Loans and Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Writeoff, after Recovery [Abstract]

LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

Portfolio Segments

The Company has divided the loan portfolio into the following portfolio segments based on risk characteristics:

Construction, land development and other land loans – Commercial construction, land and land development loans include loans for the development of residential housing projects, loans for the development of commercial and industrial use property, loans for the purchase and improvement of raw land and loans primarily for agricultural production that are secured by farmland. These loans are secured in whole or in part by the underlying real estate collateral and are generally guaranteed by the principals of the borrowing entity.

Secured by 1-4 family residential properties – These loans include conventional mortgage loans on one-to-four family residential properties. These properties may serve as the borrower’s primary residence, vacation home or investment property. Also included in this portfolio are home equity loans and lines of credit. This type of lending, which is secured by a first or second mortgage on the borrower’s residence, allows customers to borrow against the equity in their home.

Secured by multi-family residential properties – This portfolio segment includes mortgage loans secured by apartment buildings.

Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties – This portfolio segment includes real estate loans secured by commercial and industrial properties, office or mixed-use facilities, strip shopping centers or other commercial property. These loans are generally guaranteed by the principals of the borrowing entity.

Commercial and industrial loans and leases – This portfolio segment includes loans and leases to commercial customers for use in the normal course of business. These credits may be loans, lines of credit and leases to financially strong borrowers, secured by inventories, equipment or receivables, and are generally guaranteed by the principals of the borrowing entity.

Direct consumer – This portfolio segment includes a variety of secured and unsecured personal loans, including automobile loans, loans for household and personal purposes and all other direct consumer installment loans.

Branch retail – This portfolio segment includes loans secured by collateral purchased by consumers at retail stores with whom ALC had an established relationship through its branch network to provide financing for the retail products sold if applicable underwriting standards were met. The collateral securing these loans generally includes personal property items such as furniture, ATVs and home appliances.

Indirect consumer – This portfolio segment includes loans secured by collateral purchased by consumers at retail stores with whom the Company has an established relationship to provide financing for the retail products sold if applicable underwriting standards are met. The collateral securing these loans generally includes recreational vehicles, campers, boats, horse trailers and cargo trailers.

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the composition of the loan portfolio by reporting segment and portfolio segment was as follows:


	March 31, 2023
	Bank		ALC		Total
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Real estate loans:
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	69,398	$	—	$	69,398
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		85,353		1,269		86,622
Secured by multi-family residential properties		63,368		—		63,368
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		198,266		—		198,266
Commercial and industrial loans and leases (1)		65,708		—		65,708
Consumer loans:
Direct		5,069		3,366		8,435
Branch retail		—		12,222		12,222
Indirect		271,870		—		271,870
Total loans		759,032		16,857		775,889
Allowance for credit losses		9,624		1,975		11,599
Net loans	$	749,408	$	14,882	$	764,290


	December 31, 2022
	Bank		ALC		Total
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Real estate loans:
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	53,914	$	—	$	53,914
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		86,518		1,477		87,995
Secured by multi-family residential properties		67,852		—		67,852
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		200,156		—		200,156
Commercial and industrial loans and leases (1)		73,546		—		73,546
Consumer loans:
Direct		5,145		4,706		9,851
Branch retail		—		13,992		13,992
Indirect		266,567		—		266,567
Total loans		753,698		20,175		773,873
Allowance for loan and lease losses		8,057		1,365		9,422
Net loans	$	745,641	$	18,810	$	764,451

(1)

Includes equipment financing leases, which totaled $11.2 million and $10.3 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The Company makes commercial, real estate and installment loans to its customers. Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio, 53.8% and 53.0% of the portfolio was concentrated in loans secured by real estate as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Loans with a carrying value of $112.1 million and $100.2 million were pledged as collateral to secure Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) borrowings as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Related Party Loans

In the ordinary course of business, the Bank makes loans to certain officers and directors of the Company, including companies with which they are associated. These loans are made on the same terms as those prevailing for comparable transactions with unrelated parties. Management believes that such loans do not represent more than a normal risk of collectability, nor do they present other unfavorable features. The aggregate balances of such related party loans and commitments were $0.1 million and $0.2 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no new loans to these parties and no repayments made. During the year ended December 31, 2022, there were no new loans to these parties, and repayments by active related parties totaled $0.1 million.

