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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D. C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)

☑ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________________ to __________________________
Commission file number: 001-32442

INUVO, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Nevada |  | 87-0450450
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

500 President Clinton Ave., Suite 300, Little Rock, AR |  | 72201
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code (501) 205-8508

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock | INUV | NYSE American

Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
(Title of class)
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☑ No
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☑ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☑ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§229.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). ☑ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company:

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☑ | Smaller reporting company | ☑
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by checkmark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards pursuant to Section 13 of the Exchange Act: ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) ☐ Yes ☑ No
The aggregate market value of the outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold on June 28, 2019 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second quarter), as reported on the NYSE American, was approximately $20.8 million.
As of May 8, 2020, there were 63,607,474 shares of common stock of the registrant outstanding, including treasury shares but net of shares of common stock held by a subsidiary.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
List hereunder the following documents if incorporated by reference and the Part of the Form 10-K (e.g., Part I, Part II, etc.) into which the document is incorporated: (1) Any annual report to security holders; (2) Any proxy or information statement; and (3) Any prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) or (c) under the Securities Act of 1933. The listed documents should be clearly described for identification purposes (e.g., annual report to security holders for fiscal year ended December 24, 1980). None.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page No.
Part I |  |
Item 1. | Business. | 5
Item 1A. | Risk Factors. | 8
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments. | 12
Item 2. | Properties. | 12
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings. | 12
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures. | 12
Part II |  |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. | 12
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data. | 13
Item 7. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. | 13
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. | 20
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. | 20
Item 9. | Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. | 20
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures. | 20
Item 9B. | Other Information. | 21
Part III |  |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. | 21
Item 11. | Executive Compensation. | 27
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. | 32
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. | 34
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services. | 34
Part IV |  |
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules. | 36
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 40

3

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “will,” “should,” “intend,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” or “continue,” or the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology. This report includes, among others, statements regarding our:
•our history of losses, declining revenues and working capital deficit;
•our ability to continue as a going concern;
•the known and unknown impact of the coronavirus on our company;
•our ability to maintain our credit facility;
•our reliance on revenues from a limited number of customers;
•seasonality of our business which impacts our financial results and cash availability;
•dependence on our supply partners;
•our ability to acquire traffic in a profitable manner;
•failure to keep pace with technology changes;
•impact of possible interruption in our network infrastructure;
•dependence on our key personnel;
•regulatory and legal uncertainties;
•failure to comply with privacy and data security laws and regulations;
•third party infringement claims;
•publishers who could fabricate fraudulent clicks;
•our ability to continue to meet the NYSE American continued listing standards;
•the impact of quarterly results on our common stock price; and
•dilution to our stockholders upon the exercise of outstanding common stock options and restricted stock unit grants and the conversion of convertible notes.
These forward-looking statements were based on various factors and were derived utilizing numerous assumptions and other factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements. Most of these factors are difficult to predict accurately and are generally beyond our control. You should consider the areas of risk described in connection with any forward-looking statements that may be made herein. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements and readers should carefully review this report in its entirety, including the risks described in Item 1A - Risk Factors appearing in this report.
Except for our ongoing obligations to disclose material information under the Federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to release publicly any revisions to any forward-looking statements, to report events or to report the occurrence of unanticipated events. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report, and you should not rely on these statements without also considering the risks and uncertainties associated with these statements and our business.
OTHER PERTINENT INFORMATION
Unless specifically set forth to the contrary, when used in this report the terms "Inuvo," the “Company,” "we," "us," "our" and similar terms refer to Inuvo, Inc., a Nevada corporation, and its subsidiaries. When used in this report, “2018” means the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, "2019" means the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, and “2020” means the fiscal year ending December 31, 2020. The information which appears on our corporate web site at www.inuvo.com and our social media platforms is not part of this report.
4

PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS.
Company Overview
Inuvo is a technology company that develops and sells information technology solutions for marketing. These platforms predictively identify and message online audiences for any product or service across devices, channels and formats, including video, mobile, connected TV, display, social and native. These capabilities allow Inuvo’s clients to engage with their customers and prospects in a manner that drives engagement from the first contact with the consumer. Inuvo facilitates the delivery of hundreds of millions of marketing messages to consumers every single month and counts among its clients numerous world-renowned names in industries that have included retail, automotive, insurance, health care, technology, telecommunications and finance. Inuvo has contractual relationships with three clients who collectively manage over 50% of all U.S. digital advertising spend.
Inuvo’s solution incorporates a proprietary form of artificial intelligence, or AI, branded the IntentKey. This sophisticated machine learning technology uses interactions with Internet content as a source of information from which to predict consumer intent. The AI includes a continually updated database of over 500 million machine profiles which Inuvo utilizes to deliver highly aligned online audiences to its clients. Inuvo earns revenue when consumers view or click on its client’s messages. Inuvo’s business scales through account management activity with existing clients and by adding new clients through sales activity.
As part of Inuvo’s technology strategy, it owns a collection of websites including alot.com and earnspendlive.com, where Inuvo creates content in health, finance, travel, careers, auto, education and living categories. These sites provide the means to test Inuvo’s technologies, while also delivering high quality consumers to clients through the interaction with proprietary content in the form of images, videos, slideshows and articles.
There are many barriers to entry associated with Inuvo’s business model, including a proficiency in large scale information processing, predictive software development, marketing data products, analytics, artificial intelligence, integration to the internet of things (IOT), and the relationships required to execute within the IOT. Inuvo’s intellectual property is protected by 17 issued and eight pending patents.
Products and Services
The Inuvo platforms allow advertisers and publishers the opportunity to buy and sell advertising space in real time and include the following products and services:
•ValidClick: A marketing service provided principally to Yahoo!, Google and Microsoft Online and indirectly to thousands of advertisers, where a collection of data, analytics and software gets used to align advertising messages with anonymous consumers online. The service includes Think Relevant, a wholly owned marketing agency and alot.com, a wholly owned collection of websites; and
•IntentKey: A consumer intent recognition system and service designed to reach highly targeted mobile and desktop In-Market audiences with precision. This platform serves the display market of advertising/marketing.
Key Relationships
We maintain long-standing relationships with Yahoo!, Google and Microsoft Online that provide access to hundreds of thousands of advertisers from which most of our ValidClick revenue originates. When an advertisement is clicked, we effectively sell that click to these partners who then sell it to the advertisers. We maintain multi-year service contracts with these companies. We also have contracts with OpenX and AppNexus that provide access to advertisers and publishers for the IntentKey. In 2019, these customers accounted for 83.0% of our total revenue as compared to 92.9% in 2018.
In addition to our key customer relationships, we maintain important distribution relationships with owners and publishers of websites and mobile applications. We provide these partners with advertisements which they use to monetize their websites and mobile applications. We continuously monitor our partners' traffic with a variety of proprietary and patent protected software tools that can determine the quality of the traffic that is viewing and clicking on served advertisements.
5

