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Stock-Based Compensation | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2019
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation | 4. Stock-Based Compensation The stock-based compensation expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 reflects the estimated fair value of the vested portion of options granted to employees, directors and eligible consultants. Stock-based compensation expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations is as follows (in thousands):
|  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  | Nine months ended September 30, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Sales and marketing |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 6 |
General and administrative |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23 |
Total stock-based compensation expense |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 29 |
There is no remaining unrecognized expense related to stock options as of September 30, 2019. The estimated fair value of stock-based awards is calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, even though this model was developed to estimate the fair value of freely tradable, fully transferable options without vesting restrictions, which differ significantly from our stock options. The Black-Scholes model also requires subjective assumptions, including future stock price volatility and expected time to exercise, which greatly affect the calculated values. The expected term and forfeiture rate of options granted is derived from historical data on employee exercises and post-vesting employment termination behavior, as well as expected behavior on outstanding options. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury rates in effect during the corresponding period of grant. The expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our stock price. These factors could change in the future, which would affect fair values of stock options granted in such future periods and could cause volatility in the total amount of the stock-based compensation expense reported in future periods. Stock Options We have adopted equity incentive plans for which stock options and restricted stock awards are available to grant to employees, consultants and directors. All employee, consultant and director stock options granted under our stock option plans have an exercise price equal to the market value of the underlying common stock on the grant date. There are no vesting provisions tied to performance conditions for any options, as vesting for all outstanding option grants was based only on continued service as an employee, consultant or director. All of our outstanding stock options and restricted stock awards are classified as equity instruments. As of September 30, 2019, we had two equity incentive plans:
| ● | The 2006 Equity Incentive Plan; and
| ● | The 2015 Stock Incentive Plan.
A summary of the combined activity under all of the stock option plans is set forth below:
|  | Number of Options Outstanding |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |
Outstanding at January 1, 2019 |  |  | 99,800 |  |  | $ | 34.55 |
Cancelled |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Expired |  |  | (44,300 | ) |  |  | 42.50 |
Outstanding at September 30, 2019 |  |  | 55,500 |  |  | $ | 28.20 |
The aggregate intrinsic value of the 55,500 stock options that are outstanding, vested and expected to vest as of September 30, 2019 was $0. For both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recorded $0 of compensation expense related to the vesting of stock options. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the corresponding amounts were $0 and $29,000, respectively. The fair value of the stock-based compensation was calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model as of the date of grant of the stock option. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we did not grant any options to purchase shares of our common stock to employees or members of our board of directors. Stock options granted under the 2006 and 2015 Plans are exercisable over a maximum term of ten years from the date of grant, vest in various installments over a one to four-year period and have exercise prices reflecting the market value of the shares of common stock on the date of grant.

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