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Capital Structure | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2023
Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract] |
Capital Structure | Capital Structure Common Stock Each holder of common stock is entitled to vote on all matters and is entitled to one vote for each share held. Dividends on common stock will be paid when, and if, declared by the Company’s Board of Directors. No dividends have ever been declared or paid by the Company. Shelf Registration Statement On August 19, 2020, the Company filed a universal shelf registration statement with the SEC for the issuance of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, guarantees of debt securities, warrants and units up to an aggregate amount of $250.0 million (“the 2020 Shelf Registration Statement”). On August 28, 2020, the 2020 Shelf Registration Statement was declared effectiv e by the SEC. As of March 31, 2023, except for the Common Stock offering and the issuance of Senior Notes, the Company has not raised additional capital using the 2020 Shelf Registration Statement. Preferred Stock The Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) is authorized to issue preferred shares and has the discretion to determine the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions, including voting rights, dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption privileges and liquidation preferences of preferred stock. Series B Non-Convertible Preferred Stock On June 30, 2021, the Company closed a private placement of 75,000 shares of its Series B Perpetual Non-Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, with an initial liquidation preference of $1,000 per share (the “Series B Preferred Stock”), for net proceeds of $72.5 million (the “Series B Transaction”). The sale of the Series B Preferred Stock was pursuant to the Series B Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 24, 2021 (the “Series B Purchase Agreement”), between the Company and B. Riley Principal Investments, LLC (“BRPI”). In connection with the closing of the Series B Transaction, the Company (i) filed a Certificate of Designation with the State of Delaware setting forth the rights, preferences, privileges, qualifications, restrictions and limitations on the Series B Preferred Stock (the “Series B Certificate”) and (ii) entered into an Investor Rights Agreement with B. Riley Financial, Inc. (“B. Riley Financial”) and BRPI setting forth certain governance and registration rights of B. Riley Financial with respect to the Company. Certificate of Designation of the Series B Preferred Stock The rights, preferences, privileges, qualifications, restrictions and limitations of the shares of Series B Preferred Stock are set forth in the Series B Certificate. Under the Series B Certificate, the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive, on each share of Series B Preferred Stock on a quarterly basis, an amount equal to the dividend rate, as described in the following sentence, divided by four and multiplied by the then-applicable Liquidation Preference per share of Series B Preferred Stock (collectively, the “Preferred Dividends”). The dividend rate is (1) 9.5% per annum for the period commencing on June 30, 2021 and ending on and including December 31, 2021, (2) 13% per annum for the year commencing on January 1, 2022 and ending on and including December 31, 2022; and (3) 14% per annum for the year commencing on January 1, 2023 and thereafter. The Preferred Dividends will be due in cash on January 1, April 1, July 1 and October 1 of each year (each, a “Series B Dividend Payment Date”). The Company may choose to pay the Series B Preferred Dividends in cash or in additional shares of Series B Preferred Stock. In the event the Company does not declare and pay a dividend in cash on any Series B Dividend Payment Date, the unpaid amount of the Preferred Dividend will be added to the Liquidation Preference. As of March 31, 2023, the Liquidation Value and Redemption Value of the Series B Preferred Shares was $73.2 million. On and after the fifth anniversary of the date of issuance, holders of shares of Series B Preferred Stock will have the right to cause the Company to redeem each share of Series B Preferred Stock for cash in an amount equal to the sum of the current liquidation preference and any accrued dividends. Each share of Series B Preferred Stock will also be redeemable at the option of the holder upon the occurrence of a “Fundamental Change” at (i) par in the case of a payment in cash or (ii) 1.5 times par in the case of payment in shares of Common Stock (such shares being, “Registrable Securities”), subject to certain limitations on the amount of stock that could be issued to the holders of Series B Stock. In addition, the Company will be permitted to redeem outstanding shares of the Series B Preferred Stock at any time for the sum of the then-applicable Liquidation Preference and the accrued but unpaid dividends. Pursuant to the Series B Certificate, the Company will be required to use (i) the