Allowances for Credit Losses

Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted the CECL model to account for credit losses on financial instruments, including loans and leases held for investment, as well as off-balance sheet credit exposures including unfunded lending commitments. In accordance with the CECL accounting guidance, the Company recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment totaling $2.4 million, of which $1.8 million (net of tax) was recorded through retained earnings upon adoption of the model. This amount included estimates for credit losses associated with both loan and lease receivables, as well as unfunded lending commitments. Prospectively, following the date of adoption, all adjustments for credit losses are required to be recorded as a provision for (recovery of) credit losses in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans and Leases

Determining the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses is complex and requires judgment by management about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain. In future periods, evaluations of the overall loan portfolio, or particular segments of the portfolio, in the context of factors and forecasts then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the allowance and credit loss expense in those future periods. The level of the allowance is influenced by loan volumes and mix, historical credit loss experience, average remaining life of portfolio segments, asset quality characteristics, delinquency status, and other conditions including reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions and qualitative adjustment factors based on management’s understanding of various attributes that could impact life-of-loan losses as of the balance sheet date. The methodology to estimate losses includes two basic components: (1) an asset-specific component for individual loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans, and (2) a pooled component for estimated expected credit losses for loans that share similar risk characteristics.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics with other loans are evaluated on an individual basis. The process for determining whether a loan should be evaluated on an individual basis begins with a determination of credit rating. All loans graded substandard or worse with a total commitment of $0.5 million or more are evaluated on an individual basis. At management's discretion, other loans may be evaluated, including loans less than $0.5 million, if management determines that the loans exhibit unique risk characteristics. For loans individually evaluated, the allowance is based primarily on the fair value of the underlying collateral, utilizing independent third-party appraisals, and assessment of borrower guarantees.

For estimating the component of the allowance for credit losses that share similar risk characteristics, loans are segregated into loan segments or categories that share risk characteristics. Loans are designated into pooled segments based on product types, business lines, collateral, and other risk characteristics. For all pooled loan categories, the Company uses a loss-rate methodology to calculate estimated life-of-loan and lease credit losses. This methodology focuses on historical credit loss rates applied over the estimated weighted average remaining life of each loan segment, adjusted by qualitative factors, to estimate life-of-loan losses for each pooled segment. The qualitative factors utilized include, among others, reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic data, including inflation and unemployment levels, as well as interest rates.

The Company’s cumulative-effect adjustment upon the adoption of CECL increased the Company’s allowance for credit losses by $2.1 million. Subsequent to January 1, 2023, the Company recorded additional increases to the allowance for credit losses totaling $0.3 million which were included in the provision for credit losses in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

The following tables present changes in the allowance for credit losses during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:


	As of and for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Construction, Land Development, and Other			Real Estate 1-4 Family			Real Estate Multi- Family			Non- Farm Non- Residential			Commercial and Industrial			Direct Consumer			Branch Retail			Indirect Consumer			Total
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	517		$	832		$	646		$	1,970		$	919		$	866		$	518		$	3,154		$	9,422
Impact of adopting CECL accounting guidance		(94	)		(39	)		(85	)		(147	)		(20	)		47			628			1,833			2,123
Charge-offs		—			(8	)		—			—			—			(215	)		(155	)		(156	)		(534	)
Recoveries		—			16			—			—			—			198			77			28			319
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses		97			(32	)		(52	)		(61	)		(117	)		(4	)		—			438			269
Ending balance	$	520		$	769		$	509		$	1,762		$	782		$	892		$	1,068		$	5,297		$	11,599


