10-K 1 brhc10000339x1_10k.htm FORM 10-K

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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

| ☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

or

| o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number 0-3722

ATLANTIC AMERICAN CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Georgia | 58-1027114
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

4370 Peachtree Road, N.E., Atlanta, Georgia | 30319
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) (404) 266-5500

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Name of exchange
Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share | NASDAQ Global Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes o No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes ☒ No o

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company”in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer o | Accelerated filer o | Non-accelerated filer o | Smaller reporting company ☒
|  | (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |
Emerging growth company o |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes o No ☒

The aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2018, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $11,087,680. For purposes hereof, beneficial ownership is determined under rules adopted pursuant to Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the foregoing excludes value ascribed to common stock that may be deemed beneficially owned by the directors and executive officers, and 10% or greater stockholders, of the registrant, some of whom may not be deemed to be affiliates upon judicial determination. On March 15, 2019 there were 20,154,832 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $1.00 per share, outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

1. Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant’s fiscal year end, have been incorporated by reference in Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III of this Form 10-K.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
PART I |  |  |  |  |  |
Item 1. | Business |  | 1 |
| The Company |  | 1 |
| Marketing |  | 2 |
| Underwriting |  | 3 |
| Policyholder and Claims Services |  | 4 |
| Reserves |  | 5 |
| Reinsurance |  | 6 |
| Competition |  | 7 |
| Ratings |  | 8 |
| Regulation |  | 8 |
| NAIC Ratios |  | 8 |
| Risk-Based Capital |  | 9 |
| Information Technology and Cybersecurity |  | 9 |
| Investments |  | 10 |
| Employees |  | 11 |
| Financial Information by Industry Segment |  | 11 |
| Available Information |  | 11 |
| Executive Officers of the Registrant |  | 11 |
| Forward-Looking Statements |  | 11 |
Item 1A. | Risk Factors |  | 12 |
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments |  | 12 |
Item 2. | Properties |  | 12 |
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings |  | 13 |
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures |  | 13 |
PART II |  |  |  |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities |  | 14 |
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data |  | 15 |
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 15 |
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 24 |
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data |  | 25 |
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure |  | 59 |
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures |  | 59 |
Item 9B. | Other Information |  | 59 |
PART III |  |  |  |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance |  | 60 |
Item 11. | Executive Compensation |  | 60 |
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters |  | 60 |
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence |  | 60 |
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services |  | 60 |
PART IV |  |  |  |
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules |  | 61 |
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary |  | 62 |

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PART I

| Item 1. | Business

The Company

Atlantic American Corporation, a Georgia corporation incorporated in 1968 (the “Parent” or “Company”), is a holding company that operates through its subsidiaries in well-defined specialty markets within the life and health and property and casualty insurance industries. The Parent’s principal operating subsidiaries are American Southern Insurance Company and American Safety Insurance Company (together known as “American Southern”) within the property and casualty insurance industry and Bankers Fidelity Life Insurance Company and Bankers Fidelity Assurance Company (together known as “Bankers Fidelity”) within the life and health insurance industry. Each of American Southern and Bankers Fidelity is managed separately based upon the type of products it offers, and is evaluated on its individual performance. The Company’s strategy is to focus on well-defined geographic, demographic and/or product niches within the insurance marketplace. Each of American Southern and Bankers Fidelity operates with relative autonomy, which structure is designed to allow for quick reaction to market opportunities.

The Parent has no significant business operations of its own and relies on fees, dividends and other distributions from its operating subsidiaries as the principal source of cash flow to meet its obligations. Additional information regarding the cash flow and liquidity needs of the Parent can be found in the Liquidity and Capital Resources section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Property and Casualty Operations

American Southern comprises the Company’s property and casualty operations and its primary product lines are as follows:

Business Automobile Insurance policies provide bodily injury and/or property damage liability coverage, uninsured motorist coverage and physical damage coverage for commercial accounts.

General Liability Insurance policies cover bodily injury and property damage liability for both premises and completed operations exposures for general classes of business.

Surety Bonds are contracts under which one party, the insurance company issuing the surety bond, guarantees to a third party that the primary party will fulfill an obligation in accordance with a contractual agreement. This obligation may involve meeting a contractual commitment, paying a debt or performing certain duties.

American Southern provides tailored business automobile insurance coverage, on a multi-year contract basis, to state governments, local municipalities and other large motor pools and fleets (“block accounts”) that can be specifically rated and underwritten. The size of the block accounts insured by American Southern are generally such that individual class experience can be determined, which allows for customized policy terms and rates. American Southern is licensed to do business in 32 states and the District of Columbia. While the majority of American Southern’s premiums are derived from its automobile lines of business, American Southern also offers inland marine and general liability coverages. Additionally, American Southern directly provides surety bond coverage for school bus transportation and subdivision construction, as well as performance and payment bonds.

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The following table summarizes, for the periods indicated, the allocation of American Southern’s net earned premiums from each of its principal product lines:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2018 | 2017
| (In thousands)
Automobile liability | $ | 28,840 |  | $ | 29,370 |
Automobile physical damage |  | 11,922 |  |  | 9,972 |
General liability |  | 2,920 |  |  | 2,953 |
Surety |  | 7,170 |  |  | 8,441 |
Other lines |  | 2,955 |  |  | 2,925 |
Total | $ | 53,807 |  | $ | 53,661 |

Life and Health Operations

Bankers Fidelity comprises the life and health operations of the Company and offers a variety of life and supplemental health products. Products offered by Bankers Fidelity include ordinary and term life insurance, Medicare supplement and other accident and health insurance products. Health insurance products, primarily Medicare supplement insurance, accounted for 93% of Bankers Fidelity’s net earned premiums in 2018 while life insurance, including both whole and term life insurance policies, accounted for the balance. In terms of the number of policies written in 2018, 97% were health insurance policies and 3% were life insurance policies.

The following table summarizes, for the periods indicated, the allocation of Bankers Fidelity’s net earned premiums from each of its principal product lines followed by a brief description of the principal products:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2018 | 2017
| (In thousands)
Life insurance | $ | 8,921 |  | $ | 9,574 |
Medicare supplement |  | 102,658 |  |  | 93,652 |
Other accident and health |  | 7,545 |  |  | 6,440 |
Total health insurance |  | 110,203 |  |  | 100,092 |
Total | $ | 119,124 |  | $ | 109,666 |

Life Insurance products include non-participating individual term and whole life insurance policies with a variety of riders and options. Policy premiums are dependent upon a number of factors, including issue age, level of coverage and selected riders or options.

Medicare Supplement Insurance includes 8 of the 11 standardized Medicare supplement policies created under the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (“MIPPA”), which are designed to provide insurance coverage for certain expenses not covered by the Medicare program, including copayments and deductibles.

Other Accident and Health Insurance coverages include several individual and group policies providing for the payment of standard benefits in connection with the treatment of diagnosed cancer and other critical illnesses, as well as a number of other policies providing nursing facility care, accident expense, hospital indemnity and disability coverages.

Marketing

Property and Casualty Operations

A portion of American Southern’s business is marketed through a small number of specialized, experienced independent agents. American Southern’s agent selection process is actively managed by internal marketing personnel with oversight from management. Senior management carefully reviews all new programs prior to acceptance. Most of American Southern’s agents are paid an up-front commission with the potential for additional commissions by participating in a profit sharing arrangement that is directly linked to the profitability

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of the underlying business. American Southern also solicits business from governmental entities. As an experienced writer of insurance policies for certain governmental programs, the company actively pursues this market on a direct basis. Much of this business is priced by means of competitive bid situations and there can be no assurance with respect to ultimate profitability or that the company can obtain or retain such business at the time of a specific contract renewal.

Life and Health Operations

Bankers Fidelity acquires its clientele through three distribution channels spread across 46 different states and two business divisions, all of which utilize commissioned, independent agents. The three distribution channels include traditional independent agents, brokers typically interested in a specific product of Bankers Fidelity and brokers who focus on sales within the group/employer benefits arena of BankersWorksite, all of which are responsible for their own marketing and sales activities. Contracting as independent agents enables Bankers Fidelity to effectively expand or contract its sales force without incurring significant expense.

Bankers Fidelity had 7,290 licensed agents contracted in both senior market and worksite divisions as of December 31, 2018. During 2018, approximately 2,297 of these licensed agents wrote policies on behalf of Bankers Fidelity.

Bankers Fidelity’s marketing and distribution strategy revolves around five pillars: Diversification, Differentiation, Quality, Retention and Profitability.

Diversification. Through unique product offerings such as the Vantage Recovery®, short-term care product and a group whole life product featuring a chronic illness rider, the Company is able to offer its distributors an array of products to sell that stand out from the competition. As the Company continues to expand its geographical footprint with agents and products, one of its main objectives is to have a healthy mix of all of its product lines nationwide.

Differentiation. Bankers Fidelity prides itself on the quality of Customer Service it offers to policyholders and agents. A dedicated agent support team is available to the field to support them on administration, underwriting, sales training, product questions and a plethora of other services which differentiates the Company from other carriers. Additionally, a customer loyalty team is available solely to serve insureds for any of their insurance needs. Unlike larger carriers, Bankers Fidelity prides itself on being agile which helps to quickly execute senior management’s initiatives.

Quality. Bankers Fidelity is focused on being a niche carrier that delivers superior service, quality products and innovative solutions. Sophisticated technology and reporting allows the home office teams to work with the sales force to deliver a tailored experience and phenomenal customer service.

Retention. Through seasonal campaigns and customer outreach, the Company is focused on client retention and servicing its policyholder’s through various stages in their life. By providing its agents with an innovative product portfolio they are able to meet the needs of our policyholders at all stages of their lives.

Profitability. In an effort to be sustainable in the marketplace as a long-term partner, senior management is focused on diversification, differentiation, quality and retention to ultimately service its policyholders and agents and provide security to home office employees.

Underwriting

Property and Casualty Operations

American Southern specializes in underwriting various risks that are sufficiently large enough to establish separate class experience, relying upon the underwriting expertise of its agents.

During the course of the policy life, extensive use is made of risk management representatives to assist commercial underwriters in identifying and correcting potential loss exposures and to physically inspect new accounts. The underwriting results from each insured are reviewed on an individual basis periodically. When results are below expectations, management takes corrective action which may include adjusting rates, revising underwriting standards, adjusting commissions paid to agents, and/or altering or declining to renew accounts at expiration.

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Life and Health Operations

Bankers Fidelity issues a variety of products that span from the worksite markets to the senior markets for both life and health insurance. Products offered by Bankers Fidelity include life insurance, typically with small face amounts, Medicare supplement and other accident and health insurance. Bankers Fidelity also provides an array of worksite products such as accident, cancer, critical illness, hospital indemnity and life insurance that is offered to employers who are looking to provide coverage for their employees and have the related premiums deducted through payroll deductions.

The majority of the products are underwritten on a non-medical basis using a simplified issue approach by which an application containing a variety of health related questions is submitted. Applications for insurance are reviewed to determine the face amount, age, medical history and any other necessary information. Bankers Fidelity utilizes information obtained directly from the insured, the Medical Information Bureau, prescription utilization reports as well as telephone interviews to determine whether an applicant meets the company’s underwriting criteria. Bankers Fidelity may also utilize medical records and investigative services to supplement and substantiate information, as necessary.

Policyholder and Claims Services

The Company believes that prompt, efficient policyholder and claims services are essential to its continued success in marketing its insurance products (see “Competition”). Additionally, the Company believes that its insureds are particularly sensitive to claims processing time and to the accessibility of qualified staff to answer inquiries. Accordingly, the Company’s policyholder and claims services seek to offer expeditious disposition of service requests by providing toll-free access for all customers, 24-hour claim reporting services, and direct computer links with some of its largest accounts. The Company also utilizes an automatic call distribution system to ensure that inbound calls to customer service support groups are processed efficiently. Operational data generated from this system allows management to further refine ongoing client service programs and service representative training modules.

Property and Casualty Operations

American Southern controls its claims costs by utilizing an in-house staff of claims supervisors to investigate, verify, negotiate and settle claims. Upon notification of an occurrence purportedly giving rise to a claim, a claim file is established. The claims department then conducts a preliminary investigation, determines whether an insurable event has occurred and, if so, updates the file for the findings and any required reserve adjustments. Frequently, independent adjusters and appraisers are utilized to service claims which require on-site inspections.

Life and Health Operations

Insureds may obtain claim forms by calling the claims department customer service group or through Bankers Fidelity’s website. To shorten claim processing time, a letter detailing all supporting documents that are required to complete a claim for a particular policy is sent to the customer along with the correct claim form. With respect to life policies, the claim is entered into Bankers Fidelity’s claims system when the proper documentation is received. Properly documented claims are generally paid within five business days of receipt. With regard to Medicare supplement policies, the claim is either directly billed to Bankers Fidelity by the provider or sent electronically through a Medicare clearing house.

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Reserves

Reserves are set by line of business within each of the subsidiaries. At December 31, 2018, approximately 68% of the reserves related to property and casualty losses and approximately 32% related to life and health losses. The Company’s property and casualty operations incur losses which may take extended periods of time to evaluate and settle. Issues with respect to legal liability, actual loss quantification, legal discovery and ultimate subrogation, among other factors, may influence the initial and subsequent estimates of loss. In the property and casualty operations, the Company’s general practice is to reserve at the higher end of the determined reasonable range of loss if no other value within the range is determined to be more probable. The Company’s life and health operations generally incur losses which are more readily quantified. Medical claims received are recorded in case reserves based on contractual terms using the submitted billings as a basis for determination. Life claims are recorded based on contract value at the time of notification to the Company; although policy reserves related to such contracts have been previously established. Individual case reserves are established by a claims processor on each individual claim and are periodically reviewed and adjusted as new information becomes known during the course of handling a claim. Regular internal periodic reviews are also performed by management to ensure that loss reserves are established and revised timely relative to the receipt of new or additional information. Lines of business for which loss data (e.g. paid losses and case reserves) emerge over a long period of time are referred to as long-tail lines of business. Lines of business for which loss data emerge more quickly are referred to as short-tail lines of business. The Company’s long-tail line of business generally consists of its general liability coverage while the short-tail lines of business generally consist of property and automobile coverages.

The Company’s actuaries regularly review reserves for both current and prior accident years using the most current claims data. These reviews incorporate a variety of actuarial methods (discussed in Critical Accounting Policies) and judgments and involve a disciplined analysis. For most lines of business, certain actuarial methods and specific assumptions are deemed more appropriate based on the current circumstances affecting that line of business. These selections incorporate input from claims personnel and operating management on reported loss cost trends and other factors that could affect the reserve estimates.

For long-tail lines of business, the emergence of paid losses and case reserves is less credible in the early periods, and accordingly may not be indicative of ultimate losses. For these lines, methods which incorporate a development pattern assumption are given less weight in calculating incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) reserves for the early periods of loss emergence because such a low percentage of ultimate losses are reported in that time frame. Accordingly, for any given accident year, the rate at which losses on long-tail lines of business emerge in the early periods is generally not as reliable an indication of ultimate losses as it would be for shorter-tail lines of business. The estimation of reserves for these lines of business in the early periods of loss emergence is therefore largely influenced by statistical analyses and application of prior accident years’ loss ratios, after considering changes to earned pricing, loss costs, mix of business, ceded reinsurance and other factors that are expected to affect the estimated ultimate losses. For later periods of loss emergence, methods which incorporate a development pattern assumption are given more weight in estimating ultimate losses. For short-tail lines of business, the emergence of paid loss and case reserves is more credible in the early periods and is more likely to be indicative of ultimate losses. The method used to set reserves for these lines of business is based upon utilization of a historical development pattern for reported losses. IBNR reserves for the current year are set as the difference between the estimated fully developed ultimate losses for each year, less the established, related case reserves and cumulative related payments. IBNR reserves for prior accident years are similarly determined, again relying on an indicated, historical development pattern for reported losses.

Based on the results of regular reserve estimate reviews, the Company determines the appropriate reserve adjustment, if any, to record in each period. If necessary, recorded reserve estimates are changed after consideration of numerous factors, including, but not limited to, the magnitude of the difference between the actuarial indication and the recorded reserves, improvement or deterioration of actuarial indication in the period, the maturity of the accident year, trends observed over the recent past and the level of volatility within a particular line of business. In general, changes are made more quickly to recognize changes in estimates to ultimate losses in mature accident years and less volatile lines of business.

Estimating case reserves and ultimate losses involves various considerations which differ according to the line of business. In addition, changes in legislative and regulatory environments may impact loss estimates. General liability claims may have a long pattern of loss emergence. Given the broad nature of potential general liability coverages, investigative time periods may be extended and questions of coverage may exist. Such

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uncertainties create greater imprecision in estimating required levels of loss reserves. The property and automobile lines of business generally have less variable reserve estimates than other lines. This is largely due to the coverages having relatively shorter periods of loss emergence. Estimates, however, can still vary due to a number of factors, including interpretations of frequency and severity trends. Severity trends can be impacted by changes in internal claim handling and reserving practices in addition to changes in the external environment. These changes in claim practices increase the uncertainty in the interpretation of case reserve data, which increases the uncertainty in recorded reserve levels.

The Company’s policy is to record reserves for losses and claims in amounts which approximate actuarial best estimates of ultimate values. Actuarial best estimates do not necessarily represent the midpoint value determined using the various actuarial methods; however, such estimates will fall between the estimated low and high end reserve values. The range of estimates developed in connection with the December 31, 2018 actuarial review indicated that reserves could be as much as 6.6% lower or as much as 10.2% higher. In the opinion of management, recorded reserves represent the best estimate of outstanding losses, although significant judgments are made in the derivation of reserve estimates and revisions to such estimates are expected to be made in future periods. Any such revisions could be material, and may materially adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations in any future period.

Property and Casualty Operations

American Southern maintains loss reserves representing estimates of amounts necessary for payment of losses and loss adjustment expense (“LAE”), and which are not discounted. IBNR reserves are also maintained for future development. These loss reserves are estimates, based on known facts and circumstances at a given date, of amounts the Company expects to pay on incurred claims. All balances are reviewed periodically by the Company’s independent consulting actuary. Reserves for LAE are intended to cover the ultimate costs of settling claims, including investigation and defense of any lawsuits resulting from such claims. Loss reserves for reported claims are based on a case-by-case evaluation of the type of claim involved, the circumstances surrounding the claim, and the policy provisions relating to the type of loss along with anticipated future development. The LAE for claims reported and claims not reported is based on historical statistical data and anticipated future development. Inflation and other factors which may affect claim payments are implicitly reflected in the reserving process through analysis and consideration of cost trends and reviews of historical reserve results.

American Southern establishes reserves for claims based upon: (a) management’s estimate of ultimate liability and claims adjusters’ evaluations of unpaid claims reported prior to the close of the accounting period, (b) estimates of IBNR claims based on past experience, and (c) estimates of LAE. If no value is determined to be more probable in estimating a loss after considering all factors, the Company’s general practice is to reserve at the higher end of the determined reasonable range of loss. The estimated liability is periodically reviewed and updated, and changes to the estimated liability are recorded in the statement of operations in the period in which such changes become known.

Life and Health Operations

Bankers Fidelity establishes liabilities for future policy benefits to meet projected future obligations under outstanding policies. These reserves are calculated to satisfy policy and contract obligations as they mature. The amount of reserves for insurance policies is calculated using assumptions for interest rates, mortality and morbidity rates, expenses, and withdrawals. Reserves are adjusted periodically based on published actuarial tables with modifications to reflect actual experience. The use of significantly different assumptions, or actual results that differ significantly from our estimates, could materially adversely affect our liquidity, results of operations or financial condition.

See Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on insurance reserves and policyholder funds.

Reinsurance

The Company’s insurance subsidiaries from time to time purchase reinsurance from unaffiliated insurers and reinsurers to reduce their potential liability on individual risks and to protect against catastrophic losses. In a reinsurance transaction, an insurance company transfers, or “cedes,” a portion or all of its exposure on insurance policies to a reinsurer. The reinsurer assumes the exposure in return for a portion of the premiums. The ceding of

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insurance does not legally discharge the insurer from primary liability for the full amount of the policies written by it, and the ceding company will incur a loss if the reinsurer fails to meet its obligations under the reinsurance agreement.

Property and Casualty Operations

American Southern’s basic reinsurance treaties generally cover all claims in excess of specified per occurrence limitations. Limits per occurrence within the reinsurance treaties are as follows: Inland marine and commercial automobile physical damage - $175,000 excess of $75,000 retention; and automobile liability and general liability - excess coverage of $2.0 million less retentions that may vary from $100,000 to $200,000 depending on the account. American Southern maintains a property catastrophe treaty with a $5.7 million limit excess of $300,000 retention. American Southern also issues individual surety bonds with face amounts generally up to $1.5 million, and limited to $5.0 million in aggregate per account, that are not reinsured.

Life and Health Operations

Bankers Fidelity has entered into reinsurance contracts ceding the excess of its life retention to several primary reinsurers. Maximum retention by Bankers Fidelity on any one individual in the case of life insurance policies is $100,000. At December 31, 2018, $12.3 million of the $232.2 million of life insurance in force at Bankers Fidelity was reinsured under a mix of coinsurance and yearly renewable term agreements. Certain prior year reinsurance agreements also remain in force although they no longer provide reinsurance for new business.

