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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________ to __________

Commission file number: 001-37862

PHUNWARE, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 30-1205798
State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

1002 West Avenue, Austin, Texas |  | 78701
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code 512-693-4199

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share |  | PHUN |  | The NASDAQ Capital Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☒
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect a correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $46,6133,592 as of June 28, 2024, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter (based on the closing sales price for the common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on such date).

As of March 21, 2025, 20,170,745 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, were issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENC E

None.

Table of Contents

|  | PAGE
| Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements | 1
| Summary of Risk Factors | 2
PART I |  | 4
Item 1. | Business | 4
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 11
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 42
Item 1C. | Cybersecurity | 42
Item 2. | Properties | 43
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 43
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 44
PART II |  | 45
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 45
Item 6. | [Reserved] | 45
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 46
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 57
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 58
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 90
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 90
Item 9B. | Other Information | 91
Item 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 91
PART III |  | 92
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 92
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 97
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 103
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 105
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 107
PART IV | 108
Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 108
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 110

"Phunware," and the Phunware design logo and the trademarks or service marks of Phunware, Inc. and its subsidiaries appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the property of Phunware, Inc. Trade names, trademarks and service marks of other companies that may appear in this report are the property of their respective holders. We have omitted the ® and ™ designations, as applicable, for the trademarks used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Table of Contents

SPECIAL NOTE REGARD ING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements are intended to be covered by the safe harbor for forward-looking statements provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy and plans and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes are intended to identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

The forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us. Future developments affecting us may not be those that we have anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) and other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those factors described under the heading “Risk Factors.” Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws. These risks and others described under “Risk Factors” may not be exhaustive.

By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. We caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and developments in the industry in which we operate may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report. In addition, even if our results or operations, financial condition and liquidity, and developments in the industry in which we operate are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report, those results or developments may not be indicative of results or developments in subsequent periods.

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SUMMARY OF RISK FACTORS

Below is a summary of the principal factors that could materially harm our business, operating results and/or financial condition, impair our future prospects and/or cause the price of our common stock to decline. This summary does not address all of the risks that we face. Additional discussion of the risks summarized in this risk factor summary, and other risks that we face, can be found below under the heading “Risk Factors” and should be carefully considered, together with other information in this Form 10-K and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") before making an investment decision regarding our common stock.

Risks Related to Our Business, Operations and Industry

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We have a history of losses and we may not achieve or sustain profitability in the future.
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Our future performance will depend on the successful transition of our Chief Executive Officer (CEO).
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Our growth could be slower than expected.
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Current and future litigation and arbitration proceedings could adversely affect us.
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Our results of operations could be negatively affected if we cannot adapt to ongoing market changes.
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The actual market for our products and services solutions could be significantly smaller than estimates.
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Substantial competition could reduce our market share and significantly harm our financial performance.
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Our future results will depend on our ability to continue to focus our resources and manage costs effectively.
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Our profitability could suffer if we are not able to manage projects and contracts on time.
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Our business strategy is evolving.
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Artificial Intelligence is an emerging area of technology that has and may further impact various aspects of our business.
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Future acquisitions could harm our business.
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We may not be able to recognize revenue in the period in which our services are performed.
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Our financial results may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles applicable to us.
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We may experience quarterly fluctuations in our operating results.
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We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting.
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We could be liable for damages for security breaches or disclosure of confidential information or personal data.
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Disruptions in our customers’ businesses or inadequate service could cause us to lose customers.
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Our technology offerings and services could infringe upon the intellectual property rights of others.
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We may be unable to protect our intellectual property rights.
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If we are unable to collect our receivables our results of operations or financial condition could be adversely affected.
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Increased costs of labor and employee health and welfare benefits may adversely impact our results of operations.
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If subscription renewal rates decrease our future revenue and operating results may be harmed.
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We may be unable to attract new customers or increase sales.
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Because revenue is recognized over the term of subscription contracts, sales results are not immediately reflected.
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If we fail to forecast our revenue accurately our operating results could be adversely affected.
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Our sales cycle can be long and unpredictable, particularly with respect to large subscriptions, and our sales efforts require considerable time and expense.
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Advertising fraud could harm our reputation.
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If we do not maintain and grow advertisers and distribution partners, our services could be adversely affected.
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Any inability to deliver successful mobile advertising campaigns will prevent us from growing or retaining our advertiser base.
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We may be unable to deliver advertising in a context that is appropriate for mobile advertising campaigns.
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Activities of our advertising customers could damage our reputation or give rise to legal claims against us.
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Any limitation on our ability to collect and use data could significantly diminish the value of our solutions.
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Evolving governmental regulation, legal requirements or industry standards relating to consumer privacy and data protection could impact our business.
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We may not adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary technology and information.
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We could be subject to additional income tax liabilities.
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Taxing authorities may assert that we should have collected or in the future should collect sales and use, value-added or similar taxes.
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Our net operating loss carryforwards may expire unutilized or underutilized.
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Our large customers have substantial negotiating leverage.
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Our customers' financial distress or disruptions in their business could affect our financial position and results.
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If we are unable to obtain and maintain adequate insurance, our financial condition could be adversely affected.
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The requirements of being a public company may strain our systems and resources.

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Reduced reporting requirements available to us, may cause our common stock to be less attractive to investors.
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Our business is subject to the risks of catastrophic events outside of our control.

Risks Related to Capitalization Matters, Corporate Governance and Market Volatility

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We may sell additional equity or debt securities or enter into other arrangements to fund our operations, which may result in dilution to our stockholders and impose restrictions or limitations on our business.
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The failure of financial institutions or transactional counterparties could adversely affect our current and projected business operations.
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The price of our common stock has been, and may continue to be, volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
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Failure to meet the continued listing qualification of the Nasdaq Capital Market could adversely affect our business.
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If analysts do not cover our business the price and trading volume of our common stock could decline.
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We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our common stock.
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Delaware law and our organizational documents contain certain anti-takeover provisions that could delay or discourage takeover attempts.
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Our certificate of incorporation designates the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders.

Risks Related to our Digital Asset Holdings

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We may acquire additional digital assets in the future.
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The prices of our digital assets may be influenced by regulatory, commercial, and technical factors.
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The unregulated nature surrounding bitcoin trading venues may adversely affect the value of our digital asset holdings.
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If we or our third-party service providers experience a security breach or cyberattack and unauthorized parties obtain access to our digital asset holdings, we may lose some or all of our bitcoin.
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The loss or destruction of a private key required to access our bitcoin may be irreversible.
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A determination that our digital assets are "securities" could lead to regulation as an “investment company”.

Risks Related to our Token Ecosystem and Tokens

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There can be no assurance that PhunCoin will ever be issued, and any significant difficulties we may experience in the offerings of PhunCoin or the sales of PhunToken could result in claims against us.
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The development and acceptance of blockchain networks, are subject to a variety of factors that are difficult to evaluate.
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Because our tokens will be digital assets built and transacted initially on top of existing third-party blockchain technology, we will be reliant on another blockchain network.
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The development and operation of our Token Ecosystem (hereinafter defined) will require additional technology and intellectual property rights.
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Our Token Ecosystem exposes us to risks of privacy data breach and cybersecurity attacks.
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Our Token Ecosystem may be the target of malicious cyberattacks or may contain exploitable flaws in its underlying code.
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Our Token Ecosystem is susceptible to mining attacks.
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There is no trading market for PhunCoin.
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Any delay in the development of our Token Ecosystem may result in declines in PhunToken revenue.
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The laws and regulations governing digital assets is are complex and evolving.
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The sale of PhunToken or the offerings of PhunCoin may subject us to additional regulatory requirements.
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The prices of digital assets are volatile.
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Whether our digital assets constitute a "security" is subject to a high degree of uncertainty.

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PA RT I

Item 1. B usiness.

General

Phunware, Inc. (the "Company," "Phunware," "we," "us," or "our") is a technology company specializing in mobile application (app) software and services and mobile-app advertising. Our cloud-based platform for mobile provides companies with the solutions necessary to engage, manage and monetize their mobile application portfolios and audiences. Our mission is to foster digital interactions that enable a more engaged, interactive, and valuable experience for all stakeholders. Founded in 2009, we are a Delaware corporation headquartered in Austin, Texas.

Phunware helps brands define, create, launch, promote and monetize their mobile application identities as a means to anchor the consumer journey and improve brand interactions. Our platform allows for the sale, licensing and creation of category-defining mobile experiences for customers and their application users worldwide.

Business Model

Our mobile application business model includes a combination of mobile application software subscription and service offerings that enable customers to engage, manage and monetize their mobile application portfolios throughout the mobile application lifecycle, which occurs in four phases:

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Strategize — We help brands define the application experience and determine the operating systems, feature sets and use cases they want their mobile application to support.
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Create — We help brands build their application portfolio.
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Launch — We help brands launch their applications and build their mobile audience.
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Engage, Monetize and Optimize — We help brands activate, monetize and optimize their mobile application portfolios.

Our product and service offerings primarily include cloud-based recurring software license subscriptions, most of which are multi-year, application development and support services. Although a majority of our product and service offerings have been sold utilizing an internal sales team, we have also sold our product and service offerings through various sales partners, including value added resellers and systems integrators. We continue to invest in these relationships.

We also provide in-application advertising services by charging advertisers to deliver advertisements (ads) to users of mobile connected devices. Fees from advertisers are commonly based on the number of ads delivered or views, clicks or actions by users on mobile advertisements delivered, and we recognize revenue at the time the user views, clicks or otherwise acts on the ad. We generally sell ads on a cost per thousand impressions basis, on which advertisers are charged for each ad delivered to 1,000 consumers.

Our Products and Services

Our mobile software subscriptions and services offerings include the following:

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A cloud-based application framework vertical solution license for iOS and Android-based mobile applications. We have focused a majority of our recent sales efforts on addressing the patient experience for healthcare and the luxury guest experience for hospitality. However, our product and service capabilities also serve the employee experience in the workplace, the shopper experience for retail, the fan experience for sports, the traveler experience for aviation, the luxury resident experience for real estate and the student experience for education.
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We offer integration of our software development kit (“SDK”) licenses into applications, including:
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Analytics (SDK that provides data related to application use and engagement);
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Content Management (SDK that allows application administrators to create and manage app content in a cloud-based portal);
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Alerts, Notifications & Messaging (SDK that enables brands to send messages to app users through the app); and

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Location-Based Services (modules that include mapping, navigation, wayfinding, workflow, asset management and policy enforcement).
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We also offer development services for customers who wish to have a customized application experience.

We also provide in-app advertising services, including re-occurring and one-time transactional media purchases for application discovery, user acquisition and audience building, audience engagement and audience monetization.

Competitive Strengths

Cloud-based vertical solution application framework: Phunware was built from the ground up to focus on native mobile application development and services. The result is over a decade of vertical-solution specific mobile application experience, which we believe is a major competitive differentiator.

Results-driven culture: Many of our employees are granted restricted stock units upon, and from time to time after, commencement of their employment and are encouraged to think of Phunware as a company they own rather than a company for which they work. We also promote from within to reward top performers and encourage leadership development. The result is an employee base singularly focused on solving problems and driving results.

Intellectual property portfolio development and world-class engineering resources: Through our world-class in-house technical and engineering organization, we have focused on developing our patents and other intellectual property, which includes methods of accessing wireless account information, rendering content on a wireless device, indoor and outdoor navigation with a mobile device and more. We are developing creative solutions to solve complex technical problems and create competitive advantages for our customers. We hold 18 issued patents, six pending patents and one allowed patent in various areas including content management, location services and cryptocurrency.

Our Customers

Our target customers for our mobile software subscription and services are companies that are looking to enact digital transformation in their business. We provide technology and solutions to support these organizations through every stage of the mobile application lifecycle.

We believe the multi-year nature of our software and services agreements and related recurring revenues provides revenue visibility. Our software subscription and services agreements with our customers consist of terms relating to length of agreement (for software subscriptions and application support), payment, performance, cancellation and termination, confidentiality, indemnification obligations and limitation of liability, among other provisions. All of these agreements contain terms of service that are generally consistent across our customers. Our subscription and services agreements generally do not impose obligations of exclusivity or other limiting terms upon us.

Our advertising agreements, also known as insertion orders, are, for the most part, governed by the standard terms and conditions from the Interactive Advertising Bureau’s (“IAB”) Standard Terms and Conditions for Internet Advertising for Media Buys One Year or Less ("IAB Terms"). The IAB Terms provide that in the event that payments are not paid to the agency, then the media company, or us, agrees to hold the advertiser solely liable. We view the agreements as contracts that ordinarily accompany the business conducted by Phunware and, because of the lack of any commitments to provide a certain amount of business, we are not substantially dependent on the agreements.

Concentration of Major Customers

Due to the nature of our business, we have in the past and may at times in the future, have a material concentration of our revenue with a small number of customers. For the year ended December 31, 2024, three customers collectively represented 34% of our net revenues.

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Our Growth Strategy

Key elements of our growth strategy include:

Expansion and scaling of mobile products and services. Mobile applications and in-application advertising media are among the fastest-growing and complex technology markets. We have made significant investments in research and development and plan to continue extending the functionality and scale of our mobile applications in the future.

Deepening of existing customer relationships. We believe that we are well positioned to identify new opportunities or enhance existing services and solutions within and provide additional products and services to our existing customer base. We have historically created and expect to continue to create cross and upsell opportunities as our customers seek to deepen their approach to mobile application lifecycle management.

Continued growth of our customer base through targeted marketing and outreach. We intend to continue to opportunistically expand our reach in existing industry verticals and into and within new industry verticals that benefit from our integrated solutions, comprehensive lifecycle approach and ability to engage users in both digital and physical worlds, particularly healthcare and hospitality.

Addition of new capabilities and geographic regions through strategic transactions. We operate in a fragmented market that offers significant consolidation opportunities. We plan to continue to evaluate strategic acquisitions, partnerships and other transactions that enhance our capabilities.

Expansion of our partnership network with third-party providers of products and services. We are able to leverage our mobile expertise and capabilities to compete effectively for new customers both directly and indirectly. Primary indirect channels include hardware, software and systems integrators/consultancies. We are focused on building our brand and offerings to grow within existing and target markets where there is strong demand for the products and solutions we provide.

Sales and Marketing

Our salesforce is focused on direct sales opportunities for our software subscription and services and advertising product lines. They are experienced across all verticals in which we serve and can assist small, medium and large-sized organizations. Our marketing efforts focus on building brand reputation, expanding market awareness, driving customer demand and enabling our sales team.

Our software subscription and services sales team is supported by our customer solutions team, which has deep technical expertise. Once contracted, our program management team collaborates with customers to ensure timely deliverables of contracted licenses and services. Post implementation, customers are supported post-sale by our customer success function managed within our program management team. Our sales cycle can range many months for large organizations.

We market our advertising product line direct to businesses and agencies. We are also hoping to expand our media offerings by attracting new business from local and national advertising agencies. Our contract term for advertising transactions can be as short as a few days to three months for larger advertising campaigns. Our sales cycle is typically short for direct to business customers, whereby it may be longer when partnering with agencies.

Research and Development

Our ability to compete depends in large part on our continuous commitment to research and development and our ability to rapidly introduce new applications, technologies, features and functionalities into our products, services and solutions. Our research and development efforts are focused on improving and enhancing our existing product and service offerings by working closely with our customers, conducting quality assurance testing and improving our core technology as well as developing new proprietary services and solutions such as artificial intelligence. Performance, security, depth and breadth of functionality and usability of our solutions drive our technology decisions and research and development. Our research and development expenses were $2.3 million and $4.4 million for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI)

In October 2024, we announced the commencement of the development of a new generative AI-driven software development platform to enable businesses of any size to design, create, build, and deploy high-quality custom mobile applications shorter periods of time. The platform will be designed to utilize generative AI in a manner that will enable businesses to develop and monetize custom mobile app solutions more quickly and at a lower cost, making them more accessible to small and medium-sized businesses.

The “artificial intelligence” (AI) in the context of the Company’s platform will initially be generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) technology. We plan to use such AI in various contexts within our internal systems, product offerings and new software development platform, including the following:

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Creator.phunware.com. We have created, deployed and are testing creator.phunware.com, an online platform which is the first step in the Company’s new software development platform initiative. This platform will in the future utilize generative AI (initially GPT technology) to simplify the mobile app request, submission, creation, development, customization and completion processes for customers. The platform is designed to include a Sales Companion GPT, a generative AI assistant that will guide customers step-by-step through the onboarding and sales processes, helping guide customer decisions in creating, developing, customizing and completing their mobile apps, making them even more intuitive, efficient and less expensive.
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Generative AI Tools for Internal Systems. We actively utilize generative AI tools to streamline internal processes and workflows for mobile app creation and development. We also plan to use predictive AI tools in the future to further enhance these processes. By applying these technologies, we expect to improve the quality and personalization of our mobile apps for customers and drastically reduce the time required to adapt our mobile app development framework to meet specific customer needs. We anticipate that these efficiencies will enable the Company to reduce mobile app development costs significantly and make high-quality customized mobile apps more accessible and affordable for small to medium sized businesses ("SMBs") and enterprises.
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AI Features and Functionalities for Engagement and Monetization. We are also developing AI Personal Concierge features and functionalities to serve as a human-like interface in our mobile apps for customers and users thereof to enhance engagement and provide our customers with innovative opportunities to further monetize their products and services with users.
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Automation Technology. In the future, we plan to further integrate generative AI into our App Creator process to facilitate collection and evaluation of inputs - such as customer-provided content, branding materials, and other relevant information - and automatically generate necessary configuration files.

PhunCoin and PhunToken

In 2018, we began offering rights to future issuances of PhunCoin, and in 2019 we expanded to a dual token structure by creating PhunToken. The dual-token ecosystem is designed to both empower consumers and brands to engage with each other and other audiences by creating a blockchain-enabled data and engagement exchange that recognizes the value of data and engagement, which we refer to herein as our "Token Ecosystem."

PhunCoin is intended to be the “Value of Data” that empowers consumers to take control of and be compensated for their data and will allow holders to participate in the economics of the Token Ecosystem by receiving PhunCoin based on how much information and data they are willing to share with the system. During 2018 and 2019, we sold rights to the future issuances of PhunCoin. To date, we have recorded the rights purchases as a liability in our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, as we have yet to issue any PhunCoin pursuant to our rights offerings. We may generate additional funding from sales of PhunCoin in the future.

PhunToken is intended to be the “Value of Engagement” that empowers consumers to monetize their data and to use PhunToken to engage with brands and others in the Token Ecosystem. PhunToken was created as and is intended to be a digital asset utility token which enables holders to engage via Phunware mobile applications initially with the Company and, when and if the ecosystem is further developed, eventually with brands, media buyers and other customers of the Company. Such engagements would occur on the Company’s platform and are expected to consist of activities which may benefit the Company and sponsoring brands, media buyers and other customers when a user, for example participates in surveys, watches videos or verifies user locations for proximity-based marketing campaigns. The Company anticipates that participants in such engagement activities will be rewarded by earning and receiving PhunToken from the Company or other sponsoring parties, and that PhunToken will be redeemable for valuable

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goods, services and experiences within branded marketplaces, similar to traditional loyalty or rewards programs. To date, opportunities to earn and utilize PhunToken in the Token Ecosystem have been limited and there is currently no mechanism for consumers to redeem PhunToken either from the Company or through the Token Ecosystem as the PhunToken ecosystem is still in development. In 2021, we commenced the selling of PhunToken to third parties. Upon the sale of PhunToken to customers, we transfer the PhunToken purchased to the customers' ethereum-based wallet address. We have sold PhunToken in the past and may sell additional PhunToken in the future; however, the amount of PhunToken sold in 2023 and 2024 was immaterial.

We are currently researching and assessing future opportunities and next steps for PhunCoin, PhunToken and the development of the Token Ecosystem.

Competition

The market for technology and solutions related to mobile application lifecycle management is evolving, highly competitive and significantly fragmented. With the introduction of new technologies, including AI, and the potential entry of new competitors into the market, we expect competition to increase and intensify in the future, which could harm our ability to increase sales, maintain or increase renewals and maintain our prices.

We compete primarily with companies offering cloud-based software solutions for location-based services, mobile marketing automation, content management, analytics and audience monetization, as well as data and campaign management for audience building and engagement. We also sometimes compete with application development agencies, in-house mobile teams and products developed by software providers that allow customers to build and scale new mobile applications. Our competitors include Airship, Apadmi, Mutual Mobile, Pointr and Purple.

We believe the principal competitive factors in our market include the following:

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product features and functionality;
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location accuracy and latency;
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technology architecture;
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level of customer satisfaction;
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ease of use and integration of products and services;
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deployment options and hardware flexibility;
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breadth and depth of application functionality;
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professional services and customer support;
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total costs of ownership;
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brand awareness and reputation;
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sophistication of technology platform;
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actionable insights through big data analytics;
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capability for customization, configurability, integration, security, scalability and reliability of applications;
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ability to innovate and respond to customer needs rapidly;
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domain expertise;
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size of customer base and level of user adoption; and
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ability to integrate with legacy enterprise infrastructures and third-party applications.

Some of our current competitors have, and future competitors may have, greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources, greater resources to devote to the development, promotion, sale and support of their products and services, more extensive customer bases and broader customer relationships, and/or longer operating histories and greater name recognition. As a result, these competitors may be better able to respond quickly to new technologies and to undertake more extensive marketing campaigns. In a

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few cases, some competitors may also be able to offer competing solutions at little or no additional cost by bundling them with their existing suite of solutions.

Government Regulation

We are subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the United States and abroad that involve matters central to our business. Many of these laws and regulations are still evolving and being tested in courts, and could be interpreted in ways that could harm our business including, but not limited to, privacy, data protection and personal information, rights of publicity, content, intellectual property, advertising, marketing, distribution, data security, data retention and deletion, and other communications, protection of minors, consumer protection, telecommunications, product liability, taxation, economic or other trade prohibitions or sanctions, anti-corruption law compliance and securities law compliance. In particular, we are subject to federal, state and foreign laws regarding privacy and protection of consumer data. Foreign data protection, privacy, content and other laws and regulations can impose different obligations or be more restrictive than those in the United States. U.S. federal and state and foreign laws and regulations, which in some cases can be enforced by private parties in addition to government entities, are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant change. As a result, the application, interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations are often uncertain, particularly in the new and rapidly evolving industry in which we operate and may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from country to country and inconsistently with our current policies and practices.

New laws enacted by government or regulatory authorities could cause us to incur substantial costs, expose us to unanticipated civil and criminal liability or penalties (including substantial monetary remedies), interrupt or require us to change our business practices in a manner materially adverse to our business, divert resources and the attention of management from our business or subject us to other remedies that adversely affect our business.

Intellectual Property

Our ability to protect our intellectual property, including our technologies, is an important factor in the success and continued growth of our business. We protect our intellectual property through trade secrets law, patents, copyrights, trademarks and contracts. In some cases, we partner with law firms and others to seek enforcement of our rights under the patents we hold and to recover damages for any finding of infringement thereof. We have established business procedures designed to maintain the confidentiality of our proprietary information such as the use of our license agreements with customers and our use of our confidentiality agreements and intellectual property assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, business partners and advisors where appropriate. Some of our technologies rely upon third party licensed intellectual property.

In the United States, we have 17 patents issued and six pending and one allowed non-provisional patent applications. The issued patents expire between the years 2027 and 2037, which are subject to the payment of maintenance fees. We also have one patent in Japan, which expires in 2031, that is subject to the payment of annual fees. In addition, we have one pending international patent application. Further, we have registered “Phunware” as a trademark in the United States and Canada. We cannot provide assurance that any of our patent applications will result in the issuance of a patent or whether the examination process will require us to narrow our claims. Furthermore, even if a patent is issued, we cannot provide assurance that such patent will be adequate to protect our business. We also license software from third parties for integration into our solutions, including open source software and other software available on commercially reasonable terms.

Despite our efforts to protect our technology and proprietary rights through intellectual property rights, licenses and confidentiality agreements, unauthorized parties may still copy or otherwise obtain and use our software and other technology. In addition, if we expand international operations, effective patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret protections may not be available or may be limited in foreign countries.

Our industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and claims and related litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. In particular, leading companies in our markets have extensive patent portfolios and are regularly involved in litigation. From time to time, third parties, including certain of these leading companies, may assert patent, copyright, trade secret and other intellectual property rights against us, our channel partners or our customers. Our standard license and other agreements may obligate us to indemnify our indirect sales partners and customers against such claims. Successful claims of infringement by a third party could prevent us from continuing to offer our solution or performing certain services, require us to

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expend time and money to develop non-infringing solutions or force us to pay substantial damages, including treble damages if we are found to have willfully infringed patents or copyrights, royalties or other fees. Competitors may also be more likely to claim that our solutions infringe their proprietary rights and seek an injunction against us from continuing to offer our platform and/or components thereof. We cannot provide assurance that we do not currently infringe, or that we will not in the future infringe, upon any third-party patents or other proprietary rights.

Employees

We leverage our employees’ long-standing, deep customer relationships and strong technical expertise to deliver complex solutions that meet customer needs and advance mobile technology. As of December 31, 2024, we had 29 full-time employees. None of our employees are currently covered under any collective bargaining agreements. We believe our relations with our employees are good.

Key Events and Recent Developments

On October 22, 2024, Michael Snavely tendered his resignation as Chief Executive Officer, and as a member of our Board of Directors, effective immediately. On the same date, our Board of Directors appointed Mr. Stephen Chen, our then existing Chairperson of our Board of Directors, as Interim Chief Executive Officer. In connection therewith, while Mr. Chen will continue to serve as member of the Board of Directors, effective October 22, 2024, Mr. Chen resigned as Chairperson of the Board and as a member of the Company’s Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. To fill the vacancies caused by Mr. Snavely’s resignation from the Board of Directors and Mr. Chen’s resignation as Chairperson of the Board and as a member of the Company’s Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, Rahul Mewawalla was appointed as Chairperson of the Board, effective October 22, 2024, and Quyen Du was appointed as a member of the Board of Directors and each of the Company’s Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, effective February 28, 2025.

On November 1, 2024, Troy Reisner notified the Company that he intends to step down as our Chief Financial Officer, and he departed the Company on November 30, 2024. The Company has initiated a search for potential candidates to replace Mr. Reisner.

Please see the subsection captioned "Liquidity and Capital Resources" in Part II. Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional discussion on additional recent developments.

Corporate Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 1002 West Avenue, Austin, Texas 78701, and our telephone number is (512) 693-4199. Our website address is https://www.phunware.com. The information on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have included our website address as an inactive textual reference only.

Available Information

Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available free of charge on the investor relations section of our website, located at https://www.phunware.com, which we post as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The SEC also maintains an Internet website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers, such as Phunware, that file electronically with the SEC. The SEC's Internet website is located at http://www.sec.gov.

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Item 1A. R isk Factors.

Risk Factors

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information contained in this Annual Report, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before deciding to invest in our securities. If any of the following events occur, our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our securities could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business or results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Business, Operations and Industry

We have a history of losses, we expect to continue to incur losses and we may not achieve or sustain profitability in the future.

We have incurred significant losses in each fiscal year since our inception. We experienced a consolidated net loss for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. These losses were due to both a decline in platform revenue in 2023 and 2024, as compared to previous years, goodwill impairment in 2023, investments we made to build our products and services, grow and maintain our business, acquire customers and service our various debt obligations. You should not consider our historical revenue levels or operating expenses prior to recent periods as indicative of our future performance. Key elements of our growth strategy include acquiring new customers and continuing to innovate and expand our product offerings. As a result, our operating expenses may continue to increase in the future due to expected increased sales and marketing expenses, operating costs, research and development costs and general and administrative costs and, therefore, our operating losses may continue or even potentially increase for the foreseeable future. In addition, as a public company we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses, including, but not limited to additional costs in resolving our existing legal matters. Furthermore, to the extent that we are successful in increasing our customer base, we may also incur increased expenses because costs associated with generating and supporting customer agreements are generally incurred up front. Revenue recognition may not occur during the same the same period in which we incur costs associated with our agreements. Our efforts to grow our business may be costlier than we expect and we may not be able to increase our revenue enough to offset our higher operating expenses. We may incur significant losses in the future for many reasons, including the other risks described in this Annual Report and unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays and other unknown events. You should not rely upon future bookings we may announce or revenue growth as indicative of our future performance. We cannot assure you that we will reach profitability in the future or at any specific time in the future or that, if and when we do become profitable, that we will sustain profitability. If we are ultimately unable to generate sufficient revenue to meet our financial targets, become profitable and have sustainable positive cash flows, investors could lose their investment.

Our future performance will depend on the successful transition of our Chief Executive Officer (CEO).

On October 22, 2024, the Company and Michael Snavely entered into a separation agreement which provided that Mr. Snavely’s employment with the Company as its Chief Executive Officer terminated. On the same day, our board of directors appointed Stephen Chen, the Company’s then Chairperson and Class I director, as Interim Chief Executive Officer. If we are unable to execute a timely and orderly transition and successfully integrate the Interim Chief Executive Officer into our leadership team, revenue, operating results and our financial condition may be adversely impacted.

Our future performance also will continue to depend on the services and contributions of our other senior management and key employees to execute on our business plan and to identify and pursue new opportunities as well as service and product innovations. These changes, and any future changes, in our operations and management team could be disruptive to our operations. Further, if the Interim Chief Executive Officer formulates different or changed views, the future strategy and plans of our business may differ materially from those of the past.

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If we are unable to expand or renew sales to existing customers, or attract new customers, our growth could be slower than expected and our business may be harmed.

Our future growth depends upon expanding sales and renewals of sales of our technology, products and services to existing customers. Our customers may not continue to purchase our technology offerings and services, or our customers may reduce their purchase rate of services, if we do not demonstrate the value proposition for their investment and we may not be able to replace existing customers with new customers. In addition, our customers may not renew their contracts with us on the same terms, or at all, because of dissatisfaction with our product or service offerings. If our customers do not renew their contracts, our revenue may grow more slowly than expected, may not grow at all, or may decline.

Additionally, increasing incremental sales to our current customer base may require increasingly sophisticated and costly sales efforts that are targeted at senior management. We plan to continue expanding our sales efforts but we may be unable to hire qualified sales personnel, may be unable to successfully train those sales personnel that we are able to hire and sales personnel may not become fully productive on the timelines that we have projected, or at all. Additionally, although we dedicate significant resources to sales and marketing programs, these sales and marketing programs may not have the desired effect and may not expand sales. We cannot provide assurance that our efforts will increase sales to existing customers or generate additional revenue. If our efforts to upsell to our customers are not successful or we cannot find additional expansion opportunities, our future growth may grow more slowly than expected, may not grow at all, or may decline.

Our ability to achieve significant growth in revenue in the future will also depend upon our ability to attract and sell our technology, products and services to new customers. This may be particularly challenging where an organization has already invested substantial personnel and financial resources to integrate competing technology, products and services. An organization may be reluctant or unwilling to invest in new technology offerings and services. If we fail to attract new customers and maintain and expand those customer relationships, our revenue may grow more slowly than expected, may not grow at all, or may decline and our business may be harmed.

Current and future litigation and arbitration proceedings could adversely affect us.

The Company is party to litigation with Wild Basin Investments, LLC and other parties as further described in this Annual Report as well as arbitration with Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, Professional Corporation, as further described in this Annual Report. We and our officers and directors, may become subject to other legal proceedings in our ordinary course of business. We cannot predict with certainty the outcome of these legal proceedings. The outcome of these or future legal proceedings could require us to take, or refrain from taking, actions which could negatively affect our operations. Such legal proceedings involve substantial costs, including the costs associated with investigation, litigation, arbitration and possible settlement, judgment, penalty, or fine. As a smaller company, the collective costs of litigation and arbitration proceedings represent a drain on our cash resources, and require an inordinate amount of our management’s time and attention. An adverse ruling with respect to our current or any other litigation could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Negative publicity surrounding such legal proceedings may also harm our reputation and adversely impact our business and results.

Our results of operations and ability to grow could be negatively affected if we cannot adapt and expand our technology and product and service offerings in response to ongoing market changes.

The software and technology solutions business and markets are characterized by rapid technological change, evolving industry standards, changing customer preferences and new product and service introductions. Our success depends on our ability to continue to develop and implement technology, product and service offerings that anticipate or timely respond to rapid and continuing changes in technology and industry developments and offerings by new technology providers to serve the evolving needs of our customers. Examples of areas of significant change in the industry include cloud, software defined infrastructure, virtualization, security, mobility, data analytics and IoT, the continued shift from maintenance to managed services and ultimately to cloud based services, as-a-service solutions, security and information technology automation. In addition, enterprises are continuing to shift from on-premise, hardware infrastructure to software centric hosted solutions. Technological developments such as these may materially affect the cost and use of technology and services by our customers and could affect the nature of how our revenue is generated. These technologies and others that may emerge, could reduce and, over time, replace some of our current business. In addition, customers

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may delay spending under existing contracts and engagements and may delay entering into new contracts while they evaluate new technologies. If we do not sufficiently invest in new technology, industry developments and our personnel, or evolve and expand our business at sufficient speed and scale, or if we do not make the right strategic investments to respond to these developments and successfully drive innovation, our technology, products and services, our results of operations and our ability to develop and maintain a competitive advantage and growth could be negatively affected.

In addition, if we are unable to keep up with changes in technology and new hardware, software and services offerings, for example, by providing the appropriate training to our customer solutions team, sales directors, program management team, channel partners and software development and product engineers to enable them to effectively sell and deliver such new offerings to customers, our business, results of operations, or financial condition could be adversely affected.

The actual market for our products and services could be significantly smaller than estimates of total potential market opportunity and if customer demand for our products and services does not meet expectations, our ability to generate revenue and meet our financial targets could be adversely affected.

While we expect growth in the markets for our products, it is possible that the growth in some or all of these markets may not meet our expectations, or materialize at all. The methodology on which our estimate of our total potential market opportunity is based includes several key assumptions based on our industry knowledge and customer experience. If any of these assumptions proves to be inaccurate, then the actual market for our solutions could be significantly smaller than our estimates of our total potential market opportunity. If the customer demand for our products or services or the adoption rate in our target markets does not meet our expectations, our ability to generate revenue from customers and meet our financial targets could be adversely affected.

Substantial competition could reduce our market share and significantly harm our financial performance.

The markets in which we operate are highly competitive, with relatively low barriers to entry for some software, product or service organizations. Some customers may be hesitant to switch vendors or to adopt cloud-based software such as ours and prefer to maintain their existing relationships. Some of our competitors are larger and have greater name recognition, much longer operating histories, larger marketing budgets and significantly greater resources than we do. We also face competition from custom-built software vendors and from vendors of specific applications, some of which offer cloud-based solutions. We may also face competition from a variety of vendors of software and products that address only a portion of our platform. In addition, other companies that provide cloud-based software in different target markets may develop software or acquire companies that operate in our target markets, and some potential customers may elect to develop their own internal software. With the introduction of new technologies and market entrants, we expect this competition to intensify in the future.

