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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____________ to _______________

Commission file number: 001-37862

PHUNWARE, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 30-1205798
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

1002 West Avenue, Austin, Texas |  | 78701
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 512-693-4199

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class: |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered:
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share |  | PHUN |  | The NASDAQ Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ☒
| Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 5, 2025, 20,186,491 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, were outstanding.

Table of Contents

TABLE O F CONTENTS

|  |  | PAGE
PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  | 1
Item 1. | Financial Statements |  | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2025 (unaudited) and December 31, 2024 |  | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (unaudited) |  | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (unaudited) |  | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (unaudited) |  | 5
| Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 6
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 15
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 26
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures |  | 26
PART II | OTHER INFORMATION |  | 28
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings |  | 28
Item 1A. | Risk Factors |  | 28
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 28
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities |  | 28
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures |  | 28
Item 5. | Other Information |  | 28
Item 6. | Exhibits |  | 29
| Signatures |  | 30

i

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report (the “Report”) includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements are intended to be covered by the safe harbor for forward-looking statements provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Report, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy and plans, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes are intended to identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

The forward-looking statements contained in this Report are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us. Future developments affecting us may not be those that we have anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) and other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those factors described under the heading “Risk Factors.” Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws. These risks and others described under “Risk Factors” may not be exhaustive.

By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. We caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and developments in the industry in which we operate may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this Report. In addition, even if our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and developments in the industry in which we operate are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this Report, those results or developments may not be indicative of results or developments in subsequent periods.

ii

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PART I—FI NANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Fina ncial Statements

Phunware, Inc.

Condensed Consolid ated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share information)

|  | June 30, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Assets: |  | (Unaudited) |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 106,264 |  |  | $ | 112,974 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $239 and $166 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively |  |  | 379 |  |  |  | 276 |
Digital currencies |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 103 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 456 |  |  |  | 406 |
Total current assets |  |  | 107,207 |  |  |  | 113,759 |
Non-current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 24 |
Right-of-use asset, net |  |  | 699 |  |  |  | 840 |
Other assets |  |  | 158 |  |  |  | 158 |
Total non-current assets |  |  | 873 |  |  |  | 1,022 |
Total assets |  | $ | 108,080 |  |  | $ | 114,781 |
Liabilities and stockholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 3,573 |  |  | $ | 3,754 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 176 |  |  |  | 148 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 885 |  |  |  | 1,034 |
Lease liability |  |  | 327 |  |  |  | 313 |
PhunCoin subscription payable |  |  | 1,202 |  |  |  | 1,202 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 6,163 |  |  |  | 6,451 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 864 |  |  |  | 528 |
Lease liability |  |  | 453 |  |  |  | 619 |
Total noncurrent liabilities |  |  | 1,317 |  |  |  | 1,147 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 7,480 |  |  |  | 7,598 |
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 7) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stockholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 1,000,000,000 shares authorized; 20,183,043 shares issued and 20,172,913 shares outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and 20,166,665 shares issued and 20,156,535 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |
Treasury stock |  |  | (502 | ) |  |  | (502 | )
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 421,287 |  |  |  | 421,003 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (320,187 | ) |  |  | (313,320 | )
Total stockholders' equity |  |  | 100,600 |  |  |  | 107,183 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |  | $ | 108,080 |  |  | $ | 114,781 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

1

Table of Contents

Phunware, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statement s of Operations

(In thousands, except share and per share information)

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Six Months Ended |
|  | June 30, |  |  | June 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Net revenues |  | $ | 455 |  |  | $ | 1,011 |  |  | $ | 1,143 |  |  | $ | 1,932 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | 265 |  |  |  | 541 |  |  |  | 594 |  |  |  | 938 |
Gross profit |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | 470 |  |  |  | 549 |  |  |  | 994 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 690 |  |  |  | 609 |  |  |  | 1,586 |  |  |  | 1,052 |
General and administrative |  |  | 2,790 |  |  |  | 2,299 |  |  |  | 6,254 |  |  |  | 4,770 |
Research and development |  |  | 970 |  |  |  | 496 |  |  |  | 1,783 |  |  |  | 980 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 4,450 |  |  |  | 3,404 |  |  |  | 9,623 |  |  |  | 6,802 |
Operating loss |  |  | (4,260 | ) |  |  | (2,934 | ) |  |  | (9,074 | ) |  |  | (5,808 | )
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | (116 | )
Interest income |  |  | 1,094 |  |  |  | 239 |  |  |  | 2,213 |  |  |  | 379 |
Gain on extinguishment of debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 535 |
Other income, net |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 72 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 87 |
Total other income |  |  | 1,116 |  |  |  | 303 |  |  |  | 2,207 |  |  |  | 885 |
Loss before taxes |  |  | (3,144 | ) |  |  | (2,631 | ) |  |  | (6,867 | ) |  |  | (4,923 | )
Income tax expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net loss |  |  | (3,144 | ) |  |  | (2,631 | ) |  |  | (6,867 | ) |  |  | (4,923 | )
Net loss per share, basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.16 | ) |  | $ | (0.32 | ) |  | $ | (0.34 | ) |  | $ | (0.65 | )
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share, basic & diluted |  |  | 20,171,639 |  |  |  | 8,299,323 |  |  |  | 20,170,639 |  |  |  | 7,581,774 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

2

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Phunware, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(In thousands, except share information)

(Unaudited)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Treasury stock |  |  | Paid-in |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Stockholders’ |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Deficit |  |  | Equity |
Balances as of March 31, 2025 |  |  | 20,180,875 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  |  | (10,130 | ) |  | $ | (502 | ) |  | $ | 421,169 |  |  | $ | (317,043 | ) |  | $ | 103,626 |
Release of restricted stock |  |  | 2,168 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 118 |
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,144 | ) |  |  | (3,144 | )
Balances as of June 30, 2025 |  |  | 20,183,043 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  |  | (10,130 | ) |  | $ | (502 | ) |  | $ | 421,287 |  |  | $ | (320,187 | ) |  | $ | 100,600 |
Balances as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 20,166,665 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  |  | (10,130 | ) |  | $ | (502 | ) |  | $ | 421,003 |  |  | $ | (313,320 | ) |  | $ | 107,183 |
Release of restricted stock |  |  | 2,168 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Sales of common stock, net of issuance costs |  |  | 14,210 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 80 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 204 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 204 |
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (6,867 | ) |  |  | (6,867 | )
Balances as of June 30, 2025 |  |  | 20,183,043 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  |  | (10,130 | ) |  | $ | (502 | ) |  | $ | 421,287 |  |  | $ | (320,187 | ) |  | $ | 100,600 |

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Phunware, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(In thousands, except share information)