Bankers Fidelity has also entered into a reinsurance contract ceding excess new Medicare supplement business to General Re Life Corporation. Ceding thresholds are set annually. At December 31, 2018, the 2018 retention threshold was $15.0 million of annualized premium; accordingly $20.8 million of the company’s $35.8 million of new annualized Medicare supplement premium was ceded.

Competition

Competition for insurance products is based on many factors including premiums charged, terms and conditions of coverage, service provided, financial ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, claims services, reputation, perceived financial strength and the experience of the organization in the line of business being written.

Property and Casualty Operations

The businesses in which American Southern engages are highly competitive. The principal areas of competition are pricing and service. Many competing property and casualty companies, which have been in business longer than American Southern, offer more diversified lines of insurance and have substantially greater financial resources. Management believes, however, that the policies it sells are competitive with those providing similar benefits offered by other insurers doing business in the states in which American Southern operates. American Southern attempts to develop strong relationships with its agents and, consequently, believes it is better positioned for new opportunities and programs with those agents.

Life and Health Operations

The life and health insurance business remains highly competitive and includes a large number of insurance companies, many of which are new entrants to the business of providing Medicare supplement and other accident and health insurance products. Bankers Fidelity has established itself as a trusted carrier of choice for its customers providing quality and sustainability for nearly 65 years.

In order to compete, Bankers Fidelity actively seeks opportunities in niche markets, developing long-term relationships with a select number of independent marketing organizations. Additionally, Bankers Fidelity actively promotes BankersWorksite, the group benefits division, as well as selective association partnerships. It competes with other insurers to attract and retain the allegiance of its independent agents through commission and sales incentive arrangements, accessibility and marketing assistance, lead programs, reputation and market expertise. Bankers Fidelity successfully competes in its chosen markets by establishing relationships with independent agents and providing proprietary marketing initiatives as well as providing outstanding service to policyholders.

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Ratings

Ratings of insurance companies are not designed for investors and do not constitute recommendations to buy, sell, or hold any security. Ratings are important measures within the insurance industry, and higher ratings should have a favorable impact on the ability of a company to compete in the marketplace.

Each year A.M. Best Company, Inc. (“A.M. Best”) publishes Best’s Insurance Reports, which includes assessments and ratings of all insurance companies. A.M. Best’s ratings, which may be revised or revoked at any time, follow a graduated scale of rating categories and notches ranging from A++ (Superior) to F (in liquidation). A.M. Best’s ratings are based on a detailed analysis of the statutory financial condition and operations of an insurance company compared to the industry in general.

American Southern. American Southern Insurance Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, American Safety Insurance Company, are each, as of the date of this report, rated “A” (Excellent) by A.M. Best.

Bankers Fidelity. Bankers Fidelity Life Insurance Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Bankers Fidelity Assurance Company, are each, as of the date of this report, rated “A-” (Excellent) by A.M. Best.

Regulation

In common with all domestic insurance companies, the Company’s insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulation and supervision in the jurisdictions in which they do business. Statutes typically delegate regulatory, supervisory, and administrative powers to state insurance commissioners. The method of such regulation varies, but regulation relates generally to the licensing of insurers and their agents, the nature of and limitations on investments, approval of policy forms, reserve requirements, the standards of solvency to be met and maintained, deposits of securities for the benefit of policyholders, and periodic examinations of insurers and trade practices, among other things. The Company’s products generally are subject to rate regulation by state insurance commissions, which require that certain minimum loss ratios be maintained. Certain states also have insurance holding company laws which require registration and periodic reporting by insurance companies controlled by other corporations licensed to transact business within their respective jurisdictions. The Company’s insurance subsidiaries are subject to such legislation and are registered as controlled insurers in those jurisdictions in which such registration is required. Such laws vary from state to state, but typically require periodic disclosure concerning the corporation which controls the registered insurers and all subsidiaries of such corporations, as well as prior notice to, or approval by, the state insurance commissioners of intercorporate transfers of assets (including payments of dividends by the insurance subsidiaries in excess of specified amounts) within the holding company system. The Company believes it is in compliance with all such requirements.

Most states require that rate schedules and other information be filed with the state’s insurance regulatory authority, either directly or through a ratings organization with which the insurer is affiliated. The regulatory authority may disapprove a rate filing if it determines that the rates are inadequate, excessive, or discriminatory. The Company has historically experienced no significant regulatory resistance to its applications for rate adjustments; however, the Company cannot provide any assurance that it will not receive any objections to any applications in the future.

A state may require that acceptable securities be deposited for the protection either of policyholders located in those states or of all policyholders. As of December 31, 2018, the Company was in compliance with all such requirements, and securities with an amortized cost of $10.5 million were on deposit either directly with various state authorities or with third parties pursuant to various custodial agreements on behalf of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries.

Virtually all of the states in which the Company’s insurance subsidiaries are licensed to transact business require participation in their respective guaranty funds designed to cover claims against insolvent insurers. Insurers authorized to transact business in these jurisdictions are generally subject to assessments of up to 4% of annual direct premiums written in that jurisdiction to pay such claims, if any. The likelihood and amount of any future assessments cannot be estimated until an insolvency has occurred.

NAIC Ratios

The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (the “NAIC”) was established to, among other things, provide guidelines to assess the financial strength of insurance companies for state regulatory purposes.

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The NAIC conducts annual reviews of the financial data of insurance companies primarily through the application of financial ratios prepared on a statutory basis. Annual statements are required to be submitted to state insurance departments to assist them in monitoring insurance companies in their state and to allow such states to determine a desirable range for each such ratio with which companies should comply.

The NAIC developed the Insurance Regulatory Information System (“IRIS”) to help state regulators identify companies that may require regulatory attention. Financial examiners review annual financial statements and the results of key financial ratios based on year-end data with the goal of identifying insurers that appear to require immediate regulatory attention. Each ratio has an established “usual range” of results. A ratio result falling outside the usual range, however, is not necessarily considered adverse; rather, unusual values are used as part of the regulatory early monitoring system. Furthermore, in some years, it may not be unusual for financially sound companies to have several ratios with results outside the usual ranges. Generally, an insurance company may become subject to regulatory scrutiny or, depending on the company’s financial condition, regulatory action if certain of its key IRIS ratios fall outside the usual ranges and the insurer’s financial condition is trending downward.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, Bankers Fidelity had two ratios outside the usual range, primarily as a result of a decline in net income and net change in surplus before considering paid in amounts. Accordingly, the gross change in surplus after considering paid in amounts fell in the usual range. American Southern had no IRIS ratios outside the usual ranges. Management does not anticipate regulatory action as a result of the 2018 IRIS ratio results for the insurance subsidiaries.

Risk-Based Capital

Risk-based capital (“RBC”) is a metric used by ratings agencies and regulators as an early warning tool to identify weakly capitalized companies for the purpose of initiating further regulatory action. The RBC calculation determines the amount of adjusted capital needed by a company to avoid regulatory action. “Authorized Control Level Risk-Based Capital” (“ACL”) is calculated, and if a company’s adjusted capital is 200% or lower than ACL, it is subject to regulatory action. At December 31, 2018, the Company’s insurance subsidiaries, RBC levels exceeded the required regulatory levels.

Information Technology and Cybersecurity

The Company’s operations rely on the secure processing, storage, and transmission of confidential and personal identifiable information within technology platforms. Cybersecurity is a high priority and the Company has made significant investments in order to prevent, detect, and respond to cyber threats. In recent years, the Company has enhanced intrusion protection and detection technology, infrastructure and application firewalls, and network monitoring. The Company has also installed advanced endpoint threat protection technology and implemented a mandatory security awareness training program for all employees. Employees are also subject to periodic phishing tests.

The Company has a sophisticated technology environment that supports the replication of data across multiple secure data centers. This includes a comprehensive disaster recovery plan that is continually tested to ensure capabilities to resume business in the event of a disaster. The Company’s technology environment is managed by an experienced team of professionals who follow an extensive set of policies and procedures related to data security. Through recurring internal and external audits, controls are regularly reviewed, tested, and enhanced to ensure best practices. The Company has augmented the information security program through a partnership with a leading global cybersecurity provider to review and implement additional services such as Security Event Monitoring, Advanced Endpoint Threat Detection, Incident Management Retainer Services, and Strategic Advisory Services focused on Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) duties such as counter-threat intelligence.

The information security program also includes a cybersecurity Incident Response Plan (“IRP”) that was established to help protect the integrity, availability and confidentiality of information, prevent loss of service, and comply with legal requirements. The IRP specifies the process for identifying and reporting an incident, initial investigation, risk classification, documentation and communication of incidents, responder procedures, incident reporting, and ongoing training. Additionally, the IRP specifies the notification to directors, officers, and other corporate insiders to not trade the Company’s securities while in possession of potentially material nonpublic information about the incident.

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The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors has oversight of the Company’s information security program. The Company’s senior officers, including its Chief Information Officer, are responsible for the operation of the information security program and regularly communicate with the Audit Committee on the state of the program.

The Company also maintains insurance coverage for Privacy Wrongful Acts and Network Security Wrongful Acts which includes Breach Response Services (Call Center Services, Credit Monitoring, Identity Theft Resolution Services and Notice to affected individuals). The Company has additional coverage for supplemental privacy coverage costs including Breach Consultation Services, PR costs, Network Extortion, Notification Costs outside the US, Data Forensic Costs and Regulatory Fines and Penalties.

Investments

Investment income represents a significant portion of the Company’s operating and total income. Insurance company investments are subject to state insurance laws and regulations which limit the concentration and types of investments. The following table provides information on the Company’s investments as of the dates indicated.

| December 31,
| 2018 | 2017
| Amount | Percent | Amount | Percent
| (Dollars in thousands)
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies and authorities | $ | 27,422 |  |  | 11.3 | % | $ | 31,155 |  |  | 12.6 | %
States, municipalities and political subdivisions |  | 8,364 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | 10,809 |  |  | 4.4 |
Public utilities |  | 13,524 |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | 14,935 |  |  | 6.0 |
All other corporate bonds |  | 160,884 |  |  | 66.5 |  |  | 158,017 |  |  | 63.8 |
Redeemable preferred stock |  | 192 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 192 |  |  | 0.1 |
Total fixed maturities(1) |  | 210,386 |  |  | 87.0 |  |  | 215,108 |  |  | 86.9 |
Common and non-redeemable preferred stocks(2) |  | 20,758 |  |  | 8.6 |  |  | 23,355 |  |  | 9.4 |
Policy loans(3) |  | 2,085 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 2,146 |  |  | 0.9 |
Other invested assets(4) |  | 7,424 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 5,626 |  |  | 2.3 |
Real estate |  | 38 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 0.0 |
Investments in unconsolidated trusts |  | 1,238 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 1,238 |  |  | 0.5 |
Total investments | $ | 241,929 |  |  | 100.0 | % | $ | 247,511 |  |  | 100.0 | %

| (1) | Fixed maturities are carried on the balance sheet at estimated fair value. Certain fixed maturities do not have publicly quoted prices, and are carried at estimated fair value as determined by management. Total adjusted cost of fixed maturities was $219.9 million as of December 31, 2018 and $212.5 million as of December 31, 2017.

| (2) | Equity securities are carried on the balance sheet at estimated fair value. Total adjusted cost of equity securities was $10.5 million as of December 31, 2018 and $10.9 million as of December 31, 2017.

| (3) | Policy loans are valued at unpaid principal balances.

| (4) | Other invested assets are accounted for using the equity method. Total adjusted cost of other invested assets was $7.4 million as of December 31, 2018 and $5.6 million as of December 31, 2017.

Estimated fair values are determined as discussed in Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Results of the Company’s investment portfolio for periods shown were as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2018 | 2017
| (Dollars in thousands)
Average investments(1) | $ | 252,480 |  | $ | 247,739 |
Net investment income |  | 9,549 |  |  | 8,496 |
Average yield on investments |  | 3.8 | % |  | 3.4 | %
Realized investment gains, net |  | 5,154 |  |  | 9,168 |

| (1) | Calculated as the average of cash and investment balances (at amortized cost) at the beginning of the year and at the end of each of the succeeding four quarters.

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Management’s recent investment strategy has been a continued focus on quality, diversification and higher yielding corporate bonds and preferred stocks; but at the same time shortening up on maturities to give recognition to the rise and potential future increases in longer-term interest rates.

Employees

The Company and its subsidiaries employed 161 people at December 31, 2018. Of the 161 people employed at December 31, 2018, 155 were full-time.

Financial Information by Industry Segment

Each of American Southern and Bankers Fidelity operate with relative autonomy and each company is evaluated on its individual performance. American Southern operates in the property and casualty insurance market, while Bankers Fidelity operates in the life and health insurance market. Each segment derives revenue from the collection of premiums, as well as from investment income. Substantially all revenue other than that in the corporate and other segment is from external sources. See Note 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Available Information

The Company files annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, amendments to those reports and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The public can read and obtain copies of those materials by visiting the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers like the Company that file electronically with the SEC. The address of the SEC’s web site is www.sec.gov. In addition, as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are filed with or furnished to the SEC by the Company, the Company makes copies available to the public, free of charge, on or through its web site at www.atlam.com. Neither the Company’s website, nor the information appearing on the website, is included, incorporated into, or a part of, this report.

Executive Officers of the Registrant

The table below and the information following the table set forth, for each executive officer of the Company as of December 31, 2018, his name, age, positions with the Company and business experience for the past five years, as well as any prior service to the Company.

Name | Age | Positions with the Company | Director or Officer Since
Hilton H. Howell, Jr. |  | 56 |  | Chairman of the Board, President & CEO |  | 1992 |
J. Ross Franklin |  | 41 |  | Vice President, CFO and Corporate Secretary |  | 2017 |

Officers are elected annually and serve at the discretion of the board of directors.

Mr. Howell has been President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company since May 1995, and prior thereto served as Executive Vice President of the Company from October 1992 to May 1995. He has been a Director of the Company since October 1992 and effective February 24, 2009, began serving as Chairman of the board of directors. He is also a chairman of the board, and serves as chief executive officer, of Gray Television, Inc.

Mr. Franklin has been Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary of the Company since November 2017, and prior thereto served as Interim Chief Financial Officer from August 2017 to November 2017. Since 2000 he has held various roles of increasing responsibility with Atlantic American and its subsidiaries, previously serving as Vice President, Accounting and Treasurer of Bankers Fidelity since 2009.

Forward-Looking Statements

Certain of the statements contained or incorporated by reference herein are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements are made pursuant to the

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safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1933, and Section 21E of the Securities Act of 1934, and include estimates and assumptions related to, among other things, general economic, competitive, operational and legislative developments. Forward-looking statements are subject to changes and uncertainties which are, in many instances, beyond the Company’s control and have been made based upon management’s current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effect upon the Company. There can be no assurance that future developments will be in accordance with management’s expectations or that the effect of future developments on the Company will be those anticipated by management. Actual results could differ materially from those expected by the Company, depending on the occurrence or outcome of various factors. These factors include, among others: significant changes in general economic conditions; the possible occurrence of terrorist attacks; unexpected developments in the health care or insurance industries affecting providers or individuals, including the cost or availability of services, or the tax consequences related thereto; disruption to the financial markets; unanticipated increases in the rate, number and amounts of claims outstanding; the level of performance of reinsurance companies under reinsurance contracts and the availability, pricing and adequacy of reinsurance to protect the Company against losses; changes in the stock markets, interest rates or other financial markets, including the potential effect on the Company’s statutory capital levels; the uncertain effect on the Company of regulatory and market-driven changes in practices relating to the payment of incentive compensation to brokers, agents and other producers; the incidence and severity of catastrophes, both natural and man-made; stronger than anticipated competitive activity; unfavorable judicial or legislative developments; the potential effect of regulatory developments, including those which could increase the Company’s business costs and required capital levels; the Company’s ability to distribute its products through distribution channels, both current and future; the uncertain effect of emerging claim and coverage issues; the effect of assessments and other surcharges for guaranty funds and other mandatory pooling arrangements; and risks related to cybersecurity matters, such as breaches of our computer network or the loss of unauthorized access to the data we maintain. Many of such factors are beyond the Company’s ability to control or predict. As a result, the Company’s actual financial condition and results of operations could differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by the Company. Undue reliance should not be placed upon forward-looking statements. The Company does not intend to publicly update any forward-looking statements that may be made from time to time by, or on behalf of, the Company.

| Item 1A. | Risk Factors

As a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K (a “smaller reporting company”), we have elected to comply with certain scaled disclosure reporting obligations, and therefore are not providing the information required by this Item.

| Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

| Item 2. | Properties

Leased Properties. The Company leases space for its principal offices and for some of its insurance operations in an office building located in Atlanta, Georgia, from Delta Life Insurance Company under a lease which continues until either party provides written notice of cancellation at least twelve months in advance of the actual termination date. The lease, which commenced on November 1, 2007, provides for rent adjustments on every fifth anniversary of the commencement date. Under the current terms of the lease, the Company occupies approximately 49,586 square feet of office space. Delta Life Insurance Company, the owner of the building, is controlled by an affiliate of the Company. The terms of the lease are believed by Company management to be comparable to terms which could be obtained by the Company from unrelated parties for comparable rental property.

American Southern leases space for its office in a building located in Atlanta, Georgia. The lease term expires September 30, 2026. Under the terms of the lease, American Southern occupies approximately 17,014 square feet.

The Company believes that its current properties are in good condition, and are sufficient for the operations of its business.

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| Item 3. | Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company and its subsidiaries are, and expect to continue to be, involved in various claims and lawsuits arising in the ordinary course of business, both as a liability insurer defending third-party claims brought against insureds and as an insurer defending coverage claims brought against it. The Company accounts for such exposures through the establishment of loss and loss adjustment expense reserves. We do not expect that the ultimate liability, if any, with respect to such ordinary-course claims litigation, after consideration of provisions made for probable losses and costs of defense, will be material to the Company’s consolidated financial condition, although the results of such litigation could be material to the consolidated results of operations for any given period.

| Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

| Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The Company’s common stock is quoted on the Nasdaq Global Market (Symbol: AAME). As of March 15, 2019, there were 2,572 shareholders of record. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low sales prices of the Company’s common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market.

Year Ended December 31, | High | Low
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |
1st quarter | $ | 3.90 |  | $ | 3.10 |
2nd quarter |  | 3.45 |  |  | 2.30 |
3rd quarter |  | 3.20 |  |  | 2.20 |
4th quarter |  | 3.80 |  |  | 2.24 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |
1st quarter | $ | 4.35 |  | $ | 3.40 |
2nd quarter |  | 4.03 |  |  | 3.50 |
3rd quarter |  | 3.75 |  |  | 3.15 |
4th quarter |  | 4.00 |  |  | 3.00 |

In each year since 2012, the Company has paid an annual cash dividend of $0.02 per share. In addition, on March 26, 2019, the Company’s board of directors declared an annual cash dividend of $0.02 per share that is payable to shareholders of record as of the close of business on March 15, 2019. Payment of dividends in the future will be at the discretion of the Company’s board of directors and will depend upon the financial condition, capital requirements, earnings of the Company, any restrictions contained in any agreements by which the Company is bound, as well as other factors as the board of directors may deem relevant. The Company’s primary recurring source of cash for the payment of dividends is dividends from its subsidiaries; although as of December 31, 2018, the Parent held unrestricted cash and investment balances of approximately $17.3 million. Under the insurance code of the state in which each insurance subsidiary is domiciled, dividend payments to the Company by its insurance subsidiaries are subject to certain limitations without the prior approval of the applicable state’s Insurance Commissioner. In 2019, dividend payments to the Parent by the insurance subsidiaries in excess of $4.3 million would require prior approval.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

On October 31, 2016, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a plan that allows for the repurchase of up to 750,000 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Repurchase Plan”) on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, as determined by an authorized officer of the Company. Any such repurchases can be made from time to time in accordance with applicable securities laws and other requirements.

Other than pursuant to the Repurchase Plan, no purchases of common stock of the Company were made by or on behalf of the Company during the periods described below.

The table below sets forth information regarding repurchases by the Company of shares of its common stock on a monthly basis during the three month period ended December 31, 2018.

Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased | Average Price Paid per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1 – October 31, 2018 |  | 18,386 |  | $ | 2.85 |  |  | 18,386 |  |  | 380,645 |
November 1 – November 30, 2018 |  | 14,093 |  |  | 3.11 |  |  | 14,093 |  |  | 366,552 |
December 1 – December 31, 2018 |  | 15,213 |  |  | 2.52 |  |  | 15,213 |  |  | 351,339 |
Total |  | 47,692 |  | $ | 2.82 |  |  | 47,692 |  |  |  |

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Stock Performance Graph

As a smaller reporting company, we have elected to comply with certain scaled disclosure reporting obligations, and therefore are not providing the information required by this Item.

| Item 6. | Selected Financial Data

As a smaller reporting company, we have elected to comply with certain scaled disclosure reporting obligations, and therefore are not providing the information required by this Item.

| Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following is management’s discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations of Atlantic American Corporation (“Atlantic American” or the “Parent”) and its subsidiaries (collectively with the Parent, the “Company”) for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere herein.

