of the reference amount for beneficial interests to prevent double counting credit losses, Clarifying the permissible methods to account for treasury stock retirements, and Clarifying the guidance for transfers of receivables from contracts with customers. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted in both interim and annual reporting periods in which financial statements have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. If an entity adopts the amendments in this Update in an interim period, it must adopt them as of the beginning of the annual reporting period that includes that interim reporting period. An entity may elect to early adopt the amendments on an issue-by-issue basis. For example, an entity may decide to early adopt certain amendments and adopt the remaining amendments at the effective date. An entity should apply the amendments in this Update (except for the amendments to Topic 260, Earnings Per Share, related to Issue 4) using one of the following transition methods: (i) Prospectively to all transactions recognized on or after the date that the entity first applies the amendments, or (ii) Retrospectively to the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. An entity should adjust the opening balance of retained earnings (or other appropriate components of equity or net assets in the statement of financial position) as of the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, which is intended to improve the navigability of the guidance in ASC 270 and clarify when it applies. Under the amendments, an entity is subject to ASC 270 if it provides interim financial statements and notes in accordance with GAAP. The ASU also addresses the form and content of such financial statements, adds lists to ASC 270 of the interim disclosures required by all other Codification topics, and establishes a principle under which an entity must disclose events since the end of the last annual reporting period that have a material impact on the entity. As the Board stated in the proposed guidance and reiterates in the ASU, the amendments are not intended to change the fundamental nature of interim reporting or expand or reduce current interim disclosure requirements. For public business entities, the amendments in ASU 2025-11 are effective for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. For entities other than public business entities, for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2028. Early adoption is permitted for all entities. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-10, Government Grants (Topic 832): Accounting for Government Grants Received by Business Entities. The ASU establishes authoritative guidance on the accounting for government grants received by business entities. This update is effective beginning with annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2029, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this standard will have on its combined financial statements.

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On September 18, 2025, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2025-06, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software. ASU 2025-06 modernizes the accounting for internal-use software (the existing internal-use software guidance does not contemplate more current methods of software development). The amendments in ASU 2025-06 are limited and focused on the key challenge that entities face in applying FASB Accounting Standards Codification (FASB ASC) 350-40—applying that guidance to software that is developed using modern, iterative approaches such as Agile, DevOps, and continuous-deployment models that do not fit neatly into the legacy “preliminary-project / application-development / post-implementation” stages described in today’s Subtopic 350-40.The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. The Company expects the adoption on this ASU will not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05 - Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326). The amendments in this Update provide (1) all entities with a practical expedient and (2) entities other than public business entities with an accounting policy election when estimating expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets arising from transactions accounted for under Topic 606. An entity that elects the practical expedient and the accounting policy election, if applicable, should apply the amendments in this Update prospectively. The amendments will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted in both interim and annual reporting periods in which financial statements have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company is evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance. We believe the future adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on its financial statements.

In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, “Income Statement – Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosure (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date.” This pronouncement revises the effective date of ASU 2024-03 and clarify that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Entities within the ASU’s scope are permitted to early adopt the accounting standard update. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” This pronouncement introduces new disclosure requirements aimed at enhancing transparency in financial reporting by requiring disaggregation of specific income statement expense captions. Under the new guidance, entities are required to disclose a breakdown of certain expense categories, such as: employee compensation; depreciation; amortization, and other material components. The disaggregated information can be presented either on the face of the income statement or in the notes to the financial statements, often using a tabular format. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within those fiscal years. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, “Income Statement – Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosure (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date.” This pronouncement revises the effective date of ASU 2024-03 and clarifies that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Entities within the ASU’s scope are permitted to early adopt the accounting standard update. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements — Codification Amendments in Response to SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative which amend the disclosure or presentation requirements of codification subtopic 230-10 Statement of Cash Flows — Overall, 250-10 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections — Overall, 260-10 Earnings Per Share — Overall, 270-10 Interim Reporting — Overall, 440-10 Commitments — Overall, 470-10 Debt — Overall, 505-10 Equity — Overall, 815-10 Derivatives and Hedging — Overall, 860-30 Transfers and Servicing — Secured Borrowing and Collateral, 932-235 Extractive Activities — Oil and Gas — Notes to Financial Statements, 946-20 Financial Services — Investment Companies — Investment Company Activities, and 974-10 Real Estate — Real Estate Investment Trusts — Overall. The amendments represent changes to clarify or improve disclosure and presentation requirements of the above subtopics. Many of the amendments allow users to more easily compare entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosures with those entities that were not previously subject to the SEC’s requirements. Also, the amendments align the requirements in the codification with the SEC’s regulations. For entities subject to existing SEC disclosure requirements or those that must provide financial statements to the SEC for securities purposes without contractual transfer restrictions, the effective date aligns with the date when the SEC removes the related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K. Early adoption is not allowed. For all other entities, the amendments will be effective two years later from the date of the SEC’s removal.

Except for the above-mentioned pronouncements, there are no new recent issued accounting standards that will have a material impact on the consolidated financial position, statements of operations and cash flows.

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Holding Company Structure

LICN is a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily in the PRC through our subsidiaries in PRC.

As a result, LICN’s ability to pay dividends may depend upon dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries. If our existing PRC subsidiaries or any newly formed ones incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us.

Inflation

To date, inflation in the PRC has not materially impacted our results of operations. However, we can provide no assurance that we will not be affected in the future by higher rates of inflation in the PRC. For example, certain operating costs and expenses, such as employee compensation and office operating expenses may increase as a result of higher inflation. Additionally, because a substantial portion of our assets consists of cash and short-term investments, high inflation could significantly reduce the value and purchasing power of these assets. We are not able to hedge our exposure to higher inflation in China.

Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees

6.A. Directors and Senior Management

The following table provides information regarding our executive officers and directors as of the date hereof:

Name |  | Age |  | Position(s)
Ya Li |  | 46 |  | Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board, and Director
Zhixiang Fang |  | 53 |  | Chief Financial Officer
Yi Deng |  | 45 |  | Director
Zhihuang Deng (1)(2)(3) |  | 56 |  | Independent Director
Robert Bodenstein (1)(2)(3) |  | 63 |  | Independent Director
Jingyu Lian (1)(2)(3) |  | 50 |  | Independent Director

| (1) | Member of the Audit Committee

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| (2) | Member of the Compensation Committee

| (3) | Member of the Nominating Committee

Ya Li, Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board and Director

Mr. Li has served as our Chairman since January 4, 2017, Chief Executive Officer and Director since January 19, 2018. Mr. Li has over 21 years of experience in accounting, education and finance. From September 2013 to September 2014, Mr. Li was the chairman and a member of the supervisory board of Peixin International Group N.V., a listed company on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in Poland (WSE stock code: PEX) and a member of the audit committee and remuneration committee of the said supervisory board. Mr. Li was the general manager of Jinjiang Xingminqi Financial Consulting Co., Ltd from January 2006 to September 2013. From April 2003 to December 2005, Mr. Li became the principal of Jinjiang Xingminqi Accounting Vocational Training School (“Jinjiang School”). Prior to establishing in April 2004, Mr. Li was an assistant lecturer at Anhui University of Finance and Economics from February 1999 to June 2000. Mr. Li joined Jinjiang Jiu Shen Company Limited from July 2000 to December 2002 as the chief financial officer in charge of the development of financial strategies and maintaining of financial reports. Mr. Li obtained his bachelor’s degree of management, majoring in accountancy from a program jointly organized by China Central Radio and TV University (currently known as The Open University of China) and Beijing Technology and Business University in April 2010.

Zhixiang Fang, Chief Financial Officer

Mr. Fang has over 24 years of experience in accounting and has served as our Chief Financial Officer since July 2018. From April 2021 to February 2022, Mr. Fang is the independent director of Mobile Internet (China) Holdings Limited. Prior to that, Mr. Fang has served as the deputy general manager of Lichen Zixun since 2013. Prior to joining us, Mr. Fang was the director of audit at Fujian Tianlun Group Company Limited from December 2008 to January 2011. Mr. Fang was a lecturer in the teaching division of Chizhou University from July 1995 to December 2008. Mr. Fang obtained his diploma in accounting from Anhui University of Technology (previously known as Anhui Commercial College), in June 1995. He later completed a part-time top-up course in accountancy at Hefei University of Technology in January 2008. In December 2009, Mr. Fang became a member of the Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants. In May 1999, Mr. Fang was qualified as a Medium Level Accountant in the PRC.

Yi Deng, Director

Mr. Deng has been a member of our Company for over 15 years. He was appointed as a director of our Company on April 15, 2018. Since December 2013, Mr. Deng became a deputy general manager of Lichen Zixun. He is primarily responsible for overseeing the overall operations.

Mr. Deng has been working at Huaqiao University as an instructor of postgraduate students since September 2018. In July 2017, Mr. Deng was awarded the Small and Medium Enterprises Management Consultancy Services Expert and Database Expert in the PRC. Mr. Deng also has abundant exposure to entrepreneurship training. In July 2009 and August 2014, Mr. Deng joined two entrepreneurship training courses organized by China Employment Training Technical Instruction Center and subsequently obtained relevant qualifications as an entrepreneurship instructor. Mr. Deng was also employed by Quanzhou Ocean Institute as a guest professor for two years in October 2013.

In June 2016, Mr. Deng obtained a master’s degree in business management from Huaqiao University. He graduated from Anhui University Law School in 2009. Mr. Deng obtained his Junior College Education in law from Anhui Sanlian Career Technical College (currently known as Anhui Sanlian University) in 2003.

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Zhihuang Deng, Independent Director and Chair of Compensation Committee

Mr. Deng has served as a director of our Company since February 2023. Mr. Deng has over 25 years of experience in legal practice in the PRC. Since June 2020, he has been appointed as the independent director and serving as the chairman of the compensation committee and a member of each of the audit committee and nomination committee of Yik Wo International Holdings Ltd., a company listed on GEM of the Stock Exchange (stock code: 8659). He is responsible for, among other things, evaluating the performance of directors and senior management, monitoring the integrity of the company’s financial statements and annual reports and accounts, reviewing the company’s financial controls and risk management and internal control systems and making recommendations on any proposed changes to the board of directors to complement the company’s corporate strategy. In July 2019, Mr. Deng became a senior partner at Beijing Yingke (Fuzhou) Law Firm. Mr. Deng was a senior partner at Fujian Zhixinheng Law Firm from October 2005 to June 2019. Mr. Deng became a lawyer at Fujian Huawei Law Firm from April 2005 to October 2005. From April 1995 to March 2005, Mr. Deng was a prosecutor of Fujian Province Fuzhou City People’s Procuratorate.

Mr. Deng obtained his bachelor’s degree in law from Fujian Normal University in June 1992. After graduation, Mr. Deng became a lecturer at Fujian Mechanical and Electrical School (currently known as Fujian University of Technology) from August 1992 to April 1995.

Robert Bodenstein, Independent Director

Mr. Bodenstein has served as a director of our Company since February 2024. Mr. Bodenstein has over 40 years of experience in business consulting and marketing consulting, specializing in providing management consulting services, developing business development strategies, business evaluation, and information technology (IT) and strategic management of sustainability. He was the co-founder in two IT start-ups and has served as a member of the board in various funding organizations. Besides, he has delivered projects in Europe, Middle East, and Asia. He has previously worked with clients in different industries such as tourism, trade, and IT, and international companies of different sizes. Mr. Bodenstein received his MBA Degree in General Management from the Joseph-Schumpeter Institut Wels, School of Applied Studies. He is a Certified Management Consultant (CMC).

Jingyu Lian, Independent Director and Chair of Audit Committee and Nominating Committee

Ms. Jingyu Lian has over 15 years of experience in accounting practice in the PRC. Since April 2, 2025, she has been appointed as the director, the chair of the audit committee, the chair of the nominating committee and a member of the compensation committee of the Company. Ms. Lian has served as deputy chief accountant at Xiamen Taixin CPA Ltd. since December 2018, where she provides comprehensive financial and tax solutions to multiple PRC IPO companies throughout their listing process and post-listing compliance. From March 2010 to December 2018, Ms. Lian served as senior project manager at BDO China Shu Lun Pan CPAs LLP (Xiamen), where she led audit and liquidation projects for enterprises. Ms. Lian possesses extensive practical experience in IPO audits for multiple PRC companies, taxation, finance, and capital markets. Ms. Lian holds a Medium Level Accountant qualification in the PRC and is a Certified Public Accountant of China. She earned her bachelor’s degree in accounting from Hubei University in 2010.

Family Relationships

None of the directors or executive officers has a family relationship as defined in Item 401 of Regulation S-K.

6.B. Compensation

Employment Agreements

We have entered into an employment agreement with each of our executive officers and employee directors. Each of them is employed for a specified time period. We may terminate employment for cause, at any time, without advance notice or remuneration, for certain acts of the executive officer. We may also terminate an executive officer’s employment without cause upon advance written notice. The executive officer and employee director may resign at any time with an advance written notice.

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Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, we paid an aggregate of RMB5,061,440 (approximately US$720,100), which is the total amount of base salary plus bonus, in cash to our executive officers and employee directors. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, we paid an aggregate of RMB5,092,614 (approximately US$715,086), which is the total amount of base salary plus bonus, in cash to our executive officers and employee directors. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, we paid an aggregate of RMB4,946,072 (approximately US$701,895), which is the total amount of base salary plus bonus, in cash to our executive officers and employee directors.

On August 27, 2025, the Company entered into a debt settlement and mutual release agreement with Mr. Ya Li, the Chief Executive Officer, Director and Chairman of the Board of the Company. As of the date of the Agreement, the Company was indebted to Mr. Li accrued but unpaid salary in the amount of RMB 2,129,544 (approximately $297,000) in compensation for the period from January 2025 to June 2025 (the “Debt”). In order to settle the Debt, the Company agreed to issue, and Mr. Li agreed to accept 65,000 Class B Ordinary Shares of the Company, valued at $4.57 per share, which was approximately 102% of the average closing bid price of the Company’s Class A Ordinary Shares during the five trading days immediately prior to the date of the Agreement. On August 27, 2025, pursuant to the Agreement, the Company issued the shares to Mr. Li. The shares were issued pursuant to the exemption from the registration requirements of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) thereof and/or Regulation S promulgated thereunder.

2023 Share Incentive Plan

In September 2023, the Company adopted the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2023 Incentive Plan”), for the purpose of granting share-based compensation awards to employees, directors and consultants to incentivize their performance and align their interests with ours. Under the 2023 Incentive Plan, we are authorized to issue an aggregate of 15,000 Class A Ordinary Shares. As of the date of this annual report, 10,100 Class A Ordinary Shares have been granted and outstanding, of which 1,550 Class A Ordinary Shares are granted to certain of our management members and directors.

The following paragraphs summarize the terms of the 2023 Incentive Plan.

Types of Awards. The 2023 Incentive Plan permits the awards of options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock bonus awards and/or performance compensation awards.

Plan Administration. The 2023 Incentive Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board or any other committee appointed by the Board to administer this Plan (or if no Committee is appointed, the Board). The plan administrator is entitled to determine the participants who are to receive awards, the number of awards to be granted, and the terms and conditions of each award grant.

Eligibility. Employees, directors and officers and the consultants of our company are eligible to participate pursuant to the terms of the 2023 Incentive Plan.

Conditions of Award. The plan administrator shall determine the participants, types of awards, numbers of shares to be covered by awards, terms and conditions of each award, and provisions with respect to the vesting schedule, settlement, exercise, repurchase, cancellation, forfeiture, restrictions, limitations or suspension of awards.

Term of Award. The term of each award shall be fixed by the administrator and is stated in the award agreement between recipient of an award and us. No award shall be granted under the 2023 Incentive Plan after ten years from the date the 2023 Incentive Plan was approved by the board.

Vesting Schedule. In general, the plan administrator determines the vesting schedule, which is set forth in the award agreement.

Transfer Restrictions. Unless otherwise determined by the administrator of the 2023 Incentive Plan, no award and no right under any such award shall be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated, transferred, or disposed of in any manner other than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution or pursuant to a qualified domestic relations order, and shall not be subject to execution, attachment, or similar process.

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The following table summarizes, as of the date of this annual report, the number of outstanding awards granted under the 2023 Incentive Plan to our directors and executive officers.

Name |  | Number of Shares Granted |  |  | Date of Grant
Ya Li, Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board, and Director |  |  | 500 | * |  | March 12, 2024
Zhixiang Fang, Chief Financial Officer |  |  | 500 | * |  | March 12, 2024
Yi Deng, Director |  |  | 500 | * |  | March 12, 2024
Zhihuang Deng, Independent Director |  |  | 25 | * |  | March 12, 2024
Lourdes Felix, Independent Director(1) |  |  | 13 | * |  | March 12, 2024
Kipton Cariaga, Independent Director(2) |  |  | 13 | * |  | March 12, 2024

| Note: | * Less than 1% of our total outstanding shares.

| (1) | On April 2, 2025, Ms. Lourdes Felix tendered her resignation as a director and the chair of the audit committee of the Company.

| (2) | On April 2, 2025, Mr. Kipton Cariaga tendered his resignation as a director and the chair of the nominating Committee of the Company.

2025 Share Incentive Plan

In October 2025, the Company adopted the 2025 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2025 Incentive Plan”), for the purpose of granting share-based compensation awards to employees, directors and consultants to incentivize their performance and align their interests with ours. Under the 2025 Incentive Plan, we are authorized to issue an aggregate of 2,500,000 Class A ordinary shares. As of the date of this annual report, 2,500,000 Class A ordinary shares have been granted and outstanding.

The following paragraphs summarize the terms of the 2025 Incentive Plan.

Types of Awards. The 2025 Incentive Plan permits the awards of options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock bonus awards and/or performance compensation awards.

Plan Administration. The 2025 Incentive Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board or any other committee appointed by the Board to administer this Plan (or if no Committee is appointed, the Board). The plan administrator is entitled to determine the participants who are to receive awards, the number of awards to be granted, and the terms and conditions of each award grant.

Eligibility. Employees, directors and officers and the consultants of our company are eligible to participate pursuant to the terms of the 2025 Incentive Plan.

Conditions of Award. The plan administrator shall determine the participants, types of awards, numbers of shares to be covered by awards, terms and conditions of each award, and provisions with respect to the vesting schedule, settlement, exercise, repurchase, cancellation, forfeiture, restrictions, limitations or suspension of awards.