(Unaudited)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Treasury stock |  |  | Paid-in |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Stockholders’ |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Deficit |  |  | Loss |  |  | Equity |
Balances as of March 31, 2024 |  |  | 8,282,221 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  | (10,130 | ) |  | $ | (502 | ) |  | $ | 320,840 |  |  | $ | (305,296 | ) |  | $ | (418 | ) |  | $ | 14,625 |
Release of restricted stock |  |  | 83,117 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Sales of common stock, net of issuance costs |  |  | 255,042 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,436 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,436 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 660 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 660 |
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,631 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,631 | )
Balances as of June 30, 2024 |  |  | 8,620,380 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  | (10,130 | ) |  | $ | (502 | ) |  | $ | 322,936 |  |  | $ | (307,927 | ) |  | $ | (418 | ) |  | $ | 14,090 |
Balances as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 3,861,578 |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | (10,130 | ) |  | $ | (502 | ) |  | $ | 292,467 |  |  | $ | (303,004 | ) |  | $ | (418 | ) |  | $ | (11,457 | )
Release of restricted stock |  |  | 99,117 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Issuance of common stock in lieu of cash bonus and consulting fees |  |  | 11,453 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 35 |
Common stock issued upon conversion of 2022 Promissory Note |  |  | 336,550 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,505 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,505 |
Sales of common stock & exercise of prefunded warrants, net of issuance costs |  |  | 4,170,051 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24,639 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24,640 |
Fractional share issuances as a result of reverse stock split |  |  | 141,631 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,290 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,290 |
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,923 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,923 | )
Balances as of June 30, 2024 |  |  | 8,620,380 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  | (10,130 | ) |  | $ | (502 | ) |  | $ | 322,936 |  |  | $ | (307,927 | ) |  | $ | (418 | ) |  | $ | 14,090 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Phunware, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | Six Months Ended |
|  | June 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (6,867 | ) |  | $ | (4,923 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on extinguishment of debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | (535 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 204 |  |  |  | 1,290 |
Other adjustments |  |  | 193 |  |  |  | 434 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  | (126 | ) |  |  | (422 | )
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  | 81 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  |  | (153 | ) |  |  | (3,158 | )
Lease liability payments |  |  | (178 | ) |  |  | (373 | )
Deferred revenue |  |  | 187 |  |  |  | (422 | )
Net cash used in operating activities from continued operations |  |  | (6,790 | ) |  |  | (8,028 | )
Net cash used in operating activities from discontinued operations |  |  | - |  |  |  | (177 | )
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (6,790 | ) |  |  | (8,205 | )
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash for investing activities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of common stock, net of issuance costs |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | 24,640 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | 24,640 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (6,710 | ) |  |  | 16,435 |
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period |  |  | 112,974 |  |  |  | 3,934 |
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period |  | $ | 106,264 |  |  | $ | 20,369 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 12 |
Income taxes paid |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 40 |
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Issuance of common stock upon conversion of the 2022 Promissory Note |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 4,505 |
Issuance of common stock for payment of bonuses and consulting fees |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 35 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Phunware, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed C onsolidated Financial Statements

(In thousands, except share and per share information)

(Unaudited)

1. The Company and Basis of Presentation

The Company

Phunware, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”, "we", "us", or "our") offers a fully integrated software platform that equips companies with the products, solutions and services necessary to engage, manage and monetize their anytime, anywhere users worldwide. Our technology is available in a cloud-based prepackaged vertical solution application, Software Development Kit ("SDK") form for organizations developing their own application and customized development services. We also provide advertising services that drive mobile audience building, user acquisition, application discovery, audience engagement and audience monetization. Founded in 2009, we are a Delaware corporation headquartered in Austin, Texas.

Basis of Presentation

The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the Company’s accounts and those of its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

The balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 was derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, but these interim condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all the annual disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. These interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2024, which are referenced herein. The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2025 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, are unaudited. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis consistent with the audited financial statements, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial statements. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. In the opinion of management, the financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary to fairly state our financial position as of June 30, 2025 and the results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, and cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. The results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025 or for any future interim period.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.

Nasdaq listing

On July 24, 2025, the Company notified Nasdaq that, as a result of the resignation of Rahul Mewawalla from the Company's audit committee, the Company was not in compliance with Nasdaq's audit committee compositions requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605. Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(c)(2)(A), the Company must have an audit committee of at least three members, each of whom must be an independent director as defined under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(a)(2) and meet the criteria for independence set forth in Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") (subject to the exemptions provided in Rule 100A-3(c) under the Exchange Act). With Mr. Mewawalla's resignation, the Company's audit committee was at the time comprised of only two members, Elliot Han and Quyen Du, each of whom met the independence requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(a)(2) and Rule 10-A3(b)(1) of the Exchange Act.

The Company is in the process of reviewing and evaluating potential options to regain compliance with Nasdaq audit committee requirements as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605 within the cure period provided by Nasdaq. However, there can be no assurance the Company will regain compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605 or maintain compliance with other Nasdaq Listing Rules.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no changes in significant accounting policies as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, except as set forth below.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses ("ASU 2024-03"). The amendments in the update require disclosure, in the notes to the financial statements, of specified information about certain costs and expenses. An entity is not precluded from providing additional voluntary disclosures that may provide investors with additional decision-useful information. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the disclosure requirements related to this new standard.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 requires entities to disclose specific tax rate reconciliation categories, as well as income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction, amongst other disclosure enhancements. For public entities, ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the disclosure requirements related to the new standard.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such differences could be material.

3. Supplemental Information

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Our financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, trade accounts receivable and our digital asset holdings.

Although we limit our exposure to credit loss by depositing our cash with established financial institutions that management believes have good credit ratings and represent minimal risk of loss of principal, our deposits, at times, may exceed federally insured limits.

There is currently no clearing house for our digital assets, including our bitcoin holdings, nor is there a central or major depository for the custody of our digital assets. There is a risk that some or all of our digital asset holdings could be lost or stolen. There can be no assurance that the custodians will maintain adequate insurance or that such coverage will cover losses with respect to our digital asset holdings. Further, transactions denominated in digital assets are irrevocable. Stolen or incorrectly transferred digital assets may be irretrievable. As a result, any incorrectly executed transactions could adversely affect our financial condition.

Collateral is not required for accounts receivable, and we believe the carrying value approximates fair value. The following table sets forth our concentration of accounts receivable, net of specific allowances for credit losses.

|  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Customer A |  | 31% |  | 23%
Customer B |  | 6% |  | 23%
Customer C |  | 22% |  | -%
Customer D |  | 13% |  | 2%
Customer E |  | -% |  | 13%

Loss per Common Share

Basic loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per common share is computed by giving effect to all potential shares of common stock, including those related to our stock equity plans, to the extent dilutive. For all periods presented, these shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share of common stock because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. As a result, diluted loss per common share is the same as basic loss per common share for all periods presented.

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The following table sets forth common stock equivalents that have been excluded from the computation of dilutive weighted average shares outstanding as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive:

|  | June 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Options |  |  | 1,883 |  |  |  | 8,323 |
Restricted stock units |  |  | 33,252 |  |  |  | 70,223 |
Total |  |  | 35,135 |  |  |  | 78,546 |

4. Revenue

Software subscriptions and services revenue consist of platform license subscriptions and application development services. Advertising revenue is comprised of in-app advertising. Refer to our revenue recognition policy under the subheading, Revenue Recognition, in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table sets forth our net revenues by category:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Software subscriptions and services |  | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | 516 |  |  | $ | 1,068 |  |  | $ | 970 |
Advertising |  | 22 |  |  | 495 |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 962 |
Net revenues |  | $ | 455 |  |  | $ | 1,011 |  |  | $ | 1,143 |  |  | $ | 1,932 |

The following table sets forth our concentration of revenue sources as a percentage of total net revenues:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Customer B |  | 28% |  | 12% |  | 32% |  | 13%
Customer F |  | 11% |  | 5% |  | 9% |  | 5%
Customer G |  | -% |  | 35% |  | -% |  | 18%
Customer H |  | -% |  | -% |  | -% |  | 16%

We generate revenue in domestic and foreign regions and attribute net revenue to individual countries based on the location of the contracting entity. We derived 98% of our net revenues from within the United States for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and over 99% of our net revenues from within the United States for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue consists of customer billings or payments received in advance of the recognition of revenue under the arrangements with customers. We recognize deferred revenue as revenue only when revenue recognition criteria are met. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, we recognized revenue of $808 that was included in our deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2024.