Many of our competitors are able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products and services. Furthermore, our current or potential competitors may be acquired by third parties with greater available resources and the ability to initiate or withstand substantial price competition. In addition, many of our competitors have established marketing relationships, access to larger customer bases and major distribution agreements with consultants, system integrators and resellers. Our competitors may also establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their product offerings or resources. If our technology, products and services do not become more accepted relative to those of our competitors, or if our competitors are successful in bringing their products or services to market earlier than ours, or if the products or services of our competitors are more technologically capable than ours, then our revenues could be adversely affected. In addition, some of our competitors may offer their products and services at lower prices. If we are unable to achieve our target pricing levels, our operating results may be negatively affected. Pricing pressures and increased competition could result in reduced sales, reduced margins, losses or a failure to maintain or improve our competitive market position, any of which could adversely affect our business.

Our future results will depend on our ability to continue to focus our resources and manage costs effectively.

We are continually focusing on measures intended to further improve cost efficiency. We may be unable to realize all expected cost savings in connection with these efforts within the expected time frame, or at all, and we may incur additional and/or unexpected costs to realize them. Further, we may not be able to sustain any achieved savings in the future. Future results will depend on the success of these efforts.

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If we are unable to control costs, our operating margins could decrease and we may incur additional losses. Our future profitability will depend on our ability to manage costs or increase productivity. An inability to effectively manage costs could adversely impact our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Our profitability could suffer if we are not able to manage large and complex projects and complete fixed price, fixed timeframe contracts on budget and on time.

Our profitability and operating results are dependent on the scale of our projects and the prices we are able to charge for our technology, products and services. We perform a significant portion of our work through fixed price contracts, in which we assume full control of the project team and manage all facets of execution. As a significant portion of our projects are on a fixed price model, we may be unable to accurately estimate the appropriate project price and successfully manage such projects. Although we use specified technical processes and our past experience to reduce the risks associated with estimating, planning and performing fixed price and fixed timeframe projects, we face the risk of cost overruns, completion delays and wage inflation in connection with these projects. If we fail to accurately estimate the resources or time required for a project or future rates of wage inflation, or if we fail to perform contractual obligations within the contractual timeframe, our profitability could suffer.

The challenges of managing larger and more complex projects include:

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maintaining high quality control and process execution standards;
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maintaining planned resource utilization rates on a consistent basis;
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maintaining productivity levels and implementing necessary process improvements;
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controlling project costs;
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maintaining close customer contact and high levels of customer satisfaction;
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recruiting and retaining sufficient numbers of skilled engineering, design and program management professionals; and
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maintaining effective customer relationships.

In addition, large and complex projects may involve multiple engagements or stages and there is a risk that a customer may choose not to retain us for additional stages or may cancel or delay additional planned engagements. Such cancellations or delays may make it difficult to plan our project resource requirements and may result in lower profitability levels than we anticipated upon commencing engagements.

Our business strategy is evolving. Investments in new services and technologies may not be successful and may involve pursuing new lines of business or strategic transactions and investments, or dispositions of assets or businesses that may no longer help us meet our objectives. Such efforts may not be successful.

We continue to invest in new services and technologies, including adding additional solutions to our existing product offerings, blockchain and artificial intelligence. The complexity of these solutions, our learning curve in developing and supporting them and significant competition in the markets for these solutions could make it difficult for us to market and implement these solutions successfully. Additionally, there is a risk that our customers may not adopt these solutions widely, which could prevent us from realizing expected returns on these investments. Even if these solutions are successful in the market, they may rely on third-party technology, software, services and our ability to meet stringent service levels. If we are unable to deploy these solutions successfully or profitably, it could adversely impact our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Our industry is undergoing significant change and our business strategy is continuing to evolve to meet these changes. In order to profitably grow our business, we may need to expand into new lines of business beyond our current focus of mobile engagement analytics products, mobile application advertising and services, which may involve pursuing strategic transactions, including potential acquisitions of, or investments in, related or unrelated businesses and assets. In addition, we may seek divestitures

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of existing businesses or assets. There can be no assurance that we will be successful with our efforts to evolve our business strategy and we could suffer significant losses as a result, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we decide to sell assets or a business, we may encounter difficulty in finding buyers or alternative exit strategies on acceptable terms in a timely manner, which could delay the achievement of our strategic objectives. We may also dispose of assets or a business at a price or on terms that are less desirable than we had anticipated. In addition, we may experience greater dis-synergies than expected and the impact of the divestiture on our revenue may be larger than projected.

Artificial Intelligence is an emerging area of technology that has and may further impact various aspects of our business operations and customer interactions. We may not be successful in our artificial intelligence initiatives, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results.

We have made, and expect to continue making, investments in the integration of AI into our platforms, products and services. However, AI presents various risks, challenges, and potential unintended consequences that could disrupt our ability to effectively integrate and leverage these technologies. The process of refining and expanding our AI-driven offerings may involve significant costs, and there can be no assurance that our efforts will ultimately succeed.

The complexity of AI systems, coupled with rapidly evolving competition in the AI space, introduces significant uncertainty about our ability to successfully integrate and commercialize these technologies. Competitors may develop more effective or efficient AI solutions, potentially undermining our competitive position. Additionally, the regulatory environment surrounding AI is still in development, and new laws or regulations could emerge that require substantial adjustments to our business practices. These changes could impose unexpected costs or operational disruptions, and the full scope and impact of such regulatory developments remains uncertain.

Furthermore, we may rely on third-party vendors that incorporate AI in certain products and services they provide to us. As a result, we may not have full visibility or control over the quality, security, performance, or compliance of AI-powered solutions sources externally. There is also a risk that the underlying algorithms used by us or third-party vendors may be flawed, or trained on incomplete or biased datasets, leading to inaccuracies, inefficiencies or other negative consequences. Any of these factors, whether related to internal AI development, third-party dependencies, or regulatory changes, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and/or operating results.

Future acquisitions could disrupt our business and may divert management’s attention and, if unsuccessful, harm our business.

We may choose to expand by making additional acquisitions that could be material to our business. We have in the past made several acquisitions of complementary businesses, including acquisitions of Odyssey, Simplikate, Digby, Tapit!, GoTV and Lyte Technology, Inc.

Acquisitions involve many risks, including the following:

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an acquisition may negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition because it may require us to incur charges or assume substantial debt or other liabilities, may cause adverse tax consequences or unfavorable accounting treatment, may expose us to claims and disputes by third parties, including intellectual property claims and disputes, or may not generate sufficient financial return to offset additional costs and expenses related to the acquisition;
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we may encounter difficulties or unforeseen expenditures in integrating the business, technologies, products, personnel, or operations of any company that we acquire, particularly if key personnel of the acquired company decide not to work for us;
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an acquisition may disrupt our ongoing business, divert resources, increase our expenses, or distract our management;
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an acquisition may result in a delay or reduction of customer purchases for both us and the company we acquired due to customer uncertainty about continuity and effectiveness of service from either company;

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we may encounter difficulties in, or may be unable to, successfully sell any acquired technology, products or services;
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an acquisition may involve the entry into geographic or business markets in which we have little or no prior experience or where competitors have stronger market positions;
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the challenges inherent in effectively managing an increased number of employees in diverse locations;
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the potential strain on our financial and managerial controls and reporting systems and procedures;
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the potential known and unknown liabilities associated with an acquired company;
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our use of cash to pay for acquisitions would limit other potential uses for our cash;
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if we incur additional debt to fund such acquisitions, such debt may subject us to additional material restrictions on our ability to conduct our business as well as additional financial maintenance covenants;
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the risk of impairment charges related to potential write-downs of acquired assets or goodwill in future acquisitions;
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to the extent that we issue a significant amount of equity or equity linked securities in connection with future acquisitions, existing stockholders may be diluted and earnings per share may decrease; and
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managing the varying intellectual property protection strategies and other activities of an acquired company.

We may not succeed in addressing these or other risks or any other problems encountered in connection with the integration of any acquired business. The inability to integrate successfully the business, technologies, products, services, personnel or operations of any acquired business, or any significant delay in achieving integration, could harm our business, results of operations or financial condition.

We may not be able to recognize revenue in the period in which our services are performed, which may cause our margins to fluctuate.

Our services are performed under both fixed-price and time and material contract arrangements. All revenue is recognized pursuant to applicable accounting standards. Our failure to meet all the obligations, or otherwise meet a customer’s expectations, may result in us having to record the cost related to the performance of services in the period that services were rendered, but delay the timing of revenue recognition to a future period in which all service obligations have been met.

Our financial results may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles applicable to us.

U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), the SEC, and other various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in these principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial results for periods prior and subsequent to such change. We may adopt changes in accounting standards retrospectively to prior periods and the adoption may result in an adverse change to previously reported results.

To adopt new standards, we may have to implement new modules in our accounting system, hire consultants and increase our spending on audit fees, thereby increasing our general and administrative expense. Any difficulties in implementing changes in accounting standards or adequately accounting after adoption could cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations, which could result in regulatory discipline and harm investors’ confidence in us.

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We may experience quarterly fluctuations in our operating results due to a number of factors, which makes our future results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations.

Our quarterly operating results have fluctuated in the past and we expect them to fluctuate in the future due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. As a result, our past results may not be indicative of our future performance and comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. In addition to the other risks described herein, factors that may affect our quarterly operating results include:

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the amount and timing of completion of application development services and other service-related engagements;
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changes in spending on subscriptions, services and advertising media offerings and services by our current or prospective customers;
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pricing our technology, products, and services effectively so that we are able to attract and retain customers without compromising our operating results;
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one-time, non-recurring revenue events;
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attracting new customers and increasing our existing customers’ use of our technology offerings and services;
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the mix between new contracts and renewals of existing contracts;
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customer renewal rates and the amounts for which agreements are renewed;
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awareness of our brand;
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changes in the competitive dynamics of our market, including consolidation among competitors or customers and the introduction of new technologies and technology enhancements;
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our ability to manage our existing business and future growth;
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unforeseen costs and expenses related to the expansion of our business, operations and infrastructure, including disruptions in our hosting network infrastructure and privacy and data security;
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customer delays in purchasing decisions in anticipation of new products or product enhancements by us or our competitors;
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budgeting cycles of our customers;
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changes in the competitive dynamics of our market, including consolidation among competitors or customers;
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the amount and timing of payment for operating expenses, particularly research and development and sales and marketing expenses (including marketing events and commissions and bonuses associated with performance) and employee benefit expenses;
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changes to the commission plans, quotas and other compensation related metrics for our sales representatives;
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the amount and timing of non-cash expenses, including stock-based compensation, goodwill impairments and other non-cash charges;
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the amount and timing of costs associated with recruiting, training and integrating new employees;
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the amount and timing of cash collections from our customers and the mix of quarterly and annual billings;

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unforeseen costs and expenses related to the expansion of our business, operations and infrastructure;
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changes in the levels of our capital expenditures;
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foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; and
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general economic and political conditions.

We may not be able to accurately forecast the amount and mix of future technology, products and services, size or duration of contracts, revenue and expenses and, as a result, our operating results may fall below our estimates.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting that, if not properly remediated or if we experience additional material weaknesses, could result in us being unable to provide required financial information in a timely and reliable manner, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and may lead to a decline in our stock price.

Our management has identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to a lack of segregation of duties. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. For further discussion of our internal control over financial reporting, a description of the identified material weakness and a summary of the remediation efforts we are implementing, see Part II, Item 9A “Controls and Procedures” of this Report.

If we are not able to remediate the material weakness in a timely manner, or if additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting are discovered or occur in the future, we may be unable to provide required financial information in a timely and reliable manner, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and may lead to a decline in our stock price.

We could be held liable for damages or our reputation could suffer from security breaches or disclosure of confidential information or personal data.

We are also dependent on technology networks and systems to process, transmit and securely store electronic information and to communicate among our locations and with our customers. Security breaches of this infrastructure could lead to shutdowns or disruptions of our systems and potential loss or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information or data, including personal data. In addition, many of our engagements involve projects that are critical to the operations of our customers’ businesses. The theft and/or unauthorized use or publication of our, or our customers’, confidential information or other proprietary business information as a result of such an incident could adversely affect our competitive position and reduce marketplace acceptance of our products and services. Any failure in the networks or computer systems used by us or our customers could result in a claim for substantial damages against us and significant reputational harm, regardless of our responsibility for the failure.

In addition, we often have access to or are required to manage, utilize, collect and store sensitive or confidential customer or employee data, including personal data. As a result, we are subject to numerous U.S. and non-U.S. laws and regulations designed to protect this information, such as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and various U.S. federal and state laws governing the protection of personal data. If any person, including any of our employees, negligently disregards or intentionally breaches controls or procedures with which we are responsible for complying with respect to such data, or otherwise mismanages or misappropriates that data, or if unauthorized access to or disclosure of data in our possession or control occurs, we could be subject to liability and penalties in connection with any violation of applicable privacy laws and/or criminal prosecution, as well as significant liability to our customers or our customers’ clients for breaching contractual confidentiality and security provisions or privacy laws. These risks will increase as we continue to grow our cloud-based product offerings and services and store and process increasingly large amounts of our customers’ confidential information and data and host or manage parts of our customers’ businesses, especially in industries involving particularly sensitive data such as the healthcare industry which we serve. The loss or unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential customer or employee data, including personal data, whether through breach of computer systems, systems failure, employee negligence, fraud or misappropriation, or otherwise, could damage our reputation and cause us to lose customers.

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Similarly, unauthorized access to or through our information systems and networks or those we develop or manage for our customers, whether by our employees or third parties, could result in negative publicity, legal liability and damage to our reputation, which could in turn harm our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

If we cause disruptions in our customers’ businesses or provide inadequate service, our customers may have claims for substantial damages against us, which could cause us to lose customers, have a negative effect on our corporate reputation and adversely affect our results of operations.

If we make errors in the course of delivering services to our customers or fail to consistently meet our service-level obligations to or other service requirements of our customers, such errors or failures could disrupt our customers' business, which could result in a reduction in our revenue or a claim for substantial damages against us. In addition, a failure or inability by us to meet a contractual requirement could subject us to penalties, cause us to lose customers or damage our brand or corporate reputation and limit our ability to attract new business.

The services we provide are often critical to our customers’ businesses. Certain of our customer contracts require us to comply with security obligations including maintaining network security and backup data, ensuring our network is virus free, maintaining business continuity planning procedures and ensuring our employees conduct their job functions with a high level of integrity. Any failure in a customer’s system, failure of our data center, cloud or other offerings, or breach of security relating to the services we provide to a customer could damage our reputation or result in a claim for substantial damages against us. Any significant failure of our equipment or systems, or any major disruption to basic infrastructure in the locations in which we operate, such as power and telecommunications, could impede our ability to provide services to our customers, have a negative impact on our reputation, cause us to lose customers and adversely affect our results of operations.

Under our customer contracts, our liability for breach of our obligations is in some cases limited pursuant to the terms of the contract. Such limitations may be unenforceable or otherwise may not protect us from liability for damages. In addition, certain liabilities, such as claims of third parties for which we may be required to indemnify our customers, are generally not limited under our contracts. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us in amounts greater than those covered by our current insurance policies could harm our business, results of operations, or financial condition. Even if such assertions against us are unsuccessful, we may incur reputational harm and substantial legal fees.

Our technology offerings and services could infringe upon the intellectual property rights of others or we might lose our ability to use intellectual property of others.

We cannot be sure that our brand, software solution and products and services do not infringe upon the intellectual property rights of third parties, who could claim that we or our customers are infringing upon their intellectual property rights. These claims could harm our reputation, cause us to incur substantial costs or prevent us from offering some products or services in the future, or require us to rebrand. Any related proceedings could require us to expend significant resources over an extended period of time. In most of our contracts, we agree to indemnify our customers for expenses and liabilities resulting from claimed infringements of the intellectual property rights of third parties. In some instances, the amount of these indemnities could be greater than the revenue we receive from the customer. Any claims or litigation in this area, regardless of merit, could be time-consuming and costly, damage our reputation, and/or require us to incur additional costs to obtain the right to continue to offer a product, service or solution to our customers. If we cannot secure this right at all or on reasonable terms, or, alternatively, substitute a non-infringing technology, our business, results of operations, or financial condition could be harmed. Similarly, if we are unsuccessful in defending a trademark claim, we could be forced to re-brand, which could harm our business, results of operations or financial condition. Additionally, in recent years, individuals and firms have purchased intellectual property assets where their sole or primary purpose is to assert claims of infringement against technology providers and customers that use such technology. Any such action naming us or our customers could be costly to defend or lead to an expensive settlement or judgment against us. Moreover, such an action could result in an injunction being ordered against our customer or our own services or operations, causing further damages.

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If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights from unauthorized use or infringement by third parties, our business could be adversely affected.

Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to protect our proprietary methodologies and other intellectual property. Existing laws offer only limited protection of our intellectual property rights and the protection in some countries in which we operate or may operate in the future may be very limited. We rely upon a combination of confidentiality policies, nondisclosure and other contractual arrangements and trade secret, copyright and trademark laws to protect our intellectual property rights. These laws are subject to change at any time and could further limit our ability to protect our intellectual property. There is uncertainty concerning the scope of available intellectual property protection for software and business methods, which are fields in which we rely on intellectual property laws to protect our rights. The validity and enforceability of any intellectual property rights we obtain may be challenged by others and, to the extent we have enforceable intellectual property rights, those intellectual property rights may not prevent competitors from reverse engineering our proprietary information or independently developing technology, products and services similar to or duplicative of us. Further, the steps we take in this regard might not be adequate to prevent or deter infringement or other misappropriation of our intellectual property by competitors, former employees or other third parties and we might not be able to detect unauthorized use of, or take appropriate and timely steps to enforce, our intellectual property rights. Enforcing our intellectual property rights might also require considerable time, money and oversight and we may not be successful in enforcing our rights.

If we are unable to collect our receivables from, or bill our unbilled services to, our customers, our business, results of operations or financial condition could be adversely affected.

Our business depends on our ability to successfully obtain payment from our customers of the amounts they owe us for products sold or services performed. We typically evaluate the financial condition of our customers and usually bill and collect on relatively short cycles. We maintain allowances against receivables and unbilled services for which we believe collection is doubtful. Actual losses on customer balances could differ from those that we currently anticipate and, as a result, we might need to adjust our allowances. There is no guarantee that we will accurately assess the creditworthiness of our customers. Macroeconomic conditions could also result in financial difficulties for our customers, including limited access to the credit markets, insolvency, or bankruptcy, and, as a result, could cause customers to delay payments to us, request modifications to their payment arrangements that could increase our receivables balance, or default on their payment obligations to us. Timely collection of customer balances also depends on our ability to perform obligations to customers and bill and collect our contracted revenue. If we are unable to meet our contractual requirements, we might experience delays in collection of and/or be unable to collect our customer balances and if this occurs, our business, results of operations, or financial condition could be adversely affected. In addition, if we experience an increase in the time to bill and collect for our services, our cash flows could be adversely affected.

Increased costs of labor and employee health and welfare benefits may adversely impact our results of operations.

Labor related costs represent a significant portion of our expenses and we have experienced increases in compensation related expenses. Additional increases in labor costs, for example, as a result of increased competition for skilled labor, or employee benefit costs, such as healthcare costs or otherwise, could further impact our business, results of operations or financial condition.

If platform subscription renewal rates decrease, or we do not accurately predict subscription renewal rates, our future revenue and operating results may be harmed.

Our customers have no obligation to renew their subscriptions for our solutions after the expiration of their subscription period, which generally ranges from one to three years. In addition, our customers may renew for lower subscription amounts or for shorter contract lengths. We may not accurately predict renewal rates for our customers. Our renewal rates may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including customer usage, pricing changes, number of applications used by our customers, customer satisfaction with our service, increased competition, the acquisition of our customers by other companies and deteriorating general economic conditions. If our customers do not renew their subscriptions for our solutions or decrease the amount they spend with us, our revenue will decline and our business will suffer.

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If we are unable to attract new customers or sell additional products or services to our existing customers, our revenue growth will be adversely affected.

To increase our revenue, we must add new customers, encourage existing customers to renew their subscriptions on terms favorable to us, increase their usage of our solutions and sell additional products, services and functionality to existing customers. As our industry matures, as interactive channels develop further, or as competitors introduce lower cost and/or differentiated products or services that are perceived to compete with ours, our ability to sell and renew based on pricing, technology and functionality could be impaired. In addition, attracting, retaining and growing our relationship with customers may require us to effectively employ different strategies than we have historically used with current customers and we may face challenges in doing so. As a result, we may be unable to renew our agreements with existing customers or attract new customers or new business from existing customers on terms that would be favorable or comparable to prior periods, which could have an adverse effect on our revenue and growth.

Because we recognize revenue from application development services as deliverables are transferred to customers and platform subscriptions over the term of the relevant contract, downturns or upturns in sales are not immediately reflected in full in our operating results.

We recognize revenue related to application development services upon the transfer of control to the customer of those services. We recognize software subscription revenue over the term of each of our contracts, which, generally ranges from one to three years. As a result, much of the revenue we report each quarter results from contracts entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a shortfall in demand for our professional services and software solutions or a decline in new, expanded or renewed contracts in any one quarter may not significantly reduce our revenue for that quarter but could negatively affect our revenue in the future. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in new or expanded sales or renewals of our professional services or software license solutions will not be reflected in full in our operating results until future periods. Our revenue recognition model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenue through additional sales in any period.

If we fail to forecast our revenue accurately, or if we fail to match our expenditures with corresponding revenue, our operating results could be adversely affected.

The lengthy sales cycle for the evaluation and implementation of our platform software and service solutions, which typically extends for several months, may cause us to experience a delay between increasing operating expenses for such sales efforts, and, upon successful sales, the generation of corresponding revenue. Accordingly, we may be unable to prepare accurate internal financial forecasts or replace anticipated revenue that we do not receive as a result of delays arising from these factors. As a result, our operating results in future reporting periods may be significantly below the expectations of the public market, equity research analysts or investors, which could harm the price of our common stock.

The length and unpredictability of the sales cycle for our technology, products and services could delay new sales and cause our revenue and cash flows for any given quarter to fail to meet our projections or market expectations.

The sales cycle between our initial contact with a potential customer and the signing of a contract to provide technology, products and services varies. As a result of the length and unpredictability of the sales cycle, we have a limited ability to forecast the timing of sales. A delay in or failure to complete transactions could harm our business and financial results and could cause our financial results to vary significantly from quarter to quarter. Our sales cycle varies widely, reflecting differences in our potential customers’ decision-making processes, procurement requirements and budget cycles and is subject to significant risks over which we have little or no control, including:

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our customers’ budgetary constraints and priorities;
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the timing of our customers’ budget cycles; and
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the length and timing of customers’ approval processes.

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If we fail to detect advertising fraud or other actions that impact our advertising campaign performance, our reputation with advertisers or agencies could be impacted, which could cause our revenue and business to suffer.

Our advertising business relies on our ability to deliver successful and effective advertising campaigns. Some of those campaigns may experience fraudulent and other invalid impressions, clicks or conversions that advertisers may perceive as undesirable, such as non-human traffic generated by machines that are designed to simulate human users and artificially inflate user traffic on websites. These activities could overstate the performance of any given advertising campaign and could harm our reputation. It may be difficult for us to detect advertising-related fraud and other malicious activity because we do not own content and rely in part on our digital media partners to control such activity. These risks become more pronounced as the digital video industry shifts to programmatic buying. Both governmental and industry self-regulatory bodies have increased their scrutiny and awareness of and have taken recent actions to address advertising-related fraud and other malicious activity. While we routinely review the campaign performance, such reviews may not detect or prevent advertising-related fraud or malicious activity. If we fail to detect or prevent fraud or other malicious activity, the affected advertisers may experience or perceive a reduced return on their investment and our reputation may be harmed. High levels of fraud or malicious activity could lead to dissatisfaction with our solutions, refusals to pay, prompt refund or future credit demands or withdrawal of future business. In addition, advertisers increasingly rely on third party vendors to measure campaigns against audience guarantee, viewability and other requirements and to detect fraud. If we are unable to successfully integrate our technology with such vendors, or our measurement and fraud detection differs from their findings, our customers could lose confidence in our solutions, we may not get paid for certain campaigns and our revenues could decrease. If we fail to detect fraud or other malicious activities that impact the performance of our brand advertising campaigns, we could harm our reputation with our advertisers or agencies and our revenue and business could suffer. Further, if advertisers demand fraud-free inventory, our supply could fall drastically, making it impossible to sustain our current business model.

If we do not maintain and grow a critical mass of advertisers and distribution partners, the value of our services could be adversely affected.

Our success depends, in large part, on the maintenance and growth of a critical mass of advertisers and distribution partners. Advertisers will generally seek the most competitive return on investment from advertising and marketing services. Distribution partners will also seek the most favorable payment terms available in the market. Advertisers and distribution partners may change providers or the volume of business with a provider, unless the product and terms are competitive. In this environment, we must compete to acquire and maintain our network of advertisers and distribution partners. If our business is unable to maintain and grow our base of advertisers, our current distribution partners may be discouraged from continuing to work with us and this may create obstacles for us to enter into agreements with new distribution partners. Our business also depends in part on certain of our large reseller partners and agencies to grow their base of advertisers, as these advertisers become increasingly important to our business and our ability to attract additional distribution partners and opportunities. Similarly, if our distribution network does not grow and does not continue to improve over time, current and prospective advertisers and distribution partners and agencies may reduce or terminate this portion of their business with us. Any decline in the number of advertisers and distribution partners could adversely affect the value of our services.

Any inability to deliver successful mobile advertising campaigns due to technological challenges or an inability to persuasively demonstrate success will prevent us from growing or retaining our current advertiser base.

It is critical that we deliver successful mobile advertising campaigns on behalf of our advertisers. Factors that may adversely affect our ability to deliver successful mobile advertising campaigns include:

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Inability to accurately process data and extract meaningful insights and trends, such as the failure to accurately process data to place ads effectively at digital media properties;
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Faulty or out-of-date algorithms that fail to properly process data or result in inability to capture brand-receptive audiences at scale;
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Technical or infrastructure problems causing digital video not to function, digital video or impressions to not display properly or be placed next to inappropriate context;
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Inability to control video completion rates, maintain user attention or prevent end users from skipping advertisements;
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Inability to detect and prevent advertising fraud and other malicious activity;
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Inability to fulfill audience guarantee or viewability requirements of advertiser customers;
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Inability to integrate with third parties that measure campaigns against audience guarantee or viewability requirements;
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Unavailability of campaign data for advertisers to effectively measure the success of their campaigns; and
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Access to quality inventory at sufficient volumes to meet the needs of advertisers’ campaigns.

Our ability to deliver successful advertising campaigns also depends on the continuing and uninterrupted performance of our own internal and third party managed systems, which we utilize to place ads, monitor the performance of advertising campaigns and manage advertising inventory. Our revenue depends on the technological ability of our solutions to deliver ads and measure them. Sustained or repeated system failures that interrupt our ability to provide advertising campaigns and solutions to customers, including security breaches and other technological failures affecting our ability to deliver ads quickly and accurately and to collect and process data in connection with these ads, could significantly reduce the attractiveness of our solutions to advertisers, negatively impact operations and reduce our revenue. Our systems are vulnerable to damage from a variety of sources, including telecommunications failures, power outages, malicious human acts and natural disasters. In addition, any steps we take to increase the reliability and redundancy of systems may be expensive and may not be successful in preventing system failures. Also, advertisers may perceive any technical disruption or failure in ad performance on digital media partners’ platforms to be attributable to us and our reputation could similarly suffer, or advertisers may seek to avoid payment or demand future credits for disruptions or failures, any of which could harm our business and results of operations. If we are unable to deliver successful advertising campaigns, our ability to attract potential advertisers and retain and expand business with existing advertisers could be harmed and our business, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected.

We may be unable to deliver advertising in a context that is appropriate for mobile advertising campaigns, which could harm our reputation and cause our business to suffer.

It is very important to advertisers that their brand advertisements not be placed in or near content that is unlawful or could be deemed offensive or inappropriate by their customers. Unlike advertising on television, where the context in which an advertiser’s ad will appear is highly predictable and controlled, digital media content is more unpredictable and we cannot guarantee that digital video advertisements will appear in a context that is appropriate for the brand. We rely on continued access to premium ad inventory in high-quality and brand-safe environments, viewable to consumers across multiple screens. If we are not successful in delivering context appropriate advertising campaigns for advertisers, our reputation will suffer and our ability to attract potential advertisers and retain and expand business with existing advertisers could be harmed, or our customers may seek to avoid payment or demand future credits for inappropriately placed advertisements, any of which could harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

Activities of our advertising customers with which we do business could damage our reputation or give rise to legal claims against us.

We do not monitor or have the ability to control whether our advertising customers’ advertising of their products and solutions complies with federal, state, local and foreign laws. Failure of our advertising customers to comply with federal, state, local

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or foreign laws or our policies could damage our reputation and expose us to liability under such laws. We may also be liable to third parties for content in the ads we deliver if the content involved violates copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights of third parties or if the content is defamatory, unfair and deceptive or otherwise in violation of applicable laws. A third party or regulatory authority may file a claim against us even if our advertising customer has represented that its ads are lawful and that they have the right to use any copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property included in an ad. Any of these claims could be costly and time-consuming to defend and could also hurt our reputation within the advertising industry. Further, if we are exposed to legal liability, we could be required to pay substantial fines or penalties, redesign our business methods, discontinue some of our solutions or otherwise expend significant resources. Similarly, we do not monitor or have the ability to control whether digital media property owners with which we do business are in compliance with applicable laws and regulations, or intellectual property rights of others and their failure to do so could expose us to legal liability. Third parties may claim that we should be liable to them for content on digital media properties if the content violates copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights of third parties or if the content is defamatory, unfair and deceptive, or otherwise in violation of applicable laws or other brand protection measures. These risks become more pronounced as the digital video industry shifts to programmatic buying.

Our business depends on our ability to collect and use data to deliver ads and to disclose data relating to the performance of our ads; any limitation on these practices could significantly diminish the value of our solutions and cause us to lose customers and revenue.

When we deliver an ad to an internet-connected device, we are able to collect information about the placement of the ad and the interaction of the device user with the ad, such as whether the user visited a landing page or watched a video. We are also able to collect information about the user’s IP address, device, mobile location and some demographic characteristics. We may also contract with one or more third parties to obtain additional pseudonymous information about the device user who is viewing a particular ad, including information about the user’s interests. As we collect and aggregate this data provided by billions of ad impressions, we analyze it in order to optimize the placement and scheduling of ads across the advertising inventory provided to us by digital media properties.

Although the data we collect does not enable us to determine the actual identity of any individual, our customers or end users might decide not to allow us to collect some or all of the data or might limit our use of it. For example, a digital media partner might not agree to provide us with data generated by interactions with the content on its apps, or device users might not consent to share their information about device usage. Any limitation on our ability to collect data about user behavior and interaction with content could make it more difficult for us to deliver effective advertising programs that meet the demands of our customers. This in turn could harm our revenue and impair our business.

Although our contracts with advertisers generally permit us to aggregate data from advertising campaigns, sometimes an advertiser declines to permit the use of this data, which limits the usefulness of the data that we collect. Furthermore, advertisers may request that we discontinue using data obtained from their campaigns that have already been aggregated with other advertisers’ campaign data. It would be difficult, if not impossible, to comply with these requests and complying with these kinds of requests could cause us to spend significant amounts of resources. Interruptions, failures or defects in our data collection, mining, analysis and storage systems, as well as privacy concerns and regulatory restrictions regarding the collection, use and processing of data, could also limit our ability to aggregate and analyze the data from our customers’ advertising campaigns. If that happens, we may not be able to optimize the placement of advertising for the benefit of our advertising customers, which could make our solutions less valuable, and, as a result, we may lose customers and our revenue may decline.

Our business practices with respect to data could give rise to liabilities, restrictions on our business or reputational harm as a result of evolving governmental regulation, legal requirements or industry standards relating to consumer privacy and data protection.

In the course of providing our solutions, we collect, transmit and store information related to and seeking to correlate internet-connected devices, user activity and the ads we place. Federal, state and international laws and regulations govern the collection, use, processing, retention, sharing and security of data that we collect across our advertising solutions. We strive to comply with all applicable laws, regulations, policies and legal obligations relating to privacy and data collection, processing use and disclosure. However, the applicability of specific laws may be unclear in some cases and domestic and foreign government regulation

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and enforcement of data practices and data tracking technologies is expansive, not clearly defined and rapidly evolving. In addition, it is possible that these requirements may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is new or inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules or our practices. Any actual or perceived failure by us or our customers or partners to comply with U.S. federal, state or international laws, including laws and regulations regulating privacy, data, security or consumer protection, or disclosure or unauthorized access by third parties to this information, could result in investigations, proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities, competitors, private parties or others. Any investigations, proceedings or actions against us alleging violations of consumer or data protection laws or asserting privacy-related theories could hurt our reputation, force us to spend significant amounts in defense of these proceedings, distract our management, increase our costs of doing business, adversely affect the demand for our solutions and ultimately result in the imposition of monetary liability. We may also be contractually liable to indemnify and hold harmless our customers from the costs or consequences of litigation resulting from using our solutions or from the unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, which could damage our reputation among our current and potential customers, require significant expenditures of capital and other resources and cause us to lose business and revenue.

The regulatory framework for privacy issues is evolving worldwide. It is possible that new laws and regulations will be adopted in the United States and internationally, or existing laws and regulations may be interpreted in new ways, that could affect our business, particularly with regard to collection or use of data to target ads and communication with consumers and the international transfer of data from Europe to the U.S. In particular, the GDPR extends the jurisdictional scope of European data protection law. As a result, we are subject to the GDPR when we provide our targeting services in Europe. The GDPR imposes stricter data protection requirements that may necessitate changes to our services and business practices. Potential penalties for non-compliance with the GDPR include administrative fines of up to 4% of annual worldwide revenue.

While we have not collected data that is traditionally considered identifiable personal data, such as name, email address, physical address, phone numbers or social security numbers, we typically collect and store IP addresses, geolocation information and device or other persistent identifiers that are or may be considered personal data in some jurisdictions or otherwise may be subject to applicable laws or regulations. For example, some jurisdictions in the EU regard IP addresses as personal data and certain regulators have advocated for including IP addresses, GPS-level geolocation data and unique device identifiers as personal data. Moreover, the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) also establishes certain transparency rules and creates new data privacy rights for users. As such, the use of geolocation gathering in California should be approached with care to ensure compliance. Furthermore, the GDPR makes clear that online identifiers (such as IP addresses and other device identifiers) will be treated as “personal data” going forward and therefore subject to stricter data protection rules.

Evolving definitions of personal data within the United States, European Union and elsewhere, especially relating to the classification of IP addresses, machine or device identifiers, geolocation data and other such information, may cause us to change our business practices, diminish the quality of our data and the value of our solution and hamper our ability to expand our offerings.

