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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes Deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences in future years for differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each year-end based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. Income tax expense is the combination of the tax payable for the year and the change during the year in deferred tax assets and liabilities. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had net losses before income taxes of $50,890 and $53,948, respectively. Net losses relating to U.S. operations for were $52,415 and $54,907, respectively. The difference between income taxes expected at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21% and the reported income tax expense (benefit) are summarized as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
2022 |  | 2021
Income tax (benefit) at statutory rate | $ | (10,685) |  |  | $ | (11,330) |
Valuation allowance | 12,894 |  |  | 11,500 |
State income tax (benefit), net of federal benefit | (2,114) |  |  | (1,978) |
Business tax credit net of reserves | (575) |  |  | (190) |
Non-deductible expenses | 794 |  |  | 2,210 |
Business combination | — |  |  | (437) |
Foreign income taxes at different rate | (310) |  |  | (201) |
Income tax expense (benefit) | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | (426) |
Effective tax rate | (0.01) | % |  | 0.79 | %
The provision expense (benefit) for income taxes consist of the following:
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Current: |  |  |
Federal | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
State | 4 |  |  | 11 |
Foreign | — |  |  | — |
Total current | 4 |  |  | 11 |
Deferred: |  |  |
Federal | — |  |  | (416) |
State | — |  |  | (21) |
Foreign | — |  |  | — |
Total deferred | — |  |  | (437) |
Total income tax (benefit) expense | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | (426) |
The components of net deferred income taxes consist of the following:
| December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Net operating loss | $ | 47,662 |  |  | $ | 40,922 |
Unrealized loss on digital assets | 6,754 |  |  | 2,015 |
Tax credits | 1,940 |  |  | 1,416 |
Reserves and accruals | 332 |  |  | 732 |
Leases - lease liability | 1,019 |  |  | 376 |
Amortization of acquired intangibles | 2,624 |  |  | 232 |
Other deferred tax assets | 686 |  |  | 1,748 |
Gross deferred tax assets | 61,017 |  |  | 47,441 |
Less valuation allowance | (59,057) |  |  | (46,163) |
Total deferred tax assets | 1,960 |  |  | 1,278 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Amortization of acquired intangibles | — |  |  | — |
Leases - right of use asset | (931) |  |  | (306) |
Other deferred tax liabilities | (1,029) |  |  | (972) |
Total deferred tax liabilities | (1,960) |  |  | (1,278) |
Net deferred tax liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
As of December 31, 2022, we had net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards of $195,027 and $95,867 for federal and state income tax purposes, respectively. The federal net operating losses of $85,674 which were generated in tax years beginning before January 1, 2018, will begin to expire in 2030 if not utilized. The balance of the net operating losses, $109,353 do not expire. The state net operating losses expire at various times depending on the state with a majority beginning to expire in 2030 if not utilized. As of December 31, 2022, we had research and development ("R&D") credit carryforwards of approximately $2,286 and $1,622 for federal and state income tax purposes, respectively. The federal and Texas R&D credits will begin to expire in 2034, unless previously utilized. California R&D credits carry forward indefinitely. Utilization of the NOL and tax credit carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to ownership change limitations that may have occurred or that could occur in the future, as required by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), as well as similar state and foreign provisions. These ownership changes may limit the amount of NOL and tax credit carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income. In general, an “ownership change” as defined by Section 382 of the Code results from a transaction or series of transactions over a three-year period resulting in an ownership change of more than fifty (50) percentage points of the outstanding stock of a company by certain stockholders. As of December 31, 2022, we had not yet completed an analysis of the deferred tax assets for its NOL and tax credits. The future utilization of our net operating loss to offset future taxable income may be subject to an annual limitation under IRC Section 382 as a result of ownership changes that may have occurred previously or that could occur in the future. We have not yet determined whether such an ownership change has occurred. In order to make this determination, we will need to complete an analysis regarding the limitation of the net operating loss. We have established a full valuation allowance for our deferred tax assets due to uncertainties that preclude us from determining that it is more likely than not that we will be able to generate sufficient taxable income to realize such assets. We monitor positive and negative factors that may arise in the future as we assess the need for a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we have a valuation allowance of $59,057 and $46,163, respectively, against our deferred tax assets. The technical merits of a tax position derive from both statutory and judicial authority (legislation and statutes, legislative intent, regulations, rulings and case law) and their applicability to the facts and circumstances of the tax position. If a tax position does not meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the benefit of that position is not recognized in the financial statements. The second step is measurement. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the financial statements. The tax position is measured as the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution with a taxing authority. Uncertain tax positions are evaluated based upon the facts and circumstances that exist at each reporting period. Subsequent changes in judgment based upon new information may lead to changes in recognition, de-recognition, and measurement. Adjustments may result, for example, upon resolution of an issue with the taxing authorities, or expiration of a statute of limitations barring an assessment for an issue. The following is a tabular reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits:
| December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of period | $ | 1,545 |  |  | $ | 1,314 |
Tax positions taken in prior periods: |  |  |
Gross increases | — |  |  | — |
Gross decreases | — |  |  | — |
Tax positions taken in current period: |  |  |
Gross increases | 212 |  |  | 231 |
Settlements | — |  |  | — |
Lapse of statute of limitations | — |  |  | — |
Unrecognized tax benefits, end of period | $ | 1,757 |  |  | $ | 1,545 |
Our practice is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. We have no accrual for interest and penalties on the consolidated balance sheets and has not recognized interest and/or penalties in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. We are subject to taxation in the United States and various state jurisdictions. Our tax years from inception are subject to examination by the United States and state taxing authorities due to the carryforward of unutilized NOLs. We have ownership interest in controlled foreign corporations. During 2022, we analyzed the potential impact of the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income and the Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse Tax provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act signed into law in 2017. Based on the foreign subsidiaries' tax position, we will not incur any impact relating to these two provisions. The CARES Act was enacted in the United States on March 27, 2020. The CARES Act includes several U.S. income tax provisions related to, among other things, net operating loss carrybacks, alternative minimum tax credits, modifications to the net interest deduction limitations and technical amendments regarding the income tax depreciation of qualified improvement property placed in service after December 31, 2017. The CARES Act did not have a material impact on our financial results for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (the "Act") was enacted in the United States on December 27, 2020. The Act enhances and expands certain provisions of the CARES Act. The Act did not have a material impact on our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 21 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32857-109319 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.C) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=122134291&loc=d3e330215-122817 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 17 -Subparagraph (b) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32809-109319 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SAB TOPIC 6.I.5.Q1) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=122134291&loc=d3e330036-122817 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 14 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32705-109319 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 270 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6424409&loc=d3e44925-109338 Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144680 Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 30 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (a) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6424122&loc=d3e41874-109331 Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(2)) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=120395691&loc=d3e23780-122690 + Details
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