Remaining Performance Obligations

Remaining performance obligations were $5,320 as of June 30, 2025, of which we expect to recognize approximately 33% as revenue over the next 12 months and the remainder thereafter.

5. Debt

2022 Promissory Note

Refer to Note 8, “Debt,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025 for further information on our 2022 Promissory Note.

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During the first quarter of 2024, we issued 336,500 shares of our common stock to the holder of the 2022 Promissory Note, which amounted to aggregate principal and interest payments in the amount of $4,505. These conversions were made pursuant to the terms of the amended 2022 Promissory Note. In addition, conversions were made in connection with the Company granting the holder additional conversion rights. As a result, the noteholder agreed to waive an aggregate of $535 in principal and accrued interest, which was recorded as a gain on extinguishment of debt in the statement of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2024. As a result of the conversions, the 2022 Promissory Note has been paid-in-full.

6. Leases

Further information regarding our other office leases and accounting thereof are located in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” and Note 9, “Leases,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025.

We recognize lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term with variable lease expense recognized in the period in which the costs are incurred. The components of lease expense are included in general and administrative expense in our condensed consolidated statement of operations. Lease expense for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was $84 and $174, respectively. Lease expense for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was $168 and $344, respectively. The weighted-average remaining lease term for operating leases as of June 30, 2025 was 2.25 years.

Future minimum lease obligations are set forth below:

Future minimum lease obligations years ending December 31, |  | Lease Obligations |
2025 (Remainder) |  | $ | 182 |
2026 |  |  | 370 |
2027 |  |  | 284 |
|  |  | 836 |
Less: Portion representing interest |  |  | (56 | )
|  | $ | 780 |

7. Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

On March 30, 2021, Phunware filed an action against its former counsel Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, PC (“WSGR”), which is styled Phunware, Inc., v. Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, Professional Corporation, Does 1-25, Case No. 21CV381517, in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Santa Clara. On July 30, 2021, Phunware filed a second action against WSGR in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Santa Clara, which is styled Phunware, Inc., v. Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, Professional Corporation, Does 1-25, Case No. 21CV386411. The two actions were then removed to arbitration. Phunware sought affirmative relief in these actions, as stated in the complaints, for damages according to proof, interest and costs of suit. WSGR filed crossclaims against Phunware in these actions related to services provided by WSGR to Phunware and sought to recover fees related to the services at issue in these actions and interest. In March 2024, WSGR and Phunware settled their claims in the arbitration proceeding relating to Case No. 21CV381517 and Phunware paid approximately $2,194 of the outstanding amount alleged to be owed by Phunware to WSGR in that proceeding. The Phunware and WSGR claims related to Case No. 21CV386411 remain pending in arbitration and the remaining balance of the payables amount alleged to be owed by Phunware will continue to be arbitrated. On August 16, 2024, the Company and WSGR entered into an agreed stay of that arbitration proceeding, which provides for a mutually agreed upon stay of that proceeding until the earlier to occur of (a) August 30, 2025 (subject to either party's right to move to lift the stay earlier than that date for good cause) and (b) the settlement or issuance of a judgment in the Wild Basin litigation, as more fully described below. The outcome of this proceeding and the related Phunware and WSGR claims is uncertain. There is $2,159 in accounts payable in our condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, relating to these WSGR claims.

On February 18, 2022, certain stockholders filed a lawsuit against Phunware and certain of its prior and then existing individual officers and directors. The case, captioned Wild Basin Investments, LLC, et al. v. Phunware, Inc., et al., was filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (Cause No. 2022-0168-LWW). Plaintiffs allege that they invested in Phunware through various early rounds of financing while the Company was private and that following completion of the business combination transactions resulting in Phunware becoming a public company these stockholders received new shares of Phunware common stock and Phunware warrants that were but should not have been subjected to a 180-day “lock up” period. Plaintiffs also allege that Phunware’s stock price dropped significantly during the lock up period and seek damages, costs and professional fees. On or about October 24, 2024, Plaintiffs, Phunware and individual director and officer defendants entered into a Confidential Settlement Agreement, and on about October 28, 2024, Phunware, the individual director and officer defendants and the applicable Phunware insurers entered into a Settlement Agreement and

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Mutual Release (collectively, the “Settlement Agreements”). The Settlement Agreements collectively provide for, among other things, the settlement and release of the Plaintiffs' claims against the individual director and officer defendants, certain agreements between the Plaintiffs and Phunware, including the Plaintiffs' agreement to stay collection of any judgment obtained by the Plaintiffs against Phunware until the settlement or conclusion of the pending WSGR arbitration proceeding. Further, the Settlement Agreements provided for a payment of $2.8 million from the Company’s insurers to the Plaintiffs, as well as a payment of $0.2 million from the insurers to Phunware and the release of the insurers’ subrogation claims against Phunware recoveries from WSGR or its insurers in the WSGR arbitration proceeding. Phunware's insurers made the $2.8 million and $0.2 million payments on or about December 4, 2024. The Plaintiffs claims against Phunware in this lawsuit remain in effect. A bench trial occurred in March 2025, and no ruling has been issued to date. We intend to vigorously defend against the remaining claims in this lawsuit and any appeals. We have not recorded a liability related to this matter because any potential loss is not currently probable or possible to reasonably estimate. Additionally, we cannot presently estimate the range of loss, if any, that may result from this lawsuit.

It is possible that the ultimate resolution of the foregoing matters, or other similar matters, if resolved in a manner unfavorable to us, may be materially adverse to our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

From time to time, we are and may become involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. The outcomes of our legal proceedings are inherently unpredictable, subject to significant uncertainties, and could be material to our operating results and cash flows for a particular reporting period. In addition, for the matters disclosed above that do not include an estimate of the amount of loss or range of losses, such an estimate is not possible, and we may be unable to estimate the possible loss or range of losses that could potentially result from the application of non-monetary remedies.

8. Stockholders’ Equity

Common Stock

Total common stock authorized to be issued as of June 30, 2025, was 1,000,000,000 shares, with a par value of $0.0001 per share. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were 20,172,913 and 20,156,535 shares of our common stock outstanding, respectively.

On January 31, 2022, we entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”), pursuant to which we could offer and sell, from time to time, shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $100 million, through or to Wainwright, as agent or principal. We terminated our agreement with Wainwright effective June 3, 2024.

On June 4, 2024, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with Canaccord Genuity LLC (“Canaccord”), as representative of certain agents, pursuant to which we could offer and sell, from time to time, shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $120 million, through the agents. Additionally, on November 1, 2024, we entered into an Amended and Restated Equity Distribution Agreement with Canaccord, as representative of certain agents, pursuant to which we increased the aggregate amount of shares of our common stock that we could sell under our at-the-market facility to an aggregate offering price of approximately $171.5 million. On February 9, 2025, the registration statement which registered the shares issuable under the Amended and Restated Equity Distribution Agreement expired and the agreement with Canaccord terminated.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, we sold an aggregate of 14,210 shares of our common stock under our Equity Distribution Agreement with Canaccord for aggregate gross cash proceeds of $0.1 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we sold an aggregate of 500,051, shares of our common stock under our sales agreement with Wainwright and Equity Distribution Agreement with Canaccord for aggregate gross cash proceeds of $4,155. Transaction costs were $235.

In a series of offerings during the first quarter of 2024, we sold an aggregate of 2,696,000 shares of our common stock and issued pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 974,000 shares of our common stock. The aggregate gross proceeds from the offerings were $22.6 million. Aggregate transaction costs, including placement agent fees, were approximately $1.9 million. The holders of the pre-funded warrants exercised their rights to purchase all 974,000 shares of our common stock.