Complying with any new legal requirements relating to privacy and data protection could force us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner that could reduce our revenue or compromise our ability to effectively pursue our growth strategy. Our failure to comply with evolving interpretations of applicable laws and regulations relating to privacy and data protection, or to adequately protect personal data, could result in enforcement action against us or reputational harm, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to compliance with applicable laws and regulations, we voluntarily participate in trade associations and industry self-regulatory groups that promulgate best practices or codes of conduct addressing the provision of internet advertising. We could be adversely affected by changes to these guidelines and codes in ways that are inconsistent with our practices or in conflict with the laws and regulations of U.S. or international regulatory authorities. For instance, new guidelines, codes, or interpretations, by self-regulatory organizations or government agencies, may require additional disclosures, or additional consumer consents, such as “opt-in” permissions to share, link or use data, such as health data obtained from third parties, in certain ways. If we fail to abide by, or are perceived as not operating in accordance with, industry best practices or any industry guidelines or codes with regard to privacy, our reputation may suffer and we could lose relationships with advertisers and digital media partners.

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Our agreements with partners, employees and others may not adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary technology and information.

We rely in part on confidentiality agreements and other restrictions with our customers, partners, employees, consultants and others to protect our proprietary technology and other proprietary information. These agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential information and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary technology, processes and methods, unauthorized parties may attempt to misappropriate, reverse engineer or otherwise obtain and use them. Moreover, policing unauthorized use of our trade secrets, technologies, products, intellectual property and proprietary information is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, particularly in foreign countries where applicable laws may be less protective of intellectual property rights than those in the United States and where enforcement mechanisms for intellectual property rights may be weak. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position.

We could be subject to additional income tax liabilities.

We are generally subject to income taxes in the United States. We use significant judgment in evaluating our worldwide income-tax provision. In the ordinary course of business, we conduct many transactions for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. For example, our effective tax rates could be adversely affected by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities or by changes in the relevant tax, accounting and other laws, regulations, principles and interpretations. We are subject to audit in various jurisdictions, and such jurisdictions may assess additional income tax against us. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of tax audits and any related litigation could be materially different from our historical income-tax provisions and accruals. The results of an audit or litigation could have a material effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods for which that determination is made.

Taxing authorities may successfully assert that we should have collected or in the future should collect sales and use, value-added or similar taxes, and we could be subject to liability with respect to past or future sales, which could adversely affect our operating results.

We do not collect sales and use, value-added or similar taxes in all jurisdictions in which we have sales and for all products and services that we sell, based on our belief that such taxes are either not applicable or an exemption from such taxes applies. Sales and use, value-added and similar tax laws and rates vary greatly by jurisdiction. Certain jurisdictions in which we do not collect such taxes may assert that such taxes are applicable, which could result in tax assessments, penalties and interest, and we may be required to collect such taxes in the future, including as a result of a change in law. Such tax assessments, penalties and interest or future requirements may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our net operating loss carryforwards may expire unutilized or underutilized, which could prevent us from offsetting future taxable income.

We may be limited in the portion of net operating loss carryforwards that we can use in the future to offset taxable income for U.S. Federal income tax purposes, including any limitations that may be imposed under Section 382 of the Code as a result of our past ownership changes or an ownership change in connection with our reverse merger and recapitalization on December 26, 2018. As of December 31, 2024, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $248.2 million, of which $162.5 million will never expire and $85.7 million will expire at various dates beginning in 2030. At December 31, 2024, we had state and local net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $236.7 million, with the majority beginning to expire in 2030 if not utilized.

We periodically assess the likelihood that we will be able to recover net deferred tax assets. We consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, including historical levels of income, expectations and risks associated with estimates of future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible profits. As a result of this analysis of all available evidence, both positive and negative, we concluded that a valuation allowance against our net U.S. deferred tax assets should be applied as of December 31, 2024. To the extent we determine that all or a portion of our valuation allowance is no longer necessary, we will recognize an income tax benefit in the period this determination is made for the reversal of the valuation allowance. Once the valuation allowance is eliminated

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or reduced, its reversal will no longer be available to offset our current tax provision. These events could have a material impact on our reported results of operations.

Our large customers have substantial negotiating leverage, which may require that we agree to terms and conditions that may have an adverse effect on our business.

Our large customers have substantial purchasing power and leverage in negotiating contractual arrangements with us. These customers may request for us to develop additional features without providing us additional revenue, may require penalties for failure to deliver such features, may seek discounted product or service pricing and may seek more favorable contractual terms. As we sell more products and services to this class of customer, we may be required to agree to such terms and conditions. Such large customers also have substantial leverage in negotiating the resolution of any disagreements or disputes that may arise between us. Any of the foregoing factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If some of our customers experience financial distress or suffer disruptions in their business, their weakened financial position could negatively affect our own financial position and results.

We have a diverse customer base and, at any given time, one or more customers may experience financial distress, file for bankruptcy protection, go out of business, or suffer disruptions in their businesses. If a customer with whom we do a substantial amount of business experiences financial difficulty or suffers disruptions in its business, it could delay or jeopardize the collection of accounts receivable, result in significant reductions in services provided by us and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to obtain and maintain adequate insurance, our financial condition could be adversely affected in the event of uninsured or inadequately insured loss or damage. Our ability to effectively recruit and retain qualified officers and directors may also be adversely affected if we experience difficulty in maintaining adequate directors’ and officers’ liability insurance.

We may not be able to obtain and maintain insurance policies on terms affordable to us that would adequately insure our business and property against damage, loss or claims by third parties. To the extent our business or property suffers any damages, losses or claims by third parties that are not covered or adequately covered by insurance, our financial condition may be materially adversely affected. We currently have directors’ and officers’ liability insurance. If we are unable to maintain sufficient insurance as a public company to cover liability claims made against our officers and directors, we may not be able to retain or recruit qualified officers and directors to manage our company, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our systems and resources, divert management’s attention and be costly.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the rules and regulations of Nasdaq Capital Market. The requirements of these rules and regulations will increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, will make some activities more difficult, time consuming and costly and may also place undue strain on our personnel, systems and resources. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and results of operations.

We are required to maintain various other control and business systems related to our equity, finance, treasury, information technology, other recordkeeping systems and other operations. As a result of these maintenance obligations, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could adversely affect our business. Furthermore, we supplement our internal team with third party software and system providers to support our reporting obligations to achieve effective internal controls.

To the extent we do not sufficiently manage third party service providers, and they fail to provide us with adequate service, we may not effectively manage our future growth which may result in ineffective internal controls over financial reporting and an increased cost of compliance. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and

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making some activities more time consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us, and our business may be adversely affected.

In addition, compliance with new laws, rules and regulations would make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to incur substantial costs to maintain appropriate levels of coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified executive officers and members of our board of directors, particularly members to serve on our audit committee.

As a result of disclosure of information in this Annual Report and in other filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition will become more visible, which we believe may result in threatened or actual litigation by third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the time and resources of our management and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We are a "smaller reporting company" and, because we have opted to use the reduced reporting requirements available to us, our common stock may be less attractive to investors.

We are a "smaller reporting company" as defined by the SEC. For as long as we continue to be a smaller reporting company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not smaller reporting companies, including not being required to comply with auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation and corporate governance in our periodic reports and proxy statements.

We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

Our business is subject to the risks of natural disasters, public health crises, political crises and other natural catastrophic events and to interruption by man-made problems such as computer viruses or terrorism.

Our systems and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, fires, floods, power losses, telecommunications failures, terrorist attacks, acts of war, human errors, break-ins and similar events. For example, a significant natural disaster, such as a tornado, earthquake, hurricane, mudslides, fire, flood, snow, ice or extreme temperatures could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition and our insurance coverage may be insufficient to compensate us for losses that may occur. We have at least one data center located in California, a region known for earthquakes and mudslides. A significant amount of our development and advertising operations employees are also located in California. We also have a corporate office in Texas, which is susceptible to floods, extreme temperatures, heavy winds, ice, snow and tornadoes. In addition, acts of terrorism, which may be targeted at metropolitan areas that have higher population density than rural areas, could cause disruptions in our or our advertisers’ businesses or the economy as a whole. Our servers may also be vulnerable to computer viruses, break-ins, denial-of-service attacks and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with our computer systems, which could lead to interruptions, delays, loss of critical data. We may not have sufficient protection or recovery plans in some circumstances, such as natural disasters affecting California or Texas. As we rely heavily on our data centers, computer and communications systems and the internet to conduct our business and provide high-quality customer service, such disruptions could negatively impact our ability to run our business and either directly or indirectly disrupt our customers’ business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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Risks Related to Capitalization Matters, Corporate Governance and Market Volatility

We have and may sell additional equity or debt securities or enter into other arrangements to fund our operations, which may result in dilution to our stockholders and impose restrictions or limitations on our business. Future sales or issuances of our common stock, or the perception that such sales could occur, could depress the trading price of our common stock.

During 2024, we sold and issued common stock via at-the-market offerings and public offerings under a shelf registration statement. We also issued shares of common stock to settle outstanding debt obligations and upon exercise of warrants. Additional capital may be needed in the future to continue our planned operations, and we may seek additional funding through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, strategic alliances, licensing and collaboration arrangements, or other third-party business arrangements. These financing activities may have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ rights, the market price of our common stock and on our operations and may require us to relinquish rights to some of our technologies, intellectual property or products, issue additional equity or debt securities, or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us. Any sale or issuance of securities pursuant to a registration statement or otherwise may result in dilution to our stockholders and may cause the market price of our stock to decline, and new investors could gain rights superior to our existing stockholders.

In addition, any financings that we may enter into in the future may impose restrictive covenants or otherwise adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders, and any additional equity financings will be dilutive to our stockholders. The perception that such sales or issuances may occur could also negatively impact the market price of our common stock. Furthermore, additional equity or debt financing might not be available to us on reasonable terms, if at all.

The failure of financial institutions or transactional counterparties could adversely affect our current and projected business operations and our financial condition and results of operations.

We regularly maintain cash balances with financial institutions in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insurance limit. Access to our cash and cash equivalents in amounts adequate to finance our operations could be significantly impaired by the financial institutions with which we have arrangements directly facing liquidity constraints or failures. In addition, investor concerns regarding the U.S. or international financial systems could result in less favorable commercial financing terms, including higher interest rates or costs and tighter financial and operating covenants, or systemic limitations on access to credit and liquidity sources, thereby making it more difficult for us to acquire financing on acceptable terms or at all. Any material decline in available funding or our ability to access our cash and cash equivalents could adversely impact our ability to meet our operating expenses, result in breaches of our contractual obligations or result in violations of federal or state wage and hour laws, any of which could have material adverse impacts on our operations and liquidity.

Furthermore, should our customers have relationships with financial institutions that fail, this may result in a delay of collecting outstanding receivables, if collectible at all, which could have a material adverse affect on our business.

The price of our common stock has been, and may continue to be, volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Technology stocks have historically experienced high levels of volatility. The trading price and volume of our common stock have fluctuated, and may continue to fluctuate, substantially due to a variety of factors, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our common stock.

In addition, if the market for technology stocks or the stock market in general experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, results of operations or financial condition. The trading price of our common stock might also decline in reaction to events that affect other companies in our industry even if these events do not directly affect us. In the past, following periods of volatility in the trading price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. If our stock price is volatile, we may become the target of securities litigation. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources from our business. This could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Specifically, while we cannot state for certainty what circumstances are causing volatility in our stock price, such volatility may be attributable in part to the following factors:

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price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;
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the announcement of new products, solutions or technologies, investments, commercial relationships, acquisitions or other events by us or our competitors;
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changes in how customers perceive the benefits of our products and future offerings;
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the addition or departure of key personnel, including, but not limited to the successful transition of our Chief Executive Officer;
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the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;
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sales of large blocks of our common stock or warrants;
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developments concerning intellectual property rights;
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changes in legal, regulatory and enforcement frameworks impacting our products;
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variations in our and our competitors’ results of operations;
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whether our results of operations meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors;
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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly and annual results and those of other public companies in our industry;
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the failure of securities analysts to publish research about us, or shortfalls in our results of operations compared to levels forecast by securities analysts;
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actual or perceived significant data breach involving our products or website;
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litigation involving us, our industry or both;
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governmental or regulatory actions or audits;
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general economic conditions and trends;
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"flash crashes,” “freeze flashes” or other glitches that disrupt trading on the securities exchange on which we are listed; and
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major catastrophic events in our domestic and foreign markets, such as, but not limited to, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, cyber-attacks or disease outbreak, epidemic or pandemic.

Furthermore, the trading price of our Common Stock has at times been volatile during relatively short time periods. We believe the volatility in the trading price and price range of our Common Stock may be the result of a number of factors, many of which are outside our control. Any increase in the trading price of our Common Stock may not be sustained. In the event of a rapid decrease in the trading price of our Common Stock, investors could lose a significant portion of their investment.

Our failure to meet the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market could adversely affect our business and our ability to maintain the listing of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

If we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq Capital Market, such as corporate governance requirements or the minimum bid requirement, Nasdaq may take steps to delist our common stock. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our common stock and would impair our stockholders' ability to sell or purchase shares of our common stock when they wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, we can provide no assurance that any action taken by us to restore compliance

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with listing requirements would allow our common stock to be listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our common stock, prevent our common stock from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement or prevent future non-compliance with Nasdaq listing requirements.

On January 10, 2025, we received notice from the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) indicating that the Company was not in compliance with the rules for continued listing as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rules 5620(a) and 5810(c)(2)(G) because the Company had not held an annual meeting of stockholders within 12 months of year-end for the fiscal year ended as of December 31, 2023. On February 14, 2025, we submitted a plan for compliance formal response to the Nasdaq Notice requesting an extension to June 30, 2025 to regain compliance with the applicable continued listing requirements and have begun preparations to hold the 2024 annual stockholders meeting in May 2025. There can be no assurance that we will regain such compliance and Nasdaq could make a determination to delist our common stock.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our common stock adversely, the price and trading volume of our common stock could decline.

The trading market for our common stock may be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. We currently have a limited number of securities and industry analysts who publish research on us. If we are unable to increase our analysts coverage or these current analysts cease to publish research on us, our stock price and trading volume could be negatively impacted. If any of the analysts who cover us change their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of our common stock could decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our common stock and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock.

We have never declared nor paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We do not expect to declare or pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors. As a result, stockholders must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment, if any.

Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain certain provisions, including anti-takeover provisions that limit the ability of stockholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.

Our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and the Delaware General Corporation Law ("DGCL") contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors and therefore could depress the trading price of our common stock and warrants. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to take certain actions, including effecting changes in our management. Among other things, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions regarding:

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a classified board of directors with three-year staggered terms, which could delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of our board of directors;
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the ability of our board of directors to issue shares of preferred stock, including “blank check” preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer;
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the limitation of the liability of, and the indemnification of, our directors and officers;

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the exclusive right of our board of directors to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of our board of directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors;
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the requirement that directors may only be removed from our board of directors for cause;
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a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of stockholders and could delay the ability of stockholders to force consideration of a stockholder proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors;
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the requirement that a special meeting of stockholders may be called only by our board of directors, the chairperson of our board of directors, chief executive officer or president (in the absence of a chief executive officer), which could delay the ability of stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors;
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controlling the procedures for the conduct and scheduling of board of directors and stockholder meetings;
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the requirement for the affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of the voting stock, voting together as a single class, to amend, alter, change or repeal any provision of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, which could preclude stockholders from bringing matters before annual or special meetings of stockholders and delay changes in our board of directors and also may inhibit the ability of an acquirer to effect such amendments to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt;
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the ability of our board of directors to amend the bylaws, which may allow our board of directors to take additional actions to prevent an unsolicited takeover and inhibit the ability of an acquirer to amend the bylaws to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt; and
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advance notice procedures with which stockholders must comply to nominate candidates to our board of directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which could preclude stockholders from bringing matters before annual or special meetings of stockholders and delay changes in our board of directors and also may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of the Company.

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our board of directors or management.

In addition, as a Delaware corporation, we are subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the DGCL, which may generally prohibit certain stockholders holding 15% or more of our outstanding capital stock from engaging in certain business combinations with us for a specified period of time unless certain conditions are met.

Any provision of our certificate of incorporation, bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control could limit the opportunity for stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our capital stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

Our certificate of incorporation designates a state or federal court located within the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, and also provides that the federal district courts will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act or Exchange Act, each of which could limit our stockholders’ ability to choose the judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee or agent to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, (iv) any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our certificate of incorporation or

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bylaws, or (v) any action asserting a claim against us governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each such case subject to said Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein. Unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to this provision. These exclusive-forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. If a court were to find either exclusive-forum provision in our certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could harm its results of operations.

Risks Related to our Digital Asset Holdings

We currently hold and may acquire additional digital assets in the future, which may expose us to various risks associated with bitcoin and other digital assets.

We are continually examining the risks and rewards of our bitcoin acquisition strategy. This strategy has not been tested over time or under various market conditions. Some investors and other market participants may disagree with this strategy or actions we undertake to implement it. If the price of bitcoin falls or our bitcoin acquisition strategy otherwise proves unsuccessful, it would adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, and the market price of our common stock.

In connection with owning bitcoin, we may investigate other potential approaches to holding our bitcoin assets. If we change the means by which we have historically held bitcoin assets, the accounting treatment for our bitcoin may correspondingly change. A change in the accounting treatment could have a material impact on our results of operations in future periods and could increase the volatility of our reported results of operations as well as affect the carrying value of our bitcoin on our balance sheet, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our financial results and the market price of our common stock.

Bitcoin is a highly volatile asset that has traded below $41,000 and above $104,000 per bitcoin during 2024. Bitcoin does not pay interest or other returns and so our ability to generate cash from our bitcoin holdings depends on sales or implementing strategies that we may consider to create income streams or otherwise generate funds using our bitcoin holdings, including financing our bitcoin with loans from third parties. Furthermore, the impact of our bitcoin holdings on our financial results and the market price of our common stock may be impacted by the trading price of bitcoin at any given time.

The prices of digital assets we may acquire, including bitcoin and ethereum, may be influenced by regulatory, commercial, and technical factors that are highly uncertain, and fluctuations in the prices of digital assets are likely to influence our financial results and the market price of our common stock.

Fluctuations in the trading prices of digital assets we may acquire are likely to influence our financial results and the market price of our common stock. Our financial results and the market price of our common stock would be adversely affected and our business and financial condition could be negatively impacted if the prices of our digital assets decreased substantially, including as a result of:

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decreased user and investor confidence in digital assets;
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investment and trading activities of highly active retail and institutional users, speculators, miners and investors;
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negative publicity or events relating to digital assets;
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negative or unpredictable media or social media coverage on digital assets;

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public sentiment related to the actual or perceived environmental impact of bitcoin, ethereum and related activities, including environmental concerns raised by private individuals and governmental actors related to the energy resources consumed in the bitcoin mining process;
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changes in consumer preferences and the perceived value of bitcoin or ethereum;
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competition from other digital assets that are believed to exhibit better speed, security, scalability, or other characteristics, or that are backed by governments, including the U.S. government;
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correlations between the prices of digital assets, including the potential that a crash in one digital asset or widespread defaults on one digital asset exchange or trading venue may cause a crash in the price of bitcoin or other digital assets, or a series of defaults by counterparties on digital asset exchanges or trading venues;
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the identification of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonymous person or persons who purportedly developed bitcoin, or the transfer of Satoshi’s bitcoin;
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interruptions in service or failures of the principal markets for or market participants active in trading involving bitcoin, ethereum or other digital assets;
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further reductions in mining rewards of bitcoin, including block reward halving events, which are events that occur after a specific period of time that reduce the block reward earned by “miners” who validate bitcoin and ethereum transactions;
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transaction congestion and fees associated with processing transactions on the bitcoin or ethereum network;
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changes in the level of interest rates and inflation, monetary policies of governments, trade restrictions, and fiat currency devaluations;
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developments in mathematics or technology, including in digital computing, algebraic geometry and quantum computing, that could result in the cryptography being used by digital assets becoming insecure or ineffective; and
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national and international economic and political conditions.

The application of securities, commodities and other laws and other regulations to bitcoin, etherium and other digital assets is unclear in certain respects, and it is possible that new laws and regulations, or interpretations of existing laws and regulations, in the United States or foreign countries may adversely affect the price of bitcoin, ethereum and other digital assets we hold and may acquire. In addition, the risks of engaging in a bitcoin-focused treasury strategy are relatively novel and have created, and may create further, complications due to the lack of experience that third parties have with companies engaging in such a business, such as the unavailability of director and officer liability insurance on reasonably acceptable terms.

The growth of the digital assets industry in general, and the use and acceptance of bitcoin and ethereum in particular, may also impact the price of our digital asset holdings and is subject to a high degree of uncertainty. For instance, the pace of worldwide growth in the adoption and use of bitcoin may depend on public familiarity with digital assets, ease of buying and accessing bitcoin, institutional demand for bitcoin as an investment asset or store of value, consumer demand for bitcoin as a means of payment or store of value, and the availability and popularity of alternatives to bitcoin. Even if growth in bitcoin and ethereum adoption occurs in the near or medium-term, there is no assurance that bitcoin and ethereum usage will continue to grow over the long-term.

Because bitcoin and ethereum have no physical existence beyond the record of transactions on their respective blockchains, a variety of technical factors related to the bitcoin blockchain could also impact the price of bitcoin. For example, malicious attacks by miners, inadequate mining fees to incentivize validating of transactions, hard “forks” of the blockchain into multiple blockchains, and advances in digital computing, algebraic geometry and quantum computing could undercut the integrity of the blockchain and negatively affect the price of our digital asset holdings. The liquidity of bitcoin and ethereum may also be reduced and damage to the public perception of bitcoin and ethereum may occur, if financial institutions were to deny banking services to businesses that hold

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digital assets, provide digital asset-related services or accept digital assets as payment, which could also decrease the price of our digital asset holdings.

Due to the unregulated nature and lack of transparency surrounding the operations of many digital asset trading venues, they may experience fraud, security failures or operational problems, which may adversely affect the value of our digital asset holdings. In the event of a bankruptcy filing by a custodian, bitcoin held in custody could be determined to be property of a bankruptcy estate and we could be considered a general unsecured creditor thereof.

Digital asset trading venues are relatively new and, in some cases, unregulated or subject to regulatory uncertainty. Furthermore, many digital asset trading venues do not provide the public with significant information regarding their ownership structure, management teams, corporate practices and regulatory compliance. As a result, the marketplace may lose confidence in these trading venues, including prominent digital asset exchanges that handle a significant volume of trading, in the event one or more trading venues experience fraud, security failures or operational problems.

For example, in the first half of 2022, each of Celsius Network, Voyager Digital Ltd., and Three Arrows Capital declared bankruptcy, resulting in a loss of confidence in participants of the digital asset ecosystem and negative publicity surrounding digital assets more broadly. In November 2022, FTX, the third largest digital asset exchange by volume at the time, halted customer withdrawals and shortly thereafter, FTX and its subsidiaries filed for bankruptcy.

In response to these events, the digital asset markets, including the market for bitcoin specifically, have experienced extreme price volatility and several other entities in the digital asset industry have been, and may continue to be, negatively affected, further undermining confidence in the digital assets markets and in bitcoin. If the liquidity of the digital assets markets continues to be negatively impacted by these events, digital asset prices (including the price of bitcoin) may continue to experience significant volatility and confidence in the digital asset markets may be further undermined. These events are continuing to develop, and it is not possible to predict at this time all of the risks that they may pose to us, our service providers or on the digital asset industry as a whole.

A perceived lack of stability among digital asset exchanges and the closure or temporary shutdown of any significant digital asset exchanges due to business failure, hackers or malware, government-mandated regulation, or fraud, may reduce confidence in digital asset networks and result in greater volatility in digital asset values. To the extent investors view our common stock as linked to the value of our digital asset holdings, particularly bitcoin, these potential consequences of a trading venue’s failure could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

Furthermore, bitcoins held by custodians that file for bankruptcy protection or otherwise become subject to other insolvency-related proceedings could be treated as property of the bankrupt or insolvent estate and, accordingly, whether the owner of that bitcoin could be treated as a general unsecured creditor.

If we or third-party service providers experience a security breach or cyberattack and unauthorized parties obtain access to our digital asset holdings, we may lose some or all of our digital assets and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Security breaches and cyberattacks are of particular concern with respect to digital assets. Bitcoin, ethereum and other digital assets have been, and may in the future be, subject to security breaches, cyberattacks, or other malicious activities. A successful security breach or cyberattack could result in:

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a partial or total loss of our holdings in a manner that may not be covered by insurance;
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harm to our reputation and brand;
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improper disclosure of data and violations of applicable data privacy and other laws; or
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significant regulatory scrutiny, investigations, fines, penalties, and other legal, regulatory, contractual and financial exposure.

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Further, any actual or perceived security breach or cybersecurity attack directed at other companies with digital assets or companies that operate digital asset networks or exchanges, whether or not we are directly impacted, could lead to a general loss of confidence in the broader digital asset ecosystem or in the use of networks to conduct financial transactions, which could negatively impact us.

Attacks upon systems across a variety of industries, including industries related to digital assets, are increasing in frequency, persistence and sophistication, and, in many cases, are being conducted by sophisticated, well-funded and organized groups and individuals, including state actors. The techniques used to obtain unauthorized, improper or illegal access to systems and information (including personal data and digital assets), disable or degrade services, or sabotage systems are constantly evolving, may be difficult to detect quickly, and often are not recognized or detected until after they have been launched against a target. These attacks may occur on our systems or those of our third-party service providers or partners. We may experience breaches of our security measures due to human error, malfeasance, insider threats, system errors or vulnerabilities or other irregularities. In particular, unauthorized parties have attempted, and we expect that they will continue to attempt, to gain access to our systems and facilities, as well as those of our partners and third-party service providers, through various means, such as hacking, social engineering, phishing and fraud. Threats can come from a variety of sources, including criminal hackers, hacktivists, state-sponsored intrusions, industrial espionage and insiders. In addition, certain types of attacks could harm us even if our systems are left undisturbed. For example, certain threats are designed to remain dormant or undetectable, sometimes for extended periods of time, or until launched against a target and we may not be able to implement adequate preventative measures. Any future security breach of our operations or those of others in the digital asset industry, including third-party services on which we rely, could materially and adversely affect our digital asset holding and financial condition.

The loss or destruction of a private key required to access our digital asset wallets may be irreversible. If we are unable to access our private keys or if we experience a cyberattack or other data loss relating to our digital asset holdings, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our digital assets are controllable only by the possessor of both the unique public keys and private keys relating to the local or online digital wallets in which our digital assets are held. While the blockchain ledger requires a public key relating to a digital wallet to be published when used in a transaction, private keys must be safeguarded and kept private in order to prevent a third party from accessing the assets held in such wallet. To the extent our private key is lost, destroyed, or otherwise compromised and no backup of the private key is accessible, we will be unable to access our digital assets held in the related digital wallet. Furthermore, we cannot provide assurance that our digital wallets will not be compromised as a result of a cyberattack. The blockchain ledger, as well as digital assets and blockchain technologies, have been, and may in the future be, subject to security breaches, cyberattacks or other malicious activities.

A determination that a digital asset we hold is a "security" could lead to our classification as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and could adversely affect the market price of our digital asset holdings and the market price of our common stock.

The SEC has stated that certain digital assets may be considered “securities” under the federal securities laws. The test for determining whether a particular digital asset is a “security” is complex and the outcome is difficult to predict. It is possible that the SEC could take a contrary position to the one taken by its senior officials or a federal court could conclude that certain digital assets we hold are securities. Such a determination could lead to our classification as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "Investment Company Act"), which would subject us to significant additional regulatory controls, potential fines and regulatory charges, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations and also may require us to substantially change the manner in which we conduct our business.

In addition, if a digital asset we hold is determined to be a security for purposes of the federal securities laws, the additional regulatory restrictions imposed by such a determination could adversely affect the market price of such digital assets and in turn adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

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Risks Related to our Token Ecosystem and Tokens

We have raised capital to fund a Token Generation Event of rights to receive future PhunCoin, and beginning in 2021 we created and sold PhunToken. There can be no assurance that PhunCoin will ever be issued, and any significant difficulties we may experience with the offerings of PhunCoin or sales of PhunToken could result in claims against us. Additionally, the Token Generation Event and the offerings of PhunCoin and sales of PhunToken could subject us to various other business and regulatory uncertainties.

In June 2018, we raised capital by offering investors rights to acquire PhunCoin ("Rights") pursuant to Rule 506(c) of Regulation D as promulgated under the Securities Act. In addition, in 2019, PhunCoin, Inc. commenced an offering of Rights pursuant to Regulation CF, which closed May 1, 2019. As of December 31, 2024, a total of $1.2 million has been raised in both Rights offerings.

During the second quarter of 2019, Phunware announced the launch of a separate token, PhunToken, by our wholly owned subsidiary, Phun Token International, which enables holders to participate in our blockchain-enabled data exchange and mobile loyalty engagement ecosystem. As of December 31, 2024, we sold an aggregate of $2.6 million of PhunToken. Upon sale of PhunToken to customers, we deliver PhunToken to the respective customer's Ethereum-based wallet.

We plan to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop the Token Ecosystem and deliver PhunCoin and PhunToken, respectively, but there is no assurance that such efforts will be successful. If the Token Generation Event, defined as the launch of the Token Ecosystem, is not consummated, our sales of PhunCoin and additional sales of PhunToken may not result in substantial proceeds. If the Token Generation Event is not consummated and/or PhunCoin or PhunToken is not adopted commercially, we may have to reduce our planned expenditures. Also, any significant difficulties we may experience with the Token Generation Event, the delivery of PhunCoin or the continued sales and delivery of PhunToken could result in claims against us which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

The further development and acceptance of blockchain networks, which are part of a new and rapidly changing industry, are subject to a variety of factors that are difficult to evaluate. The slowing or stopping of the development or acceptance of blockchain networks and blockchain assets could have a material adverse effect on our business plans, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company and our stockholders.

The growth of the blockchain industry in general, as well as the networks on which we will rely to consummate the Token Generation Event, is subject to a high degree of uncertainty. The digital asset and digital asset industries as a whole have been characterized by rapid changes and innovations and are constantly evolving. The slowing or stopping of the development, general acceptance and adoption and usage of blockchain networks and digital assets may materially adversely affect our business plans to launch and maintain PhunCoin, sell PhunToken and continue to develop the Token Ecosystem. For example, given the regulatory complexity and uncertainty with respect to digital assets, complying with such laws and regulations, which could change in the future or be subject to new interpretations, could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to develop, launch and continue to operate PhunCoin, PhunToken and the Token Ecosystem. In addition, the tax and accounting consequences to us of the Token Generation Event, PhunCoin, PhunToken and the Token Ecosystem could lead to incorrect reporting, classification or liabilities. If the Token Generation Event occurs and PhunCoin is launched and developed and PhunToken is further developed, the structural foundation of PhunCoin and PhunToken, and the software applications and other interfaces or applications upon which PhunCoin, PhunToken and the Token Ecosystem rely or on which PhunCoin, PhunToken and the Token Ecosystem may rely in the future, are and will be unproven. There can be no assurances that PhunCoin or PhunToken will be fully secure, which may result in impermissible transfers, a complete loss of users’ PhunCoin or PhunToken, or an unwillingness of users to access, adopt and utilize PhunCoin or PhunToken or the Token Ecosystem, whether through system faults or malicious attacks. Any such faults or attacks on PhunCoin or PhunToken may materially and adversely affect our business.

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Because our tokens will be digital assets built and transacted initially on top of existing third-party blockchain technology, Phunware is reliant on another blockchain network, and users could be subject to the risk of wallet incompatibility and blockchain protocol risks.

Reliance upon another blockchain technology to create, develop and maintain the Token Ecosystem subjects us and Token Ecosystem users to the risk of digital wallet incompatibility, or additional ecosystem malfunction, unintended function, unexpected functioning of, or attack on, the providers' blockchain protocol, which may cause PhunCoin or PhunToken to malfunction or function in an unexpected manner, including, but not limited to, slowdown or complete cessation in functionality of the Token Ecosystem.

The development and operation of the Token Ecosystem will likely require additional technology and intellectual property rights.

Our ability to develop and operate the Token Ecosystem may depend on technology and intellectual property rights that we may license from unaffiliated third parties. If for any reason we were to fail to comply with our obligations under any applicable license agreement, or were unable to provide or were to fail to provide the technology and intellectual property that the Token Ecosystem requires, it would be unable to operate, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations and financial condition and its ability to develop, enhance, and maintain the Token Ecosystem.

Some of our Token Ecosystem code and protocols rely on open-source code publicly available. The open-source structure of some of the Token Ecosystem protocols means that the Token Ecosystem may be susceptible to developments by users or contributors that could damage the Token Ecosystem and our reputation and could affect the sale and utilization of PhunCoin, PhunToken and the Token Ecosystem.

The open-source nature of the Token Ecosystem protocol also means that it may be difficult for the Company or contributors maintain or develop the Token Ecosystem and the Company may not have adequate resources to address emerging issues or malicious programs that develop within the Token Ecosystem or expand functionality of the Token Ecosystem adequately or in a timely manner. Third parties not affiliated with us may introduce weaknesses or bugs into the core infrastructure elements of the Token Ecosystem and open-source code which may negatively impact the Token Ecosystem. Such events may result in a loss of trust in the security and operation of the Token Ecosystem and a decline in user activity and could negatively impact the sale and utilization of and development, acceptance and adoption of the Token Ecosystem, PhunCoin and PhunToken.

Open-source software is generally freely accessible, usable and modifiable. Certain open-source licenses may, in certain circumstances, require us to offer the components of our Token Ecosystem that incorporate the open-source software for no cost, that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon, incorporating or using the open-source software and that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of the particular open-source license. If an author or other third party that distributes open-source software we use were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of one or more of these licenses, we could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations and could be subject to significant damages, including being enjoined from the offering of the components of our Token Ecosystem that contained the open-source software and being required to comply with the foregoing conditions, which could disrupt our ability to offer the affected software. We could also be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open-source software. Litigation could be costly for us to defend, have a negative effect on our operating results and financial condition and require us to devote additional research and development resources to change our products.

The Token Ecosystem is designed to distribute PhunCoin or PhunToken to consumers who provide certain personal information to us. Providing this data exposes us to risks of privacy data breach and cybersecurity attacks.

We utilize a substantial amount of electronic information. This includes transaction information and sensitive personal information of the users of the Token Ecosystem. The service providers used by us, may also use, store, and transmit such information. We intend to implement detailed privacy and cybersecurity policies and procedures and an incident response plan designed to protect such sensitive personal information and prevent data loss and security breaches.

