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Income Taxes
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
We recorded income tax expense of $3.3 million and $3.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We recorded income tax expense of $3.4 million and $7.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The difference in income tax expense recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 is primarily due to the mix of pre‐tax income among jurisdictions, including losses not benefited as a result of a valuation allowance.

The difference between the Company's effective tax rate and the 21.0% U.S. federal statutory rate for the three months ended September 30, 2023 primarily related to the mix of pre-tax income and loss among jurisdictions and permanent tax items including a tax on global intangible low-taxed income. The permanent tax item related to global intangible low-taxed income also reflects recent legislative changes requiring the capitalization of research and experimentation costs, as well as limitations on the creditability of certain foreign income taxes.

At December 31, 2022, we assessed the realizability of the Company's deferred tax assets by considering whether it is more likely than not some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. We considered the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, tax planning strategies and projected future taxable income in making this assessment. At December 31, 2022, we had a three-year cumulative operating loss for our U.S. operations and, accordingly, have provided a full valuation allowance on our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, there was no change to our U.S. valuation allowance position. Additionally, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we have recorded a full valuation allowance of $1.4 million against the deferred tax assets related to our southwestern China factory due to the commencement of its shutdown.

At September 30, 2023, we had gross unrecognized tax benefits of $3.8 million, including interest and penalties, which, if not for the valuation allowance recorded against the state Research and Experimentation income tax credit, $3.3 million would affect the annual effective tax rate if these tax benefits are realized. Further, we are unaware of any positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase within the next twelve months. Based on federal, state and foreign statute expirations in various jurisdictions, we do not anticipate a decrease in unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months. We have classified uncertain tax positions as non-current income tax liabilities unless they are expected to be paid within one year.

We have elected to classify interest and penalties as a component of tax expense. Accrued interest and penalties are immaterial at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and are included in the unrecognized tax benefits.