9. Stock-Based Compensation

There have been no material changes to the terms of our various equity incentive plans since the filing of our Annual Report on Form 10-K. Refer to Note 13, “Stock-Based Compensation,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025 for more information.

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Stock-Based Compensation

Compensation costs that have been included in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for all stock-based compensation arrangements is set forth below:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |
Stock-based compensation |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Cost of revenues |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 94 |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 31 |
General and administrative |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | 570 |  |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | 1,126 |
Research and development |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 39 |
Total stock-based compensation |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | 660 |  |  | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | 1,290 |

As of June 30, 2025, there was approximately $430 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to our stock benefit plans. These unrecognized compensation costs are expected to be recognized over an estimated weighted-average period of approximately 1.06 years.

Restricted Stock Units

A summary of our restricted stock unit activity for the six months ended June 30, 2025 is set forth below:

|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 38,420 |  |  | $ | 23.01 |
Granted |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Released |  |  | (2,168 | ) |  |  | 54.01 |
Forfeited |  |  | (3,000 | ) |  |  | 14.00 |
Outstanding as of June 30, 2025 |  |  | 33,252 |  |  | $ | 21.80 |

Stock Options

A summary of our stock option activity under the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan) and related information is as follows:

|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 2,500 |  |  | $ | 56.89 |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  |  | (1,500 | ) |  | $ | 38.15 |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of June 30, 2025 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 85.00 |  |  | 7.11 |  | $ | - |
Exercisable as of June 30, 2025 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 85.00 |  |  | 7.11 |  | $ | - |

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A summary of our option activity under our 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2009 Plan”) and related information is as follows:

|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 1,190 |  |  | $ | 91.61 |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  |  | (307 | ) |  | 28.48 |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of June 30, 2025 |  |  | 883 |  |  | $ | 113.56 |  |  | 2.75 |  | $ | - |
Exercisable as of June 30, 2025 |  |  | 883 |  |  | $ | 113.56 |  |  | 2.75 |  | $ | - |

Our stock benefit plans had 1,232,639 and 220,006 shares of common stock reserved for future issuances under our equity incentive plans as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. In addition, the shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2018 Plan also will include any shares of common stock subject to stock options granted under the 2009 Plan, that expire or otherwise terminate without having been exercised in full and shares of common stock issued pursuant to awards granted under the 2009 Plan that are forfeited. As of June 30, 2025, the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be added to the 2018 Plan pursuant to the foregoing is 883.

Furthermore, there were 63,167 and 46,791 shares of common stock available for sale and reserved for issuance under our 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

10. Segment Reporting

Business segments are components of an enterprise about which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (the "CODM") to assess operating performance and allocate resources. Our CODM is our chief executive officer. Our operations are organized by management into operating segments by line of business. The CODM evaluates performance and allocates resources based on the segment operating income (loss) of the operating segments. The Company does not allocate its corporate expense function across its operating segments. We have two reportable segments: (i) software subscriptions and services and (ii) advertising. No segment-level asset information has been disclosed as our CODM does not review asset information by segment. Reportable segment information is set forth below:

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|  | Software Subscriptions & Services |  |  | Advertising |  |  | Corporate |  |  | Three months ended June 30, 2025 |
Net revenues |  | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 455 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | 243 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 265 |
Gross profit |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 190 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation |  |  | 774 |  |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 1,392 |
Consulting and professional fees |  |  | 232 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,629 |  |  |  | 1,861 |
Facilities and insurance |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 403 |  |  |  | 416 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | 101 |
Other segment expenses(1) |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 541 |  |  |  | 680 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 1,153 |  |  |  | 135 |  |  |  | 3,162 |  |  |  | 4,450 |
Operating loss |  |  | (963 | ) |  |  | (135 | ) |  |  | (3,162 | ) |  |  | (4,260 | )
Other income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,116 |  |  |  | 1,116 |
Loss before taxes |  | $ | (963 | ) |  | $ | (135 | ) |  | $ | (2,046 | ) |  | $ | (3,144 | )
|  | Software Subscriptions & Services |  |  | Advertising |  |  | Corporate |  |  | Six months ended June 30, 2025 |
Net revenues |  | $ | 1,068 |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,143 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | 545 |  |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 594 |
Gross profit |  |  | 523 |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 549 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation |  |  | 1,572 |  |  |  | 239 |  |  |  | 1,087 |  |  |  | 2,898 |
Consulting and professional fees |  |  | 511 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,922 |  |  |  | 4,433 |
Facilities and insurance |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 926 |  |  |  | 960 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 156 |  |  |  | 172 |
Other segment expenses(1) |  |  | 235 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 907 |  |  |  | 1,160 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 2,358 |  |  |  | 267 |  |  |  | 6,998 |  |  |  | 9,623 |
Operating loss |  |  | (1,835 | ) |  |  | (241 | ) |  |  | (6,998 | ) |  |  | (9,074 | )
Other income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,207 |  |  |  | 2,207 |
Loss before taxes |  | $ | (1,835 | ) |  | $ | (241 | ) |  | $ | (4,791 | ) |  | $ | (6,867 | )

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|  | Software Subscriptions & Services |  |  | Advertising |  |  | Corporate |  |  | Three months ended June 30, 2024 |
Net revenues |  | $ | 516 |  |  | $ | 495 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,011 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | 377 |  |  |  | 164 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 541 |
Gross profit |  |  | 139 |  |  |  | 331 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 470 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation |  |  | 764 |  |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | 483 |  |  |  | 1,365 |
Consulting and professional fees |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 632 |  |  |  | 686 |
Facilities and insurance |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 427 |  |  |  | 438 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 571 |  |  |  | 611 |
Other segment expenses(1) |  |  | 116 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 186 |  |  |  | 304 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 985 |  |  |  | 120 |  |  |  | 2,299 |  |  |  | 3,404 |
Operating loss |  |  | (846 | ) |  |  | 211 |  |  |  | (2,299 | ) |  |  | (2,934 | )
Other income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 303 |  |  |  | 303 |
Income (loss) before taxes |  | $ | (846 | ) |  | $ | 211 |  |  | $ | (1,996 | ) |  | $ | (2,631 | )
|  | Software Subscriptions & Services |  |  | Advertising |  |  | Corporate |  |  | Six months ended June 30, 2024 |
Net revenues |  | $ | 970 |  |  | $ | 962 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,932 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | 591 |  |  |  | 347 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 938 |
Gross profit |  |  | 379 |  |  |  | 615 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 994 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation |  |  | 1,478 |  |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | 984 |  |  |  | 2,695 |
Consulting and professional fees |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,409 |  |  |  | 1,466 |
Facilities and insurance |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 851 |  |  |  | 863 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,126 |  |  |  | 1,195 |
Other segment expenses(1) |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | 583 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 1,793 |  |  |  | 239 |  |  |  | 4,770 |  |  |  | 6,802 |
Operating loss |  |  | (1,414 | ) |  |  | 376 |  |  |  | (4,770 | ) |  |  | (5,808 | )
Other income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 885 |  |  |  | 885 |
Income (loss) before taxes |  | $ | (1,414 | ) |  | $ | 376 |  |  | $ | (3,885 | ) |  | $ | (4,923 | )

(1)
Other segment expenses represent marketing, information technology related expenses, travel and other general operating expenses.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and An alysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

References in this section to “we,” “us,” “our,” or “the Company” refer to Phunware, Inc. References to “management” or “management team” refer to our officers and directors.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto presented in “Part I – Item 1. Financial Statements.” As discussed in the section titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including, but not limited to, those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Report.