There can be no assurances that PhunCoin, PhunToken or a user’s data will be fully secure, which may result in impermissible transfer, a complete loss of users’ PhunCoin, PhunToken or data on the Token Ecosystem, whether through system faults or malicious attacks, or an unwillingness of users to access, adopt and utilize PhunCoin and PhunToken. Any such faults or

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attacks on PhunCoin, PhunToken or users’ data may materially and adversely affect PhunCoin, PhunToken and the Token Ecosystem. There are a number of data protection, security, privacy and other government- and industry-specific requirements, including those that require companies to notify individuals of data security incidents involving certain types of personal data. Security compromises could harm the Token Ecosystem’s reputation, erode user confidence in the effectiveness of its security measures, negatively impact its ability to attract new users, or cause existing users to stop using the Token Ecosystem, or purchasing and using or consuming PhunCoin and PhunToken. We may be compelled to disclose personal information about a user or users of the Token Ecosystem to federal or state government regulators or taxation authorities. Accordingly, certain information concerning users may be shared outside Phunware.

The Token Ecosystem may be the target of malicious cyberattacks or may contain exploitable flaws in its underlying code, which may result in security breaches and the loss or theft of PhunCoin or PhunToken. If Token Ecosystem’s security is compromised or if the Token Ecosystem is subjected to attacks that frustrate or thwart our users’ ability to access the Token Ecosystem, their PhunCoin, PhunToken or the Token Ecosystem products and services, users may cease using the Token Ecosystem altogether.

The Token Ecosystem uses and will use new technology. There are no guarantees that such technology will be bug-free or accepted by the marketplace. Thus, even if the Token Ecosystem is operational, our tokens may be subject to the risk of theft, loss, malfunction, or reputational risk, any of which can significantly degrade the potential use of PhunCoin and PhunToken.

The Token Ecosystem structural foundation, the open-source protocols, the software application and other interfaces or applications built upon the Token Ecosystem are still in an early development stage and are unproven, and there can be no assurances that the Token Ecosystem and the creation, transfer or storage of PhunCoin and PhunToken will be uninterrupted or fully secure which may result in a complete loss of users’ PhunCoin or PhunToken or an unwillingness of users to access, adopt and utilize the Token Ecosystem. Further, the Token Ecosystem may also be the target of malicious attacks seeking to identify and exploit weaknesses in the software or the Token Ecosystem which may result in the loss or theft of PhunCoin or PhunToken. For example, if our tokens and the Token Ecosystem are subject to unknown and known security attacks (such as double-spend attacks, 51% attacks, or other malicious attacks), such attacks may materially and adversely affect the Token Ecosystem. In any such event, if the Token Ecosystem is not widely adopted, Purchasers of PhunCoin may lose all of their investment and customers of PhunToken may hold a coin for which there is no market to transact.

The Token Ecosystem is susceptible to mining attacks.

As with other decentralized digital assets, the blockchain used in connection with PhunCoin, PhunToken and the Token Ecosystem may be susceptible to mining attacks, including double-spend attacks, majority mining power attacks, selfish-mining attacks, and race condition attacks. Any successful attacks present a risk to the Token Ecosystem and our tokens. Despite efforts by us, the risk of known or novel mining attacks exists.

Alternative platforms or networks may be established that compete with or are more widely used than the Token Ecosystem. It is possible that alternative platforms or networks could be established that utilize the same or similar protocols underlying the Token Ecosystem or attempt to facilitate services or strategies that are materially similar to the Token Ecosystem’s services or strategies. The introduction of these alternative networks and the potential entry of new competitors into the market could harm our ability to increase sales, which could negatively impact the Token Ecosystem, PhunCoin and PhunToken.

There is no trading market for PhunCoin.

There is no established public market for PhunCoin. Peer-to-peer transfers will not be permitted unless and until rights holders are notified otherwise by us and informed of the requirements and conditions to do so. There can be no assurance that a secondary market will develop or, if a secondary market does develop, that it will provide the holders of the PhunCoin rights with liquidity of investment or that it will continue for the life of PhunCoin. The liquidity of any market will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited: (i) the number of holders; (ii) the performance of PhunCoin; (iii) the market for similar crypto assets; (iv) the interest of traders in making a market for PhunCoin; (v) regulatory developments in the digital token or cryptocurrency industries and (vi) legal restrictions on transfer. In the event that PhunCoin remains untradeable for a significant period of time or indefinitely, their value could be materially adversely affected.

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The delay, or perceived delay, in the full development of our Token Ecosystem may result in declines in PhunToken revenue.

PhunToken is intended to be used or consumed within our Token Ecosystem. We can provide no assurance, as to when, or if, we will be able to successfully complete the development of the Token Ecosystem. If we are unable to fully develop the Token Ecosystem, PhunToken customers or potential PhunToken customers may seek to find alternate methods to use, consume or transact their PhunToken. Secondary markets, some of which we may not be aware of, may develop as a result. The development of an alternative “marketplace” in which consumers can, or believe they can, purchase PhunToken at a price lower than our current sales price, may result in lower sales and harm our financial performance.

The laws and regulations applicable to digital assets, blockchain technologies, digital asset exchanges and offerings of and transactions in digital assets is complex and evolving, and new regulations or policies may materially adversely affect the development and the value of our tokens.

The laws and regulations applicable to digital assets, blockchain technologies and digital asset exchanges, are complex and evolving and varies significantly among U.S. federal, state and foreign jurisdictions and is subject to significant uncertainty at this time. Various legislative and executive bodies in the United States and in other countries may in the future adopt laws, regulations, or guidance, or take other actions, which may severely impact the permissibility of tokens generally and the technology behind them or digital asset transactions. In addition, any violations of laws and regulations relating to privacy and protection of information in connection with the Token Ecosystem could subject us to fines, penalties or other regulatory actions, as well as to civil actions by affected parties. Any such violations could adversely affect our ability to issue, sell, maintain or utilize PhunCoin or PhunToken, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial condition. Failure by us to comply with any laws, rules and regulations, some of which may not exist yet or are subject to interpretation and may be subject to change, could result in a variety of adverse consequences, including civil penalties and fines.

The sale of PhunToken or the offerings of PhunCoin may subject us to additional regulatory requirements. We will be adversely affected if we are, or any of our subsidiaries is, determined to have been subject to registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act.

We are currently not deemed an “investment company” subject to regulation under the Investment Company Act. There is no guarantee we will continue to be exempt from registration under the Investment Company Act and were we to be deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act, and thus subject to regulation under the Investment Company Act, the increased reporting and operating requirements could have an adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition.

In addition, if the SEC or a court of competent jurisdiction were to find that we are in violation of the Investment Company Act for having failed to register as an investment company thereunder, possible consequences include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) the SEC could apply to a district court to enjoin the violation; (ii) we could be sued by investors in us and in our securities for damages caused by the violation; and (iii) any contract to which we are a party that is made in, or whose performance involves a, violation of the Investment Company Act would be unenforceable by any party to the contract unless a court were to find that under the circumstances enforcement would produce a more equitable result than nonenforcement and would not be inconsistent with the purposes of the Investment Company Act. Should we be subjected to any or all of the foregoing, our business would be materially and adversely affected.

The prices of digital assets are volatile. Fluctuations in the prices of digital assets and/or waning interest of investors in the digital asset markets could materially and adversely affect the Token Ecosystem.

The prices of blockchain assets such as bitcoin and ethereum have historically been subject to dramatic fluctuations and are highly volatile. Several factors may influence the interest in digital assets such as PhunCoin and PhunToken, including, but not limited to:

•
global digital asset supply;

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•
businesses’ acceptance of digital assets like cryptocurrencies as payment for goods and services, the security of online digital asset exchanges and digital wallets that hold blockchain assets, the perception that the use and holding of digital assets is safe and secure, and the regulatory restrictions on their use;
•
purchasers’ expectations with respect to the rate of inflation;
•
changes in the software, software requirements or hardware requirements underlying the Token Ecosystem;
•
changes in the rights, obligations, incentives, or rewards for the users of and other participants in the Token Ecosystem;
•
interest rates;
•
currency exchange rates, including the rates at which digital assets may be exchanged for fiat currencies;
•
fiat currency withdrawal and deposit policies of digital asset exchanges on which users may trade digital assets and liquidity on such exchanges;
•
interruptions in service from or failures of major digital asset exchanges in which users may trade digital assets;
•
investment and trading activities of large investors, including private and registered funds, that may directly or indirectly puchase PhunCoin or other digital assets;
•
monetary policies of governments, trade restrictions, currency devaluations and revaluations;
•
regulatory measures that may affect the purchase or use of digital assets, including PhunCoin and PhunToken;
•
the maintenance and development of the open-source software protocol of certain digital assets;
•
global or regional political, economic or financial events and conditions; or
•
expectations among the Token Ecosystem or other digital asset market participants that the value and/or utility of certain digital assets will soon change.

Whether our digital assets, including PhunCoin and PhunToken, constitute a “security” is subject to a high degree of uncertainty, and if we fail to properly characterize a digital asset, we may be subject to regulatory scrutiny, inquiries, investigations, fines and other penalties, which may adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Any resulting change in characterization may also affect the manner in which such digital assets are reflected in our financial statements.

The SEC and its staff have taken the position that certain digital or “crypto” assets fall within the definition of a “security” under the U.S. federal securities laws. The legal test for determining whether any given digital asset is a security is a highly complex, fact-driven analysis, and the outcome is difficult to predict. The SEC generally does not provide advance guidance or confirmation on the status of any particular digital asset as a security. Furthermore, it is also possible that a change in the governing administration or the appointment of new SEC commissioners could substantially impact the views of the SEC and its staff.

Several foreign jurisdictions have taken a broad-based approach to classifying digital assets as “securities,” while certain other foreign jurisdictions have adopted a narrower approach. As a result, certain digital assets may be deemed to be a “security” under the laws of some jurisdictions but not others. Various foreign jurisdictions may, in the future, adopt additional laws, regulations, or directives that affect the characterization of digital assets as “securities.”

The classification of a digital asset as a security under applicable law has wide-ranging implications for the regulatory obligations that flow from the offer and sale of such assets. For example, a digital asset that is a security in the United States may generally only be offered or sold in the United States pursuant to a registration statement filed with the SEC or in an offering that qualifies for an exemption from registration. Persons that effect transactions in digital assets that are securities in the United States

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may be subject to registration with the SEC as a “broker” or “dealer.” Platforms that bring together purchasers and sellers to trade digital assets that are securities in the United States are generally subject to registration as national securities exchanges, or must qualify for an exemption, such as by being operated by a registered broker-dealer as an alternative trading system (ATS) in compliance with rules for ATSs. Persons facilitating clearing and settlement of securities may be subject to registration with the SEC as a clearing agency. Foreign jurisdictions may have similar licensing, registration, and qualification requirements.

We have policies and processes to analyze whether each digital asset, including PhunCoin and PhunToken, that we seek to implement within our platform could be deemed to be a “security” under applicable laws. Our policies and processes do not constitute a legal standard but rather represent our company-developed model, which permits us to make a risk-based assessment regarding the likelihood that a particular digital asset could be deemed a “security” under applicable laws. Based upon our internal analysis, we have taken the position that PhunToken is not a “security” as defined under Section 2(a)(1) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Furthermore, though we have not definitively concluded that PhunCoin, which is still in the development stage, would fall within the definition of “security,” we have operated under the assumption that it will be characterized as such out of an abundance of caution. In light of such assumption, Phunware has endeavored to avail itself of and conduct its offering of rights to Phuncoin in compliance with applicable securities registration exemptions. Regardless of our conclusions, we could be subject to legal or regulatory action in the event the SEC, a state or foreign regulatory authority, or a court were to determine that a digital asset, including PhunCoin and PhunToken, implemented on our platform is a “security” under applicable laws. We believe that our process reflects a comprehensive and thoughtful analysis and is reasonably designed to facilitate consistent application of available legal guidance to digital assets to facilitate informed risk-based business judgment. However, we recognize that the application of securities laws to the specific facts and circumstances of digital assets may be complex and subject to change, and that a posting determination does not guarantee any conclusion under the U.S. federal securities laws. We expect our risk assessment policies and to continuously evolve to take into account case law, facts, and developments in technology.

Additionally, if our conclusions as to the characterization of PhunCoin and/or PhunToken change, the manner in which we have accounted for proceeds received related to each may change, which could also result in the need to restate prior financial information.

There can be no assurances that we will properly characterize any given digital asset as a security or non-security or that the SEC, foreign regulatory authority, or a court, if the question was presented to it, would agree with our assessment. If the SEC, state or foreign regulatory authority, or a court were to determine that digital assets implemented within our platform are securities, we would not be able to offer such digital assets until we are able to do so in a compliant manner. A determination by the SEC, a state or foreign regulatory authority, or a court that a digital asset within our platform was a security may also result in us determining that it is advisable to remove such digital assets from our platform that have similar characteristics to the digital asset that was determined to be a security. In addition, we could be subject to judicial or administrative sanctions for failing to offer or sell the digital asset in compliance with the registration requirements, or for acting as a broker, dealer, or national securities exchange without appropriate registration. Such an action could result in injunctions, cease and desist orders, as well as civil monetary penalties, fines, and disgorgement, criminal liability, and reputational harm. Customers that purchased, earned or received such digital assets on our platform and suffered losses could also seek to rescind a transaction that we facilitated as the basis that it was conducted in violation of applicable law, which could subject us to significant liability. We may also be required to cease facilitating transactions in other similar digital assets, which could negatively impact our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Item 1B. Un resolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 1 C. Cybersecurity.

Cybersecurity is critical to advancing our overall objectives and enabling our digital efforts. As a company operating in the technology and software sectors, we face a wide variety of cybersecurity threats that range from common attacks such as ransomware and denial-of-service, to more advanced attacks. Our customers, suppliers and other partners face similar cybersecurity threats, and a cybersecurity incident impacting these entities could materially adversely affect our operations, performance and results. These cybersecurity threats and related risks make it imperative that we maintain focus on cybersecurity and systematic risks. Below is a

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discussion of our risk management and approach to governance as it relates to cybersecurity. For additional information on the impact of cyber risks, refer to Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors”, of this Form 10-K.

Risk Management and Strategy

Cybersecurity risk management is a core tenet of our information technology security program. We have implemented various cybersecurity technologies, controls, and processes to ensure the integrity and availability of our infrastructure, data, and operations. We periodically review and modify these technologies and policies to align with the latest in industry best practices and an ever-changing threat landscape.

As part of our cybersecurity risk management program:

•
Cybersecurity risk assessment is performed on all new products and product updates;
•
We e mploy internal staff with security certifications, and we work with third parties to perform security vulnerability testing;
•
Changes to data protection laws are closely monitored and necessary changes are implemented;
•
We provide routine security training to employees and communicate any emerging threats;
•
We review the security posture of all third parties that we engage;
•
We maintain a comprehensive incident response plan; and
•
We carry cybersecurity insurance to help mitigate any potential losses arising from cybersecurity incidents.

While we face a number of ongoing cybersecurity risks in connection with our business, such risks have no t materially affected us to date, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.

Governance

Our Vice President of Information Technology, who reports directly to the Chief Executive Officer, manages and monitors our cybersecurity program. Our board of directors, as a whole, has oversight for the most significant risks facing us and for our processes to identify, prioritize, assess, manage and mitigate those risks, including cybersecurity risks. The board of directors receives regular updates on cybersecurity and information technology matters and related risk exposures from our executive team.

Item 2. Properties.

Our corporate headquarters is located in Austin, Texas, where, in June 2022, we entered into a lease agreement for approximately 7,458 square feet of professional office space, through September 2027.

We currently do not anticipate difficulty in either retaining occupancy of any of our facilities through lease renewals prior to expiration or through month-to-month occupancy arrangements or replacing them with equivalent facilities. We believe that our existing facilities are suitable and adequate for our present purposes.

Item 3. L egal Proceedings.

On March 30, 2021, Phunware filed an action against its former counsel Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, PC (“WSGR”), which is styled Phunware, Inc., v. Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, Professional Corporation, Does 1-25, Case No. 21CV381517, in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Santa Clara. On July 30, 2021, Phunware filed a second action against WSGR in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Santa Clara, which is styled Phunware, Inc., v. Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, Professional Corporation, Does 1-25, Case No. 21CV386411. The two actions were then removed to arbitration. Phunware sought affirmative relief in these actions, as stated in the complaints, for damages according to proof, interest

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and costs of suit. WSGR filed crossclaims against Phunware in these actions related to services provided by WSGR to Phunware and sought to recover fees related to the services at issue in these actions and interest. In March 2024, WSGR and Phunware settled their claims in the arbitration proceeding relating to Case No. 21CV381517 and Phunware paid approximately $2.2 million of the outstanding amount alleged to be owed by Phunware to WSGR in that proceeding. The Phunware and WSGR claims related to Case No. 21CV386411 remain pending in arbitration and the remaining balance of the payables amount alleged to be owed by Phunware will continue to be arbitrated. On August 16, 2024, the Company and WSGR entered into an agreed stay of that arbitration proceeding, which provides for a mutually agreed upon stay of that proceeding until the earlier to occur of (a) August 30, 2025 (subject to either party's right to move to lift the stay earlier than that date for good cause) and (b) the settlement or issuance of a judgment in the Wild Basin litigation, as more fully described below. The outcome of this proceeding and the related Phunware and WSGR claims is uncertain.

On February 18, 2022, certain stockholders filed a lawsuit against Phunware and certain of its prior and then existing individual officers and directors. The case, captioned Wild Basin Investments, LLC, et al. v. Phunware, Inc., et al., was filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (Cause No. 2022-0168-LWW). Plaintiffs allege that they invested in Phunware through various early rounds of financing while the Company was private and that following completion of the business combination transactions resulting in Phunware becoming a public company these stockholders received new shares of Phunware common stock and Phunware warrants that were but should not have been subjected to a 180-day “lock up” period. Plaintiffs also allege that Phunware’s stock price dropped significantly during the lock up period and seek damages, costs and professional fees. On or about October 24, 2024, Plaintiffs, Phunware and individual director and officer defendants entered into a Confidential Settlement Agreement, and on or about October 28, 2024, Phunware, the individual director and officer defendants and the applicable Phunware insurers entered into a Settlement Agreement and Mutual Release (collectively, the “Settlement Agreements”). The Settlement Agreements collectively provide for, among other things, the settlement and release of the Plaintiffs' claims against the individual director and officer defendants, certain agreements between the Plaintiffs and Phunware, including the Plaintiffs' agreement to stay collection of any judgment obtained by the Plaintiffs against Phunware until the settlement or conclusion of the pending WSGR arbitration proceeding. Further, the Settlement Agreements provide for a payment of $2.8 million from the Company’s insurers to the Plaintiffs, the payment of $0.2 million from the insurers to Phunware and the release of the insurers’ subrogation claims against Phunware recoveries from WSGR or its insurers in the WSGR arbitration proceeding. Phunware's insurers made the $2.8 million and the $0.2 million payments on or about December 4, 2024. The Plaintiffs claims against Phunware in this lawsuit remain in effect. A bench trial occurred in March 2025, and we expect the court to render an order or ruling in the case sometime during the third quarter of 2025. We intend to vigorously defend against the remaining claims in this lawsuit and any appeals.

The information set forth under the subheading "Litigation" in Note 10, "Commitments and Contingencies" of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is also incorporated herein by reference.

Item 4. Min e Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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PA RT II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information

Our common stock, $0.0001 par value, is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “PHUN”.

Holders

On March 21, 2025, there were approximately 169 holders of record of our common stock. We believe the number of beneficial owners of our common stock is substantially greater than the number of record holders because a large portion of our outstanding common stock is held of record in broker “street name” for the benefit of individual investors.

Dividends

We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock to date. The payment of any cash dividends will be dependent upon our revenue, earnings and financial condition from time to time. The payment of any dividends is within the discretion of our board of directors. It is presently expected that we will retain all earnings for use in our business operations and, accordingly, it is not expected that our board of directors will declare any dividends in the foreseeable future.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

The information set forth under the subheading "Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans" included in Part III, Item 12 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

None.

Item 6. [R eserved]

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

References in this section to “we,” “us,” "our" or “the Company” refer to Phunware, Inc. References to “management” or “management team” refer to our officers and directors.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As discussed in the section titled "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements," the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including, but not limited to, those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Certain figures, such as interest rates and other percentages, included in this section have been rounded for ease of presentation. Percentage figures included in this section have not in all cases been calculated on the basis of such rounded figures but on the basis of such amounts prior to rounding. For this reason, percentage amounts in this section may vary slightly from those obtained by performing the same calculations using the figures in our consolidated financial statements or in the associated text. Certain other amounts that appear in this section may similarly not sum due to rounding.

Overview

We offer a mobile-application cloud-based platform that equips companies with the products, solutions and services necessary to engage, manage and monetize their mobile application portfolios. Our offerings include:

•
A cloud-based application framework vertical solution license for iOS and Android-based mobile applications (apps). We have focused a majority of our recent sales efforts on addressing the patient experience for healthcare and the luxury guest experience for hospitality. However, our product capabilities also serve the employee experience in the workplace, the shopper experience for retail, the fan experience for sports, the traveler experience for aviation, the luxury resident experience for real estate and the student experience for education.
•
Enterprise mobile software development kits (SDKs) including business intelligence and analytics, content management, alerts, notifications and messaging, and location-based services;
•
Development services for customers who wish to have to have a customized application experience; and
•
In-app advertising services for mobile audience building, user acquisition, application discovery, audience engagement and monetization.

In October 2024, we announced the commencement of the development of a new generative AI-driven software development platform to enable businesses of any size to design, create, build, and deploy high-quality custom mobile applications in shorter periods of time. The platform will be designed to utilize generative AI in a manner that will enable businesses to develop and monetize custom mobile app solutions more quickly and at a lower cost, making them more accessible to small and medium-sized businesses.

The “artificial intelligence” (AI) in the context of the Company’s platform will initially be generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) technology. We plan to use such AI in various contexts within our internal systems, product offerings and new software development platform, including the following:

•
Creator.phunware.com. We have created, deployed and are testing creator.phunware.com, an online platform which is the first step in the Company’s new software development platform initiative. This platform will in the future utilize generative AI (initially GPT technology) to simplify the mobile app request, submission, creation, development, customization and completion processes for customers. The platform is designed to include a Sales Companion GPT, a generative AI assistant that will guide customers step-by-step through the onboarding and sales processes, helping guide customer decisions in creating, developing, customizing and completing their mobile apps, making them even more intuitive, efficient and less expensive.
•
Generative AI Tools for Internal Systems. We actively utilize generative AI tools to streamline internal processes and workflows for mobile app creation and development. We also plan to use predictive AI tools in the future to further enhance these processes. By applying these technologies, we expect to improve the quality and personalization of our

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mobile apps for customers and drastically reduce the time required to adapt our mobile app development framework to meet specific customer needs. We anticipate that these efficiencies will enable the Company to reduce mobile app development costs significantly and make high-quality customized mobile apps more accessible and affordable for small to medium sized businesses ("SMBs") and enterprises.
•
AI Features and Functionalities for Engagement and Monetization. We are also developing AI Personal Concierge features and functionalities to serve as a human-like interface in our mobile apps for customers and users thereof to enhance engagement and provide our customers with innovative opportunities to further monetize their products and services with users.
•
Automation Technology. In the future, we plan to further integrate generative AI into our App Creator process to facilitate collection and evaluation of inputs - such as customer-provided content, branding materials, and other relevant information - and automatically generate necessary configuration files.

We intend to continue investing for long-term growth. We have invested and expect to continue investing in the expansion of our ability to market, sell and provide our current and future products and services to customers globally. We also expect to continue investing in the development and improvement of new and existing products and services to address customers’ needs. We currently do not expect to be profitable in the near future.

Key Business Metrics

Our management regularly monitors certain financial measures to track the progress of our business against internal goals and targets. We believe that the most important of these measures include backlog and deferred revenue.

Bookings, Backlog and Deferred Revenue. We define these measures and purpose as follows:

•
Bookings represents actual contracted value for a period, whether invoiced or not, to be invoiced and recognized as revenue over time. We believe that bookings reflects the current demand for our products and services and provides us insight into how well our sales and marketing efforts are performing.
•
Backlog represents future amounts to be invoiced under our active contracts. At any point in the contract term, there can be amounts that we have not yet been contractually able to invoice. Until such time as these amounts are invoiced, they are not recorded in revenue, deferred revenue, accounts receivable or elsewhere in our consolidated financial statements and are considered by us to be backlog. We expect backlog to fluctuate up or down from period to period for several reasons, including the timing and duration of customer contracts, varying billing cycles and the timing and duration of customer renewals. We reasonably expect approximately 42% of our backlog as of December 31, 2024 will be invoiced during the subsequent 12-month period, primarily due to the fact that our contracts are typically one to three years in length.
•
Deferred revenue consists of amounts that have been invoiced but have not yet been recognized as revenues as of the end of a reporting period. Together, the sum of deferred revenue and backlog represents the total billed and unbilled contract value yet to be recognized in revenues and provides visibility into future revenue streams.

The following table sets forth our software subscription and services bookings:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Bookings |  | $ | 3,078 |  |  | $ | 928 |

The following table sets forth our backlog and deferred revenue:

(in thousands) |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Backlog |  | $ | 3,635 |  |  | $ | 2,750 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 1,562 |  |  |  | 1,909 |
Total backlog and deferred revenue |  | $ | 5,197 |  |  | $ | 4,659 |

For further information regarding our deferred revenue balances, refer to Note 4 “Revenue” of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin and Adjusted EBITDA

We report our financial results in accordance with GAAP. We also use certain non-GAAP financial measures that fall within the meaning ascribed in SEC Regulation G and Regulation S-K Item 10(e), which may provide users of the financial information with additional meaningful comparison to prior period results. Our non-GAAP financial measures include adjusted gross profit, adjusted gross margin and adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") (our "non-GAAP financial measures"). Management uses these measures (i) to compare operating performance on a consistent basis, (ii) to calculate incentive compensation for our employees, (iii) for planning purposes including the preparation of our internal annual operating budget and (iv) to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of operational strategies.

Our non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. They are not measurements of our financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as alternatives to revenue or net loss, as applicable, or any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP and may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other businesses. Our non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our operating results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations include:

•
Non-cash compensation is and will remain a key element of our overall long-term incentive compensation package, although we exclude it as an expense when evaluating our ongoing operating performance for a particular period;
•
Our non-GAAP financial measures do not reflect the impact of certain cash charges resulting from matters we consider not to be indicative of ongoing operations; and
•
Other companies in our industry may calculate our non-GAAP financial measures differently than we do, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures.

We compensate for these limitations to our non-GAAP financial measures by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using our non-GAAP financial measures only for supplemental purposes. Our non-GAAP financial measures include adjustments for items that may not occur in future periods. However, we believe these adjustments are appropriate because the amounts recognized can vary significantly from period to period, do not directly relate to the ongoing operations of our business and complicate comparisons of our internal operating results and operating results of other peer companies over time. For example, it is useful to exclude non-cash, stock-based compensation expenses because the amount of such expenses in any specific period may not directly correlate to the underlying performance of our business operations and these expenses can vary significantly across periods due to timing of new stock-based awards. We may also exclude certain discrete, unusual, one-time, or non-cash costs in order to facilitate a more useful period-over-period comparison of our financial performance. Each of the normal recurring adjustments and other adjustments described in this paragraph help management with a measure of our operating performance over time by removing items that are not related to day-to-day operations or are non-cash expenses.

The following tables set forth the most comparable GAAP financial measures from which our non-GAAP financial measures are derived, as well as the non-GAAP financial measures we monitor.

GAAP Financial Measures |  | Year ended December 31, |  |
(in thousands, except percentages) |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |
Gross profit |  | $ | 1,454 |  |  | $ | 1,686 |  |
Gross margin |  |  | 45.6 | % |  |  | 34.9 | % |
Net loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (10,316 | ) |  | $ | (41,944 | ) |

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|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands, except percentages) |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Adjusted gross profit (1) |  | $ | 1,633 |  |  | $ | 2,133 |
Adjusted gross margin (1) |  |  | 51.2 | % |  |  | 44.1 | %
Adjusted EBITDA (2) |  | $ | (10,317 | ) |  | $ | (15,487 | )

(1)
Adjusted gross profit and adjusted gross margin are non-GAAP financial measures. We believe that adjusted gross profit and adjusted gross margin provide supplemental information with respect to gross profit and gross margin regarding ongoing performance. We define adjusted gross profit as net revenues less cost of revenue, adjusted to exclude one-time revenue adjustments, stock-based compensation and amortization of intangible assets. We define adjusted gross margin as adjusted gross profit as a percentage of net revenues.
(2)
Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. We believe adjusted EBITDA provides helpful information with respect to operating performance as viewed by management, including a view of our business that is not dependent on (i) the impact of our capitalization structure and (ii) items that are not part of day-to-day operations. We define adjusted EBITDA as net loss plus (or minus) (i) interest expense (income), (ii) income tax expense, (iii) depreciation, and further adjusted for (iv) non-cash impairment, (v) valuation adjustments and (vi) stock-based compensation expense.

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The following tables set forth a reconciliation of the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to each of the non-GAAP financial measures discussed above.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands, except percentages) |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Gross profit |  | $ | 1,454 |  |  | $ | 1,686 |
Add back: Stock-based compensation |  |  | 179 |  |  |  | 447 |
Adjusted gross profit |  | $ | 1,633 |  |  | $ | 2,133 |
Adjusted gross margin |  |  | 51.2 | % |  |  | 44.1 | %

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Net loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (10,316 | ) |  | $ | (41,944 | )
Add back: Depreciation |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 84 |
Add back: Interest expense |  |  | 135 |  |  |  | 1,733 |
Less: Interest income |  |  | (1,732 | ) |  |  | - |
Add back: Income tax expense |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 29 |
EBITDA |  |  | (11,856 | ) |  |  | (40,098 | )
Add back: Stock-based compensation |  |  | 1,656 |  |  |  | 4,071 |
Add back: Impairment of digital assets |  |  | - |  |  |  | 50 |
Add back/less: (Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | (535 | ) |  |  | 237 |
Add back: Loss on disposal of subsidiary |  |  | 418 |  |  |  | - |
Add back: Impairment of goodwill |  |  | - |  |  |  | 25,819 |
Less: Fair value adjustment for warrant liabilities |  |  | - |  |  |  | (256 | )
Less: Gain on sale of digital assets, net of impairment |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,310 | )
Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | (10,317 | ) |  | $ | (15,487 | )

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Components of Results of Operations

Revenue and Gross Profit

There are a number of factors that impact the revenue and margin profile of the services and technology offerings we provide, including, but not limited to, solution and technology complexity, technical expertise requiring the combination of products and types of services provided, as well as other elements that may be specific to a particular client solution.

Software Subscriptions and Services

Software subscription revenue is derived from software license fees, which are comprised of subscription fees from customers licensing our vertical solution application framework and SDKs, that include access to our platform. Services revenue is derived from development services around designing and building new applications or enhancing existing applications. Support revenue is comprised of support and maintenance fees of customer applications, software updates and technical support for application development services for a support term.

Software subscriptions and services gross profit is equal to software subscriptions and services revenue less the cost of personnel and related costs for our support and professional services employees, external consultants, stock-based compensation and allocated overhead. Costs associated with our development and project management teams are generally recognized as incurred. Costs directly attributable to the development or support of applications relating to platform subscription customers are included in cost of sales, whereas costs related to the ongoing development and maintenance of our software platform are expensed in research and development. As a result, platform subscriptions and services gross profit may fluctuate from period to period.

Advertising

We also generate revenue by charging advertisers to deliver advertisements (ads) to users of mobile connected devices. We generally sell our ads by cost per thousand impressions and recognize revenue when the ad loads onto the device of a user.

Advertising gross profit is equal to advertising revenue less cost of revenue associated with advertising traffic we pay to our suppliers and amount of traffic which we can purchase from those suppliers. As a result, our advertising gross profit may fluctuate from period to period due to variable costs of advertising traffic.

Gross Margin

Gross margin measures gross profit as a percentage of revenue. Gross margin is generally impacted by the same factors that affect changes in the mix of revenue.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses include sales and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses. Personnel costs are the most significant component of operating expenses and consist of salaries, benefits, bonuses, stock-based compensation and, in sales and marketing expense, commissions.

Sales and Marketing Expense. Sales and marketing expense is comprised of compensation, commission expense, variable incentive pay and benefits related to sales personnel, along with travel expenses, other employee related costs, including stock-based compensation and expenses related to marketing programs and promotional activities. Our sales and marketing expense may increase in absolute dollars as we increase our sales and marketing organizations as we plan to increase revenue but may fluctuate as a percentage of our total revenue from period to period.

General and Administrative Expense. General and administrative expense is comprised of compensation and benefits of administrative personnel, including variable incentive pay and stock-based compensation, bad debt expenses and other administrative costs such as facilities expenses, professional fees and travel expenses. We expect to incur additional general and administrative expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the

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SEC and listing standards of Nasdaq, additional insurance expenses, investor relations activities and other administrative and professional services. We also expect to increase the size of our general and administrative function to support the growth of our business. As a result, our general and administrative expenses may increase in absolute dollars but may fluctuate as a percentage of our total revenue from period to period.

Research and Development Expense. Research and development expenses consist primarily of employee compensation costs and overhead allocation. We believe that continued investment in our platform is important for our growth. As a result, our research and development expenses may increase in absolute dollars as our business grows but may fluctuate as a percentage of revenue from period to period.

Impairment of Goodwill. Goodwill impairment consists of non-cash impairment charges related to goodwill. We review goodwill for impairment annually on October 1 and more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate an impairment may exist. If the carrying value of the reporting unit continues to exceed its fair value, the fair value of the Company’s goodwill is calculated and an impairment charge equal to the excess is recorded.

Interest Expense

Interest expense includes interest related to our outstanding debt, including amortization of discounts and deferred issuance costs.

Refer to Note 8 "Debt" of the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information on debt offerings.

We also may seek additional debt financings to fund the expansion of our business or to finance strategic acquisitions in the future, which may have an impact on our interest expense.

Income Tax Expense

We are subject to U.S. Federal income taxes, state income taxes net of federal income tax effect and nondeductible expenses. Our effective tax rate will vary depending on permanent non-deductible expenses and other factors.

Refer to Note 14 "Income Taxes" of the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Net Revenues

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  | Change |  |
(in thousands, expect percentages) |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Software subscriptions and services |  | $ | 1,907 |  |  | $ | 3,157 |  |  | $ | (1,250 | ) |  |  | (39.6 | %) |
Advertising |  |  | 1,282 |  |  |  | 1,675 |  |  |  | (393 | ) |  |  | (23.5 | %) |
Total revenue |  | $ | 3,189 |  |  | $ | 4,832 |  |  | $ | (1,643 | ) |  |  | (34.0 | %) |
Software subscriptions and services as a percentage of total revenue |  |  | 59.8 | % |  |  | 65.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advertising as a percentage of total revenue |  |  | 40.2 | % |  |  | 34.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Platform revenue as a percentage of total revenue |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Software and subscriptions revenue decreased $1.3 million, or (39.6%), for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the corresponding period in 2023, as a result of development fees and additional customer reimbursable costs in 2023.

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Advertising revenue decreased by $0.4 million, or (23.5%), due to decreased level of advertising campaigns.