Strategy
Our business strategy has been to develop data processing technologies that can displace intermediaries within the online advertising ecosystem, while cultivating relationships that can provide access to media spend (advertisers) and media inventory (websites). In this regard, we have proprietary demand (media spend) and supply side (media inventory) technologies, targeting technologies, on-page or in-app ad-unit technologies, proprietary data and data management technologies, and advertising fraud detection technologies. We have both direct and indirect relationships at some of the largest media buyers and/or consolidators in the industry. For the ValidClick platform, the immediate strategy is to maintain the business at current levels by working with existing partners. For the IntentKey platform, the immediate strategy is to scale through the hiring of additional sales professionals.
Our industry is currently in a consolidation phase. Our business strategy aligns with this trend as it is by design an end-to-end complete approach to the value chain. We evaluate acquisition candidates as opportunities arise that have either advertisers or advertising relationships we do not possess or publishers or publishing partners with whom we do not currently have a relationship.
Our device strategy is to become screen agnostic. We will continue to develop technologies that allow us to distribute ads across any medium.
Sales and Marketing
We drive general awareness of our brands through various marketing channels including our websites, social media, blogs, public relations, trade shows and conferences. Sales and marketing for our products differs based on whether they are demand or supply facing.
The demand side of our business includes sales executives who create interest from agencies, trading desks and brands directly. Leveraging our IntentKey technology to highlight our differentiation, our sales executives explain how we identify the most relevant audiences so we can, on behalf of our clients, target those audiences at a time when they are most prone to engage / respond / subscribe / tune-in or watch our clients message.
The supply side of our business includes sales executives who sell to publishers directly. Creating differentiation, they explain our unique ability to create incremental revenue streams for publishers through our custom placements and unique approach to maximizing yield while preserving user experience.
Both demand and supply relationships require account management/campaign management, plus operations teams, who ensure that publisher implementations are successful, advertising campaigns deliver anticipated results and clients’ expectations are exceeded.
Competition
We face significant competition in our industry. Competitors continue to increase their suite of offerings across marketing channels to better compete for total advertising dollars. There are many barriers to entry to Inuvo’s business that would require proficiency in large scale data center management, software development, data products, analytics, artificial intelligence, integration to the internet of things, or IOT, the relationships required to execute within the IOT and the ability to process tens of billions of transactions daily.
We compete, both directly and indirectly with companies who offer demand side platforms (DSP’s), direct marketing platforms (DMP’s), Sata Suppliers and Aggregators, Media Planners and various Measurement and Analytics companies. The companies within these categories are defined by LUMA @ https://lumapartners.com/content/lumascapes/display-ad-tech-lumascape.
Our primary competitive advantages include: patented, proprietary technology for the categorization and storage of consumer intent (data used to discover and match online audiences to product or service); real time visibility of a marketing event (recognizing that there is currently a transaction where a match exists between our advertising clients and an interested party for their product on a website) where our technology is capable of responding to over 200,000 events per second; and patented advertising fraud prevention. Many competitors have greater name recognition and are better capitalized than we are. Our ability to remain competitive in our market segment depends upon our ability to be innovative and to efficiently provide unique
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solutions to our demand and supply customers. There are no assurances we will be able to remain competitive in our markets in the future.
Technology Platforms
Our proprietary applications are constructed from established, readily available technologies. Some of the basic elements of our products are built on components from leading software and hardware providers such as Oracle, Microsoft, Sun, Dell, EMC, and Cisco, while some components are constructed from leading open source software projects such as Apache Web Server, MySQL, Java, Perl, Java and Linux. By seeking to strike the proper balance between using commercially available software and open source software, our technology expenditures are directed toward maintaining our technology platforms while minimizing third-party technology supplier costs.
We strive to build high-performance, availability and reliability into our product offerings. We safeguard against the potential for service interruptions at our third-party technology vendors by engineering controls into our critical components. We deliver our hosted solutions from facilities, geographically disbursed throughout the United States and maintain ready, on-demand services through third-party cloud providers Microsoft Azure and Amazon Web Services to enhance our business continuity. Our applications are monitored 24 hours a day, 365 days a year by specialized monitoring systems that aggregate alarms to a human-staffed network operations center. If a problem occurs, appropriate engineers are notified, and corrective action is taken.
Intellectual Property Rights
We own intellectual property (IP) and related IP rights that relate to our products, services and assets. Our IP portfolio includes patents, trade secrets and trademarks. We actively seek to protect our IP rights and to deter unauthorized use of our IP and other assets. While our IP rights are important to our success, our business as a whole is not significantly dependent on any single patent, trademark, or other IP right.
Our trademarks include the U.S. Federal Registration for our consumer facing brand ALOT® in the United States. Our intellectual property portfolio includes 17 patents issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) and eight pending patent applications.
To distinguish our products and services from our competitors’ products, we have obtained trademarks and trade names for our products. We also protect details about our processes, products, and strategies as trade secrets, keeping confidential the information that we believe provides us with a competitive advantage.
Employees
As of April 30, 2020, we had 64 full-time employees, none of which are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
Seasonality
Our future results of operations may be subject to fluctuation because of seasonality. Historically, the second half of the year is typically stronger than the first half as a result of the changes in demand for marketing placements leading into the holiday season. If we are not able to appropriately adjust to seasonal or other factors, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.
History
We were incorporated under the laws of the state of Nevada in October 1987 and operated within the oil and gas industry. This endeavor was not profitable, and from 1993 to 1997 we had essentially no operations. In 1997 we reorganized and through 2006 we acquired a number of companies involved in advertising and internet marketing. In 2009, following the weakness in the economy, a new team was called in to assess the array of businesses that had been acquired in the preceding years and as a result between 2009 and 2011, we sold or retired eleven businesses.
In March 2012, as part of a long-term strategy, we acquired Vertro, Inc. ("Vertro"), which owns and operates the ALOT product portfolio. This acquisition included the ALOT brand, as well as a long-standing relationship with Google. In 2013, with a grant funded by the State of Arkansas, we moved the headquarters to Arkansas where we have remained.
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In February 2017, we entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement with NetSeer, Inc. ("NetSeer") which allowed us to advance our technology strategy while increasing both our number of advertisers and publishers. We exchanged 3,529,000 shares of Inuvo common stock and assumed approximately $6.8 million of specified liabilities in this business combination.
More Information
Our web site address is www.inuvo.com. We file with, or furnish to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, as well as various other information. This information can be found on the SEC website at www.sec.gov. In addition, we make available free of charge through the Investor Relations page of our web site our annual reports, quarterly reports, and current reports, and all amendments to any of those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after providing such reports to the SEC.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.
An investment in our common stock involves a significant degree of risk. Many of the risk factors are, and will continue to be, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and any worsening of the economic environment. You should not invest in our common stock unless you can afford to lose your entire investment. You should consider carefully the following risk factors and other information in this report before deciding to invest in our common stock. If any of the following risks and uncertainties develops into actual events, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected and you could lose your entire investment in our company.
We have a history of losses, and our revenues declined in 2019 from 2018. We cannot anticipate with any degree of certainty what our revenues will be in future periods. While our gross profit margin increased from 59.2% in 2018 to 63.1% in 2019, our revenues declined approximately 16% in 2019 as compared to 2018. We reported an operating loss of approximately $7.7 million in 2019 as compared to an operating loss of approximately $5.5 million in 2018. The lower revenue in 2019 as compared to 2018 was due primarily to the ValidClick operations where monetization from advertising inventory sold to our largest demand partners was lower in 2019 in part due to a focus shift associated with the Mergers (as described below) which were terminated in June 2019. In addition, the previously announced strategy to reduce focus on the non-strategic publisher side technologies resulted in lower revenue in 2019 this year compared to 2018. The higher gross margin in 2019 is primarily due to the change of revenue mix within the ValidClick business. As described elsewhere in this report, our industry is currently in a consolidation phase and our strategic decisions in 2018 to discontinue certain non-strategic technologies in response to our changing industry involved the short-term loss of revenue and margin in anticipation of future growth and margins starting in 2019. Since our credit facility is dependent upon receivables, and we do not know when, if ever, that our revenues will return to historic levels or if we will be able to replace those lost revenues with revenues from other sources, the combination of lower credit availability and recent negative cash flows generated from operating activities introduces potential risk of operation without interruption.
The COVID-19 pandemic could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus disease (“COVID-19”) was first reported in Wuhan, China. Less than four months later, on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic—the first pandemic caused by a coronavirus. The outbreak has reached more than 160 countries, resulting in the implementation of significant governmental measures, including lockdowns, closures, quarantines and travel bans, intended to control the spread of the virus. The COVID-19 outbreak has already caused severe global disruptions. Beginning in late April 2020, we experienced a significant reduction in demand (marketing budgets) within the ValidClick business and a modest decline in demand within the IntentKey business, the combination of which has resulted in a significant reduction in our revenue run rate, the combination of which has resulted in a significant reduction in our revenue run rate. Generally, marketing budgets tend to decline in times of a recession. We have started to curtail expenses, including compensation and travel and we have issued a work from home policy to protect our employees and their families from virus transmission associated with co-workers. We are beginning to experience interruptions in our daily operations, including our 10-K reporting process, as a result of these policies. We expect the revenue impact on our industry could vary dramatically by vertical. For example, we would expect to see less advertising demand from the travel, leisure and hospitality verticals. We also maintain long-standing relationships with Yahoo!, Google and Microsoft Online that provide access to hundreds of thousands of advertisers from which most of our ValidClick and digital publishing revenue originates. Any adverse impact on the operations of those companies would have a correspondingly adverse impact on our revenues in future periods. We will continue to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our company, however, at this time we are unable to predict all possible impacts on our company, operations and revenues. Should revenues continue to turn downwards or fail to return to historical levels, we may not be able to offset expenses quickly enough which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows and adversely impact the trading price of our common stock.
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Our auditors have raised substantial doubts as to our ability to continue as a going concern. Our consolidated financial statements appearing later in this report have been prepared assuming we will continue as a going concern. We have sustained recurring losses from operations and have a net capital deficiency. These factors, among others, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Our working capital deficit has increased substantially at December 31, 2019 as compared to December 31, 2018. At December 31, 2019, we had a cash balance of approximately $373,000 and a working capital deficit of approximately $7.5 million as compared to a cash balance of approximately $229,000 and a working capital deficit of approximately $6.9 million at December 31, 2018. We used approximately $5.3 million in net cash in our operations in 2019 as compared to approximately $2.1 million of net cash used in operations in 2018. Our principal sources of liquidity are our borrowings under our credit facility, which was represented in 2019 by, the Amended and Restated Financing Agreement with Western Alliance Bank which is described in Note 6 to our 2019 audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report, the sale of our common stock and borrowings from non-bank lenders. In March 2020 and April 2020, we raised approximately $1.5 million from the sale of our securities to provide additional working capital for our company. In addition, in April 2020 we
obtained an unsecured $1.1 million loan through Relyance Bank N.A. under the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP Loan”) pursuant to the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”). In accordance with the requirements of the CARES Act, we are using the proceeds from the PPP Loan primarily for payroll costs. Though we believe current operating cash flows, the additional working capital, the PPP Loan and the credit facility will be sufficient to sustain operations for the next six months, if our plan to grow the IntentKey business is unsuccessful, we may need to fund operations through private or public sales of securities, debt financings or partnering/licensing transactions. There is no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining funding to continue operations, particularly in light of the current impact of the coronavirus on the U.S. capital markets.
We rely on two customers for a significant portion of our revenues. We are reliant upon Yahoo! and Google for most of our revenue. During 2019 they accounted for 64.4%, and 14.1% of our revenues, respectively. In 2018, Yahoo! and Google accounted for 71.7% and 10.0% of our revenues, respectively. The amount of revenue we receive from these customers is dependent on a number of factors outside of our control, including the amount they charge for advertisements, the depth of advertisements available from them, and their ability to display relevant ads in response to end-user queries. We would likely experience a significant decline in revenue and our business operations could be significantly harmed if these customers do not approve our new websites and applications, or if we violate their guidelines or they change their guidelines. In addition, if any of these preceding circumstances were to occur, we may not be able to find a suitable alternate paid search results provider or otherwise replace the lost revenues. The loss of any of these customers or a material change in the revenue or gross profit they generate would have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition in future periods.