Atlantic American is an insurance holding company whose operations are conducted primarily through its insurance subsidiaries: American Southern Insurance Company and American Safety Insurance Company (together known as “American Southern”) in the property and casualty insurance industry, and Bankers Fidelity Life Insurance Company and Bankers Fidelity Assurance Company (together known as “Bankers Fidelity”) in the life and health insurance industry. Each operating company is managed separately, offers different products and is evaluated on its individual performance.

Critical Accounting Policies

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company are in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and, in management’s belief, conform to general practices within the insurance industry. The following is an explanation of the Company’s accounting policies and the resultant estimates considered most significant by management. These accounting policies inherently require significant judgment and assumptions and actual operating results could differ significantly from management’s estimates determined using these policies. Atlantic American does not expect that changes in the estimates determined using these policies will have a material effect on the Company’s financial condition or liquidity, although changes could have a material effect on its consolidated results of operations.

Unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses comprised 30% of the Company’s total liabilities at December 31, 2018. This liability includes estimates for: 1) unpaid losses on claims reported prior to December 31, 2018, 2) future development on those reported claims, 3) unpaid ultimate losses on claims incurred prior to December 31, 2018 but not yet reported and 4) unpaid loss adjustment expenses for reported and unreported claims incurred prior to December 31, 2018. Quantification of loss estimates for each of these components involves a significant degree of judgment and estimates may vary, materially, from period to period. Estimated unpaid losses on reported claims are developed based on historical experience with similar claims by the Company. Development on reported claims, estimates of unpaid ultimate losses on claims incurred prior to December 31, 2018 but not yet reported, and estimates of unpaid loss adjustment expenses are developed based on the Company’s historical experience, using actuarial methods to assist in the analysis. The Company’s actuaries develop ranges of estimated development on reported and unreported claims as well as loss adjustment expenses using various methods, including the paid-loss development method, the reported-loss development method, the paid Bornhuetter-Ferguson method and the reported Bornhuetter-Ferguson method. Any single method used to estimate ultimate losses has inherent advantages and disadvantages due to the trends and changes affecting the business environment and the Company’s administrative policies. Further, external factors, such as legislative changes, medical cost inflation, and others may directly or indirectly impact the relative adequacy of liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses. The Company’s approach is to select an estimate of ultimate losses based on comparing results of a variety of reserving methods, as opposed to total reliance on any single method. Unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses are reviewed periodically for significant lines of business, and when current results differ from the original assumptions used to develop such estimates, the amount of the Company’s recorded liability for unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses is adjusted. In the event the Company’s actual reported losses in any period are materially in excess of the previously estimated amounts, such losses, to the extent reinsurance coverage does not exist, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.

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Future policy benefits comprised 37% of the Company’s total liabilities at December 31, 2018. These liabilities relate primarily to life insurance products and are based upon assumed future investment yields, mortality rates, and withdrawal rates after giving effect to possible risks of adverse deviation. The assumed mortality and withdrawal rates are based upon the Company’s experience. If actual results differ from the initial assumptions, the amount of the Company’s recorded liability could require adjustment.

Deferred acquisition costs comprised 11% of the Company’s total assets at December 31, 2018. Deferred acquisition costs are commissions, premium taxes, and other incremental direct costs of contract acquisition that results directly from and are essential to the contract transaction(s) and would not have been incurred by the Company had the contract transaction(s) not occurred. The deferred amounts are recorded as an asset on the balance sheet and amortized to expense in a systematic manner. Traditional life insurance and long-duration health insurance deferred policy acquisition costs are amortized over the estimated premium-paying period of the related policies using assumptions consistent with those used in computing the related liability for policy benefit reserves. Deferred acquisition costs for property and casualty insurance and short-duration health insurance are amortized over the effective period of the related insurance policies. Deferred policy acquisition costs are expensed when such costs are deemed not to be recoverable from future premiums (for traditional life and long-duration health insurance) and from the related unearned premiums and investment income (for property and casualty and short-duration health insurance). Assessments of recoverability for property and casualty and short-duration health insurance are extremely sensitive to the estimates of a subsequent year’s projected losses related to the unearned premiums. Projected loss estimates for a current block of business for which unearned premiums remain to be earned may vary significantly from the indicated losses incurred in any previous calendar year.

Receivables are amounts due from reinsurers, insureds and agents, and any sales of investment securities not yet settled, and comprised 12% of the Company’s total assets at December 31, 2018. Insured and agent balances are evaluated periodically for collectibility. Annually, the Company performs an analysis of the creditworthiness of the reinsurers with whom the Company contracts using various data sources. Failure of reinsurers to meet their obligations due to insolvencies, disputes or otherwise could result in uncollectible amounts and losses to the Company. Allowances for uncollectible amounts are established, as and when a loss has been determined probable, against the related receivable. Losses are recognized by the Company when determined on a specific account basis and a general provision for loss is made based on the Company’s historical experience.

Cash and investments comprised 74% of the Company’s total assets at December 31, 2018. Substantially all of the Company’s investments are in bonds and common and preferred stocks, the values of which are subject to significant market fluctuations. The Company carries all fixed maturities, which includes bonds and redeemable preferred stocks, and equity securities, which includes common and non-redeemable preferred stocks, as available for sale and, accordingly, at their estimated fair values. The Company owns certain fixed maturities that do not have publicly quoted values, but had an estimated fair value as determined by management of $1.1 million at December 31, 2018. Such values inherently involve a greater degree of judgment and uncertainty and therefore ultimately greater price volatility than the value of securities with publicly quoted market values. On occasion, the value of a fixed maturity investment may decline to a value below its amortized purchase price and remain at such value for an extended period of time. When a fixed maturity investment’s indicated fair value has declined below its cost basis for a period of time, the Company evaluates such investment for an other than temporary impairment. The evaluation for an other than temporary impairment is a quantitative and qualitative process, which is subject to risks and uncertainties in the determination of whether declines in the fair value of investments are other than temporary. Potential risks and uncertainties include, among other things, changes in general economic conditions, an issuer’s financial condition or near term recovery prospects and the effects of changes in interest rates. In evaluating a potential impairment, the Company considers, among other factors, management’s intent and ability to hold the securities until price recovery, the nature of the investment and the expectation of prospects for the issuer and its industry, the status of an issuer’s continued satisfaction of its obligations in accordance with their contractual terms, and management’s expectation as to the issuer’s ability and intent to continue to do so, as well as ratings actions that may affect the issuer’s credit status. If an other than temporary impairment is deemed to exist, then the Company will write down the amortized cost basis of the investment to its estimated fair value. While any such write down does not impact the reported value of the investment in the Company’s balance sheet, it is reflected as a realized investment loss in the Company’s net income or other comprehensive income, depending upon the nature of the loss, in the period incurred.

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The Company determines the fair values of certain financial instruments based on the fair value hierarchy established in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820-10-20, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820-10-20”). The fair values of fixed maturities and equity securities are largely determined by either independent methods prescribed by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, which do not differ materially from nationally quoted market prices, when available, or independent broker quotations. See Note 2 and Note 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements with respect to assets and liabilities carried at fair value and information about the inputs used to value those financial instruments, by hierarchy level, in accordance with ASC 820-10-20.

Deferred income taxes reflect the effect of temporary differences between assets and liabilities that are recognized for financial reporting purposes and the amounts that are recognized for tax purposes. These deferred income taxes are measured by applying currently enacted tax laws and rates. Valuation allowances are recognized to reduce the deferred tax asset to the amount that is deemed more likely than not to be realized. In assessing the likelihood of realization, management considers estimates of future taxable income and tax planning strategies.

Refer to Note 1 of “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” for details regarding the Company’s significant accounting policies.

Overall Corporate Results

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2018 | 2017
| (In thousands)
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and Casualty: |  |  |  |  |  |
American Southern | $ | 59,254 |  | $ | 59,485 |
Life and Health: |  |  |  |  |  |
Bankers Fidelity |  | 127,005 |  |  | 117,495 |
Corporate and Other |  | (706 | ) |  | 4,134 |
Total revenue | $ | 185,553 |  | $ | 181,114 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and Casualty: |  |  |  |  |  |
American Southern | $ | 5,661 |  | $ | 8,567 |
Life and Health: |  |  |  |  |  |
Bankers Fidelity |  | 896 |  |  | (268 | )
Corporate and Other |  | (7,528 | ) |  | (2,943 | )
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | (971 | ) | $ | 5,356 |
Net income (loss) | $ | (704 | ) | $ | 4,528 |

Management also considers and evaluates performance by analyzing the non-GAAP measure operating income, and believes it is a useful metric for investors, potential investors, securities analysts and others because it isolates the “core” operating results of the Company before considering certain items that are either beyond the control of management (such as taxes, which are subject to timing, regulatory and rate changes depending on the timing of the associated revenues and expenses) or are not expected to regularly impact the Company’s operational results (such as any realized investment gains, which are not a part of the Company’s primary operations and are, to a limited extent, subject to discretion in terms of timing of realization).

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A reconciliation of net income (loss) to operating income (loss) is as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2018 | 2017
| (In thousands)
Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measure |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | (704 | ) | $ | 4,528 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | (267 | ) |  | 828 |
Realized investment gains, net |  | (5,154 | ) |  | (9,168 | )
Unrealized losses on equity securities, net |  | 2,194 |  |  | — |
Non-GAAP operating loss | $ | (3,931 | ) | $ | (3,812 | )

On a consolidated basis, the Company had a net loss of $0.7 million, or $0.05 per diluted share, in 2018, compared to net income of $4.5 million, or $0.20 per diluted share, in 2017. Operating loss was $3.9 million in 2018 as compared to $3.8 million in 2017. The increase in operating loss was primarily due to unfavorable loss experience in both the property and casualty and the life and health operations. Partially offsetting the unfavorable loss experience was a lower ratio of underwriting expenses incurred relative to earned premiums. Also offsetting the change in operating loss was an increase in investment income attributable to gains from the equity in earnings from investments in real estate partnerships.

Total revenue was $185.6 million in 2018 as compared to $181.1 million in 2017. Premium revenue increased to $172.9 million in 2018 from $163.3 million in 2017. The increase in premium revenue was primarily due to an increase in Medicare supplement business in the life and health operations. Also included in total revenue were net realized investment gains of $5.2 million in 2018 as compared to $9.2 million in 2017. The magnitude of realized investment gains and losses in any year is a function of the timing of trades of investments relative to the markets themselves as well as the recognition of any other than temporary impairments on investments.

A more detailed analysis of the operating companies and other corporate activities follows.

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UNDERWRITING RESULTS

American Southern

The following table summarizes, for the periods indicated, American Southern’s premiums, losses, expenses and underwriting ratios:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2018 | 2017
| (Dollars in thousands)
Gross written premiums | $ | 59,485 |  | $ | 58,149 |
Ceded premiums |  | (5,075 | ) |  | (4,787 | )
Net written premiums | $ | 54,410 |  | $ | 53,362 |
Net earned premiums | $ | 53,807 |  | $ | 53,661 |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | 38,829 |  |  | 34,486 |
Underwriting expenses |  | 14,764 |  |  | 16,432 |
Underwriting income | $ | 214 |  | $ | 2,743 |
Loss ratio |  | 72.2 | % |  | 64.3 | %
Expense ratio |  | 27.4 |  |  | 30.6 |
Combined ratio |  | 99.6 | % |  | 94.9 | %

Gross written premiums at American Southern increased $1.3 million, or 2.3%, during 2018 as compared to 2017. The increase in gross written premiums was primarily attributable to the addition of a new agency and an increase in premiums written in the automobile physical damage line of business. Also contributing to the increase in gross written premiums was an increase in retro premiums from a certain agency in the automobile liability line of business. Partially offsetting the increase in gross written premiums was a decline in premiums written in the surety line of business as a result of increased competition.

Ceded premiums increased $0.3 million, or 6.0%, during 2018 as compared to 2017. The increase in ceded premiums was primarily due to an increase in earned premiums in certain accounts within the automobile physical damage line of business, which is subject to reinsurance.

The following table summarizes, for the periods indicated, American Southern’s net earned premiums by line of business:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2018 | 2017
| (In thousands)
Automobile liability | $ | 28,840 |  | $ | 29,370 |
Automobile physical damage |  | 11,922 |  |  | 9,972 |
General liability |  | 2,920 |  |  | 2,953 |
Surety |  | 7,170 |  |  | 8,441 |
Other lines |  | 2,955 |  |  | 2,925 |
Total | $ | 53,807 |  | $ | 53,661 |

Net earned premiums increased $0.1 million, or 0.3%, during 2018 as compared to 2017. The increase in net earned premiums was primarily attributable to an increase in automobile physical damage net earned premiums resulting from the addition of a new agency and increased business writings discussed previously. Premiums are earned ratably over their respective policy terms, and therefore premiums earned in the current year are related to policies written during both the current year and immediately preceding year.

The performance of an insurance company is often measured by its combined ratio. The combined ratio represents the percentage of losses, loss adjustment expenses and other expenses that are incurred for each dollar of premium earned by the company. A combined ratio of under 100% represents an underwriting profit while a

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combined ratio of over 100% indicates an underwriting loss. The combined ratio is divided into two components, the loss ratio (the ratio of losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred to premiums earned) and the expense ratio (the ratio of expenses incurred to premiums earned).

Net losses and loss adjustment expenses at American Southern increased $4.3 million, or 12.6%, during 2018 as compared to 2017. As a percentage of premiums, net losses and loss adjustment expenses were 72.2% in 2018 as compared to 64.3% in 2017. The increase in the loss ratio was primarily due to an increase in the frequency and severity of claims relating to automobile liability and automobile physical damage lines of business. Partially offsetting the increase in the loss ratio was more favorable loss experience in the general liability and surety lines of business during 2018 as compared to 2017.

Underwriting expenses decreased $1.7 million, or 10.2%, during 2018 as compared to 2017. As a percentage of premiums, underwriting expenses were 27.4% in 2018 as compared to 30.6% in 2017. The decrease in the expense ratio was primarily due to American Southern’s use of a variable commission structure with certain agents, which compensates the participating agents in relation to the loss ratios of the business they write. In 2018, variable commissions at American Southern decreased $1.1 million as compared to 2017 due to less favorable loss experience from certain accounts subject to variable commissions.

In establishing reserves, American Southern initially reserves for losses at the higher end of the reasonable range if no other value within the range is determined to be more probable. Selection of such an initial loss estimate is an attempt by management to give recognition that initial claims information received generally is not conclusive with respect to legal liability, is generally not comprehensive with respect to magnitude of loss and generally, based on historical experience, will develop more adversely as time passes and more information becomes available. However, as a result, American Southern generally experiences reserve redundancies when analyzing the development of prior year losses in a current period. At December 31, 2018, the range of estimates developed in connection with the loss reserves for American Southern indicated that reserves could be as much as 7.3 % lower or as much as 12.9% higher. Development from prior years’ reserves has historically reduced the current year loss ratio; however, such reduction in the current year loss ratio is generally offset by the reserves established in the current year for current period losses. American Southern’s estimated net reserve redundancies for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were $0.9 million and $2.5 million, respectively. To the extent reserve redundancies vary between years, there is an incremental impact on the results of operations of American Southern and the Company. The indicated redundancy in 2018 was $1.6 million less than in 2017. After considering the impact on contingent commissions and other related accruals, the $1.6 million decrease in the redundancy resulted in an estimated decrease in income from operations before tax of approximately $1.0 million in 2018 as compared to 2017. Management believes that such differences will continue in future periods but is unable to determine if or when incremental redundancies will increase or decrease, until the underlying losses are ultimately settled.

Contingent commissions, if contractually applicable, are ultimately payable to participating agents based on the underlying profitability of a particular insurance contract or a group of insurance contracts, and are periodically evaluated and accrued as earned. In 2018, approximately 47% of American Southern’s earned premium provides for contractual commission arrangements which compensate the company’s agents in relation to the loss ratios of the business they write, compared to 51% in 2017. By structuring its business in this manner, American Southern provides its agents with an economic incentive to place profitable business with American Southern. In periods in which loss reserves reflect favorable development from prior years’ reserves, there is generally a highly correlated increase in commission expense also related to the prior year business. Accordingly, favorable loss development from prior years, while anticipated to continue in future periods, is not an indicator of significant additional profitability in the current year.

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Bankers Fidelity

The following summarizes, for the periods indicated, Bankers Fidelity’s premiums, losses and expenses:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2018 | 2017
| (Dollars in thousands)
Medicare supplement | $ | 164,074 |  | $ | 126,154 |
Other health products |  | 7,545 |  |  | 6,440 |
Life insurance |  | 8,964 |  |  | 9,657 |
Gross earned premiums |  | 180,583 |  |  | 142,251 |
Ceded premiums |  | (61,459 | ) |  | (32,585 | )
Net earned premiums |  | 119,124 |  |  | 109,666 |
Insurance benefits and losses |  | 93,821 |  |  | 83,029 |
Underwriting expenses |  | 32,288 |  |  | 34,734 |
Total expenses |  | 126,109 |  |  | 117,763 |
Underwriting loss | $ | (6,985 | ) | $ | (8,097 | )
Loss ratio |  | 78.8 | % |  | 75.7 | %
Expense ratio |  | 27.1 |  |  | 31.7 |
Combined ratio |  | 105.9 | % |  | 107.4 | %

Net earned premium revenue at Bankers Fidelity increased $9.5 million, or 8.6%, during 2018 as compared to 2017. Gross earned premiums from the Medicare supplement line of business increased $37.9 million, or 30.1%, in 2018 as compared to 2017, due primarily to successful execution of new business generating strategies with both new and existing agents. Other health product premiums increased $1.1 million, or 17.2%, during 2018 as compared to 2017, primarily as a result of new sales of the company’s hospital indemnity, disability income and group health products. Gross earned premiums from the life insurance line of business decreased $0.7 million, or 7.2%, in 2018 from 2017 due to the redemption and settlement of existing policy obligations exceeding the level of new sales activity. Premiums ceded increased $28.9 million, or 88.6%, in 2018 from 2017. The increase in ceded premiums was due to a significant increase in Medicare supplement premiums subject to the reinsurance agreement.

Benefits and losses increased $10.8 million, or 13.0%, during 2018 as compared to 2017. As a percentage of premiums, benefits and losses were 78.8% in 2018 as compared to 75.7% in 2017. The increase in the loss ratio was primarily attributable to unfavorable loss experience in the Medicare supplement line. Further, throughout 2017 and continuing into 2018, Bankers Fidelity experienced a higher than expected level of claims in the Medicare supplement line of business which had an unfavorable effect on the company’s loss patterns and increased the resultant loss ratio.

Underwriting expenses decreased $2.4 million, or 7.0%, during 2018 as compared to 2017. As a percentage of earned premiums, these expenses were 27.1% in 2018 as compared to 31.7% in 2017. The decrease in the expense ratio was primarily due to the increase in earned premiums coupled with a relatively consistent level of fixed general and administrative expenses. Also contributing to the decrease in the expense ratio was an increase in the amount of reinsurance expense-reimbursement allowance associated with the Company’s reinsurance agreement, which reimbursed the Company for a portion of its indirect underwriting expenses.

Investment Income and Realized Gains

Investment income increased $1.1 million, or 12.4%, in 2018 as compared to 2017. The increase in investment income was primarily attributable to an increase in the equity in earnings from investments in real estate partnerships.

The Company had net realized investment gains of $5.2 million in 2018 as compared to net realized investment gains of $9.2 million in 2017. The net realized investment gains in 2018 and 2017 were primarily attributable to gains of $5.8 million and $6.0 million, respectively, from the sale of property held within the Company’s real estate partnership investments as well as gains from the sale of a number of the Company’s

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investments in fixed maturities. Management continually evaluates the Company’s investment portfolio and, as may be determined to be appropriate, makes adjustments for impairments and/or will divest investments. See Note 2 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Unrealized Losses on Equity Securities

As described in Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, on January 1, 2018 the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-01, which requires, among other things, investments in equity securities to be measured at fair value at the end of the reporting period, with any changes in fair value reported in net income during the period, with certain exceptions. As a result of the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, the Company recognized net unrealized losses on equity securities still held of $2.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2018. In accordance with then-applicable accounting guidance, the Company recognized changes in the fair value of equity securities then held through other comprehensive income during the year ended December 31, 2017.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased $0.3 million, or 18.2%, in 2018 as compared to 2017 due to an increase during the year in the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), as the interest rates on the Company’s outstanding junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures (“Junior Subordinated Debentures”) are directly related to LIBOR.

Other Expenses

Other expenses (commissions, underwriting expenses, and other expenses) decreased $4.7 million, or 8.3%, in 2018 as compared to 2017. The decrease in other expenses was primarily attributable to a reinsurance expense-reimbursement allowance associated with the reinsurance agreement in Bankers Fidelity, which reimbursed a portion of the Company’s indirect underwriting expenses. Also contributing to the decrease in other expenses was the $1.1 million decrease in variable commission accruals at American Southern due to the unfavorable loss experience from certain accounts subject to variable commissions. American Southern’s variable commission structure compensates the participating agents in relation to the loss ratios of the business they write. As a percentage of earned premiums, other expenses were 30.0% in 2018 as compared with 34.6% in 2017. The decrease in the expense ratio was primarily attributable to the increase in earned premiums coupled with a lower level of general and administrative expenses.