Cost of Revenues, Gross Profit and Gross Margin

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  | Change |  |
(in thousands, expect percentages) |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |
Cost of Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Software subscriptions and services |  | $ | 1,270 |  |  | $ | 2,468 |  |  | $ | (1,198 | ) |  |  | (48.5 | %) |
Advertising |  |  | 465 |  |  |  | 678 |  |  |  | (213 | ) |  |  | (31.4 | %) |
Total cost of revenue |  | $ | 1,735 |  |  | $ | 3,146 |  |  | $ | (1,411 | ) |  |  | (44.9 | %) |
Gross Profit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Software subscriptions and services |  | $ | 637 |  |  | $ | 689 |  |  | $ | (52 | ) |  |  | (7.5 | %) |
Advertising |  |  | 817 |  |  |  | 997 |  |  |  | (180 | ) |  |  | (18.1 | %) |
Total gross profit |  | $ | 1,454 |  |  | $ | 1,686 |  |  | $ | (232 | ) |  |  | (13.8 | %) |
Gross Margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Software subscriptions and services |  |  | 33.4 | % |  |  | 21.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advertising |  |  | 63.7 | % |  |  | 59.5 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total gross margin |  |  | 45.6 | % |  |  | 34.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Software gross profit increased $0.1 million, or (7.5%), for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the corresponding period in 2023, as a result of lower costs associated with customer projects due to the delivery of a large customer project in 2023. Advertising gross profit decreased $0.2 million, or (18.1%), as a result of decreased revenue noted above.

Operating Expenses

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  | Change |  |
(in thousands, except percentages) |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales and marketing |  | $ | 2,605 |  |  | $ | 3,329 |  |  | $ | (724 | ) |  |  | (21.7 | %) |
General and administrative |  |  | 10,473 |  |  |  | 13,780 |  |  |  | (3,307 | ) |  |  | (24.0 | %) |
Research and development |  |  | 2,265 |  |  |  | 4,449 |  |  |  | (2,184 | ) |  |  | (49.1 | %) |
Impairment of goodwill |  |  | - |  |  |  | 25,819 |  |  |  | (25,819 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | %) |
Total operating expenses |  | $ | 15,343 |  |  | $ | 47,377 |  |  | $ | (32,034 | ) |  |  | (67.6 | %) |

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expense decreased $0.7 million, or (21.7%), for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the corresponding period of 2023, primarily due to a decrease in payroll and related expenses as a result of lower headcount.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expense decreased $3.3 million, or (24.0%), for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the corresponding period of 2023, as a result of a decrease of $2.0 million in stock-based compensation, $1.6 million in decreased payroll and related expenses as a result of lower headcount and $0.5 million decrease in facilities and termination costs related to expired lease terms. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in consulting and professional fees of $0.9 million mainly related to legal expenses for our litigation matters.

Research and Development

Research and development expense decreased $2.2 million, or (49.1%) for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the corresponding period of 2023, primarily due to a decrease in payroll and related expenses as a result of lower headcount.

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Impairment of Goodwill

We recorded an impairment of goodwill of $25.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Refer to Note 6 "Goodwill" of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion on our goodwill impairment.

Other income (expense)

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands, except percentages) |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | $ | (135 | ) |  | $ | (1,733 | )
Interest income |  |  | 1,732 |  |  |  | - |
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt |  |  | 535 |  |  |  | (237 | )
Gain on sale of digital currencies |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,310 |
Other income, net |  |  | 1,482 |  |  |  | 436 |
Total other income |  | $ | 3,614 |  |  | $ | 3,776 |

During 2024, we recorded other income of $3.6 million, primary as a result of a $1.7 million of interest income from earned from our cash and equivalents, $1.4 million as a result of writeoffs of aged accounts payable and $0.5 million of a gain on the extinguishments related to our 2022 Promissory Note (defined elsewhere herein). Refer to Note 8 "Debt" of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion on the 2022 Promissory Note. These items were partially offset by a $0.4 million loss on disposal of subsidiary.

During 2023, we recorded other income of $3.8 million primarily as a result of a $5.3 million gain on sale of our digital asset holdings, primarily bitcoin and ethereum. This gain was offset by interest expense recorded related to our 2022 Promissory Note. Refer to Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" and Note 5, "Digital Assets" of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion regarding our digital asset holdings.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2024, we held total cash of $113 million, all of which was held in the United States. We have a history of operating losses and negative operating cash flows. As we continue to focus on growing our revenues, we expect these trends to continue into the foreseeable future.

On February 1, 2022, we filed a Form S-3, which was subsequently declared effective by the SEC on February 9, 2022, pursuant to which we could issue up to $200 million in common stock, preferred stock, warrants and units. Contained therein, was a prospectus supplement pursuant to which we could sell up to $100 million of our common stock in an “at the market offering” pursuant to an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement we entered into with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”) on January 31, 2022. We terminated our agreement with Wainwright effective June 3, 2024.

On July 6, 2022, we entered into a note purchase agreement and completed the sale of an unsecured promissory note (referred to herein as the 2022 Promissory Note) with an original principal amount of $12.8 million in a private placement. After deducting all transaction fees paid by us at closing, net cash proceeds to us at closing were $11.8 million. No interest was to accrue on the 2022 Promissory Note. On August 14, 2023, we entered into an amendment to the 2022 Promissory Note with the noteholder. The amendment extended the maturity date to June 1, 2024 and provided that effective August 1, 2023, we were required to make monthly amortization payments of at least $800 thousand commencing on August 31, 2023 until the 2022 Promissory Note is paid-in-full. We also granted the noteholder certain limited conversion rights, which if elected by the noteholder, would reduce the required monthly payment. The limited conversion rights were subject to advance payment and volume conditions. The amendment also provided that the outstanding balance shall accrue interest at a rate of 8% and payment deferrals are no longer permitted under the 2022 Promissory Note. During the first quarter of 2024, we issued 336,550 shares of our common stock to the holder of the 2022 Promissory Note. These conversions were made pursuant to the terms of the amended 2022 Promissory Note. In addition, conversions were made in

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connection with the Company granting the holder additional conversion rights. As a result of the conversions, the 2022 Promissory Note has been paid-in-full.

On August 22, 2023, we entered into a common stock purchase agreement with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC (“Lincoln Park”), which provided that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, we had the right, but not the obligation, to sell to Lincoln Park up to $30.0 million in value of shares of our common stock from time to time over the 24-month term of the purchase agreement. Concurrently with entering into the purchase agreement, we also entered into a registration rights agreement with Lincoln Park pursuant to which the Company agreed to register the sale of the shares of the Company’s common stock that have been issued to Lincoln Park under the purchase agreement. We did not sell any shares to Lincoln Park during 2024. On October 24, 2024, we terminated the common stock purchase agreement with Lincoln Park effective October 25, 2024.

On January 16, 2024, we entered into a definitive securities purchase agreement with certain institutional investors for the purchase and sale of an aggregate of 800,000 shares of our common stock and pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 950,000 shares of our common stock for gross proceeds of approximately $7 million. The holders of the pre-funded warrants have exercised their rights to purchase all of the underlying common stock.

On January 18, 2024, we entered into a definitive securities purchase agreement with certain institutional investors for the purchase and sale of an aggregate of 1,096,000 shares of our common stock and pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 24,000 shares of our common stock for gross proceeds of approximately $5.6 million. The holders of the pre-funded warrants have exercised their rights to purchase all of the underlying common stock.

On February 9, 2024, we consummated a registered public offering of an aggregate of 800,000 shares of our common stock. We entered into securities purchase agreements with certain institutional investors, and as a result of the registered public offering, we raised gross proceeds of approximately $10 million.

On June 4, 2024, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with Canaccord Genuity LLC (“Canaccord”), as representative of certain agents, pursuant to which we were entitled to offer and sell, from time to time, shares of our common stock for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $120 million, through the agents.

On November 1, 2024, we entered into an Amended and Restated Equity Distribution Agreement (amending the June 4, 2024 Equity Distribution Agreement) with Canaccord, and filed a registration statement on Form S-3MEF relating to the Company's existing registration statement on Form S-3 originally filed in 2022, pursuant to which we increased the aggregate amount of shares of our common stock that we were entitled to sell under our at-the-market facility to an aggregate offering price of approximately $171.5 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we sold an aggregate of 12,025,688 shares of our common stock under our At Market Issuance Sales Agreement with Wainwright and Amended and Restated Equity Distribution Agreement with Canaccord for aggregate gross cash proceeds of approximately $104.5 million.

On February 9, 2025, the aforementioned registration statement on Form S-3 expired (including the subsequent registration statement on Form S-3MEF), and as a result, the Amended and Restated Equity Distribution Agreement with Canaccord terminated. Refer to Note 16 “Subsequent Events” of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Although we expect to generate operating losses and negative operating cash flows in the future, based on the financing events described above, management believes it has sufficient cash on hand for at least one year following the filing date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our pace of growth, subscription renewal activity, the timing and extent of spend to support development efforts, additional investments in AI technology and infrastructure, the expansion of sales and marketing activities and the market acceptance of our products and services. We believe that it is likely we will in the future enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in additional companies and assets, technologies, intellectual property rights and digital assets. We may be required to seek additional equity or debt financings. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired and/or on acceptable terms, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming we will continue to operate as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and settlement of liabilities in the ordinary course of business.

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands, except percentages) |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Consolidated statement of cash flows |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash used in operating activities |  | $ | (13,302 | ) |  | $ | (18,435 | )
Net cash provided by investing activities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 15,382 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | $ | 122,342 |  |  | $ | 4,975 |

Operating Activities

Our primary source of cash from operating activities is receipts sales for our various product and service offerings as further described elsewhere in this Annual Report. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are payments to employees for compensation and related expenses, publishers and other vendors for the purchase of digital media inventory and related costs, sales and marketing expenses, general operating expenses and employee and material costs for Lyte Technology, Inc. ("Lyte") in discontinued operations.

We utilized $13.3 million of cash from operating activities during 2024 resulting from a net loss of $10.3 million. The net loss included non-cash charges of $0.9 million, primarily consisting from stock-based compensation offset by a non-cash writeoffs of accounts payable. In addition, changes in our operating assets and liabilities amounted to cash decreases resulting in approximately $3.8 million, mainly attributable to a decrease in accounts payable related to a partial legal settlement as further detailed in the subsection "Litigation" in Note 10, "Commitments and Contingencies" of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and lease liability payments.

We utilized $18.4 million of cash from operating activities during 2023 resulting from a net loss from continuing operations of $41.9 million. The net loss included non-cash charges of $26.9 million, primarily consisting from an impairment of goodwill, amortization of debt issuance costs primarily related to our 2022 Promissory Note, and stock-based compensation, offset by a gain in the sale of our digital assets. In addition, certain changes in our operating assets and liabilities resulted in significant cash decreases as follows: $1.6 million from a combined decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses and lease liability payments, $1.3 million from the discontinued operation of Lyte, as well as $0.4 million from other working capital changes, primarily related to a decrease in deferred revenue. revenue and lease liability payments.

Investing Activities

Our investing activities during 2023 consisted primarily of cash proceeds received for the sales of our digital asset holdings.

Financing Activities

Our financing activities during 2024 consisted of proceeds from sales of our common stock. In 2024, we raised net proceeds of approximately $122.4 million from various sales of our common stock.

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Our financing activities during 2023 consisted of proceeds from sales of our common stock through various financing arrangements, offset by payments on our 2022 Promissory Note and the repurchases of our common stock. We raised net proceeds of approximately $10.5 million from various sales of our common stock. This source of financing was offset by $5.0 million of cash payments on our 2022 Promissory Note and $0.5 million of repurchases of shares of our common stock.

Contractual Obligations

We lease various office facilities, including our corporate headquarters in Austin, Texas under a non-cancellable operating lease agreement that expires September 2027. The terms of the lease agreement provide for rental payments on a graduated basis. We recognize rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease periods. Rent expense under operating leases for our continued operations totaled $0.6 million and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectfully.

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

| Payments due by period |
Contractual obligations | Total |  |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1-3 years |  |  | 3-5 years |  |  | More than 5 years |
Operating lease obligations | $ | 1,014 |  |  | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | 654 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of SEC Regulation S-K, such as the use of unconsolidated subsidiaries, structured finance, special purpose entities or variable interest entities.

Indemnification Agreements

In the ordinary course of business, we provide indemnifications of varying scope and terms to customers, vendors, lessors, business partners and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of breach of such agreements, solutions to be provided by the Company or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with directors and certain current and former officers and employees that will require the Company, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of, or are related to, their status or service as directors, officers or employees.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenues generated and expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

The critical accounting policies requiring estimates, assumptions and judgments that we believe have the most significant impact on our consolidated financial statements are set forth below. For further information on all significant accounting policies, refer to Note 2 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Revenue

We derive our revenue primarily from vertical solution and SDK subscription fees, which include access to our platform, application development and support fees. Revenue is recognized when control of these products or services are transferred to our

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customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services. Our revenue recognition policy follows guidance from Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") No. 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).

We determine revenue recognition through the following five-step framework:

•
Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer;
•
Identification of the performance obligations in the contract or contracts;
•
Determination of the transaction price;
•
Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and
•
Recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation.

Our software subscription and services contracts often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment. When a customer contract consists of licensing, application development and support services, we consider these separate performance obligations, which would require an allocation of consideration. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the contract price is allocated to separate performance obligations on a relative standalone basis for which significant judgment is required. Judgment is required to determine whether a software license is considered distinct and accounted for separately, or not distinct and accounted for together with the software support and services and recognized over time.

Discontinued Operation

On November 1, 2023, we committed to a plan to discontinue and wind down the operations of Lyte, which the Company determined meets the criteria for classification as a discontinued operation in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 205-20, Discontinued Operations. Prior periods were recast so that the basis of presentation is consistent. For additional information, see Note 3, "Discontinued Operation" of the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K..

Recent Accounting Standards

Recent accounting standards applicable to our business are described under the subheading "Recently Adopted Accounting Policies" in Note 2 "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" of the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 7A. Quantitative a nd Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

We are a “smaller reporting company” as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, and as such, we are not required to provide the information required under this Item.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

INDEX TO THE CON SOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB Firm No. 688) | 59
Consolidated Balance Sheets | 60
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss | 61
Consolidated Statements in Changes Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) | 62
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 63
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 64

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of

Phunware, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Phunware, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ equity (deficit) and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, based on our audits, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

/s/ Marcum LLP

Marcum LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.

Houston, Texas

March 31, 2025

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Phunware, Inc.

Consolidated Bala nce Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 112,974 |  |  | $ | 3,934 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $166 and $86 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively |  |  | 276 |  |  |  | 550 |
Digital currencies |  |  | 103 |  |  |  | 75 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 406 |  |  |  | 374 |
Current assets of discontinued operation |  |  | - |  |  |  | 28 |
Total current assets |  |  | 113,759 |  |  |  | 4,961 |
Non-current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 40 |
Right-of-use asset |  |  | 840 |  |  |  | 1,451 |
Other assets |  |  | 158 |  |  |  | 276 |
Total non-current assets |  |  | 1,022 |  |  |  | 1,767 |
Total assets |  | $ | 114,781 |  |  | $ | 6,728 |
Liabilities and stockholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 3,754 |  |  | $ | 7,836 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | 437 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 1,034 |  |  |  | 1,258 |
Lease liability |  |  | 313 |  |  |  | 629 |
Current maturities of debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,936 |
PhunCoin subscription payable |  |  | 1,202 |  |  |  | 1,202 |
Current liabilities of discontinued operation |  |  | - |  |  |  | 205 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 6,451 |  |  |  | 16,503 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 528 |  |  |  | 651 |
Lease liability |  |  | 619 |  |  |  | 1,031 |
Total noncurrent liabilities |  |  | 1,147 |  |  |  | 1,682 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 7,598 |  |  |  | 18,185 |
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 10) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stockholders' equity (deficit) |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 1,000,000,000 shares authorized; 20,166,665 shares issued and 20,156,535 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024; and 3,861,578 shares issued and 3,851,448 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |
Treasury Stock |  |  | (502 | ) |  |  | (502 | )
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 421,003 |  |  |  | 292,467 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | (418 | )
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (313,320 | ) |  |  | (303,004 | )
Total stockholders' equity (deficit) |  |  | 107,183 |  |  |  | (11,457 | )
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity (deficit) |  | $ | 114,781 |  |  | $ | 6,728 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Phunware, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Oper ations and Comprehensive Loss

(In thousands, except share and per share information)

|  |  | Year Ended |
|  |  | December 31, |
|  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Net revenues |  |  | $ | 3,189 |  |  | $ | 4,832 |
Cost of revenues |  |  |  | 1,735 |  |  |  | 3,146 |
Gross profit |  |  |  | 1,454 |  |  |  | 1,686 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales and marketing |  |  |  | 2,605 |  |  |  | 3,329 |
General and administrative |  |  |  | 10,473 |  |  |  | 13,780 |
Research and development |  |  |  | 2,265 |  |  |  | 4,449 |
Impairment of goodwill |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 25,819 |
Total operating expenses |  |  |  | 15,343 |  |  |  | 47,377 |
Operating loss |  |  |  | (13,889 | ) |  |  | (45,691 | )
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  |  |  | (135 | ) |  |  | (1,733 | )
Interest income |  |  |  | 1,732 |  |  |  | - |
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt |  |  |  | 535 |  |  |  | (237 | )
Gain on sale of digital currencies |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,310 |
Other income, net |  |  |  | 1,482 |  |  |  | 436 |
Total other income |  |  |  | 3,614 |  |  |  | 3,776 |
Loss before taxes |  |  |  | (10,275 | ) |  |  | (41,915 | )
Income tax expense |  |  |  | (41 | ) |  |  | (29 | )
Net loss from continuing operations |  |  |  | (10,316 | ) |  |  | (41,944 | )
Net loss from discontinued operation |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (10,841 | )
Net loss |  |  |  | (10,316 | ) |  |  | (52,785 | )
Cumulative translation adjustment |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 54 |
Comprehensive loss |  |  | $ | (10,316 | ) |  | $ | (52,731 | )
Net loss from continuing operations per share, basic and diluted |  |  | $ | (0.94 | ) |  | $ | (17.62 | )
Net loss from discontinued operations per share, basic and diluted |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (4.56 | )
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share, basic & diluted |  |  |  | 10,972,163 |  |  |  | 2,379,972 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Phunware, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)

(In thousands, except share information)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |
| Common Stock |  |  | Treasury stock |  |  | Paid-in |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Stockholders’ |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Deficit |  |  | Loss |  |  | Equity (Deficit) |
Balances as of December 31, 2022 |  |  | 2,063,074 |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 275,572 |  |  | $ | (250,219 | ) |  | $ | (472 | ) |  | $ | 24,881 |
Exercise of stock options, net of vesting of restricted shares |  |  | 1,895 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 58 |
Release of restricted stock |  |  | 99,901 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Issuance of common stock under the 2018 employee stock purchase plan |  |  | 2,019 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 48 |
Issuance of common stock in lieu of consulting fees |  |  | 20,089 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 434 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 434 |
Common stock issued upon conversion of 2022 Promissory Note |  |  | 208,453 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,800 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,800 |
Sales of common stock, net of issuance costs |  |  | 1,466,147 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,476 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,476 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,079 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,079 |
Cumulative translation adjustment |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | 54 |
Treasury stock repurchase |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (10,130 | ) |  |  | (502 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (502 | )
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (52,785 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (52,785 | )
Balances as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 3,861,578 |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | (10,130 | ) |  | $ | (502 | ) |  | $ | 292,467 |  |  | $ | (303,004 | ) |  | $ | (418 | ) |  | $ | (11,457 | )
Release of restricted stock |  |  | 119,765 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Issuance of common stock in lieu of cash bonus and consulting fees |  |  | 11,453 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 35 |
Common stock issued upon conversion of 2022 Promissory Note |  |  | 336,550 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,505 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,505 |
Sales of common stock & exercise of prefunded warrants, net of issuance costs |  |  | 15,695,688 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 122,340 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 122,342 |
Fractional share issuances as a result of reverse stock split |  |  | 141,631 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,656 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,656 |
Loss on disposal of subsidiaries |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 418 |  |  |  | 418 |
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (10,316 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (10,316 | )
Balances as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 20,166,665 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  |  | (10,130 | ) |  | $ | (502 | ) |  | $ | 421,003 |  |  | $ | (313,320 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 107,183 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Phunware, Inc.

Consolidated Sta tements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

|  | Year Ended |
|  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (10,316 | ) |  | $ | (52,785 | )
Net loss from discontinued operation |  |  | - |  |  |  | (10,841 | )
Net loss from continuing operations |  |  | (10,316 | ) |  |  | (41,944 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of digital assets |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,310 | )
(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | (535 | ) |  |  | 237 |
Non-cash writeoff of accounts payable |  |  | (1,403 | ) |  |  | - |
Impairment of goodwill |  |  | - |  |  |  | 25,819 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 1,656 |  |  |  | 4,071 |
Other adjustments |  |  | 1,219 |  |  |  | 2,046 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 130 |  |  |  | 235 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  |  | 86 |  |  |  | 283 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  |  | (2,933 | ) |  |  | (688 | )
Lease liability payments |  |  | (682 | ) |  |  | (959 | )
Deferred revenue |  |  | (347 | ) |  |  | (896 | )
Net cash used in operating activities from continued operations |  |  | (13,125 | ) |  |  | (17,106 | )
Net cash used in operating activities from discontinued operations |  |  | (177 | ) |  |  | (1,329 | )
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (13,302 | ) |  |  | (18,435 | )
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds received from sale of digital currencies |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,390 |
Net cash provided by investing activities - continuing operations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,390 |
Net cash used in investing activities - discontinued operation |  |  | - |  |  |  | (8 | )
Net cash provided by investing activities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,382 |
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Payments on borrowings |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,057 | )
Proceeds from sales of common stock, net of issuance costs |  |  | 122,342 |  |  |  | 10,476 |
Proceeds from exercise of options to purchase common stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | 58 |
Payments on stock repurchases |  |  | - |  |  |  | (502 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 122,342 |  |  |  | 4,975 |
Effect of exchange rate on cash |  |  | - |  |  |  | 57 |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 109,040 |  |  |  | 1,979 |
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period |  |  | 3,934 |  |  |  | 1,955 |
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period |  | $ | 112,974 |  |  | $ | 3,934 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 1,215 |
Income taxes paid |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | - |
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Issuance of common stock upon conversion of the 2022 Promissory Note |  | $ | 4,505 |  |  | $ | 1,800 |
Issuance of common stock for payment of bonuses and consulting fees |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 434 |
Non-cash exchange of digital assets |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 557 |
Issuance of common stock under the 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, previously accrued |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 48 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Phunware, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Fina ncial Statements

(In thousands, except share and per share information)

1. The Company and Basis of Presentation

The Company

Phunware, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”, "we", "us", or "our") offers a fully integrated software platform that equips companies with the products, solutions and services necessary to engage, manage and monetize their anytime, anywhere users worldwide. Our technology is available in a cloud-based prepackaged vertical solution application, Software Development Kit ("SDK") form for organizations developing their own application and customized development services. We also provide advertising services that drive mobile audience building, user acquisition, application discovery, audience engagement and audience monetization. Founded in 2009, we are a Delaware corporation headquartered in Austin, Texas.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), and include the Company’s accounts and those of its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Certain reclassifications to prior year presentation have been made to our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and consolidated statements of cash flows. We have displayed individual line items that we previously considered to be immaterial and combined individual line items that we considered to be immaterial to conform to current year presentation. The reclassifications had no impact on previously reported net loss, and operating, investing or financing activities.

Discontinued Operation

On November 1, 2023, we committed to a plan to discontinue and wind down the operations of Lyte Technology, Inc. ("Lyte"), which the Company determined meets the criteria for classification as a discontinued operation in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 205-20, Discontinued Operations. See Note 3, Discontinued Operation.

Reverse Stock Split

On February 26, 2024, the Company effected a reverse stock split of its common stock at a ratio of one-for-fifty (the "Reverse Stock Split"). The number of authorized shares and par values of the common stock were not adjusted as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. The accompanying financial statements and notes thereto give retrospective effect to the reverse stock split for all periods presented. All issued and outstanding common stock, options, restricted stock units and warrants exercisable for common stock and per share amounts have been retrospectively adjusted.

Nasdaq listing

On April 13, 2023, we received a notice from The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) indicating that the Company was not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Bid Price Requirement”) because the bid price of the Company’s common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market had closed below $1.00 per share for the previous 30 consecutive business days. The notice from Nasdaq stated that, under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we had been provided a period of 180 calendar days, or until October 10, 2023, to regain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement. On October 10, 2023, we submitted a request to Nasdaq for an additional 180-day extension to regain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement. On October 12, 2023, the Company received a letter from Nasdaq advising that the Company had been granted a 180-day extension to April 8, 2024, to regain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement, in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A).

Then, on December 21, 2023, the Company received a letter from Nasdaq notifying the Company that, as of December 20, 2023, the Company's common stock had a closing bid price of $0.10 or less for ten consecutive trading days and that, consistent with

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Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A)(iii), the Nasdaq had determined to delist the Company's common stock from the Nasdaq Capital Market. The notice provided that the Company an opportunity to appeal the Nasdaq's decision to delist the Company's common stock. On December 22, 2023, we submitted a request for a hearing before the Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the "Panel") to appeal the Nasdaq's delisting determination.

As noted above, we effected a reverse stock split in order to regain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement, and on March 12, 2024, we received a letter from Nasdaq notifying us that we demonstrated compliance with the requirements to remain listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, as required by the Panel.

On November 7, 2024, the Company received a letter from Nasdaq notifying the Company that, as a result of the resignation of Stephen Chen from the Company's audit committee effective October 22, 2024, the Company was not in compliance with Nasdaq's audit committee compositions requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605. Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(c)(2)(A), the Company must have an audit committee of at least three members, each of whom must be an independent director as defined under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(a)(2) and meet the criteria for independence set forth in Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") (subject to the exemptions provided in Rule 100A-3(c) under the Exchange Act). With Mr. Chen's resignation, the Company's audit committee was comprised of only two members, Elliot Han and Rahul Mewawalla, each of whom meet the independence requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(a)(2) and Rule 10-A3(b)(1) of the Exchange Act. The letter further provided that, pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(c)(4), the Company was entitled to a cure period to regain compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605. On February 28, 2025, the board of directors of the Company appointed Ms. Quyen Du to the board of directors and audit committee. The board of directors has determined that Ms. Du meets the independence requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(a)(2) and Rule 10-A3(b)(1) of the Exchange Act. After giving effect to Ms. Du's appointment, the audit committee of the board of directors is comprised of three independent members as required by Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(c)(2)(A). On March 6, 2025, the Company received a letter from Nasdaq notifying the Company that this matter was now closed.

On January 10, 2025, the Company received a written notice from Nasdaq notifying the Company that it was not in compliance with the rules for continued listing as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rules 5620(a) and 5810(c)(2)(G) because the Company did not hold an annual meeting of stockholders within 12 months of year-end for the fiscal year ended as of December 31, 2023. Under Nasdaq rules, the Company had 45 days to submit a plan to Nasdaq to regain compliance, and if Nasdaq accepts the Company's plan, Nasdaq can grant an exception of up to 180 calendar days from the fiscal year end, or until June 30, 2025, to regain compliance. On February 14, 2025, the Company submitted a letter to Nasdaq outlining its plan to become compliant with the above continued listing rule and has begun preparations to hold the 2024 annual stockholders meeting in May 2025. As of March 31, 2025, the Company has not received additional notification or feedback from Nasdaq regarding its submitted plan.

There can be no assurance the Company will maintain compliance with the above or any other Nasdaq Listing Rules.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions made by management include, but are not limited to, revenue recognition including estimated timing of the satisfaction of performance obligations, the standalone selling price for our products and services, our various digital asset transactions, stock-based compensation, useful lives of long-lived assets, the recoverability or impairment of tangible and intangible assets, including goodwill, reserves and certain accrued liabilities, the benefit period of deferred commissions, the incremental borrowing rate used in accounting for leases and provision for income taxes. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such differences could be material to the consolidated financial statements.

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Risks and Uncertainties

Regulation governing blockchain technologies, cryptocurrencies, digital assets, digital asset exchanges, utility tokens, security tokens and offerings of digital assets is uncertain, and new regulations or policies may materially adversely affect the development and the value of our tokens and token ecosystem. Regulation of digital assets, like PhunCoin and PhunToken, cryptocurrencies, blockchain technologies and digital asset exchanges, is evolving and likely to continue to evolve. Regulation also varies significantly among international, federal, state and local jurisdictions and is subject to significant uncertainty. Various legislative and executive bodies in the United States and in other countries may in the future adopt laws, regulations, or guidance, or take other actions, which may severely impact the permissibility of tokens generally and the technology behind them or the means of transaction or in transferring them. Any such laws, regulations, guidance or other actions could adversely affect our ability to maintain PhunCoin and PhunToken, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial condition. Failure by us to comply with any such laws and regulations, some of which may not exist yet or are subject to interpretation and may be subject to change, could also result in a material adverse effect on our operations and financial condition.

Revenue Recognition

We follow the guidance of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"). Generally, the provisions of ASC 606 state that revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are generally capable of being distinct, distinct within the context of the contract and accounted for as separate performance obligations.

Our revenue consists of software subscriptions, application development services and support, and in-app advertising.

Software Subscriptions and Services. We derive subscription revenue from software license fees, which comprise subscription fees from customers licensing our vertical solution application and SDKs, which include accessing our platform; application development service revenue from the development of customer applications, or apps, which are built and delivered to customers; and support fees. Our contract terms generally range from one to three years. License fees are typically billed annually in advance and generally recognized ratably over the term of the service period.

Subscription revenue from vertical solution and SDK licenses gives the customer the right to access our platform. In accordance with ASC 606, a ‘right to access’ license is recognized over the license period. Support and maintenance revenue is comprised of support fees for customer applications, software updates and technical support for application development services for a support term. Support revenue is recognized ratably over the support term. We typically bill license subscriptions and support and maintenance annually in advance.

Application development revenue is derived from development services related to the design and build of new applications or enhancing existing applications. We recognize application development revenue upon the transfer of control of the completed application or application development services. We typically bill for application development revenue in advance at contract signing, but may at times, bill one-half in advance at contract execution and one-half upon completion.

When a customer contract consists of licensing, application development and support and maintenance, we consider these separate performance obligations, which would require an allocation of consideration, of which significant judgement is required.

From time to time, we may also provide professional services by outsourcing employees to customers on a time and materials basis. Revenues from these arrangements are recognized as the services are performed. We typically bill professional service customers in the month in which the services are performed.

Advertising Revenue. We also generate revenue by charging advertisers to deliver advertisements (ads) to users of mobile connected devices. We generally sell our ads by cost per thousand impressions and recognize revenue when the ad loads onto the device of a user.

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In the normal course of business, we may act as an intermediary in executing transactions with third parties. The determination of whether revenue should be reported on a gross or net basis is based on an assessment of whether we are acting as the principal or an agent in our transactions with advertisers. Control is a determining factor in assessing principal versus agent relation. The determination of whether we are acting as a principal or an agent in a transaction involves judgment and is based on an evaluation of the terms of each arrangement. ASC 606 provides indicators of when an entity controls specified goods or services and is, therefore, acting as a principal. Based on the indicators of control, we have determined that we are the principal in all advertising arrangements because we are responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified advertisements to advertising agencies or companies; establishing the selling prices of the advertisements sold; and credit risk with its advertising traffic providers. Accordingly, we act as the principal in all advertising arrangements and, therefore, report revenue earned and costs incurred related to these transactions on a gross basis.

PhunToken. During 2021, we announced the commencement of the selling of PhunToken to consumers, developers and brands. PhunToken is an innovative digital asset which is designed to be utilized within our token ecosystem which is under development to help drive engagement by unlocking features and capabilities of our platform. We follow the guidance of ASC 606 in determination the revenue recognition of our PhunToken sales. PhunToken customers pay us at the time of purchase of PhunToken. We recognize revenue related to PhunToken at the time of delivery of PhunToken to a customer's ethereum-based digital wallet. We have no t sold any PhunToken since 2022. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, issued PhunToken were 377.2 million. Total supply of PhunToken is capped at 10 billion.

Contract Balances

The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing for contracts with customers. When the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, we use judgment to determine whether the contract includes a significant financing component requiring adjustment to the transaction price. Various factors are considered in this determination including the duration of the contract, payment terms and other circumstances. Generally, we determine that contracts do not include a significant financing component. We apply a practical expedient for instances where, at contract inception, the expected timing difference between when promised goods or services are transferred and associated payment will be one year or less. Payment terms vary by contract type; however, contracts typically stipulate a requirement for the customer to pay within 30 days.

The transaction price may be allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied or are partially unsatisfied. Amounts relating to remaining performance obligations on non-cancelable contracts include both the deferred revenue balance and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods.

Significant Judgments

When selling our software subscriptions and services, our contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the contract price is allocated to separate performance obligations on a relative standalone basis for which significant judgment is required. Judgment is required to determine whether a software license is considered distinct and accounted for separately, or not distinct and accounted for together with the software support and services and recognized over time. Significant judgment is also required relating to the timing of the satisfaction of performance obligations.

Deferred Commissions

We defer commission costs and amortize them in a manner consistent with how we recognize revenue. Key judgments that impact our commission expense include estimating our customer life and the determination of the impairment of commission assets

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we deem to be unrecoverable. The Company applies a practical expedient and expenses these costs as incurred if the amortization period is one year or less.

Deferred commissions are recorded in prepaid and other current assets in our consolidated balance sheets. Changes in deferred commissions for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Balance, beginning of the year |  | $ | 96 |  |  | $ | 136 |
Deferral of commissions earned |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 22 |
Recognition of commission expense |  |  | (55 | ) |  |  | (62 | )
Balance, end of the year |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 96 |

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Our financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, trade accounts receivable and our digital asset holdings.

Although we limit our exposure to credit loss by depositing our cash with established financial institutions that management believes have good credit ratings and represent minimal risk of loss of principal, our deposits, at times, may exceed federally insured limits.

There is currently no clearing house for our digital assets, including our bitcoin holdings, nor is there a central or major depository for the custody of our digital assets. There is a risk that some or all of our digital asset holdings could be lost or stolen. There can be no assurance that the custodians will maintain adequate insurance or that such coverage will cover losses with respect to our digital asset holdings. Further, transactions denominated in digital assets are irrevocable. Stolen or incorrectly transferred digital assets may be irretrievable. As a result, any incorrectly executed transactions could adversely our financial condition.

Collateral is not required for accounts receivable, and we believe the carrying value approximates fair value. The following table sets forth our concentration of accounts receivable, net of specific allowances for doubtful accounts.