Certain figures, such as interest rates and other percentages, included in this section have been rounded for ease of presentation. Percentage figures included in this section have not in all cases been calculated on the basis of such rounded figures but on the basis of such amounts prior to rounding. For this reason, percentage amounts in this section may vary slightly from those obtained by performing the same calculations using the figures in our condensed consolidated financial statements or in the associated text. Certain other amounts that appear in this section may similarly not sum due to rounding.

Key Events & Recent Developments

On July 13, 2025, the Board terminated Stephen Chen's at-will employment as Interim Chief Executive Officer. Pursuant to the terms of Mr. Chen’s employment agreement dated October 22, 2024, his termination as Interim Chief Executive Officer also constitutes a termination from all positions that Mr. Chen holds as a member of the Board and any committee thereof, effective as of the same date. On July 14, 2025, Jeremy Krol, Chief Operating Officer of the Company, was appointed to replace Stephen Chen as the Company's Interim Chief Executive Officer. The Company has initiated a search for a permanent Chief Executive Officer.

Overview

We offer a mobile-application cloud-based platform that equips companies with the products, solutions and services necessary to engage, manage and monetize their mobile application portfolios. Our offerings include:

•
A cloud-based application framework vertical solution license for iOS and Android-based mobile applications (apps). We have focused a majority of our recent sales efforts on addressing the patient experience for healthcare and the luxury guest experience for hospitality. However, our product capabilities also serve the employee experience in the workplace, the shopper experience for retail, the fan experience for sports, the traveler experience for aviation, the luxury resident experience for real estate and the student experience for education.
•
Enterprise mobile software development kits (SDKs) including business intelligence and analytics, content management, alerts, notifications and messaging, and location-based services;
•
Development services for customers who wish to have to have a customized application experience; and
•
In-app advertising services for mobile audience building, user acquisition, application discovery, audience engagement and monetization.

In October 2024, we announced the commencement of our investment into the field of artificial intelligence (AI). We plan to use AI in various contexts within our internal systems and products and services offerings.

The AI technology we initially used in the context of our platform is generative AI. We actively utilize generative AI tools to streamline internal processes and workflows for mobile app creation and development. We also plan to use predictive and agentic AI tools in the future to further enhance these processes. By applying these technologies, we expect to improve the quality and personalization of our mobile apps for customers and drastically reduce the time required to adapt our mobile app development framework to meet specific customer needs. We anticipate that these efficiencies will enable the Company to reduce mobile app development costs significantly and make high-quality customized mobile apps more accessible and affordable for small to medium sized businesses and enterprises.

We created, deployed and market-tested creator.phunware.com, an online platform and part of the Company's software development initiative to utilize generative AI to simplify and facilitate the creation and completion of mobile apps. In light of our market testing and recent changes in our senior management team, we decided to pause further development and allocation of resources

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to completing the app creator platform and instead focus these resources on generative AI-related features and functionalities within our current product offerings.

We recently developed an AI Personal Concierge generative AI product feature with functionalities to serve as a human-like interface in our mobile apps for our customers to enhance customer engagement with users and provide customers with innovative opportunities to further monetize their products and services with users. We are currently engaging with existing customers to run pilot testing programs with our AI Personal Concierge feature in their existing mobile applications.

We also recently designed and demonstrated, at a major hospitality conference, our Guest Services Agent agentic AI product feature with functionalities to interact with and perform tasks for customer hospitality guests. For instance, we anticipate the Guest Services Agent feature will be able to provide information about and book reservations at restaurants located on customer properties. This Guest Services Agent feature is still in the development and testing phase.

We continue to invest in AI, including generative AI and agentic AI, and in the integration of AI capabilities into our products and services. We will continue to evaluate our investments in AI and align investment and resource allocation in the products and markets where we believe we can generate the greatest benefits for customers and opportunities for shareholder returns. Our AI related investments are in the research and development phase, and we may choose not to continue pursuing some of our AI investments and some of the investments we pursue may not be successful. Refer to Risk Factors, located in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025.

We intend to continue investing for long-term growth. We have also invested and expect to continue investing in the expansion of our ability to market, sell and provide our current and future products and services to customers globally. We also expect to continue investing in the development and improvement of new and existing products and services to address customers’ needs. We currently do not expect to be profitable in the near future.

Key Business Metrics

Our management regularly monitors certain financial measures to track the progress of our business against internal goals and targets. We believe that the most important of these measures include backlog and deferred revenue.

Bookings, Backlog and Deferred Revenue. We define these measures and purpose as follows:

•
Bookings represents actual contracted value for a period, whether invoiced or not, to be invoiced and recognized as revenue over time. We believe that bookings reflects the current demand for our products and services and provides us insight into how well our sales and marketing efforts are performing.
•
Backlog represents future amounts to be invoiced under our active contracts. At any point in the contract term, there can be amounts that we have not yet been contractually able to invoice. Until such time as these amounts are invoiced, they are not recorded in revenue, deferred revenue, accounts receivable or elsewhere in our condensed consolidated financial statements and are considered by us to be backlog. We expect backlog to fluctuate up or down from period to period for several reasons, including the timing and duration of customer contracts, varying billing cycles and the timing and duration of customer renewals. We reasonably expect approximately 44% of our backlog as of June 30, 2025 will be invoiced during the subsequent 12-month period, primarily due to the fact that our contracts are typically one to three years in length.
•
Deferred revenue consists of amounts that have been invoiced but have not yet been recognized as revenues as of the end of a reporting period. Together, the sum of deferred revenue and backlog represents the total billed and unbilled contract value yet to be recognized in revenues and provides visibility into future revenue streams.

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The following table sets forth our software and subscriptions bookings:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
(in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Bookings |  | $ | 568 |  |  | $ | 1,149 |  |  | $ | 927 |  |  | $ | 1,746 |

The follow table sets forth our deferred revenue and backlog:

(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | June 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Backlog |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,367 |  |  | $ | 3,635 |
Deferred revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,749 |  |  |  | 1,562 |
Total backlog and deferred revenue |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,116 |  |  | $ | 5,197 |

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin and Adjusted EBITDA

We report our financial results in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). We also use certain non-GAAP financial measures that fall within the meaning of Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation G and Regulation S-K Item 10(e), which may provide users of the financial information with additional meaningful comparison to prior period results. Our non-GAAP financial measures include adjusted gross profit (derived from the GAAP measure of gross profit), adjusted gross margin (derived from the GAAP measure of gross margin) and adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) (derived from the GAAP measure of net loss) (our “non-GAAP financial measures”). Management uses these measures (i) to compare operating performance on a consistent basis, (ii) to calculate incentive compensation for our employees, (iii) for planning purposes including the preparation of our internal annual operating budget and (iv) to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of operational strategies.

Our non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. They are not measurements of our financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as alternatives to revenue or net loss, as applicable, or any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP and may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other businesses. Our non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our operating results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations include:

•
Non-cash compensation is and will remain a key element of our overall long-term incentive compensation package, although we exclude it as an expense when evaluating our ongoing operating performance for a particular period;
•
Our non-GAAP financial measures do not reflect the impact of certain cash charges resulting from matters we consider not to be indicative of ongoing operations; and
•
Other companies in our industry may calculate our non-GAAP financial measures differently than we do, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures.

