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Stockholders’ Equity (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Equity [Abstract]  
Summary of Changes in Warrants Outstanding

The following is a summary of changes in warrants outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

   Number of warrants 
Outstanding at December 31,2019   2,014,694 
Issued   655,763 
Expired   (466,154)
Outstanding at December 31, 2020   2,204,303 
Issued   10,550 
Expired   (927,449)
Outstanding at December 31, 2021   1,287,404 
Summary of Outstanding Warrants

The following is a summary of all outstanding warrants as of December 31, 2021:

 

Warrant issuance event  Number of warrants   Weighted average exercise price   Exercise price per share   Remaining term in years   Intrinsic value at date of grant 
                     
Private placements of common stock   818,683   $7.65   $6.89 - 7.80    1.28   $- 
Private placement of notes   214,356   $8.39   $7.80 - 9.10    0.76   $- 
Settlement of deferred compensation   243,815   $6.32   $3.51 - 9.10    2.74   $- 
Settlement of services   10,550   $4.15   $3.12 - 5.46    0.62   $- 
    1,287,404   $7.49   $3.12 - 9.10    1.47   $- 

Summary of Stock Options Activity

The following summarizes activity related to stock options for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

   Number of Options   Exercise price per share   Remaining term in years 
Outstanding January 1, 2020   554,076    $5.20 - $11.31     4.6 
Issued   82,258    $4.42 - $5.72       
Cancelled/expired   (48,109)          
Outstanding on December 31, 2020   588,225    $4.42 - $11.31     3.5 
Issued   58,113    $4.94 - $6.37       
Cancelled/expired   (44,187)          
Outstanding on December 31, 2021   602,151    $4.42 - $11.31     3.8 
                
Exercisable, December 31, 2021   513,416    $4.42 - $11.31     3.3 
Summary of Fair Value of Options Using Black-Sholes Option Pricing Model

The fair value of the options issued was calculated using the Black-Sholes option pricing model, based on the criteria shown below:

   2021   2020 
Expected term (in years)   5.5 - 8.0     5.5 - 8.0  
Expected volatility   85.0% - 89.4 %   73.4% - 75.8 %
Risk-free interest rate   0.7% - 1.3 %   0.3% - 1.6%  
Expected dividends  $-   $- 
Weighted average grant date fair value per share  $4.04   $2.65