	As of and for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
	Construction, Land Development, and Other			Real Estate 1-4 Family			Real Estate Multi- Family		Non- Farm Non- Residential			Commercial and Industrial		Direct Consumer			Branch Retail			Indirect Consumer			Total
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Allowance for loan and lease losses:
Beginning balance	$	628		$	690		$	437	$	1,958		$	860	$	1,004		$	304		$	2,439		$	8,320
Charge-offs		—			(2	)		—		—			—		(601	)		(101	)		(25	)		(729	)
Recoveries		1			8			—		1			—		128			23			11			172
Provision for (recovery of) loan and lease losses		(142	)		(12	)		47		(185	)		29		533			295			156			721
Ending balance	$	487		$	684		$	484	$	1,774		$	889	$	1,064		$	521		$	2,581		$	8,484

The following table details the allowance for loan and lease losses and recorded investment in loans by loan classification and by impairment evaluation as of December 31, 2022, as determined in accordance with ASC 310, Receivables, prior to the adoption of ASC 326:


	As of the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Construction, Land Development, and Other		Real Estate 1-4 Family		Real Estate Multi- Family		Non- Farm Non- Residential		Commercial and Industrial		Direct Consumer		Branch Retail		Indirect Consumer		Total
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Ending balance of allowance attributable to loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	7	$	—	$	—	$	252	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	259
Collectively evaluated for impairment		517		825		646		1,970		667		886		518		3,154		9,163
Total allowance for loan and lease losses	$	517	$	832	$	646	$	1,970	$	919	$	886	$	518	$	3,154	$	9,422
Ending balance of loans receivable:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	582	$	—	$	2,492	$	2,429	$	18	$	—	$	—	$	5,521
Collectively evaluated for impairment		53,914		87,413		67,852		197,664		71,117		9,833		13,992		266,567		768,352
Total loans receivable	$	53,914	$	87,995	$	67,852	$	200,156	$	73,546	$	9,851	$	13,992	$	266,567	$	773,873

Allowance for Credit Losses - Unfunded Lending Commitments

Unfunded lending commitments are off-balance sheet arrangements that represent unconditional commitments of the Company to lend to a borrower that are unfunded as of the balance sheet date. These may include unfunded loan commitments, standby letters of credit, and financial guarantees. The CECL accounting guidance requires that an estimate of expected credit loss be measured on commitments in which an entity is exposed to credit risk via a present contractual obligation to extend credit unless the obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the issuer. For the Company, unconditional lending commitments generally include unfunded term loan agreements, home equity lines of credit, lines of credit, and demand deposit account overdraft protection.

The Company’s cumulative-effect adjustment upon the adoption of CECL included a reserve for unfunded commitments of $0.3 million. As of March 31, 2023, the reserve, which is recorded in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet, remained $0.3 million. No reserve for unfunded commitments was recorded by the Company as of December 31, 2022.

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company utilizes a credit grading system that provides a uniform framework for establishing and monitoring credit risk in the loan portfolio. Under this system, construction, land, multi-family real estate, other commercial real estate, and commercial and industrial loans are

graded based on pre-determined risk metrics and categorized into one of nine risk grades. These risk grades can be summarized into categories described as pass, special mention, substandard, doubtful and loss, as described in further detail below.

•

Pass (Risk Grades 1-5): Loans in this category include obligations in which the probability of default is considered low.

•

Special Mention (Risk Grade 6): Loans in this category exhibit potential credit weaknesses or downward trends deserving management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in the deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Company’s credit position at some future date. Special mention loans are not adversely classified and do not expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. Although a special mention asset has a higher probability of default than pass-rated categories, its default is not imminent.

