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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES |
2. | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
(a) | Basis of Presentation
We have prepared the accompanying audited financial statements reflecting all adjustments that are, in our opinion, necessary in order to ensure that the financial statements are not misleading. We follow accounting standards set by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). The FASB sets generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) that we follow to ensure we consistently report our financial condition, results of operations, earnings per share and cash flows. References to GAAP in these footnotes are to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification™ (Codification). Accordingly, we believe that the disclosures are adequate to ensure that the information presented is not misleading. Certain prior year accounts have been reclassified to conform with the 2017 financial statement presentation and had no effect on previously reported results.
(b) | Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments
We consider all highly liquid investment instruments that mature within three months of their purchase dates to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are principally invested in securities backed by the U.S. government. Certain cash balances in excess of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) limits of $250,000 per financial institution per depositor are maintained in money market accounts at financial institutions that are secured, in part, by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation. Amounts in excess of these FDIC limits per bank that are not invested in securities backed by the U.S. government aggregated $3,546,529 and $4,650,044 as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We account for investments in marketable securities in accordance with Codification Topic 320, Investments – Debt and Equity Securities. Short-term investments are classified as held to maturity and are comprised principally of certificates of deposit that mature in more than three months from their purchase dates and not more than twelve months from the balance sheet date. Short-term investments are held at different financial institutions that are insured by the FDIC within the FDIC limits per financial institution. See Note 3.
(c) | Inventory
Inventory includes raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods and is recorded at the lower of cost, on the first-in, first-out method, or net realizable value (determined as the estimated selling price in the normal course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation). Work-in-process and finished goods inventories include materials, labor and manufacturing overhead. At each balance sheet date, we evaluate our ending inventories for excess quantities and obsolescence. Inventories that we consider excess or obsolete are reserved. Once inventory is written down and a new cost basis is established, it is not written back up if demand increases. See Note 4.
(d) | Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are carried at the original invoice amount less an estimate made for doubtful collection. Management determines the allowance for doubtful accounts on a monthly basis by identifying troubled accounts and by using historical experience applied to an aging of accounts. Accounts receivable are considered to be past due if a portion of the receivable balance is outstanding for more than 30 days. Past due accounts receivable are subject to an interest charge. Accounts receivable are written off when deemed uncollectible. Less than $1,000 of accounts receivable was written off during 2017. Recoveries of accounts receivable previously written off are recorded as income when received. As of December 31, 2017, we determined that no allowance for bad debt was necessary. See Note 5.
(e) | Property, Plant and Equipment
We depreciate property, plant and equipment on the straight-line method by charges to operations in amounts estimated to expense the cost of the assets from the date they are first put into service to the end of the estimated useful lives of the assets. The facility we are constructing to produce the active pharmaceutical ingredient, Nisin, is being depreciated over 39 years from when a certificate of occupancy was issued during the fourth quarter of 2017. We are evaluating the estimated useful lives of the assets included in construction in progress since they were not placed in service as of December 31, 2017. Significant repairs to fixed assets that benefit more than a current period are capitalized and depreciated over their useful lives. Insignificant repairs are expensed when incurred. See Note 7.
(f) | Intangible Assets and Goodwill
We amortize intangible assets on the straight-line method by charges to operations in amounts estimated to expense the cost of the assets from the date they are first put into service to the end of the estimated useful lives of the assets. We have recorded intangible assets related to customer relationships, non-compete agreements, and developed technology, each with defined useful lives. We have classified as goodwill the amounts paid in excess of fair value of the net assets (including tax attributes) acquired in purchase transactions. We assess the impairment of intangible assets and goodwill that have indefinite lives at the reporting unit level on an annual basis (as of December 31st) and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. We would record an impairment charge if such an assessment were to indicate that the fair value of such assets was less than the carrying value. Judgment is required in determining whether an event has occurred that may impair the value of goodwill or identifiable intangible assets. Factors that could indicate that an impairment may exist include significant under-performance relative to plan or long-term projections, significant changes in business strategy and significant negative industry or economic trends. Although we believe intangible assets and goodwill are appropriately stated in the accompanying financial statements, changes in strategy or market conditions could significantly impact these judgments and require an adjustment to the recorded balance. No goodwill impairments were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2017 or 2016. See Notes 2(h), 8 and 9 for additional disclosures.
(g) | Fair Value Measurements
In determining fair value measurements, we follow the provisions of Codification Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. Codification Topic 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value under GAAP and enhances disclosures about fair value measurements. The topic provides a consistent definition of fair value which focuses on an exit price, which is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The topic also prioritizes, within the measurement of fair value, the use of market-based information over entity-specific information and establishes a three-level hierarchy for fair value measurements based on the nature of inputs used in the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, inventory, other assets, accounts payable, deferred revenue and accrued liabilities approximate fair value because of their short-term nature. The amount outstanding under our bank debt facilities is measured at carrying value in our accompanying balance sheets. Our bank debt facilities are valued using Level 2 inputs. The estimated fair value of our bank debt facilities approximates their carrying value based on similar instruments with similar maturities. The three-level hierarchy is as follows:
| Level 1 - | Pricing inputs are quoted prices available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the measurement date.
| Level 2 - | Pricing inputs are quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term through corroboration with observable market data.
| Level 3 - | Pricing inputs are unobservable for the assets or liabilities, that is, inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.