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Customer A |  |  | 8 | % |  |  | 16 | %
Customer B |  |  | 23 | % |  |  | 0 | %
Customer C |  |  | 23 | % |  |  | 0 | %
Customer D |  |  | 13 | % |  |  | 0 | %
Customer E |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 43 | %
Customer F |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 12 | %

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents consist of demand deposits and highly liquid investments, such as money market funds, with original maturities of three months or less, and restricted cash pledged as collateral. The Company had no restricted cash as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Accounts Receivable and Reserves

Accounts receivable are presented net of allowance for credit losses. We consider receivables past due based on the contractual payment terms. We make judgments as to our ability to collect outstanding receivables and record a bad debt allowance for receivables when collection becomes doubtful. The allowances are based upon historical loss patterns, current and prior trends in our aged receivables, credit memo activity and specific circumstances of individual receivable balances. Accounts receivable consisted of the following:

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|  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Accounts receivable |  | $ | 442 |  |  | $ | 636 |
Less: allowances for credit losses |  |  | (166 | ) |  |  | (86 | )
Accounts receivable, net |  | $ | 276 |  |  | $ | 550 |

Changes in the allowance for credit losses are as follows:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 10 |
Provision for credit losses, net of recoveries |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | 86 |
Write offs |  |  | (68 | ) |  |  | (10 | )
Balance, end of year |  | $ | 166 |  |  | $ | 86 |

Goodwill

Goodwill arises from purchase business combinations and is measured as the excess of the cost of the business acquired over the sum of the acquisition-date fair values of tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired, less any liabilities assumed. In accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other, we do not amortize goodwill or intangible assets with indefinite lives but rather assesses their carrying value for indications of impairment annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may be impaired.

In testing goodwill for impairment, we have the option to begin with a qualitative assessment, commonly referred to as “Step 0,” to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit containing goodwill is less than its carrying value. This qualitative assessment may include, but is not limited to, reviewing factors such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, entity-specific financial performance and other events, such as changes in our management, strategy and primary user base. If the Company determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we perform a quantitative goodwill impairment analysis by comparing the carrying amount to the fair value of the reporting unit. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, goodwill will be written down to the fair value and recorded as impairment expense in the consolidated statements of operations. We perform our impairment testing annually and when circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. The Company performed its annual impairment assessment of goodwill as of October 1, 2023, and updated it during the fourth quarter of 2023, and concluded that goodwill was impaired. As a result, the Company's entire goodwill balance was written off during 2023. There was no goodwill recognized or impaired in 2024. Refer to Note 6, Goodwill, for further discussion on our goodwill impairment.

Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets with definite lives are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that an asset’s carrying value may not be recoverable. In accordance with authoritative guidance, we evaluate the recoverability of each of our long-lived assets, including property and equipment, by comparing its carrying amount to the undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated. If the total of undiscounted future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of an asset, an impairment would be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value. Identifiable long-lived assets attributed to the United States and international geographies are based upon the country in which the asset is located or owned. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, all of our identifiable long-lived assets were in the United States.

We recorded an impairment loss on long-lived assets of $0 and $68 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Debt Issuance Costs and Discount

Debt discounts and direct costs incurred to issue non-revolving debt instruments are recognized as a reduction to the related debt balance in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and amortized to interest expense over the contractual term of the related debt using the effective interest method.

Leases

We follow the guidance of ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), in which we recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability for all operating leases with terms greater than twelve months. The lease liability is measured based on the present value of the lease payments not yet paid. The right-of-use asset is measured based on the initial measurement of the lease liability adjusted for any direct costs incurred upon commencement of the lease.

We have elected certain practical expedients permitted under the guidance. We have elected to apply the short-term lease exception for all leases, which we will not recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for leases that, at the commencement date, have a term of twelve (12) months or less. We have also elected not to separate non-lease components from lease components. Lease components generally include rent, taxes and insurance, while non-lease components generally include common area or other maintenance.

We lease our corporate offices under operating leases and determine if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. The initial terms of our real property lease agreements are generally five years and typically allow for renewals in five-year increments. We may, at times, negotiate a shorter lease renewal term. We generally do not account for any renewals at the lease adoption date. We did not enter into any financing leases for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Stock-Based Compensation

Compensation expense related to stock-based transactions, including employee and non-employee director awards, is measured and recognized in the financial statements based on fair value on the grant date of the award. We recognize stock-based compensation expense for awards with only service conditions on a ratable basis over the requisite service period of the related award, generally the vesting period of the award. We have not granted any awards with market or performance conditions. Forfeitures of all stock-based awards are accounted for when they occur.

Research and Development Expense

Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs for our engineering, product, design and quality assurance teams, including stock-based compensation for individuals dedicated to our research and development function. Additionally, research and development expenses include contractor fees. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Retirement Plan

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company offers to eligible employees one employee retirement plan that qualified as a deferred salary arrangement under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Under the retirement plan, participating employees may contribute a portion of their pre and/or post tax earnings, subject to the Internal Revenue Service limitations. No employer matching contributions were made to the retirement plan during the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes ("ASC 740"). Under ASC 740, deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect the future tax consequences of the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using current enacted tax rates. Valuation allowances are recorded when the realizability of such deferred tax assets does not meet the more-likely-than-not threshold under ASC 740.

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Significant judgment is required in determining any valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider all available evidence, including past operating results, estimates of future taxable income and the feasibility of tax planning strategies. In the event of a change in the determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, an adjustment of the valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes will be made in the period in which such determination was made.

The guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute criterion for financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities.

Comprehensive Loss

We apply the guidance in ASC 220, Comprehensive Income, for the reporting and display of comprehensive loss and its components in the consolidated financial statements. Comprehensive loss comprises net loss and cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments. Accumulated comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was due to foreign currency translation adjustments.

Loss per Common Share

Basic loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per common share is computed by giving effect to all potential shares of common stock, including those related to our stock equity plans, to the extent dilutive. For all periods presented, these shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share of common stock because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. As a result, diluted loss per common share is the same as basic loss per common share for all periods presented. The following table sets forth common stock equivalents that have been excluded from the computation of dilutive weighted average shares outstanding as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Options |  |  | 3,690 |  |  |  | 17,125 |
Restricted stock units |  |  | 38,420 |  |  |  | 96,808 |
Total |  |  | 42,110 |  |  |  | 113,933 |

Fair Value Measurements

We follow the guidance in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, to measure certain assets and liabilities on a recurring and nonrecurring basis. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. We use a fair value hierarchy, which distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and an entity's own assumptions (unobservable inputs). The guidance requires fair value measurements be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:

• | Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
• | Level 2: Quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs which are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
• | Level 3: Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity).

The carrying value of accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses and current maturities of debt are considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of those instruments.

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Loss Contingencies

We are subject to the possibility of various loss contingencies arising in the ordinary course of business. We accrue for loss contingencies when it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. If we determine that a loss is possible and the range of the loss can be reasonably determined, then we disclose the range of the possible loss. We regularly evaluate current information available to us to determine whether an accrual is required, an accrual should be adjusted or a range of possible loss should be disclosed. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.

From time to time, we are involved in disputes, litigation and other legal actions. However, there are many uncertainties associated with any litigation, and these actions or other third-party claims against us may cause us to incur substantial settlement charges, which are inherently difficult to estimate and could adversely affect our results of operations. The actual liability in any such matters may be materially different from our estimates, which could result in the need to adjust our liability and record additional expenses.

Smaller Reporting Company

We are a "smaller reporting company" as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, which qualifies the Company for reduced disclosure requirements and, if permitted, additional time to implement new or revised financial accounting standards. Smaller reporting company status is determined on an annual basis.

Segment Reporting

The Company appointed a new interim Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") in October 2024. Our chief operating decision maker ("CODM") is our CEO. Our CEO reviews the financial information by line of business for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. As a result, we have determined we operate in two operating segments. The Company does not allocate general and administrative function expenses across its operating segments.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASU 2016-13"). ASU 2016-13 introduces a model based on expected losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments. In addition, for available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, the losses will be recognized as allowances rather than reductions in the amortized cost of the securities. We adopted this new standard effective January 1, 2023. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815 – 40), (“ASU 2020-06”). ASU 2020-06 simplifies the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity, including convertible instruments and contracts on an entity’s own equity. We adopted ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2024. The adoption of ASU 2020-06 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic ASC 280) Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"). The ASU improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosure about significant segment expenses. The enhancements under this update require disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the CODM and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, require disclosure of other segment items by reportable segment and a description of the composition of other segment items, require annual disclosures under ASC 280 to be provided in interim periods, clarify use of more than one measure of segment profit or loss by the CODM, require that the title of the CODM be disclosed with an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of segment profit or loss to make decisions, and require that entities with a single reportable segment provide all disclosures required by this update and required under ASC 280. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 for the annual period ending December 31, 2024. The adoption of this

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standard only impacted our disclosures, which were made on a retrospective basis, with no impact to our results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-08, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Crypto Assets (Subtopic 350-60): Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets, which requires entities that hold crypto assets to subsequently measure such assets at fair value with changes recognized in net income each reporting period. The guidance also requires crypto assets measured at fair value to be presented separately from other intangible assets on the balance sheet and changes in the fair value measurement of crypto assets to be presented separately on the income statement from changes in the carrying amounts of other intangible assets. The Company implemented this standard during 2024. The Company did not record a cumulative effect adjustment related to the adoption of this standard, as it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 requires entities to disclose specific tax rate reconciliation categories, as well as income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction, amongst other disclosure enhancements. For public entities, ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of the new standard on related disclosures.

3. Discontinued Operation

On November 1, 2023, the Company made the strategic decision to wind down and discontinue the operations of its Lyte reporting segment. The assets and liabilities of Lyte are classified as a discontinued operation and are presented separately in the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2023. We generally completed the wind down of the Lyte operations as of December 31, 2023. Therefore, there was no gain or loss on disposal.

Assets and liabilities of the Lyte discontinued operation included the following:

|  | December 31, 2023 |
Accounts receivable, net |  | $ | 28 |
Current assets of discontinued operation |  |  | 28 |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 183 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 22 |
Current liabilities of discontinued operation |  |  | 205 |

A breakdown of the Lyte discontinued operation in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss are set forth below:

|  | Year ended |
|  | December 31, 2023 |
Net revenues |  | $ | 7,567 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | 8,470 |
Gross profit |  |  | (903 | )
Operating expenses: |  |  |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 812 |
General and administrative |  |  | 1,867 |
Impairment of goodwill and intangible asset |  |  | 7,371 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 10,050 |
Net loss from discontinued operation |  | $ | (10,953 | )

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On March 15, 2022, we entered into a lease agreement, in which we leased approximately 21,830 square feet in Round Rock, Texas. The term of the lease was five years and commenced in July 2022. The lease provided for initial base rent payments of approximately $27 per month, subject to escalations. In addition, we were responsible for payments equal to our proportionate share of operating expenses. During the third quarter of 2022, we recorded a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability of $1,545. In connection with the wind down of Lyte, we entered into a lease termination agreement in which the landlord agreed to terminate the lease for our Lyte facility effective November 30, 2023. We agreed to forfeit our security deposit of approximately $77 and we paid, on November 9, 2023, a termination fee of approximately $120. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded rent expense of $352 related to the Lyte warehouse facility, which is included in discontinued operations in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

4. Revenue

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table sets forth our net revenue by category:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Software subscriptions and services |  | $ | 1,907 |  |  | $ | 3,157 |
Advertising |  |  | 1,282 |  |  |  | 1,675 |
Net revenues |  | $ | 3,189 |  |  | $ | 4,832 |

We generate revenue in domestic and foreign regions and attribute net revenue to individual countries based on the location of the contracting entity. Revenue by geographic location is as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Net revenues |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 3,171 |  |  | $ | 4,267 |
International |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 565 |
Net revenues |  | $ | 3,189 |  |  | $ | 4,832 |

The following table sets forth our concentration of revenue sources as a percentage of total net revenues:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Customer C |  |  | 15 | % |  |  | 14 | %
Customer E |  |  | 9 | % |  |  | 11 | %
Customer F |  |  | 4 | % |  |  | 10 | %
Customer G |  |  | 10 | % |  |  | 0 | %

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue consists of customer billings or payments received in advance of the recognition of revenue under arrangements with customers. We recognize deferred revenue as revenue only when revenue recognition criteria are met. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized revenue of $1,868 that was included in our deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2023. Remaining performance obligations were $5,434 as of December 31, 2024, of which we expect to recognize 30% as revenue over the next 12 months and the remainder thereafter.

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5. Digital Assets

We have ownership of and control over our digital assets and we use third-party custodial services or self-custody solutions to secure them. The digital assets are initially recorded at cost and, upon our adoption of ASU 2023-08, are subsequently remeasured at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in net income in each reporting period.

We determine the fair value of our digital assets in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, based on quoted prices on the active exchange(s) that we have determined is the principal market for bitcoin, ethereum and other digital asset holdings (Level 1 inputs).

Changes in our digital asset holdings for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

|  | Bitcoin |  |  | Ethereum |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 9,460 |  |  | $ | 350 |  |  | $ | 327 |  |  | $ | 10,137 |
Digital assets received |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 68 |
Exchanges of digital assets |  |  | - |  |  |  | 557 |  |  |  | (557 | ) |  |  | - |
Disposal proceeds |  |  | (14,154 | ) |  |  | (1,236 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (15,390 | )
Gain on sale of digital assets |  |  | 4,708 |  |  |  | 381 |  |  |  | 221 |  |  |  | 5,310 |
Impairment expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  | (50 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 75 |
Unrealized change in digital assets |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | (26 | ) |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | 28 |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 103 |

As of December 31, 2024, we held approximately 0.82 Bitcoin and 8.02 Ethereum.

6. Goodwill

We test goodwill for impairment annually, as of the beginning of the fourth quarter, or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the fair value is below its carrying value. The process of evaluating goodwill for potential impairment is subjective and requires significant estimates, assumptions and judgments particularly related to the estimating the fair value of each reporting unit. Subsequent to the shutdown of Lyte, the Company concluded it operated in one reporting unit.

During the fourth quarter of 2023, sufficient impairment indicators were identified by the Company that it was more-likely-than-not that goodwill was impaired, and a quantitative interim goodwill impairment test was performed. These impairment indicators included a sustained decline in the Company's stock price and volume of shares traded during the fourth quarter of 2023, which hindered fundraising. As a result of our 2023 testing, we concluded goodwill was impaired. We recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $25.8 million. As a result of this impairment charge, the Company's goodwill balance was completely written off as of December 31, 2023. The impairment was driven by deterioration of cash flows, as well as higher costs. There was no goodwill recognized or impaired in 2024.

The goodwill impairment analysis referenced above used the discounted cash flow model (income approach) utilizing Level 3 unobservable inputs. Significant assumptions in this analysis included, but were not limited to, future cash flow projections, the weighted average cost of capital, the terminal growth rate and the tax rate. Estimates of future cash flows are based on current regulatory and economic climates, recent operating results, and planned business strategies. These estimates could be negatively affected by changes in federal, state, or local regulations or economic downturns. Future cash flow estimates are, by their nature, subjective and actual results may differ materially from estimates. We believe the assumptions and estimates utilized are both reasonable and appropriate.

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7. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Payroll related expenses |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 15 |
Taxes |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | 110 |
Other |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 312 |
Total accrued expenses |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | 437 |

8. Debt

2022 Promissory Note

On July 6, 2022, we entered into a note purchase agreement and completed the sale of an unsecured promissory note (the "2022 Promissory Note") with an original principal amount of $12,809 in a private placement. The 2022 Promissory Note was sold with an original issue discount of $492 and we paid at closing issuance costs totaling $522. After deducting all transaction fees paid by us at closing, net cash proceeds to the Company at closing were $11,795. No interest was to accrue on the 2022 Promissory Note. Beginning on November 1, 2022, our monthly amortization payment was approximately $1,566, which includes a 10% premium, until the original maturity date of July 1, 2023. We had the right to defer any monthly payment by one month up to twelve times so long as certain conditions, as defined in the 2022 Promissory Note, are satisfied. In the event we exercised the deferral right the outstanding balance would automatically increase by 1.85%.

On March 15, 2023, we elected to defer monthly payment obligations for April, May, June and July 2023, as permitted, at the time, by the 2022 Promissory Note. In connection therewith, we entered into a waiver agreement with the holder waiving the Payment Deferral Conditions, as defined in the 2022 Promissory Note. For agreeing to waive the Payment Deferral Conditions, we agreed to compensate the noteholder an amount equal to 5% of the outstanding balance immediately before entering into the waiver agreement. We evaluated the modification in accordance with the guidance as in ASC 470 - Debt, and we concluded that the modification was not an extinguishment of the original debt; therefore, no gain or loss was recognized upon modification.

On August 14, 2023, we entered into an amendment to the 2022 Promissory Note with the noteholder. The amendment extended the maturity date to May 31, 2024 and provided that effective August 1, 2023, we are required to make monthly amortization payments of at least $800 commencing on August 31, 2023 until the 2022 Promissory Note is paid-in-full. Furthermore, the amendment removed the required payment due on August 1, 2023. We also granted the holder certain limited conversion rights, subject to advance payment and volume conditions. Conversions into shares of our common stock made pursuant to the limited conversion rights will be calculated on a conversion price equal to 90% of the lower of (i) the closing trading price of our common stock on the trading day immediately preceding the date for such conversion or (ii) the average closing trading price of our common stock for the five trading days immediately preceding the date for such conversion. If the holder elects to convert pursuant to the limited conversion option, such conversions will reduce the current month’s monthly amortization payment. Any conversions in any given month in excess of the $800 monthly payment will be applied to reduce the following month's required monthly amortization payment. In connection with the amendment, we agreed to pay an extension fee equal to approximately $708. The amendment also provided that the outstanding balance shall accrue interest at a rate of 8% beginning on August 1, 2023, and payment deferrals are no longer permitted. We evaluated the amendment in accordance with ASC 470 - Debt, and we concluded that the modification was an extinguishment of the original debt. Accordingly, we recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $237 for the year ended December 31, 2023. In accounting for the amendment, we reviewed other applicable guidance and determined the amendment met the criteria to be accounted for as share-settled debt pursuant to ASC 480-10-25-14(a) as the settlement amount is based on a fixed monetary amount settled in a variable number of shares.

Effective December 6, 2023, the Company entered into an acknowledgement and agreement with the noteholder to which the parties (a) memorialized the noteholder's waiver of the Company’s obligations to satisfy minimum balance reduction requirements in cash for each of October 2023 and November 2023 and the minimum balance reduction requirement for December 2024. As consideration for the acknowledgement and agreement, we agreed to pay the noteholder a fee in an aggregate amount equal to 7.5%,

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or approximately $347 of the outstanding balance of the 2022 Promissory Note. The fee was added to the outstanding balance of the 2022 Promissory Note. We evaluated the modification in accordance with the guidance as in ASC 470 - Debt, and we concluded that the modification was not an extinguishment of the original debt; therefore, no gain or loss was recognized upon modification. The 2022 Promissory Note had a balance of $5,011 and debt discount of $75 as of December 31, 2023.

During 2024, we issued 336,500 shares of our common stock to the holder of the 2022 Promissory Note, which amounted to aggregate principal and interest payments in the amount of $4,505. These conversions were made pursuant to the terms of the amended 2022 Promissory Note. In addition, conversions were made in connection with the Company granting the holder additional conversion rights. As a result, the noteholder agreed to waive an aggregate of $535 in principal and accrued interest. As a result of the conversions, the 2022 Promissory Note has been paid-in-full.

Interest Expense

Interest expense amounted to $135 and $1,733 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

9. Leases

As of December 31, 2024, we lease one corporate office located in Austin, Texas with a termination date in September 2027.

On June 3, 2022, we entered into a lease agreement pursuant to which we lease approximately 7,458 square feet in Austin, Texas, which we intend to use as professional office space for our corporate headquarters. The lease commenced on June 10, 2022 and has a term of sixty-four (64) months, with an option to renew the lease for an additional five-year term at the conclusion of the initial term. The lease provided for rent abatement until September 30, 2022. Beginning on October 1, 2022, initial base rent payments are approximately $28 per month, subject to escalations contained therein. In addition, we are responsible for payments equal to our proportionate share of operating expenses, which is currently estimated to be approximately $9 per month, plus electrical and janitorial services, which are to be contracted and paid separately by us. As a result of entering into this lease agreement, we recorded a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability of $1,508 on the commencement date noted above.

On October 4, 2023, we entered into a lease termination agreement with the landlord of our office space in San Diego, California, in which the landlord and us agreed to terminate our lease effective October 31, 2023. We agreed to forfeit our security deposit of approximately $14 and pay an early termination fee in the amount of approximately $68 on October 31, 2023. The lease was originally scheduled to conclude on June 30, 2025.

The weighted-average remaining lease term for our operating leases as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 2.75 years and 3.1 years, respectively. As our leases generally do not include an implicit rate, we compute our incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the lease commencement date applying a rate to each lease. This approach requires significant judgment. We used incremental borrowing rates that match the duration of the remaining lease terms of our operating leases on a fully collateralized basis at the time we enter into the lease to initially measure our lease liability. The weighted average incremental borrowing rate used to measure our lease liability was 5.98% and 9.63% as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

We recognize lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term with variable lease expense recognized in the period in which the costs are incurred. The components of lease expense are included in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Rent expense for continuing operations under operating leases totaled $633 and $827 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Future minimum annual lease payments under the Company’s operating leases are as follows:

Future minimum lease obligations for the years ending December 31, |  | Lease obligations |
2025 |  | $ | 360 |
2026 |  |  | 370 |
2027 |  |  | 284 |
|  | $ | 1,014 |
Less: Portion representing interest |  | $ | (82 | )
Total |  | $ | 932 |

In 2021, we entered into two sublease agreements for our Miami, Florida and Irvine, California office spaces, in which the subtenants will pay us monthly base rent, subject to escalations throughout the term of the sublease. The Miami sublease agreement terminated on June 30, 2023, while the Irvine, California sublease agreement terminated on October 31, 2024. We recognized sublease income of $183 and $254 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

10. Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

On March 30, 2021, Phunware filed an action against its former counsel Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, PC (“WSGR”), which is styled Phunware, Inc., v. Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, Professional Corporation, Does 1-25, Case No. 21CV381517, in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Santa Clara. On July 30, 2021, Phunware filed a second action against WSGR in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Santa Clara, which is styled Phunware, Inc., v. Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, Professional Corporation, Does 1-25, Case No. 21CV386411. The two actions were then removed to arbitration. Phunware sought affirmative relief in these actions, as stated in the complaints, for damages according to proof, interest and costs of suit. WSGR filed crossclaims against Phunware in these actions related to services provided by WSGR to Phunware and sought to recover fees related to the services at issue in these actions and interest. In March 2024, WSGR and Phunware settled their claims in the arbitration proceeding relating to Case No. 21CV381517 and Phunware paid approximately $2,194 of the outstanding amount alleged to be owed by Phunware to WSGR in that proceeding. The Phunware and WSGR claims related to Case No. 21CV386411 remain pending in arbitration and the remaining balance of the payables amount alleged to be owed by Phunware will continue to be arbitrated. On August 16, 2024, the Company and WSGR entered into an agreed stay of that arbitration proceeding, which provides for a mutually agreed upon stay of that proceeding until the earlier to occur of (a) August 30, 2025 (subject to either party's right to move to lift the stay earlier than that date for good cause) and (b) the settlement or issuance of a judgment in the Wild Basin litigation, as more fully described below. The outcome of this proceeding and the related Phunware and WSGR claims is uncertain. There was $2,159 and $4,321 included in the balance of accounts payable in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, relating to these WSGR claims.

On February 18, 2022, certain stockholders filed a lawsuit against Phunware and certain of its prior and then existing individual officers and directors. The case, captioned Wild Basin Investments, LLC, et al. v. Phunware, Inc., et al., was filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (Cause No. 2022-0168-LWW). Plaintiffs allege that they invested in Phunware through various early rounds of financing while the Company was private and that following completion of the business combination transactions resulting in Phunware becoming a public company these stockholders received new shares of Phunware common stock and Phunware warrants that were but should not have been subjected to a 180-day “lock up” period. Plaintiffs also allege that Phunware’s stock price dropped significantly during the lock up period and seek damages, costs and professional fees. On or about October 24, 2024, Plaintiffs, Phunware and individual director and officer defendants entered into a Confidential Settlement Agreement, and on or about October 28, 2024, Phunware, the individual director and officer defendants and the applicable Phunware insurers entered into a Settlement Agreement and Mutual Release (collectively, the “Settlement Agreements”). The Settlement Agreements collectively provide for, among other things, the settlement and release of the Plaintiffs' claims against the individual director and officer defendants, certain agreements between the Plaintiffs and Phunware, including the Plaintiffs' agreement to stay collection of any judgment obtained by the Plaintiffs against Phunware until the settlement or conclusion of the pending WSGR arbitration proceeding. Further, the Settlement Agreements provided for a payment of $2.8 million from the Company’s insurers to the Plaintiffs, as well as a payment of $0.2 million from the insurers to Phunware and the release of the insurers’ subrogation claims

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against Phunware recoveries from WSGR or its insurers in the WSGR arbitration proceeding. Phunware's insurers made the $2.8 million and $0.2 million payments on or about December 4, 2024. The Company recorded the $0.2 million settlement from the insurers in other income in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. The Plaintiffs claims against Phunware in this lawsuit remain in effect. A bench trial occurred in March 2025, and we expect the court to render an order or ruling in the case sometime during the third quarter of 2025. We intend to vigorously defend against the remaining claims in this lawsuit and any appeals. We have not recorded a liability related to this matter because any potential loss is not currently probable or possible to reasonably estimate. Additionally, we cannot presently estimate the range of loss, if any, that may result from this lawsuit.

It is possible that the ultimate resolution of the foregoing matters, or other similar matters, if resolved in a manner unfavorable to us, may be materially adverse to our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

From time to time, we are and may become involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. The outcomes of our legal proceedings are inherently unpredictable, subject to significant uncertainties, and could be material to our operating results and cash flows for a particular reporting period. In addition, for the matters disclosed above that do not include an estimate of the amount of loss or range of losses, such an estimate is not possible, and we may be unable to estimate the possible loss or range of losses that could potentially result from the application of non-monetary remedies.

11. PhunCoin

In June 2018, we launched an offering pursuant to Rule 506(c) of Regulation D as promulgated under the Securities Act of rights to acquire PhunCoin (the "Rights"). In 2019, we commenced an offering of additional Rights to acquire PhunCoin pursuant to Regulation CF promulgated under the Securities Act, which closed May 1, 2019. For both offerings of Rights, we accepted payment in the form of cash and digital assets. The amount of PhunCoin to be issued to the purchaser of Rights is equal to the dollar amount paid by the purchaser divided by the price of the PhunCoin at the time of issuance of the PhunCoin during the launch of the Token Ecosystem (as defined below) before taking into consideration any applicable discount rate, which is based on the time of the purchase.

We received aggregate net cash proceeds from our Rights offerings of $1,202. Proceeds from the Rights are recorded as PhunCoin deposits in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. We currently do not plan to raise additional material proceeds through the sales of PhunCoin Rights.

Issuance of PhunCoin

PhunCoin is expected to be issued to Rights holders the earlier of (i) the launch of our blockchain technology enabled rewards marketplace and data exchange (“Token Ecosystem” or "Token Generation Event"), (ii) one (1) year after the issuance of the Rights to the purchaser or (iii) the date we determine that we have the ability to enforce resale restrictions with respect to PhunCoin pursuant to applicable federal securities laws. Proceeds from the Rights offerings are generally not refundable if the Token Generation Event is not consummated.

We have notified holders of the PhunCoin Rights to request they complete additional information needed for issuance. We are currently reviewing additional requirements required to transfer PhunCoin to the holder of Rights. Our current plan is to transfer PhunCoin to the holders of the Rights in 2025, unless otherwise agreed with any holder. Holders of the Rights may be transferred PhunCoin even if the Token Ecosystem is not yet fully developed. PhunCoin may not be able to be fully utilized until the Token Ecosystem is fully developed.

There can be no assurance as to when (or if) we will be able to successfully issue PhunCoin or complete the development of the Token Ecosystem. The Company is currently developing and assessing multiple aspects of the Token Ecosystem, as well as engaging with trading platforms to support compliant transfer and trading of PhunCoin. The continued adjustment of dates to complete the development of the Token Ecosystem have been and may be adjusted based on user feedback, additional aspects of the Token Ecosystem currently under development and the ability to meet evolving applicable requirements; therefore, a specific development completion date for the Token Ecosystem is difficult to determine at this time, as it is based on many external factors outside of our control.

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Termination of the Token Rights Agreement

Termination of the Token Rights Agreement occurs on the earlier of (i) PhunCoin being issued to the Rights holder pursuant to the provisions noted above, (ii) the payment, or setting aside of payment with respect to a dissolution event (as described below) or (iii) twelve months from the date of the Token Rights Agreement with the Rights holder, which we may extend at our sole discretion for six months if a Token Generation Event has not occurred. Upon termination of the Token Rights Agreement, we have no further obligation to the Rights holder. While the Token Rights Agreement has terminated in accordance with its terms (with respect to all Rights holders), as of the date of this Annual Report, we intend to transfer PhunCoin to the holders of the Rights, unless otherwise agreed with the Rights holder.

Dissolution Event

A dissolution event occurs if there has been (i) a voluntary termination of our operations, (ii) a general assignment for the benefit of creditors, (iii) a change of U.S. laws that make the use or issuance of PhunCoin or the Token Generation Event impractical or unfeasible or (iv) any other liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company.

In the event a dissolution event occurs prior to the termination of the Token Rights Agreement, if there are any remaining proceeds from the Rights offering that have not been utilized by us in our operations or for the development of the Token Ecosystem, such remaining proceeds would be distributed pro rata to purchasers in the Rights offering following any distributions to holders of our capital stock or debt, if any.

No Voting Rights or Profit Share

Rights holders (and eventual PhunCoin holders) have no voting rights and are not entitled to share in the profits or residual interest of Phunware or any subsidiaries of the Company. However, PhunCoin holders will be provided fractional economic interests in the Token Ecosystem, including monthly PhunCoin or other distributions to PhunCoin holders, based on their respective ownership percentage of and other elections with respect to PhunCoin, totaling 2.5% or more of certain Token Ecosystem revenues.

PhunCoin Warrants

In 2018, we issued warrants to receive PhunCoin to sixty-eight (68) stockholders. At the time of issuance, we determined there should be no value assigned to the rights to receive PhunCoin under these warrants issued to the stockholders, for the following reasons: (i) the PhunCoin-related rights in these warrants (x) lacked characteristics of financial instruments and derivatives, and (y) did not obligate us to achieve the Token Generation Event or launch and distribute PhunCoin to the warrant holders and (ii) there was not a market for PhunCoin and they did not exist.

Should we complete a Token Generation Event, the warrant holders would receive their requisite amount of PhunCoin.

12. Stockholders’ Equity

Common Stock

Total common stock authorized to be issued as of December 31, 2024 was 1,000,000,000 shares with a par value of $0.0001 per share. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 20,156,535 and 3,851,448 shares outstanding, respectively.

On February 1, 2022, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 for sale of securities for proceeds in the amount of up to $200 million (File No. 333-262461) (the “Original Registration Statement”). The Original Registration Statement was declared effective February 9, 2022. On November 1, 2024, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 pursuant to Rule 462(b) of the Securities Act (the “462(b) Registration Statement”) which increased the aggregate amount of securities we may offer under the Original Registration Statement by a proposed additional aggregate offering price of approximately $12.4 million, which represents 20% of the maximum aggregate offering price of unsold securities under the Original Registration Statement. Sales of shares of our common stock described below were made pursuant to the aforementioned registration statements.

On January 31, 2022, we entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”), pursuant to which we could offer and sell, from time to time, shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per

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share, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $100 million, through or to Wainwright, as agent or principal. During 2023, we sold 368,707 shares of our common stock under our sales agreement with Wainwright for aggregate gross cash proceeds of $7,393. Transaction costs were $217. We terminated our agreement with Wainwright effective June 3, 2024.

On August 22, 2023, we entered into a common stock purchase agreement with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC (“Lincoln Park”), which provided that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, we had the right, but not the obligation, to sell to Lincoln Park up to $30 million in value of shares of our common stock from time to time over the 24-month term of the purchase agreement. During 2023, we sold 164,106 shares of our common stock, including certain commitment shares issued to Lincoln Park in connection with the transaction, for aggregate gross cash proceeds of $978. Transaction costs were $97. We did not sell any shares of our common stock to Lincoln Park, during 2024. On October 24, 2024, we terminated the common stock purchase agreement with Lincoln Park effective October 25, 2024.

On December 11, 2023, we consummated a registered public offering of an aggregate of 664,307 shares of our common stock and pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 269,027 shares of our common stock pursuant to a securities purchase agreement dated December 7, 2023. The gross proceeds from the offering, before deducting the placement agent's fees and other offering expenses payable by the Company, were approximately $2,800. Transaction costs were approximately $389. The holders of pre-funded warrants exercised their rights to purchase 269,027 shares of common stock in December 2023.

In a series of offerings during the first quarter of 2024, we sold an aggregate of 2,696,000 shares of our common stock and issued pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 974,000 shares of our common stock. The aggregate gross proceeds from the offerings were $22.6 million. Aggregate transaction costs, including placement agent fees, were approximately $1.9 million. The holders of the pre-funded warrants exercised their rights to purchase all 974,000 shares of our common stock.

On June 4, 2024, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with Canaccord Genuity LLC (“Canaccord”), as representative of certain agents, pursuant to which we could offer and sell, from time to time, shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $120 million, through the agents. Additionally, on November 1, 2024, we entered into an Amended and Restated Equity Distribution Agreement with Canaccord, as representative of certain agents, pursuant to which we increased the aggregate amount of shares of our common stock that we may sell under our at-the-market facility to an aggregate offering price of approximately $171.5 million.

During 2024, we sold an aggregate of 12,025,688 shares of our common stock under our Sales Agreement with Wainwright and Equity Distribution Agreement with Canaccord for aggregate gross cash proceeds of $104.5 million. Transaction costs were $2.9 million.

Stock Repurchase Plan

On January 5, 2023, our board of directors authorized and approved a stock repurchase program for the repurchase of outstanding shares of our common stock with an aggregate value of up to $5,000. The authorization permits us to repurchase shares of our common stock from time-to-time through open market repurchases at prevailing market prices, in accordance with federal securities laws. The stock repurchase plan is expected to be completed over the next twelve (12) months and may be amended or terminated at any time, in the sole discretion of the board. The exact means, number and timing of stock repurchases depend on market conditions, applicable legal requirements and other factors, and have been funded through the liquidation of our bitcoin holdings. During 2023, we repurchased 10,130 shares of our common stock at an aggregate repurchase price of $502.

Dividends

Dividends are paid on a when-and-if-declared basis. We did not declare any dividends during 2024 or 2023.