Ability to maintain our credit facility could impact our ability to access capital as needed. We historically maintained a credit facility with Western Alliance Bank, the parent company of Bridge Bank, N.A. On March 12, 2020 we closed a Loan and Security Agreement with Hitachi Capital America Corp. ("Hitachi") the terms of which are described later in this report which replaced our credit facility with Western Alliance Bank. Under the terms of the Loan and Security Agreement, Hitachi has provided us with a $5,000,000 line of credit commitment which permits us to borrow against eligible accounts receivable and unbilled receivables. The Hitachi Loan and Security Agreement contains certain affirmative and negative covenants to which we are subject. There are no assurances that we will be able to comply with all the covenants. In the event we violate a covenant, Hitachi may limit or demand all amounts due under the credit facility at any time, including upon an event of default outstanding, if any, to be due and payable. If this occurs and we have outstanding obligations and are not able to repay, Hitachi could require us to apply all of our available cash to repay the debt amounts and could then proceed against the underlying collateral. Should this occur, we cannot assure you that our assets would be sufficient to repay our debt in full, we would be able to borrow sufficient funds to refinance the debt. In such an event, our ability to conduct our business as it is currently conducted would be in jeopardy.
We are dependent upon relationships with and the success of our supply partners. Our supply partners are very important to our success. We must recruit and maintain partners who are able to drive traffic successfully to their websites and mobile applications, resulting in clicks on advertisements we have delivered. These partners may experience difficulty in attracting and maintaining users for a number of reasons, including competition, rapidly changing markets and technology, industry consolidation and changing consumer preferences. We have experienced a decrease in the number of supply partners and quantity of Internet traffic from supply partners within ValidClick beginning in late April 2020. Additionally, we are experiencing turnover in our supply partner network and there can be no assurance traffic levels will increase to prior levels or that we will be able to replace supply partners that have left our network. Further, we may not be able to further develop and maintain relationships with distribution partners. They may be able to make their own deals directly with advertisers, may view us as competitors or may find our competitors offerings more desirable. Any of these potential events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.
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The success of our owned sites is dependent on our ability to acquire traffic in a profitable manner. Our ALOT-branded websites are dependent on our ability to attract traffic in a profitable manner. We use a predictive model to calculate the rate of return for marketing campaigns, which includes estimates and assumptions. If these estimates and assumptions are not accurate, we may not be able to effectively manage our marketing decisions and could acquire traffic in an unprofitable manner. In addition, we may not be able to maintain and grow our traffic for a number of reasons, including, but not limited to, acceptance of our websites by consumers, the availability of advertising to promote our websites, competition, and sufficiency of capital to purchase advertising. We advertise on search engine websites to drive traffic to our owned and operated websites. Our keyword advertising is done primarily with Google and Facebook, but also with Yahoo! and Bing. If we are unable to maintain and grow traffic to our sites in a profitable manner, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our business must keep pace with rapid technological change to remain competitive. Our business operates in a market characterized by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, frequent new product and service announcements, enhancements, and changing customer demands. We must adapt to rapidly changing technologies and industry standards and continually improve the speed, performance, features, ease of use and reliability of our services. This includes making our products and services compatible and maintaining compatibility with multiple operating systems, desktop and mobile devices, and evolving network infrastructure. If we fail to do this, our results of operations and financial position could be adversely affected.
Our services may be interrupted if we experience problems with our network infrastructure. The performance of our network infrastructure is critical to our business and reputation. Because our services are delivered solely through the Internet, our network infrastructure could be disrupted by a number of factors, including, but not limited to:
•unexpected increases in usage of our services;
•computer viruses and other security issues;
•interruption or other loss of connectivity provided by third-party Internet service providers;
•natural disasters or other catastrophic events; and
•server failures or other hardware problems.
While we have data centers in multiple, geographically dispersed locations and active back-up and disaster recovery plans, we cannot assure you that serious interruptions will not occur in the future. If our services were to be interrupted, it could cause loss of users, customers and business partners, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position.
Regulatory and legal uncertainties could harm our business. While there are currently relatively few laws or regulations directly applicable to Internet-based commerce or commercial search activity, there is increasing awareness of such activity and interest from state and federal lawmakers in regulating these services. New regulation of activities in which we are involved or the extension of existing laws and regulations to Internet-based services could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position.
Failure to comply with federal, state and international privacy and data security laws and regulations, or the expansion of current or the enactment of new privacy and data security laws or regulations, could adversely affect our business. A variety of federal, state and international laws and regulations govern the collection, use, retention, sharing and security of consumer data. In addition, various federal, state and foreign legislative and regulatory bodies may expand current or enact new laws regarding privacy matters. For example, recently there have been Congressional hearings and increased attention to the capture and use of location-based information relating to users of smartphones and other mobile devices, and internationally the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) went into effect in May 2018. We have posted privacy policies and practices concerning the collection, use and disclosure of subscriber data on our websites and applications. The existing and soon to be enacted privacy and data security related laws and regulations are evolving and subject to potentially differing interpretations. Several Internet companies have incurred penalties for failing to abide by the representations made in their privacy policies and practices. In addition, several states have adopted legislation that requires businesses to implement and maintain reasonable security procedures and practices to protect sensitive personal information and to provide notice to consumers in the event of a security breach. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with our posted privacy policies or with any data-related consent orders, Federal Trade Commission requirements or orders or other federal, state or international privacy or consumer protection-related laws, including the GDPR, regulations or industry self-regulatory principles could result in claims, proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others or other liabilities, which could adversely affect our business.
We may face third party intellectual property infringement claims that could be costly to defend and result in the loss of significant rights. From time to time third parties have asserted infringement claims against us including copyright, trademark and patent infringement, among other things. While we believe that we have defenses to these types of claims under appropriate
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trademark laws, we may not prevail in our defenses to any intellectual property infringement claims. In addition, we may not be adequately insured for any judgments awarded in connection with any litigation. Any such claims and resulting litigation could subject us to significant liability for damages or result in the invalidation of our proprietary rights, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Even if we were to prevail, these claims could be time-consuming, expensive to defend, and could result in the diversion of management's time and attention.
We are subject to risks from publishers who could fabricate clicks either manually or technologically. Our business involves the establishment of relationships with website owners and publishers. In exchange for their consumer traffic, we provide an advertising placement service and share a portion of the revenue we collect with that website publisher. Although we have click fraud detection software in place, we cannot guarantee that we will identify all fraudulent clicks or be able to recover funds distributed for fabricated clicks. This risk could materially impact our ability to borrow, our cash flow and the stability of our business.
Our business is seasonal and our financial results may vary significantly from period to period. Our future results of operations may vary significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year because of numerous factors, including seasonality. Historically, in the later part of the fourth quarter and the earlier part of the first quarter we experience lower Revenue Per Click (“RPC”) due to a decline in demand for inventory on website and app space and the recalibrating of advertiser’s marketing budgets after the holiday selling season. If we are not able to appropriately adjust to seasonal or other factors, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.
Failure to comply with the covenants and restrictions in our grant agreement with the State of Arkansas could result in the repayment of a portion of the grant, which we may not be able to repay or finance on favorable terms. In January 2013, we entered into an agreement with the State of Arkansas whereby we were granted $1,750,000 for the relocation of the Company to Arkansas and for the purchase of equipment. The grant was contingent upon us having at least 50 full-time equivalent permanent positions within four years, maintaining at least 50 full-time equivalent permanent positions for the following six years and paying those positions an average total compensation of $90,000 per year. As of December 31, 2019, we had 33 full-time employees located in Arkansas. Failure to meet the requirements of the grant after the initial four-year period, may require us to repay a portion of the grant, up to but not to exceed the full amount of the grant. At December 31, 2019, we accrued a contingent liability of $85,000 for the lower than required employment. Should the lower than required employment continue, we cannot assure you that our assets would be sufficient to repay our grant in full, we would be able to borrow sufficient funds to refinance the grant, or that we would be able to obtain a waiver to cure any such default. In such an event, our ability to conduct our business as it is currently conducted would be in jeopardy.
We are subject to the continued listing standards of the NYSE American and our failure to satisfy these criteria may result in delisting of our common stock. Our common stock is listed on the NYSE American. In order to maintain this listing, we must maintain a certain share price, financial and share distribution targets, including maintaining a minimum amount of shareholders’ equity and a minimum number of public shareholders. In addition to these objective standards, the NYSE American may delist the securities of any issuer (i) if, in its opinion, the issuer’s financial condition and/or operating results appear unsatisfactory; (ii) if it appears that the extent of public distribution or the aggregate market value of the security has become so reduced as to make continued listing on the NYSE American inadvisable; (iii) if the issuer sells or disposes of principal operating assets or ceases to be an operating company; (iv) if an issuer fails to comply with the NYSE American’s listing requirements; (v) if an issuer’s securities sell at what the NYSE American considers a “low selling price” which the exchange generally considers $0.20 per share and the issuer fails to correct this via a reverse split of shares after notification by the NYSE American; or (vi) if any other event occurs or any condition exists which makes continued listing on the NYSE American, in its opinion, inadvisable. There are no assurances how the market price of our common stock will be impacted in future periods as a result of the general uncertainties in the capital markets and any specific impact on our company as a result of the coronavirus. If the NYSE American delists our common stock, investors may face material adverse consequences, including, but not limited to, a lack of trading market for our common stock, reduced liquidity, decreased analyst coverage of our common stock, and an inability for us to obtain any additional financing to fund our operations that we may need.
Our quarterly operating results can be difficult to predict and can fluctuate substantially, which could result in volatility in the price of our common stock. Our quarterly revenues and other operating results have varied in the past and are likely to continue to vary significantly from quarter to quarter. Our agreements with distribution partners and key customers do not require minimum levels of usage or payments, and our revenues therefore fluctuate based on the actual usage of our service each quarter by existing and new distribution partners. In addition to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our revenues, quarterly fluctuations in our operating results also might be due to numerous other factors, including:
•our ability to attract new distribution partners, including the length of our sales cycles, or to sell increased usage of our service to existing distribution partners;
•technical difficulties or interruptions in our services;
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•changes in privacy protection and other governmental regulations applicable to our industry;
•changes in our pricing policies or the pricing policies of our competitors;
•the financial condition and business success of our distribution partners;
•purchasing and budgeting cycles of our distribution partners;
•acquisitions of businesses and products by us or our competitors;
•competition, including entry into the market by new competitors or new offerings by existing competitors;
•discounts offered to advertisers by upstream advertising networks;
•our history of litigation;
•our ability to hire, train and retain sufficient sales, client management and other personnel;
•timing of development, introduction and market acceptance of new services or service enhancements by us or our competitors;
•concentration of marketing expenses for activities such as trade shows and advertising campaigns;
•expenses related to any new or expanded data centers; and
•general economic and financial market conditions.
Significant dilution will occur if outstanding convertible securities options are exercised or restricted stock unit grants vest. As of December 31, 2019, we had stock options outstanding to purchase a total of 18,248 shares with exercise prices ranging from $0.56 to $3.70 per share, with a weighted average exercise price of $1.74, 2,568,951 outstanding restricted stock units and a convertible promissory note which is convertible into an aggregate of 657,143 shares of our common stock, subject to adjustment under the terms of the notes. We also had 2,568,951 restricted stock units outstanding. If outstanding stock options are exercised, the note is converted or the restricted stock units vest, dilution will occur to our stockholders, which may be significant.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.
Not applicable to a smaller reporting company.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.
Our corporate headquarters are located in Little Rock, Arkansas where we entered into a five-year agreement to lease office space on October 1, 2015. The lease is for 12,245 square feet. We also have office space in San Jose, CA where in June 2017, we entered into a five-year agreement to lease 4,801 square feet of office space.
In addition to our office space, we maintain data center operations in third-party collocation facilities in Little Rock, AR, Los Angeles, CA, San Jose, CA and Secaucus, NJ.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
We are not party to any pending legal proceedings.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.
Not applicable.
PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.
Market Information
Our common stock is listed on the NYSE American LLC under the symbol "INUV.” As of April 30, 2020, there were approximately 413 record owners of our common stock. This amount does not reflect persons or entities that hold our common stock in nominee or “street” name through various brokerage firms.
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Dividends
We have not declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock since our inception. Under Nevada law, we are prohibited from paying dividends if the distribution would result in our company not being able to pay its debts as they become due in the normal course of business if our total assets would be less than the sum of our total liabilities plus the amount that would be needed to pay the dividends, or if we were to be dissolved at the time of distribution to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of stockholders whose preferential rights are superior to those receiving the distribution. Our board of directors has complete discretion on whether to pay dividends subject to compliance with applicable Nevada law. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, the frequency, and the amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant. While our board of directors will make any future decisions regarding dividends, as circumstances surrounding us change, it currently does not anticipate that we will pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None, except as previously reported.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
None