Term of Award. The term of each award shall be fixed by the administrator and is stated in the award agreement between recipient of an award and us. No award shall be granted under the 2025 Incentive Plan after ten years from the date the 2025 Incentive Plan was approved by the board.

Vesting Schedule. In general, the plan administrator determines the vesting schedule, which is set forth in the award agreement.

Transfer Restrictions. Unless otherwise determined by the administrator of the 2025 Incentive Plan, no award and no right under any such award shall be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated, transferred, or disposed of in any manner other than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution or pursuant to a qualified domestic relations order, and shall not be subject to execution, attachment, or similar process.

As of the date of this annual report, no outstanding awards have been granted under the 2023 Incentive Plan to our directors and executive officers.

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Clawback Policy adopted by the Board

On November 30, 2023, the Board adopted an Executive Compensation Recovery Policy (the “Clawback Policy”) providing for the recovery of certain incentive-based compensation from current and former executive officers of the Company in the event the Company is required to restate any of its financial statements filed with the SEC under the Exchange Act in order to correct an error that is material to the previously-issued financial statements, or that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period. Adoption of the Clawback Policy was mandated by new Nasdaq listing standards introduced pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 10D-1. The Clawback Policy is in addition to Section 304 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 which permits the SEC to order the disgorgement of bonuses and incentive-based compensation earned by a registrant issuer’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer in the year following the filing of any financial statement that the issuer is required to restate because of misconduct, and the reimbursement of those funds to the issuer. A copy of the Clawback Policy has been filed herewith as Exhibit 97.1.

6.C. Board Practices

Board of Directors

Our Board of Directors consists of five (5) directors, a majority of whom are independent as such term is defined by the Nasdaq Capital Market.

A director may vote in respect of any contract or transaction in which he is interested, provided, however that the nature of the interest of any director in any such contract or transaction shall be disclosed by him at or prior to its consideration and any vote on that matter. A general notice or disclosure to the directors or otherwise contained in the minutes of a meeting or a written resolution of the directors or any committee thereof of the nature of a director’s interest shall be sufficient disclosure and after such general notice it shall not be necessary to give special notice relating to any particular transaction. Provided that proper disclosure has been given to the directors as mentioned above, a director may be counted for a quorum upon a motion in respect of any contract or arrangement which he shall make with our company, or in which he is so interested and may vote on such motion.

Committees of the Board of Directors

We established three committees under the Board of Directors: an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating committee, and adopted a charter for each of the three committees. Copies of our committee charters will be posted on our corporate investor relations website. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.

Audit Committee. Our Audit Committee consists of Mr. Zhihuang Deng, Mr. Robert Bodenstein and Ms. Jingyu Lian since April 2, 2025. Ms. Jingyu Lian serves as the chair of our audit committee. We have determined that these three individuals satisfy the “independence” requirements of Nasdaq Rule 5605 and Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Our Board of Directors has determined that Ms. Jingyu Lian qualifies as an audit committee financial expert and has the accounting or financial management expertise as required under Item 407(d)(5)(ii) and (iii) of Regulation S-K of the SEC. The primary duties of the Audit Committee are, among other things:

| ● | Make recommendations to the Board in relation to the appointment;

| ● | Re-appoint and remove of the external auditor;

| ● | Monitor the reporting of our Company’s financial statements, annual reports, accounts and half-year reports; and

| ● | Review and supervise our financial controls, internal control and risk management systems.

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Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee consists of Mr. Zhihuang Deng, Mr. Robert Bodenstein and Ms. Jingyu Lian. Mr. Zhihuang Deng serves as the chairperson of our compensation committee. The primary duties of the compensation committee are, among other things:

| ● | Make recommendations to the Board in relation to our policy and structure for all Directors’ and senior management’s compensation;

| ● | Make recommendations to the Board on the compensation packages of individual directors and senior management personnel; and

| ● | Review performance-based compensation and to ensure that none of the Directors determine their own compensation.

Nominating Committee. Our nominating committee consists of Mr. Zhihuang Deng, Mr. Robert Bodenstein and Ms. Jingyu Lian. Ms. Jingyu Lian serves as the chairperson of our nominating committee. The primary duties of the Nominating Committee are, among other things:

| ● | Review the structure, size and composition of the Board on a regular basis

| ● | Identify individuals suitably qualified to become Board members

| ● | Assess the independence of independent directors; and

| ● | Make recommendations to the Board in relation to the appointment or re-appointment of Directors.

Duties of Directors

Under Cayman Islands law, our directors have a duty to act honestly, in good faith and with a view to our best interests. Our directors also have a duty to exercise the care, diligence and skills that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. A shareholder may in certain circumstances have rights to damages if a duty owed by the directors is breached.

Our Board of Directors has all the powers necessary for managing, and for directing and supervising, our business affairs. The functions and powers of our Board of Directors include, among others:

| ● | convening general meetings and reporting its work to shareholders at such meetings;

| ● | declaring dividends and distributions;

| ● | appointing officers and determining the term of office of the officers;

| ● | exercising the borrowing powers of our company and mortgaging the property of our company; and

| ● | approving the transfer of shares in our company, including the registration of such shares in our share register.

Corporate Governance

The business and affairs of the company are managed under the direction of our Board. Each of our directors has attended all meetings either in person, via telephone conference, or through written consent for special meetings. Shareholders will be given specific information on how they can direct communications to the officers and directors of the Company at our annual shareholders’ meetings. All communications from shareholders are relayed to the members of the Board.

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6.D. Employees

As of the date of this annual report, we have 410 employees. 407 employees are located in China, and 3 employees are based in Singapore. .

The following table sets out the number of our employees, excluding external experts, categorized by functions as of the date of this annual report:

Function |  | Number of Employees |
Management |  |  | 18 |
Finance |  |  | 12 |
Research and Development |  |  | 46 |
Human Resource Administration |  |  | 8 |
Operating Center |  |  | 52 |
Quality Control Center |  |  | 12 |
Consultation Service Center |  |  | 262 |
Total |  |  | 410 |

We strive to maintain a high-quality work force with specialized financial and taxation industry expertise. As a general recruitment policy, we typically require our internal consultants and project managers to possess at least three and seven years of related working experience, respectively.

Our internal consultants carry out their services for financial and taxation solution projects under the supervision of our project managers. Annual performance evaluations are conducted on our internal consultants and project managers, so that our team of internal consultants and project managers may comprise a balanced mix of professional and experienced members, in an effort to provide quality services to our customers. In accordance with applicable PRC laws and regulations, we have made contributions to social security insurance funds (including pension, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance plans) and housing provident funds for our employees. None of our employees are represented by a labor organization. As of the date of this annual report, we did not experience any strikes or significant labor disputes which materially affected our operations, and we believe we have maintained good relationship with our employees.

6.E. Share Ownership

Except as specifically noted, the following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our Class A Ordinary Shares as of the date of this annual report by:

| ● | Each person who is known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of our outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares;

| ● | Each of our director, director nominees and named executive officers; and

| ● | All directors and named executive officers as a group.

The calculations in the table below are based on 16,326,825 Class A Ordinary Shares and 110,000 Class B Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding as of the date of this annual report. Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares will be entitled to one (1) vote per share. Holders of Class B Ordinary Shares will be entitled to ten (10) votes per share. Information with respect to beneficial ownership has been furnished by each director, officer or beneficial owner of more than 5% of either Class A Ordinary Shares or Class B Ordinary Shares. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally requires that such person have voting or investment power with respect to securities.

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Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days, including through the exercise of any option, warrant or other right or the conversion of any other security. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person. Unless otherwise indicated in the footnotes, the address for each principal shareholder is in the care of our Company at 15th Floor, Xingang Square, Hubin North Road, Siming District, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China, 361013.

Executive Officers and Directors |  | Amount of Beneficial Ownership of Class A Ordinary Shares(1) |  |  | Percentage Ownership of Class A Ordinary Shares(2) |  |  | Amount of Beneficial Ownership of Class B Ordinary Shares |  |  | Percentage Ownership of Class B Ordinary Shares |  |  | Combined Voting Power of Class A and Class B Ordinary Shares(2) |
Directors and Named Executive Officers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ya Li (3) |  |  | 500 |  |  |  |  | * |  |  | 110,000 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 6.31 | %
Zhixiang Fang |  |  | 500 |  |  |  |  | * |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Yi Deng |  |  | 500 |  |  |  |  | * |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Zhihuang Deng |  |  | 25 |  |  |  |  | * |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Robert Bodenstein |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Jingyu Lian |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
All executive officers and directors as a group (5 persons) |  |  | 1,551 |  |  |  |  | * % |  |  | 110,000 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 6.32 | %
5% or Greater Shareholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Silver Sky Investment Limited (3) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 45,000 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 2.58 | %

| * | < 1%

| (1) | Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and includes voting or investment power with respect to the Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares. All shares represent only Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares held by shareholders as no options are issued or outstanding.

| (2) | Calculation based on 16,326,825 Class A Ordinary Shares and 110,000 Class B Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding. Holders of Class A Ordinary Share are entitled to one (1) vote per share. Holders of Class B Ordinary Shares are entitled to ten (10) votes per share.

| (3) | Ya Li is deemed to beneficially own 45,000 Class B Ordinary Shares through Silver Sky Investment Limited, a British Virgin Islands company holding 45,000 shares of our Class B Ordinary Shares. Ya Li has the sole voting and dispositive power of all the shares held by Silver Sky Investment Limited.

6.F. Disclosure of Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation

There was no erroneously awarded compensation that was required to be recovered pursuant to the Company’s Executive Compensation Recovery Policy during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025.

Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

7.A. Major Shareholders

Please refer to “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees - 6.E. Share Ownership.”

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7.B. Related Party Transactions

Terms of Directors and Officers

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees-6.C. Board Practices-Terms of Directors and Officers.”

Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees-6.B. Compensation-Employment Agreements.”

Other Related Party Transactions

The table below sets forth the major related parties and their relationships with the Company as of December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023:

Name of related parties |  | Relationship with the Company
Jinjiang Xingminqi Accounting Vocational Training School (“Jinjiang School”) |  | A company controlled by the Company’s controlling shareholder
Quanzhou City Lichen Accounting Vocational Training School (“Quanzhou School”) |  | A company controlled by the Company’s controlling shareholder
Mr. Ya Li |  | Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board

| i) | Significant transactions with related parties were as follows:

|  | For the years ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Provision of marketing, operation and technical support services to Jinjiang School |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 48 |
Provision of marketing, operation and technical support services to Quanzhou School |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 60 |
Processing of academic education applications to Jinjiang School |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 101 |
Processing of academic education applications to Quanzhou School |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 107 |
Sales of teaching and learning materials to Jinjiang School |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 74 |
Sales of teaching and learning materials to Quanzhou School |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 49 |
Online training to Jinjiang School |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 28 |
Online training to Quanzhou School |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16 |
Total revenues – related parties |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 483 |

| ii) | Significant balances with related parties were as follows:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | In thousands of USD |
Due to the related party |  |  |  |  |  |
Ya Li |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 866 |
Total |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 866 |

Balances due to Ya Li are the result of the normal business transactions stated above. The balances were all unsecured, non-interest bearing and payable on demand.

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Item 8. Financial Information

A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

Please refer to “Item 18. Financial Statements.”

Legal and Administrative Proceedings

We are currently not aware of any such legal proceedings or claims that we believe will have a material adverse effect on our business or financial condition.

Litigation or any other legal or administrative proceeding, regardless of the outcome, is likely to result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources, including our management’s time and attention. For potential impact of legal or administrative proceedings on us, see “Item 3. Key Information - 3.D. Risk Factors-Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry - We may face disputes from time to time relating to the intellectual property rights of third parties. We cannot assure you that our teaching and learning materials supplied to the Partnered Institutions under the Partnership Agreements or our self-developed software do not or will not infringe intellectual property rights of third parties”.

Dividend Policy

We do not have any plan to declare or pay any cash dividends on our Class A or Class B Ordinary Shares in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to support operations and to finance the growth and development of our business. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on a number of factors, including future earnings, capital requirements, financial condition and future prospects and other factors the Board of Directors may deem relevant.

If we determine to pay dividends on any of our Class A or Class B Ordinary Shares in the future, as a holding company, we will be dependent on receipt of funds from our operating subsidiaries. Dividend distributions from our PRC subsidiaries to us are subject to PRC taxes, such as withholding tax. In addition, regulations in the PRC currently permit payment of dividends of a PRC company only out of accumulated distributable after-tax profits as determined in accordance with its articles of association and the accounting standards and regulations in China. PRC regulations may restrict the ability of our PRC subsidiary to pay dividends to us. See “Item 4.B. - Regulation-Regulations on Foreign Currency Exchange” and “Item 4.B. - Regulation-Regulations on Dividend Distribution.”

8.B. Significant Changes

Except as otherwise disclosed in this report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included herein.

Item 9. The Offer and Listing

9.A. Offer and listing details

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

9.B. Plan of distribution

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

9.C. Markets

Our Class A Ordinary Shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “LICN.”

9.D. Selling shareholders

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

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9.E. Dilution

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

9.F. Expenses of the issue

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

Item 10. Additional Information

10.A. Share capital

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

10.B. Memorandum and articles of association

The following are summaries of the material provisions of our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association and the Cayman Islands Companies Act (as revised), insofar as they relate to the material terms of our Class A Ordinary Shares. They do not purport to be complete. Reference is made to our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, a copy of which is filed as an exhibit to the annual report (and which is referred to in this section as, respectively, the “memorandum” and the “articles”).

Meetings of Shareholders

Our directors may whenever they think fit proceed to convene a general meeting of the Company. The directors convening a general meeting shall give at least five days’ notice of the general meeting. Every notice shall be exclusive of the day on which it is given or deemed to be given and of the day for which it is given and shall specify the place, the day and the hour of the meeting and the general nature of the business and shall be given in manner mentioned in the articles of association of the Company or in such other manner if any as may be prescribed by the Company. Our Board of Directors must convene a general meeting upon the written request of one or more shareholders holding no less than 10% of the Company’s paid-up capital as at the date of the deposit of the requisition carries the right of voting at general meetings of the Company.

No business may be transacted at any general meeting unless a quorum is present at the time the meeting proceeds to business. For so long as any shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market (and any other stock exchange on which the Company’s shares are listed for trading), one or more shareholders holding shares that represent not less than one-third of the voting rights of the outstanding issued shares carrying the right to vote at such general meeting shall be a quorum. If a quorum is not present within half an hour from the time appointed for the meeting to commence or if during such a meeting a quorum ceases to be present, the meeting, if convened upon a shareholders’ requisition, shall be dissolved, and in any other case it shall stand adjourned to the same day in the next week at the same time and/or place or to such other day, time and/or place as the directors may determine, and if at the adjourned meeting a quorum is not present within half an hour from the time appointed for the meeting to commence, the shareholders present shall be a quorum. The chairman, if any, of our Board of Directors shall preside as chairman at every general meeting of the Company, or if there is no such chairman, or if he shall not be present within fifteen minutes after the time appointed for the holding of the general meeting, or is unwilling to act, the directors present shall elect one of their number to be chairman of the general meeting.

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Meetings of Directors

Subject to the Cayman Islands Companies Act and the amended and restated articles of association of our company, the management of our company is entrusted to our Board of Directors, who will make decisions by voting on resolutions of directors. At any meeting of directors, a quorum will be present if two directors are present, unless otherwise fixed by the directors. If there is a sole director, that director shall be a quorum. A director and his appointed alternate director shall be considered as only one person for the purpose of calculating quorum. An alternate director or proxy appointed by a director shall be counted in a quorum at a meeting at which the director appointing him is not present. An action that may be taken by the directors at a meeting may also be taken by a resolution of directors consented to in writing by all of the directors.

Winding Up

On a return of capital on winding up, if assets available for distribution among the shareholders are more than sufficient to repay the whole of the capital paid up at the commencement of the winding up, the excess shall be distributed among the holders of our shares in proportion to the capital paid up at the commencement of the winding up. If our assets available for distribution are insufficient to repay all of the paid-up capital, the assets will be distributed so that the losses are borne by our shareholders in proportion to the capital paid up, or which ought to have been paid up, at the commencement of the winding up on the shares held by them respectively.

Calls on Ordinary Shares and forfeiture of Ordinary Shares

Our Board of Directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their ordinary shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least 14 days prior to the specified time of payment provided that no call shall be payable at less than one month from the date fixed for the payment of the last preceding call. The ordinary shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid are subject to forfeiture if the call remains unpaid after a second notice by the directors in accordance with the amended and restated articles of association.

Repurchase of Shares

The Cayman Islands Companies Act and our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association permit us to purchase our own shares, subject to certain restrictions and requirements. Our directors may only exercise this power on our behalf, subject to the Cayman Islands Companies Act, our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association and to any applicable requirements imposed from time to time by the Nasdaq, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or by any other recognized stock exchange on which our securities are listed.

Provided the necessary shareholders and board approval have been obtained, we may issue shares on terms that are subject to redemption, at our option or at the option of the holders of these shares, on such terms and in such manner as our company, before the issue of the shares, may by special resolution determine, provided the requirements under the Cayman Islands Companies Act have been satisfied. Under the Cayman Islands Companies Act, the repurchase of any share may be paid out of our company’s profits, out of the share premium account or out of the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares made for the purpose of such repurchase, or out of capital. If the repurchase proceeds are paid out of our company’s capital, our company must, immediately following the date of such payment, be able to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, under the Cayman Islands Companies Act, no such share may be repurchased (1) unless it is fully paid up, (2) if such repurchase would result in there being no shares outstanding other than shares held as treasury shares, and (3) unless the manner and terms of purchase (if not so authorized under the amended and restated memorandum and articles of association) have first been authorized by a resolution of our shareholders. In addition, under the Cayman Islands Companies Act, our company may accept the surrender of any fully paid share for no consideration unless, as a result of the surrender, the surrender would result in there being no shares outstanding (other than shares held as treasury shares).

Variations of Rights of Shares

The rights attached to any class of shares (unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class), whether or not our company is being wound-up, may be varied with the consent in writing of the holders of three-fourths of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of the class. The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class issued shall not, unless otherwise expressly provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class, be deemed to be varied by the creation or issue of further shares ranking pari passu with such existing class of shares.