•

Substandard (Risk Grade 7): Loans in this category have defined weaknesses that jeopardize the orderly liquidation of debt. A substandard loan is inadequately protected by the current worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the collateral pledged, if any. Normal repayment from the borrower is in jeopardy, although no loss of principal is envisioned. There is a distinct possibility that a partial loss of interest and/or principal will occur if the deficiencies are not corrected. Loss potential, while existing in the aggregate amount of substandard assets, does not have to exist in individual assets classified as substandard.

•

Doubtful (Risk Grade 8): Loans classified as doubtful have all of the weaknesses found in substandard loans, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection of debt in full, based on currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable or improbable. Serious problems exist such that partial loss of principal is likely; however, because of certain important, reasonably specific pending factors that may work to strengthen the assets, the loans’ classification as estimated losses is deferred until a more exact status may be determined. Such pending factors may include proposed merger, acquisition or liquidation procedures, capital injection, perfection of liens on additional collateral and refinancing plans. Loans classified as doubtful may include loans to borrowers that have demonstrated a history of failing to live up to agreements. The Company did not have any loans classified as Doubtful (Risk Grade 8) as of March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

•

Loss (Risk Grade 9): Loans are classified in this category when borrowers are deemed incapable of repayment of unsecured debt. Loans to such borrowers are considered uncollectable and of such little value that continuance as active assets of the Company is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loan has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not prudent to defer writing off these assets, even though partial recovery may be realized in the future. The Company did not have any loans classified as Loss (Risk Grade 9) as of March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

Because residential real estate and consumer loans are more uniform in nature, each loan is categorized into one of two risk grades, depending on whether the loan is considered to be performing or nonperforming. Performing loans are loans that are paying principal and interest in accordance with a contractual agreement. Nonperforming loans are loans that have demonstrated characteristics that indicate a probability of loss.

The tables below illustrate the carrying amount of loans by credit quality indicator and year of origination as of March 31, 2023:


		March 31, 2023
		Loans at Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
		2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Total
		(Dollars in Thousands)
Commercial:

Construction, land development and other land loans	Pass	$	—	$	31,710	$	31,359	$	5,625	$	—	$	704	$	69,398
	Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	Subtotal	$	—	$	31,710	$	31,359	$	5,625	$	—	$	704	$	69,398

	Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Secured by multi-family residential properties	Pass	$	320	$	16,533	$	14,459	$	701	$	7,325	$	24,030	$	63,368
	Special Mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	Subtotal	$	320	$	16,533	$	14,459	$	701	$	7,325	$	24,030	$	63,368

	Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties	Pass	$	516	$	37,109	$	24,459	$	59,612	$	19,152	$	52,144	$	192,992
	Special Mention		—		—		1,319		546		—		645		2,510
	Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		2,764		2,764
	Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	Subtotal	$	516	$	37,109	$	25,778	$	60,158	$	19,152	$	55,553	$	198,266

	Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Commercial and industrial loans	Pass	$	2,332	$	8,894	$	17,835	$	4,992	$	4,195	$	24,938	$	63,186
	Special Mention		—		190		1,100		249		93		—		1,632
	Substandard		—		49		328		37		179		297		890
	Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	Subtotal	$	2,332	$	9,133	$	19,263	$	5,278	$	4,467	$	25,235	$	65,708

	Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Total commercial	Pass	$	3,168	$	94,246	$	88,112	$	70,930	$	30,672	$	101,816	$	388,944
	Special Mention		—		190		2,419		795		93		645		4,142
	Substandard		—		49		328		37		179		3,061		3,654
	Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
	Loss		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
		$	3,168	$	94,485	$	90,859	$	71,762	$	30,944	$	105,522	$	396,740

	Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—


		March 31, 2023
		Loans at Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
		2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Total
		(Dollars in Thousands)
Consumer:

Secured by 1-4 family residential properties	Performing	$	1,762	$	21,937	$	16,092	$	12,095	$	10,346	$	23,337	$	85,569
	Non-performing		—		—		—		—		164		889		1,053
	Subtotal	$	1,762	$	21,937	$	16,092	$	12,095	$	10,510	$	24,226	$	86,622

	Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	8	$	8

Direct	Performing	$	740	$	2,021	$	3,378	$	1,467	$	533	$	273	$	8,412
	Non-performing		—		—		6		—		—		17		23
	Subtotal	$	740	$	2,021	$	3,384	$	1,467	$	533	$	290	$	8,435

	Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	149	$	47	$	1	$	18	$	215

Branch retail	Performing	$	—	$	—	$	3,215	$	3,743	$	2,173	$	3,077	$	12,208
	Non-performing		—		—		—		14		—		—		14
	Subtotal	$	—	$	—	$	3,215	$	3,757	$	2,173	$	3,077	$	12,222

	Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	40	$	44	$	20	$	51	$	155

Indirect	Performing	$	18,453	$	102,067	$	76,676	$	60,415	$	6,674	$	7,560	$	271,845
	Non-performing		—		—		—		11		14		—		25
	Subtotal	$	18,453	$	102,067	$	76,676	$	60,426	$	6,688	$	7,560	$	271,870

	Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	45	$	42	$	40	$	—	$	29	$	156

Total consumer:	Performing	$	20,955	$	126,025	$	99,361	$	77,720	$	19,726	$	34,247	$	378,034
	Non-performing		—		—		6		25		178		906		1,115
		$	20,955	$	126,025	$	99,367	$	77,745	$	19,904	$	35,153	$	379,149

	Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	45	$	231	$	131	$	21	$	106	$	534

The tables below illustrate the carrying amount of loans by credit quality indicator as of December 31, 2022:


	December 31, 2022
	Pass 1-5			Special Mention 6			Substandard 7			Total
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Loans secured by real estate:
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	53,914		$	—		$	—		$	53,914
Secured by multi-family residential properties		67,852			—			—			67,852
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		197,004			651			2,501			200,156
Commercial and industrial loans		70,500			—			3,046			73,546
Total	$	389,270		$	651		$	5,547		$	395,468
As a percentage of total loans		98.43	%		0.17	%		1.40	%		100.00	%


	December 31, 2022
	Performing			Nonperforming			Total
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Loans secured by real estate:
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties	$	86,871		$	1,124		$	87,995
Consumer loans:
Direct		9,805			46			9,851
Branch retail		13,960			32			13,992
Indirect		266,496			71			266,567
Total	$	377,132		$	1,273		$	378,405
As a percentage of total loans		99.66	%		0.34	%		100.00	%

The following table provides an aging analysis of past due loans by class as of March 31, 2023:


	As of March 31, 2023
	30-59 Days Past Due			60-89 Days Past Due			90 Days Or Greater			Total Past Due			Current			Total Loans			Recorded Investment > 90 Days And Accruing
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Loans secured by real estate:
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	69,398		$	69,398		$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		262			18			56			336			86,286			86,622			—
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—			—			—			—			63,368			63,368			—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		—			—			—			—			198,266			198,266			—
Commercial and industrial loans		3			—			173			176			65,532			65,708			—
Consumer loans:
Direct		97			45			24			166			8,269			8,435			—
Branch retail		92			23			14			129			12,093			12,222			—
Indirect		179			—			25			204			271,666			271,870			—
Total	$	633		$	86		$	292		$	1,011		$	774,878		$	775,889		$	—
As a percentage of total loans		0.08	%		0.01	%		0.04	%		0.13	%		99.87	%		100.00	%

The following table provides an aging analysis of past due loans by class as of December 31, 2022:


	As of December 31, 2022
	30-59 Days Past Due			60-89 Days Past Due			90 Days Or Greater			Total Past Due			Current			Total Loans			Recorded Investment > 90 Days And Accruing
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Loans secured by real estate:
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	53,914		$	53,914		$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		801			87			78			966			87,029			87,995			—
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—			—			—			—			67,852			67,852			—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		137			—			—			137			200,019			200,156			—
Commercial and industrial loans		61			—			300			361			73,185			73,546			—
Consumer loans:
Direct		251			50			30			330			9,521			9,851			—
Branch retail		258			85			32			375			13,617			13,992			—
Indirect		186			55			71			312			266,255			266,567			—
Total	$	1,694		$	277		$	511		$	2,481		$	771,392		$	773,873		$	—
As a percentage of total loans		0.21	%		0.04	%		0.07	%		0.32	%		99.68	%		100.00	%