In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, an asset’s or liability’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the investment. Our held to maturity securities are comprised of investments in bank certificates of deposit. The value of these securities is disclosed in Note 3. We also hold money market mutual funds in a brokerage account, which are classified as cash equivalents and measured at fair value. The fair value of these investments is based on their closing published net asset value. We assess the levels of the investments at each measurement date, and transfers between levels are recognized on the actual date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer in accordance with our accounting policy regarding the recognition of transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no transfers between levels. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, our Level 1 assets measured at fair value by quoted prices in active markets consisted of bank savings accounts and money market funds. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, our bank certificates of deposit were classified as Level 2 and were measured by significant other observable inputs. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, our interest rate swaps were classified as Level 2 and were measured by observable market data in combination with expected cash flows for each instrument. There were no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2017 or 2016.
|  | As of December 31, 2017 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and money market accounts |  | $ | 3,798,811 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,798,811 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | - |  |  |  | (996 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (996 | )
Total |  | $ | 3,798,811 |  |  | $ | (996 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,797,815 |
|  | As of December 31, 2016 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and money market accounts |  | $ | 5,150,344 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 5,150,344 |
Bank certificates of deposit |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,474,013 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,474,013 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | - |  |  |  | (37,346 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (37,346 | )
Total |  | $ | 5,150,344 |  |  | $ | 5,436,667 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 10,587,011 |
(h) | Valuation of Long-Lived Assets
We periodically evaluate our long-lived assets, consisting principally of fixed assets and amortizable intangible assets, for potential impairment. In accordance with the applicable accounting guidance for the treatment of long-lived assets, we review the carrying value of our long-lived assets or asset group that is held and used, including intangible assets subject to amortization, for impairment whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Under the held for use approach, the asset or asset group to be tested for impairment should represent the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets and liabilities. We evaluate our long-lived assets whenever events or circumstances suggest that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable. No impairment was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
(i) | Concentration of Risk
Concentration of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is principally limited to certain customers to whom we make substantial sales. To reduce risk, we routinely assess the financial strength of our customers and, as a consequence, believe that our accounts receivable credit risk exposure is limited. We maintain an allowance for potential credit losses when deemed necessary, but historically we have not experienced significant credit losses related to an individual customer or groups of customers in any particular industry or geographic area. Sales to significant customers that amounted to 10% or more of total product sales are detailed in the following table:
|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Animal Health International, Inc. |  |  | 42 | % |  |  | 39 | %
MWI Animal Health |  |  | 22 | % |  |  | 21 | %
Accounts receivable due from significant customers amounted to the percentages of total trade accounts receivable as detailed in the following table:
|  | As of December 31, 2017 |  |  | As of December 31, 2016 |
Animal Health International, Inc. |  |  | 40 | % |  |  | 31 | %
MWI Animal Health |  |  | 29 | % |  |  | 33 | %
We believe that supplies and raw materials for the production of our products are available from more than one vendor or farm. Our policy is to maintain more than one source of supply for the components used in our products. However, there is a risk that we could have difficulty in efficiently acquiring essential supplies.
(j) | Interest Rate Swap Agreements
All derivatives are recognized on the balance sheet at their fair value. We entered into interest rate swap agreements in 2010 and 2015. On the dates the agreements were entered into, we designated the derivatives as hedges of the variability of cash flows to be paid related to our long-term debt. The agreements have been determined to be highly effective in hedging the variability of identified cash flows, so changes in the fair market value of the interest rate swap agreements are recorded as comprehensive income (loss), until earnings are affected by the variability of cash flows (e.g., when periodic settlements on a variable-rate asset or liability are recorded in earnings). We formally documented the relationship between the interest rate swap agreements and the related hedged items. We also formally assess, both at the interest rate swap agreements’ inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the agreements are highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flow of hedged items. See Note 11.
(k) | Revenue Recognition
We sell products that provide immediate immunity to newborn dairy and beef cattle. We recognize revenue when four criteria are met. These include i) persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, ii) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, iii) the seller’s price is fixed and determinable and iv) collectability is reasonably assured. We recognize revenue at the time of shipment (including to distributors) for substantially all products, as title and risk of loss pass to the customer on delivery to the common carrier after concluding that collectability is reasonably assured. We do not bill for or collect sales tax because our sales are generally made to distributors and thus our sales to them are not subject to sales tax. We generally have experienced an immaterial amount of product returns.