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Changes in the number of shares we are authorized to issue and those in issue

We may from time to time by resolution of shareholders in the requisite majorities:

| ● | amend our amended and restated memorandum of association to increase the authorized share capital of our company or cancel any shares which at the date of the passing of the resolution have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person;

| ● | subdivide our authorized and issued shares into a larger number of shares; and

| ● | consolidate our authorized and issued shares into a smaller number of shares.

Inspection of Books and Records

Holders of our ordinary shares will have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our register of members or our corporate records. The Registry of Companies in the Cayman Islands is not public in the sense that copies of the constitutional documents and information on shareholders is not publicly available and information on directors is limited. However, we will provide our shareholders with annual audited financial statements.

Rights of Non-Resident or Foreign Shareholders

There are no limitations imposed by our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association on the rights of non-resident or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on our shares. In addition, there are no provisions in our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed.

Issuance of additional Ordinary Shares

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association authorizes our Board of Directors to issue additional ordinary shares from time to time as our Board of Directors shall determine, to the extent that there are sufficient authorized but unissued shares.

Exempted Company

We are an exempted company with limited liability under the Cayman Islands Companies Act. The Cayman Islands Companies Act distinguishes between ordinary resident companies and exempted companies. Any proposed company applying for registration under the Cayman Islands Companies Act, the objects of which are to be carried out mainly outside of the Cayman Islands may apply to be registered as an exempted company. An exempted company shall not carry on a trade or business in the Cayman Islands with any person, firm or corporation except in furtherance of the business of the exempted company carried on outside the Cayman Islands. An exempted company:

| ● | does not have to file an annual return of its shareholders with the Registrar of Companies in the Cayman Islands;

| ● | is not required to open its register of members for inspection;

| ● | does not have to hold an annual general meeting;

| ● | is prohibited from making any invitation to the public in the Cayman Islands to subscribe for any of its securities if it is not listed on the Cayman Islands Stock Exchange;

| ● | may issue shares with no par value;

| ● | may obtain an undertaking against the imposition of any future taxation (for a period of up to 30 years);

| ● | may register by way of continuation in another jurisdiction and be deregistered in the Cayman Islands;

| ● | may register as an exempted limited duration company; and

| ● | may register as a segregated portfolio company.

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“Limited liability” means that the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount unpaid by the shareholder on the shares of the company.

10.C. Material contracts

Other than those described in this annual report, we have not entered into any material agreements other than in the ordinary course of business.

10.D. Exchange controls

The Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands and Hong Kong currently have no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions.

Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payment of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. Therefore, our PRC subsidiaries are able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior approval from SAFE, subject to the condition that the remittance of such dividends outside of the PRC complies with certain procedures under PRC foreign exchange regulations, such as the overseas investment registrations by our shareholders or the ultimate shareholders of our corporate shareholders who are PRC residents. Approval from, or registration with, appropriate government authorities is, however, required where the RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also at its discretion restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to the Company only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. As of the date of this annual report, there are no restrictions or limitations imposed by the Hong Kong government on the transfer of capital within, into and out of Hong Kong (including funds from Hong Kong to the PRC), except for transfer of funds involving money laundering and criminal activities. Cayman Islands law prescribes that a company may only pay dividends out of its profits. Other than that, there is no restrictions on Lichen International Limited’s ability to transfer cash to investors. See “Item 3 - Transfers of Cash between Our Company and Our Subsidiaries” and “Item 3.D. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - To the extent cash or assets in the business is in the PRC or Hong Kong or a PRC or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash or assets,” “Item 3.D. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business,” and “Item 3.D. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - Our PRC subsidiaries are subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to us, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.”

10.E. Taxation

Cayman Islands Taxation

The Cayman Islands government currently imposes no taxes on companies or individuals relating to profits, income or dividends, capital gains, death or succession duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands, except for stamp duty which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution brought to the Cayman Islands, or produced before a Cayman Islands court. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

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As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, the Company is required to pay an annual government fee (“Government Fee”), which is determined on a sliding scale by reference to the level of its authorized share capital. The Government Fee is payable at the end of January in every year and is based on the level of the authorized share capital at the time when the fee is due.

Payments of dividends and capital in respect of our Class A Ordinary Shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of our Class A Ordinary Shares, nor will gains derived from the disposal of our Class A Ordinary Shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.

No stamp duty is payable in the Cayman Islands in respect of the issue of the shares or on an instrument of transfer in respect of shares of a Cayman exempted company except those which hold interests in land in the Cayman Islands and except where the relevant document or instrument is executed in or brought to the Cayman Islands, or produced before a Cayman Islands court.

People’s Republic of China Taxation

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to the enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on its global income. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control over and overall management of the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, the State Administration of Taxation issued a circular, known as Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

On March 17, 2017, the State Tax Administration promulgated the “Administrative Measures for Adjustment of Special Tax Investigation and Mutual Consultation Procedures” (State Administration of Tax Practice Announcement No.6, 2017), which came into force on May 1, 2017), which provides that tax authorities have implemented special tax adjustment monitoring and management for enterprises through related declaration review, contemporaneous data management, profit level monitoring and other means. If an enterprise is found to have special tax adjustment risks, the tax authorities may serve a “Notice” to remind such enterprise of the tax risks. If an enterprise receives a special tax adjustment risk alert or finds that it has a special tax adjustment risk, it may adjust the supplementary tax on its own. If the enterprise adjusts the supplementary tax by itself, the tax authorities may still carry out special tax investigation and adjustment in accordance with the relevant provisions. If an enterprise requires the tax authorities to confirm the special tax adjustment matters, such as the pricing principles and methods of related party transactions, the tax authorities shall initiate the special tax investigation procedures. It also stipulates that if the principle of independent transactions is not met, tax authorities may implement a special tax adjustment in the full amount of the amount deducted before tax under the following circumstances:

| (1) | The enterprise and its affiliated parties transfer or accept the right to use intangible assets that do not bring economic benefits and collect or pay royalties;

| (2) | The enterprise pays royalties to related parties that only own intangible assets but do not contribute to their value;

| (3) | An enterprise establishes a holding company or a financing company overseas for the main purpose of financing and listing, and pays royalties to overseas affiliated parties only for the incidental benefits arising from the financing and listing activities;

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| (4) | The taxable income or income amount of the enterprise or its affiliated party is reduced because the payment or collection of the price of the labor service transaction between the enterprise and its affiliated party does not meet the principle of independent transactions; and

| (5) | The enterprise pays fees to overseas related parties that fail to perform their functions, bear risks and have no substantial business activities.

Although we believe all our related party transactions, including all payments by our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities to our non-PRC entities, are made on an arm’s-length basis and our estimates are reasonable, the ultimate decisions by the relevant tax authorities may differ from the amounts recorded in our financial statements and may materially affect our financial results in the period or periods for which such determination is made.

We believe that none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. We do not believe that Lichen International Limited meets all of the conditions above. Lichen International Limited is a company incorporated outside the PRC. As a holding company, its key assets are its ownership interests in its subsidiaries, and its key assets are located, and its records (including the resolutions of its Board of Directors and the resolutions of its shareholders) are maintained, outside the PRC. For the same reasons, we believe our other entities outside of China are not PRC resident enterprises either. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” There can be no assurance that the PRC government will ultimately take a view that is consistent with us.

However, if the PRC tax authorities determine that Lichen International Limited is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we may be required to withhold a 20% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders may be subject to a 10% PRC tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of Class A Ordinary Shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within the PRC. It is unclear whether our non-PRC individual shareholders would be subject to any PRC tax on dividends or gains obtained by such non-PRC individual shareholders in the event we are determined to be a PRC resident enterprise. If any PRC tax were to apply to such dividends or gains, it would generally apply at a rate of 20% unless a reduced rate is available under an applicable tax treaty. However, it is also unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of Lichen International Limited would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that Lichen International Limited is treated as a PRC resident enterprise.

Provided that the Company is not deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise, holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares who are not PRC residents will not be subject to PRC income tax on dividends distributed by us or gains realized from the sale or other disposition of our shares. However, under SAT Circular 7, where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring taxable assets, including, in particular, equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise, being the transferor, or the transferee or the PRC entity which directly owned such taxable assets may report to the relevant tax authority such indirect transfer. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. We and our non-PRC resident investors may be at risk of being required to file a return and being taxed under SAT Circular 7, and we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Circular 7, or to establish that we should not be taxed under these circulars. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Doing Business in China - Enhanced scrutiny over acquisition transactions by the PRC tax authorities may have a negative impact on potential acquisitions we may pursue in the future.”

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United States Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following discussion is a summary of United States federal income tax considerations relating to the ownership and disposition of our Class A Ordinary Shares by a U.S. holder (as defined below) that holds our Class A Ordinary Shares as “capital assets” (generally, property held for investment) under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). This discussion is based upon existing United States federal income tax law, which is subject to differing interpretations and may be changed, possibly with retroactive effect. No ruling has been sought from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) with respect to any United States federal income tax consequences described below, and there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not take a contrary position. This discussion does not address all aspects of United States federal income taxation that may be important to particular investors in light of their individual circumstances, including investors subject to special tax rules (for example, banks or other financial institutions, insurance companies, broker-dealers, pension plans, cooperatives, traders in securities that have elected the mark-to-market method of accounting for their securities, partnerships and their partners, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, and tax-exempt organizations (including private foundations)), holders who are not U.S. holders, holders who own (directly, indirectly, or constructively) 10% or more of our voting stock, holders who will hold their Class A Ordinary Shares as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion, constructive sale, or other integrated transaction for United States federal income tax purposes, or investors that have a functional currency other than the United States dollar, all of whom may be subject to tax rules that differ significantly from those summarized below. In addition, this discussion does not discuss any non-United States, alternative minimum tax, state, or local tax considerations, or the Medicare tax on net investment income. Each U.S. holder is urged to consult its tax advisors regarding the United States federal, state, local, and non-United States income and other tax considerations with respect to the ownership and disposition of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

General

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. holder” is a beneficial owner of our Class A Ordinary Shares that is, for United States federal income tax purposes, (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes) created in, or organized under the laws of, the United States or any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of its source, or (iv) a trust (A) the administration of which is subject to the primary supervision of a United States court and which has one or more United States persons who have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (B) that has otherwise elected to be treated as a United States person under applicable United States Treasury regulations.

If a partnership (or other entity treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of our Class A Ordinary Shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding our Class A Ordinary Shares and partners in such partnerships are urged to consult their tax advisors as to the particular United States federal income tax consequences of an investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations

A non-United States corporation, such as our company, will be a “passive foreign investment company,” or “PFIC,” for United States federal income tax purposes, if, in any particular taxable year, either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of its assets (as determined on the basis of fair market value) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, cash is categorized as a passive asset and the company’s unbooked intangibles associated with active business activities may generally be classified as active assets. Passive income generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. We will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% (by value) of the stock.

Based upon our income and assets and the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares, we do not believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and do not anticipate becoming a PFIC in the foreseeable future.

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Although we do not believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 and do not anticipate becoming a PFIC in the foreseeable future, the determination of whether we are or will become a PFIC will depend in part upon the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles (which will depend upon the market value of our Class A Ordinary Shares from time-to-time, which may be volatile). In estimating the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, we have taken into account our market capitalization. Among other matters, if our market capitalization is less than anticipated or subsequently declines, we may be or become a PFIC for the current or future taxable years. It is also possible that the IRS may challenge our classification or valuation of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, which may result in our company being or becoming a PFIC for the current or one or more future taxable years.

The determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC will also depend, in part, on the composition of our income and assets, which may be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in our initial public offering and subsequent offerings. If we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes, our risk of being classified as a PFIC may substantially increase. Because our PFIC status for any taxable year is a factual determination that can be made only after the close of a taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for the current taxable year or any future taxable year. If we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. holder held our Class A Ordinary Shares, we generally would continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. holder held our Class A Ordinary Shares.

The discussion below under “Dividends” and “Sale or Other Disposition of Class A Ordinary Shares” is written on the basis that we will not be or become a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes. The United States federal income tax rules that apply if we are a PFIC for the current taxable year or any subsequent taxable year are generally discussed below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

Dividends

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, any cash distributions (including the amount of any tax withheld) paid on our Class A Ordinary Shares out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles, will generally be includible in the gross income of a U.S. holder as dividend income on the day actually or constructively received by the U.S. holder. Because we do not intend to determine our earnings and profits on the basis of United States federal income tax principles, any distribution paid will generally be reported as a “dividend” for United States federal income tax purposes. A non-corporate recipient of dividend income will generally be subject to tax on dividend income from a “qualified foreign corporation” at a reduced United States federal tax rate rather than the marginal tax rates generally applicable to ordinary income provided that certain holding period requirements are met.

A non-United States corporation (other than a corporation that is a PFIC for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year) will generally be considered to be a qualified foreign corporation (a) if it is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States which the Secretary of Treasury of the United States determines is satisfactory for purposes of this provision and which includes an exchange of information program, or (b) with respect to any dividend it pays on stock which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. In the event we are deemed to be a resident enterprise under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, we may be eligible for the benefits of the United States-PRC income tax treaty (which the U.S. Treasury Department has determined is satisfactory for this purpose) and in that case we would be treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends paid on our Class A Ordinary Shares. Each non-corporate U.S. holder is advised to consult its tax advisors regarding the availability of the reduced tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income for any dividends we pay with respect to our Class A Ordinary Shares. Dividends received on the Class A Ordinary Shares will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations.

Dividends will generally be treated as income from foreign sources for United States foreign tax credit purposes and will generally constitute passive category income. In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC “resident enterprise” under the Enterprise Income Tax Law, a U.S. holder may be subject to PRC withholding taxes on dividends paid on our Class A Ordinary Shares. (See “-People’s Republic of China Taxation”). In that case, a U.S. holder may be eligible, subject to a number of complex limitations, to claim a foreign tax credit in respect of any foreign withholding taxes imposed on dividends received on Class A Ordinary Shares. A U.S. holder who does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for foreign tax withheld may instead claim a deduction, for United States federal income tax purposes, in respect of such withholdings, but only for a year in which such U.S. holder elects to do so for all creditable foreign income taxes. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex. U.S. holders are advised to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.

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Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, a U.S. holder will generally recognize capital gain or loss upon the sale or other disposition of Class A Ordinary Shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized upon the disposition and the U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in such ordinary shares. Any capital gain or loss will be long-term if the Class A Ordinary Shares have been held for more than one year and will generally be United States source gain or loss for United States foreign tax credit purposes. Long-term capital gain of non-corporate U.S. holders is generally eligible for a reduced rate of taxation. The deductibility of a capital loss may be subject to limitations. In the event that we are treated as a PRC “resident enterprise” under the Enterprise Income Tax Law and gain from the disposition of the Class A Ordinary Shares is subject to tax in the PRC, a U.S. holder that is eligible for the benefits of the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC may elect to treat the gain as PRC source income. U.S. holders are advised to consult tax advisors regarding the tax consequences if a foreign tax is imposed on a disposition of our Class A Ordinary Shares, including the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances and the election to treat any gain as PRC source.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder holds our Class A Ordinary Shares, and unless the U.S. holder makes a mark-to-market election (as described below), the U.S. holder will generally be subject to special tax rules that have a penalizing effect, regardless of whether we remain a PFIC, for subsequent taxable years, on (i) any excess distribution that we make to the U.S. holder (which generally means any distribution paid during a taxable year to a U.S. holder that is greater than 125% of the average annual distributions paid in the three preceding taxable years or, if shorter, the U.S. holder’s holding period for the Class A Ordinary Shares), and (ii) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition, including, under certain circumstances, a pledge, of Class A Ordinary Shares. Under the PFIC rules:

| ● | such excess distribution and/or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. holder’s holding period for the Class A Ordinary Shares;

| ● | such amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable years in the U.S. holder’s holding period prior to the first taxable year in which we are a PFIC, or pre-PFIC year, will be taxable as ordinary income;

| ● | such amount allocated to each prior taxable year, other than a pre-PFIC year, will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate in effect for that year; and

| ● | an interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the tax attributable to each prior taxable year, other than a pre-PFIC year.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder holds our Class A Ordinary Shares and any of our non-United States subsidiaries is also a PFIC, such U.S. holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC for purposes of the application of these rules. U.S. holders are advised to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.

As an alternative to the foregoing rules, a U.S. holder of “marketable stock” in a PFIC may make a mark-to-market election. Since our Class A Ordinary Shares have been approved for listing on Nasdaq, and provided that the Class A Ordinary Shares will be regularly traded on Nasdaq, a U.S. holder holds Class A Ordinary Shares will be eligible to make a mark-to-market election if we are or were to become a PFIC. If a mark-to-market election is made, the U.S. holder will generally (i) include as ordinary income for each taxable year that we are a PFIC the excess, if any, of the fair market value of Class A Ordinary Shares held at the end of the taxable year over the adjusted tax basis of such Class A Ordinary Shares and (ii) deduct as an ordinary loss the excess, if any, of the adjusted tax basis of the Class A Ordinary Shares over the fair market value of such Class A Ordinary Shares held at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. The U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in the Class A Ordinary Shares would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. holder makes an effective mark-to-market election, in each year that we are a PFIC, any gain recognized upon the sale or other disposition of the Class A Ordinary Shares will be treated as ordinary income and loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. holder makes a mark-to-market election it will be effective for the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent taxable years unless the Class A Ordinary Shares are no longer regularly traded on a qualified exchange or the Internal Revenue Service consents to the revocation of the election.

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If a U.S. holder makes a mark-to-market election in respect of a PFIC and such corporation ceases to be a PFIC, the U.S. holder will not be required to take into account the mark-to-market gain or loss described above during any period that such corporation is not a PFIC.

Because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for any lower-tier PFICs that a PFIC may own, a U.S. holder who makes a mark-to-market election with respect to our Class A Ordinary Shares may continue to be subject to the general PFIC rules with respect to such U.S. holder’s indirect interest in any of our non-United States subsidiaries if any of them is a PFIC.

We do not intend to provide information necessary for U.S. holders to make qualified electing fund elections, which, if available, would result in tax treatment different from the general tax treatment for PFICs described above.