We compensate for these limitations to our non-GAAP financial measures by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using our non-GAAP financial measures only for supplemental purposes. Our non-GAAP financial measures include adjustments for items that may not occur in future periods. However, we believe these adjustments are appropriate because the amounts recognized can vary significantly from period to period, do not directly relate to the ongoing operations of our business and complicate comparisons of our internal operating results and operating results of other peer companies over time. For example, it is useful to exclude non-cash, stock-based compensation expenses because the amount of such expenses in any specific period may not directly correlate to the underlying performance of our business operations and these expenses can vary significantly across periods due to timing of new stock-based awards. We may also exclude certain discrete, unusual, one-time, or non-cash costs in order to facilitate a more useful period-over-period comparison of our financial performance. Each of the normal recurring adjustments and other adjustments described in this paragraph help management with a measure of our operating performance over time by removing items that are not related to day-to-day operations or are non-cash expenses.

The following tables set forth the most comparable GAAP financial measures from which our non-GAAP financial measures are derived as well as the non-GAAP financial measures we monitor.

GAAP Financial Measures |  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |
(in thousands, except percentages) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Gross profit |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 470 |  |  | $ | 549 |  |  | $ | 994 |
Gross margin |  |  | 41.8 | % |  |  | 46.5 | % |  |  | 48.0 | % |  |  | 51.4 | %
Net loss |  | $ | (3,144 | ) |  | $ | (2,631 | ) |  | $ | (6,867 | ) |  | $ | (4,923 | )

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
(in thousands, except percentages) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Adjusted gross profit (1) |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | 519 |  |  | $ | 579 |  |  | $ | 1,088 |
Adjusted gross margin (1) |  |  | 45.1 | % |  |  | 51.3 | % |  |  | 50.7 | % |  |  | 56.3 | %
Adjusted EBITDA (2) |  | $ | (4,111 | ) |  | $ | (2,198 | ) |  | $ | (8,854 | ) |  | $ | (4,423 | )

(1)
Adjusted gross profit and adjusted gross margin are non-GAAP financial measures. We believe that adjusted gross profit and adjusted gross margin provide supplemental information with respect to gross profit and gross margin regarding ongoing performance. We define adjusted gross profit as net revenues less cost of revenue, adjusted to exclude one-time

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revenue adjustments, stock-based compensation and amortization of intangible assets. We define adjusted gross margin as adjusted gross profit as a percentage of net revenues.
(2)
Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. We believe adjusted EBITDA provides helpful information with respect to operating performance as viewed by management, including a view of our business that is not dependent on (i) the impact of our capitalization structure and (ii) items that are not part of day-to-day operations. We define adjusted EBITDA as net loss plus or (minus) (i) depreciation, (ii) interest expense, (iii) (interest income), (iv) income tax expense, and further adjusted for (v) stock-based compensation expense, (vi) non-cash impairment and valuation adjustments.

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The following tables set forth a reconciliation of the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to each of the non-GAAP financial measures discussed above.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
(in thousands, except percentages) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Gross profit |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 470 |  |  | $ | 549 |  |  | $ | 994 |
Add back: Stock-based compensation |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 94 |
Adjusted gross profit |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | 519 |  |  | $ | 579 |  |  | $ | 1,088 |
Adjusted gross margin |  |  | 45.1 | % |  |  | 51.3 | % |  |  | 50.7 | % |  |  | 56.3 | %

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
(in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Net loss |  | $ | (3,144 | ) |  | $ | (2,631 | ) |  | $ | (6,867 | ) |  | $ | (4,923 | )
Add back: Depreciation |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 8 |
Add back: Interest expense |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 116 |
Less: Interest income |  |  | (1,094 | ) |  |  | (239 | ) |  |  | (2,213 | ) |  |  | (379 | )
EBITDA |  |  | (4,229 | ) |  |  | (2,858 | ) |  |  | (9,058 | ) |  |  | (5,178 | )
Add back: Stock-based compensation |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | 660 |  |  |  | 204 |  |  |  | 1,290 |
Less: Gain on extinguishment of debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (535 | )
Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | (4,111 | ) |  | $ | (2,198 | ) |  | $ | (8,854 | ) |  | $ | (4,423 | )

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue and Gross Profit

There are a number of factors that impact the revenue and margin profile of the services and technology offerings we provide, including, but not limited to, solution and technology complexity, technical expertise requiring the combination of products and types of services provided, as well as other elements that may be specific to a particular client solution.

Software Subscriptions and Services

Software subscription revenue is derived from software license fees, which are comprised of subscription fees from customers licensing our vertical solution application framework and SDKs, that include access to our platform. Services revenue is derived from development services around designing and building new applications or enhancing existing applications. Support revenue is comprised of support and maintenance fees of customer applications, software updates and technical support for application development services for a support term.

Software subscriptions and services gross profit is equal to software subscriptions and services revenue less the cost of personnel and related costs for our support and professional services employees, external consultants, stock-based compensation and allocated overhead. Costs associated with our development and project management teams are generally recognized as incurred. Costs directly attributable to the development or support of applications relating to platform subscription customers are included in cost of sales, whereas costs related to the ongoing development and maintenance of our software platform are expensed in research and development. As a result, software subscriptions and services gross profit may fluctuate from period to period.

Advertising Revenue

We also generate revenue by charging advertisers to deliver advertisements (ads) to users of mobile connected devices. We generally sell our ads by cost per thousand impressions and recognize revenue when the ad loads onto the device of a user.

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Advertising gross profit is equal to advertising revenue less cost of revenue associated with advertising traffic we pay to our suppliers and amount of traffic which we can purchase from those suppliers. As a result, our advertising gross profit may fluctuate from period to period due to variable costs of advertising traffic.

Gross Margin

Gross margin measures gross profit as a percentage of revenue. Gross margin is generally impacted by the same factors that affect changes in the mix of revenue.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses include sales and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses. Personnel costs are the most significant component of operating expenses and consist of salaries, benefits, bonuses, stock-based compensation and, in sales and marketing expense, commissions.

Sales and Marketing Expense. Sales and marketing expense is comprised of compensation, commission expense, variable incentive pay and benefits related to sales personnel, along with travel expenses, other employee related costs, including stock-based compensation and expenses related to marketing programs and promotional activities. Our sales and marketing expense may increase in absolute dollars as we increase our sales and marketing organizations as we plan to increase revenue but may fluctuate as a percentage of our total revenue from period to period.

General and Administrative Expense. General and administrative expense is comprised of compensation and benefits of administrative personnel, including variable incentive pay and stock-based compensation, bad debt expenses and other administrative costs such as facilities expenses, professional fees and travel expenses. We expect to incur additional general and administrative expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and listing standards of Nasdaq, additional insurance expenses, investor relations activities and other administrative and professional services. We also expect to increase the size of our general and administrative function to support the growth of our business. As a result, our general and administrative expenses may increase in absolute dollars but may fluctuate as a percentage of our total revenue from period to period.

Research and Development Expense. Research and development expenses consist primarily of employee compensation costs and overhead allocation. We believe that continued investment in our platform is important for our growth. As a result, our research and development expenses may increase in absolute dollars as our business grows but may fluctuate as a percentage of revenue from period to period.

Interest Expense

During 2024, interest expense included interest related to our outstanding debt, including amortization of discounts and deferred issuance costs. We also may seek additional debt financing to fund the expansion of our business or to finance strategic acquisitions in the future, which may have an impact on our interest expense.