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13. Stock-Based Compensation

A summary of our various equity incentive plans is set forth below:

2023 Inducement Plans

During 2023, our board of directors adopted two inducement plans; the Phunware, Inc. 2023B Inducement Plan and the 2023 Inducement Plan (collectively, the "2023 Inducement Plans"). As permitted by Nasdaq Stock Market rules, our stockholders were not required to approve the 2023 Inducement Plans. The plans collectively provide of up to 24,000 shares of our common stock under awards granted to newly hired employees. An "award" is any right to receive common stock of the Company consisting of nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards or restricted stock units.

On June 30, 2023, we made an inducement grant to a newly hired officer of the Company of 12,000 restricted stock units under the 2023 Inducement Plan with a grant date fair value of $27.00 per share. One-third of the restricted stock units vested on June 3, 2024. The executive resigned in November 2024. The balance of unvested restricted stock units were returned to the plan to be made available for future grants. Any future vesting of shares will be delivered electronically to the holder shortly after each vesting date.

On November 10, 2023, we made an inducement grant to a newly hired officer of the Company of 12,000 restricted stock units under the 2023B Inducement Plan with a grant date fair value of $7.30 per share. The restricted stock units vested on February 23, 2024 and were delivered electronically to the holder shortly after the vest date.

2022 Inducement Plan

Our board of directors adopted the Phunware, Inc. 2022 Inducement Plan (the "2022 Inducement Plan") in January 2023. As permitted by Nasdaq Stock Market rules, our stockholders were not required to approve the 2022 Inducement Plan. The plan provides of up to 29,412 shares of our common stock under awards granted to newly hired employees. An "award" is any right to receive common stock of the Company consisting of nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards or restricted stock units.

In January 2023, we made an inducement grant to a newly hired officer of the Company of 29,412 restricted stock units under the 2022 Inducement Plan with a grant date fair value of $43.50 per share. One-third, or 9,804, of the restricted stock units was scheduled to vest on December 28, 2023 and the remainder in equal installments over eight quarterly periods beginning on March 31, 2024 with the final vesting date occurring on December 28, 2025. On October 25, 2023, we entered into a separation agreement with the executive, pursuant to which the vesting of this grant was modified such that 10,000 restricted stock units vested on October 25, 2023 and 10,000 restricted stock units vested on November 30, 2023. The balance of unvested restricted stock units were returned to the plan to be made available for future grants. Any future vesting of shares will be delivered electronically to the holder shortly after each vesting date.

2018 Equity Incentive Plan

In 2018, our board of directors adopted, and our stockholders approved, the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2018 Plan”). The purposes of the 2018 Plan are to attract and retain the best available personnel for positions of substantial responsibility, to provide additional incentives to employees, directors and consultants who perform services for the Company, and to promote the success of our business. These incentives are provided through the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units and performance shares. Shares will be delivered electronically to the holder shortly after exercise or vest date pursuant to an effective registration statement.

The number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2018 Plan will also include an annual increase on the first day of each fiscal year, equal to the lesser of 5% of the outstanding shares of common stock on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year or such other amount as our board of directors may determine.

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2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Also, in 2018, our board of directors adopted, and our stockholders approved, the 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2018 ESPP”). The purpose of the 2018 ESPP is to provide eligible employees with an opportunity to purchase shares of our common stock at a discount through accumulated contributions generally in the form of payroll deductions of up to 15% of eligible compensation, subject to caps of $25 in any calendar year and 80 shares on any purchase date. The 2018 ESPP provides for 24-month offering periods, generally beginning in June and December of each year, and each offering period consists of four six-month purchase periods. The first purchase under the 2018 ESPP was in December 2021. Participation ends automatically upon termination of employment with the Company.

On each purchase date, participating employees will purchase shares of our common stock at price per share equal to 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of our common stock on (i) the first trading day of the applicable offering period and (ii) the last trading day of each purchase period in the applicable offering period. If the price per share of our common stock on any purchase date in the offering period is lower than the stock price on the enrollment date of that offering period, the offering period will immediately reset after the purchase of shares on such purchase date and automatically roll into a new offering period. Shares will be delivered electronically to the participant shortly after the purchase date pursuant to an effective registration statement.

We use a Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of shares to be purchased under the 2018 ESPP.

The number of shares of common stock that may be made available for sale under the 2018 ESPP also includes an annual increase on the first day of each fiscal year beginning for the fiscal year following the fiscal year in which the first enrollment date (if any) occurs equal to the lesser of (i) 16,377 shares of common stock; (ii) 1.5% of the outstanding shares of common stock on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year; or such other amount as the administrator may determine.

2009 Equity Incentive Plan

In 2009, we adopted the 2009 Plan (the "2009 Plan"), which allowed for the granting of incentive and non-statutory stock options, as defined by the Internal Revenue Code, to employees, directors and consultants. The exercise price of the options granted was generally equal to the value of our common stock on the date of grant, as determined by our board of directors. The awards are exercisable and vested, generally over four years, in accordance with each option agreement. The term of each option is no more than ten years from the date of the grant. The 2009 Plan allowed for options to be immediately exercisable, subject to the Company’s right of repurchase for unvested shares at the original exercise price. There were no unvested shares subject to repurchase provisions outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Upon exercise, shares will be delivered electronically to the holder pursuant to an effective registration statement. Effective with the adoption of the 2018 Plan, no additional grants will be made under the 2009 Plan.

Restricted Stock Units

A summary of our restricted stock unit activity is set forth below:

|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 96,808 |  |  | $ | 25.21 |
Granted |  |  | 84,089 |  |  |  | 5.63 |
Released |  |  | (131,226 | ) |  |  | 13.40 |
Forfeited |  |  | (11,251 | ) |  |  | 24.18 |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 38,420 |  |  | $ | 23.01 |

During the first quarter of 2023, we granted 38,420 restricted stock unit awards to team members with an average grant date fair value of $46.00 per share. The vesting provisions were generally such that one-third of the awards vested immediately with the remaining vesting at various dates through November 2024. We also granted 7,454 restricted stock unit awards to members of our team in lieu of cash bonus earned during 2023 with a grant date fair value of $46.50. These awards vested immediately.

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During the second quarter of 2023, we granted 6,460 restricted stock unit awards to team members with an average grant date fair value of $30.00 per share. The vesting of these awards occurs at various dates through May 2027.

During the third quarter of 2023, we granted 70,660 restricted stock unit awards to team members with an average grant date fair value of $14.00 per share. The vesting of these awards occurs at three equal installments on August 1, 2023, August 1, 2024 and August 1, 2025. We also granted 1,234 restricted stock units to a consultant. Those restricted stock units vested in full at August 31, 2023.

During the fourth quarter of 2023, we granted 18,000 restricted stock units to an executive officer with a grant date fair value of $7.315 per share. The vesting of this award was such that 10,000 restricted stock units vested upon grant, 4,000 restricted stock units vested each of November 30, 2023 and January 12, 2024. We also granted 13,320 restricted stock units to a consultant and board member in lieu of cash payments with an average grant date fair value of $6.85 per share. Those restricted stock units vested immediately.

During 2024, we granted 84,089 restricted stock units to board members and external consultants with an average grant date fair value of $5.63. Each of the restricted stock unit grants vested immediately.

The restricted stock unit grants were valued based on the fair value of our common stock on the date of grant.

Stock Options

A summary of our stock option activity under the 2018 Plan and related information is as follows:

|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 2,500 |  |  | $ | 56.89 |  |  |  | 4.19 |  |  | $ | — |
Granted |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cancelled/Expired |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 2,500 |  |  | $ | 56.89 |  |  |  | 3.19 |  |  | $ | — |
Exercisable as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 2,500 |  |  | $ | 56.89 |  |  |  | 3.19 |  |  | $ | — |

A summary of our stock option activity under the 2009 Plan and related information is set forth below:

|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 14,625 |  |  | $ | 39.67 |  |  |  | 2.94 |  |  | $ | — |
Granted |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cancelled/Expired |  |  | (13,435 | ) |  |  | 35.07 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 1,190 |  |  | $ | 91.64 |  |  |  | 2.50 |  |  | $ | — |
Exercisable as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 1,190 |  |  | $ | 91.61 |  |  |  | 2.50 |  |  | $ | — |

During 2023, we granted an option to purchase 1,500 shares of our common stock to a non-employee consultant with an exercise price of $38.15 per share. The option fully vested in 2023. We have historically used the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of our stock option awards. The total fair value for options vested for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $6. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised was $16 for the year ended December 31, 2023, and is calculated based on the

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difference between the estimated fair value of our common stock based on our stock price trading price on the Nasdaq Capital Market at the date of exercise and the exercise price.

Shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2018 Plan also will include any shares of common stock subject to stock options, restricted stock units or similar awards granted under the the 2009 Plan, that, on or after the adoption of the 2018 Plan, expire or otherwise terminate without having been exercised in full and shares of common stock issued pursuant to awards granted under the 2009 Plan that are forfeited to or repurchased by us. As of December 31, 2024, the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be added to the 2018 Plan pursuant to the foregoing is 1,190. Not including the maximum number of shares from the 2009 Plan that may be added to the 2018 Plan, the 2018 Plan had 220,006 and 86,837 shares of common stock reserved for future issuances as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The 2018 ESPP had 46,791 and 30,415 shares of common stock available for sale and reserved for issuance as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Stock-Based Compensation

Compensation cost that has been included in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for all stock-based compensation arrangements is set forth below:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
Stock-based compensation |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Cost of revenues |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 447 |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 135 |
General and administrative |  |  | 1,341 |  |  |  | 3,294 |
Research and development |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 195 |
Total stock-based compensation |  | $ | 1,656 |  |  | $ | 4,071 |

As of December 31, 2024, there was approximately $677 total unrecognized compensation cost related to our stock benefit plans. These unrecognized compensation costs are expected to be recognized over an estimated weighted-average period of approximately 1.55 years.

14. Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences in future years for differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each year-end based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. Income tax expense is the combination of the tax payable for the year and the change during the year in deferred tax assets and liabilities.

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had net losses from continuing operations before income taxes of $10,275 and $41,915, respectively. We had net losses from a discontinued operation of $10,841 for the year ended December 31, 2023.

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The difference between income taxes expected at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21% and the reported income tax expense (benefit) are summarized as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Income tax (benefit) at statutory rate (continuing operations) |  | $ | (2,156 | ) |  | $ | (8,800 | )
Income tax (benefit) at statutory rate (discontinued operation) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,277 | )
Valuation allowance |  |  | 1,930 |  |  |  | 6,319 |
State income tax (benefit), net of federal benefit |  |  | 464 |  |  |  | (1,289 | )
Business tax credit net of reserves |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 91 |
Non-deductible expenses (continuing operations) |  |  | (194 | ) |  |  | 4,840 |
Non-deductible expenses (discontinued operation) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,123 |
Foreign income taxes at different rate |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 29 |
Effective tax rate |  |  | (0.41 | )% |  |  | (0.05 | )%

The provision expense for income taxes consist of the following:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |
State |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 29 |
Total current |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 29 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |
Total deferred |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total income tax (benefit) expense |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 29 |

The components of net deferred income taxes consist of the following:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net operating loss |  | $ | 60,925 |  |  | $ | 58,913 |
Unrealized loss on digital assets |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | 104 |
Tax credits |  |  | 1,593 |  |  |  | 1,940 |
Reserves and accruals |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 62 |
Leases - lease liability |  |  | 226 |  |  |  | 430 |
Amortization of acquired intangibles |  |  | 4,080 |  |  |  | 4,726 |
Other deferred tax assets |  |  | 490 |  |  |  | 603 |
Gross deferred tax assets |  |  | 67,458 |  |  |  | 66,778 |
Less valuation allowance |  |  | (67,072 | ) |  |  | (65,375 | )
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 386 |  |  |  | 1,403 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Leases - right of use asset |  |  | (204 | ) |  |  | (376 | )
Other deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (182 | ) |  |  | (1,027 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (386 | ) |  |  | (1,403 | )
Net deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |

As of December 31, 2024, we had net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards of $247,785 and $236,697 for federal and state income tax purposes, respectively. The federal net operating losses of $85,674 which were generated in tax years beginning before January 1, 2018, will begin to expire in 2030 if not utilized. The balance of the net operating losses, $162,111 do not expire. The state net operating losses expire at various times depending on the state with a majority beginning to expire in 2030 if not utilized.

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As of December 31, 2024, we had research and development ("R&D") credit carryforwards of approximately $2,286 and $1,622 for federal and state income tax purposes, respectively. The federal and Texas R&D credits will begin to expire in 2034, unless previously utilized. California R&D credits carry forward indefinitely.

Utilization of the NOL and tax credit carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to ownership change limitations that may have occurred or that could occur in the future, as required by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), as well as similar state and foreign provisions. These ownership changes may limit the amount of NOL and tax credit carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income. In general, an “ownership change” as defined by Section 382 of the Code results from a transaction or series of transactions over a three-year period resulting in an ownership change of more than fifty (50) percentage points of the outstanding stock of a company by certain stockholders.

As of December 31, 2024, we had not yet completed an analysis of the deferred tax assets for its NOL and tax credits. The future utilization of our net operating loss to offset future taxable income may be subject to an annual limitation under IRC Section 382 as a result of ownership changes that may have occurred previously or that could occur in the future. We have not yet determined whether such an ownership change has occurred. In order to make this determination, we will need to complete an analysis regarding the limitation of the net operating loss.

We have established a full valuation allowance for our deferred tax assets due to uncertainties that preclude us from determining that it is more likely than not that we will be able to generate sufficient taxable income to realize such assets. We monitor positive and negative factors that may arise in the future as we assess the need for a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we have a valuation allowance of $67,072 and $65,375, respectively, against our deferred tax assets.

The technical merits of a tax position derive from both statutory and judicial authority (legislation and statutes, legislative intent, regulations, rulings and case law) and their applicability to the facts and circumstances of the tax position. If a tax position does not meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the benefit of that position is not recognized in the financial statements. The second step is measurement. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the financial statements. The tax position is measured as the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution with a taxing authority.

Uncertain tax positions are evaluated based upon the facts and circumstances that exist at each reporting period. Subsequent changes in judgment based upon new information may lead to changes in recognition, de-recognition, and measurement. Adjustments may result, for example, upon resolution of an issue with the taxing authorities, or expiration of a statute of limitations barring an assessment for an issue.

The following is a tabular reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of period |  | $ | 1,757 |  |  | $ | 1,757 |
Tax positions taken in prior periods: |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross increases |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Gross decreases |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Tax positions taken in current period: |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross increases |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Settlements |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Lapse of statute of limitations |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Unrecognized tax benefits, end of period |  | $ | 1,757 |  |  | $ | 1,757 |

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Our practice is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. We have no accrual for interest and penalties on the consolidated balance sheets and has no t recognized interest and/or penalties in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

We are subject to taxation in the United States and various state jurisdictions. Our tax years from inception are subject to examination by the United States and state taxing authorities due to the carryforward of unutilized NOLs.

We have ownership interest in controlled foreign corporations. During 2024, we analyzed the potential impact of the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income and the Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse Tax provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act signed into law in 2017. Based on the foreign subsidiaries' tax position, we will not incur any impact relating to these two provisions.

The CARES Act was enacted in the United States on March 27, 2020. The CARES Act includes several U.S. income tax provisions related to, among other things, net operating loss carrybacks, alternative minimum tax credits, modifications to the net interest deduction limitations and technical amendments regarding the income tax depreciation of qualified improvement property placed in service after December 31, 2017. The CARES Act did not have a material impact on our financial results for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (the "Act") was enacted in the United States on December 27, 2020. The Act enhances and expands certain provisions of the CARES Act. The Act did not have a material impact on our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

15. Segment Reporting

Business segments are components of an enterprise about which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the CODM to assess operating performance and allocate resources. Our CODM is our CEO. Our operations are organized by management into operating segments by line of business. The CODM evaluates performance and allocates resources based on the segment operating income (loss) of the operating segments. The Company does not allocate its general and administrative expense function across its operating segments. We have two reportable segments: (i) software subscriptions and services and (ii) advertising. No segment-level asset information has been disclosed as our CODM does not review asset information by segment.

Reportable segment information for the year ended December 31, 2024, including significant expenses, is set forth below:

|  | Software Subscriptions & Services |  |  | Advertising |  |  | General & Administrative |  |  | Year ended December 31, 2024 |
Net revenues |  | $ | 1,907 |  |  | $ | 1,282 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,189 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | 1,270 |  |  |  | 465 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,735 |
Gross profit |  |  | 637 |  |  |  | 817 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,454 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation |  |  | 2,960 |  |  |  | 498 |  |  |  | 2,142 |  |  |  | 5,600 |
Consulting and professional fees |  |  | 691 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,533 |  |  |  | 5,224 |
Facilities and insurance |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 1,642 |  |  |  | 1,681 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 135 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,342 |  |  |  | 1,477 |
Other segment expenses(1) |  |  | 539 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 814 |  |  |  | 1,361 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 4,359 |  |  |  | 511 |  |  |  | 10,473 |  |  |  | 15,343 |
Operating loss |  |  | (3,722 | ) |  |  | 306 |  |  |  | (10,473 | ) |  |  | (13,889 | )
Other income (expense) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,614 |  |  |  | 3,614 |
Net income (loss) from continued operations before taxes |  | $ | (3,722 | ) |  | $ | 306 |  |  | $ | (6,859 | ) |  | $ | (10,275 | )

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Reportable segment information for the year ended December 31, 2023, including significant expenses, is set forth below:

|  | Software Subscriptions & Services |  |  | Advertising |  |  | General & Administrative |  |  | Year ended December 31, 2023 |
Net revenues |  | $ | 3,157 |  |  | $ | 1,675 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 4,832 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | 2,468 |  |  |  | 678 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,146 |
Gross profit |  |  | 689 |  |  |  | 997 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,686 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation |  |  | 5,691 |  |  |  | 661 |  |  |  | 3,678 |  |  |  | 10,030 |
Consulting and professional fees |  |  | 235 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 3,694 |  |  |  | 3,930 |
Facilities and insurance |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,121 |  |  |  | 2,125 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 365 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,140 |  |  |  | 3,505 |
Impairment of goodwill |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 25,819 |  |  |  | 25,819 |
Other segment expenses(1) |  |  | 792 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 1,148 |  |  |  | 1,968 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 7,087 |  |  |  | 690 |  |  |  | 39,600 |  |  |  | 47,377 |
Operating loss |  |  | (6,398 | ) |  |  | 307 |  |  |  | (39,600 | ) |  |  | (45,691 | )
Other income (expense) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,776 |  |  |  | 3,776 |
Net income (loss) from continued operations before taxes |  | $ | (6,398 | ) |  | $ | 307 |  |  | $ | (35,824 | ) |  | $ | (41,915 | )

(1)
Other segment expenses represent marketing, information technology related expenses, travel and other general operating expenses.

16. Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date the financial statements were issued.

Equity Financings

We sold an additional 14,210 shares of our common stock under our Amended and Restated Equity Distribution Agreement with Canaccord, as amended, for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $82. Transaction costs were not significant.

On February 9, 2025, the Original Registration Statement and the 462(b) Registration Statement expired and the Amended and Restated Equity Distribution Agreement with Canaccord terminated.

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Item 9. Changes in and Dis agreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. C ontrols and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Certifying Officers (as defined below), or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (together, the “Certifying Officers”), we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2024. Based on the foregoing, our Certifying Officers concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2024.

Management’s Report on Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Certifying Officers, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission for newly public companies (COSO). Based on this evaluation and the material weaknesses described below, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2024.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

As previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, management identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting related to the design of information technology general controls ("ITGCs") related to user access, program change and appropriate segregation of duties for certain IT applications. We implemented additional ITGCs to manage user access and program changes across our key systems; however, the Company needs more time to fully remediate this material weakness.

Additionally, in 2023, as a result of cost cutting measures and headcount turnover in our accounting function, management identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting as business process controls across the Company’s financial reporting processes were not effectively designed and implemented due to a lack of segregation of duties between preparer and reviewer. During 2024, the Company began implementing additional review controls to ensure proper segregation of duties in our financial reporting processes. However, the Company's Chief Financial Officer departed the Company on November 30, 2024. This resulted in a delay in the completion of the implementation of our remediation plan. The Company is actively searching for potential candidates to fill the Chief Financial Officer vacancy.

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Management believes that the remediation measures described above, if successfully implemented, will strengthen our internal control over financial reporting and remediate the material weaknesses we have identified. However, the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not be considered remediated until the new controls are fully implemented, in operation for a sufficient period of time, tested and concluded by management to be designed and operating effectively.

Management is committed to continuous improvement of our internal control over financial reporting and will continue to diligently review our financial reporting controls and procedures. However, we cannot provide any assurance that these remediation efforts will be successful or that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective as a result of these efforts. Management will test, evaluate and audit the implementation of these new internal controls to ascertain whether they are designed and operating effectively to provide reasonable assurance that they will prevent or detect a material error in the Company’s financial statements.

Management will seek to update current processes and/or provide sufficient resources toward the proper mitigation of these material control weaknesses. Management is committed to continuous improvement of our internal control over financial reporting and will continue to diligently review our financial reporting controls and procedures. However, we cannot provide any assurance that these remediation efforts will be successful or that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective as a result of these efforts.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Except as set forth above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in conjunction with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Limitation on the Effectiveness of Controls

Our management, including our Certifying Officers, do not expect that our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Item 9B. Other Info rmation.

None.

Item 9C. Disclosur e Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not Applicable.

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PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

The following table sets forth the current ages and the names and positions of our directors and executive officers as of December 31, 2024:

Name |  | Age |  |  | Position
Executive Officers |  |  |  |  |
Stephen Chen |  |  | 42 |  |  | Interim Chief Executive Officer and Class I Director
Chris Olive |  |  | 55 |  |  | Chief Legal Officer
Non-Employee Directors |  |  |  |  |
Elliot Han(1)(2)(3) |  |  | 48 |  |  | Class II Director
Rahul Mewawalla(1)(2)(3) |  |  | 46 |  |  | Class I Director, Chairperson

(2)
Member of the Audit Committee
(3)
Member of the Compensation Committee
(4)
Member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Ms. Quyen Du, age 49, was appointed as a Class III non-employee director and member of the Company's Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee on February 28, 2025.

Executive Officers and Significant Employees

Each of our executive officers serves at the discretion of our board of directors (the "Board") and will hold office until his or her successor is duly appointed and qualified or until his or her earlier resignation or removal. The following biographical descriptions set forth certain information with respect to our executive officers based on information furnished to us by each such officer.

Stephen Chen was elected to serve as a non-employee Class I director in November 2022. Upon the resignation of Michael Snavely, our then Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Chen was appointed to serve as our Interim Chief Executive Officer in October 2024. Since July 2016, Mr. Chen has served as chief financial officer of Kent Moore Capital, an investment and advisory firm focused on specialty finance, where he also currently sits on the board of directors. Also, since 2016, Mr. Chen has served as chief financial officer of BioIntegrate, a regenerative medicine company. Mr. Chen has been involved in blockchain related projects since 2018, and, in 2021, he co-founded IHBit Global, a diversified blockchain holding company with assets including a crypto exchange, token project, an electronic sports team and a basketball team. From 2012 to 2016, Mr. Chen was a director for Hudson International, a global private investment firm. From 2008 to 2012, he led the emerging markets investment banking team at Oppenheimer Investments North America. Prior to joining Oppenheimer, Mr. Chen was a Vice President at J.P. Morgan. Mr. Chen has a B.S. degree from Brown University.

We believe Mr. Chen is qualified to serve as a member of our Board because of his expertise in financial services and technology, including blockchain.

Chris Olive joined Phunware in April 2022 as Chief Legal Officer. Prior to his tenure at Phunware, Mr. Olive was a partner at Bracewell LLP in Dallas, Texas, from 2006 to 2022. Mr. Olive brings to Phunware diverse transactional and regulatory experience, based upon his representation of clients in various capacities in, among other things, complex, bespoke and customized credit facilities, structured financings, swaps and derivatives, insurance finance, corporate acquisitions, financial instrument and commodity purchase and sale and repurchase transactions and related banking, financial and other regulatory matters. He has also served as an associate at Jones Day and served in the United States Army Judge Advocate General’s Corps. Mr. Olive has a BBA in Finance with honors from the University of Miami, a JD from the Southern Methodist University School of Law and an LLM in Banking & Finance Law with distinction from the University of London.

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Non-Employee Directors

The following biographical descriptions set forth certain information with respect our non-employee directors based on information furnished to us by each such director.

Rahul Mewawalla was appointed to serve as a non-employee Class I director of Phunware in September 2021. Mr. Mewawalla is a technology, digital, product, and business leader with extensive strategic and operational leadership experience with enterprise and consumer companies across technology, internet, artificial intelligence, computing, telecom, financial services, and digital markets. He has held several executive leadership roles, and currently serves as Chief Executive Officer and President of a NASDAQ-listed publicly traded technology and digital infrastructure company, Mawson Infrastructure Group Inc. He previously served as Chief Executive Officer and President of Xpanse Inc., a technology, software, and fintech company from 2020 to 2021, as Chief Digital Officer and Executive Vice President, Platforms and Technology Businesses at Freedom Mortgage Corporation, a financial services company from 2020 to 2021, as Chief Executive Officer and President at Zenplace Inc., a technology platforms and software company from 2014 to 2020, as Vice President at Nokia Corporation, a global technology and telecommunications company from 2010 to 2012, as Vice President at General Electric Company’s NBCUniversal, a global media, platforms, and diversified company from 2008 to 2010, and as Senior Director at Yahoo! Inc., a global internet and technology company from 2005 to 2008. Mr. Mewawalla has served as a board director with numerous NASDAQ-listed public companies, including as Chairman of the Board, Board Committee Chairman, Chairman of the Audit Committee, Chairman of the Compensation Committee, Nominating and Governance Committee Member, Special Committee Member, Strategic Transactions Committee Member and Board Director at publicly traded companies, including at Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory Inc (Nasdaq: RMCF), Lion Group Holding (Nasdaq: LGHL), Aquarius II Acquisition Corporation (Nasdaq: AQUB), Four Leaf Acquisition Corporation (Nasdaq: FORL) and Mawson Infrastructure Group, Inc. (Nasdaq: MIGI). Mr. Mewawalla also served as an independent board director at SOS Children’s Villages USA. He has also served as Senior Advisor to the San Francisco Mayor’s Office on Innovation, as Advisor to Stanford University's Persuasive Technology Lab, and as Committee Chair of the VC TaskForce SIG on Systems and Services. Mr. Mewawalla earned an MBA from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University and a BBS from the University of Delhi.

We believe Mr. Mewawalla’s extensive technology, products, and platforms expertise as well as his executive strategic and operational leadership experience including having served as a public company CEO, public company Chairman, and as a public company board director at numerous NASDAQ-listed companies, qualify him to serve as a director of the Company.

Elliot Han was appointed to serve as a Class II non-employee director on January 21, 2024. Mr. Han is a Partner at PGP Capital Advisors, a boutique investment/merchant bank where he focuses on mergers & acquisitions and corporate finance both in the domestic and international arena. Mr. Han has extensive knowledge and expertise in corporate finance; corporate development & strategy; corporate law; start-up operations; investments; and digital asset finance (blockchain/cryptocurrencies). Mr. Han has held leadership positions at a variety of organizations, including Cantor Fitzgerald (Head of FinTech/Blockchain, Crypto & Digital Assets Investment Banking & Head of Technology Equity Capital Markets); the New York Stock Exchange (Head of FinTech & Consumer Tech Capital Markets); Jefferies (Head of West Coast Technology Equity Capital Markets); Goldman Sachs (Executive Director, Business Unit Manager and Operating Officer for UK and Emerging Markets Investment Banking). Mr. Han was also part of the management team at the Argon Group, a leading blockchain/crypto software technology & advisory start-up. He has also spent time as a corporate lawyer at Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer and began his career at Credit Suisse/CSFB. Mr. Han graduated with a BA from Columbia University, a Master’s degree from Oxford University, and law & MA degrees from Cambridge University. Mr. Han is also a board trustee, limited partner, and investor in various technology companies, funds, and educational institutions.

We believe Mr. Han’s extensive corporate finance, corporate development and strategy, corporate law and digital asset finance expertise qualify him to serve as a director of the Company.

Quyen Du was appointed to serve as a Class III non-employee director in March 2025. Ms. Du brings 25 years’ experience in strategy and corporate development to the Company. Based in Texas, she is a recognized leader in finance, media and entertainment, recently serving as Head of Corporate Strategy & Development, Innovations and Research for Condé Nast (NYC). Ms. Du adds a depth of experience working in a wide range of roles across corporate strategy, finance and investments, business development, distribution and partnerships. Her previous experience includes her work for Fandom, Inc., one of the world’s largest entertainment fan community platforms, where she led corporate development and was responsible for driving acquisitive growth

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opportunities. Ms. Du also held various executive positions at NBC Universal, where she worked on transformative M&A deals, corporate digital strategy and new market entry initiatives, including across digital native, streaming, commerce, data, gaming and audio. She has also held a studio distribution planning position at Disney and a business development role at Showtime. Ms. Du earned bachelor degrees in Business Administration and Economics from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Master’s in Business Administration from Columbia University.

We believe Ms. Du’s extensive corporate finance, corporate development and strategy, media and entertainment expertise qualify her to serve as a director of the Company.

Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports

Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires the Company’s directors, executive officers and persons who beneficially own more than 10% of the Company’s common stock (collectively, “Reporting Persons”) to file with the SEC reports regarding their ownership and changes in our ownership of our securities. We believe that, during 2024, our directors, executive officers and 10% stockholders complied with all Section 16(a) filing requirements, except for a late Form 4 filing by Michael Snavely on January 22, 2024 to report sales of our common stock for taxes, which occurred on January 16, 2024 and January 17, 2024, a late Form 3 filing on March 21, 2024 by Elliot Han to report initial holding of 0 shares of the Company's common stock, a late Form 4 filing by Troy Reisner on March 21, 2024 to report purchases of the shares of the Company's common stock on March 14, 2024, a late Form 4 filing by Michael Snavely on May 24, 2024 to report purchases of shares of the Company's common stock on May 20, 2024, a late Form 4 filing by Michael Snavely to report both sales and purchases of our Common Stock on June 13, 2024 and a late Form 4 filing by each of Elliot Han, Rahul Mewawalla and Stephen Chen to report a grant of restricted stock units on June 13, 2024.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Board Composition

Our business affairs are managed under the direction of the Board. The Board currently consists of four members, three of whom qualify as independent within the meaning of the independent director guidelines of the Nasdaq Stock Market ("Nasdaq"). Mr. Chen, who also serves as our Interim Chief Executive Officer, is not considered independent.

The Board is divided into three staggered classes of directors. At each annual meeting of stockholders, a class of directors will be elected for a three-year term to succeed the same class whose term is then expiring, as follows:

•
the Class I directors are currently Stephen Chen, and Rahul Mewawalla, and their terms will expire at the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders;
•
the Class II director is currently Elliot Han, and his term will expire at the 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders; and
•
the Class III director is currently Quyen Du, and her term will expire at the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Our Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that the number of directors shall consist of one or more members and may be increased or decreased from time to time by a resolution of the Board. Each director’s term continues until the election and qualification of his or her successor, or his or her earlier death, resignation or removal. Any increase or decrease in the number of directors will be distributed among the three classes so that, as nearly as possible, each class will consist of one-third of the total number of directors. This classification of the Board may have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in control of our Company.

On February 28, 2025, Quyen Du was appointed as a Class III non-employee director and member of the Company's Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.

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Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

Our Board has adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines that address items such as the qualifications and responsibilities of our directors and director candidates and corporate governance policies and standards applicable to us in general. In addition, our Board has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our employees, officers and directors, including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and other executive and senior financial officers. The full text of our Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is posted on the Governance portion of the investor relations page of our website at https://investors.phunware.com. We will post amendments to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or waivers of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for directors and executive officers that are required to be disclosed by the rules of the SEC or Nasdaq on the same website.

Audit Committee

We have established a designated standing audit committee. Messrs. Elliot Han and Rahul Mewawalla, each of whom is a non-employee member of the Board, comprised our Audit Committee as of December 31, 2024. Mr. Mewawalla is the Chairperson of our Audit Committee. Ms. Du was subsequently appointed to the Audit Committee on February 28, 2025. We have determined that each of the members of our Audit Committee satisfies the requirements for independence and financial literacy under the rules of Nasdaq and the SEC. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, the committee met four times. The Audit Committee is responsible for, among other things:

•
selecting a qualified firm to serve as the independent registered public accounting firm to audit our financial statements;
•
helping to ensure the independence and performance of the independent registered public accounting firm;
•
discussing the scope and results of the audit with the independent registered public accounting firm and reviewing, with management and the independent registered public accounting firm, our interim and year-end financial statements;
•
developing procedures for employees to submit concerns anonymously about questionable accounting or audit matters;
•
reviewing the Company’s policies on and overseeing risk assessment and risk management, including enterprise risk management;
•
reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our internal control policies and procedures and the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures;
•
reviewing related person transactions; and
•
approving or, as required, pre-approving, all audit and all permissible non-audit services, other than de minimis non-audit services, to be performed by the independent registered public accounting firm.

The Board has adopted a written charter for the Audit Committee that satisfies the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and the listing standards of Nasdaq. Our Audit Committee charter can be found on the "Governance Documents" section of our Investor Relations website at https://investors.phunware.com/governance-docs.

Audit Committee Financial Expert

The Board has determined that Mr. Rahul Mewawalla is an independent director pursuant to Nasdaq's governance listing standards and meets the qualifications of an "audit committee financial expert," as defined under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC. In making this determination, our Board has considered prior experience, business acumen and independence.

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Insider Trading Policy

We have adopted an Insider Trading Policy and Guidelines with Respect to Certain Transactions in Securities (the “Insider Trading Policy”) containing policies and procedures governing the purchase, sale and/or other dispositions of our securities by Insiders (including officers and directors as well as certain other employees identified pursuant to the Insider Trading Policy), or by us. Such policies and procedures are reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and any listing standards applicable to us.

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Item 11. Executive Compensation.