As discussed above under “Dividends,” dividends that we pay on our Class A Ordinary Shares will not be eligible for the reduced tax rate that applies to qualified dividend income if we are a PFIC for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year. In addition, if a U.S. holder owns our Class A Ordinary Shares during any taxable year that we are a PFIC, such holder would generally be required to file an annual IRS Form 8621. Each U.S. holder is advised to consult its tax advisors regarding the potential tax consequences to such holder if we are or become a PFIC, including the possibility of making a mark-to-market election.

Information Reporting

Certain U.S. holders may be required to report information to the IRS relating to an interest in “specified foreign financial assets,” including shares issued by a non-United States corporation, for any year in which the aggregate value of all specified foreign financial assets exceeds US$50,000 (or a higher dollar amount prescribed by the IRS), subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for shares held in custodial accounts maintained with a United States financial institution). These rules also impose penalties if a U.S. holder is required to submit such information to the IRS and fails to do so.

In addition, U.S. holders may be subject to information reporting to the IRS with respect to dividends on and proceeds from the sale or other disposition of our Class A Ordinary Shares. Each U.S. holder is advised to consult with its tax advisor regarding the application of the United States information reporting rules to their particular circumstances.

10.F. Dividends and paying agents

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

10.G. Statement by experts

Not applicable for annual reports on Form 20-F.

10.H. Documents on display

We are subject to the information requirements of the Exchange Act. In accordance with these requirements, the Company files reports and other information with the SEC. You may read and copy any materials filed with the SEC at the Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains a web site at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC.

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10.I. Subsidiary Information

For a list of our subsidiaries, see “Item 4. Information of the Company - C. Organizational Structure.”

10.J. Annual Report to Security Holders

Not applicable.

Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Foreign Exchange Risk

All of our revenues and substantially all of our expenses are denominated in RMB. In our consolidated financial statements, our financial information that uses RMB as the functional currency has been translated into U.S. dollars. We do not believe that we currently have any significant direct foreign exchange risk and have not used any derivative financial instruments to hedge exposure to such risk.

The value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by, among other things, changes in China’s political and economic conditions. The PRC government allowed the RMB to appreciate by more than 20% against the U.S. dollar between July 2005 and July 2008. Between July 2008 and June 2010, the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar had been stable and traded within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the PRC government has allowed the RMB to appreciate slowly against the U.S. dollar, though there have been periods when the RMB has depreciated against the U.S. dollar. In particular, on August 11, 2015, the PBOC allowed the RMB to depreciate by approximately 2% against the U.S. dollar. It is difficult to predict how long the current situation may last and when and how the relationship between the RMB and the U.S. dollar may change again.

To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into RMB for our operations, appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount we receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert RMB into U.S. dollars, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the RMB would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amounts available to us.

Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. Our interest rate risk arises primarily from short-term borrowings. Borrowings issued at variable rates and fixed rates expose us to cash flow interest rate risk and fair value interest rate risk respectively.

Inflation Risk

We are also exposed to inflation risk. Inflationary factors, such as increases in labor costs, could impair our operating results. Although we do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our financial position or results of operations to date, a high rate of inflation in the future may have an adverse effect on our ability to maintain current levels of gross margin and operating expenses.

Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities

12.A. Debt Securities

Not applicable.

12.B. Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

12.C. Other Securities

Not applicable.

12.D. American Depositary Shares

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies

We do not have any material defaults in the payment of principal, interest, or any installments under a sinking or purchase fund.

Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Securities Holders and Use of Proceeds

14.A. - 14.D. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders

See “Item 10. Additional Information” for a description of the rights of shareholders, which remain unchanged.

14.E. Use of Proceeds

May 2, 2024 Registered Direct Offering

On May 13, 2024, the Company completed a registered direct offering pursuant to certain securities purchase agreements dated May 2, 2024. The Company received gross proceeds of $7,266,000. The company used the proceeds from the offering to pay other service providers in connection with the offering and for working capital purposes.

December 26, 2024 Registered Direct Offering

On December 27, 2024, the Company completed a registered direct offering pursuant to certain securities purchase agreements dated December 26, 2024 and certain placement agency agreement with Univest Securities, LLC (“Univest”) dated December 26, 2024. The Company received gross proceeds of approximately $2.8 million. They company paid Univest a placement agent fee equal to 7% of the gross proceeds and reimbursed Univest for accountable expenses in the amount of $50,000. The Company used the remaining proceeds from the offering to pay other service providers in connection with the offering and for working capital purposes.

December 29, 2024 Registered Direct Offering

On December 31, 2024, the Company completed a registered direct offering pursuant to certain securities purchase agreements dated December 29, 2024 and certain placement agency agreement with Univest dated December 29, 2024. The Company received gross proceeds of approximately $3.1 million. They company paid Univest a placement agent fee equal to 7% of the gross proceeds and reimbursed Univest for accountable expenses in the amount of $50,000. The Company used the remaining proceeds from the offering to pay other service providers in connection with the offering and for working capital purposes.

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January 28, 2025 Registered Direct Offering

On January 29, 2025, the Company completed a registered direct offering pursuant to certain securities purchase agreements dated January 28, 2025 and certain placement agency agreement with Univest dated January 28, 2025. The Company received gross proceeds of approximately $3.4 million. They company paid Univest a placement agent fee equal to 7% of the gross proceeds and reimbursed Univest for accountable expenses in the amount of $50,000. The Company used the remaining proceeds from the offering to pay other service providers in connection with the offering and for working capital purposes.

September 2025 Private Placement

On September 19, 2025, the Company completed a registered direct offering pursuant to certain securities purchase agreements dated September 15, 2025. The Company received gross proceeds of $18.6 million. The company plan to use the proceeds from the offering to pay other service providers in connection with the offering and for working capital purposes.

Item 15. Controls and Procedures

(a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report, as required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act.

Based upon that evaluation, our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were ineffective as our management has identified a material weakness that has been identified related to our lack of sufficient financial reporting and accounting personnel with appropriate knowledge of the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and SEC reporting requirements to properly address complex U.S. GAAP accounting issues and to prepare and review our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures to fulfill U.S. GAAP and SEC financial reporting requirements. The other material weakness that has been identified related to our lack of comprehensive accounting policies and procedures manual in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

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To remedy the identified material weaknesses, we have implemented and will continue to implement several measures to improve our internal control over financial reporting, including: (i) that we engaged experienced financial consultant who worked closely with our internal finance team to assist us in preparing our financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with U.S. GAAP; (ii) that our Chief Financial Officer received additional training in U.S. GAAP through self-study and webinar courses, and began to periodically review major accounting literature updates provided by a major accounting firm which provide an overview of recent U.S. accounting pronouncements. (iii) conducting regular and continuous U.S. GAAP training programs and webinars for our financial reporting and accounting personnel; (iv) improving financial oversight function for handling complex accounting issues under U.S. GAAP. However, the implementation of these measures may not fully address the deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. We are not able to estimate with reasonable certainty the costs that we will need to incur to implement these and other measures designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors-Risks Relating to Our Business- If we fail to establish and maintain proper internal financial reporting controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.”

Pursuant to the JOBS Act, we qualify as an “emerging growth company as we recorded revenues less than US$1.235 billion in our most recent fiscal year, which allows us to take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Neither we nor our independent registered public accounting firm undertook a comprehensive assessment of our internal control under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act for purposes of identifying and reporting any weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, which, however, will be required once we become a public company and after we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act. Had we performed a formal assessment of our internal control over financial reporting or had our independent registered public accounting firm performed an audit of our internal control over financial reporting, additional control deficiencies may have been identified.

(b) Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our management evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as required by Rule 13a-15(c) of the Exchange Act, based on criteria established in the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2025 due to a material weakness identified in our internal control over financial reporting as described above.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.

(c) Attestation report of the registered public accounting firm.

This annual report on Form 20-F does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm due to rules of the SEC where domestic and foreign registrants that are non-accelerated filers, which we are, and “emerging growth companies” which we also are, are not required to provide the auditor attestation report.

(d) Changes in internal control over financial reporting.

There have been no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting occurred during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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Item 16. [Reserved]

Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert

Our audit committee consists of Mr. Zhihuang Deng, Mr. Robert Bodenstein and Ms. Jingyu Lian and is chaired by Ms. Jingyu Lian. Mr. Zhihuang Deng, Mr. Robert Bodenstein and Ms. Jingyu Lian each satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605 of the Corporate Governance Rules of Nasdaq Stock Market and meets the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. We have determined that Ms. Jingyu Lian qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert.”

Item 16B. Code of Ethics

The Company has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to the Company’s directors, officers, employees and advisors. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is attached as an exhibit to this annual report. Copy of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is also available on our website at https://ir.lichenzx.com.

Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

Enrome LLP was appointed by the Company to serve as its independent registered public accounting firm for fiscal years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023. Audit services provided by Enrome LLP for fiscal years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 included the examination of the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

Fees Paid to Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Auditor Fees

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by Enrome LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, for the periods indicated.

|  | Year ended December 31, |
Services |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Audit Fees (1) - Enrome LLP |  |  | 180,000 |  |  |  | 140,000 |
Audit-Related Fees (2) |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 35,000 |
Tax Fees (3) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
All Other Fees (4) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  |  | 230,000 |  |  |  | 175,000 |

| Note 1: | “Audit fees” include the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm for the audit of our annual financial statements, review of the interim financial statements and for the audits of our financial statements in connection with our initial public offering, and comfort letter in connection with the underwritten public offering.

| 2: | “Audit-related fees” means the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm for the assurance and related services, which mainly included the audit and review of financial statements and are not reported under “Audit fees” above.

| 3. | “Tax fees” means the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm for tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning.

| 4. | “All other fees” means the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm other than the professional services reported under “audit fees”, “audit-related fees” and “tax fees”.

The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by our independent registered public accounting firm, including audit services and audit-related services as described above, other than those for de minimus services which are approved by the audit committee prior to the completion of the audit.

Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

Not applicable.

Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

Not applicable.

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Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant

Not applicable.

Item 16G. Corporate Governance

As a company listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we are subject to the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. However, Nasdaq rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards.

A foreign private issuer that follows home country practices in lieu of certain provisions of Nasdaq Stock Market Rules must disclose ways in which its corporate governance practices differ from those followed by domestic companies either on its website or in the annual report that it distributes to shareholders in the United States. A description of the ways in which the Company’s governance practices differ from those followed by domestic companies pursuant to Nasdaq standards during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 and the period from January 1, 2026 to the date of this annual report are as follows:

Nasdaq Stock Market Rule 5620(a) (“Rule 5620(a)”) requires each listed company to hold an annual meeting of shareholders no later than one year after the end of the company’s fiscal year-end. In lieu of following Rule 5620(a), the Company has elected to follow the home country practice in the Cayman Islands, which does not require the Company to hold annual meeting of shareholders.

Nasdaq Stock Market Rule 5635(c) (“Rule 5635(c)”) requires shareholder approval prior to the issuance of securities when a stock option or purchase plan is to be established or materially amended or other equity compensation arrangement made or materially amended, pursuant to which stock may be acquired by officers, directors, employees, or consultants, with a few limited exceptions. In lieu of following Rule 5635(c), the Company has elected to follow the home country practice in the Cayman Islands, which does not require shareholder approval for such issuance, establishment of the plan and any amendment thereto.

Nasdaq Stock Market Rule 5635(d) (“Rule 5635(d)”) requires shareholder approval prior to a transaction involving the sale or issuance of a company’s common stock (or securities convertible into or exercisable for its common stock): (i) at a price below the greater of book value or market value; and (ii) which together with sales by officers, directors, or substantial stockholders, is equal to 20% or more of the company’s outstanding shares of common stock or 20% or more of the voting power prior to issuance. In lieu of following Rule 5635(d), the Company has elected to follow the home country practice in the Cayman Islands, which does not require shareholder approval for such transaction.

To the extent we choose to follow home country practice in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors-Risks Relating to Our Class A Ordinary Share- Because we are a foreign private issuer and are exempt from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. issuers, you will have less protection than you would have if we were a domestic issuer.”

Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

Item 16I. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

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Item 16J. Insider Trading Policies

We have adopted insider trading policies governing the purchase, sale, and other dispositions of our securities by directors, senior management, and employees. A copy of the insider trading policies is attached as an exhibit to this annual report.

Item 16K. Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

As a provider of financial and taxation analysis and training software and maintenance services, we recognize the importance of developing, implementing, and maintaining appropriate and adequate administrative and technical measures to safeguard our information management security systems and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data. Therefore, we have developed and maintain a comprehensive cybersecurity risk management program that focuses on monitoring, risk mitigation and risk response, in order to ensure the security and safety of our computer systems, networks, cloud services, software, and all data stored therein.

We have implemented protocols to protect against cybersecurity threats and prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data. We conduct regular assessment of the Company’s cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities, by identifying potential threats, assessing the likelihood and potential impact of cyberattacks. We also conduct ongoing evaluation of the industry trends and regulatory environments to ensure we are in full compliance with applicable cybersecurity laws and regulations in all jurisdictions where we operate. We have set in place an efficient risk mitigation and control and incident response protocols to identify potential risks, detect, effectively respond to, and recover from cybersecurity breaches. We also provide regular training programs to our employees to enhance their awareness about cybersecurity risks, and better understand their roles and responsibilities in safeguarding company assets and data.

Overall, we believe that we have established a robust framework to protect against cybersecurity threats, mitigate risks, preserve customer trust and reputation, and support the sustainable growth of our Company.

Governance

Our cybersecurity program is co-managed by our CFO, Zhixiang Fang, and our IT team that is responsible for implementing company-wide cybersecurity policies, protocols, and procedures. Our audit committee is responsible for overseeing our cybersecurity program. The Chief Financial Officer reports to our board of directors and our Chief Executive Officer.

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PART III

Item 17. Financial Statements

See “Item 18. Financial Statements.”

Item 18. Financial Statements

Our consolidated financial statements are included at the end of this annual report, beginning with page F-1.

Item 19. Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description of Exhibit
1.1 |  | The Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our report on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on January 7, 2026)
2.1* |  | Description of the Registrant’s Securities
2.2 |  | Form of Underwriter’s Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-264624), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on May 2, 2022)
2.3 |  | Pre-Funded Ordinary Share Purchase Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our report on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on December 17, 2024)
2.4 |  | Pre-Funded Class A Ordinary Share Purchase Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our report on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on January 3, 2025)
2.5 |  | Pre-Funded Class A Ordinary Share Purchase Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to our report on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on January 3, 2025)
2.6 |  | Pre-Funded Class A Ordinary Share Purchase Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our report on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on January 31, 2025)
4.1 |  | Translation of Employment Agreement by and between Lichen Zixun and Ya Li (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-264624), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on May 2, 2022)
4.2 |  | Translation of Employment Agreement by and between Lichen Zixun and Zhixiang Fang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-264624), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on May 2, 2022)
4.3 |  | Translation of Employment Agreement by and between Lichen Zixun and Yi Deng (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-264624), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on May 2, 2022)
4.4 |  | Director Offer Letter by and between the Registrant and Zhihuang Deng (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-264624), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on May 2, 2022)
4.5 |  | Director Offer Letter by and between the Registrant and Lourdes Felix (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-264624), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on May 2, 2022)
4.6 |  | Director Offer Letter by and between the Registrant and Kipton Cariaga (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-264624), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on May 2, 2022)
4.7 |  | Translation Form of the Expert Corporation Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-264624), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on May 2, 2022)
4.8 |  | Translation Form of the Partnership Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-264624), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on May 2, 2022)
4.9 |  | Director Offer Letter by and between the Registrant and Robert Bodenstein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 to our annual report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 4, 2024)

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4.10 |  | Director Offer Letter with Jingyu Lian (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our report on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on April 4, 2025)
8.1* |  | List of Subsidiaries
11.1 |  | Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.1 to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-264624), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on May 2, 2022)
11.2 |  | Insider Trading Policies (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 11.2 to our annual report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 4, 2024)
12.1* |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Required by Rule 13a-14(a)
12.2* |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Required by Rule 13a-14(a)
13.1** |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Required by Rule 13a-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code
13.2** |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Required by Rule 13a-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code
15.1* |  | Consent of Enrome LLP
15.2* |  | Consent of Tianyuan Law Firm

97.1 |  | Executive Compensation Recovery Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97.1 to our annual report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 4, 2024)
101.INS* |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document.
101.PRE* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104* |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

| * | Filed with this annual report on Form 20-F

| ** | Furnished with this annual report on Form 20-F

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SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

Lichen International Limited |
By: | /s/ Ya Li |
| Name: | Ya Li |
| Title: | Chief Executive Officer |

Date: April 28, 2026

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

LICHEN INTERNATIONAL LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Content |  | Page(s)
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm PCAOB ID #6907 |  | F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 |  | F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 |  | F-4
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 |  | F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 |  | F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  | F-7

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and

Shareholders of Lichen International Limited (formerly known as “Lichen China Limited)

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Lichen International Limited and its subsidiaries (the “Company”), as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatements of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provided a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Enrome LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2024

Singapore

April 28, 2026

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LICHEN INTERNATIONAL LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(All amounts in thousands of USD, except for share and per share data, unless otherwise noted)

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash |  | $ | 26,914 |  |  | $ | 26,712 |
Accounts receivable and contract assets |  |  | 2,260 |  |  |  | 4,263 |
Inventories |  |  | - |  |  |  | 67 |
Prepayments, deposits, and other current assets |  |  | 6,992 |  |  |  | 2,968 |
Total current assets |  |  | 36,166 |  |  |  | 34,010 |
Long-term investment |  |  | 1,722 |  |  |  | 145 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 7,043 |  |  |  | 13,693 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 8,089 |  |  |  | 11,052 |
Right-of-use assets |  |  | 554 |  |  |  | 61 |
Goodwill |  |  | 791 |  |  |  | 4,454 |
Prepaid and other assets |  |  | 21,208 |  |  |  | 16,425 |
Total assets |  | $ | 75,573 |  |  | $ | 79,840 |
Liabilities And Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 55 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 3,404 |  |  |  | 1,627 |
Contract liabilities |  |  | 285 |  |  |  | 696 |
Taxes payable |  |  | 780 |  |  |  | 970 |
Due to the related parties |  |  | - |  |  |  | 866 |
Lease liabilities |  |  | 211 |  |  |  | 56 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 4,680 |  |  |  | 4,270 |
Lease liabilities |  |  | 343 |  |  |  | 5 |
Total non-current liability |  |  | 343 |  |  |  | 5 |
Total Liabilities |  |  | 5,023 |  |  |  | 4,275 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A Ordinary Share, $0.008 par value, 20,000,000,000 shares authorized; 16,216,825 and 449,500 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively1 |  |  | 130 |  |  |  | 4 |
Class B Ordinary Share, $0.008 par value, 5,000,000,000 shares authorized; 110,000 and 45,000 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | * |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 51,251 |  |  |  | 33,355 |
Statutory surplus reserves |  |  | 1,737 |  |  |  | 1,737 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 20,121 |  |  |  | 42,083 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (2,690 | ) |  |  | (3,997 | )
Total Lichen International Limited’s shareholders’ equity |  |  | 70,550 |  |  |  | 73,182 |
Non-controlling interest |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,383 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 70,550 |  |  |  | 75,565 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 75,573 |  |  | $ | 79,840 |

* | Represents amount less than $1,000.