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.
Not applicable to a smaller reporting company.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations for 2019 and 2018 should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes to those statements that are included elsewhere in this report. Our discussion includes forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties, such as our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including those set forth under Cautionary Statements Regarding Forward-Looking Information, Part I. Item 1. Business and Item 1A. Risk Factors. We use words such as "anticipate," "estimate," "plan," "project," "continuing," "ongoing," "expect," "believe," "intend," "may," "will," "should," "could," and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements.
Company Overview
Inuvo is a technology company that develops and sells information technology solutions for marketing. These platforms predictively identify and message online audiences for any product or service across devices, channels and formats, including video, mobile, connected TV, display, social and native. These capabilities allow Inuvo’s clients to engage with their customers and prospects in a manner that drives engagement from the first contact with the consumer. Inuvo facilitates the delivery of hundreds of millions of marketing messages to consumers every single month and counts among its clients numerous world-renowned names in industries that have included retail, automotive, insurance, health care, technology, telecommunications and finance. Inuvo has contractual relationships with three clients who collectively manage over 50% of all U.S. digital advertising spend.
Inuvo’s solution incorporates a proprietary form of artificial intelligence, or AI, branded the IntentKey. This sophisticated machine learning technology uses interactions with Internet content as a source of information from which to predict consumer intent. The AI includes a continually updated database of over 500 million machine profiles which Inuvo utilizes to deliver highly aligned online audiences to its clients. Inuvo earns revenue when consumers view or click on its client’s messages. Inuvo’s business scales through account management activity with existing clients and by adding new clients through sales activity.
As part of Inuvo’s technology strategy, it owns a collection of websites including alot.com and earnspendlive.com, where Inuvo creates content in health, finance, travel, careers, auto, education and living categories. These sites provide the means to test Inuvo’s technologies, while also delivering high quality consumers to clients through the interaction with proprietary content in the form of images, videos, slideshows and articles.
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There are many barriers to entry associated with Inuvo’s business model, including a proficiency in large scale information processing, predictive software development, marketing data products, analytics, artificial intelligence, integration to the internet of things (IOT), and the relationships required to execute within the IOT. Inuvo’s intellectual property is protected by 17 issued and eight pending patents.
Mergers Termination
On June 20, 2019, Inuvo entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger Termination Agreement (the “Merger Termination Agreement”) with ConversionPoint Technologies Inc., a Delaware corporation (“CPT”), ConversionPoint Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Parent”), CPT Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation, (“CPT Merger Sub”), and CPT Cigar Merger Sub, Inc., a Nevada corporation (“Inuvo Merger Sub”), which, among other things, (1) terminated the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated November 2, 2018, by and among Inuvo, CPT, Parent, CPT Merger Sub, and Inuvo Merger Sub, as amended (the “Merger Agreement”), pursuant to which Inuvo would have merged with and into Inuvo Merger Sub and become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Parent, and CPT would have merged with and into CPT Merger Sub and become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Parent (the “Mergers”), and (2) terminated each of the Support Agreements that were entered into by certain officers and directors of Inuvo and the parties to the Merger Agreement. The Merger Agreement was terminated as a result of Parent’s inability to fulfill the closing condition of the Mergers that Parent raise $36,000,000 in gross proceeds from an equity, debt, or equity-linked offering of its securities which no longer obligated Inuvo to consummate the Mergers contemplated by the Merger Agreement.
Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Termination Agreement, CPT Investments, LLC, a California limited liability company and an affiliate of CPT (“CPT Investments”), and Inuvo entered into a certain Inuvo Note Termination Agreement (the “Note Termination Agreement”) and agreed to (1) terminate and cancel the 10% Senior Unsecured Subordinated Convertible Promissory Note, dated November 1, 2018, executed by Inuvo in favor of CPT Investments (the “CPTI Note”), which as of June 20, 2019, had $1,063,288 in accrued principal and interest outstanding (the “Outstanding Indebtedness”) by July 20, 2019, (2) effective immediately, terminate all conversion rights under the CPTI Note to convert amounts outstanding into shares of Inuvo’s common stock, (3) terminate the Securities Purchase Agreement, dated November 1, 2018, by and between Inuvo and CPTI (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”), and (4) terminate the Registration Rights Agreement, dated November 1, 2018, by and between Inuvo and CPTI.
The Merger Termination Agreement provided that the termination fee of $2,800,000 to be paid to Inuvo (the “Termination Fee”) for failure to fulfill the Financing Condition would be satisfied as follows:
(1) $1,063,288 of the Termination Fee (the “Indebtedness Satisfaction Amount”) was satisfied in consideration of the termination and cancellation of the Outstanding Indebtedness pursuant to the CPTI Note Termination Agreement that was approved by CPT’s senior lenders Montage Capital II, L.P. and Partners for Growth IV, L.P. (the “Senior Lenders”) of CPT’s issuance of a replacement note to CPT Investments that was entered into in July 2019;
(2) $1,611,712 of the Termination Fee (the “ReTargeter Satisfaction Amount”) was satisfied by CPT transferring all of the assets related to CPT’s programmatic and RTB advertising solutions business conducted through managed services and a proprietary SaaS solution (the “ReTargeter Business”), free and clear of all liabilities, encumbrances, or liens, to Inuvo (the “ReTargeter Asset Transfer”); and
(3) CPT paid $125,000 to Inuvo on September 15, 2019 to be contributed to the settlement of ongoing litigation with respect to the Mergers (the “Litigation Fee”).
On September 30, 2019, Inuvo paid its obligation of $250,000 under a confidential settlement agreement that it entered into on June 20, 2019 resolving certain outstanding litigation related to the Mergers. Under the Merger Termination Agreement, CPT and Inuvo agreed to mutually release all claims that each party had against the other, as well as certain affiliated entities of each. Inuvo, however, will be able to pursue any claims against CPT and its affiliates for breaches of the Merger Termination Agreement.
An independent valuation of the ReTargeter Business was completed as of September 30, 2019. The enterprise valuation of the ReTargeter Business was determined to be $2.57 million.
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Hitachi Credit Agreement
On March 12, 2020 Inuvo, Inc. closed a Loan and Security Agreement dated February 28, 2020 by and between our company and our subsidiaries and Hitachi. Under the terms of the Loan and Security Agreement Hitachi has provided us with a $5,000,000 line of credit commitment. We are permitted to borrow (i) 90% of the aggregate Eligible Accounts Receivable, plus (i) the lesser of 75% of the aggregate Unbilled Accounts Receivable (as those terms are defined in the Loan and Security Agreement) or 50% of the amount available to borrow under (i), up to the maximum credit commitment. On March 12, 2020 we drew $5,000,000 under this agreement, using $2,959,573 of these proceeds to satisfy our obligations to Western Alliance Bank under our credit agreement with it and the balance is being used for working capital. Following the satisfaction of our obligations to Western Alliance Bank, all agreements with that entity have been terminated.
We will pay Hitachi monthly interest at the rate of 2% in excess of the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate, with a minimum rate of 6.75% per annum, on outstanding amounts. The principal and all accrued but unpaid interest are due on demand. In the event of a default under the terms of the Loan and Security Agreement, the interest rate increases to 6% greater than the interest rate in effect from time to time prior to a default. The Loan and Security Agreement contains certain affirmative and negative covenants to which we are also subject.
We agreed to pay Hitachi a commitment fee of $50,000, with one half due upon the execution of the agreement and the balance due six months thereafter. Thereafter, we are obligated to pay Hitachi a commitment fee of $15,000 annually. We are also obligated to pay Hitachi a quarterly service fee of 0.30% on the monthly unused amount of the maximum credit line. In addition to a $2,000 document fee we have paid to Hitachi, if we should repay the amounts due under the Loan and Security Agreement before March 1, 2022, we are obligated to pay Hitachi an exit fee of $50,000.
2019 Overview
We entered 2019 with two product lines, ValidClick and the IntentKey, the latter having been launched through an integration with AppNexus at the end of 2018. For ValidClick, our objective was to keep the business steady while diversifying revenue within the product line. Through the first half of 2019 we were consumed with the announced Mergers with CPT. While that Merger looked promising at the close of 2018, we encountered a number of obstacles, including the 35 day federal government shutdown, that eventually lead to its termination in June 2019. The first two quarters of 2019 were negatively affected by management’s focus on Mergers integration, and the legal, public company and due diligence expenditures required to execute the Mergers.
The Merger Agreement was terminated due to CPT's inability to fulfill the closing condition to raise $36,000,000 in gross proceeds from an equity, debt, or equity-linked offering of its securities. As a result, we were entitled to a termination fee of $2,800,000 that was satisfied by the cancellation of an outstanding note payable to CPT Investments of $1,063,288; the transfer of all of the assets related to CPT's programmatic advertising solutions business of $1,611,712 ; and the contribution of $125,000 towards the settlement of ongoing litigation resulting from the Mergers.
With the termination of the Merger Agreement in June 2019, we began to reassess our strategy and capital needs. First, and as a result of the costs associated with the Mergers, we needed to raise capital. In July 2019, we completed a public offering of 15,812,500 shares of our common stock for gross proceeds of approximately $4.7 million. Second, we needed to refocus the operating teams back to our pre-Merger Agreement growth and margin strategies. We estimate that approximately $11.3 million of year over year revenue within ValidClick was lost in part because of a change in strategy associated with the Mergers. We also estimate that an additional $4.9 million in revenue was lost in 2019 from an announced 2018 reduction in support for certain supply side technologies and revenue associated with the redesign of the IntentKey and its integration to AppNexus, which was offset by an increase of roughly $4.5 million in new IntentKey sales in 2019 where our win rates on RFP submissions closed out the year at better than 60% having signed a number of notable name brand clients within the year.
The Integration of the IntentKey to AppNexus leading into 2019 provided a means to distribute our IntentKey product. We had conducted an extensive evaluation of potential partners in late 2018 having ultimately selected AppNexus due to their scale and the immediate fit of their technology. This relationship allowed our proprietary data, which is manufactured by our patented artificial intelligence, to become available for sale by Inuvo as a service to online advertisers, thousands of which use the AppNexus platform to execute their campaigns.
January of 2019 effectively marked the end of a major, roughly 18-month product investment and development cycle which began in the second quarter of 2017 following the acquisition of a core artificial intelligence technology. This capability became the foundation of the IntentKey. We remain convinced, following the 2019 performance that the technology we have and the
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integration engineered is a game changing paradigm shift for an industry burdened by a plethora of consumer data privacy and technology complications which we believe have been re-imagined as part of the IntentKey platform. Since the launch of the integrated IntentKey/AppNexus product, results have been strong with revenue growing 60% in the second half of 2019 over the first half of 2019. Only four salespeople were onboard for the entire 2019 period and contributed to that result. Equally important are the gross margins, which started 2019 at 27.4% (which we expected for a new product launch) and ended 2019 with 40+% gross margin. We also announced in late 2019, a technology enhancement called the IntentCloud that will allow the product to respond faster to marketing opportunities which could contribute to both revenue and margins beginning in the first quarter of 2020.
The ValidClick product line remains an important component of our overall strategy having delivered roughly $53 million dollars in 2019.
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic
First identified in late 2019 and known now as COVID-19, the outbreak has impacted millions of individuals and businesses worldwide. In response, many countries have implemented measures to combat the outbreak which has had an unprecedented economic consequence. We did not experience an impact from COVID-19 through the end of fiscal year 2019 and had only minor impact from COVID-19 in the first quarter of 2020. Beginning in late April 2020, we experienced a significant reduction in Demand (marketing budgets) within the ValidClick business and a modest decline in Demand within the IntentKey business, the combination of which has resulted in a significant reduction in our revenue run rate.
In response to COVID-19, we have started to curtail expenses, including compensation and travel, and we have issued a work from home policy to protect our employees and their families from virus transmission associated with co-workers. Additionally, in April 2020, we obtained an unsecured Paycheck Protection Program loan under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act of $1.1 million which we are using primarily for payroll costs.
Because of the impact of COVID-19 on our business, we are unable at this time to predict with any certainty how the second quarter will materialize and whether our revenue run rate will improve. As a result of this uncertainty we are focusing our resources on areas we believe have immediate revenue potential and attempting to reduce expenses where necessary with as little disruption on our daily operations as possible. Should revenues continue to turn downwards or fail to return to historical levels, we may not be able to offset expenses quickly enough.
Our net working capital was negative $7.5 million as of December 31, 2019. During March 2020 and April 2020 we raised approximately $1.5 million of working capital through the sale of our securities and in April 2020 we obtained the PPP Loan of $1.1 million. There is no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining funding to continue operations, particularly in light of the current impact of COVID-19 on the U.S. capital markets.
Going Concern
For the year ended December 31, 2019, we reported a net loss of $4,488,107 and net cash used in operating activities of $5,338,383. The report of our independent registered public accounting firm on our audited consolidated financial statements at December 31, 2019 and 2018 and for the years then ended contains an explanatory paragraph regarding substantial doubt of our ability to continue as a going concern based upon our recurring losses from operations and our net capital deficiency. These factors, among others, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. There are no assurances we will be successful in our efforts to significantly increase our revenues or report profitable operations or to continue as a going concern, in which event investors would lose their entire investment in our company.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported periods. The more critical accounting estimates include estimates related to revenue recognition and accounts receivable allowances. We also have other key accounting policies, which involve the use of estimates, judgments and assumptions that are significant to understanding our results, which are described in Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements for 2019 and 2018 appearing elsewhere in this report. The estimates and assumptions that management makes affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, net revenues and expenses and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. The estimates and assumptions used are based upon management’s regular evaluation of the
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relevant facts and circumstances as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. We regularly evaluate estimates and assumptions related to allowances for doubtful accounts, goodwill and purchased intangible asset valuations, valuation of long-lived assets and derivative liability. Actual results may differ from the estimates and assumptions used in preparing the accompanying consolidated financial statements, and such differences could be material.
Results of Operations