Income Taxes

The primary differences between the effective tax rate and the federal statutory income tax rate for 2018 resulted from provision-to-filed return adjustments that are generally updated at the completion of the third quarter of each fiscal year and were $0.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2018.

The primary differences between the effective tax rate and the federal statutory income tax rate for 2017 resulted from the dividends-received deduction (“DRD”), the small life insurance company deduction (“SLD”), which was subsequently repealed by tax reform enacted on December 22, 2017, and the remeasurement of deferred taxes. The current estimated DRD is adjusted as underlying factors change and can vary from estimates based on, but not limited to, actual distributions from investments as well as the amount of the Company’s taxable income. Under the then-applicable tax rules, the SLD varied in amount and was determined at a rate of 60% of the tentative life insurance company taxable income (“LICTI”). The SLD for any taxable year was reduced (but not below zero) by 15% of the tentative LICTI for such taxable year as it exceeded $3.0 million and was ultimately phased out at $15.0 million. The remeasurement of deferred taxes resulted from legislated tax reform enacted on December 22, 2017. The tax reform reduced the federal tax rate applied to the Company’s deferred tax balances from 35% to 21% on enactment.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The primary cash needs of the Company are for the payment of claims and operating expenses, maintaining adequate statutory capital and surplus levels, and meeting debt service requirements. Current and expected patterns of claim frequency and severity may change from period to period but generally are expected to continue within historical ranges. The Company’s primary sources of cash are written premiums, investment

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income and proceeds from the sale and maturity of its invested assets. The Company believes that, within each operating company, total invested assets will be sufficient to satisfy all policy liabilities and that cash inflows from investment earnings, future premium receipts and reinsurance collections will be adequate to fund the payment of claims and expenses as needed.

Cash flows at the Parent are derived from dividends, management fees, and tax-sharing payments, as described below, from the subsidiaries. The principal cash needs of the Parent are for the payment of operating expenses, the acquisition of capital assets and debt service requirements, as well as the repurchase of shares and payments of any dividends as may be authorized and approved by the Company’s board of directors from time to time. At December 31, 2018, the Parent had approximately $17.3 million of unrestricted cash and investments.

Dividend payments to a parent corporation by its wholly owned insurance subsidiaries are subject to annual limitations and are restricted to 10% of statutory surplus or statutory earnings before recognizing realized investment gains of the individual insurance subsidiaries. At December 31, 2018, the Parent’s insurance subsidiaries had an aggregate statutory surplus of $77.7 million. Dividends were paid to Atlantic American by its subsidiaries totaling $4.8 million and $4.9 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The Parent provides certain administrative, purchasing and other services to each of its subsidiaries. The amount charged to and paid by the subsidiaries for these services was $8.0 million and $7.7 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively. In addition, the Parent has a formal tax-sharing agreement with each of its insurance subsidiaries. A net total of $3.4 million and $2.7 million were paid to the Parent under the tax sharing agreement in 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The Company has two statutory trusts which exist for the exclusive purpose of issuing trust preferred securities representing undivided beneficial interests in the assets of the trusts and investing the gross proceeds of the trust preferred securities in Junior Subordinated Debentures. The outstanding $18.0 million and $15.7 million of Junior Subordinated Debentures mature on December 4, 2032 and May 15, 2033, respectively, are callable quarterly, in whole or in part, only at the option of the Company, and have an interest rate of three-month LIBOR plus an applicable margin. The margin ranges from 4.00% to 4.10%. At December 31, 2018, the effective interest rate was 6.72%. The obligations of the Company with respect to the issuances of the trust preferred securities represent a full and unconditional guarantee by the Parent of each trust’s obligations with respect to the trust preferred securities. Subject to certain exceptions and limitations, the Company may elect from time to time to defer Junior Subordinated Debenture interest payments, which would result in a deferral of distribution payments on the related trust preferred securities. The Company has not made such an election.

The Company intends to pay its obligations under the Junior Subordinated Debentures using existing cash balances, dividend and tax-sharing payments from the operating subsidiaries, or from potential future financing arrangements.

At December 31, 2018, the Company had 55,000 shares of Series D preferred stock (“Series D Preferred Stock”) outstanding. All of the shares of Series D Preferred Stock are held by an affiliate of the Company’s controlling shareholder. The outstanding shares of Series D Preferred Stock have a stated value of $100 per share; accrue annual dividends at a rate of $7.25 per share (payable in cash or shares of the Company’s common stock at the option of the board of directors of the Company) and are cumulative. In certain circumstances, the shares of the Series D Preferred Stock may be convertible into an aggregate of approximately 1,378,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to certain adjustments and provided that such adjustments do not result in the Company issuing more than approximately 2,703,000 shares of common stock without obtaining prior shareholder approval; and are redeemable solely at the Company’s option. The Series D Preferred Stock is not currently convertible. The Company had accrued, but unpaid, dividends, on the Series D Preferred Stock of $17,722 at December 31, 2018 and 2017. During each of 2018 and 2017, the Company paid Series D Preferred Stock dividends of $0.4 million.

Cash and cash equivalents decreased from $24.5 million at December 31, 2017 to $12.6 million at December 31, 2018. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents during 2018 was primarily attributable to investment purchases exceeding the sale and maturity of securities. Also contributing to the decrease were additions to property and equipment of $0.3 million, dividends paid on the Company’s common stock and Series D Preferred Stock of $0.8 million, and the net acquisition of treasury stock for $0.8 million. Partially offsetting the decrease in cash and cash equivalents was the net cash provided by operations of $4.5 million during 2018.

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The Company believes that existing cash balances as well as the dividends, fees, and tax-sharing payments it expects to receive from its subsidiaries and, if needed, additional borrowings from financial institutions, will enable the Company to meet its liquidity requirements for the foreseeable future. Management is not aware of any current recommendations by regulatory authorities, which, if implemented, would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity, capital resources or operations.

New Accounting Pronouncements

See “Recently Issued Accounting Standards” in Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Impact of Inflation

Insurance premiums are established before the amount of losses and loss adjustment expenses, or the extent to which inflation may affect such losses and expenses, are known. Consequently, the Company attempts, in establishing its premiums, to anticipate the potential impact of inflation. If, for competitive reasons, premiums cannot be increased to anticipate inflation, this cost would be absorbed by the Company. Inflation also affects the rate of investment return on the Company’s investment portfolio with a corresponding effect on investment income. To date, inflation has not had a material effect on the Company’s results of operations in any of the periods presented.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

In the normal course of business, the Company has structured borrowings that, in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, are recorded on the Company’s balance sheet at an amount that differs from the ultimate contractual obligation. See Note 8 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Contractual Obligations

As a smaller reporting company, we have elected to comply with certain scaled disclosure reporting obligations, and therefore are not providing the table of contractual obligations required by this Item.

| Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

As a smaller reporting company, we have elected to comply with certain scaled disclosure reporting obligations, and therefore are not providing the information required by this Item.

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| Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| Page
ATLANTIC AMERICAN CORPORATION |  |  |
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms |  | 26 |
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 |  | 28 |
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 |  | 29 |
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 |  | 30 |
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 |  | 31 |
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 |  | 32 |
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 33 |

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Shareholders
Atlantic American Corporation

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Atlantic American Corporation (the “Company”) and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the related consolidated notes and schedules (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Adoption of New Accounting Standard

As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for certain equity investments as of January 1, 2018 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Dixon Hughes Goodman LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.

Atlanta, Georgia
April 1, 2019

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Shareholders
Atlantic American Corporation
Atlanta, Georgia

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Atlantic American Corporation (the “Company”) and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and schedules (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company and subsidiaries at December 31, 2017 and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis of Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2008.

Atlanta, Georgia, United States
March 26, 2018

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ATLANTIC AMERICAN CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

| December 31,
| 2018 | 2017
| (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 12,630 |  | $ | 24,547 |
Investments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: $219,924 and $212,544) |  | 210,386 |  |  | 215,108 |
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: $10,515 and $10,918) |  | 20,758 |  |  | 23,355 |
Other invested assets (cost: $6,905 and $5,973) |  | 7,424 |  |  | 5,626 |
Policy loans |  | 2,085 |  |  | 2,146 |
Real estate |  | 38 |  |  | 38 |
Investment in unconsolidated trusts |  | 1,238 |  |  | 1,238 |
Total investments |  | 241,929 |  |  | 247,511 |
Receivables: |  |  |  |  |  |
Reinsurance |  | 26,110 |  |  | 17,613 |
Insurance premiums and other, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $207 and $209 in 2018 and 2017, respectively |  | 15,223 |  |  | 13,241 |
Deferred income taxes, net |  | 4,184 |  |  | — |
Deferred acquisition costs |  | 37,094 |  |  | 32,694 |
Other assets |  | 4,560 |  |  | 5,089 |
Intangibles |  | 2,544 |  |  | 2,544 |
Total assets | $ | 344,274 |  | $ | 343,239 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance reserves and policyholder funds |  |  |  |  |  |
Future policy benefits | $ | 90,257 |  | $ | 82,435 |
Unearned premiums |  | 24,206 |  |  | 23,449 |
Losses and claims |  | 72,612 |  |  | 65,689 |
Other policy liabilities |  | 1,973 |  |  | 2,010 |
Total insurance reserves and policyholder funds |  | 189,048 |  |  | 173,583 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  | 20,116 |  |  | 22,342 |
Deferred income taxes, net |  | — |  |  | 593 |
Junior subordinated debenture obligations, net |  | 33,738 |  |  | 33,738 |
Total liabilities |  | 242,902 |  |  | 230,256 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9) |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $1 par, 4,000,000 shares authorized; Series D preferred, 55,000 shares issued and outstanding; $5,500 redemption value |  | 55 |  |  | 55 |
Common stock, $1 par, 50,000,000 shares authorized; 22,400,894 shares issued; 20,170,360 and 20,449,531 shares outstanding in 2018 and 2017, respectively |  | 22,401 |  |  | 22,401 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 57,414 |  |  | 57,495 |
Retained earnings |  | 37,208 |  |  | 30,993 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (7,535 | ) |  | 9,751 |
Unearned stock grant compensation |  | (186 | ) |  | (579 | )
Treasury stock, at cost, 2,230,534 and 1,951,363 shares in 2018 and 2017, respectively |  | (7,985 | ) |  | (7,133 | )
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 101,372 |  |  | 112,983 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 344,274 |  | $ | 343,239 |

See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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ATLANTIC AMERICAN CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2018 | 2017
| (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance premiums, net | $ | 172,931 |  | $ | 163,327 |
Net investment income |  | 9,549 |  |  | 8,496 |
Realized investment gains, net |  | 5,154 |  |  | 9,168 |
Unrealized losses on equity securities, net |  | (2,194 | ) |  | — |
Other income |  | 113 |  |  | 123 |
Total revenue |  | 185,553 |  |  | 181,114 |
Benefits and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance benefits and losses incurred |  | 132,650 |  |  | 117,515 |
Commissions and underwriting expenses |  | 39,042 |  |  | 43,446 |
Interest expense |  | 2,037 |  |  | 1,723 |
Other expense |  | 12,795 |  |  | 13,074 |
Total benefits and expenses |  | 186,524 |  |  | 175,758 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | (971 | ) |  | 5,356 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | (267 | ) |  | 828 |
Net income (loss) |  | (704 | ) |  | 4,528 |
Preferred stock dividends |  | (399 | ) |  | (399 | )
Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders | $ | (1,103 | ) | $ | 4,129 |
Earnings (loss) per common share (basic and diluted) | $ | (.05 | ) | $ | .20 |

See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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ATLANTIC AMERICAN CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2018 | 2017
| (Dollars in thousands)
Net income (loss) | $ | (704 | ) | $ | 4,528 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross unrealized holding gain (loss) arising in the period |  | (6,948 | ) |  | 15,200 |
Related income tax effect |  | 1,459 |  |  | (5,320 | )
Subtotal |  | (5,489 | ) |  | 9,880 |
Gross OTTI losses charged to realized gains |  | 1,525 |  |  | — |
Related income tax effect |  | (320 | ) |  | — |
Subtotal |  | 1,205 |  |  | — |
Less: reclassification adjustment for net realized gains included in net income |  | (6,679 | ) |  | (9,168 | )
Related income tax effect |  | 1,402 |  |  | 3,209 |
Subtotal |  | (5,277 | ) |  | (5,959 | )
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | (9,561 | ) |  | 3,921 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (10,265 | ) | $ | 8,449 |

See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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ATLANTIC AMERICAN CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

| Preferred Stock | Common Stock | Additional Paid-In Capital | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Unearned Stock Grant Compensation | Treasury Stock | Total
| (Dollars in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2016 | $ | 55 |  | $ | 22,401 |  | $ | 57,114 |  | $ | 27,272 |  | $ | 5,830 |  | $ | (428 | ) | $ | (6,738 | ) | $ | 105,506 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,528 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,528 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,921 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,921 |
Dividends on common stock ($0.02 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (408 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (408 | )
Dividends on preferred stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (399 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (399 | )
Restricted stock grants, net of forfeitures |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 363 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (646 | ) |  | 283 |  |  | — |
Amortization of unearned compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 495 |  |  | — |  |  | 495 |
Purchase of 188,066 shares for treasury |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (692 | ) |  | (692 | )
Issuance of 8,892 shares under stock plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 32 |
Balance, December 31, 2017 |  | 55 |  |  | 22,401 |  |  | 57,495 |  |  | 30,993 |  |  | 9,751 |  |  | (579 | ) |  | (7,133 | ) |  | 112,983 |
Cumulative effect of adoption of accounting guidance for equity financial instruments at January 1, 2018 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,825 |  |  | (9,825 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Reclassification of certain tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income at January 1, 2018 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,100 | ) |  | 2,100 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (704 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (704 | )
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,561 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,561 | )
Dividends on common stock ($0.02 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (407 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (407 | )
Dividends on preferred stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (399 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (399 | )
Restricted stock grants, net of forfeitures |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (96 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 149 |  |  | (53 | ) |  | — |
Amortization of unearned compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 244 |  |  | — |  |  | 244 |
Purchase of 193,103 shares for treasury |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (597 | ) |  | (597 | )
Net shares acquired related to employee share-based compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (223 | ) |  | (223 | )
Issuance of 13,415 shares under stock plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | 36 |
Balance, December 31, 2018 | $ | 55 |  | $ | 22,401 |  | $ | 57,414 |  | $ | 37,208 |  | $ | (7,535 | ) | $ | (186 | ) | $ | (7,985 | ) | $ | 101,372 |

See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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ATLANTIC AMERICAN CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2018 | 2017
| (Dollars in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income | $ | (704 | ) | $ | 4,528 |
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs |  | 17,611 |  |  | 16,036 |
Acquisition costs deferred |  | (22,011 | ) |  | (19,755 | )
Realized investment gains, net |  | (5,154 | ) |  | (9,168 | )
Unrealized losses on equity securities, net |  | 2,194 |  |  | — |
Distributions received from equity method investees |  | 10,777 |  |  | 9,535 |
Compensation expense related to share awards |  | 244 |  |  | 495 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 987 |  |  | 1,438 |
Deferred income tax benefit |  | (2,236 | ) |  | (1,358 | )
Increase in receivables, net |  | (10,221 | ) |  | (6,185 | )
Increase in insurance reserves and policyholder funds |  | 15,465 |  |  | 10,904 |
(Decrease) increase in other liabilities |  | (2,226 | ) |  | 5,665 |
Other, net |  | (266 | ) |  | 34 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 4,460 |  |  | 12,169 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from investments sold |  | 30,140 |  |  | 74,457 |
Proceeds from investments matured, called or redeemed |  | 4,906 |  |  | 10,791 |
Investments purchased |  | (49,552 | ) |  | (84,552 | )
Additions to property and equipment |  | (281 | ) |  | (103 | )
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities |  | (14,787 | ) |  | 593 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment of dividends on Series D preferred stock |  | (399 | ) |  | (399 | )
Payment of dividends on common stock |  | (407 | ) |  | (408 | )
Proceeds from shares issued under stock plans |  | 36 |  |  | 32 |
Treasury stock acquired — share repurchase authorization |  | (597 | ) |  | (692 | )
Treasury stock acquired — net employee share-based compensation |  | (223 | ) |  | — |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (1,590 | ) |  | (1,467 | )
Net (decrease) increase in cash |  | (11,917 | ) |  | 11,295 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  | 24,547 |  |  | 13,252 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | $ | 12,630 |  | $ | 24,547 |
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 1,996 |  | $ | 1,705 |
Cash paid for income taxes | $ | 2,107 |  | $ | 1,400 |

See the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

| Note 1. | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) which, for insurance companies, differ in some respects from the statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by regulatory authorities. These financial statements include the accounts of Atlantic American Corporation (“Atlantic American” or the “Parent”) and its subsidiaries (collectively with the Parent, the “Company”). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Operating results achieved in any historical period are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in any future period.

At December 31, 2018, the Parent owned four insurance subsidiaries, Bankers Fidelity Life Insurance Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Bankers Fidelity Assurance Company (together known as “Bankers Fidelity”), and American Southern Insurance Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, American Safety Insurance Company (together known as “American Southern”), in addition to one non-insurance subsidiary, xCalibre Risk Services, Inc. The Parent has issued a guarantee of all liabilities of Bankers Fidelity.

Premium Revenue and Cost Recognition

Life insurance premiums are recognized as revenue when due; accident and health insurance premiums are recognized as revenue over the premium paying period and property and casualty insurance premiums are recognized as revenue over the period of the contract in proportion to the amount of insurance protection provided. Losses, benefits and expenses are accrued as incurred and are associated with premiums as they are earned so as to result in recognition of profits over the lives of the contracts. For traditional life insurance and long-duration health insurance, this association is accomplished by the provision of a future policy benefits reserve and the deferral and subsequent amortization of the costs of acquiring business, which are referred to as “deferred policy acquisition costs” (principally commissions, premium taxes, and other incremental direct costs of issuing policies). Deferred policy acquisition costs are amortized over the estimated premium-paying period of the related policies using assumptions consistent with those used in computing the policy benefits reserve. The Company provides for insurance benefits and losses on accident, health, and property-casualty claims based upon estimates of projected ultimate losses. Deferred policy acquisition costs for property and casualty insurance and short-duration health insurance are amortized over the effective period of the related insurance policies. Contingent commissions, if contractually applicable, are ultimately payable to agents based on the underlying profitability of a particular insurance contract or a group of insurance contracts, and are periodically evaluated and accrued as earned. In periods in which revisions are made to the estimated loss reserves related to the particular insurance contract or group of insurance contracts subject to such commissions, corresponding adjustments are also made to the related accruals. Deferred policy acquisition costs are expensed when such costs are deemed not to be recoverable from future premiums (for traditional life and long-duration health insurance) and from the related unearned premiums and investment income (for property and casualty and short-duration health insurance).

Intangibles

Intangibles consist of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets. Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair value of net assets acquired and is not amortized. Other indefinite-lived intangibles represent the value of licenses and are not amortized. The Company periodically reviews its goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangibles to determine if any adverse conditions exist that could indicate impairment. Conditions that could trigger impairment include, but are not limited to, a significant change in business climate that could affect the value of the related asset, an adverse action, or an assessment by a regulator. No impairment of the Company’s recorded intangibles was identified during any of the periods presented.

Investments

The Company’s investments in fixed maturities, which include bonds and redeemable preferred stocks, are classified as “available-for-sale” and, accordingly, are carried at fair value with the after-tax difference from amortized cost, as adjusted if applicable, reflected in shareholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other

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comprehensive income or loss. Effective January 1, 2018, upon adoption of new accounting guidance, the Company’s equity securities, which include common and non-redeemable preferred stocks, are carried at fair value with changes in fair value reported in net income. Prior to January 1, 2018, changes in fair value were reported in other comprehensive income. The fair values of fixed maturities and equity securities are largely determined by either independent methods prescribed by the NAIC, which do not differ materially from publicly quoted market prices, when available, or independent broker quotations. The Company owns certain fixed maturities that do not have publicly quoted market values, but had an estimated fair value as determined by management of $1,066 and $1,369 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Such values inherently involve a greater degree of judgment and uncertainty and therefore ultimately greater price volatility than the value of securities with publicly quoted market values. Policy loans are carried at unpaid principal balance and real estate is carried at historical cost. Other invested assets are comprised of investments in limited partnerships, limited liability companies, and real estate joint ventures, and are accounted for using the equity method. If the value of a fixed maturity security or other invested asset declines below its cost or amortized cost, as applicable, and the decline is considered to be other than temporary, a realized loss is recorded to reduce the carrying value of the investment to its estimated fair value, which becomes the new cost basis. The evaluation for an other than temporary impairment (“OTTI”) is a quantitative and qualitative process, which is subject to risks and uncertainties in the determination of whether declines in the fair value of investments are other than temporary. Potential risks and uncertainties include, among other things, changes in general economic conditions, an issuer’s financial condition or near term recovery prospects and the effects of changes in interest rates. In evaluating a potential impairment, the Company considers, among other factors, management’s intent and ability to hold the securities until price recovery, the nature of the investment and the expectation of prospects for the issuer and its industry, the status of an issuer’s continued satisfaction of its obligations in accordance with their contractual terms, and management’s expectation as to the issuer’s ability and intent to continue to do so, as well as ratings actions that may affect the issuer’s credit status. Premiums and discounts related to investments are amortized or accreted over the life of the related investment as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. Dividends and interest income are recognized when earned or declared. The cost of securities sold is based on specific identification. Unrealized gains (losses) in the value of fixed maturities are accounted for as a direct increase (decrease) in accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity, net of deferred tax and, accordingly, have no effect on net income.

Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes represent the expected future tax consequences when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. They arise from differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax laws and tax rates as those changes are enacted. The provision for income taxes represents the total amount of income taxes due related to the current year, plus the change in deferred income taxes during the year. A valuation allowance is recognized if, based on management’s assessment of the relevant facts, it is more likely than not that some portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

Earnings Per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share are based on the weighted average number of common and participating shares outstanding during the relevant period. Diluted earnings per common share are based on the weighted average number of common and participating shares outstanding during the relevant period, plus options outstanding, if applicable, using the treasury stock method and the assumed conversion of the Series D preferred stock, if dilutive. Unless otherwise indicated, earnings per common share amounts are presented on a diluted basis.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and investments in short-term, highly liquid securities with original maturities of three months or less from date of purchase.

Reinsurance

The Company enters into reinsurance agreements with other companies in the normal course of business. For each reinsurance agreement, the Company determines if the agreement provides indemnification against loss

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or liability relating to insurance risk in accordance with applicable accounting standards. Reinsurance premiums and benefits paid or provided are accounted for on bases consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the reinsurance contracts. Premiums, benefits and DAC are reported net of insurance ceded.

Share-Based Transactions

For employee and director share-based compensation awards, the Company determines a grant date fair value based on the price of our publicly-traded common stock and recognize the related compensation expense, adjusted for actual forfeitures, in the statement of income on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. For non-employee share-based compensation awards, the Company recognizes the impact during the period of performance, and the fair value of the award is measured as of the date performance is complete, which is the vesting date.

Treasury Stock

Treasury stock is reflected as a reduction of shareholders’ equity at cost. The Company uses the first-in-first-out (FIFO) purchase cost to determine the cost of treasury stock that is reissued. The Company includes any gains and losses in additional paid-in capital when treasury stock is reissued.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

Reclassification of Effect of Tax Rate Change from AOCI to Retained Earnings. In February 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2018-02, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“ASU 2018-02”). The FASB issued this guidance for the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities related to items recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) resulting from legislated tax reform enacted on December 22, 2017. The tax reform reduced the federal tax rate applied to the Company’s deferred tax balances from 35% to 21% on enactment. The Company recorded the total effect of the change in enacted tax rates on deferred tax balances in the income tax expense component of net income. ASU 2018-02 permits the Company to reclassify out of AOCI and into retained earnings the “stranded” tax effects that resulted from recording the tax effects of unrealized investment gains at a 35% tax rate because the 14% reduction in tax rate was recognized in net income instead of other comprehensive income. The Company adopted ASU 2018-02 as of January 1, 2018. As a result, on January 1, 2018, the Company reclassified $2,100 of stranded tax effects related to continuing operations which increased AOCI and reduced retained earnings.

Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”). ASU 2016-15 is intended to reduce diversity in practice in how certain transactions are classified in the statement of cash flows. The issues addressed in ASU 2016-15 are: 1) debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, 2) settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments, 3) contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, 4) proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, 5) proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life insurance policies, 6) distributions received from equity method investees, 7) beneficial interests in securitization transactions and 8) separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. The Company adopted ASU 2016-15 as of January 1, 2018, which impacted the classification of distributions from equity method investees. The Company made the election to use the nature of distributions approach. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company classified distributions from equity method investees of $10,777 as cash flows from operating activities and reclassified $9,535 as cash flows from investing activities to cash flows from operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2017, in its consolidated statements of cash flows.

Financial Instruments – Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10) (“ASU 2016-01”). ASU 2016-01 provides updated guidance for the recognition and measurement of financial instruments. The guidance requires investments in equity securities to be measured at fair value with any changes in valuation reported in net income except for investments that are consolidated or are accounted for under the

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equity method of accounting. The guidance also requires a deferred tax asset resulting from net unrealized losses on available-for-sale (“AFS”) fixed maturities that are recognized in AOCI to be evaluated for recoverability in combination with the Company’s other deferred tax assets. Under previous guidance, the Company measured investments in equity securities at fair value with any changes in fair value reported in other comprehensive income. The Company adopted ASU 2016-01 as of January 1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance resulted in the recognition of $9,825 of net after tax unrealized gains on equity securities as a cumulative effect adjustment that increased retained earnings as of January 1, 2018 and decreased AOCI by the same amount. The Company elected to report changes in the fair value of equity securities in a separate line item on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. At December 31, 2017, equity securities were classified as AFS in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. However, upon adoption, the updated guidance eliminated the AFS balance sheet classification for equity securities.

Revenue from Contracts with Customers. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”). ASU 2014-09, as modified, provides guidance for recognizing revenue which excludes insurance contracts and financial instruments. Revenue is to be recognized when, or as, goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that an entity is expected to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company adopted ASU No. 2014-09 as of January 1, 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2018, approximately $113, or less than one-tenth of 1% of the Company’s total revenues, were within the scope of this updated guidance. The adoption of this ASU did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Future Adoption of New Accounting Standards

Fair Value Measurement – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (“ASU 2018-13”). This guidance removes the following disclosure requirements from Topic 820: (1) the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, (2) the policy for timing of transfers between levels, and (3) the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. This disclosure also includes the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period and the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. ASU 2018-13 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, although earlier adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-12, Financial Services — Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts (“ASU 2018-12”). This guidance (1) improves the timeliness of recognizing changes in the liability for future policy benefits and modifies the rate used to discount future cash flows, (2) simplifies and improves the accounting for certain market-based options or guarantees associated with deposit (or account balance) contracts, (3) simplifies the amortization of deferred acquisition costs, and (4) improves the effectiveness of the required disclosures. ASU 2018-12 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020, although earlier adoption is permitted. The Company has not yet determined the method or timing for adoption or estimated the impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-08, Receivables — Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities (“ASU 2017-08”). This guidance shortens the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium to the earliest call date. Under current GAAP, premiums and discounts on callable securities generally are amortized to the maturity date. ASU 2017-08 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, although earlier adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Goodwill. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”). ASU 2017-04 is intended to simplify the evaluation of goodwill. The updated guidance requires recognition and measurement of goodwill impairment based on the excess of the carrying value of the reporting unit compared to its estimated fair value,

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with the amount of the impairment not to exceed the carrying value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. Under existing guidance, if the reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value, the Company allocates the fair value of the reporting unit to all of the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit to determine an implied goodwill value. An impairment loss is then recognized for the excess, if any, of the carrying value of the reporting unit’s goodwill compared to the implied goodwill value. The amendments in ASU 2017-04 are effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company expects to adopt the updated guidance January 1, 2020 on a prospective basis as required, although earlier adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Financial Instruments – Credit Losses. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 requires entities to measure all expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Under current GAAP, entities generally recognize credit losses when it is probable that the loss has been incurred. ASU 2016-13 will remove all recognition thresholds and will require entities to recognize an allowance for credit losses equal to the difference between the amortized cost basis of a financial instrument and the amount of amortized cost that the entity expects to collect over the instrument’s contractual life. ASU 2016-13 also amends the credit loss measurement guidance for AFS debt securities and beneficial interests in securitized financial assets. Credit losses on AFS debt securities carried at fair value will continue to be measured as OTTI when incurred; however, the losses will be recognized through an allowance and no longer as an adjustment to the cost basis. Recoveries of OTTI will be recognized as reversals of valuation allowances and no longer accreted as investment income through an adjustment to the investment yield. The allowance on AFS debt securities cannot cause the net carrying value to be below fair value and, therefore, it is possible that increases in fair value due to decreases in market interest rates could cause the reversal of a valuation allowance and increase net income. The new guidance will also require purchased financial assets with a more-than-insignificant amount of credit deterioration since original issuance to be recorded based on contractual amounts due and an initial allowance recorded at the date of purchase. For the Company, the amendments in ASU 2016-13 will be effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company has not yet determined the timing of adoption. Implementation matters yet to be addressed include determining the impact of valuation allowances on the effective interest method for recognizing interest income from AFS debt securities as well as updating our investment accounting system functionality to adjust valuation allowances based on changes in fair value. The estimated effect on the Company’s financial statements can only be estimated based on the current investment portfolio at any given point in time, and accordingly, has not currently been determined.

Leases. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”). Under this guidance, an entity is required to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on its balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements. ASU 2016-02 offers specific accounting guidance for a lessee, a lessor and sale and leaseback transactions. Under ASU 2016-02, lessees and lessors are required to disclose qualitative and quantitative information about leasing arrangements to enable a user of the financial statements to assess the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. Under the new guidance, lessees with operating leases will be required to recognize a liability for the present value of future minimum lease payments with a corresponding asset for the right of use of the property. Under existing guidance, future minimum lease payments on operating leases are commitments that are not recognized as liabilities on the balance sheet. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and requires a modified retrospective adoption. The adoption of the updated guidance will result in the recognition of a right-of-use asset and a lease liability of the same amount, which will be less than 2% of total assets and total liabilities, and is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions are used in developing and evaluating deferred income taxes, deferred acquisition costs, insurance reserves, investments, and receivables, among others, and actual results could differ materially from management’s estimates.

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| Note 2. | Investments

The following tables set forth the estimated fair value, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses and cost or amortized cost of the Company’s investments in fixed maturities and equity securities, aggregated by type and industry, as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

Fixed maturities were comprised of the following:

| 2018
| Estimated Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Amortized Cost
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bonds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies and authorities | $ | 27,422 |  | $ | 36 |  | $ | 1,061 |  | $ | 28,447 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 8,364 |  |  | 347 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 8,089 |
Corporate securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Utilities and telecom |  | 19,642 |  |  | 873 |  |  | 431 |  |  | 19,200 |
Financial services |  | 49,477 |  |  | 747 |  |  | 2,942 |  |  | 51,672 |
Other business – diversified |  | 49,196 |  |  | 226 |  |  | 2,844 |  |  | 51,814 |
Other consumer – diversified |  | 56,093 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 4,501 |  |  | 60,510 |
Total corporate securities |  | 174,408 |  |  | 1,930 |  |  | 10,718 |  |  | 183,196 |
Redeemable preferred stocks: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other consumer – diversified |  | 192 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 192 |
Total redeemable preferred stocks |  | 192 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 192 |
Total fixed maturities | $ | 210,386 |  | $ | 2,313 |  | $ | 11,851 |  | $ | 219,924 |

| 2017
| Estimated Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Amortized Cost
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bonds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies and authorities | $ | 31,155 |  | $ | 149 |  | $ | 511 |  | $ | 31,517 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 10,809 |  |  | 630 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 10,180 |
Corporate securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Utilities and telecom |  | 21,882 |  |  | 1,709 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 20,303 |
Financial services |  | 53,686 |  |  | 2,049 |  |  | 453 |  |  | 52,090 |
Other business – diversified |  | 44,184 |  |  | 1,024 |  |  | 1,349 |  |  | 44,509 |
Other consumer – diversified |  | 53,200 |  |  | 924 |  |  | 1,477 |  |  | 53,753 |
Total corporate securities |  | 172,952 |  |  | 5,706 |  |  | 3,409 |  |  | 170,655 |
Redeemable preferred stocks: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other consumer – diversified |  | 192 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 192 |
Total redeemable preferred stocks |  | 192 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 192 |
Total fixed maturities | $ | 215,108 |  | $ | 6,485 |  | $ | 3,921 |  | $ | 212,544 |

Bonds having an amortized cost of $10,452 and $11,178 and included in the tables above were on deposit with insurance regulatory authorities at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, in accordance with statutory requirements.

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| 2018
| Estimated Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Cost or Amortized Cost
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common and non-redeemable preferred stocks: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Utilities and telecom |  | 1,686 |  |  | 722 |  |  | — |  |  | 964 |
Financial services |  | 4,552 |  |  | 172 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,380 |
Other business – diversified |  | 306 |  |  | 259 |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |
Other consumer – diversified |  | 14,214 |  |  | 9,090 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,124 |
Total equity securities | $ | 20,758 |  | $ | 10,243 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 10,515 |

| 2017
| Estimated Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Cost or Amortized Cost
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common and non-redeemable preferred stocks: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Utilities and telecom |  | 1,588 |  |  | 624 |  |  | — |  |  | 964 |
Financial services |  | 5,634 |  |  | 851 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,783 |
Other business – diversified |  | 297 |  |  | 250 |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |
Other consumer – diversified |  | 15,836 |  |  | 10,712 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,124 |
Total equity securities | $ | 23,355 |  | $ | 12,437 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 10,918 |

The carrying value and amortized cost of the Company’s investments in fixed maturities at December 31, 2018 and 2017 by contractual maturity were as follows. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

| 2018 | 2017
| Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost
Due in one year or less | $ | 3,150 |  | $ | 3,150 |  | $ | 1,653 |  | $ | 1,655 |
Due after one year through five years |  | 19,787 |  |  | 19,699 |  |  | 13,738 |  |  | 14,056 |
Due after five years through ten years |  | 127,617 |  |  | 133,863 |  |  | 112,847 |  |  | 112,116 |
Due after ten years |  | 43,823 |  |  | 46,338 |  |  | 67,328 |  |  | 64,928 |
Asset backed securities |  | 16,009 |  |  | 16,874 |  |  | 19,542 |  |  | 19,789 |
Totals | $ | 210,386 |  | $ | 219,924 |  | $ | 215,108 |  | $ | 212,544 |

The following tables present the Company’s unrealized loss aging for securities by type and length of time the security was in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

| 2018
| Less than 12 months | 12 months or longer | Total
| Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies and authorities | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 24,786 |  | $ | 1,061 |  | $ | 24,786 |  | $ | 1,061 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,980 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 3,980 |  |  | 72 |
Corporate securities |  | 49,633 |  |  | 1,592 |  |  | 97,012 |  |  | 9,126 |  |  | 146,645 |  |  | 10,718 |
Total temporarily impaired securities | $ | 49,633 |  | $ | 1,592 |  | $ | 125,778 |  | $ | 10,259 |  | $ | 175,411 |  | $ | 11,851 |

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| 2017
| Less than 12 months | 12 months or longer | Total
| Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies and authorities | $ | 12,175 |  | $ | 162 |  | $ | 12,737 |  | $ | 349 |  | $ | 24,912 |  | $ | 511 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 999 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 999 |  |  | 1 |
Corporate securities |  | 40,108 |  |  | 653 |  |  | 32,667 |  |  | 2,756 |  |  | 72,775 |  |  | 3,409 |
Total temporarily impaired securities | $ | 53,282 |  | $ | 816 |  | $ | 45,404 |  | $ | 3,105 |  | $ | 98,686 |  | $ | 3,921 |

The evaluation for an other than temporary impairment is a quantitative and qualitative process, which is subject to risks and uncertainties in the determination of whether declines in the fair value of investments are other than temporary. Potential risks and uncertainties include, among other things, changes in general economic conditions, an issuer’s financial condition or near term recovery prospects and the effects of changes in interest rates. In evaluating a potential impairment, the Company considers, among other factors, management’s intent and ability to hold the securities until price recovery, the nature of the investment and the expectation of prospects for the issuer and its industry, the status of an issuer’s continued satisfaction of its obligations in accordance with their contractual terms, and management’s expectation as to the issuer’s ability and intent to continue to do so, as well as ratings actions that may affect the issuer’s credit status.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded OTTI charges related to certain fixed maturity securities of $1,525 as a charge to net income due to management’s intention to sell such securities. There were no OTTI charges recorded in 2017.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were one hundred forty and sixty-nine securities, respectively, in an unrealized loss position which primarily included certain of the Company’s investments in fixed maturities within the financial services, other diversified business and other diversified consumer sectors. The increase in the number and value of securities in an unrealized loss position during the year ended December 31, 2018, was primarily attributable to the rising interest rate environment. Other than securities for which an impairment charge has already been taken, the Company does not currently intend to sell nor does it expect to be required to sell any of the securities in an unrealized loss position. Based upon the Company’s expected continuation of receipt of contractually required principal and interest payments and its intent and ability to retain the securities until price recovery, as well as the Company’s evaluation of other relevant factors, including those described above, the Company has deemed these securities to be temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2018.

Investment income was earned from the following sources:

| 2018 | 2017
Fixed maturities | $ | 8,432 |  | $ | 8,297 |
Equity securities |  | 440 |  |  | 467 |
Other |  | 677 |  |  | (268 | )
Net investment income | $ | 9,549 |  | $ | 8,496 |

A summary of realized investment gains (losses) follows:

| 2018
| Fixed Maturities | Equity Securities | Other Invested Assets | Total
Gains | $ | 884 |  | $ | 272 |  | $ | 5,827 |  | $ | 6,983 |
Losses |  | (1,829 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,829 | )
Realized investment gains (losses), net | $ | (945 | ) | $ | 272 |  | $ | 5,827 |  | $ | 5,154 |

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| 2017
| Fixed Maturities | Equity Securities | Other Invested Assets | Total
Gains | $ | 2,226 |  | $ | 1,044 |  | $ | 6,040 |  | $ | 9,310 |
Losses |  | (142 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (142 | )
Realized investment gains, net | $ | 2,084 |  | $ | 1,044 |  | $ | 6,040 |  | $ | 9,168 |

Proceeds from the sales of investments were as follows:

| 2018 | 2017
Fixed maturities | $ | 30,078 |  | $ | 72,760 |
Equity securities |  | — |  |  | 1,579 |
Other investments |  | 10,839 |  |  | 9,653 |
Total proceeds | $ | 40,917 |  | $ | 83,992 |

| 2018 | 2017
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities | $ | (1,922 | ) | $ | — |
Less: Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period |  | (272 | ) |  | — |
Net unrealized gains (losses) recognized during the reporting period on equity securities still held at the reporting date | $ | (2,194 | ) | $ | — |

The Company’s bond portfolio included 94% investment grade securities, as defined by the NAIC, at December 31, 2018.

Variable Interest Entities

The Company holds passive interests in a number of entities that are considered to be Variable Interest Entities (VIEs) under GAAP guidance. The Company’s VIE interests principally consist of interests in limited partnerships and limited liability companies formed for the purpose of achieving diversified equity returns. The Company’s VIE interests, carried as a part of other invested assets, totaled $7,424 and $5,626 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company’s VIE interests, carried as a part of investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries, totaled $1,238 at December 31, 2018 and 2017.

The Company does not have power over the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of these VIEs and thus is not the primary beneficiary. Therefore, the Company has not consolidated these VIEs. The Company’s involvement with each VIE is limited to its direct ownership interest in the VIE. The Company has no arrangements with any of the VIEs to provide other financial support to or on behalf of the VIE. At December 31, 2018, the Company’s maximum loss exposure relative to these investments was limited to the carrying value of the Company’s investment in the VIE.

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| Note 3. | Disclosures About Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The estimated fair values have been determined by the Company using available market information from various market sources and appropriate valuation methodologies as of the respective dates. However, considerable judgment is necessary to interpret market data and to develop the estimates of fair value. Although management is not aware of any factors that would significantly affect the estimated fair value amounts, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts which the Company could realize in a current market exchange. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.

The following describes the fair value hierarchy and provides information as to the extent to which the Company uses fair value to measure the value of its financial instruments and information about the inputs used to value those financial instruments. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs in the valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels.

| Level 1 | Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. The Company’s financial instruments valued using Level 1 criteria include cash equivalents, U.S. Treasury securities and exchange traded common stocks.

| Level 2 | Observable inputs, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, for an asset or liability or prices for similar assets or liabilities. The Company’s financial instruments valued using Level 2 criteria include significantly most of its fixed maturities, which consist of U.S. Government securities, obligations of states and political subdivisions, and certain corporate fixed maturities, as well as its non-redeemable preferred stocks. In determining fair value measurements of its fixed maturities and non-redeemable preferred stocks using Level 2 criteria, the Company utilizes data from outside sources, including nationally recognized pricing services and broker/dealers. Prices for the majority of the Company’s Level 2 fixed maturities and non-redeemable preferred stocks were determined using unadjusted prices received from pricing services that utilize a matrix pricing concept, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities based on various relationships to other benchmark quoted prices.

| Level 3 | Valuations that are derived from techniques in which one or more of the significant inputs are unobservable (including assumptions about risk). Fair value is based on criteria that use assumptions or other data that are not readily observable from objective sources. The Company’s financial instruments valued using Level 3 criteria consist of a limited number of fixed maturities. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the value of the Company’s fixed maturities valued using Level 3 criteria was $1,066 and $1,369, respectively. The use of different criteria or assumptions regarding data may have yielded materially different valuations.