1 | On March 3, 2025, the Company consolidated (each a “Share”) its common shares on the basis of 200 pre-consolidation Shares for one (1) post-consolidation share, which was approved by the Board on February 10, 2025. Share amounts have been retrospectively restated to reflect the post-consolidation number of shares.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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LICHEN INTERNATIONAL LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME

(All amounts in thousands of USD, except for share and per share data, unless otherwise noted)

|  | For the years ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial and taxation solution services |  | $ | 19,961 |  |  | $ | 34,293 |  |  | $ | 31,772 |
Education support services |  |  | 812 |  |  |  | 2,897 |  |  |  | 3,730 |
Software and maintenance services |  |  | 2,936 |  |  |  | 4,287 |  |  |  | 4,257 |
Pre-IPO advisory services |  |  | 809 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total revenues |  |  | 24,518 |  |  |  | 41,477 |  |  |  | 39,759 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | (15,381 | ) |  |  | (15,803 | ) |  |  | (15,439 | )
Gross profit |  |  | 9,137 |  |  |  | 25,674 |  |  |  | 24,320 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling and marketing |  |  | (10,629 | ) |  |  | (12,529 | ) |  |  | (3,124 | )
General and administrative |  |  | (12,914 | ) |  |  | (17,696 | ) |  |  | (8,937 | )
Goodwill impairment |  |  | (3,663 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total operating expenses |  |  | (27,206 | ) |  |  | (30,225 | ) |  |  | (12,061 | )
(Loss) Income from operations |  |  | (18,069 | ) |  |  | (4,551 | ) |  |  | 12,259 |
Other (expenses) income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other (expense) income, net |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 216 |  |  |  | (709 | )
Interest income |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | 163 |  |  |  | 38 |
Loss on disposal of subsidiary |  |  | (3,865 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
(Loss) Income before income taxes |  |  | (21,787 | ) |  |  | (4,172 | ) |  |  | 11,588 |
Income tax expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,948 | ) |  |  | (3,250 | )
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (21,787 | ) |  | $ | (6,120 | ) |  | $ | 8,338 |
Less: Net gain attributable to non-controlling interests |  |  | (175 | ) |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | - |
Net (loss) income attributable to Lichen International Ltd |  |  | (21,962 | ) |  |  | (6,139 | ) |  |  | 8,338 |
Other comprehensive income (loss ): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | 1,307 |  |  |  | (564 | ) |  |  | (1,433 | )
Comprehensive (loss) income |  | $ | (20,480 | ) |  | $ | (6,684 | ) |  | $ | 6,905 |
Less: comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests: |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Comprehensive loss (income) attributable to the Company |  | $ | (20,480 | ) |  | $ | (6,684 | ) |  | $ | 6,905 |
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding – basic and diluted1 |  |  | 5,302,485 |  |  |  | 175,897 |  |  |  | 130,363 |
(Loss) Earnings per ordinary share – basic and diluted1 |  |  | (4.11 | ) |  |  | (34.79 | ) |  |  | 63.96 |

1 | On March 3, 2025, the Company consolidated (each a “Share”) its common shares on the basis of 200 pre-consolidation Shares for one (1) post-consolidation share, which was approved by the Board on February 10, 2025. Share amounts have been retrospectively restated to reflect the post-consolidation number of shares.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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LICHEN INTERNATIONAL LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025, 2024 AND 2023

(All amounts in thousands of USD, except for share and per share data, unless otherwise noted)

|  | Class A Ordinary Shares (US$ 0.008 par value)1 |  |  | Class B Ordinary Shares (US$ 0.008 par value) 1 |  |  | Additional paid-in capital |  |  | Statutory surplus reserve |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | Total Lichen International Ltd shareholders’ equity |  |  | Non- controlling interests |  |  | Total Shareholders’ equity |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  |  | 67,500 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  | 45,000 |  |  | $ | * |  |  | $ | 1,487 |  |  | $ | 789 |  |  | $ | 40,832 |  |  | $ | (2,000 | ) |  | $ | 41,109 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $41,109 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,338 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,338 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,338 |
Net Proceeds from the initial public offering |  |  | 20,000 |  |  |  | * |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,406 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,406 |  |  |  | - |  |  | 13,406 |
Appropriation of for statutory reserve |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 948 |  |  |  | (948 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | - |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,433 | ) |  |  | (1,433 | ) |  |  | - |  |  | $(1,433) |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 87,500 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  | 45,000 |  |  | $ | * |  |  | $ | 14,893 |  |  | $ | 1,737 |  |  | $ | 48,222 |  |  | $ | (3,433 | ) |  | $ | 61,420 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $61,420 |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6,139 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (6,139 | ) |  |  | 19 |  |  | (6,120) |
Ordinary shares issue for cash |  |  | 351,900 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,049 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,052 |  |  |  | - |  |  | 15,052 |
Share based compensation (Note 15) |  |  | 10,100 |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,413 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,413 |  |  |  | - |  |  | 3,413 |
Business acquisition |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,364 |  |  | 2,364 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (564 | ) |  |  | (564 | ) |  |  | - |  |  | (564) |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 449,500 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |  | 45,000 |  |  | $ | * |  |  | $ | 33,355 |  |  | $ | 1,737 |  |  | $ | 42,083 |  |  | $ | (3,997 | ) |  | $ | 73,182 |  |  | $ | 2,383 |  |  | $75,565 |
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (21,962 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (21,962 | ) |  |  | 175 |  |  | (21,787) |
Ordinary shares issue for cash |  |  | 15,712,500 |  |  |  | 126 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20,317 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20,443 |  |  |  | - |  |  | 20,443 |
Business acquisition |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,734 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,734 | ) |  |  | (2,558 | ) |  | (5,292) |
Issuance of shares due to roundup of fractional shares in share consolidation |  |  | 54,825 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | - |
Ordinary shares issue for debt settlement |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 65,000 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 313 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 314 |  |  |  | - |  |  | 314 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,307 |  |  |  | 1,307 |  |  |  | - |  |  | 1,307 |
Balance as of December 31, 2025 |  |  | 16,216,825 |  |  | $ | 130 |  |  |  | 110,000 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 51,251 |  |  | $ | 1,737 |  |  | $ | 20,121 |  |  | $ | (2,690 | ) |  | $ | 70,550 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $70,550 |

* | Represents amount less than $1,000.

1 | On March 3, 2025, the Company consolidated (each a “Share”) its common shares on the basis of 200 pre-consolidation Shares for one (1) post-consolidation share, which was approved by the Board on February 10, 2025. Share amounts have been retrospectively restated to reflect the post-consolidation number of shares.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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LICHEN INTERNATIONAL LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(All amounts in thousands of USD, except for share and per share data, unless otherwise noted)

|  | For the years ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (21,787 | ) |  | $ | (6,120 | ) |  | $ | 8,338 |
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation of property and equipment |  |  | 561 |  |  |  | 691 |  |  |  | 681 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 3,466 |  |  |  | 2,063 |  |  |  | 2,150 |
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  |  | 122 |  |  |  | 121 |  |  |  | 92 |
Amortization of other assets |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | 115 |  |  |  | 72 |
Investment income |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | - |
Loss on disposal of subsidiary |  |  | 3,865 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill impairment |  |  | 3,663 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Share-based compensation |  |  | 314 |  |  |  | 3,413 |  |  |  | - |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable and contract assets |  |  | 2,065 |  |  |  | 642 |  |  |  | (982 | )
Prepayments and other current assets |  |  | (11,162 | ) |  |  | (4,746 | ) |  |  | (9,697 | )
Payment of deferred offering costs |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,095 |
Lease liabilities |  |  | (123 | ) |  |  | (121 | ) |  |  | (161 | )
Accounts payable |  |  | (55 | ) |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (98 | )
Contract liabilities |  |  | (420 | ) |  |  | (326 | ) |  |  | (94 | )
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 1,664 |  |  |  | (712 | ) |  |  | (362 | )
Due to the related parties |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,066 | )
Tax payables |  |  | (209 | ) |  |  | (601 | ) |  |  | 551 |
Inventories |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 38 |
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities |  |  | (17,849 | ) |  |  | (5,572 | ) |  |  | 557 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The deposits for AI software |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,897 | ) |  |  | - |
Acquisition of Bondly HK |  |  | (5,330 | ) |  |  | (3,815 | ) |  |  | - |
Purchases of property and equipment |  |  | - |  |  |  | (36 | ) |  |  | (3,204 | )
Purchase of intangible assets |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,063 | )
Acquisition in long term investment |  |  | (1,152 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Proceeds on disposal of the subsidiary |  |  | 1,004 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
The deposits for Haicang property |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,598 | )
The deposits for potential acquisition |  |  | - |  |  |  | (140 | ) |  |  | - |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (5,478 | ) |  |  | (9,888 | ) |  |  | (9,865 | )
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ordinary shares issued for cash |  |  | 24,483 |  |  |  | 12,221 |  |  |  | - |
Due to the related parties |  |  | (871 | ) |  |  | 866 |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from IPO |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 14,098 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 23,612 |  |  |  | 13,087 |  |  |  | 14,098 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (83 | ) |  |  | 3,229 |  |  |  | (1,533 | )
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 856 |  |  |  | 3,257 |
Cash at the beginning of year |  |  | 26,712 |  |  |  | 25,856 |  |  |  | 22,599 |
Cash at the end of year |  | $ | 26,914 |  |  | $ | 26,712 |  |  | $ | 25,856 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flows information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 2,407 |  |  | $ | 2,630 |
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash flows information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obtaining right-of-use assets in exchange for operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 607 |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 23 |
Purchase of intangible assets prepaid in prior year |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,808 |  |  | $ | 667 |
Acquisition of Bondly HK |  | $ | 5,292 |  |  | $ | 2,364 |  |  | $ | - |
Accrued service fees related to the issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares |  | $ | 1,209 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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LICHEN INTERNATIONAL LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025, 2024 AND 2023

(All amounts in thousands of USD, except for share and per share data, unless otherwise noted)

1. ORGANIZATION AND NATURE OF OPERATIONS

Legend China Limited was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on April 13, 2016 as a limited liability company. Pursuant to a special resolution dated November 8, 2016, Legend China Limited changed its name to Legend China Ltd. Pursuant to a special resolution dated April 6, 2017, Legend China Ltd. changed its name to Lichen China Limited. Pursuant to a special resolution dated February 10, 2025, Lichen China Limited changed its name to Lichen International Limited (“Lichen”).

Lichen is an investment holding company. Through its wholly owned subsidiaries, Lichen is principally engaged in the provision of: (i) financial and taxation solution services; (ii) education support services to partnered institutions; (iii) software and maintenance services, and (iv) Pre-IPO advisory services.

Lichen owns 100% interests in its subsidiaries. The following diagram illustrates the corporate structure of Lichen International Limited and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025:

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During the reporting periods, the Company has several subsidiaries in PRC. Details of the Company and its operating subsidiaries are set out below:

Name of subsidiaries |  | Place of incorporation |  | Date of incorporation |  |  | Percentage of direct or indirect interests |  |  | Principal activities
Legend Consulting Investments Limited (“Legend Consulting BVI”) |  | The British Virgin Islands (“BVI”) |  |  | December 20, 2013 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | Investment holding
Legend Consulting Limited (“Legend Consulting HK”) |  | Hong Kong |  |  | January 8, 2014 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | Investment holding
Lichen Holding Singapore Pte. Ltd. (“Lichen Singapore”) |  | Singapore |  |  | December 28, 2023 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | Provision of financial and taxation solution services, education support services and software and maintenance services
Fujian Province Lichen Management and Consulting Company Limited (“Lichen Zixun”) |  | Fujian, the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) |  |  | April 14, 2004 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | Provision of financial and taxation solution services, education support services and software and maintenance services
Bondly Enterprises Limited (“Bondly HK”) |  | Hong Kong |  |  | June 13, 2022 |  |  |  | 60 | % |  | Investment holding
Xiamen Bondly Management and Consulting Company Limited (Bondly XM) |  | Fujian, the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) |  |  | August 25, 2022 |  |  |  | 60 | % |  | Provision of financial and taxation solution services
Yingtan Legend Capital Management Co., Ltd. (“Lichen Yingtan”) |  | Jiangxi, the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) |  |  | November 27, 2023 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | Investment
Xiamen Legend Technology Co., Ltd. (“Legend Technology”) |  | Fujian, the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) |  |  | July 9, 2025 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | Technology promotion and application services
Xiamen Legend Tax and Finance Service Co., Ltd. (“Legend Tax&Finance”) |  | Fujian, the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) |  |  | October 11, 2025 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | Provision of financial and taxation solution services
Shanghai Legend Zhiyuan Management and Consulting Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Zhiyuan”) |  | Shanghai, the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) |  |  | October 11, 2025 |  |  |  | 55 | % |  | Provision of financial and taxation solution services

Legend Consulting BVI is an investment holding company wholly owned by Lichen.

Legend Consulting HK is an investment holding company wholly owned by Legend Consulting BVI.

Lichen Zixun, which is wholly owned by Legend Consulting HK, is engaged in providing financial and taxation solution services and education support services.

Lichen Singapore, which is wholly owned and established by Legend Consulting HK on December 28, 2023, is engaged in providing financial and taxation solution services and education support services.

The acquisition of 60% of the equity interest in Bondly HK was completed on July 29, 2024 and the acquisition of remained 40% of the equity interest in Bondly HK was completed on February 26, 2025. Bondly HK is an investment holding company wholly owned by Legend Consulting HK.

Bondly XM, which is wholly owned and established by Bondly HK on August 25, 2022, is engaged in providing financial and taxation solution services.

Lichen Yingtan is an investment holding company wholly owned by Legend Consulting HK.

Legend Technology, which is wholly owned and established by Lichen Zixun on July 9, 2025, is engaged in providing technology promotion and application services.

Legend Tax&Finance, which is wholly owned and established by Lichen Zixun on October 11, 2025, is engaged in providing financial and taxation solution services.

Shanghai Zhiyuan, established by Lichen Zixun on October 11, 2025, in which Lichen Zixun holds a 55% equity interest, is engaged in providing financial and taxation solution services.

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Reorganization and Share Issuance

On April 28, 2021, Lichen passed a resolution to increase the share capital. Pursuant to such resolution, the authorized share capital of Lichen was increased from HK$50,000 divided into 5,000,000 shares with a nominal or par value of HK$0.01 each (“HKD Shares”) to the aggregate of (i) HK$50,000 divided into 5,000,000 HKD Shares and (ii) US$50,000 divided into (a) 400,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares with a nominal or par value of US$0.0001 each and (b) 100,000,000 Class B Ordinary Shares with a nominal or par value of US$0.0001 each. 5,400,000 Class A Ordinary Shares and 3,600,000 Class B Ordinary Shares (collectively, the “USD Shares”) were issued at the consideration of US$0.0001 per share. Upon the completion of the share issuance, all HKD Shares issued were repurchased by Lichen at the consideration HK$0.01 per share and cancelled immediately upon repurchase. Upon completion of the repurchase, the 5,000,000 unissued HKD Shares of the Company were cancelled resulting in the reduction of the authorized share capital of the Company to US$50,000 divided into (a) 400,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares with a nominal or par value of US$0.0001 each and (b) 100,000,000 Class B Ordinary Shares with a nominal or par value of US$0.0001, each in accordance with section 13 of the Cayman Islands Companies Act. The issuance of 5,400,000 Class A Ordinary Shares and 3,600,000 Class B Ordinary Shares, the repurchase and the cancellation of HKD Shares were completed on April 28, 2021.

On December 15, 2021, Lichen executed a special resolution to change the par value of the ordinary shares from $0.0001 to $0.00004. Pursuant to such resolution, the authorized share capital of Lichen was US$50,000 divided into (a) 1,000,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares with a nominal or par value of US$0.00004 each and (b) 250,000,000 Class B Ordinary Shares with a nominal or par value of US$0.00004, each in accordance with section 13 of the Cayman Islands Companies Act. The changes were completed on December 23, 2021. The change in capital structure is treated as being effective as of the beginning of the first period presented in the consolidated financial statements.

The consideration paid by Lichen and its subsidiaries has been accounted for at historical cost and prepared on the basis as if the aforementioned transactions had become effective as of the beginning of the first period presented in the consolidated financial statements. As all the entities involved in the process of the Reorganization are under common control before and after the Reorganization, the Reorganization is accounted for in a manner similar to a pooling-of-interest with the assets and liabilities of the parties to the Reorganization carried over at their historical amounts.

Initial Public Offering

On February 8, 2023, the Company closed its initial public offering of 4,000,000 Class A ordinary shares at a public offering price of $4.00 per Class A ordinary share for a total of $16,000,000 in gross proceeds. The Company raised total net proceeds of $14,098,140 after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. In addition, the Company granted to its underwriters an option for a period of 45 days after the closing of the initial public offering to purchase up to an additional 600,000 Class A Ordinary Shares at the public offering price, less underwriting discounts.

Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future. The Company incurred a net loss of US$21,788,012 during the financial year ended December 31, 2025 and recorded a cash outflow from operating activities of US$6,643,901 for the year ended December 31, 2025, as of that date. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Notwithstanding the above, the Company continues to have a reasonable expectation that adequate resources to continue in operation with positive cash contributions for at least the next 12 months. As of December 31, 2025, the balance of cash was $26,913,535 and a positive working capital of $31,485,947. This showed that the Company has a strong financial position. As a result, the Company believes it has sufficient and appropriate financial abilities to enable it to undertake its liabilities and doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for the next 12 months from the issuance date of the financial statements have been alleviated.