first $50.0 million of proceeds from certain transactions (i.e., disposition, sale of assets, tax refunds) received by the Company to redeem for cash, shares of the Series B Preferred Stock, on a pro rata basis among each holder of Series B Preferred Stock and (ii) the next $25.0 million of proceeds from certain transactions received by the Company may be used by the Company to buy back shares of Common Stock and to the extent, not used for such purpose by the Company, to redeem, for cash, shares of the Series B Preferred Stock, on a pro rata basis among each holder of the Series B Preferred Stock. The Company shall be required to obtain the prior written consent of the holders holding at least a majority of the outstanding shares of the Series B Preferred Stock before taking certain actions, including: (i) certain dividends, repayments and redemptions; (ii) any amendment to the Company’s certificate of incorporation that adversely affects the rights, preferences, privileges or voting powers of the Series B Preferred Stock; and (iii) issuances of stock ranking senior or equivalent to shares of the Series B Preferred Stock (including additional shares of the Series B Preferred Stock) in the priority of payment of dividends or in the distribution of assets upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company. Other than with respect to the foregoing consent rights, the Series B Preferred Stock is non-voting stock. Investor Rights Agreement On June 30, 2021, the Company, B. Riley Financial and BRPI entered into an Investor Rights Agreement (the “Investor Rights Agreement”). Pursuant to the Investor Rights Agreement, for so long as affiliates of B. Riley Financial beneficially own at least 10% of the outstanding shares of common stock (unless such equity threshold percentage is not met due to dilution from equity issuances), B. Riley Financial is entitled to nominate one Class II director (the “B. Riley Nominee”) to the Company’s board of directors (the “Board”), who shall be an employee of B. Riley Financial or its affiliates and is approved by the Board, such approval not to be unreasonably withheld. For so long as affiliates of B. Riley Financial beneficially own 5% or more but less than 10% of the outstanding shares of common stock (unless such equity threshold percentage is not met due to dilution from equity issuances), B. Riley Financial is entitled to certain board observer rights. A summary of the Company’s Series B Perpetual Non-Convertible Preferred Stock balance at March 31, 2023 and changes during the three months ended March 31, 2023, are presented below:
| Series B Preferred Stock
| Shares |  | Amount
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 71 |  |  | $ | 68,348 |
Amortization of preferred stock issuance costs | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of preferred PIK dividend | — |  |  | — |
Redemption of Series B preferred shares | — |  |  | — |
Balance at March 31, 2023 1 | 71 |  |  | $ | 68,348 |
________________________________ 1 Series B preferred stock net principal balance of $68.3 million is presented as gross principal balance of $70.7 million net of $2.35 million unamortized issuance costs. On January 3, 2023 the Company paid the accrued Series B Perpetual Non-Convertible Preferred Stock dividend of $2.30 million in form of cash. On April 3, 2023 the Company paid the accrued Series B Perpetual Non-Convertible Preferred Stock dividend of $2.47 million in form of cash. Stock Plans At the annual meeting of stockholders the Company held on June 16, 2022, the stockholders of the Company approved and adopted the Certificate of Amendment of the Company’s restated certificate of incorporation to increase the total number of shares of authorized common stock from 100 million shares to 150 million shares. As of March 31, 2023, there were 4.1 million shares available for the grant or award under the Company’s 2015 Equity Incentive Plan and 1.1 million shares available for the grant or award under the Company’s 2017 New Hire Equity Incentive Plan. The Company’s performance cash awards granted to executives under the Long Term Incentive (“LTI”) Pla ns have been accounted for as liability awards, due to the Company’s intent and the ability to settle such awards in cash upon vesting and the Company has reflected such awards in accrued expenses. As of March 31, 2023, the liability for such awards is approximately $0.8 million. Stock-Based Compensation The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense related to all of the Company’s stock awards included by operating expense categories, as follows:
| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenues | $ | 224 |  |  | $ | 221 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 542 |  |  | 556 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 973 |  |  | 1,150 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 1,739 |  |  | $ | 1,927 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense related to all of the Company’s stock awards included by award type, as follows:
| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options | $ | 528 |  |  | $ | 794 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock awards | 785 |  |  | 878 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performance Based Cash Units | 426 |  |  | 255 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total stock-based compensation before taxes | $ | 1,739 |  |  | $ | 1,927 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax benefit | $ | 345 |  |  | $ | 377 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The total stock-based compensation cost related to unvested equity awards as of March 31, 2023 was approximately $9.2 million. The expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.1 years. The total stock-based compensation cost related to unvested performance based cash units as of March 31, 2023 was approximately $1.1 million. The expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.2 years. Stock Options The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model for determining the estimated fair value for stock options. The weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model are as follows:
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected stock price volatility |  | 72.5 | % |  | 71.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk-free interest rate |  | 4.3 | % |  | 1.5 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected life of options (in years) |  | 4.28 |  | 4.15 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected dividend yield |  | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average fair value (PSV) of the options |  | $ | 0.60 |  |  | $ | 1.13 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding as of March 31, 2023:
Options |  | Number of Options |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 |  | 6,641 |  |  | $ | 3.80 |  |  |  |  |
Options Granted |  | 19 |  |  | 1.02 |  |  |  |  |
Options Exercised |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Options Cancelled |  | (160) |  |  | 8.04 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at March 31, 2023 |  | 6,500 |  |  | $ | 3.69 |  |  | 5.07 |  | $ | 1 |
Vested and exercisable at March 31, 2023 |  | 2,635 |  |  | $ | 6.67 |  |  | 3.71 |  | $ | — |
The total intrinsic value of stock options exercisable was nil at March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was nil and nil during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Awards of Restricted Stock and Performance Stock A summary of the Company’s unvested restricted stock at March 31, 2023, and changes during the three months ended March 31, 2023, is presented below:
Unvested Restricted Stock |  | Number of Awards |  | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2022 |  | 4,385 |  |  | $ | 1.82 |
Granted |  | 3,161 |  |  | 0.95 |
Granted adjustment 1 |  | (395) |  |  | 3.25 |
Vested |  | (94) |  |  | 4.47 |
Forfeited |  | (71) |  |  | 2.32 |
Unvested at March 31, 2023 |  | 6,986 |  |  | $ | 1.31 |
___________________________ 1 Represents performance based cash units grants that vested and were paid out in form of shares of stock during the period and changes in unvested performance based restricted stock awards due to performance adjustments. Restricted stock awards are granted subject to service conditions or service and performance conditions. Restricted stock awards (“RSA”) and performance based restricted stock awards (“PRSA”) are measured at the closing stock price at the date of grant and the expense is recognized straight line over the requisite service period. Performance Based Cash Units Performance based cash units (“PBCU”) generally vest at the end of a three-year period based on service and achievement of certain performance objectives determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. A summary of the Company’s outstanding performance based cash units at March 31, 2023 and changes during the three months ended March 31, 2023, is presented below:
Outstanding Cash Units |  | Number of Units |  | Period End Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 |  | 5,872 |  |  | $ | 0.62 |
Granted |  | 1,206 |  |  | — |
Granted adjustment 1 |  | — |  |  | — |
Vested and distributed 2 |  | — |  |  | — |
Forfeited |  | (56) |  |  | — |
Outstanding at March 31, 2023 |  | 7,022 |  |  | $ | 0.94 |
___________________________ 1 Includes changes in the outstanding performance based cash units due to performance adjustments. 2 Includes earned PBCU that vested and were distributed to participants during the period. Performance based cash units are measured at the closing stock price at the reporting period end date and the expense is recognized straight line over the requisite service period. The expense for the period will increase or decrease based on updated fair values of these units at each reporting da te. Unvested units’ fluctuations are shown as adjustments to units granted in the table above. These fluctuations are based on the percentage achievement of the performance metrics at the end of each reporting period.

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