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Results of Operations

Net Revenues

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Change |  |
(in thousands, expect percentages) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Software subscriptions and services |  | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | 516 |  |  | $ | (83 | ) |  |  | (16.1 | %) |
Advertising |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 495 |  |  |  | (473 | ) |  |  | (95.6 | %) |
Total revenue |  | $ | 455 |  |  | $ | 1,011 |  |  | $ | (556 | ) |  |  | (55.0 | %) |
Software subscriptions and services as a percentage of total revenue |  |  | 95.2 | % |  |  | 51.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advertisings as a percentage of total revenue |  |  | 4.8 | % |  |  | 49.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Platform revenues as a percentage of total revenue |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Change |  |
(in thousands, expect percentages) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Software subscriptions and services |  | $ | 1,068 |  |  | $ | 970 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  |  | 10.1 | % |
Advertising |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 962 |  |  |  | (887 | ) |  |  | (92.2 | %) |
Total revenue |  | $ | 1,143 |  |  | $ | 1,932 |  |  | $ | (789 | ) |  |  | (40.8 | %) |
Software subscriptions and services as a percentage of total revenue |  |  | 93.4 | % |  |  | 50.2 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advertising as a percentage of total revenue |  |  | 6.6 | % |  |  | 49.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Platform revenue as a percentage of total revenue |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Net revenues decreased $0.6 million, or (55.0%), for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the corresponding period in 2024, as a result of a decrease in advertising campaigns mainly due to softening demand from advertising agency partners.

Net revenue decreased $0.8 million, or (40.8%), for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the corresponding period in 2024, as a result of a decrease in advertising campaigns mainly due to softening demand from advertising agency partners, which was partially offset by an increase in software development revenue as a result of delivered customer projects.

Cost of Revenues, Gross Profit and Gross Margin

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Change |  |
(in thousands, expect percentages) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |
Cost of Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Software subscriptions and services |  | $ | 243 |  |  | $ | 377 |  |  | $ | (134 | ) |  |  | (35.5 | %) |
Advertising |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 164 |  |  |  | (142 | ) |  |  | (86.6 | %) |
Total cost of revenue |  | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | 541 |  |  | $ | (276 | ) |  |  | (51.0 | %) |
Gross Profit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Software subscriptions and services |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 139 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  |  | 36.7 | % |
Advertising |  |  | - |  |  |  | 331 |  |  |  | (331 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | %) |
Total gross profit |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 470 |  |  | $ | (280 | ) |  |  | (59.6 | %) |
Gross Margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Software subscriptions and services |  |  | 43.9 | % |  |  | 26.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advertising |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 66.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total gross margin |  |  | 41.8 | % |  |  | 46.5 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Change |  |
(in thousands, expect percentages) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |
Cost of Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Software subscriptions and services |  | $ | 545 |  |  | $ | 591 |  |  | $ | (46 | ) |  |  | (7.8 | %) |
Advertising |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | 347 |  |  |  | (298 | ) |  |  | (85.9 | %) |
Total cost of revenue |  | $ | 594 |  |  | $ | 938 |  |  | $ | (344 | ) |  |  | (36.7 | %) |
Gross Profit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Software subscriptions and services |  | $ | 523 |  |  | $ | 379 |  |  | $ | 144 |  |  |  | 38.0 | % |
Advertising |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 615 |  |  |  | (589 | ) |  |  | (95.8 | %) |
Total gross profit |  | $ | 549 |  |  | $ | 994 |  |  | $ | (445 | ) |  |  | (44.8 | %) |
Gross Margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Software subscriptions and services |  |  | 49.0 | % |  |  | 39.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advertising |  |  | 34.7 | % |  |  | 63.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total gross margin |  |  | 48.0 | % |  |  | 51.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Total gross profit decreased 0.3 million, or (59.6%), for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the corresponding period in 2024, primarily as a result of the decrease in advertising revenue described above, as well as fixed costs within our advertising business unit. This decrease was partially offset by a $0.1 million increase in software subscriptions gross profit as a result of a decrease in headcount related costs for customer related projects.

Total gross profit decreased $0.4 million, or (44.8%), for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the corresponding periods in 2024, primarily as a result of the decrease in advertising revenue described above, as well as fixed costs within our advertising business unit. This decrease was partially offset by a $0.1 million increase in software subscriptions gross profit as a result of a decrease in headcount related costs for customer related projects and stock-based compensation.

Operating Expenses

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Change |  |
(in thousands, except percentages) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales and marketing |  | $ | 690 |  |  | $ | 609 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  |  | 13.3 | % |
General and administrative |  |  | 2,790 |  |  |  | 2,299 |  |  |  | 491 |  |  |  | 21.4 | % |
Research and development |  |  | 970 |  |  |  | 496 |  |  |  | 474 |  |  |  | 95.6 | % |
Total operating expenses |  | $ | 4,450 |  |  | $ | 3,404 |  |  | $ | 1,046 |  |  |  | 30.7 | % |

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Change |  |
(in thousands, except percentages) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales and marketing |  | $ | 1,586 |  |  | $ | 1,052 |  |  | $ | 534 |  |  |  | 50.8 | % |
General and administrative |  |  | 6,254 |  |  |  | 4,770 |  |  |  | 1,484 |  |  |  | 31.1 | % |
Research and development |  |  | 1,783 |  |  |  | 980 |  |  |  | 803 |  |  |  | 81.9 | % |
Total operating expenses |  | $ | 9,623 |  |  | $ | 6,802 |  |  | $ | 2,821 |  |  |  | 41.5 | % |

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expense increased $0.1 million, or 13.3% for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the corresponding period of 2024, due to an increase in sales consultants.

Sales and marketing expense increased $0.5 million, or 50.8%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the corresponding period of 2024, primarily due to an increase of $0.3 million in corporate marketing and $0.2 million in sales consultants.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expense increased $0.5 million, or 21.4%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the corresponding period of 2024, due to a $0.7 million increase in professional fees, mainly related to legal fees for the Company's

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Wild Basin litigation and consultants, as well as a $0.3 million increase in other operating expenses related to business taxes and board fees. This increase was partially offset by a $0.5 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense.

General and administrative expense increased $1.5 million, or 31.1%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the corresponding period of 2024, due to a $2.1 million increase in professional fees, mainly related to legal fees for the Company's Wild Basin litigation and consultants, as well as a $0.3 million increase in other operating expenses as described above. This increase was partially offset by a $1.0 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense.

Research and Development

Research and development expense increased $0.5 million, or 95.6%, and $0.8 million, or 81.9%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods of 2024, primarily as a result of an increase in payroll and related expenses as a result of higher headcount and an increase in consulting fees for engineering consultants related to our AI initiatives.

Other expense

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |
(in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | (8 | ) |
Interest income |  |  | 1,094 |  |  |  | 239 |  |
Other income, net |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 72 |  |
Total other income |  | $ | 1,116 |  |  | $ | 303 |  |

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
(in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | $ | (14 | ) |  | $ | (116 | )
Interest income |  |  | 2,213 |  |  |  | 379 |
Gain on extinguishment of debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | 535 |
Other income, net |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 87 |
Total other income |  | $ | 2,207 |  |  | $ | 885 |

During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, we recorded other income of approximately $1.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively, primarily as a result of interest income earned from cash and cash equivalents.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, we recorded other income of approximately $2.2 million and $0.9 million, primarily as a result of interest income earned from cash and cash equivalents, and in 2024 a gain on extinguishment of debt on our 2022 Promissory Note, as amended.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of June 30, 2025, we held total cash of $106.3 million, all of which was held in the United States. We have a history of operating losses and negative operating cash flows. As we continue to focus on growing our revenues, we expect these trends to continue into the foreseeable future.

On February 1, 2022, we filed a Form S-3, which was subsequently declared effective by the SEC on February 9, 2022, pursuant to which we could issue up to $200 million in common stock, preferred stock, warrants and units. Contained therein, was a prospectus supplement pursuant to which we could sell up to $100 million of our common stock in an “at the market offering” pursuant to an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement we entered into with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”) on January 31, 2022. We terminated our agreement with Wainwright effective June 3, 2024.