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2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for information pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

Principles of consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries, which include the BVI-registered entity, Hong Kong-registered entity, Singapore-registered entity, and PRC-registered entities directly or indirectly owned by the Company. All transactions and balances among the Company and its subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation. The results of subsidiaries acquired or disposed of are recorded in the consolidated income statements from the effective date of acquisition or up to the effective date of disposal, as appropriate. A subsidiary is an entity in which (i) the Company directly or indirectly controls more than 50% of the voting power; or (ii) the Company has the power to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors or to cast a majority of votes at the meetings of the board of directors or to govern the financial and operating policies of the investee pursuant to a statute or under an agreement among the shareholders or equity holders.

Use of estimate and assumptions

The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods presented. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences may be material to the consolidated financial statements. Changes in facts and circumstances may cause the Company to revise its estimates. In accordance with ASC 250, the changes in estimates will be recognized in the same period of changes in facts and circumstances. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements include, allowance for credit losses, inventories, useful lives of long-lived assets, goodwill, long-term investment, impairment of long-lived assets and uncertain tax position. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Business combination

Business combinations are recorded using the acquisition method of accounting. The assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interests of the acquiree at the acquisition date, if any, are measured at their fair values as of the acquisition date. Goodwill is recognized and measured as the excess of the total consideration transferred plus the fair value of any non-controlling interest of the acquiree and fair value of previously held equity interest in the acquiree, if any, at the acquisition date over the fair values of the identifiable net assets acquired. Common forms of the consideration made in acquisitions include cash and common equity instruments. Consideration transferred in a business acquisition is measured at the fair value as of the date of acquisition. Acquisition-related expenses and restructuring costs are expensed as incurred.

Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805 establishes a measurement period to provide the Company with a reasonable amount of time to obtain the information necessary to identify and measure various items in a business combination and cannot extend beyond one year from the acquisition date.

Functional currency and foreign currency translation

The reporting currency of the Company is the United States dollar (“US$”). The Company’s operations are principally conducted through its subsidiaries in PRC in the local currency, Renminbi (RMB), as its functional currency. The functional currency of the Company’s entities incorporated in Hong Kong is the Hong Kong dollars (“HK$”). The functional currency of the Company’s entities incorporated in Singapore is the Singapore dollars (“SG$”).The determination of the respective functional currency is based on the criteria of Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 830, Foreign Currency Matters. Assets and liabilities are translated at the unified exchange rate as quoted by the PBOC (“The People’s Bank of China”) at the balance sheet date. The statement of income accounts is translated at the average exchange rates for the periods and the equity accounts are translated at historical rates. Translation adjustments resulting from this process are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in the results of operations as incurred.

Translation adjustments included in accumulated other comprehensive loss amounted to $2.69 million, $4.00 million and $3.43 million as of December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The shareholders’ equity accounts were stated at their historical rate. Cash flows are also translated at average translation rates for the periods, therefore, amounts reported on the consolidated statement of cash flows will not necessarily agree with changes in the corresponding balances on the consolidated balance sheets.

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Translation of foreign currencies into US$1 have been made at the following exchange rates for the respective periods:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Period-end RMB: US$1 exchange rate |  |  | 7.0288 |  |  |  | 7.1884 |  |  |  | 7.0827 |
Period-end HK$: US$1 exchange rate |  |  | 7.7819 |  |  |  | 7.7625 |  |  |  | 7.8157 |
Period-end SG$: US$1 exchange rate |  |  | 1.2877 |  |  |  | 1.3508 |  |  |  | 1.3172 |

|  | For the years ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Period-average RMB: US$1 exchange rate |  |  | 7.1429 |  |  |  | 7.1217 |  |  |  | 7.0467 |
Period-average HK$: US$1 exchange rate |  |  | 7.7965 |  |  |  | 7.8024 |  |  |  | 7.8282 |
Period-average SG$: US$1 exchange rate |  |  | 1.3030 |  |  |  | 1.3333 |  |  |  | 1.3396 |

Related parties

Parties, which can be a corporation or individual, are considered to be related if the Company has the ability, directly or indirectly, to control the other party or exercise significant influence over the other party in making financial and operating decisions. Companies are also considered to be related if they are subject to common control or common significant influence, such as a family member or relative, shareholder, or a related corporation.

Fair value of financial instruments

ASC 825-10 requires certain disclosures regarding the fair value of financial instruments. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:

| ● | Level 1 — inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

| ● | Level 2 — inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted market prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable and inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data.

| ● | Level 3 — inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable.

The fair value of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities and due to the related parties, approximate their recorded values due to their short-term maturities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Cash

Cash consist of cash on hand, cash in banks, which are unrestricted as to withdrawal or use, and have insignificant risk of changes in value. The Company maintains most of its bank accounts in the Cayman and mainland of China.

Accounts receivable, net

Accounts receivable are recorded at the gross billing amount less an allowance for any uncollectible accounts due from the customers. Accounts receivable do not bear interest.

Since January 1, 2024, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), using the modified retrospective transition method. ASU 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with an expected loss methodology, which will result in more timely recognition of credit losses. Upon adoption, the Company changed the impairment model to utilize a forward-looking current expected credit losses (CECL) model in place of the incurred loss methodology for financial instruments measured at amortized cost and receivables resulting from the application of ASC 606, including contract assets.

The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses and records the allowance for credit losses as an offset to accounts receivable and the estimated credit losses charged to the allowance is classified as “General and administrative expenses” in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income. The Company assesses collectability by reviewing accounts receivable on aging schedules because the accounts receivable were primarily consisted of receivables arising from (i) financial and taxation solution services; (ii) education support services to partnered institutions; (iii) software and maintenance services, and (iv) Pre-IPO advisory services. In determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses, the Company considers historical collectability based on past due status, the age of the balances, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect the Company’s ability to collect from customers. Delinquent account balances are written-off against the allowance for expected credit loss after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable.

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not provide expected credit losses against accounts receivable.

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Contract assets

Contract assets represent the Company’s right to consideration in exchange for goods and service performed, which invoice has not been issued.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost elements of inventories comprise the purchase price of products, shipping charges to receive products from the suppliers when they are embedded in the purchase price. Cost is determined using the weighted average method. Provisions are made for excessive, slow moving, expired and obsolete inventories as well as for inventories with carrying values in excess of market. Certain factors could impact the realizable value of inventory, so the Company continually evaluates the recoverability based on assumptions about customer demand and market conditions. The evaluation may take into consideration historical usage, inventory aging, expiration date, expected demand, anticipated sales price, product obsolescence and other factors. The reserve or write-down is equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the estimated net realizable value based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected by management, additional inventory reserves or write-downs may be required that could negatively impact the Company’s gross margin and operating results. If actual market conditions are more favorable, the Company may have higher gross margin when products that have been previously reserved or written down are eventually sold. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, management compared the cost of inventories with their net realizable value and determined no inventory write-down was necessary.

Prepayments, deposits, and other current assets

Prepayments, deposits, and other current assets mainly represents cash deposited for software development service. The deposits are refundable and bear no interest pursuant to terms of contract. The software development service is in progress and anticipated to be completed by 2026.

Long-term investments

The Company’s long-term investments primarily consist of equity investments accounted for using the equity method and other investments accounted for at fair value.

Equity investments accounted for using the equity method

The Company applies the equity method of accounting to account for equity investments and limited partnership in a private equity fund, according to ASC 323 Investment—Equity Method and Joint Ventures, over which it has significant influence but does not own a majority equity interest or otherwise control. Under the equity method, the Company initially records the investments at cost and the difference between the cost of the equity investee and the fair value of the underlying equity in the net assets of the equity investee is recognized as equity method goodwill, which is included in the equity method investments on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company subsequently adjusts the carrying amount of the investments to recognize its proportionate share of each equity investee’s net income or loss into earnings and cash distributions from investees, after the date of investment. The Company evaluates the equity method investments for impairment under ASC 323. An impairment loss on the equity method investments is recognized as “Investment loss, net (including impairments)” in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income when the decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary.

Investments accounted for at fair value

In accordance with ASC 825, Financial Instruments, for financial products with variable interest rates referenced to performance of underlying assets and with original maturities greater than one year, the Company elected the fair value method at the date of initial recognition and carries these investments at fair value. Changes in the fair value of these investments are reflected on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income as “Investment loss, net (including impairments)”.

Property and equipment

Property and equipment, net are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment, if any, and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Cost represents the purchase price of the asset and other costs incurred to bring the asset into its intended use. Depreciation expenses are included in general and administrative expenses. Land is not depreciated since it has an indefinite useful life. Estimated useful lives are as follows:

Categories |  | Useful Life |  | Estimated Residual Value |
Building |  | 20-50 years |  |  | 5 | %
Motor vehicles |  | 10 years |  |  | 5 | %
Furniture and equipment |  | 3-5 years |  |  | 5 | %
Office improvements |  | 3-5 years |  |  | 0 | %

The cost and related accumulated depreciation of assets sold or otherwise retired are eliminated from the accounts and any gain or loss is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to earnings as incurred, while additions, renewals and betterments, which are expected to extend the useful life of assets, are capitalized. The Company also re-evaluates the periods of depreciation to determine whether subsequent events and circumstances warrant revised estimates of useful lives.

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Intangible assets

An intangible asset is recognized when it is probable that the expected future economic benefits that are attributable to the asset will flow to the entity and the cost of the asset can be measured reliably. Intangible assets are initially recognized at cost, less any accumulated amortization and any impairment losses. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are accounted for by changing the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates.

Categories |  | Estimated Useful Life |
Licensed software |  | 5 years |
Customer relationship |  | 5 years |

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination.

Goodwill is not depreciated or amortized but is tested for impairment on an annual basis as of December 31, and in between annual tests when an event occurs or circumstances change that could indicate that the asset might be impaired. In accordance with the FASB ASC 350 guidance on “Testing of Goodwill for Impairment”, a company first has the option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the company decides, as a result of its qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is mandatory. Otherwise, no further testing is required. The quantitative impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of each reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss equal to the difference between the fair value of the reporting unit and the carrying amount will be recorded. Application of a goodwill impairment test requires significant management judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assigning assets and liabilities to reporting units, assigning goodwill to reporting units, and determining the fair value of each reporting unit. The judgment in estimating the fair value of reporting units includes estimating future cash flows, determining appropriate discount rates and making other assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit.

In testing goodwill for impairment, the Company compares the fair value of each reporting unit with its carrying amount. Fair value is determined using a discounted cash flow (DCF) model, which is considered an income approach based on Level 3 inputs. Significant assumptions used in the DCF model include: projected future revenue growth rates, projected operating margins, long-term terminal growth rates, discount rates reflecting the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and etc. The enterprise value is derived by discounting the projected future cash flows of the reporting unit to their present value, plus a terminal value based on a perpetual growth method. The fair value of the reporting unit is then reconciled to the total enterprise value, considering control premiums and market participant perspectives as appropriate.

As of December 31, 2025, goodwill resulting from business acquisitions has only one reporting unit, including Bondly HK. The Company evaluates the indicators of potential goodwill impairment on a quarterly basis and performs the annual goodwill impairment assessment as of December 31. As of December 31, 2025, the Company qualitatively assessed relevant events and circumstances, including macroeconomics conditions, industry and market considerations, its overall financial performance, and concluded by weighing all these factors in their entirety that it was more likely than not the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit was lower than its respective carrying value. Accordingly, the Company recognized a goodwill impairment charge of $3,663,458 for the year ended December 31, 2025. No impairment of goodwill was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Prepaid and other assets

Mainly represents the deposit of the new purchased property, cash deposited for software development service and prepaid renovation expense. The deposits are refundable and bear no interest pursuant to terms of contract. The property under development is commitment to be completed by the end of 2028 . The amortization period of the renovation is five years.

Impairment of long-lived assets other than goodwill

The Company reviews its long-lived assets, including property and equipment, finite-lived intangible assets (such as acquired customer relationships and software), and right-of-use assets arising from lease arrangements, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable, or at least annually.

In assessing potential impairment, the Company considers both qualitative and quantitative factors, including significant declines in actual or projected revenue and profitability, material adverse changes in market conditions, industry trends, or the economic outlook, significant changes in the use of assets, unexpected technological obsolescence, and other factors that could affect the recoverability of the carrying values.

The Company recognizes an impairment loss when the sum of expected undiscounted future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset. The amount of impairment is measured as the difference between the asset’s estimated fair value and its book value. The Company did not record any impairment of long-lived assets other than goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

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Operating leases

The Company, through its subsidiary, leases its office, which are classified as operating leases in accordance with ASC 842. Operating leases are required to record in the balance sheet as right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments. The Company has elected the package of practical expedients, which allows the Company not to reassess (1) whether any expired or existing contracts as of the adoption date are or contain a lease, (2) lease classification for any expired or existing leases as of the adoption date, and (3) initial direct costs for any expired or existing leases as of the adoption date. The Company elected the short-term lease exemption for the lease terms that are 12 months or less.

At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is or contains a lease if it conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange of a consideration. To assess whether a contract is or contains a lease, the Company assesses whether the contract involves the use of an identified asset, whether it has the right to obtain substantially all the economic benefits from the use of the asset and whether it has the right to control the use of the asset. The right-of-use assets and related lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date. The Company recognizes operating lease expenses on a straight-line basis over the lease term and had no finance leases for any of the periods stated herein.

The right-of-use of asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and less any lease incentive received. All right-of-use assets are reviewed for impairment annually. There was no impairment for right-of-use assets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Share-based compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation to employees in accordance with ASC 718, “Compensation-Stock Compensation”. ASC 718 requires companies to measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments, including the equity incentive plan, based on the grant date fair value of the award and to recognize it as compensation expense over the period the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, usually the vesting period. Stock option forfeitures are recognized at the date of employee termination. Effective January 1, 2024, the Company adopted ASU 2018-07 for the accounting of share-based payments granted to non-employees for goods and services and no material impacts to the Financial Statements.

Contingencies

From time to time, the Company is a party to various legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company accrues costs associated with these matters when they become probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred. The Company’s management does not expect any liability from the disposition of such claims and litigation individually or in the aggregate would have a material adverse impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Revenue recognition

The Company adopted ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, effective as of January 1, 2019. Accordingly, the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 are presented under ASC 606. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Revenue is the transaction price the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for the promised goods or services in a contract in the ordinary course of the Company’s activities and is recorded net of value-added tax (“VAT”). To achieve that core principle, the Company applies the following steps:

Step 1: Identify the contract (s) with a customer

Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract

Step 3: Determine the transaction price

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation

No practical expedients were used when the Company adopted the ASC 606. Revenue recognition policies for each type of revenue stream are as follows:

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Financial and taxation solution services

Revenues from financial and taxation solution services for which control of services is transferred over time is recognized progressively based on the contract costs incurred to date (primarily comprising staff costs and industry expert cost by reference to the time as recorded in the monthly working record incurred to date) as compared to the total costs to be incurred under the transaction (by reference to the total budgeted time of the respective project) to depict the Company’s performance in transferring control of services promised to a customer. The Company recognizes revenues over time only if it can reasonably measure its progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation. The Company normally requires the customers to pay a deposit upon entering into the service contracts.

For revenue generated from the provision of financial and taxation solution services, the arrangement involves a bundle of activities (e.g., scheme design, implementation guidance, evaluation) that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. Accordingly, these activities are not separately identifiable and form only one series of distinct service.

The series of distinct services within the contract are treated as one performance obligation because they are substantially the same and transfer to the customer in the same pattern over time. The Company evaluates that it acts as the principal in these arrangements. It controls the promised services before transfer, is primarily responsible for fulfillment, and has discretion in pricing. Therefore, the Company reports revenues from financial and taxation solution services on a gross basis. We do not provide any other credit and incentive related to our services, therefore there is no variable consideration in the arrangement. As our services are provided without right of return and we do not provide any other credit and incentive to our customers, therefore, the provision of financial and taxation solution services does not involve variable consideration.

Education support services - sales of teaching and learning materials

Revenues from the sales of educational materials for which control of assets is transferred at a point in time is recognized when the goods are delivered to customers. The Company does not provide any sales-related warranties. There is no right of return by customers under the Company’s standard contract terms.

Education support services - Provision of marketing, operation and technical support services

Revenues from provision of marketing, operation and technical support services from the partnered institutions is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreement. The transaction price inclusive of value added tax as received from customers in advance is recognized as a contract liability at the time of the initial transaction and is released on a straight-line basis over the period of service (usually one year).

Software and maintenance services

Standard software is a right to use license because the software has standalone functionality and the customer can use the software as it is available at a point in time. The Company recognizes revenues for such licenses at a point in time when the customer has received licenses and thus has control over the software. In case there is an update of the standard software, end customers or distributors are required to pay additional consideration to buy upgraded version. Revenues from maintenance services is recognized over time within the service period.

For revenue generated from the software and maintenance services, one software and maintenance service is normally included as a bundle package for the first-time purchase. There are two separate performance obligations in such bundle sales as the software is a distinct good while the maintenance service is a distinct service. We allocate the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation based on their relative standalone selling prices.

The Company evaluates that it acts as the principal in these arrangements. It controls the promised services before transfer, is primarily responsible for fulfillment, and has discretion in pricing. Therefore, the Company reports revenues from the software and maintenance services on a gross basis. We do not provide any other credit and incentive related to our services, therefore there is no variable consideration in the arrangement. As our services are provided without right of return and we do not provide any other credit and incentive to our customers, therefore, software and maintenance services does not involve variable consideration.

Pre-IPO advisory services

Revenues from the provision of Pre-IPO advisory services is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreement. The arrangement involves a bundle of activities (e.g., planning, guidance and participation in the pre-IPO-related matters) that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. Accordingly, these activities are not separately identifiable and form only one series of distinct service.

The series of distinct services within the contract is treated as one performance obligation because the services are substantially the same and transfer to the customer in the same pattern over time. The Company determines that it acts as the principal in these arrangements, as it controls the promised services before transfer, is primarily responsible for fulfillment, and has discretion in pricing. Accordingly, the Company reports revenues from Pre-IPO advisory services on a gross basis.

