Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense for each employee and director is presented in the same statement of operations caption as their cash compensation. Stock-based compensation expense by statement of operations caption and the related income tax benefit were as follows:



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands)	2019		2018		2019		2018
Cost of sales	$	37	$	23	$	65	$	40
Research and development expenses	274		201		494		356
Selling, general and administrative expenses:
Employees	1,715		1,737		3,139		3,265
Outside directors	247		504		493		1,008
Total employee and director stock-based compensation expense	$	2,273	$	2,465	$	4,191	$	4,669

Income tax benefit	$	477	$	519	$	876	$	982

Stock Options

Stock option activity was as follows:



	Number of Options (in 000's)	Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in 000's)
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	597	$	44.27
Granted	150	27.07
Exercised	—	—			$	—
Forfeited/canceled/expired	—	—
Outstanding at June 30, 2019 ⁽¹⁾	747	$	40.80	4.20	$	5,435
Vested and expected to vest at June 30, 2019⁽¹⁾	747	$	40.80	4.20	$	5,435
Exercisable at June 30, 2019⁽¹⁾	503	$	43.33	3.26	$	3,331

⁽¹⁾

The aggregate intrinsic value represents the total pre-tax value (the difference between our closing stock price on the last trading day of the second quarter of 2019 and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had they all exercised their options on June 30, 2019. This amount will change based on the fair market value of our stock.

The assumptions we utilized in the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the resulting weighted average fair value of stock option grants were the following:



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Weighted average fair value of grants	$	—		$	—		$	10.28		$	14.26
Risk-free interest rate	—		%	—		%	2.49		%	2.51		%
Expected volatility	—		%	—		%	41.64		%	33.09		%
Expected life in years	0.00			0.00			4.54			4.53

As of June 30, 2019, we expect to recognize $2.6 million of total unrecognized pre-tax stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested stock options over a remaining weighted-average life of 2.0 years.

Restricted Stock

Non-vested restricted stock award activity was as follows:



	Shares (in 000's)		Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested at December 31, 2018	204		$	49.23
Granted	228		28.51
Vested	(94	)	48.07
Forfeited	(13	)	36.86
Non-vested at June 30, 2019	325		$	35.52

As of June 30, 2019, we expect to recognize $9.5 million of total unrecognized pre-tax stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock awards over a weighted-average life of 2.1 years.