| For the Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change |  | % Change
Net Revenue | $ | 61,525,214 |  |  | $ | 73,330,642 |  |  | $ | (11,805,428) |  |  | (16.1) | %
Cost of Revenue | 22,700,873 |  |  | 29,921,482 |  |  | (7,220,609) |  |  | (24.1) | %
Gross Profit | $ | 38,824,341 |  |  | $ | 43,409,160 |  |  | (4,584,819) |  |  | (10.6) | %

Net revenue
We experienced lower year over year revenue in 2019 as compared to 2018 due primarily to lower monetization from advertising inventory sold to our largest demand partners in the ValidClick operations largely as a result of a shift in focus associated with the Mergers which were terminated in June 2019. In addition, the previously announced strategy to reduce focus on the non-strategic publisher side technologies, along with lost clients due to the reengineering of the IntentKey, resulted in approximately $4.8 million lower revenue. Overall revenue from the IntentKey business partially offset these declines and was approximately $8.5 million, 86.9% higher in 2019 compared to the same period last year. Though we saw improvements associated with ValidClick monetization in the fourth quarter of 2019, we do not know whether monetization will return to former levels.
Cost of Revenue
Cost of revenue is primarily generated by payments to website publishers and app developers that host advertisements we serve and to ad exchanges that provide access to supply inventory where we serve advertisements. The decrease in the cost of revenue in 2019 compared to 2018 is due primarily to lower revenue and to the loss of revenue associated with the discontinuation of non-strategic revenue including a proprietary marketing platform discussed in the Net Revenue section. The higher gross margin in 2019 of 63.1% compared to 59.2% is primarily due to the change of revenue mix within the ValidClick business.
Operating Expenses

