A summary of inventories follows:


(dollars in thousands)	April 30, 2023		May 1, 2022
raw materials	$	7,908	$	13,477
work-in-process		2,602		4,237
finished goods		34,570		48,843
	$	45,080	$	66,557

Substantial and Unusual Losses Resulting from Subsequent Measurement of Inventory

We incurred non-cash inventory charges totaling $5.8 million during fiscal 2023, which represents a $2.9 million impairment charge associated with our mattress fabrics segment; a total of $2.8 million related to markdowns of inventory in both segments that were estimated based on our policy for aged inventory; and $98,000 for the loss on disposal and markdowns of inventory related to the exit of our cut and sewn upholstery fabrics operation located in Shanghai, China (see Note 9 of the consolidated financial statements for further details).

We incurred non-cash inventory charges of $1.9 million and $882,000 during fiscal 2022 and 2021, respectively, which represent markdowns of inventory in both segments that were based on our policy of aged inventory.

During the second quarter of fiscal 2023, our mattress fabrics segment experienced a 35.8% decline in net sales compared with the second quarter of fiscal 2022. This decline in net sales led to a significant decrease in gross margin to (8.7%), excluding non-cash inventory charges of $3.8 million during the second quarter of fiscal 2023, as compared with a gross margin of 15% during the second quarter of fiscal 2022. The significant decline in net sales and profitability during the second quarter of fiscal 2023 stemmed from a greater than anticipated decline in consumer discretionary spending on mattress products, which we believed was due to the following factors: (i) inflationary effects of commodities such as gas, food, and other necessities; (ii) a significant increase in interest rates; (iii) the pulling forward of demand for home goods products during the early years of the COVID-19 pandemic, which demand subsequently shifted to travel, leisure, and other services; and (iv) excess inventory held by customers due to a decline in consumer demand. Based on this evidence, as of October 30, 2022 (the end of our second quarter of fiscal 2023), management conducted a thorough review of our mattress fabrics inventory, and as a result, recorded a charge of $2.9 million within cost of sales to write down inventory to its net realizable value. This $2.9 million charge was based on management's estimates of product sales prices, customer demand trends, and its plans to transition to new products.

As of January 29, 2023 (the end of our third quarter of fiscal 2023), and April 30, 2023 (the end of fiscal 2023), we reviewed our mattress fabrics inventory to determine if additional write-downs of inventory that were not recorded based on our policy for aged inventory were necessary. Based on this assessment, no additional write-downs of inventory to their net realizable value were recorded during the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2023.

Based on current unfavorable macroeconomic conditions, it is possible that estimates used by management to determine the write down of inventory to its net realizable value could be materially different from its actual value or our ultimate results. These differences could result in higher than expected inventory provisions, which could adversely affect the company's results of operations and financial condition in the near term.