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

Cash Equivalents. The carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of the instruments.

Fixed Maturities and Common and Non-Redeemable Preferred Stocks. The carrying amount is determined in accordance with methods prescribed by the NAIC, which do not differ materially from publicly quoted market prices. Certain fixed maturities do not have publicly quoted values and consist solely of issuances of pooled debt obligations of multiple, smaller financial services companies. They are not actively traded and valuation techniques used to measure fair value are based on future estimated cash flows discounted at reasonable estimated rates of interest. Other qualitative and quantitative information received from the original underwriter of the pooled offerings is also considered, as applicable.

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

Non-publicly Traded Invested Assets. The fair value of investments in certain limited partnerships which are included in other invested assets on the consolidated balance sheet were determined by officers of those limited partnerships.

Policy Loans. Policy loans, which are categorized as Level 2 fair value measurements, are carried at the unpaid principal balances.

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Junior Subordinated Debentures. The fair value is estimated based on the quoted market prices for similar issues and the current rates offered for debt having similar returns and remaining maturities.

As of December 31, 2018, financial instruments carried at fair value were measured on a recurring basis as summarized below:

Assets: | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Total
Fixed maturities | $ | 11,413 |  | $ | 197,907 |  | $ | 1,066 | (1) | $ | 210,386 |
Equity securities |  | 16,398 |  |  | 4,360 | (1) |  | — |  |  | 20,758 |
Cash equivalents |  | 8,250 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,250 |
Total | $ | 36,061 |  | $ | 202,267 |  | $ | 1,066 |  | $ | 239,394 |

| (1) | All underlying securities are financial service industry related.

As of December 31, 2017, financial instruments carried at fair value were measured on a recurring basis as summarized below:

Assets: | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Total
Fixed maturities | $ | — |  | $ | 213,739 |  | $ | 1,369 | (1) | $ | 215,108 |
Equity securities |  | 17,973 |  |  | 5,382 | (1) |  | — |  |  | 23,355 |
Cash equivalents |  | 13,855 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,855 |
Total | $ | 31,828 |  | $ | 219,121 |  | $ | 1,369 |  | $ | 252,318 |

| (1) | All underlying securities are financial service industry related.

The following is a roll-forward of the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2018.

| Fixed Maturities
Balance, January 1, 2017 | $ | 1,264 |
Total unrealized gains included in other comprehensive income |  | 105 |
Balance, December 31, 2017 |  | 1,369 |
Total realized gains included in earnings |  | 208 |
Total unrealized losses included in other comprehensive loss |  | (28 | )
Settlements |  | (483 | )
Balance, December 31, 2018 | $ | 1,066 |

The Company’s fixed maturities valued using Level 3 inputs consist solely of issuances of pooled debt obligations of multiple, smaller financial services companies that are not actively traded. There are no assumed prepayments and/or default probability assumptions as a majority of these instruments contain certain U.S. government agency strips to support repayment of the principal. Other qualitative and quantitative information received from the original underwriter of the pooled offerings is also considered, as applicable.

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The following table sets forth the carrying amount, estimated fair value and level within the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

|  | 2018 | 2017
| Level in Fair Value Hierarchy(1) | Carrying Amount | Estimated Fair Value | Carrying Amount | Estimated Fair Value
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | Level 1 | $ | 12,630 |  | $ | 12,630 |  | $ | 24,547 |  | $ | 24,547 |
Fixed maturities | (1) |  | 210,386 |  |  | 210,386 |  |  | 215,108 |  |  | 215,108 |
Equity securities | (1) |  | 20,758 |  |  | 20,758 |  |  | 23,355 |  |  | 23,355 |
Other invested assets | Level 3 |  | 7,424 |  |  | 7,424 |  |  | 5,626 |  |  | 5,626 |
Policy loans | Level 2 |  | 2,085 |  |  | 2,085 |  |  | 2,146 |  |  | 2,146 |
Real estate | Level 2 |  | 38 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 38 |
Investments in unconsolidated trusts | Level 2 |  | 1,238 |  |  | 1,238 |  |  | 1,238 |  |  | 1,238 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Junior Subordinated Debentures, net | Level 2 |  | 33,738 |  |  | 33,738 |  |  | 33,738 |  |  | 33,738 |

| (1) | See the aforementioned information for a description of the fair value hierarchy as well as a disclosure of levels for classes of these financial assets.

| Note 4. | Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

The following table presents a rollforward of deferred policy acquisition costs by segment for the years ended December 31.

| 2018 | 2017
| American Southern | Bankers Fidelity | American Southern | Bankers Fidelity
Deferred policy acquisition costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 2,075 |  | $ | 30,619 |  | $ | 2,183 |  | $ | 26,792 |
Capitalization |  | 7,893 |  |  | 14,118 |  |  | 8,062 |  |  | 11,693 |
Amortization |  | (7,921 | ) |  | (9,690 | ) |  | (8,170 | ) |  | (7,866 | )
Balance, end of year | $ | 2,047 |  | $ | 35,047 |  | $ | 2,075 |  | $ | 30,619 |

| Note 5. | Insurance Reserves and Policyholder Funds

The following table presents the Company’s reserves for life, accident and health, and property and casualty losses, claims and loss adjustment expenses at December 31, 2018 and 2017.

|  |  | Amount of Insurance In Force, Net
| 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2017
Future policy benefits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life insurance policies: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ordinary | $ | 54,599 |  | $ | 54,752 |  | $ | 218,371 |  | $ | 238,534 |
Mass market |  | 1,364 |  |  | 1,693 |  |  | 1,677 |  |  | 2,070 |
Individual annuities |  | 39 |  |  | 50 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | 56,002 |  |  | 56,495 |  | $ | 220,048 |  | $ | 240,604 |
Accident and health insurance policies |  | 34,255 |  |  | 25,940 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 90,257 |  |  | 82,435 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unearned premiums |  | 24,206 |  |  | 23,449 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses, claims and loss adjustment expenses |  | 72,612 |  |  | 65,689 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other policy liabilities |  | 1,973 |  |  | 2,010 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total insurance reserves and policyholder funds | $ | 189,048 |  | $ | 173,583 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Annualized premiums for accident and health insurance policies were $116,404 and $105,422 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Future Policy Benefits

Liabilities for life insurance future policy benefits are based upon assumed future investment yields, mortality rates, and withdrawal rates after giving effect to possible risks of unexpected claim experience. The assumed mortality and withdrawal rates are based upon the Company’s experience. The interest rates assumed for life, accident and health future policy benefits are generally: (i) 2.5% to 5.5% for issues prior to 1977, (ii) 7% graded to 5.5% for 1977 through 1979 issues, (iii) 9% for 1980 through 1987 issues, (iv) 5% to 7% for 1988 through 2009 issues, (v) 4% for 2010 through 2012 issues, and (vi) 3.5% to 4.0% for 2013 through 2018 issues.

Loss and Claim Reserves

Loss and claim reserves represent estimates of projected ultimate losses and are based upon: (a) management’s estimate of ultimate liability and claims adjusters’ evaluations for unpaid claims reported prior to the close of the accounting period, (b) estimates of IBNR claims based on past experience, and (c) estimates of loss adjustment expenses. The estimated liability is periodically reviewed by management and updated, with changes to the estimated liability recorded in the statement of operations in the year in which such changes are known.

Activity in the liability for unpaid loss and claim reserves is summarized as follows:

| 2018 | 2017
Balance at January 1 | $ | 65,689 |  | $ | 62,562 |
Less: Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses |  | (11,968 | ) |  | (10,796 | )
Net balance at January 1 |  | 53,721 |  |  | 51,766 |
Incurred related to: |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year |  | 128,242 |  |  | 114,099 |
Prior years |  | 308 | (1) |  | (1,765 | )(2)
Total incurred |  | 128,550 |  |  | 112,334 |
Paid related to: |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year |  | 90,981 |  |  | 82,092 |
Prior years |  | 33,032 |  |  | 28,287 |
Total paid |  | 124,013 |  |  | 110,379 |
Net balance at December 31 |  | 58,258 |  |  | 53,721 |
Plus: Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses |  | 14,354 |  |  | 11,968 |
Balance at December 31 | $ | 72,612 |  | $ | 65,689 |

| (1) | Prior years’ development was primarily the result of unfavorable development in the loss and claim reserves for the Medicare supplement line of business in Bankers Fidelity, somewhat offset by better than expected development on prior years loss and claim reserves for certain lines of business in American Southern.

| (2) | Prior years’ development was primarily the result of better than expected development on prior years loss and claim reserves for certain lines of business in American Southern.

Following is a reconciliation of total incurred losses to total insurance benefits and losses incurred:

| 2018 | 2017
Total incurred losses | $ | 128,550 |  | $ | 112,334 |
Cash surrender value and matured endowments |  | 1,316 |  |  | 1,442 |
Benefit reserve changes |  | 2,784 |  |  | 3,739 |
Total insurance benefits and losses incurred | $ | 132,650 |  | $ | 117,515 |

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Liability for Unpaid Losses, Claims and Loss Adjustment Expenses

The following is information, by significant product lines, about incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2018, net of reinsurance, as well as the cumulative number of reported claims and the total of IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported claims included within the net incurred claims amounts. The information presented for the years ended December 31, 2015 and prior is presented as supplementary information and is unaudited.

Medicare Supplement

| For the Years Ended December 31, |  |
|  | As of December 31, 2018
| Incurred Losses, Claims and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | IBNR Reserves | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
Accident Year | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018
2009 | $ | 31,124 |  | $ | 30,455 |  | $ | 30,481 |  | $ | 30,447 |  | $ | 30,438 |  | $ | 30,432 |  | $ | 30,431 |  | $ | 30,430 |  | $ | 30,430 |  | $ | 30,430 |  | $ | — |  |  | 560,430 |
2010 |  |  |  |  | 34,849 |  |  | 34,328 |  |  | 34,323 |  |  | 34,303 |  |  | 34,282 |  |  | 34,272 |  |  | 34,268 |  |  | 34,265 |  |  | 34,264 |  |  |  |  |  | 625,698 |
2011 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 38,188 |  |  | 38,296 |  |  | 38,360 |  |  | 38,327 |  |  | 38,316 |  |  | 38,302 |  |  | 38,299 |  |  | 38,297 |  |  | — |  |  | 664,056 |
2012 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 50,021 |  |  | 50,996 |  |  | 51,021 |  |  | 50,998 |  |  | 50,989 |  |  | 50,987 |  |  | 50,985 |  |  | — |  |  | 867,050 |
2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 56,974 |  |  | 56,970 |  |  | 57,034 |  |  | 57,023 |  |  | 57,021 |  |  | 57,016 |  |  | — |  |  | 957,362 |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 57,179 |  |  | 56,938 |  |  | 56,981 |  |  | 56,981 |  |  | 56,976 |  |  | — |  |  | 939,472 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 55,482 |  |  | 54,939 |  |  | 54,993 |  |  | 54,990 |  |  | — |  |  | 898,370 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 58,849 |  |  | 59,851 |  |  | 63,226 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,036,748 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 67,960 |  |  | 69,655 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 1,510,485 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 79,140 |  |  | 11,584 |  |  | 1,781,051 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 534,979 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Cumulative Paid Losses, Claims and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
Accident Year | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018
2009 | $ | 29,866 |  | $ | 30,455 |  | $ | 30,481 |  | $ | 30,447 |  | $ | 30,438 |  | $ | 30,432 |  | $ | 30,431 |  | $ | 30,430 |  | $ | 30,430 |  | $ | 30,430 |
2010 |  |  |  |  | 29,127 |  |  | 34,328 |  |  | 34,323 |  |  | 34,303 |  |  | 34,282 |  |  | 34,272 |  |  | 34,268 |  |  | 34,265 |  |  | 34,264 |
2011 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 31,720 |  |  | 38,296 |  |  | 38,360 |  |  | 38,327 |  |  | 38,316 |  |  | 38,302 |  |  | 38,299 |  |  | 38,297 |
2012 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 42,267 |  |  | 50,996 |  |  | 51,021 |  |  | 50,998 |  |  | 50,989 |  |  | 50,987 |  |  | 50,985 |
2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 47,770 |  |  | 56,970 |  |  | 57,034 |  |  | 57,023 |  |  | 57,021 |  |  | 57,016 |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 48,024 |  |  | 56,938 |  |  | 56,981 |  |  | 56,981 |  |  | 56,976 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 45,430 |  |  | 54,876 |  |  | 54,993 |  |  | 54,990 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 49,165 |  |  | 59,747 |  |  | 63,226 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 57,696 |  |  | 69,517 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 66,565 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 522,266 |
Liabilities for losses, claims and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | $ | 12,713 |

The cumulative number of reported claims for the Medicare supplement line of business is the number of distinct claims incurred and submitted to Medicare for payment in the given year. Multiple payments on the same claim are not counted in the frequency information. Estimated ultimate claims incurred, using claims data reported during each month of any given year, are calculated using the chain ladder method modified to use seasonality and trend-adjusted expected claims for the final two months. Additional adjustments to the estimated ultimate claims incurred are then applied to account for seasonal changes in billing and payment frequencies. The IBNR reserve is calculated as estimated ultimate claims less paid claims and claims in course of settlement. Thirty-six months of loss data are used to develop the estimated ultimate incurred claims. Similar approaches are used for other less significant health products, subject to modifications to account for unique aspects of the product.

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Automobile Liability

| For the Years Ended December 31, |  |
|  | As of December 31, 2018
| Incurred Losses, Claims and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | IBNR Reserves | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
Accident Year | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018
2009 | $ | 10,817 |  | $ | 8,891 |  | $ | 8,659 |  | $ | 8,558 |  | $ | 8,245 |  | $ | 8,123 |  | $ | 8,155 |  | $ | 8,154 |  | $ | 8,153 |  | $ | 8,153 |  | $ | — |  |  | 1,755 |
2010 |  |  |  |  | 10,752 |  |  | 10,818 |  |  | 10,547 |  |  | 9,937 |  |  | 10,068 |  |  | 10,185 |  |  | 10,202 |  |  | 10,201 |  |  | 10,209 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,947 |
2011 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,263 |  |  | 13,802 |  |  | 13,235 |  |  | 13,289 |  |  | 13,281 |  |  | 13,495 |  |  | 13,385 |  |  | 13,330 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,132 |
2012 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,980 |  |  | 15,007 |  |  | 14,108 |  |  | 13,707 |  |  | 13,313 |  |  | 13,343 |  |  | 13,357 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 2,343 |
2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,664 |  |  | 20,702 |  |  | 21,096 |  |  | 21,823 |  |  | 21,352 |  |  | 21,020 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 3,265 |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,812 |  |  | 21,881 |  |  | 22,041 |  |  | 22,353 |  |  | 21,682 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 3,541 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,521 |  |  | 19,857 |  |  | 20,017 |  |  | 20,007 |  |  | 898 |  |  | 3,521 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,549 |  |  | 21,275 |  |  | 21,846 |  |  | 2,043 |  |  | 3,822 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22,179 |  |  | 24,212 |  |  | 2,961 |  |  | 3,719 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24,284 |  |  | 7,466 |  |  | 3,205 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 178,100 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Cumulative Paid Losses, Claims and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
Accident Year | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018
2009 | $ | 3,250 |  | $ | 5,208 |  | $ | 6,353 |  | $ | 7,502 |  | $ | 7,995 |  | $ | 8,123 |  | $ | 8,155 |  | $ | 8,154 |  | $ | 8,153 |  | $ | 8,153 |
2010 |  |  |  |  | 3,211 |  |  | 6,274 |  |  | 8,291 |  |  | 9,382 |  |  | 9,725 |  |  | 10,056 |  |  | 10,090 |  |  | 10,206 |  |  | 10,210 |
2011 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,205 |  |  | 7,934 |  |  | 9,858 |  |  | 12,071 |  |  | 13,039 |  |  | 13,106 |  |  | 13,199 |  |  | 13,330 |
2012 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,627 |  |  | 8,791 |  |  | 11,507 |  |  | 12,932 |  |  | 13,197 |  |  | 13,211 |  |  | 13,288 |
2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,144 |  |  | 12,193 |  |  | 16,782 |  |  | 19,407 |  |  | 20,382 |  |  | 20,982 |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,822 |  |  | 13,807 |  |  | 17,554 |  |  | 20,177 |  |  | 20,878 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,226 |  |  | 11,878 |  |  | 14,938 |  |  | 17,612 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,796 |  |  | 13,141 |  |  | 16,397 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,401 |  |  | 16,317 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,989 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 144,156 |
Liabilities for losses, claims and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | $ | 33,944 |

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Automobile Physical Damage

| For the Years Ended December 31, |  |
|  | As of December 31, 2018
| Incurred Losses, Claims and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | IBNR Reserves | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
Accident Year | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018
2014 | $ | 8,079 |  | $ | 7,657 |  | $ | 7,583 |  | $ | 7,562 |  | $ | 7,561 |  | $ | — |  |  | 1,635 |
2015 |  |  |  |  | 8,287 |  |  | 7,955 |  |  | 7,887 |  |  | 7,896 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,588 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,877 |  |  | 6,386 |  |  | 6,352 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1,267 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,257 |  |  | 5,933 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1,316 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,805 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 1,343 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 35,547 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Cumulative Paid Losses, Claims and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
Accident Year | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018
2014 | $ | 6,437 |  | $ | 7,619 |  | $ | 7,570 |  | $ | 7,562 |  | $ | 7,561 |
2015 |  |  |  |  | 6,745 |  |  | 7,937 |  |  | 7,885 |  |  | 7,895 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,804 |  |  | 6,353 |  |  | 6,349 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,215 |  |  | 5,914 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,344 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 34,063 |
All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance |  | — |
Liabilities for losses, claims and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | $ | 1,484 |

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General Liability

| For the Years Ended December 31, |  |
|  | As of December 31, 2018
| Incurred Losses, Claims and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | IBNR Reserves | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
Accident Year | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018
2009 | $ | 3,392 |  | $ | 2,215 |  | $ | 1,944 |  | $ | 1,730 |  | $ | 1,702 |  | $ | 1,727 |  | $ | 1,828 |  | $ | 1,832 |  | $ | 1,888 |  | $ | 1,921 |  | $ | 0 |  |  | 290 |
2010 |  |  |  |  | 4,114 |  |  | 2,699 |  |  | 2,269 |  |  | 2,337 |  |  | 2,258 |  |  | 2,400 |  |  | 2,423 |  |  | 2,473 |  |  | 2,480 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 289 |
2011 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,022 |  |  | 1,723 |  |  | 1,452 |  |  | 1,338 |  |  | 1,174 |  |  | 1,242 |  |  | 1,327 |  |  | 1,335 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 204 |
2012 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,055 |  |  | 1,305 |  |  | 1,269 |  |  | 1,270 |  |  | 1,214 |  |  | 1,333 |  |  | 1,344 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 158 |
2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,461 |  |  | 728 |  |  | 926 |  |  | 817 |  |  | 865 |  |  | 820 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 187 |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,744 |  |  | 501 |  |  | 557 |  |  | 476 |  |  | 406 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 192 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,421 |  |  | 1,037 |  |  | 1,227 |  |  | 1,044 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 144 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,119 |  |  | 1,148 |  |  | 736 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 84 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,490 |  |  | 488 |  |  | 184 |  |  | 72 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,656 |  |  | 1,519 |  |  | 42 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,230 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Cumulative Paid Losses, Claims and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
Accident Year | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018
2009 | $ | 476 |  | $ | 941 |  | $ | 1,082 |  | $ | 1,410 |  | $ | 1,629 |  | $ | 1,662 |  | $ | 1,796 |  | $ | 1,816 |  | $ | 1,855 |  | $ | 1,921 |
2010 |  |  |  |  | 284 |  |  | 678 |  |  | 1,374 |  |  | 1,542 |  |  | 2,037 |  |  | 2,368 |  |  | 2,382 |  |  | 2,457 |  |  | 2,463 |
2011 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 295 |  |  | 412 |  |  | 582 |  |  | 835 |  |  | 1,161 |  |  | 1,169 |  |  | 1,278 |  |  | 1,285 |
2012 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 371 |  |  | 707 |  |  | 847 |  |  | 1,034 |  |  | 1,113 |  |  | 1,219 |  |  | 1,260 |
2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 104 |  |  | 339 |  |  | 579 |  |  | 811 |  |  | 791 |  |  | 803 |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 171 |  |  | 299 |  |  | 331 |  |  | 369 |  |  | 373 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 98 |  |  | 259 |  |  | 464 |  |  | 664 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 116 |  |  | 203 |  |  | 568 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 75 |  |  | 136 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 65 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,538 |
All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance |  | 402 |
Liabilities for losses, claims and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | $ | 3,094 |