| For the Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change |  | % Change
Marketing costs (TAC) | $ | 30,135,991 |  |  | $ | 31,852,190 |  |  | $ | (1,716,199) |  |  | (5.4 | %)
Compensation | 7,753,528 |  |  | 8,524,476 |  |  | (770,948) |  |  | (9.0 | %)
Selling, general and administrative | 8,673,015 |  |  | 8,502,874 |  |  | 170,141 |  |  | 2.0 | %
Operating expenses | $ | 46,562,534 |  |  | $ | 48,879,540 |  |  | $ | (2,317,006) |  |  | (4.7 | %)

Marketing costs include those expenses required to attract an audience to our owned web properties. Marketing costs decreased in 2019 compared to 2018 primarily due to adjusting traffic acquisition campaigns as a result of lower monetization described in the Net Revenue section.
Compensation expense decreased in 2019 as compared to 2018 due primarily to lower headcount and lower capitalized software costs. Our full-time employment was 61 at December 31, 2019 compared to 63 at December 31, 2018.
The increases in selling, general and administrative costs in 2019 as compared to 2018 was primarily due to expenses associated with the underwritten public offering of our common stock, the settlement of litigation associated with the Mergers and approximately $1 million of expense associated with the terminated Mergers.
Interest Expense, net
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Interest expense, net, which represents interest expense on financed receivables, capital lease obligations and notes payable, was higher in 2019 compared to 2018 primarily due to higher interest rates on the financed receivables this year compared to last year.
Other income, net
Other income, net, of $3.4 million in 2019 is due primarily to the Termination Fee of $2.8 million and the excess fair value over assets received for ReTargeter of $967 thousand (see Mergers Termination above), offset by approximately $191 thousand due to the change of the fair market value of the derivative liability associated with convertible promissory notes and to $255 thousand due to the conversion of a portion of the convertible promissory notes (as described in Note 8).
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The change in operating assets and liabilities during 2019 was a use of cash of $5,338,383 primarily due to a net loss of $4,488,107, a decrease in the accounts payable balance by $1,978,974, and an increase of accounts receivable of $973,522, offset by a increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities balance by $1,334,271. The seasonal nature of our business is such that the second half year revenue is typically greater than the first half year revenue and therefore, the related accounts receivable balance is higher. Our terms are such that we generally collect receivables prior to paying trade payables. Media sales typically have slower payment terms than the terms of related payables.
During 2019, our principal sources of liquidity were our borrowings under our credit facility with Western Alliance Bank which is described in Note 6 to our 2019 audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report, the sale of our common stock and borrowings from non-bank financial institutions. In March 2020, this credit facility was replaced by our credit facility with Hitachi as described earlier in this section. Our net working capital was negative $7.5 million as of December 31, 2019 compared to negative $6.9 million as of December 31, 2018. The lower net working capital is primarily due to a $4.5 million net loss for the year ended December 31, 2019, which is net of certain one-time gains of approximately $3.7 million, and which included approximately $1 million of expense associated with the failed Mergers described earlier in this section.
On March 1, 2019, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with three accredited investors pursuant to which we sold an aggregate of $1,440,000 of principal of Original Issue Discount Unsecured Subordinated Convertible Notes due September 1, 2020. On November 11, 2019 we entered into Note Modification and Release Agreements with the holders of two of these notes representing an aggregate of $1,080,000 principal amount of these notes. The third noteholder did not enter into a Note Modification and Release Agreement. Under the terms of the Note Modification and Release Agreement, the parties agreed that in consideration of such noteholder’s agreement to convert a minimum of 50% of the outstanding amount of the note (the “First Conversion Amount”) that the conversion price for the First Conversion Amount would be $0.265 per share and that the conversion price for any remaining amount due under the note would be $0.30 per share, subject to future adjustment under the terms of the note including dilutive issuances at price below $0.30 per share. Following the execution of the Note Modification and Release Agreement, the noteholders converted an aggregate of $765,000 principal amount due under the notes into 2,886,792 shares of our common stock. In January 2020, a noteholder converted $360,000 principal amount due under the note into 1,200,000 shares of our common stock. After this conversion, $315,000 of the original principal amount was outstanding under all of these notes. Effective April 20, 2020, the terms of this remaining note were amended to extend the maturity date to December 31, 2020 and reduce the conversion price to $0.175 per share. On April 21,2020, the remaining noteholder converted $200,000 principal amount due under the remaining note into 1,142,857 shares of our common stock.
For 2019, our revenues declined 16% from the same period in the prior year. We reported losses from operations of approximately $7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. In addition to the $1 million Mergers costs described above, the lower revenue in 2019 is principally responsible for our losses. Of the net loss after the one-time gains described above for 2019, approximately $4.2 million were the non-cash expenses of depreciation, amortization and stock-based compensation. Since our credit facility is dependent upon receivables, and we do not know when, if ever, that our revenues will return to historic levels or if we will be able to replace those lost revenues with revenues from other sources, the combination of lower credit availability and recent negative cash flows generated from operating activities introduces potential risk to operation without interruption.
We have pooled our resources behind a plan to grow our AI technology, the IntentKey, where we have a technology advantage and higher margins. If we are successful in implementing our plan, we expect to return to a positive cash flow from operations. However, there is no assurance that we will be able to achieve this objective. We use our credit facility with Hitachi discussed above to partially fund operations. However, if we continue to experience losses, we may be unable to borrow funds under this agreement.
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Though we believe current operating cash flows and the credit facility will be sufficient to sustain operations into at least the third quarter of 2020, if our plan to grow the IntentKey business is unsuccessful, we may need to fund operations through private or public sales of securities, debt financings or partnering/licensing transactions. During March 2020 and April 2020, we raised approximately $1.5 million of working capital through the sale of our securities and in April 2020 we obtained the unsecured PPP Loan of $1.1 million which we are using primarily for payroll costs. The PPP Loan is scheduled to mature two years from the date of issuance and has a 1% interest rate. Commencing on the date which is seven months following the date of the loan and continuing on the same day of each following month, we are obligated to pay principal and interest payments which will fully amortize all principal and interest (including accrued interest prior to the initial payment date) by the maturity date. The promissory note evidencing the PPP Loan contains customary events of default relating to, among other things, payment defaults and provisions of the promissory note. Under the terms of the CARES Act, PPP Loan recipients can apply for and be granted forgiveness for all or a portion of loans granted under the PPP Loan. Such forgiveness will be determined, subject to limitations, based on the use of loan proceeds for payroll costs and mortgage interest, rent and utility costs. No assurance is provided that we will apply for and obtain forgiveness of the PPP Loan in whole or in part.
There is no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining additional funding to continue operations in which case we would need to find additional sources of credit and make substantial reductions to operating expense. A substantial reduction of operating expense may cause disruption to the business and the generation of future revenue. Given the above conditions, there is doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared with the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.
First identified in late 2019 and known now as COVID-19, the outbreak has impacted millions of individuals and businesses worldwide. In response, many countries have implemented measures to combat the outbreak which has had an unprecedented economic consequence. The Company had not experienced an impact from COVID-19 through the end of fiscal year 2019 and had only minor impact from COVID-19 in the first quarter of 2020. In April of 2020, the Company experienced a significant reduction in advertiser marketing budgets across both the ValidClick and IntentKey platforms as a direct consequence of COVID-19. The Company is unable at this time to predict with any certainty how the second quarter will materialize and as a result is taking a just-in-time approach to business operations, focusing resources on areas with immediate revenue potential and reducing expenses where necessary.
Cash Flows - Operating
Net cash used in operating activities was $5,338,383 during 2019. We reported a net loss of $4,488,107, which included non-cash expenses; depreciation and amortization of $3,422,385 and stock-based compensation of $789,914. The change in operating assets and liabilities was a net use of cash of $1,583,570 primarily due to a decrease in the accounts payable balance by $1,978,974 and an increase in the accounts receivable and unbilled revenue balance by $973,522. Our terms are such that we generally collect receivables prior to paying trade payables. Media sales typically have slower payment terms than the terms of related payables.
During 2018, cash used in operating activities was $2,100,167. We reported a net loss of $5,890,832. Additional non-cash expenses included the non-cash expenses of depreciation and amortization of $3,181,619 and stock-based compensation expenses of $915,469. The change in operating assets and liabilities was a net use of cash of $334,674.
Cash Flows - Investing
Net cash used in investing activities was $1,194,164 and $1,634,919 for 2019 and 2018, respectively. Cash used in investing activities in both years has primarily consisted of capitalized internal development costs.
Cash Flows - Financing
Net cash provided by financing activities was $6,676,580 during 2019 primarily from proceeds from the sale of common stock and the Convertible Promissory Notes.
During 2018, net cash used in financing activities was $120,644 primarily from proceeds of the secondary public offering in May 2018.
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2019, we do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations,
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liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors. The term "off-balance sheet arrangement" generally means any transaction, agreement or other contractual arrangement to which an entity unconsolidated with us is a party, under which we have any obligation arising under a guarantee contract, derivative instrument or variable interest or a retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to such entity or similar arrangement that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support for such assets.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
Not applicable to a smaller reporting company.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.
Our consolidated financial statements begin on page F-1 at the end of this annual report.
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures” as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and procedures designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, such as this report, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods prescribed by SEC rules and regulations, and to reasonably assure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our management does not expect that our disclosure controls will prevent all errors and fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. In addition, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within a company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the control. The design of any systems of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of these inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
On August 14, 2019, the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee of our board of directors approved modifications to the outstanding RSU grants under the 2010 ECP and 2017 ECP plans. The modifications included deeming the performance criteria for the performance based RSU grants with a measurement period based on June 30, 2019 as met and vested. In addition, any remaining RSU grants outstanding were modified to vest in three equal parts on August 19, 2019, January 1, 2020 and July 1, 2020 as long as the grantee is employed by our company on the vesting date. During the initial preparation of our unaudited consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 the calculation and recording of stock compensation was not completed in accordance with ASC 718-30-35 with respect to the modification of share-based payments, which such error was corrected prior to the filing of this report. This failure to initially properly account for the modification of the stock awards was a material weakness in our disclosure controls. Subsequent to September 30, 2019, we undertook certain remedial actions to ensure that any future modification of the options or other awards are properly accounted for in accordance with ASC 718-30-55.
As required by Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as of December 31, 2019, the end of the period covered by this report, our management concluded their evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. As of the evaluation date, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that we
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maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are effective in providing reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods prescribed by SEC rules and regulations, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rule 13a-15(f). Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
•pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;
•provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and
•provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of the inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the 2013 Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework. Based upon this assessment, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of December 31, 2019 our internal controls over financial reporting were effective.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the fourth quarter of 2019, we undertook certain actions to remediate the material weakness in our disclosure controls that was determined during the preparation of the unaudited consolidated financial statements for the periods ended September 30, 2019 and as further described earlier in this section which, if not remediated, may have led to a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2019. These changes in our internal control over financial reporting related to the calculation and recording of stock compensation to ensure such calculations were completed in accordance with ASC 718-30-35. Except for these changes, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with our evaluation that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.
None
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.
Directors and Executive Officers
Below are the names and certain information regarding our executive officers and directors.
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Name |  | Age |  | Positions
Richard K. Howe |  | 57 |  | Chairman of the Board of Directors, Chief Executive Officer, Class I director
Wallace D. Ruiz |  | 68 |  | Chief Financial Officer
John B. Pisaris, Esq. |  | 53 |  | General Counsel, secretary
Don Walker “Trey” Barrett III |  | 55 |  | Chief Operating Officer
Gordon J. Cameron |  | 55 |  | Class I director
G. Kent Burnett |  | 74 |  | Class II director
Charles D. Morgan |  | 76 |  | Class III director, Lead Independent Director
Patrick Terrell |  | 65 |  | Class III director