The table below presents the amortized cost of loans on nonaccrual status and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest as of March 31, 2023. Also presented is the balance of loans on nonaccrual status at March 31, 2023 for which there was no related allowance for credit losses recorded.


	Loans on Non-Accrual Status
	March 31, 2023
	(Dollars in Thousands)
	Total nonaccrual loans		Nonaccrual loans with no allowance for credit losses		Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing
Loans secured by real estate:
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—	$	—	$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		856		483		—
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—		—		—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial loans		296		113		—
Consumer loans:						—
Direct		23		17		—
Branch retail		14		—		—
Indirect		25		—		—
Total loans	$	1,214	$	613	$	—

The following table provides an analysis of nonaccruing loans by portfolio segment as of December 31, 2022:


	Loans on Non-Accrual Status
	December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Loans secured by real estate:
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		914
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		—
Commercial and industrial loans		605
Consumer loans:
Direct		29
Branch retail		32
Indirect		71
Total loans	$	1,651

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans as of March 31, 2023, which are individually evaluated to determine credit losses:


	March 31, 2023
	Real Estate		Other		Total
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Loans secured by real estate
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—	$	—	$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		545		—		545
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—		—		—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		2,776		—		2,776
Commercial and industrial		—		337		337
Direct consumer		—		18		18
Total loans individually evaluated	$	3,321	$	355	$	3,676

The following table presents impaired loans as of December 31, 2022 as determined under ASC 310 prior to the adoption of ASC 326. Impaired loans generally include nonaccrual loans and other loans deemed to be impaired but that continue to accrue interest. Presented are the carrying amount, unpaid principal balance and related allowance of impaired loans as of December 31, 2022 by portfolio segment:


	December 31, 2022
	Carrying Amount		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowances
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Impaired loans with no related allowance recorded
Loans secured by real estate
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—	$	—	$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		568		568		—
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—		—		—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		2,492		2,492		—
Commercial and industrial		2,076		2,076		—
Direct consumer		18		18		—
Total impaired loans with no related allowance recorded	$	5,154	$	5,154	$	—
Impaired loans with an allowance recorded
Loans secured by real estate
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—	$	—	$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		14		14		7
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—		—		—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		353		353		252
Direct consumer		—		—		—
Total impaired loans with an allowance recorded	$	367	$	367	$	259
Total impaired loans
Loans secured by real estate
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—	$	—	$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		582		582		7
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—		—		—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		2,492		2,492		—
Commercial and industrial		2,429		2,429		252
Direct consumer		18		18		—
Total impaired loans	$	5,521	$	5,521	$	259

The following table details the average recorded investment and the amount of interest income recognized and received for the three months ended March 31, 2022, respectively, related to impaired loans as determined under ASC 310 prior to the adoption of ASC 326:


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
	Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized		Interest Income Received
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Loans secured by real estate
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—	$	—	$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		642		2		1
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—		—		—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		1,043		13		15
Commercial and industrial		739		5		5
Direct consumer		20		—		1
Total	$	2,444	$	20	$	22

Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

From time to time, the Company may modify the terms of loan agreements with borrowers that are experiencing financial difficulties. Modification of the terms of such loans typically include one or a combination of the following: a reduction of the stated interest rate of the loan; an extension of the maturity date at a stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk; or a permanent reduction of the recorded investment in the loan. No modifications in 2023 or 2022 resulted in the permanent reduction of the recorded investment in the loan.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company did not modify any loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, and there were no payment defaults on loans that were modified in the previous twelve months.