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Surety

| For the Years Ended December 31, |  |
|  | As of December 31, 2018
| Incurred Losses, Claims and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | IBNR Reserves | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
Accident Year | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018
2009 | $ | 4,920 |  | $ | 5,025 |  | $ | 4,239 |  | $ | 3,951 |  | $ | 3,616 |  | $ | 4,636 |  | $ | 4,916 |  | $ | 4,664 |  | $ | 4,667 |  | $ | 4,590 |  | $ | — |  |  | 84 |
2010 |  |  |  |  | 3,995 |  |  | 4,624 |  |  | 3,618 |  |  | 3,396 |  |  | 3,607 |  |  | 3,549 |  |  | 3,563 |  |  | 3,534 |  |  | 3,530 |  |  | — |  |  | 95 |
2011 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,422 |  |  | 4,786 |  |  | 5,080 |  |  | 5,092 |  |  | 4,966 |  |  | 5,031 |  |  | 5,112 |  |  | 5,111 |  |  | — |  |  | 126 |
2012 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,979 |  |  | 4,767 |  |  | 5,396 |  |  | 5,345 |  |  | 4,869 |  |  | 4,880 |  |  | 4,892 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 89 |
2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,060 |  |  | 2,007 |  |  | 2,743 |  |  | 2,947 |  |  | 2,866 |  |  | 2,809 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 58 |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,214 |  |  | 3,130 |  |  | 2,990 |  |  | 2,760 |  |  | 2,685 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 53 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,902 |  |  | 1,630 |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | 1,359 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 49 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,314 |  |  | 1,812 |  |  | 1,865 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 46 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,677 |  |  | 3,671 |  |  | 203 |  |  | 57 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,528 |  |  | 1,872 |  |  | 59 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 34,040 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| Cumulative Paid Losses, Claims and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
Accident Year | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018
2009 | $ | 103 |  | $ | 1,595 |  | $ | 2,640 |  | $ | 3,205 |  | $ | 3,410 |  | $ | 3,760 |  | $ | 3,757 |  | $ | 4,663 |  | $ | 4,666 |  | $ | 4,590 |
2010 |  |  |  |  | 928 |  |  | 2,193 |  |  | 2,780 |  |  | 2,943 |  |  | 3,252 |  |  | 3,545 |  |  | 3,560 |  |  | 3,534 |  |  | 3,530 |
2011 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,031 |  |  | 3,207 |  |  | 4,622 |  |  | 4,748 |  |  | 4,939 |  |  | 5,022 |  |  | 5,109 |  |  | 5,111 |
2012 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,257 |  |  | 4,581 |  |  | 4,856 |  |  | 5,331 |  |  | 4,869 |  |  | 4,880 |  |  | 4,878 |
2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 323 |  |  | 1,010 |  |  | 1,369 |  |  | 2,763 |  |  | 2,789 |  |  | 2,749 |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,331 |  |  | 2,327 |  |  | 2,727 |  |  | 2,739 |  |  | 2,664 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 641 |  |  | 856 |  |  | 1,127 |  |  | 1,125 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,054 |  |  | 1,732 |  |  | 1,772 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,971 |  |  | 3,255 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,157 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 30,831 |
All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance |  | 3 |
Liabilities for losses, claims and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | $ | 3,212 |

For the property and casualty lines of business, the number of claims presented above equals the number of occurrences by type of claim reported to the Company. The number of claims reported during a given year corresponds to the number of claims records opened during the year. Frequency information is maintained on a cumulative basis by accident year by line of business. For automobile claims, a claim count is separately maintained for bodily injury, property damage and physical damage claims. The Company has consistently monitored claim frequency on this basis, and believes this provides more meaningful information than using claimant count which can change over the course of settling a claim.

In general, when a claim is reported, claims representatives establish a “case reserve” for the estimated amount of the ultimate payment based on the known information of the claim at that time. Claims managers review and monitor all property and casualty claims in excess of $25,000. As new information becomes available or payments are made on a claim, the case reserve is adjusted to reflect the revised estimate of the ultimate amount to be paid out. Estimates and assumptions pertaining to individual claims are based on complex and subjective judgments and subject to change at any time as new information becomes available.

In addition to case reserves, IBNR reserves are established to provide for claims which have not been reported to the Company as of the reporting date as well as potential adverse development on known case reserves. IBNR reserve estimates are derived through a number of analytical techniques. Actuarial data is

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analyzed by line of business, coverage and accident year. Qualitative factors are also considered in determining IBNR reserves and include such factors as judicial decisions, general economic trends such as inflation, changes in policy forms, and underwriting changes. Reserves are reviewed quarterly and any indicated adjustments are made.

Because of the inherent uncertainties in establishing both case and IBNR reserves, ultimate loss experience may prove better or worse than indicated by the combined claim reserves. Adjustments to claim reserves are reflected in the period recognized and could increase or decrease earnings for the period.

The following is supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2018.

Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (Unaudited)
Reserve Line | 1 st Year | 2 nd Year | 3 rd Year | 4 th Year | 5 th Year | 6 th Year | 7 th Year | 8 th Year | 9 th Year | 10 th Year
Medicare Supplement |  | 83.5 | % |  | 16.5 | % |  | 0.1 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | %
Automobile Liability |  | 31.5 | % |  | 30.3 | % |  | 17.2 | % |  | 12.9 | % |  | 4.4 | % |  | 1.7 | % |  | 0.5 | % |  | 0.7 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | %
Automobile Physical Damage |  | 86.2 | % |  | 12.8 | % |  | -0.5 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | %
General Liability |  | 18.5 | % |  | 19.3 | % |  | 20.6 | % |  | 16.2 | % |  | 10.0 | % |  | 5.0 | % |  | 4.7 | % |  | 1.5 | % |  | 1.1 | % |  | 3.4 | %
Surety |  | 34.6 | % |  | 34.1 | % |  | 15.3 | % |  | 11.3 | % |  | 0.9 | % |  | 3.3 | % |  | 0.5 | % |  | 6.3 | % |  | 0.0 | % |  | -1.7 | %

The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the liability for losses, claims and loss adjustment expenses is as follows:

| December 31, 2018
Net outstanding liabilities: |  |  |
Medicare Supplement | $ | 12,713 |
Automobile Liability |  | 33,944 |
Automobile Physical Damage |  | 1,484 |
General Liability |  | 3,094 |
Surety |  | 3,212 |
Other short-duration insurance lines |  | 2,118 |
Liabilities for unpaid losses, claims and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance |  | 56,565 |
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses: |  |  |
Medicare Supplement |  | 7,926 |
Automobile Liability |  | 4,777 |
Automobile Physical Damage |  | 156 |
General Liability |  | 1,495 |
Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses |  | 14,354 |
Unallocated claims adjustment expenses |  | 1,693 |
Total gross liability for unpaid losses, claims and loss adjustment expenses | $ | 72,612 |

| Note 6. | Reinsurance

In accordance with general practice in the insurance industry, portions of the life, property and casualty insurance written by the Company are reinsured; however, the Company remains liable with respect to reinsurance ceded should any reinsurer be unable or unwilling to meet its obligations. Approximately 96% of the Company’s reinsurance recoverables were due from a single reinsurer as of December 31, 2018. Reinsurance recoverables of $24,983 were due from General Re Life Corporation, rated “AA+” by Standard & Poor’s and “A++” (Superior) by A.M. Best. Allowances for uncollectible amounts are established against reinsurance recoverables, if appropriate.

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The effects of reinsurance on premiums written, premiums earned and insurance benefits and losses incurred were as follows:

| 2018 | 2017
Direct premiums written | $ | 220,415 |  | $ | 181,568 |
Assumed premiums written |  | 20,093 |  |  | 19,373 |
Ceded premiums written |  | (66,845 | ) |  | (38,019 | )
Net premiums written | $ | 173,663 |  | $ | 162,922 |
Direct premiums earned | $ | 219,785 |  | $ | 181,458 |
Assumed premiums earned |  | 19,680 |  |  | 19,241 |
Ceded premiums earned |  | (66,534 | ) |  | (37,372 | )
Net premiums earned | $ | 172,931 |  | $ | 163,327 |
Provision for benefits and losses incurred | $ | 188,275 |  | $ | 147,444 |
Reinsurance loss recoveries |  | (55,625 | ) |  | (29,929 | )
Insurance benefits and losses incurred | $ | 132,650 |  | $ | 117,515 |

Components of reinsurance receivables at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

| 2018 | 2017
Recoverable on unpaid losses | $ | 14,354 |  | $ | 11,968 |
Recoverable on unpaid benefits |  | 9,355 |  |  | 4,403 |
Recoverable on paid losses |  | 992 |  |  | — |
Ceded unearned premiums |  | 1,185 |  |  | 874 |
Ceded advanced premiums |  | 224 |  |  | 368 |
Total reinsurance receivables | $ | 26,110 |  | $ | 17,613 |

| Note 7. | Income Taxes

Total income taxes were allocated as follows:

| 2018 | 2017
Total tax expense (benefit) on income | $ | (267 | ) | $ | 828 |
Tax expense (benefit) on components of shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains on investment securities |  | (2,541 | ) |  | 2,111 |
Total tax expense (benefit) | $ | (2,808 | ) | $ | 2,939 |

A reconciliation of the differences between income taxes computed at the federal statutory income tax rate and the income tax expense (benefit) is as follows:

| 2018 | 2017
Federal income tax provision | $ | (204 | ) | $ | 1,875 |
Statutory rate |  | 21 | % |  | 35 | %
Dividends-received deduction |  | (39 | ) |  | (92 | )
Small life insurance company deduction |  | — |  |  | (613 | )
Other |  | 75 |  |  | 72 |
Remeasurement of deferred taxes due to tax reform enactment |  | — |  |  | (395 | )
Adjustment for prior years’ estimates to actual |  | (99 | ) |  | (19 | )
Income tax expense (benefit) | $ | (267 | ) | $ | 828 |
Effective tax rate |  | 27.5 | % |  | 15.5 | %

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The primary differences between the effective tax rate and the federal statutory income tax rate for 2018 resulted from provision-to-filed return adjustments that are generally updated at the completion of the third quarter of each fiscal year and were $99 in the year ended December 31, 2018.

The primary differences between the effective tax rate and the federal statutory income tax rate for 2017 resulted from the DRD, the SLD, which was subsequently repealed by tax reform enacted on December 22, 2017, and the remeasurement of deferred taxes. The current estimated DRD is adjusted as underlying factors change and can vary from estimates based on, but not limited to, actual distributions from investments as well as the amount of the Company’s taxable income. Under the then-applicable tax rules, the SLD varied in amount and was determined at a rate of 60% of the tentative LICTI. The SLD for any taxable year was reduced (but not below zero) by 15% of the tentative LICTI for such taxable year as it exceeded $3,000 and was ultimately phased out at $15,000. The remeasurement of deferred taxes resulted from legislated tax reform enacted on December 22, 2017. The tax reform reduced the federal tax rate applied to the Company’s deferred tax balances from 35% to 21% on enactment.

Deferred tax liabilities and assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were comprised of the following:

| 2018 | 2017
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred acquisition costs | $ | 175 |  | $ | — |
Insurance reserves |  | 3,410 |  |  | 3,216 |
Impaired assets |  | 1,142 |  |  | 869 |
Bad debts and other |  | 332 |  |  | 380 |
Total deferred tax assets |  | 5,059 |  |  | 4,465 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred acquisition costs | $ | — |  | $ | (1,200 | )
Deferred and uncollected premiums |  | (360 | ) |  | (377 | )
Net unrealized investment gains |  | (148 | ) |  | (3,150 | )
Other |  | (367 | ) |  | (331 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities |  | (875 | ) |  | (5,058 | )
Net deferred tax asset (liability) | $ | 4,184 |  | $ | (593 | )

The components of income tax expense (benefit) were:

| 2018 | 2017
Current - Federal | $ | 1,969 |  | $ | 2,186 |
Deferred - Federal |  | (2,236 | ) |  | (1,358 | )
Total | $ | (267 | ) | $ | 828 |

The Company has formal tax-sharing agreements, and files a consolidated income tax return, with its subsidiaries. Tax years prior to 2015 have been audited by the Internal Revenue Service and are closed.

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| Note 8. | Junior Subordinated Debentures

The Company has two unconsolidated Connecticut statutory business trusts, which exist for the exclusive purposes of: (i) issuing trust preferred securities (“Trust Preferred Securities”) representing undivided beneficial interests in the assets of the trusts; (ii) investing the gross proceeds of the Trust Preferred Securities in junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures (“Junior Subordinated Debentures”) of Atlantic American; and (iii) engaging in those activities necessary or incidental thereto.

The financial structure of each of Atlantic American Statutory Trust I and II, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, was as follows:

| Atlantic American Statutory Trust I | Atlantic American Statutory Trust II
JUNIOR SUBORDINATED DEBENTURES(1)(2) |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance December 31, 2018 | $18,042 | $23,196
Less: Treasury debt(3) | — | (7,500)
Net balance December 31, 2018 | $18,042 | $15,696
Net balance December 31, 2017 | $18,042 | $15,696
Coupon rate | LIBOR + 4.00% | LIBOR + 4.10%
Interest payable | Quarterly | Quarterly
Maturity date | December 4, 2032 | May 15, 2033
Redeemable by issuer | Yes | Yes
TRUST PREFERRED SECURITIES |  |
Issuance date | December 4, 2002 | May 15, 2003
Securities issued | 17,500 | 22,500
Liquidation preference per security | $1 | $1
Liquidation value | $17,500 | $22,500
Coupon rate | LIBOR + 4.00% | LIBOR + 4.10%
Distribution payable | Quarterly | Quarterly
Distribution guaranteed by(4) | Atlantic | Atlantic
| American | American
| Corporation | Corporation

| (1) | For each of the respective debentures, the Company has the right at any time, and from time to time, to defer payments of interest on the Junior Subordinated Debentures for a period not exceeding 20 consecutive quarters up to the debentures’ respective maturity dates. During any such period, interest will continue to accrue and the Company may not declare or pay any cash dividends or distributions on, or purchase, the Company’s common stock nor make any principal, interest or premium payments on or repurchase any debt securities that rank equally with or junior to the Junior Subordinated Debentures. The Company has the right at any time to dissolve each of the trusts and cause the Junior Subordinated Debentures to be distributed to the holders of the Trust Preferred Securities.

| (2) | The Junior Subordinated Debentures are unsecured and rank junior and subordinate in right of payment to all senior debt of the Parent and are effectively subordinated to all existing and future liabilities of its subsidiaries.

| (3) | In 2014, the Company acquired $7,500 of the Junior Subordinated Debentures.

| (4) | The Parent has guaranteed, on a subordinated basis, all of the obligations under the Trust Preferred Securities, including payment of the redemption price and any accumulated and unpaid distributions to the extent of available funds and upon dissolution, winding up or liquidation.

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| Note 9. | Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

From time to time, the Company is, and expects to continue to be, involved in various claims and lawsuits incidental to and in the ordinary course of its business. In the opinion of management, any such known claims are not expected to have a material effect on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company.

Operating Lease Commitments

The Company’s rental expense, including common area charges, for operating leases was $1,233 and $1,306 in 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company’s future minimum base lease obligations under non-cancelable operating leases are as follows:

Year Ending December 31, |
2019 | $ | 815 |
2020 |  | 506 |
2021 |  | 544 |
Thereafter |  | 3,240 |
Total | $ | 5,105 |

| Note 10. | Benefit Plans

Equity Incentive Plan

On May 1, 2012, the Company’s shareholders approved the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”). The 2012 Plan authorizes the grant of up to 2,000,000 stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted shares, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance units and other awards for the purpose of providing the Company’s non-employee directors, consultants, officers and other employees incentives and rewards for superior performance. In 2018, a total of 30,000 restricted shares, with an estimated fair value of $87, were issued under the 2012 Plan and 64,000 restricted shares, with an estimated fair value of $236, were forfeited under such plan. In 2017, a total of 182,000 restricted shares, with an estimated fair value of $646, were issued under the 2012 Plan. The estimated fair value of the restricted shares issued under the 2012 Plan for 2018 and 2017 was based on the common stock price at date of grant. Stock grants are generally issued from treasury shares. Vesting of restricted shares generally occurs after a one to three year period. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. There were no stock options granted or outstanding under the 2012 Plan in 2018 or 2017. Shares available for future grant at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were 1,275,200 and 1,241,200, respectively.

401(k) Plan

The Company initiated an employees’ savings plan (the “Plan”) qualified under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code in May 1995. The Plan covers substantially all of the Company’s employees. Effective January 1, 2009, the Company modified the Plan such that the Plan would operate on a safe harbor basis. Under the Plan, employees may defer up to 50% of their compensation, not to exceed the annual deferral limit. The Company’s total matching contribution for 2018 and 2017 was $233 and $237, respectively, and consisted of a contribution equal to 35% of up to the first 6% of each participant’s contributions. In addition to the matching contribution, the Company also provided a 3% safe harbor non-elective contribution in 2018 and 2017 of $491 and $450, respectively. All contributions were made in cash. Participants are 100% vested in their own contributions and the vested percentage attributable to certain employer contributions is based on a five year graded schedule.

Agent Stock Purchase Plan

The Company initiated a nonqualified stock purchase plan (the “Agent Stock Purchase Plan”) in May 2012. The purpose of the Agent Stock Purchase Plan is to promote and advance the interests of the Company and its shareholders by providing independent agents who qualify as participants with an opportunity to purchase the common stock of the Company. Under the Agent Stock Purchase Plan, payment for shares of common stock of the Company is made by either deduction from an agent’s commission payment or a direct cash payment. Stock purchases are made at the end of each calendar quarter at the then current market value.

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| Note 11. | Preferred Stock

The Company had 55,000 shares of Series D preferred stock (“Series D Preferred Stock”) outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. All of the shares of Series D Preferred Stock are held by an affiliate of the Company’s controlling shareholder. The outstanding shares of Series D Preferred Stock have a par value of $1 per share and a redemption value of $100 per share; accrue annual dividends at a rate of $7.25 per share (payable in cash or shares of the Company’s common stock at the option of the board of directors of the Company) and are cumulative. In certain circumstances, the shares of the Series D Preferred Stock may be convertible into an aggregate of approximately 1,378,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to certain adjustments and provided that such adjustments do not result in the Company issuing more than approximately 2,703,000 shares of common stock without obtaining prior shareholder approval; and are redeemable solely at the Company’s option. The Series D Preferred Stock is not currently convertible. The Company had accrued, but unpaid, dividends, on the Series D Preferred Stock of $18 at December 31, 2018 and 2017. During each of 2018 and 2017, the Company paid Series D Preferred Stock dividends of $399.

| Note 12. | Earnings (Loss) Per Common Share

Basic earnings per share was computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The computation of diluted earnings per share reflected the effect of potentially dilutive securities.

A reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of the earnings (loss) per common share calculations is as follows:

| For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
| Income | Shares (In thousands) | Per Share Amount
Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss before preferred stock dividends | $ | (704 | ) |  | 20,284 |  |  |  |
Less preferred stock dividends |  | (399 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |
Net loss applicable to common shareholders | $ | (1,103 | ) |  | 20,284 |  | $ | (.05 | )

| For the Year Ended December 31, 2017
| Income | Shares (In thousands) | Per Share Amount
Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Common Share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income before preferred stock dividends | $ | 4,528 |  |  | 20,431 |  |  |  |
Less preferred stock dividends |  | (399 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |
Net income applicable to common shareholders | $ | 4,129 |  |  | 20,431 |  | $ | .20 |

The assumed conversion of the Company’s Series D Preferred Stock was excluded from the earnings per common share calculation for 2018 and 2017 since its impact would have been antidilutive.

| Note 13. | Statutory Reporting

The assets, liabilities and results of operations have been reported on the basis of GAAP, which varies in some respects from statutory accounting practices (“SAP”) prescribed or permitted by insurance regulatory authorities. The principal differences between SAP and GAAP are that under SAP: (i) certain assets that are non-admitted assets are eliminated from the balance sheet; (ii) acquisition costs for policies are expensed as incurred, while they are deferred and amortized over the estimated life of the policies under GAAP; (iii) the provision that is made for deferred income taxes is different than under GAAP; (iv) the timing of establishing certain reserves is different than under GAAP; and (v) certain valuation allowances attributable to certain investments are different.

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The Company meets the minimum capital requirements in the states in which it does business. The amount of reported statutory net income and surplus (shareholders’ equity) for the Parent’s insurance subsidiaries for the years ended December 31 was as follows:

| 2018 | 2017
Bankers Fidelity, net loss | $ | (3,963 | ) | $ | (2,880 | )
American Southern, net income |  | 5,445 |  |  | 6,647 |
Statutory net income | $ | 1,482 |  | $ | 3,767 |
Bankers Fidelity, surplus | $ | 34,214 |  | $ | 34,135 |
American Southern, surplus |  | 43,467 |  |  | 43,348 |
Statutory surplus | $ | 77,681 |  | $ | 77,483 |

Under the insurance code of the state in which each insurance subsidiary is domiciled, dividend payments to the Parent by its insurance subsidiaries are subject to certain limitations without the prior approval of the applicable state’s Insurance Commissioner. The Parent received dividends of $4,800 and $4,850 in 2018 and 2017, respectively, from its subsidiaries. In 2019, dividend payments to the Parent by the insurance subsidiaries in excess of $4,347 would require prior approval.

| Note 14. | Related Party Transactions

In the normal course of business the Company has engaged in transactions with entities affiliated with the controlling shareholder of the Company. These transactions include the leasing of office space as well as certain investing and financing activities. At December 31, 2018, two members of the Company’s board of directors, including the Company’s chairman, president and chief executive officer, were considered to be affiliates of the majority shareholder.