(l) | Expense Recognition
Advertising costs are expensed when incurred, which is generally during the month in which the advertisement is published. Advertising expenses amounted to $55,263 and $114,860 during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. All product development expenses are expensed as incurred, as are all related patent costs. We capitalize costs to produce inventory during the production cycle, and these costs are charged to costs of goods sold when the inventory is sold to a customer.
(m) | Income Taxes
We account for income taxes in accordance with Codification Topic 740, Income Taxes, which requires that we recognize a current tax liability or asset for current taxes payable or refundable and a deferred tax liability or asset for the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences and carryforwards to the extent they are realizable. We believe it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized through future taxable income and future tax effects of temporary differences between book income and taxable income. Accordingly, we have not established a valuation allowance for the deferred tax assets. Codification Topic 740-10 clarifies the accounting for income taxes by prescribing a minimum recognition threshold that a tax position must meet before being recognized in the financial statements. In the ordinary course of business, there are transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax outcome is uncertain. In addition, we are subject to periodic audits and examinations by the Internal Revenue Service and other taxing authorities. Our tax returns for the years 2014 through 2017 are subject to audit. We have evaluated the positions taken on our filed tax returns. We have concluded that no uncertain tax positions exist as of December 31, 2017 or 2016. Although we believe that our estimates are reasonable, actual results could differ from these estimates. See Note 14.
(n) | Stock-Based Compensation
We account for stock-based compensation in accordance with Codification Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, which generally requires us to recognize non-cash compensation expense for stock-based payments using the fair-value-based method. The fair value of each stock option grant has been estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Accordingly, we recorded compensation expense pertaining to stock-based compensation of $199,783 and $67,399 during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
(o) | Net (Loss) Income Per Common Share
Net (loss) income per common share has been computed in accordance with Codification Topic 260-10, Earnings Per Share. The net (loss) per share has been computed by dividing the net (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. All stock options have been excluded from the denominator in the calculation of dilutive earnings per share when we are in a loss position, as the inclusion would be anti-dilutive. The basic net income per share has been computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The diluted net income per share has been computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period plus all outstanding stock options with an exercise price that is less than the average market price of the common stock during the period less the number of shares that could have been repurchased at this average market price with the proceeds from the hypothetical stock option exercises. The weighted average and diluted number of shares outstanding consisted of the following:
|  | During the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding |  |  | 4,949,213 |  |  |  | 4,225,789 |
Effect of dilutive stock options |  |  | - |  |  |  | 110,440 |
Diluted number of shares outstanding |  |  | 4,949,213 |  |  |  | 4,336,229 |
Outstanding stock options not included in the calculation because the effect would be anti-dilutive |  |  | 360,000 |  |  |  | 34,250 |
(p) | Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Although we regularly assess these estimates, actual amounts could differ from those estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded during the period in which they become known. Significant estimates include our inventory valuation, valuation of goodwill and long-lived assets, accrued expenses, costs of goods sold, and useful lives of intangible assets.
(q) | New Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services, and there have been a number of subsequent ASUs that have amended or clarified ASU 2014-09, collectively codified in ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASU 2014-09 also amended ASC 340, Accounting for Other Assets and Deferred Costs. In addition, the standard requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. ASC 606 replaces most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP and permits the use of either the full or modified retrospective method. We evaluated the new standard against our existing accounting policies and practices, including reviewing distributor agreements, purchase orders, invoices, shipping forms, and conducting questionnaires with our sales team. Based on this evaluation, we elected to adopt the standard using the modified retrospective transition method, and the adoption did not have a material impact on our financial statements as of the date of adoption (January 1, 2018) or on an ongoing basis. We also adopted ASC 340-40, Accounting for Other Assets and Deferred Costs, which requires sales commissions and other third party acquisition costs resulting directly from securing contracts with customers to be recognized as an asset when incurred and to be expensed over the associated contract term or estimated customer life depending on the nature of the underlying contract. We do not incur costs that are eligible for capitalization, and adoption of ASC 340-40 did not have a material impact on our financial statements. We expect to have enhanced disclosures related to disaggregation of revenue sources and accounting policies prospectively as a result of adopting these standards. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, which requires lessees to put most leases on their balance sheet but recognize expenses on their income statement in a manner similar to existing accounting practices. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods therein. Early adoption is permitted. Based on our current lease agreements, we are not subject to material lease obligations, and we do not expect ASU 2016-02 to have a material impact on our financial statements. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill And Other (Topic 350): Simplifying The Test For Goodwill Impairment, in an effort to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill and the associated procedures to determine fair value. The guidance eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Instead, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount, and recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within that reporting period. We adopted this guidance during the year ended December 31, 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial statements. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718) Scope of Modification Accounting to provide clarity and reduce both diversity in practice and cost complexity when applying the guidance in Topic 718 to a change to the terms and conditions of a stock-based payment award. ASU 2017-09 also provides guidance about the types of changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award that require an entity to apply modification accounting in accordance with Topic 718. The standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the effect this standard will have on our financial statements and related disclosures, but we do not expect the impact to be significant.

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