Phunware’s named executive officers (each a "NEO") consist of the person or persons who served as our principal executive officer ("PEO") and either (i) the next two most highly compensated executive officers who served as of the year ended December 31, 2024 and (ii) up to two individuals for whom disclosure would have been provided but for the fact that the individual was not serving as an executive officer as of December 31, 2024. Those individuals are:

Stephen Chen, Interim Executive Officer

Michael Snavely, Former Chief Executive Officer

Chris Olive, Chief Legal Officer

Jeremy Kidd, Senior Vice President, Head of Sales

Summary Compensation Table

The following table sets forth information regarding the total compensation paid to our named executive officers for the last two fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Name and Principal Position |  | Fiscal Year |  | Salary ($) (1) |  |  | Bonus ($) |  |  | Stock Awards ($)(2) |  |  | All other Compensation ($)(3) |  |  | Total ($) |
Stephen Chen, Interim Chief Executive Officer(4) |  | 2024 |  |  | 54,167 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 682 |  |  |  | 54,849 |
Michael Snavely, Former Chief Executive Officer(5) |  | 2024 |  |  | 283,814 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 273,764 |  |  |  | 557,578 |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 101,073 |  |  |  | 15,000 |  |  |  | 219,450 |  |  |  | 4,438 |  |  |  | 339,961 |
Chris Olive, Chief Legal Officer(6) |  | 2024 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15,215 |  |  |  | 315,215 |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 87,640 |  |  |  | 26,630 |  |  |  | 414,270 |
Jeremy Kidd, Senior Vice President, Head of Sales(7) |  | 2024 |  |  | 295,833 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 109,877 |  |  |  | 405,710 |

(1)
Reflects actual earnings, which may differ from approved based salaries due to the effective date of salary increases.
(2)
Amounts represent the aggregate grant date fair value of stock options or restricted stock unit awards, computed in accordance with FASB ASC 718-10-25. The actual value realized by the named executive officer with respect to stock awards will depend on whether the award vests and, if it vests, the market value of our stock on the date such stock is sold.
(3)
Amounts shown in this column include contributions Phunware made on behalf of the named executive officer for inclusion in our medical benefits programs, severance and/or commission payments.
(4)
Mr. Chen was appointed as our Interim Chief Executive Officer on October 25, 2024. Mr. Chen received additional compensation as a member of our board earned prior to his appointment as Interim Chief Executive Officer, which is excluded above. Subsequent to the date of his appointment as Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Chen will not receive additional compensation as a member of our Board. See Director Compensation below.
(5)
Mr. Snavely joined the Company as its Chief Revenue Officer on September 12, 2023. Mr. Snavely was appointed the Company's Chief Executive Officer effective October 25, 2023. Mr. Snavely was paid a sign-on bonus of $5,000 pursuant to the terms of his employment agreement as Chief Revenue Officer and $10,000 pursuant to the terms of his employment agreement as Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Snavely resigned from the Company on October 22, 2024 and was paid a severance of approximately $262,500 upon his departure in accordance with his employment agreement.
(6)
Mr. Olive joined the Company as its Chief Legal Officer on April 1, 2022.
(7)
Mr. Kidd joined the Company as its Senior Vice President, Head of Sales on November 21, 2023

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Executive Employment Agreements

We entered into employment agreements with each of the named executive officers noted above, of which only Stephen Chen and Chris Olive remain currently employed by the Company. The employment agreements with our NEOs generally provide for at-will employment and set forth each named executive officer's base salary, bonus target, severance eligibility and eligibility for other standard employee benefit plan participation.

Pursuant to the employment agreements, certain current and future significant employees, including the named executive officers identified above, are eligible for severance benefits under certain circumstances. The actual amounts that would be paid or distributed as a result of a termination of employment occurring in the future may be different than those presented below as many factors will affect the amount of any payments and benefits upon a termination of employment. For example, some of the factors that could affect the amounts payable include base salary and annual bonus target percentage. Although the Company has entered into a written agreement to provide severance payments and benefits in connection with a termination of employment under particular circumstances, the Company, or an acquirer, may mutually agree with an executive officer or significant employee to provide payments and benefits on terms that vary from those currently contemplated. In addition to the amounts presented below, each eligible executive officer or significant employee would also be able to exercise any previously-vested stock options that he or she held, in accordance with the terms of those grants and the respective plans pursuant to which they were granted. Finally, the eligible executive officer or significant employee may also receive any benefits accrued under our broad-based benefit plans, in accordance with those plans and policies.

Mr. Chen’s Employment Agreement

We entered into an employment agreement, dated as of October 22, 2024, with Stephen Chen, who serves as our Interim Chief Executive Officer.

The employment agreement has an indefinite term, subject to termination by either party. The Company and Mr. Chen may terminate the employment agreement at any time with or without cause, provided that Mr. Chen shall provide at least thirty (30) days’ written notice to the Company if without good reason. The employment agreement includes non-competition and non-solicitation covenants applicable during and for the 24-month period following Mr. Chen’s employment.

The employment agreement provides for an annual base salary of $325,000 and a target annual bonus to be between 50% and 200% of the base salary, with the actual award value to be determined by the Company or the Board in its sole discretion based on factors including the strength of Mr. Chen’s performance and the performance of the Company. Furthermore, within ninety (90) days following the effective date of the employment agreement, the Company will provide Mr. Chen a grant of options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock, which grant of options will have the number of options, exercise prices, dates and vesting schedules based on specified performance thresholds as determined by the Board and its Compensation Committee. The grant of options will be made under the Company’s equity incentive plan.

Mr. Snavely’s Employment Agreement

We entered into an employment agreement, dated as of October 25, 2023, with Michael Snavely, who served as our Chief Executive Officer until October 22, 2024.

The employment agreement provided for an initial base salary of $350,000 per year, a sign-on bonus of $10,000, eligibility in the Company’s bonus programs established by the Board or any committee of the board and eligibility to participate in our employee benefit programs. Under the terms of his employment agreement, the Company provided Mr. Snavely an initial grant of 30,000 restricted stock units with various vesting dates and a separate grant of $750,000 restricted stock units on or before January 31, 2024 with vesting to commence on March 31, 2024.

Effective October 22, 2024, the Company entered into a Confidential Separation and General Release Agreement with Michael Snavely, the Company’s former Chief Executive Officer and director. The Separation Agreement provides that Mr. Snavely’s employment with the Company terminated effective October 22, 2024. The Separation Agreement provided for a general release of claims by Mr. Snavely. Pursuant to the Separation Agreement, Mr. Snavely received an amount equal to $262,500 which represented

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nine (9) months of earnings and continued coverage under the Company’s group health plan, including reimbursement for premiums for such coverage, through July 31, 2025.

Mr. Olive's Employment Agreement

We entered into an employment agreement, as amended and restated in September 2022, with Chris Olive, who serves as our Chief Legal Officer. The agreement has an initial term of four years from his April 2022 hire date and automatically renews for additional one year terms, unless either party provides ninety (90) day notice. If a change in control, as defined in the agreements, occurs when there are fewer than twelve (12) months remaining during the initial term or an additional term, the term of the employment agreement will extend automatically through the date that is twelve (12) months following the effective date of the change in control.

The employment agreement provides for an initial base salary of $300,000 per year, eligibility in the Company's bonus programs established by the Board or any committee of the Board, and eligibility to participate in our employee benefit programs. Under the terms of his employment agreement, the Company provided Mr. Olive a one-time grant of 10,000 restricted stock units (adjusted for reverse stock split) on September 16, 2022. The restricted stock units granted to Mr. Olive are subject to a separate award agreement, which outlines the specifics of such grant, including but not limited to, the vesting schedule, forfeiture for cause provisions, the Company’s buyback rights and other restrictions and terms.

Mr. Olive is eligible to receive the following payments and benefits in connection with a termination not in connection with a Change in Control, as defined in the agreements:

•
continuing payments of severance pay at a rate equal to their base salary rate, as then in effect, for six (6) months from the date of termination;
•
coverage under our group health insurance plans or payment of the full amount of health insurance premiums as provided under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (“COBRA”) for up to six (6) months after termination; and
•
the immediate vesting of all equity awards granted on or after the effective date of the employment agreement.

In the case of a Change in Control, if Mr. Olive is terminated without cause, either during the three months before or in the year after a Change in Control, then he will be entitled to receive the following payments and benefits:

•
a lump sum severance payment equal to: (i) the amount of base salary in effect on the date of termination that he would have otherwise received had he remained employed by the Company through the twelve (12) month anniversary of the Change in Control, and (ii) an amount equal to the average annualized bonus earned by him for the two (2) calendar years prior to the calendar year during which the Change in Control occurs, but in no event will the amount be less than his annual target bonus for the year during which the termination occurs, or if greater, his annual target bonus for the year during which the closing of the Change in Control occurs;
•
the immediate vesting of all equity awards granted on or after the effective date of the employment agreement; and
•
coverage under our group health insurance plans or payment of the full amount of health insurance premiums as provided under COBRA for up to twelve (12) months after termination.

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Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End

The following table sets forth information regarding outstanding stock options and other equity awards held by each of our named executive officers as of December 31, 2024, after giving effect to the reverse stock split of the Company's common stock at a ratio of one-for-fifty:

|  |  |  | Options Awards |  |  | Restricted Stock Unit Awards |
|  |  |  | Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options |  |  | Option Exercise |  |  | Option Expiration |  |  | Number of shares or units of stock that have not vested |  |  |  | Market value of shares or units of stock that have not vested |
Name |  | Grant Date |  | Exercisable |  |  | Unexercisable |  |  | Price |  |  | Date |  |  | (#) |  |  |  | ($) |
Chris Olive(1) |  | 9/16/2022 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,420 |  | (1) |  |  | 17,784 |
|  | 8/31/2023 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,173 |  | (1) |  |  | 21,700 |

(1)
Mr. Olive was granted 10,000 restricted stock units on September 16, 2022. The restricted stock units vest at various rates with 2,708 restricted stock units vesting on May 8, 2023, 811 restricted stock units vesting on each of August 8, 2023 and November 8, 2023 and 810 restricted stock units vesting on each of May 8, 2024, August 8, 2024, November 8, 2024, May 8, 2025, August 8, 2025, November 8, 2025 and March 31, 2026, subject to his continued employment with the Company on each such vesting date. Mr. Olive was also granted 6,260 restricted stock units on August 31, 2023. The restricted stock units vest annually commencing on August 1, 2024, with a final vesting date of August 3, 2026.

Director Compensation

Effective June 13, 2024 the Board adopted an Outside Director Compensation Policy under which the non-employee members of the Board of Directors (“Outside Directors”) are compensated.

The Outside Director Compensation Policy provides:

Annual Cash Retainer

Each Outside Director will be paid an annual cash retainer of $75,000. There are no per-meeting attendance fees for attending Board meetings.

Chairman / Committee Membership Annual Cash Retainer:

Each Outside Director who serves as chairman of the Board or chairman or member of a committee of the Board will be paid additional annual fees as follows:

Chairman of the Board: $45,000
Chairman of Audit Committee: $25,000
Member of Audit Committee
(other than the Chairman of the Audit Committee): $12,500
Chairman of Compensation Committee: $20,000
Member of Compensation Committee (other than the Chairman of
the Compensation Committee): $10,000
Chairman of Nominating and Governance Committee: $15,000
Member of Nominating and Governance Committee (other than the
Chairman of the Nominating and Governance Committee): $7,500

Each annual cash retainer and additional annual fees is paid quarterly in advance on the first business day of each quarter.

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Equity Compensation

Outside Directors are entitled to receive all types of Awards under the Company’s Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) (or the applicable equity plan in place at the time of grant), including discretionary Awards. All grants of Awards to Outside Directors (each, a “Policy Grant”).

Initial Award. Upon first becoming an Outside Director, an individual will be eligible to receive an award consisting of restricted stock units covering a number of Shares having a grant date aggregate fair market value of $150,000 (the “Initial Award”). The Initial Award will be granted, vested, and settled on the first trading day within the Company’s second open permissible trading window available following the date on which such individual is first eligible to receive the Initial Award.

Annual Award. On the first trading day within the Company’s second open permissible trading window following the Company’s annual stockholder meeting held during any calendar year, each Outside Director will be automatically granted, vested, and settled an award consisting of restricted stock units covering a number of Shares having a grant date aggregate fair market value of $150,000 as consideration for such Outside Director’s service on the Board for the calendar year in which such grant is made (each, an “Annual Award”); provided, however, that an Outside Director who has received an Initial Award during a particular calendar year is not entitled to an Annual Award for such calendar year.

Performance-Based Compensation. Additional compensation may be awarded to all of the Outside Directors which may be tied to the achievement of specific performance-based criteria as previously established by the Compensation Committee and approved by two-thirds (2/3) of the Directors then serving on the Board. The Compensation Committee shall calculate annually any such additional performance-based compensation in accordance with the performance-based criteria previously approved by the Board in accordance with this Section.

We also reimburse our directors for reasonable travel expenses associated with attending board and committee meetings.

The Outside Director Compensation Policy also provides that the Company is to maintain directors and officers insurance satisfactory to the Board and an annual budget to be set by the Compensation Committed for continuing education and training of Outside Directors.

The following table sets forth certain information with respect to the compensation paid to our directors, excluding reasonable travel expenses, for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Name |  | Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($) |  |  | Stock Awards ($)(1) |  |  | Total ($) |
Stephen Chen(2) |  |  | 148,226 |  |  |  | 145,360 |  |  |  | 293,586 |
Elliot Han |  |  | 112,894 |  |  |  | 145,360 |  |  |  | 258,254 |
Rahul Mewawalla |  |  | 117,500 |  |  |  | 145,360 |  |  |  | 262,860 |

(1)
This column reflects the aggregate grant date fair value of restricted stock units granted during 2024 computed in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation. The assumptions that we used to calculate these amounts are discussed in the notes to Phunware’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024. These amounts do not reflect the actual economic value that will be realized by the director upon the vesting of the restricted stock units or the sale of the common stock underlying such restricted stock units.
(2)
Stephen Chen was appointed as Interim Chief Executive Officer on October 22, 2024. As such, while Mr. Chen continues to serve on the Board, he is longer considered a non-employee director. Mr. Chen will no longer receive compensation for his service on the Board.

Outstanding Equity Awards as Fiscal Year-End

There were no equity awards outstanding to our non-employee directors as of December 31, 2024.

Equity Award Timing Policies.

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We do not have a formal policy or obligation that requires us to award equity or equity-based compensation on specific dates. Our Compensation Committee and Board have adopted a policy with respect to the grant of stock options and other equity incentive awards that generally prohibits the grant of stock options or other equity awards to executive officers during closed quarterly trading windows (as determined in accordance with our insider trading policy). Our Insider Trading Policy also prohibits directors, officers and employees from trading in our common stock while in possession of or on the basis of material non-public information about us. Neither our Board nor our Compensation Committee takes material non-public information into account when determining the timing of equity awards, nor do we time the disclosure of material non-public information for the purpose of impacting the value of executive compensation. We generally issue equity awards to our executive officers on a limited and infrequent basis, and not in accordance with any fixed schedule.

During the last fiscal year, there were no option awards to any named executive officers within four business days preceding the filing of any report of Forms 10-K, 10-Q, or 8-K that discloses material nonpublic information.

Registrant's Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation

We had no accounting restatements requiring the recovery of erroneously awarded compensation as of December 31, 2024.

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Item 12. Security Own ership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table sets forth our equity compensation plan information as of December 31, 2024 after giving effect to the reverse stock split of the Company's common stock at a ratio of one-for-fifty:

|  | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options and rights (a) |  |  |  | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options and rights (b) |  |  |  | Number of securities remaining available for issuance under equity compensation plans (c) |
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders(1) |  |  | 3,690 |  | (2) |  | $ | 68.09 |  | (3) |  |  | 202,594 |
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders(4) |  | - |  | (5) |  | $ | - |  | (3) |  |  | 17,412 |

(1)
The following plans have been approved by the Company's stockholders: 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2009 Plan"), 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2018 Plan") and 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "2018 ESPP").
(2)
The 2009 Plan terminated on December 26, 2018. The shares reserved for issuance under the 2009 Plan that expire or otherwise terminate without having been exercised in full and shares of common stock issued pursuant to awards granted under the 2009 Plan that are forfeited to or repurchased by us may be added to the 2018 Plan. The 2009 Plan will continue to govern outstanding awards granted thereunder. As of December 31, 2024, the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be added to the 2018 Plan pursuant to the foregoing is equal to 1,190, which is not included in the column (c) above. In addition the foregoing, excludes unvested restricted stock unit awards granted. As of December 31, 2024, 38,420 restricted stock unit awards were outstanding in the 2018 Plan.
(3)
As there is no exercise price associated with the restricted share awards, such shares are not included in the weighted-average price calculation.
(4)
The following plans were adopted by the Company's Board without requiring stockholder approval pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4): 2022 Inducement Plan, 2023 Inducement Plan and 2023B Inducement Plan
(5)
Excludes unvested restricted stock unit awards granted. As of December 31, 2024, no restricted stock unit awards were outstanding in equity compensation plans not approved by security holders.

The number of shares of Common Stock reserved and available for issuance under the 2018 Plan is subject to an automatic annual increase on each January 1st, by an amount equal to five percent (5%) of the number of shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31st or such lesser number of shares of Common Stock as approved by the Administrator (as defined in the 2018 Plan). The number of shares of Common Stock reserved and available for issuance under the 2018 ESPP is subject to an automatic annual increase on each January 1st, by the lesser of (i) 16,377 shares of Common Stock, (ii) one and one-half percent (1.5%) of the number of shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31st, or (iii) such lesser number of shares of Common Stock as determined by the Administrator (as defined in the 2018 ESPP).

For additional information on the Company's equity compensation plans, refer to Note 13 "Stock-Based Compensation" of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Beneficial Ownership of Principal Shareholders and Management

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of March 14, 2025, for:

•
each stockholder known to us to be beneficial owner of more than 5% of our outstanding shares of common stock;
•
each of our directors and director nominees;
•
each of our named executive officers; and
•
all of our current directors, director nominees and executive officers as a group.

We have determined beneficial ownership in accordance with the rules of the SEC and the information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose. Unless otherwise indicated below, to our knowledge, the persons and entities named in the table have sole voting and sole investment power with respect to all shares that they beneficially own, subject to community property laws where applicable.

Effective February 27, 2023, we implemented a reverse stock split of outstanding shares of our common stock at a ratio of one for fifty, Applicable percentage ownership is based on 20,170,745 shares of our common stock outstanding as of March 14, 2025. In computing the number of shares of our common stock beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we included outstanding shares of our common stock subject to options or restricted stock units held by that person that are currently exercisable or releasable or that will become exercisable or releasable within 60 days of March 14, 2025. We did not include these shares as outstanding, however, for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Unless otherwise indicated, the address of each beneficial owner listed on the table below is c/o Phunware, Inc., 1002 West Avenue, Austin, Texas 78701.

Name of Beneficial Owner(1) |  | Shares |  |  | Percentage |
Named Executive Officers, Executive Officers and Directors: |  |  |  |  |  |
Stephen Chen |  |  | 27,114 |  |  |  | 0.1 | %
Jeremy Kidd |  |  | - |  |  |  | - | %
Chris Olive |  |  | 8,116 |  |  |  | 0.0 | %
Quyen Du |  |  | - |  |  |  | - | %
Elliot Han |  |  | 25,019 |  |  |  | 0.1 | %
Rahul Mewawalla |  |  | - |  |  |  | - | %
All executive officers and directors as a group (6 persons) |  |  | 60,249 |  |  |  | 0.3 | %

(1)
Unless otherwise indicated, we believe that all persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all ordinary shares beneficially owned by them.

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Item 13. Certain Re lationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

Policy for Related Person Transactions

We have adopted a formal written policy providing that our executive officers, directors, nominees for election as directors, beneficial owners of more than 5% of any class of our capital stock, any member of the immediate family of any of the foregoing persons and any firm, corporation or other entity in which any of the foregoing persons is employed or is a general partner or principal or in a similar position or in which such person has a 5% or greater beneficial ownership interest, are not permitted to enter into a related party transaction with us without the approval of our nominating and corporate governance committee, subject to the exceptions described below.

A related person transaction is a transaction, arrangement or relationship, or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships, in which we and any related person are, were or will be participants in which the amount involves exceeds $120,000. Transactions involving compensation for services provided to the Company as an employee or director are not covered by this policy.

The Board has determined that certain transactions will not require the approval of the nominating and corporate governance committee, including certain employment arrangements of executive officers, director compensation, transactions with another company at which a related party’s only relationship is as a director, non-executive employee or beneficial owner of less than 10% of that company’s outstanding capital stock, transactions where a related party’s interest arises solely from the ownership of our common stock and all holders of our common stock received the same benefit on a pro rata basis and transactions available to all employees generally.

Related Person Transactions

The following is a summary of our related party transactions since January 1, 2024.

Confidential Separation and General Release Agreement with Michael Snavely. On October 22, 2024, the Company entered into a Confidential Separation and General Release Agreement with Michael Snavely. The separation agreement provided that Mr. Snavely's employment as chief executive officer terminated effective the same date. Furthermore, effective on October 22, 2024, Mr. Snavely resigned his position as a director of the Board. The separation agreement provided for a general release of claims by Mr. Snavely. Also, pursuant to the separation agreement, Mr. Snavely will receive an amount equal to $262,500 which represents nine (9) months of earnings and continued coverage under the Company’s group health plan, including reimbursement for premiums for such coverage, through July 31, 2025.

Director Independence

Our common stock is listed on Nasdaq. Under the rules of Nasdaq, independent directors must comprise a majority of a listed company’s board of directors. In addition, the rules of Nasdaq require that, subject to specified exceptions, each member of a listed company’s audit, compensation, and nominating and corporate governance committees be independent. Under the rules of Nasdaq, a director will only qualify as an “independent director” if, in the opinion of that company’s board of directors, that person does not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. Audit committee members must also satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. Compensation committee members must also satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rule 10C-1 under the Exchange Act.

In order to be considered independent for purposes of Rule 10A-3 and Rule 10C-1, a member of an audit committee or compensation committee of a listed company may not, other than in his or her capacity as a member of the committee, the board of directors, or any other board committee: (1) accept, directly or indirectly, any consulting, advisory, or other compensatory fee from the listed company or any of its subsidiaries; or (2) be an affiliated person of the listed company or any of its subsidiaries.

We have undertaken a review of the independence of each director and considered whether each director has a material relationship with us that could compromise his or her ability to exercise independent judgment in carrying out his or her responsibilities. As a result of this review, we determined that Ms. Quyen Du, Mr. Elliot Han and Mr. Rahul Mewawalla, representing

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three of our four directors, are considered “independent directors” as defined under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and the listing requirements and rules of Nasdaq.

Board Leadership Structure / Lead Independent Director

We believe that the structure of our Board and Board committees provides strong overall management. The Chair of our Board and our Chief Executive Officer roles are separate. Mr. Chen currently serves as our Interim Chief Executive Officer and Rahul Mewawalla serves as Chair of our Board. This structure enables each person to focus on different aspects of company leadership. Our Chief Executive Officer is responsible for setting the strategic direction of our company, the general management and operation of the business and the guidance and oversight of senior management. The Chair of our Board monitors the content, quality and timeliness of information sent to our Board and is available for consultation with our Board regarding the oversight of its business affairs. Our independent directors bring experience, oversight and expertise from outside of Phunware, while Mr. Chen brings company-specific experience and expertise.

Limitation on Liability and Indemnification Matters

As permitted under Delaware law, our certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws provide that we will indemnify our directors and officers and may indemnify our employees and other agents, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. Delaware law prohibits our certificate of incorporation from limiting the liability of our directors for any of the following:

•
any breach of a director’s duty of loyalty to us or to our stockholders;
•
acts or omissions not in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;
•
unlawful payment of dividends or unlawful stock repurchases or redemptions; and
•
any transaction from which a director derived an improper personal benefit.

If Delaware law is amended to authorize corporate action further eliminating or limiting the personal liability of a director, then the liability of our directors will be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law, as so amended. Our certificate of incorporation will not eliminate a director’s duty of care and, in appropriate circumstances, equitable remedies, such as injunctive or other forms of non-monetary relief, remain available under Delaware law. This provision also will not affect a director’s responsibilities under any other laws, such as the federal securities laws or other state or federal laws. Under our amended and restated bylaws, we will also be empowered to purchase insurance on behalf of any person whom we are required or permitted to indemnify.

In addition to the indemnification required in our certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, we have entered into an indemnification agreement with each member of our board of directors. These agreements provide for the indemnification of our directors, officers and some employees for certain expenses and liabilities incurred in connection with any action, suit, proceeding or alternative dispute resolution mechanism, or hearing, inquiry or investigation that may lead to the foregoing, to which they are a party, or are threatened to be made a party, by reason of the fact that they are or were a director, officer, employee, agent or fiduciary of our company, or any of our subsidiaries, by reason of any action or inaction by them while serving as a director, officer, employee, agent or fiduciary, or by reason of the fact that they were serving at our request as a director, officer, employee, agent or fiduciary of another entity. In the case of an action or proceeding by or in the right of our company or any of our subsidiaries, no indemnification will be provided for any claim where a court determines that the indemnified party is prohibited from receiving indemnification. We believe that these charter and bylaw provisions and indemnification agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified persons as directors and officers.

The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions in our certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach of their fiduciary duties. They may also reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though an action, if successful, might benefit us and our stockholders. Moreover, a stockholder’s investment may be harmed to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers and controlling persons pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, we have been advised that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act

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and is, therefore, unenforceable. There is no pending litigation or proceeding naming any of our directors or officers as to which indemnification is being sought, nor are we aware of any pending or threatened litigation that may result in claims for indemnification by any director or officer.

Item 14. Principal Acc ounting Fees and Services.

Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The following table sets forth aggregate fees billed to the Company for professional services by our independent registered public accounting firm, Marcum LLP for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Audit Fees(1) |  | $ | 384,655 |  |  | $ | 321,672 |
Audit-related Fees(2) |  |  | 178,190 |  |  |  | 39,140 |
Tax Fees(3) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
All Other Fees(4) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total Fees |  | $ | 562,845 |  |  | $ | 360,812 |

(1)
“Audit Fees” consist of fees for professional services rendered in connection with the audit of our annual consolidated financial statements, including audited financial statements presented in our annual report on Form 10-K, review of our quarterly financial statements presented in our quarterly report on Form 10-Q and services that are normally provided by our independent registered public accounting firm in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements for those fiscal years, including audit services in connection with filing registration statements, and amendments thereto.
(2)
“Audit-related Fees” consist of fees related to audit and assurance procedures not otherwise included in Audit Fees, including fees related to the application of GAAP to proposed transactions and new accounting pronouncements.
(3)
“Tax Fees” consist of tax return preparation, international and domestic tax studies, consulting and planning.
(4)
“All Other Fees” consist of the cost of a subscription to an accounting research tool.

Audit Committee Pre-Approval

Our Audit Committee pre-approves all auditing services and permitted non-audit services to be performed for us by our independent auditor, including the fees and terms thereof. All of the services described above were approved by our Audit Committee.

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PAR T IV

Item 15. Exhibits, F inancial Statement Schedules.

(a)
The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report:
(1)
Consolidated Financial Statements

Our Consolidated Financial Statements are listed in the "Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements" under Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(2)
Financial Statements Schedule

All financial statement schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the amounts are immaterial and not required, or the required information is presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements or notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(3)
Exhibits

We hereby file as part of this Report the exhibits listed in the attached Exhibit Index. Exhibits which are incorporated herein by reference can be inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC, 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington D.C. 20549. Copies of such material can also be obtained from the Public Reference Section of the SEC, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549, at prescribed rates or on the SEC website at www.sec.gov.

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit No. |  | Description
3.1 |  | Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on January 2, 2019). Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on January 2, 2019).
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on November 4, 2022).
3.3 |  | Certificate of Designation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862) filed with the SEC on January 2, 2019).
3.4 |  | Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation filed February 23, 2024 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 00-37862) filed with the SEC on February 28, 2024.)
4.1 |  | Specimen common stock certificate of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of Stellar’s Form S-4/A (File No. 333-224227), filed with the SEC on November 6, 2018).
4.2 |  | Description of Securities (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.15 of the Registrant's Form 10-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on March 31, 2021).
10.1+ |  | Phunware, Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, Amended and Restated as of November 11, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to Annex A of the Registrant's Schedule 14A (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on August 31, 2022).
10.2+ |  | Phunware, Inc. 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (Incorporated by reference to Annex E of the Registrant’s Form S-4/A (File No. 333-224227), filed with the SEC on November 13, 2018).
10.3+ |  | Phunware, Inc. 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of the Registrant’s Form S-4 (File No. 333-224227), filed with the SEC on April 11, 2018).
10.4 |  | Form of Token Rights Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 of the Registrant’s Form S-4/A (File No. 333-224227), filed with the SEC on October 2, 2018).
10.5 |  | Form of Purchase Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862) filed with the SEC on June 5, 2019).
10.6 |  | Form of Cryptocurrency Payment Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862) filed with the SEC on June 5, 2019).
10.7 |  | Form of Cryptocurrency Payment Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862) filed with the SEC on November 21, 2019).
10.8 |  | At Market Issuance Sales Agreement by and between Phunware, Inc. and HC Wainwright & Co., LLC dated January 31, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.2 of the Registrant's Form S-3 (File No. 333-262461) filed with the SEC on February 1, 2022).

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10.9 |  | Lease Termination Agreement, dated November 9, 2023, between Phunware, Inc. and Jonsson ATX Warehouse, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Registrant's Form 10-Q (File No. 001-37862) filed with the SEC on November 13, 2023.)
10.10 |  | Lease Agreement, dated June 3, 2022, between Phunware, Inc. and ATX Acquisitions, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862) filed with the SEC on June 10, 2020).
10.11 |  | Note Purchase Agreement, dated July 6, 2022, between Phunware, Inc. and Streeterville Capital, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862) filed with the SEC on June 8, 2022).
10.12 |  | Promissory Note, dated July 6, 2022, between Phunware, Inc. and Streeterville Capital, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862) filed with the SEC on June 8, 2022).
10.13+ |  | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement by and between Phunware, Inc. and Chris Olive (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.45 of the Registrants Form 10-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on M arch 31, 2023).
10.14+ |  | Phunware, Inc. 2022 Inducement Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on January 6, 2023).
10.15+ |  | Phunware, Inc. 2023 Inducement Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Registrant's Form 10-Q (File No. 001-37862) filed with the SEC on Nov em ber 13, 2023).
10.16+ |  | Phunware, Inc. 2023B Inducement Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Registrant's Form 10-K (File No. 001-37862) filed with the SEC on March 15, 2024).
10.17+ |  | Confidential Employment Agreement by and between Phunware, Inc. and Troy Reisner dated June 2, 2023 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023).
10.18+ |  | Confidential Separation, Transition, and General Release Agreement by and between Phunware, Inc. and Matt Aune dated June 2, 2023. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on June 8, 2023).
10.19 |  | Purchase Agreement, dated August 22, 2023, by and between Phunware, Inc. and Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on August 23, 2023).
10.20 |  | Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of August 22, 2023, by and between Phunware, Inc. and Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on August 23, 2023).
10.21+ |  | Confidential Employment Agreement by and between Phunware, Inc. and Mike Snavely dated September 5, 2023 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on September 8, 2023).
10.22+ |  | Confidential Separation, Consulting and General Release Agreement by and between Phunware, Inc. and Russell Buyse dated October 25, 2023 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on October 26, 2023).
10.23+ |  | Confidential Employment Agreement by and between Phunware, Inc. and Mike Snavely dated October 25, 2023 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on October 26, 2023).
10.24 |  | Acknowledgement and Agreement effective December 6, 2023 by and between Phunware, Inc. and Streeterville Capital, LLC. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on December 6, 2023).
10.25 |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of December 7, 2023 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on December 11, 2023).
10.26 |  | Placement Agency Agreement dated December 7, 2023, by and between Phunware, Inc. and Roth Capital Partners, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on December 11, 2023).
10.27 |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of January 16, 2024 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on January 18, 2024).
10.28 |  | Placement Agency Agreement dated January 16, 2024, by and between Phunware, Inc. and Roth Capital Partners, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on January 18, 2024).
10.29 |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of January 18, 2024 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on January 23, 2024).
10.30 |  | Placement Agency Agreement dated January 16, 2024, by and between Phunware, Inc. and Roth Capital Partners, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on January 23, 2024).

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10.31 |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of February 7, 2024 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on February 9, 2024).
10.32 |  | Placement Agency Agreement dated February 7, 2024, by and between Phunware, Inc. and Roth Capital Partners, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on February 9, 2024).
10.33 |  | Settlement Agreement and Release of Claims dated March 5, 2024, by an between Phunware, Inc. and Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, PC (Incoporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862) filed with the SEC on March 14, 2024).
10.34 |  | Equity Distribution Agreement dated June 4, 2024, by and between Phunware, Inc. and Canaccord Genuity LLC, as representative of the several agents (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on June 4, 2024.
10.35 |  | Amendment to Securities Purchase Agreement dated June 3, 2024, by and among Phunware, Inc., Sabby Volatility Warrant Master Fund, Ltd. and L1 Capital Global Opportunities Master Fund (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on June 4, 2024.
10.36+ |  | Confidential Separation and General Release Agreement by and between Phunware, Inc. and Michael Snavely dated October 22, 2024 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on October 24, 2024).
10.37+ |  | Confidential Employment Agreement by and between Phunware, Inc. and Stephen Chen dated October 22, 2024 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant's Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on October 24, 2024).
10.38 |  | Amended and Restated Equity Distribution Agreement dated November 1, 2024, by and between Phunware, Inc. and Canaccord Genuity LLC, as representative of the several agents (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on November 1, 2024).
10.39 |  | Confidential Settlement Agreement by and between Wild Basin Investments LLC, et al. v. Phunware, Inc. et al. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on November 5, 2024).
10.40 |  | Settlement Agreement and Mutual Release by and among all underwriters at Lloyd’s, London, Phunware, Inc. and certain individual defendants (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on November 5, 2024).
10.41+ |  | Confidential Employment Agreement by and between Phunware, Inc. and Jeremy Krol dated January 31, 2025 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on February 6, 2025).
14.1 |  | Code of Business Conduct and Ethics as of December 26, 2018 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.1 of the Registrant's Form 10-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on March 20, 2019).
19.1* |  | Insider Trading Policy.
21.1* |  | List of Subsidiaries of the Registrant.
23.1* |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
24.1* |  | Power of Attorney (contained in signature page to this Annual Report on Form 10-K).
31.1* |  | Certification of the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* |  | Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1** |  | Certification of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
97.1 |  | Executive Incentive Compensation Recoupment Policy (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97.1 of the Registrant's Form 10-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on March 15, 2024).
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded with the Inline XBRL document.*
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema*
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)*

* Filed herewith

** Furnished herewith

+ Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement

Item 16. For m 10–K Summary.

None.

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SIGNA TURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Annual Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| PHUNWARE, INC.
Date: March 31, 2025 | By: | /s/ Stephen Chen
|  | Title: Interim Chief Executive Officer
|  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: March 31, 2025 | By: | /s/ J. Brendhan Botkin
|  | Title: Vice President of Accounting and Financial Reporting
|  | (Principal Accounting and Financial Officer)

POWER O F ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Stephen Chen and J. Brendhan Botkin, and each of them, as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent with full power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to act on, sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney-in-fact, proxy, and agent full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully for all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact, proxy and agent, or his substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ Stephen Chen |  | Interim Chief Executive Officer and Director |  | March 31, 2025
Stephen Chen |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |  |
/s/ J. Brendhan Botkin |  | Vice President of Accounting and Financial Reporting |  | March 31, 2025
J. Brendhan Botkin |  | (Principal Accounting and Financial Officer) |  |
/s/ Quyen Du |  | Director |  | March 31, 2025
Quyen Du |  |  |  |
/s/ Elliot Han |  | Director |  | March 31, 2025
Elliot Han |  |  |  |
/s/ Rahul Mewawalla |  | Director |  | March 31, 2025
Rahul Mewawalla |  |  |  |

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