The Company leases approximately 49,586 square feet of office and covered garage space from one such controlled entity. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company paid $781 and $866, respectively, under this lease.

Certain financing for the Company has also been provided by this entity in the form of an investment in the Series D Preferred Stock (See Note 11). During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company paid this entity $399 in dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock.

Certain members of the Company’s management and board of directors are shareholders and on the board of directors of Gray Television, Inc. (“Gray”). As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company owned 880,272 shares of Gray Class A common stock and 106,000 shares of Gray common stock. The aggregate carrying value of these investments in Gray at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $13,226 and $14,407, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company paid approximately $42 and $54, respectively, to a digital marketing services organization, which is an affiliate of Gray. Services purchased primarily included assistance with website marketing initiatives on behalf of the Company’s life and health operations.

During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, Gray paid the Company approximately $403 and $597, respectively, in employer paid insurance premiums related to a group accident plan.

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| Note 15. | Segment Information

The Parent’s primary insurance subsidiaries operate with relative autonomy and each company is evaluated based on its individual performance. American Southern operates in the property and casualty insurance market, while Bankers Fidelity operates in the life and health insurance market. Each segment derives revenue from the collection of premiums, as well as from investment income. Substantially all revenue other than that in the corporate and other segment is from external sources.

| For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
| American Southern | Bankers Fidelity | Corporate & Other | Adjustments & Eliminations | Consolidated
Insurance premiums, net | $ | 53,807 |  | $ | 119,124 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 172,931 |
Insurance benefits and losses incurred |  | 38,829 |  |  | 93,821 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 132,650 |
Expenses deferred |  | (7,893 | ) |  | (14,118 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22,011 | )
Amortization and depreciation expense |  | 7,991 |  |  | 9,892 |  |  | 715 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,598 |
Other expenses |  | 14,666 |  |  | 36,514 |  |  | 16,613 |  |  | (10,506 | ) |  | 57,287 |
Total expenses |  | 53,593 |  |  | 126,109 |  |  | 17,328 |  |  | (10,506 | ) |  | 186,524 |
Underwriting income (loss) |  | 214 |  |  | (6,985 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income |  | 3,783 |  |  | 5,382 |  |  | 2,895 |  |  | (2,511 | ) |  | 9,549 |
Other income |  | 8 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 8,093 |  |  | (7,995 | ) |  | 113 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 4,005 |  |  | (1,596 | ) |  | (6,340 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,931 | )
Net realized gains |  | 1,876 |  |  | 3,006 |  |  | 272 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,154 |
Unrealized losses on equity securities |  | (220 | ) |  | (514 | ) |  | (1,460 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,194 | )
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 5,661 |  | $ | 896 |  | $ | (7,528 | ) | $ | — |  | $ | (971 | )
Total revenues | $ | 59,254 |  | $ | 127,005 |  | $ | 9,800 |  | $ | (10,506 | ) | $ | 185,553 |
Intangibles | $ | 1,350 |  | $ | 1,194 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,544 |
Total assets | $ | 122,724 |  | $ | 195,663 |  | $ | 134,643 |  | $ | (108,756 | ) | $ | 344,274 |

| For the Year Ended December 31, 2017
| American Southern | Bankers Fidelity | Corporate & Other | Adjustments & Eliminations | Consolidated
Insurance premiums, net | $ | 53,661 |  | $ | 109,666 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 163,327 |
Insurance benefits and losses incurred |  | 34,486 |  |  | 83,029 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 117,515 |
Expenses deferred |  | (8,062 | ) |  | (11,693 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19,755 | )
Amortization and depreciation expense |  | 8,543 |  |  | 8,232 |  |  | 712 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,487 |
Other expenses |  | 15,951 |  |  | 38,195 |  |  | 16,191 |  |  | (9,826 | ) |  | 60,511 |
Total expenses |  | 50,918 |  |  | 117,763 |  |  | 16,903 |  |  | (9,826 | ) |  | 175,758 |
Underwriting income (loss) |  | 2,743 |  |  | (8,097 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income |  | 3,332 |  |  | 5,021 |  |  | 2,267 |  |  | (2,124 | ) |  | 8,496 |
Other income |  | 11 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 7,806 |  |  | (7,702 | ) |  | 123 |
Operating income (loss) |  | 6,086 |  |  | (3,068 | ) |  | (6,830 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,812 | )
Net realized gains |  | 2,481 |  |  | 2,800 |  |  | 3,887 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,168 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 8,567 |  | $ | (268 | ) | $ | (2,943 | ) | $ | — |  | $ | 5,356 |
Total revenues | $ | 59,485 |  | $ | 117,495 |  | $ | 13,960 |  | $ | (9,826 | ) | $ | 181,114 |
Intangibles | $ | 1,350 |  | $ | 1,194 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,544 |
Total assets | $ | 126,313 |  | $ | 185,624 |  | $ | 147,653 |  | $ | (116,351 | ) | $ | 343,239 |

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| Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

On September 13, 2018, the Audit Committee (the “Audit Committee”) of the Company’s Board of Directors approved the appointment of Dixon Hughes Goodman LLP (“Dixon Hughes”) as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, commencing with the quarter ended September 30, 2018 and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. In connection with the selection of Dixon Hughes, on September 13, 2018 the Audit Committee approved terminating the engagement of BDO USA, LLP (“BDO”) as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm.

The audit reports of BDO on the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 did not contain any adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion and were not qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principles.

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017, and through the date hereof, there were no disagreements, within the meaning of Item 304(a)(1)(iv) of Regulation S-K, with BDO on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedures which, if not resolved to BDO’s satisfaction, would have caused BDO to make reference to the subject matter in connection with its reports; and there were no reportable events as defined in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K.

| Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based on that evaluation, management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of that date.

Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting system has been designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Management recognizes that there are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any internal control system. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Furthermore, the application of any evaluations of effectiveness on future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 based upon the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in the updated 2013 Internal Control – Integrated Framework. Based on that evaluation, management believes that internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) was effective as of December 31, 2018.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to certain rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that exempt smaller reporting companies, including the Company, from such requirement.

| Item 9B. | Other Information

None.

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PART III

With the exception of certain information relating to the Executive Officers of the Company, which is provided in Part I hereof, the information relating to securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans and the information relating to the Company’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, each of which is included below, all information required by Part III (Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Form 10-K) is incorporated by reference to the sections entitled “Election of Directors,” “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management,” “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” “Executive Compensation,” “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence” and “Ratification of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” to be contained in the Company’s definitive proxy statement in connection with the Company’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 21, 2019, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the Company’s fiscal year end.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table sets forth, as of December 31, 2018, the number of securities issuable upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights, the weighted average exercise price thereof and the number of securities remaining available for future issuance under the Company’s equity compensation plans:

Plan Category | Number of Securities to Be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights | Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights | Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in the First Column)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | 1,275,200 |
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders(1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | 1,275,200 |

| (1) | All the Company’s equity compensation plans have been approved by the Company’s shareholders.

The Company has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to its principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or any persons performing similar functions, as well as its directors and other employees. A copy of this Code of Business Conduct and Ethics has been filed as an exhibit to this annual report on Form 10-K.

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PART IV

| Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a) List of documents filed as part of this report:

| 1. | Financial Statements:

See Index to Financial Statements contained in Item 8 hereof.

| 2. | Financial Statement Schedules:

Schedule II - Condensed financial information of the registrant
Schedule III - Supplementary insurance information of the registrant
Schedule IV - Reinsurance information for the registrant
Schedule VI - Supplemental information concerning property-casualty insurance operations of the registrant

Schedules other than those listed above are omitted as they are not required or are not applicable, or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto. Columns omitted from schedules filed have been omitted because the information is not applicable.

| 3. | Exhibits *:

3.1 |  | - |  | Restated Articles of Incorporation of the registrant, as amended [incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008].
3.2 |  | - |  | Restated Bylaws of the registrant, as amended [incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the registrant’s Form 8-K filed on March 4, 2016].
10.01 |  | - |  | Management Agreement, dated July 1, 1993, between the registrant and Atlantic American Life Insurance Company and Bankers Fidelity Life Insurance Company [incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.41 to the registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 1993].
10.02 |  | - |  | Tax Allocation Agreement, dated as of January 4, 2016, between the registrant and the registrant’s subsidiaries [incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.02 to the registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017].
10.03** |  | - |  | Atlantic American Corporation 2012 Nonqualified Stock Purchase Plan [incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the registrant’s Form S-8 (File No. 333-183207) filed on August 10, 2012].
10.04** |  | - |  | Atlantic American Corporation 2012 Equity Incentive Plan [incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2013].
10.05 |  | - |  | Lease Agreement, dated as of November 1, 2007, between Georgia Casualty & Surety Company, Bankers Fidelity Life Insurance Company, Atlantic American Corporation and Delta Life Insurance Company [incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007].
10.06 |  | - |  | First Amendment to Lease Agreement, dated as of March 31, 2008, between Georgia Casualty & Surety Company, Bankers Fidelity Life Insurance Company, Atlantic American Corporation and Delta Life Insurance Company [incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2008].
10.07** |  | - |  | Employment and Transition Agreement with Fixed Determination Date, dated as of June 14, 2017 by and between John G. Sample, Jr. and the registrant [incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.07 to the registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017].
14.1 |  | - |  | Code of Business Conduct and Ethics [incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.1 to the registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003].
16.1 |  | - |  | Letter from BDO USA, LLP regarding Change in Certifying Accountant.
21.1 |  | - |  | Subsidiaries of the registrant [incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 to the registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015].
23.1 |  | - |  | Consent of Dixon Hughes Goodman LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
23.2 |  | - |  | Consent of BDO USA, LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
31.1 |  | - |  | Certification of the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

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31.2 |  | - |  | Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 |  | - |  | Certifications pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS |  | - |  | XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH |  | - |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema.
101.CAL |  | - |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.
101.DEF |  | - |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase.
101.LAB |  | - |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase.
101.PRE |  | - |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase.

| * | The registrant agrees to furnish to the Commission upon request a copy of any instruments defining the rights of security holders of the registrant that may be omitted from filing in accordance with the Commission’s rules and regulations.

| ** | Management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed pursuant to Part IV, Item 15(c) of Form 10-K and Item 601 of Regulation S-K.

| Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary

None.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | ATLANTIC AMERICAN CORPORATION
|  | (Registrant)
| By: | /s/ J. Ross Franklin
|  | J. Ross Franklin
|  | Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  | Date: April 1, 2019

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature | Title | Date
/s/ Hilton H. Howell, Jr. | President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board (Principal Executive Officer) | April 1, 2019
HILTON H. HOWELL, JR.
/s/ J. Ross Franklin | Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) | April 1, 2019
J. ROSS FRANKLIN
/s/ Robin R. Howell | Director | April 1, 2019
ROBIN R. HOWELL
/s/ Mark E. Preisinger | Director | April 1, 2019
MARK E. PREISINGER
/s/ Joseph M. Scheerer | Director | April 1, 2019
JOSEPH M. SCHEERER |
/s/ Scott G. Thompson | Director | April 1, 2019
SCOTT G. THOMPSON |
/s/ D. Keehln Wheeler | Director | April 1, 2019
D. KEEHLN WHEELER

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Schedule II
Page 1 of 3

CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT

ATLANTIC AMERICAN CORPORATION
(Parent Company Only)

BALANCE SHEETS
ASSETS

| December 31,
| 2018 | 2017
| (In thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 3,142 |  | $ | 9,732 |
Investments |  | 14,154 |  |  | 16,097 |
Investment in subsidiaries |  | 108,756 |  |  | 116,351 |
Investments in unconsolidated trusts |  | 1,238 |  |  | 1,238 |
Deferred tax asset, net |  | 3,524 |  |  | — |
Income taxes receivable from subsidiaries |  | 2,856 |  |  | 2,879 |
Other assets |  | 3,311 |  |  | 3,762 |
Total assets | $ | 136,981 |  | $ | 150,059 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Deferred tax liability, net | $ | — |  | $ | 1,253 |
Other payables |  | 1,871 |  |  | 2,085 |
Junior subordinated debentures |  | 33,738 |  |  | 33,738 |
Total liabilities |  | 35,609 |  |  | 37,076 |
Shareholders’ equity |  | 101,372 |  |  | 112,983 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 136,981 |  | $ | 150,059 |

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

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Schedule II
Page 2 of 3

CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT

ATLANTIC AMERICAN CORPORATION
(Parent Company Only)
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2018 | 2017
| (In thousands)
REVENUE |  |  |  |  |  |
Fee income from subsidiaries | $ | 7,995 |  | $ | 7,702 |
Distributed earnings from subsidiaries |  | 4,800 |  |  | 4,850 |
Unrealized losses on equity securities, net |  | (1,460 | ) |  | — |
Other |  | 752 |  |  | 4,130 |
Total revenue |  | 12,087 |  |  | 16,682 |
GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES |  | 12,764 |  |  | 13,015 |
INTEREST EXPENSE |  | 2,037 |  |  | 1,723 |
|  | (2,714 | ) |  | 1,944 |
INCOME TAX BENEFIT(1) |  | (3,544 | ) |  | (2,553 | )
|  | 830 |  |  | 4,497 |
EQUITY IN UNDISTRIBUTED EARNINGS OF SUBSIDIARIES, NET |  | (1,534 | ) |  | 31 |
NET INCOME (LOSS) | $ | (704 | ) | $ | 4,528 |

| (1) | Under the terms of a tax-sharing agreement, income tax provisions for the subsidiary companies are computed on a separate company basis. Accordingly, the Company’s income tax benefit results from the utilization of the Parent’s separate return loss to reduce the consolidated taxable income of the Company.

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

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Schedule II
Page 3 of 3

CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT

ATLANTIC AMERICAN CORPORATION
(Parent Company Only)
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2018 | 2017
| (In thousands)
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | (704 | ) | $ | 4,528 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized investment gains, net |  | (272 | ) |  | (3,891 | )
Unrealized losses on equity securities, net |  | 1,460 |  |  | — |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 715 |  |  | 712 |
Compensation expense related to share awards |  | 244 |  |  | 495 |
Distributions received from equity method investees |  | 183 |  |  | 4,513 |
Equity in undistributed earnings of consolidated subsidiaries |  | 1,534 |  |  | (31 | )
Decrease in intercompany taxes |  | 24 |  |  | 82 |
Deferred income tax benefit |  | (2,236 | ) |  | (1,358 | )
(Decrease) increase in other liabilities |  | (214 | ) |  | 136 |
Other, net |  | (190 | ) |  | 295 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 544 |  |  | 5,481 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from investments sold, called or matured |  | 675 |  |  | 1,501 |
Investments purchased |  | — |  |  | — |
Capital contribution to subsidiaries |  | (6,000 | ) |  | — |
Additions to property and equipment |  | (219 | ) |  | (91 | )
Net cash provided by investing activities |  | (5,544 | ) |  | 1,410 |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment of dividends on Series D preferred stock |  | (399 | ) |  | (399 | )
Payment of dividends on common stock |  | (407 | ) |  | (408 | )
Proceeds from shares issued under stock plans |  | 36 |  |  | 32 |
Treasury stock acquired — share repurchase authorization |  | (597 | ) |  | (692 | )
Treasury stock acquired — net employee share-based compensation |  | (223 | ) |  | — |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (1,590 | ) |  | (1,467 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash |  | (6,590 | ) |  | 5,424 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  | 9,732 |  |  | 4,308 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | $ | 3,142 |  | $ | 9,732 |
Supplemental disclosure: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 1,996 |  | $ | 1,705 |
Cash paid for income taxes | $ | 2,107 |  | $ | 1,400 |
Intercompany tax settlement from subsidiaries | $ | 3,439 |  | $ | 2,676 |

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

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Schedule III
Page 1 of 2

ATLANTIC AMERICAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION

Segment | Deferred Acquisition Costs | Future Policy Benefits, Losses, Claims and Loss Reserves | Unearned Premiums | Other Policy Claims and Benefits Payable
| (In thousands)
December 31, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bankers Fidelity | $ | 35,047 |  | $ | 113,515 |  | $ | 4,712 |  | $ | 1,973 |
American Southern |  | 2,047 |  |  | 49,354 |  |  | 19,494 |  |  | — |
| $ | 37,094 |  | $ | 162,869 | (1) | $ | 24,206 |  | $ | 1,973 |
December 31, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bankers Fidelity | $ | 30,619 |  | $ | 100,127 |  | $ | 4,271 |  | $ | 2,010 |
American Southern |  | 2,075 |  |  | 47,997 |  |  | 19,178 |  |  | — |
| $ | 32,694 |  | $ | 148,124 | (2) | $ | 23,449 |  | $ | 2,010 |

| (1) | Includes future policy benefits of $90,257 and losses and claims of $72,612.

| (2) | Includes future policy benefits of $82,435 and losses and claims of $65,689.

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

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Schedule III
Page 2 of 2

ATLANTIC AMERICAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION

Segment | Premium Revenue | Net Investment Income | Benefits, Claims, Losses and Settlement Expenses | Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs | Other Operating Expenses | Casualty Premiums Written
| (In thousands)
December 31, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bankers Fidelity | $ | 119,124 |  | $ | 5,382 |  | $ | 93,821 |  | $ | 9,690 |  | $ | 22,598 |  | $ | — |
American Southern |  | 53,807 |  |  | 3,783 |  |  | 38,829 |  |  | 7,921 |  |  | 6,843 |  |  | 54,410 |
Corporate & other |  | — |  |  | 384 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,822 |  |  | — |
| $ | 172,931 |  | $ | 9,549 |  | $ | 132,650 |  | $ | 17,611 |  | $ | 36,263 |  | $ | 54,410 |
December 31, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bankers Fidelity | $ | 109,666 |  | $ | 4,257 |  | $ | 83,029 |  | $ | 7,866 |  | $ | 26,868 |  | $ | — |
American Southern |  | 53,661 |  |  | 3,307 |  |  | 34,486 |  |  | 8,170 |  |  | 8,262 |  |  | 53,362 |
Corporate & other |  | — |  |  | 143 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,077 |  |  | — |
| $ | 163,327 |  | $ | 7,707 |  | $ | 117,515 |  | $ | 16,036 |  | $ | 42,207 |  | $ | 53,362 |

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

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Schedule IV

ATLANTIC AMERICAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
REINSURANCE INFORMATION

| Direct Amount | Ceded To Other Companies | Assumed From Other Companies | Net Amounts | Percentage of Amount Assumed To Net
| (Dollars in thousands)
Year ended December 31, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life insurance in force | $ | 232,311 |  | $ | (12,263 | ) | $ | — |  | $ | 220,048 |  |  |  |
Premiums — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bankers Fidelity | $ | 180,552 |  | $ | (61,459 | ) | $ | 31 |  | $ | 119,124 |  |  | 0.0 | %
American Southern |  | 39,233 |  |  | (5,075 | ) |  | 19,649 |  |  | 53,807 |  |  | 36.5 | %
Total premiums | $ | 219,785 |  | $ | (66,534 | ) | $ | 19,680 |  | $ | 172,931 |  |  | 11.4 | %
Year ended December 31, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life insurance in force | $ | 255,506 |  | $ | (14,902 | ) | $ | — |  | $ | 240,604 |  |  |  |
Premiums — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bankers Fidelity | $ | 142,210 |  | $ | (32,585 | ) | $ | 41 |  | $ | 109,666 |  |  | 0.0 | %
American Southern |  | 39,248 |  |  | (4,787 | ) |  | 19,200 |  |  | 53,661 |  |  | 35.8 | %
Total premiums | $ | 181,458 |  | $ | (37,372 | ) | $ | 19,241 |  | $ | 163,327 |  |  | 11.8 | %

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

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Schedule VI

ATLANTIC AMERICAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION CONCERNING
PROPERTY-CASUALTY INSURANCE OPERATIONS

Year Ended | Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs | Reserves | Unearned Premiums | Earned Premiums | Net Investment Income | Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses Incurred Related To | Amortization of Deferred Acquisition Costs | Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses | Premiums Written
Current Year | Prior Years
| (In thousands)
December 31, 2018 | $ | 2,047 |  | $ | 49,354 |  | $ | 19,494 |  | $ | 53,807 |  | $ | 3,783 |  | $ | 39,735 |  | $ | (906 | ) | $ | 7,921 |  | $ | 36,680 |  | $ | 54,410 |
December 31, 2017 | $ | 2,075 |  | $ | 47,997 |  | $ | 19,178 |  | $ | 53,661 |  | $ | 3,307 |  | $ | 37,016 |  | $ | (2,530 | ) | $ | 8,170 |  | $ | 33,459 |  | $ | 53,362 |

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

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