The transaction price consists of a fixed component and a variable component. The success fee is variable consideration that depends on the outcome of a future event (the IPO funding amount). At contract inception, significant uncertainty exists regarding whether the IPO will occur and the amount of funding. Given this uncertainty, the success fee is constrained and not included in the initial transaction price, as including it would result in a significant revenue reversal if the IPO fails.

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Contract liabilities

Contract liability is recorded when a payment is received from a customer before the Company transfers the related services. Contract liability is recognized as revenue when the Company performs the services under the contract.

Disaggregated information of revenues by services:

|  | For the years ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Financial and taxation solution services |  | $ | 19,961 |  |  | $ | 34,293 |  |  | $ | 31,772 |
Education support services |  |  | 812 |  |  |  | 2,897 |  |  |  | 3,730 |
Software and maintenance services |  |  | 2,936 |  |  |  | 4,287 |  |  |  | 4,257 |
Pre-IPO advisory services |  |  | 809 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Revenue |  | $ | 24,518 |  |  | $ | 41,477 |  |  | $ | 39,759 |

Segment reporting

An operating segment is a component of the Company that engages in business activities from which it may earn revenue and incur expenses and is identified on the basis of the internal financial reports that are provided to and regularly reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) in order to allocate resources and assess performance of the segment.

In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the CODM, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s revenue segments have similar economic characteristics and they are managed as a single business unit. The Company uses the “management approach” in determining reportable operating segments. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the CODM, which is comprised of the executive directors of the Company, for making operating decisions and assessing performance as the source for determining the Company’s reportable segments. The Company has determined that there is only one reportable operating segment.

Value added tax (“VAT”)

Revenue represents the invoiced value of goods and service, net of VAT. The VAT is based on gross sales price and VAT rates range up to 13%, depending on the type of products sold or service provided. Entities that are VAT general taxpayers are allowed to offset qualified input VAT paid to suppliers against their output VAT liabilities. Net VAT balance between input VAT and output VAT is recorded in taxes payable. All of the VAT returns filed by the Company’s subsidiaries in PRC remain subject to examination by the tax authorities for five years from the date of filing.

Income taxes

The Company follows the liability method of accounting for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740 (“ASC 740”), Income Taxes. The Company accounts for current income taxes in accordance with the laws of the relevant tax authorities. Deferred income taxes are recognized when temporary differences exist between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period including the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

The Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gain under the current tax laws of U.S. And the Company is subject to tax on income or capital gain under the tax laws of PRC.

An uncertain tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, no uncertain tax position is recognized. Penalties and interest incurred related to underpayment of income tax are classified as income tax expense in the period incurred. No significant penalties or interest relating to income taxes have been incurred during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023. All of the tax returns of the Company’s subsidiaries in PRC remain subject to examination by the tax authorities for five years from the date of filing.

Statutory surplus reserves

The Company’s PRC subsidiaries are required to allocate at least 10% of their after-tax profit to the general reserve in accordance with the PRC accounting standards and regulations. The allocation to the general reserve will cease if such reserve has reached 50% of the registered capital of respective company. These reserves can only be used for specific purposes and are not transferable to the Company in the form of loans, advances, or cash dividends. There is no such regulation of providing statutory reserve in Hong Kong.

Advertising expenses

Advertising expenditures are expensed as incurred and such expenses were included as part of selling and marketing expenses. For the years ended December 2025, 2024 and 2023, the advertising expenses amounted to approximately $9.90 million, $11.87 million and $2.37 million, respectively.

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Comprehensive (loss) income

Comprehensive (loss) income consists of two components, net (loss) income and other comprehensive (loss) income. Other comprehensive (loss) income refers to revenue, expenses, gains and losses that under GAAP are recorded as an element of equity but are excluded from net income. Other comprehensive (loss) income consists of a foreign currency translation adjustment resulting from the Company not using the U.S. dollar as its functional currencies.

(Loss) Earnings per share

The Company computes earnings per share (“EPS”) in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings per Share. ASC 260 requires companies to present basic and diluted EPS. Basic EPS is measured as net income divided by the weighted average common share outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS presents the dilutive effect on a per-share basis of the potential Ordinary Shares (e.g., convertible securities, options and warrants) as if they had been converted at the beginning of the periods presented, or issuance date, if later. Potential Ordinary Shares that have an anti-dilutive effect (i.e., those that increase income per share or decrease loss per share) are excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS. There were no dilutive or anti-dilutive potential Ordinary Shares or effect for the years ended 2025, 2024 and 2023.

Recent accounting pronouncements

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-12, which is to correct, clarify, and otherwise improve U.S. GAAP. ASU 2025-12 includes 33 improvements that span a wide range of topics, including Clarifying diluted earnings per share (EPS) calculation when a loss from continuing operations exists, Clarifying disclosure requirements for lease receivables from sales-type or direct financing leases, Revising the calculation of the reference amount for beneficial interests to prevent double counting credit losses, Clarifying the permissible methods to account for treasury stock retirements, and Clarifying the guidance for transfers of receivables from contracts with customers. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted in both interim and annual reporting periods in which financial statements have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. If an entity adopts the amendments in this Update in an interim period, it must adopt them as of the beginning of the annual reporting period that includes that interim reporting period. An entity may elect to early adopt the amendments on an issue-by-issue basis. For example, an entity may decide to early adopt certain amendments and adopt the remaining amendments at the effective date. An entity should apply the amendments in this Update (except for the amendments to Topic 260, Earnings Per Share, related to Issue 4) using one of the following transition methods: (i) Prospectively to all transactions recognized on or after the date that the entity first applies the amendments, or (ii) Retrospectively to the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. An entity should adjust the opening balance of retained earnings (or other appropriate components of equity or net assets in the statement of financial position) as of the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, which is intended to improve the navigability of the guidance in ASC 270 and clarify when it applies. Under the amendments, an entity is subject to ASC 270 if it provides interim financial statements and notes in accordance with GAAP. The ASU also addresses the form and content of such financial statements, adds lists to ASC 270 of the interim disclosures required by all other Codification topics, and establishes a principle under which an entity must disclose events since the end of the last annual reporting period that have a material impact on the entity. As the Board stated in the proposed guidance and reiterates in the ASU, the amendments are not intended to change the fundamental nature of interim reporting or expand or reduce current interim disclosure requirements. For public business entities, the amendments in ASU 2025-11 are effective for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. For entities other than public business entities, for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2028. Early adoption is permitted for all entities. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-10, Government Grants (Topic 832): Accounting for Government Grants Received by Business Entities. The ASU establishes authoritative guidance on the accounting for government grants received by business entities. This update is effective beginning with annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2029, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this standard will have on its combined financial statements.

On September 18, 2025, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2025-06, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software. ASU 2025-06 modernizes the accounting for internal-use software (the existing internal-use software guidance does not contemplate more current methods of software development). The amendments in ASU 2025-06 are limited and focused on the key challenge that entities face in applying FASB Accounting Standards Codification (FASB ASC) 350-40—applying that guidance to software that is developed using modern, iterative approaches such as Agile, DevOps, and continuous-deployment models that do not fit neatly into the legacy “preliminary-project / application-development / post-implementation” stages described in today’s Subtopic 350-40.The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. The Company expects the adoption on this ASU will not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05 - Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326). The amendments in this Update provide (1) all entities with a practical expedient and (2) entities other than public business entities with an accounting policy election when estimating expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets arising from transactions accounted for under Topic 606. An entity that elects the practical expedient and the accounting policy election, if applicable, should apply the amendments in this Update prospectively. The amendments will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted in both interim and annual reporting periods in which financial statements have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company is evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance. We believe the future adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on its financial statements.

In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, “Income Statement – Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosure (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date.” This pronouncement revises the effective date of ASU 2024-03 and clarify that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Entities within the ASU’s scope are permitted to early adopt the accounting standard update. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” This pronouncement introduces new disclosure requirements aimed at enhancing transparency in financial reporting by requiring disaggregation of specific income statement expense captions. Under the new guidance, entities are required to disclose a breakdown of certain expense categories, such as: employee compensation; depreciation; amortization, and other material components. The disaggregated information can be presented either on the face of the income statement or in the notes to the financial statements, often using a tabular format. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within those fiscal years. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, “Income Statement – Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosure (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date.” This pronouncement revises the effective date of ASU 2024-03 and clarifies that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Entities within the ASU’s scope are permitted to early adopt the accounting standard update. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements — Codification Amendments in Response to SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative which amend the disclosure or presentation requirements of codification subtopic 230-10 Statement of Cash Flows — Overall, 250-10 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections — Overall, 260-10 Earnings Per Share — Overall, 270-10 Interim Reporting — Overall, 440-10 Commitments — Overall, 470-10 Debt — Overall, 505-10 Equity — Overall, 815-10 Derivatives and Hedging — Overall, 860-30 Transfers and Servicing — Secured Borrowing and Collateral, 932-235 Extractive Activities — Oil and Gas — Notes to Financial Statements, 946-20 Financial Services — Investment Companies — Investment Company Activities, and 974-10 Real Estate — Real Estate Investment Trusts — Overall. The amendments represent changes to clarify or improve disclosure and presentation requirements of the above subtopics. Many of the amendments allow users to more easily compare entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosures with those entities that were not previously subject to the SEC’s requirements. Also, the amendments align the requirements in the codification with the SEC’s regulations. For entities subject to existing SEC disclosure requirements or those that must provide financial statements to the SEC for securities purposes without contractual transfer restrictions, the effective date aligns with the date when the SEC removes the related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K. Early adoption is not allowed. For all other entities, the amendments will be effective two years later from the date of the SEC’s removal.

Except for the above-mentioned pronouncements, there are no new recent issued accounting standards that will have a material impact on the consolidated financial position, statements of operations and cash flows.

3. Cash

Cash consist of cash on hand, cash in banks, which are unrestricted as to withdrawal or use, and have insignificant risk of changes in value. Cash is denominated in the following currencies:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | In thousands of USD |
RMB |  | $ | 23,706 |  |  | $ | 21,731 |
HKD |  |  | 235 |  |  |  | 263 |
USD |  |  | 2,972 |  |  |  | 4,718 |
SGD |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |
Total |  | $ | 26,914 |  |  | $ | 26,712 |

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4. Accounts receivable and contract assets

Accounts receivable and contract assets consisted of the following as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | In thousands of USD |
Accounts receivables |  | $ | 1,968 |  |  | $ | 3,553 |
Contract assets |  |  | 292 |  |  |  | 710 |
Total |  | $ | 2,260 |  |  | $ | 4,263 |

There was no allowance for credit losses recognized as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The accounts receivable amounted to $2,259,768 was fully collected till report date.

5. Prepayments, deposits, and other current assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | In thousands of USD |
Deposits to software developer1 |  | $ | 6,829 |  |  | $ | - |
Cash due from the issuance2 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,831 |
Rental deposit |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | - |
Income tax refundable |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | - |
Prepaid service fee |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 63 |
Other current assets |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 74 |
Total |  | $ | 6,992 |  |  | $ | 2,968 |

| 1 | On May 9, 2025, the Company entered into a Technical service agreement with Xiamen Kuashangtong Technology Co., Ltd. to load the service centered on voice recognition technology into the AI finance and tax large model; The Company paid $6.82 million (RMB48 million) in FY2025. The software development service is in progress and anticipated to be completed by 2026.

| 2 | On December 29, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain institutional investors named thereto (the “Purchasers”). Pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreements, the Purchasers agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and the Company agreed to issue and sell to the Purchasers, an aggregate of 25,000,000 Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.00004 per share (the “Class A Ordinary Shares”), at a purchase price of $0.125 per share, and for an aggregate purchase price of $3,125,000 (the “Offering”). The Offering closed on December 30, 2024. The Company has received net proceeds of approximately $2,831,250 from the issuance and sale of the Class A Ordinary Shares on January 2, 2025, after deducting the offering expenses.

6. Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | In thousands of USD |
Buildings |  | $ | 7,451 |  |  | $ | 15,977 |
Furniture and equipment |  |  | 844 |  |  |  | 685 |
Motor vehicles |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 152 |
Office improvements |  |  | 1,882 |  |  |  | 1840 |
Subtotal |  |  | 10,213 |  |  |  | 18,654 |
Less: accumulated depreciation |  |  | (3,170 | ) |  |  | (4,961 | )
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | 7,043 |  |  | $ | 13,693 |

Depreciation expenses recognized in general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 amounted to approximately $0.56 million, $0.69 million and $0.68 million, respectively.

The Company has no pledged property and equipment as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

The Company did not recognize any impairment loss on property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

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7. Intangible assets

The Company’s intangible assets with definite useful lives primarily consisted of licensed software and customer relationship, which are for sales or support the Company’s business and operation. The following table summarizes the components of acquired intangible asset balances.

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | In thousands of USD |
Software |  | $ | 19,262 |  |  | $ | 18,903 |
Customer relationship |  |  | 3,610 |  |  |  | 3,529 |
Less: accumulated amortization |  |  | (14,783 | ) |  |  | (11,380 | )
Intangible assets, net |  | $ | 8,089 |  |  | $ | 11,052 |

Amortization expense recognized in cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 amounted to approximately $1.68 million, $1.55 million and $2.13 million, respectively. Amortization expense recognized in general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 amounted to approximately $1.79 million, $0.51 million and $0.02 million, respectively. The weighted average amortization period for licensed software is approximately 4.92 years, 4.83 years and 5.01 years as of December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company has no pledged intangible assets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

The Company disposed of XMLC’ software with a gross carrying amount of $0.07 million, accumulated amortization of $0.06 million and a net carrying amount of $0.01 million.

The Company did not recognize any impairment loss on intangible asset for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

The future amortization expense of the intangible assets for the twelve months ending December 31 of the following years is expected as follows:

Year ending December 31, |  | Amortization expenses |
|  | In thousands of USD |
2026 |  | $ | 2,997 |
2027 |  |  | 2,559 |
2028 |  |  | 1,776 |
2029 |  |  | 757 |
Total |  | $ | 8,089 |

8. Goodwill

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | In thousands of USD |
Bondly HK (Note 15) |  | $ | 4,454 |  |  | $ | 4,454 |
Less: impairment |  |  | (3,663 | ) |  |  | - |
Total |  | $ | 791 |  |  | $ | 4,454 |

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | In thousands of USD |
Balance as of December 31, |  | $ | 4,454 |  |  | $ | - |
Acquisitions (Note 15) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,454 |
Impairment |  |  | (3,663 | ) |  |  | - |
Goodwill |  | $ | 791 |  |  | $ | 4,454 |

The goodwill generated from the expected synergies from the output capacity of the transaction and service scenario of developing AI-powered applications

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9. Leases

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had the following non-cancellable lease contract.

Description of the lease |  | Lease term
Office premises |  | 2 to 5 years

(a) | Amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheet:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | In thousands of USD |
Right-of-use assets |  | $ | 554 |  |  | $ | 61 |
Lease liabilities, current |  |  | 211 |  |  |  | 56 |
Lease liabilities, non-current |  |  | 343 |  |  |  | 5 |
Total operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 554 |  |  | $ | 61 |

(b) | A summary of lease cost recognized in the Company’ consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income is as follows:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | In thousands of USD |
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | 121 |
Interest of lease liabilities |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 5 |

Maturity analysis of operating lease liability as of December 31, 2025 is as follows:

Operating lease payment |  | In thousands of USD |
Within one year |  |  | 227 |
One to three years |  |  | 326 |
Three to five years |  |  | 29 |
Total future minimum lease payments |  | $ | 582 |
Less: imputed interest |  |  | (28 | )
Total |  |  | 554 |

10. Prepaid and other assets

Prepaid and other assets consisted of the following as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | In thousands of USD |
Deposit of Haicang property |  | $ | 4,610 |  |  | $ | 4,507 |
Deposits to software developer |  |  | 16,219 |  |  |  | 11,407 |
The deposits for potential acquisition |  |  | 142 |  |  |  | 139 |
Other current assets |  |  | 237 |  |  |  | 372 |
Total |  | $ | 21,208 |  |  | $ | 16,425 |

On May 18, 2023, the Company (the “Buyer”) entered into a pre-sale agreement with Xiamen Haicang District People’s Government (the “Seller”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to purchase the Service industrial park building, located in Haicang District of Xiamen City. The buyer immediately pays $4.48 million (RMB 32.4 million) deposit at the time of signing this agreement and the remaining shall be settled at the Closing. The building was estimated to be put into use on December 31, 2028.

On May 5, 2023, the Company made the first deposit of $$3.53 million (RMB 25 million) to ZhongYi Digital Intelligence Technology Co., Ltd to purchase the ChatGPT Accounting Intelligent System; On December 15, 2023, the Company made second deposit of $2.12 million (RMB 15 million) to the software developer. On September 25, 2024, the Company made third deposit of $1.39 million (RMB 10 million) to the software developer. On October 14, 2024, the Company made fourth deposit of $4.45 million (RMB 32 million) to the software developer. On Novement 28, 2025, the Company made fifth deposit of $4.55 million (RMB 32 million) to the software developer. The software development service is in progress and anticipated to be completed by 2026.

On October 22, 2024, the Company entered into a letter of intent for equity acquisition with an unrelated third-party company, pursuant to which the Company intends to acquire equity interests in the target company. The Company paid a goodwill deposit of RMB 1 million, which is refundable. The final purchase price will be determined as no less than 8 times the average audited net profit of the target company for the three-year period from 2024 to 2026, with specific terms subject to the formal equity transfer documents to be mutually agreed in the future. Due diligence is currently in progress, and the specific timing of the acquisition will be negotiated upon completion of such due diligence.

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11. Related party transactions and balances

The table below sets forth the major related parties and their relationships with the Company as of December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023:

Name of related parties |  | Relationship with the Company
Jinjiang Xingminqi Accounting Vocational Training School (“Jinjiang School”) |  | A company controlled by the Company’s controlling shareholder
Quanzhou City Lichen Accounting Vocational Training School (“Quanzhou School”) |  | A company controlled by the Company’s controlling shareholder
Mr. Ya Li |  | Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board

i) | Significant transactions with related parties were as follows:

|  | For the years ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Provision of marketing, operation and technical support services to Jinjiang School |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 48 |
Provision of marketing, operation and technical support services to Quanzhou School |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 60 |
Processing of academic education applications to Jinjiang School |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 101 |
Processing of academic education applications to Quanzhou School |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 107 |
Sales of teaching and learning materials to Jinjiang School |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 74 |
Sales of teaching and learning materials to Quanzhou School |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 49 |
Online training to Jinjiang School |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 28 |
Online training to Quanzhou School |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16 |
Total revenues – related parties |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 483 |

ii) | Significant balances with related parties were as follows:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | In thousands of USD |
Due to the related party |  |  |  |  |  |
Ya Li |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 866 |
Total |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 866 |

Balances due to Ya Li are the result of the normal business transactions stated above. The balances were all unsecured, non-interest bearing and payable on demand.