On June 4, 2024, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with Canaccord Genuity LLC (“Canaccord”), as representative of certain agents, pursuant to which we could offer and sell, from time to time, shares of our common stock for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $120 million, through the agents. On November 1, 2024, we entered into an Amended and Restated Equity Distribution Agreement (amending the June 4, 2024 Equity Distribution Agreement) with Canaccord, and filed a registration statement on Form S-3MEF relating to the Company's existing registration statement on Form S-3 originally filed in 2022, pursuant to which we increased the aggregate amount of shares of our common stock that we were entitled to sell under our at-the-market facility to an

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aggregate offering price of approximately $171.5 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, we sold an aggregate of 14,210 shares of our common stock under our Equity Distribution Agreement with Canaccord for aggregate gross cash proceeds of approximately $0.1 million. On February 9, 2025, the aforementioned registration statement on Form S-3 expired (including the subsequent registration statement on Form S-3MEF), and as a result, the Amended and Restated Equity Distribution Agreement with Canaccord terminated.

Although we expect to generate operating losses and negative operating cash flows in the future, based on the financing events described above, management believes it has sufficient cash on hand for at least one year following the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our pace of growth, subscription renewal activity, the timing and extent of spend to support development efforts, additional investments in AI technology and infrastructure, the expansion of sales and marketing activities and the market acceptance of our products and services. We believe that it is likely we will in the future enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in additional companies and assets, technologies, intellectual property rights and digital assets. We may be required to seek additional equity or debt financings. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired and/or on acceptable terms, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming we will continue to operate as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and settlement of liabilities in the ordinary course of business.

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
(in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Consolidated statement of cash flows |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash used in operating activities |  | $ | (6,790 | ) |  | $ | (8,205 | )
Net cash for investing activities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 24,640 |

Operating Activities

The primary source of cash from operating activities is receipts from sales of our various product and service offerings to customers. The primary uses of cash from operating activities are payments to employees for compensation and related expenses, publishers and other vendors for the purchase of digital media inventory and related costs, sales and marketing expenses and general operating expenses.

We utilized $6.8 million of cash from operating activities during the six months ended June 30, 2025, resulting in a net loss of $6.9 million. The net loss included non-cash charges of $0.2 million, primarily consisting of stock-based compensation. In addition, certain changes in our operating assets and liabilities resulted in a cash increase of $0.1 million.

We utilized $8.2 million of cash from operating activities during the six months ended June 30, 2024, resulting in a net loss of $4.9 million. The net loss included non-cash charges of $1.2 million, primarily consisting of stock-based compensation. In addition, certain changes in our operating assets and liabilities resulted in a cash decrease of $4.5 million, primarily relating to a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses.

Investing Activities

We did not have any investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

Financing Activities

Our financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 consisted of various sales of our common stock. Refer to the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for information on the Company's financing activities.

Contractual Obligations

Information set forth in Note 6, “Leases,” in the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is incorporated herein by reference.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Through June 30, 2025, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of SEC Regulation S-K, such as the use of unconsolidated subsidiaries, structured finance, special purpose entities or variable interest entities.

Indemnification Agreements

In the ordinary course of business, we provide indemnifications of varying scope and terms to customers, vendors, lessors, business partners and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of breach of such agreements, solutions to be provided by the Company or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with directors and certain current and former officers and employees that will require the Company, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of, or are related to, their status or service as directors, officers or employees.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item I, Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for analysis of recent accounting pronouncements applicable to our business.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenues generated and expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Except for the changes described in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item I, Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, there have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qual itative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not applicable.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Certifying Officers (as defined below), or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Vice President of Accounting and Financial Reporting (together, the “Certifying Officers”), we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based on the foregoing, our Certifying Officers concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of the end of the period covered by this Report.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

As previously disclosed, management identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting related to the design of information technology general controls (“ITGCs”) related to user access, program change and appropriate segregation of duties for certain IT applications. We implemented additional ITGCs to manage user access and program changes across our key systems; however, the Company needs more time to fully remediate this material weakness.

Additionally, in 2023, as a result of cost cutting measures and headcount turnover in our accounting function, management identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting as business process controls across the Company’s financial reporting processes were not effectively designed and implemented due to a lack of segregation of duties between preparer and reviewer. During 2024, the Company began implementing additional review controls to ensure proper segregation of duties in our financial reporting processes. However, the Company's Chief Financial Officer departed the Company on November 30, 2024. This resulted in a delay in the completion of the implementation of our remediation plan.

Management believes that the remediation measures described above, if successfully implemented, will strengthen our internal control over financial reporting and remediate the material weakness we have identified. However, the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting will not be considered remediated until the new controls are fully implemented, in operation for a sufficient period of time, tested and concluded by management to be designed and operating effectively.

Management is committed to continuous improvement of our internal control over financial reporting and will continue to diligently review our financial reporting controls and procedures. However, we cannot provide any assurance that these remediation efforts will be successful or that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective as a result of these efforts. Management will test, evaluate and audit the implementation of these new processes and internal controls to ascertain whether they are designed and operating effectively to provide reasonable assurance that they will prevent or detect a material error in the Company’s financial statements.

Management will seek to update current processes and/or provide sufficient resources toward the proper mitigation of these material control weaknesses. Management is committed to continuous improvement of our internal control over financial reporting and will continue to diligently review our financial reporting controls and procedures. However, we cannot provide any assurance that these remediation efforts will be successful or that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective as a result of these efforts.

Except as set forth above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in conjunction with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management, including our Certifying Officers, do not expect that our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

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PART II - OT HER INFORMATION

Item 1. Leg al Proceedings

The information set forth under the “Litigation” subheading in Note 7, “Commitments and Contingencies,” in the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A. R isk Factors

Important risk factors that could affect our operations and financial performance, or that could cause results or events to differ from current expectations, are described in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025 for the year ended December 31, 2024 or contained elsewhere in this Report. The risks and uncertainties described within our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business or results of operations.

Item 2. Unregist ered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Min e Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Ot her Information

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits

Unless otherwise noted, the exhibits listed on the accompanying Exhibit Index are filed or incorporated by reference (as stated therein) as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit No. |  | Description
3.1 |  | Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on January 2, 2019).
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on November 4, 2022).
3.3 |  | Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation filed February 23, 2024 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K (File No. 00-37862) filed with the SEC on February 28, 2024.)
4.1 |  | Description of Securities (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.15 of the Registrant’s Form 10-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on March 31, 2021).
10.1 |  | Executive Chairman and Chief AI Architect Agreement by and between Phunware, Inc. and Rahul Mewawalla effective July 14, 2025 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on July 17, 2025).
10.2 |  | Confidential Employment Agreement by and between Phunware, Inc. and Jeremy Krol dated July 14, 2025 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K (File No. 001-37862), filed with the SEC on July 17, 2025).
31.1* |  | Certification of the Principal Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a)*
31.2* |  | Certification of the Principal Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a)*
32.1(1) |  | Certification of the Principal Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. 1350*
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded with the Inline XBRL document.*
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema*
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)*

* | Filed herewith

(1) | The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and shall not be deemed “filed” by the Registrant for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

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SIGNA TURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

August 8, 2025 | Phunware, Inc.
| By: | /s/ Jeremy Krol
| Name: | Jeremy Krol
| Title: | Interim Chief Executive Officer
|  | (Principal Executive Officer)
August 8, 2025 | By: | /s/ J. Brendhan Botkin
| Name: | J. Brendhan Botkin
| Title: | Vice President of Accounting and Financial Reporting
|  | (Principal Accounting and Financial Officer)

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