12. Accrued expenses and other current liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | In thousands of USD |
Salary payable |  | $ | 1,641 |  |  | $ | 1,477 |
Acquisition in long term investment1 |  |  | 543 |  |  |  | - |
Accrued service fees |  |  | 1,209 |  |  |  | - |
Others |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 150 |
Total |  | $ | 3,404 |  |  | $ | 1,627 |

| 1 | It represents the equity investment in two third-party companies, for which the relevant equity registration procedures have been completed, but the corresponding capital contribution has not been fully paid. The Company has paid $0.2 million as of the date of this annual report. The remaining amount will be paid before June 30, 2026.

13. Contract liabilities

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | In thousands of USD |
Balance as of December 31, |  | $ | 696 |  |  | $ | 1,034 |
Additions |  |  | 2,078 |  |  |  | 3,343 |
Revenue recognized |  |  | (3,059 | ) |  |  | (5,073 | )
Contract liabilities |  | $ | 285 |  |  | $ | 696 |

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14. Taxes

(a) | Taxes payable

Taxes payable consisted of the following:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | In thousands of USD |
Income tax payable |  | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | 473 |
VAT payable |  |  | 164 |  |  |  | 52 |
Other tax payable |  |  | 461 |  |  |  | 445 |
Total |  | $ | 780 |  |  | $ | 970 |

(b) | Corporate Income Taxes (“CIT”)

Cayman Islands

Under the current tax laws of Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gain. Additionally, the Cayman Islands does not impose a withholding tax on payments of dividends to shareholders.

BVI

Under the current tax laws of BVI, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gain. Additionally, the BVI does not impose a withholding tax on payments of dividends to shareholders.

Hong Kong

Under the current Hong Kong Inland Revenue Ordinance, the Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong are subject to 16.5% on its taxable income generated from operations in Hong Kong. Additionally, payments of dividends by the subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong to the Company are not subject to any Hong Kong withholding tax. The Company did not make any provision for Hong Kong profit tax as there were no assessable profits derived from or earned in Hong Kong since inception.

PRC

The Company’s PRC subsidiaries are governed by the income tax laws of the PRC and the income tax provision in respect to operations in the PRC is calculated at the applicable tax rates on the taxable income for the periods based on existing legislation, interpretations and practices in respect thereof. Under the Enterprise Income Tax Laws of the PRC (the “EIT Laws”), domestic enterprises and Foreign Investment Enterprises (the “FIE”) are usually subject to a unified 25% enterprise income tax rate while preferential tax rates, tax holidays and even tax exemption may be granted on case-by-case basis. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, there is no preferential tax rate.

i) | The components of the income tax provision are as follows:

|  | For the years ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Income tax expense |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,948 |  |  | $ | 3,250 |
Total |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,948 |  |  | $ | 3,250 |

There are no deferred tax assets due to full valuation allowance for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

ii) | The following table reconciles PRC statutory rates to the Company’s effective tax rate:

The following table reconciles the China statutory rates to the Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023:

|  | For the years ended December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
PRC statutory income tax rate |  |  | 25.0 | % |  |  | 25.0 | % |  |  | 25.0 | %
Effect of different tax jurisdiction |  |  | (0.8 | )% |  |  | (29.7 | )% |  |  | 1.0 | %
Non-deductible expenses (1) |  |  | (1.3 | )% |  |  | (5.4 | % |  |  | 0.6 | %
Change in valuation allowance |  |  | (22.9 | )% |  |  | (36.6 | )% |  |  | 1.4 | %
Effective income tax rate |  |  | - | % |  |  | (46.7 | )% |  |  | 28.0 | %

(1) | Non-deductible expenses represented meal and entertainment fees not-deductible in PRC tax returns.

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Table of Contents

iii) | Deferred tax assets

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | In thousands of USD |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net accumulated loss-carry forward |  | $ | 6,419 |  |  | $ | 2,001 |
Less: valuation allowance |  |  | (6,419 | ) |  |  | (2,001 | )
Net deferred tax assets |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |

Movement of valuation allowance is as follows:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | In thousands of USD |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 2,001 |  |  | $ | 972 |
Write-off |  |  | (553 | ) |  |  | (500 | )
Change of valuation allowance |  |  | 4,971 |  |  |  | 1,529 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 6,419 |  |  | $ | 2,001 |

As of December 31, 2025, certain subsidiaries had accumulated tax loss of approximately $2.18 million, which can be carried forward to offset future taxable income. The carryforwards period for net operating losses under the EIT Law is five years. Valuation allowance is provided against deferred tax assets when the Company determines that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be utilized in the future.

Uncertain tax positions

The Company evaluates each uncertain tax position (including the potential application of interest and penalties) based on the technical merits, and measure the unrecognized benefits associated with the tax positions. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024 the Company did not have any significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions. The Company did not incur interest and penalties during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

15. Business Combination

Acquisition of Bondly HK

On July 29, 2024, the Company acquired 60% equity interest of Bondly HK with total cash consideration of $8,000,000. Bondly HK is a company incorporated in Hong Kong. Bondly HK and its subsidiary also engage in professional education business. The acquisition has further strengthened the transaction and service scenario of the financial and taxation solution services of the Company. The results of Bondly HK and its subsidiary have been included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company since the acquisition date of July 29, 2024.

On February 26, 2025, the Company acquired the remaining 40% equity interest of Bondly HK with total cash consideration of $5,330,000.

The Company engaged an independent valuation firm to assist management in valuing assets acquired, liabilities assumed, intangible assets identified and contingent consideration as of the acquisition day.

The identifiable intangible assets acquired upon acquisition were proprietary technology with definite useful life. All other current assets and current liabilities carrying value approximated fair value at the time of acquisition. The fair value of the consideration was based on closing market price of the Company’s common share on the acquisition date.

According to the independent valuation report, the purchase price was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values. Fair value of the non-controlling interests was evaluated based on the equity value of Bondly HK derived by the discounted cash flow method after considering a discount for lack of control:

Fair value of total consideration transferred: |  |  |
Cash consideration |  | $ | 8,000 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 8,000 |
Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liability assumed: |  |  |  |
Cash |  | $ | 1,186 |
Current assets other than cash |  |  | 634 |
Intangible asset – customer relationships |  |  | 3,557 |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 1,764 |
Current liabilities |  |  | (1,231 | )
Total identifiable net assets |  | $ | 5,910 |
Fair value of non-controlling interests* |  |  | 2,364 |
Goodwill |  | $ | 4,454 |

F-24

Table of Contents

16. Share Based Compensation

In September 2023, the Company adopted the 2023 Equity incentive plan which allows the Company to offer incentive awards to employee, directors and consultants (collectively, “the Participants”). Under the 2023 Equity incentive plan, the Company issued 870,000 and 1,150,000 Class A Ordinary Shares as the incentive awards to the Participants with no restrictive legend affixed on March 12, 2024 and November 12, 2024, respectively. The fair values of share units are determined based on the closing price of the grant date of the Company’s ordinary shares.

No share-based compensation expense was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2025. Share-based compensation expense of $3,412,700 was immediately recognized in general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 with no vesting conditions, respectively. No share-based compensation expense was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2023.

17. Ordinary shares

The Company was established as a holding company under the laws of Cayman Islands. The Company’s authorized share capital of US$200,000,000 is divided into (a) 20,000,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares with a nominal or par value of US$0.008 each and (b) 5,000,000,000 Class B Ordinary Shares with a nominal or par value of US$0.008 each. On March 3, 2025, the Company consolidated (each a “Share”) its common shares on the basis of 200 pre-consolidation Shares for one (1) post-consolidation share, which was approved by the Board on February 10, 2025. As of December 31, 2024, 449,500 Class A Ordinary Shares and 45,000 Class B Ordinary shares were issued and outstanding. Share amounts have been retrospectively restated to reflect the post-consolidation number of shares. Each Class A Ordinary Share has one (1) vote and each Class B Ordinary Share has ten (10) votes. Each Class B Ordinary Share is convertible into one Class A Ordinary Share at any time at the option of the holder thereof. Class A Ordinary Shares are not convertible into Class B Ordinary Shares under any circumstances.

On February 6, 2023, the Company announced the closing of its initial public offering of 4,000,000 Class A ordinary shares at a public offering price of $4.00 per Class A ordinary share for a total of $16,000,000 in gross proceeds. The Company raised total net proceeds of $14,098,140 after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. In addition, the Company granted to its underwriters an option for a period of 45 days after the closing of the initial public offering to purchase up to an additional 600,000 Class A Ordinary Shares at the public offering price, less underwriting discounts. On February 8, 2023, the Company closed its initial public offering of 4,000,000 Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.00004 per Class A ordinary share.

On March 12, 2024, the Company issued an aggregate of 870,000 Class A ordinary shares of the Company to certain employees and consultant for their services with par value of $0.00004 per share.

On May 2, 2024, the Company entered into the Securities Purchase Agreements with eight purchasers, each an unrelated third party to the Company (collectively, the “Purchasers”). Pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreements, the Purchasers agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and the Company agreed to issue and sell to the Purchasers, an aggregate of 10,380,000 Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.00004 per share (the “Class A Ordinary Shares”), at a purchase price of $0.70 per share, and for an aggregate purchase price of $7,266,000 (the “Offering”). The Offering closed on May 2, 2024. The Company received gross proceeds of approximately $7,266,000 from the issuance and sale of the Class A Ordinary Shares, before deducting the estimated offering expenses payable by the Company.

On November 8, 2024, the Company issued an aggregate of 1,150,000 Class A ordinary shares of the Company to certain employees and consultant for their services with par value of $0.00004 per share.

On December 12, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain institutional investors (collectively, the “Purchasers”). Pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreements, the Purchasers agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and the Company agreed to issue and sell to the Purchasers, an aggregate of 15,000,000 Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.00004 per share (the “Class A Ordinary Shares”), at a purchase price of $0.18 per share, and for an aggregate purchase price of $ $2,700,000 (the “Offering”). The Offering closed on December 13, 2024. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $2,426,000 from the issuance and sale of the Class A Ordinary Shares, after deducting the estimated offering expenses payable by the Company.

On December 26, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain institutional investors (collectively, the “Purchasers”). Pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreements, the Purchasers agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and the Company agreed to issue and sell to the Purchasers, an aggregate of 20,000,000 Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.00004 per share (the “Class A Ordinary Shares”), at a purchase price of $0.14 per share, and for an aggregate purchase price of $2,800,000 (the “Offering”). The Offering closed on December 27, 2024. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $2,529,000 from the issuance and sale of the Class A Ordinary Shares, after deducting the estimated offering expenses payable by the Company.

On December 29, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain institutional investors named thereto (the “Purchasers”). Pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreements, the Purchasers agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and the Company agreed to issue and sell to the Purchasers, an aggregate of 25,000,000 Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.00004 per share (the “Class A Ordinary Shares”), at a purchase price of $0.125 per share, and for an aggregate purchase price of $3,125,000 (the “Offering”). The Offering closed on December 30, 2024. The Company has received net proceeds of approximately $2,831,250 from the issuance and sale of the Class A Ordinary Shares on January 2, 2025, after deducting the offering expenses.

F-25

Table of Contents

On January 28, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain institutional investors named thereto (the “Purchasers”). Pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreements, the Purchasers agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and the Company agreed to issue and sell to the Purchasers, an aggregate of 42,500,000 Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.00004 per share (the “Class A Ordinary Shares”), at a purchase price of $0.08 per share, and for an aggregate purchase price of $3,400,000 (the “Offering”). The Company has received net proceeds of approximately $3,052,000 from the issuance and sale of the Class A Ordinary Shares on February 3, 2025, after deducting the offering expenses.

On February 10, 2025, the Board approved a one-for-two hundred (1:200) Reverse Split of the Company’s issued and unissued Class A and Class B ordinary shares.

On September 15, 2025, the Company entered into a certain securities purchase agreement (the “SPA”) with certain investors (the “Purchasers”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell up to 15,500,000 Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.008 each (the “Class A Ordinary Shares”), at a per share purchase price of $1.20 (the “Offering”). The gross proceeds to the Company from this Offering are approximately $18,600,000, before deducting any fees or expenses. The transaction was closed on September 19, 2025.

On August 27, 2025, the Company issued an aggregate of 65,000 Class B ordinary shares with a par value of $0.00004 per share to Mr. Ya Li, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Director and Chairman of the Board, as compensation for the period from January 2025 to June 2025.

On December 30, 2025, the Company convened its extraordinary general meeting of shareholders, during which the shareholders of the Company adopted resolutions approving an increase of the Company’s share capital to US$200,000,000.00 divided into 20,000,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares and 5,000,000,000 Class B Ordinary Shares.

As of December 31, 2025, 16,216,825 Class A Ordinary Shares and 110,000 Class B Ordinary shares were issued and outstanding.

18. Statutory surplus reserves

The Company is required to make appropriations to certain reserve funds, comprising the statutory surplus reserve and the discretionary surplus reserve, based on after-tax net income determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles of the PRC (“PRC GAAP”). Appropriations to the statutory surplus reserve are required to be at least 10% of the after-tax net income determined in accordance with PRC GAAP until the reserve is equal to 50% of the entity’s registered capital. Appropriations to the discretionary surplus reserve are made at the discretion of the Board of Directors and there is no discretionary surplus reserve as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The reserved amounts as determined pursuant to PRC statutory laws totaled $1.74 million and $1.74 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

19. Restricted assets

The Company’s ability to pay dividends is primarily dependent on the Company receiving distributions of funds from its subsidiary. Relevant PRC statutory laws and regulations permit payments of dividends by the PRC subsidiaries only out of its retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. The results of operations reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP differ from those reflected in the statutory financial statements of the PRC entities.

The PRC entities are required to set aside at least 10% of their after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of its registered capital. In addition, the PRC entities may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to enterprise expansion fund and staff bonus and welfare fund at its discretion. The PRC entities may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to a discretionary surplus fund at its discretion. The statutory reserve funds and the discretionary funds are not distributable as cash dividends. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned company out of China is subject to examination by the banks designated by State Administration of Foreign Exchange.

As a result of the foregoing restrictions, the PRC entities are restricted in their ability to transfer their assets to the Company. Foreign exchange and other regulation in the PRC may further restrict the PRC entities from transferring funds to the Company in the form of dividends, loans and advances. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, amounts restricted are the paid-in-capital and statutory reserve of the PRC entities, which amount to $12.23 million and $8.66 million, respectively.

F-26

Table of Contents

20. | Risks and Concentration

a) | Concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, approximately $16.33 million and $14.65 million were deposited with financial institutions located in the PRC, respectively. These balances are not covered by insurance. While management believes that these financial institutions are of high credit quality, it also continually monitors their credit worthiness.

The Company is also exposed to risk from its accounts receivable and other receivables. These assets are subjected to credit evaluations. An allowance has been made for estimated unrecoverable amounts which have been determined by reference to past default experience and the current economic environment.

A majority of the Company’s expense transactions are denominated in RMB and a significant portion of the Company and its subsidiaries’ assets and liabilities are denominated in RMB. RMB is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. In the PRC, certain foreign exchange transactions are required by law to be transacted only by authorized financial institutions at exchange rates set by the PBOC. Remittances in currencies other than RMB by the Company in China must be processed through the PBOC or other China foreign exchange regulatory bodies which require certain supporting documentation in order to affect the remittance.

The Company’s functional currency is RMB, and its consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars.

The RMB appreciated by 2.22% in fiscal year 2025 from December 31, 2024 to December 31, 2025 and depreciated by 1.49% in fiscal year 2024 from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar in the future. The change in the value of the RMB relative to the U.S. dollar may affect its financial results reported in the U.S. dollar terms without giving effect to any underlying changes in its business or results of operations. Currently, the Company’s assets, liabilities, revenues and costs are denominated in RMB.

To the extent that the Company needs to convert U.S. dollars into RMB for capital expenditures and working capital and other business purposes, appreciation of RMB against U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount the Company would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if the Company decides to convert RMB into U.S. dollar for the purpose of making payments for dividends, strategic acquisition or investments or other business purposes, appreciation of U.S. dollar against RMB would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to the Company.

b) | Concentration of customers and suppliers

Almost 99.2% revenue was derived from customers located in PRC. There are no customers from whom revenues individually represent greater than 10% of the total revenues of the Company in any of the periods presented.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, Hanhai Information Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Koubei (Shanghai) Information Technology Co., Ltd., and Guangzhou Xunwei Network Technology Co., Ltd. contributed approximately 13%, 11% and 11% of total purchases of the Company, respectively . For the year ended December 31, 2024, Beijing Duoying Times Culture Media Co., Ltd, one personal professional advisor and Jimei university contributed approximately 46%, 28% and 10% of total purchases of the Company, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Beijing Duoying Times Culture Media Co., Ltd, one personal professional advisor, Jimei university and Guangzhou Xingjinhui Trade Co., Ltd contributed approximately 30%, 21%, 18% and 16% of total purchases of the Company, respectively.

21. Commitments and contingencies

(a) | Commitments

Capital expenditure commitments

The Company has commitments for capital expenditures totaling $7,056,681 (RMB 49.6 million) as of December 31, 2025. These commitments are primarily related to the acquisition of office buildings and the development of software.

The Company did not have any significant commitments, long-term obligations, or guarantees as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

(b) | Contingencies

The Company is subject to legal proceedings and regulatory actions in the ordinary course of business. The results of such proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, but the Company does not anticipate that the final outcome arising out of any such matter will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, cash flows or results of operations on an individual basis or in the aggregate. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company is not a party to any material legal or administrative proceedings.

22. Subsequent events

In preparing these consolidated financial statements, the Company has evaluated events and transactions for potential recognition or disclosure through April 28, 2026, the date the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued. No other events require adjustment to or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.

F-27

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