Richard K. Howe. Mr. Howe has been a member of our board of directors since November 2008 and has served as Executive Chairman of the board since March 2012 and as our Chief Executive Officer since December 2012. Previously, he served as our President and Chief Executive Officer from November 2008 until March 2012. Prior to joining Inuvo, Mr. Howe served as Chief Marketing, Strategy and M&A Officer at the billion dollar multi-channel marketing services leader Acxiom Corporation (NasdaqGS: ACXM) where, since 2004, he led the company's transition to online marketing services, the expansion into China and the development of the big data consulting services group. From 2001 to 2004, he served as general manager of Global Marketing Services (GMS) at Fair Isaac & Company (NYSE: FICO), a leading provider of analytics products and services where he drove the company's online initiatives. Between 1999 and 2001, Mr. Howe started, grew and sold private Internet search innovator, ieWild. Mr. Howe has over his career led the acquisition, merger or divestiture of a dozen companies on three continents worth many hundreds of millions of dollars to shareholders. Mr. Howe earned a bachelor’s degree with distinction in engineering from Concordia University, Canada, and he earned his master’s degree in engineering from McGill University, Canada, Mr. Howe’s track record as a successful high-technology operating and marketing executive in data, analytics, and marketing services as a result of building and/or running over a dozen businesses in five countries were factors considered by the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee and the board. Specifically, the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee and the board viewed favorably his position at companies that include Inuvo as president and CEO, Acxiom Corporation as chief marketing, business strategy and M&A officer, Fair Isaac & Company where he served as general manager, and ieWild, Inc. as co-founder and chairman and CEO; his service as a board member for the non-profit organization Business for Diplomatic Action; and his academic achievements at Concordia University and McGill University in making their recommendation.
Wallace D. Ruiz. Mr. Ruiz has served as our Chief Financial Officer since June 2010. From 2005 until April 2009, Mr. Ruiz was Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of SRI Surgical Express, Inc. (Nasdaq: STRC), a Tampa, Florida provider of outsourced sterilization and supply chain management services to healthcare providers that was acquired by Synergy Health plc. From 1995 until 2004 he was Chief Financial Officer of Novadigm, Inc. (Nasdaq: NVDM), a developer and worldwide marketer of enterprise infrastructure software that was acquired by Hewlett-Packard Company. Since March 2018 he has been a member of the board of directors of Recruiter.com Group, Inc. (OTCQB: RCRT). Mr. Ruiz received a B.S. in Computer Science from St. John’s University and a M.B.A. in Accounting and Finance from Columbia University. Mr. Ruiz is a Certified Public Accountant.
John B. Pisaris. Mr. Pisaris has served as our General Counsel since March 2012 following our acquisition of Vertro, Inc. He served as general counsel of Vertro, Inc. from October 2004 until March 2012. From February 2004 to September 2004, Mr. Pisaris served as vice president of legal of Vertro, Inc., and prior to that was a partner at Porter Wright Morris& Arthur, LLP, a law firm, from January 2002 to January 2004.
Don Walker “Trey” Barrett, III. Mr. Barrett, 53, joined Inuvo in February 2010 as Senior Vice President of Corporate Strategy and Business Development, and was promoted to Chief Operating Officer in February 2013. Prior to joining Inuvo, Mr. Barnett served as Acxiom Corporation's Director of Interactive Media Products overseeing the innovation and development of the Relevance-X product line. With over 25 years of data-driven direct marketing experience, he has been involved in several successful business start-ups in the direct and interactive marketing industries. Mr. Barnett earned a bachelor’s degrees in Marketing and Economics from the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville.
Gordon J. Cameron. Mr. Cameron has been a member of our board of directors since November 2016. He is a business transformation executive with three decades of success in growing businesses while managing risk. Mr. Cameron is currently a three Chief Consumer Credit Risk Officer at Fifth Third Bank. Prior to Fifth Third, Mr. Cameron was EVP of consumer risk at PNC Financial Services from 2008 until 2019. He was the Chief Credit Officer, Retail and Small Business Lending, at Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce from 2005 to 2008. Mr. Cameron was the Chief Scientist Transaction Analytics, Global Account Management Solutions at Fair Isaac Corporation FICO from 2001 to 2005. Prior to his tenure with Fair Isaac Corporation, Mr. Cameron held executive positions at IeWild Inc., HNC Software Inc., Advanta National Bank/Fleet, The
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Cambell Group LTD and Fidelity Bank N.A. Mr. Cameron received a MBA from Widener University School of Management and a B.S. in Finance from Pennsylvania State University. Mr. Cameron's track record as a senior executive in a variety of business segments and his in excess three decades of experience in building successful businesses were factors considered by the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee and the board. Specifically, the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee and the board viewed favorably his position as Executive Vice President in Retail Lending at PNC Financial Services, one of the largest diversified financial services institutions in the United States, as well as his positions with companies such as Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, Fair Isaac Corporation FICO, IeWild Inc., HNC Software Inc., Advanta National Bank/Fleet, The Cambell Group LTD and Fidelity Bank N.A and his academic achievements at Widener University School of Management and Pennsylvania State University in making their recommendation.
G. Kent Burnett. Mr. Burnett has been a member of our board of directors since November 2016. He is a retired technology and ecommerce executive. Mr. Burnett joined Dillard’s, Inc., one of the nation’s largest fashion retailers, in 1979. Mr. Burnett held various executive level technology positions at Dillard’s, including Chief Information Officer, Western Division Chairman and from 2009 to 2016 was Vice President of Technology and Ecommerce. Prior to joining Dillard’s Mr. Burnett held various marketing, technology and engineering positions with IBM. Since 2012 he has been a member of the Board of Directors of First Orion Corp., a phone call protection and data provider, and from February 2012 to April 2013 he served as a member of the Board of Directors of Acumen Brands, an ecommerce retailer. Mr. Burnett received his undergraduate degree from the University of Arkansas. Mr. Burnett's track record as a successful technology and ecommerce executive holding executive level technology positions were factors considered by the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee of the board. Specifically, the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee and the board viewed favorably his experience at Dillard’s including as Chief Information Officer, Western Division Chairman and Vice President of Technology and Ecommerce, as well as his experience in various marketing, technology and engineering positions with IBM and his membership on the boards of directors of First Orion Corp. and Acumen Brands in making their recommendation.
Charles D. Morgan. Mr. Morgan has been a member of our board of directors since June 2009. Since 2008, he has been the Chief Executive Officer of First Orion Corp., a private company that developed and markets PrivacyStar, an application that helps protect the mobile phone users' privacy. He also serves as a member and is the past Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Hendrix College. Mr. Morgan has extensive experience managing and investing in both private and public companies including Acxiom Corporation (NasdaqGS: ACXM), an information services company he helped grow from an early stage company to $1.4 billion in revenues during his tenure as Chief Executive Officer from 1975 to 2008. Mr. Morgan has served on the board and in various leadership roles with the Direct Marketing Association (DMA) throughout his career, serving in 2001 as chairman of the DMA board. Mr. Morgan was employed by IBM as a systems engineer for six years prior to joining Acxiom, and he holds a mechanical engineering degree from the University of Arkansas. Mr. Morgan’s successful track record as a high-technology executive in data, analytics, outsourcing and marketing services with a network of relationships worldwide as a result of building a billion dollar annual revenue enterprise as chairman and chief executive officer were factors considered by the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee and the board. Specifically, the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee and the board viewed favorably his experience at companies such as Acxiom Corporation as Chairman and CEO and IBM as a systems engineer; his role as an equity owner of Bridgehampton Capital Management LLC and a significant investor in its funds; his service as Chairman of the Advisory Board and co-manager of investments for Bridgehampton Capital Management LLC; his leadership on the board and in various leadership roles with the Direct Marketing Association (DMA) including his service as chairman of the DMA in 2001; his service as a member and past chairman of the board of trustees of Hendrix College; and his academic achievements at the University of Arkansas in making their recommendation.
Patrick Terrell. Mr. Terrell has been a member of our board of directors since January 2013. Since 2002 and 2004, respectively, Mr. Terrell has been the managing member of both PatRick Investments, LLC and Terrell Group Management, private equity and real estate investment companies. He also serves on the board of directors of Routeware Inc. Mr. Terrell served as founder and CEO of Leading Technology, a $300 million per year manufacturer of personal computers. Additionally, he founded Byte Shops Northwest, which serviced personal computers, and grew to $50 million in annual revenues. Mr. Terrell attended Oregon State University. Mr. Terrell’s track record as a successful operating executive and investor were factors considered by the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee and the board. Specifically, the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee and the board viewed favorably Mr. Terrell’s services as founder and CEO of Leading Technology, a manufacturer of personal computers, his founding of Byte Shops Northwest, and his services as managing member of Terrell Group Management and PatRick Investments, LLC in making their recommendation.
There are no family relationships between any of the directors.
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CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
We are committed to maintaining the highest standards of honest and ethical conduct in running our business efficiently, serving our stockholders interests and maintaining our integrity in the marketplace. To further this commitment, we have adopted our Code of Conduct and Business Code of Ethics, which applies to all our directors, officers and employees. To assist in its governance, our board has formed two standing committees composed entirely of independent directors, Audit and Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation. A discussion of each committee’s function is set forth below. Additionally, we have adopted and published to all employees our Whistleblower Notice establishing procedures by which any employee may bring to the attention of our Audit Committee any disclosure regarding accounting, internal control or other auditing issues affecting our company or any improper activities of any officer or employee. Disclosure may be made anonymously.
Our bylaws, the charters of each board committee, the independent status of a majority of our board of directors, our Code of Conduct and Business Code of Ethics and our Whistleblower Notice provide the framework for our corporate governance. Copies of our bylaws, committee charters, Code of Conduct and Business Code of Ethics and Whistleblower Notice may be found on our website at www.inuvo.com. Copies of these materials also are available without charge upon written request to our corporate secretary.
Board of directors
The board of directors oversees our business affairs and monitors the performance of management. In accordance with our corporate governance principles, the board of directors does not involve itself in day-to-day operations. The directors keep themselves informed through discussions with the Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer and by reading the reports and other materials that we send them and by participating in board of directors and committee meetings. Commencing with our 2008 annual meeting, our directors were divided into three classes and designated Class I, Class II and Class III. Directors may be assigned to each class in accordance with a resolution or resolutions adopted by the board of directors. Directors are elected for a full term of three years. Our directors hold office until their successors have been elected and duly qualified unless the director resigns or by reason of death or other cause is unable to serve in the capacity of director. If any director resigns, dies or is otherwise unable to serve out his or her term, or if the board increases the number of directors, the board may fill any vacancy by a vote of a majority of the directors then in office, although less than a quorum exists. A director elected to fill a vacancy shall serve for the unexpired term of his or her predecessor. Vacancies occurring by reason of the removal of directors without cause may only be filled by vote of the stockholders.
Board leadership structure and board’s role in risk oversight
Mr. Richard K. Howe serves as both the Executive Chairman of our board of directors and our Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Charles D. Morgan, an independent director, serves as our Lead Independent Director. Our board believes our current structure provides independence, oversight and facilitates the communication between senior management and the full board of directors regarding risk oversight, which the board believes strengthens its risk oversight activities. Moreover, the structure allows the Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer to better focus on his responsibilities of running the company, enhancing stockholder value and expanding and strengthening our business, while allowing the Lead Independent Director to lead the board in its fundamental role of providing independent oversight of management.
Risk is inherent with every business, and how well a business manages risk can ultimately determine its success. We face a number of risks, including credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, strategic risk and reputation risk. Management is responsible for the day-to-day management of the risks we face, while the board, as a whole and through its committees, has responsibility for the oversight of risk management. In its risk oversight role, the board of directors has the responsibility to satisfy itself that the risk management processes designed and implemented by management are adequate and functioning as designed. To do this, the board of directors meets regularly with management, as well as independently, to review Inuvo's risks. Both our General Counsel and our Chief Financial Officer attend many of the board meetings and are available to address any questions or concerns raised by any member of the board on risk management and any other matter. The independent members of the board work together to provide strong, independent oversight of our management and affairs through the board's standing committees and, when necessary, special meetings of independent directors. Our independent directors may meet at any time in their sole discretion without any other directors or representatives of management present. Each independent director has access to the members of our management team or other employees as well as full access to our books and records. We have no policy limiting, and exert no control over, meetings of our independent directors.
Board committees
The board of directors has standing Audit and Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committees. Each committee has a written charter. The charters are available on our website at www.inuvo.com. Except as set forth below, all
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committee members are independent directors. Information concerning the current membership and function of each committee is as follows:

Director | Audit Committee Member |  | Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee Member
Charles D. Morgan |  |  | ✓
Patrick Terrell | ✓ |  |
Gordon J. Cameron | ✓(1) |  | ✓
G. Kent Burnett | ✓ |  | ✓ (1)

(1) Denotes Chairperson.
Audit Committee
The Audit Committee assists the board in fulfilling its oversight responsibility relating to:
● the integrity of our financial statements;
● our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements; and
● the qualifications and independence of our independent registered public accountants.
The Audit Committee is composed of three directors, each of whom have been determined by the board of directors to be independent as defined by the NYSE American Company Guide. The board has determined that each of Mr. Cameron, Mr. Terrell and Mr. Burnett qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by the SEC.
Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee
The Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee is responsible for:
● overseeing our compensation programs and practices, including our executive compensation plans and incentive compensation plans;
● recommending the slate of director nominees for election to our board of directors;
● identifying and recommending candidates to fill vacancies occurring between annual stockholder meetings;
● reviewing the composition of board committees; and
● monitoring compliance with, reviews, and recommends changes to our various corporate governance policies and guidelines.
The Chief Executive Officer provides input to the committee with respect to the individual performance and compensation recommendations for the other executive officers. The committee’s charter authorizes the committee to retain an independent consultant, and from time to time has done so. The committee also prepares and supervises the board’s annual review of director independence and the board’s annual self-evaluation.
A majority of the persons serving on our board of directors must be independent. Thus, the committee has considered transactions and relationships between each director or any member of his immediate family and us or our affiliates, including those reported under “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” below. The committee also reviewed transactions and relationships between directors or their affiliates and members of our senior management or their affiliates. As a result of this review, the committee affirmatively determined that each of Messrs. Morgan, Terrell, Cameron and Burnett are independent as defined by the NYSE American Company Guide.
The committee considers all qualified candidates for our board of directors identified by members of the committee, by other members of the board of directors, by senior management and by our stockholders. The committee reviews each candidate including each candidate’s independence, skills and expertise based on a variety of factors, including the person’s experience or background in management, finance, regulatory matters and corporate governance. Further, when identifying nominees to serve as director, while we do not have a policy regarding the consideration of diversity in selecting directors, the committee seeks to create a board that is strong in its collective knowledge and has a diversity of skills and experience with respect to accounting and finance, management and leadership, vision and strategy, business operations, business judgment, industry knowledge and
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corporate governance. In addition, prior to nominating an existing director for re-election to the board of directors, the committee will consider and review an existing director’s board and committee attendance and performance, length of board service, experience, skills and contributions that the existing director brings to the board, equity ownership in Inuvo and independence.
The committee follows the same process and uses the same criteria for evaluating candidates proposed by stockholders, members of the board of directors and members of senior management. Based on its assessment of each candidate, the committee recommends candidates to the board. However, there is no assurance that there will be any vacancy on the board at the time of any submission or that the committee will recommend any candidate for the board.
The Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee is composed of three directors, all of whom have been determined by the board of directors to be independent as defined by the NYSE American Company Guide.
Stockholder nominations
Stockholders who would like to propose a candidate to serve on our board of directors may do so by submitting the candidate’s name, resume and biographical information to the attention of our corporate secretary. All proposals for nomination received by the corporate secretary will be presented to the committee for appropriate consideration. It is the policy of the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee to consider director candidates recommended by stockholders who appear to be qualified to serve on our board of directors. The Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee may choose not to consider an unsolicited recommendation if no vacancy exists on the board of directors and the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee does not perceive a need to increase the size of the board of directors. In order to avoid the unnecessary use of the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee’s resources, the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee will consider only those director candidates recommended in accordance with the procedures set forth below. To submit a recommendation of a director candidate to the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee, a stockholder should submit the following information in writing, addressed to the corporate secretary of Inuvo at our main office:
● the name and address of the person recommended as a director candidate;
● all information relating to such person that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for election of directors pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act;
● the written consent of the person being recommended as a director candidate to be named in the proxy statement as a nominee and to serve as a director if elected;
● as to the person making the recommendation, the name and address, as they appear on our books, of such person, and number of shares of our common stock owned by such person; provided, however, that if the person is not a registered holder of our common stock, the person should submit his or her name and address along with a current written statement from the record holder of the shares that reflects the recommending person’s beneficial ownership of our common stock; and
● a statement disclosing whether the person making the recommendation is acting with or on behalf of any other person and, if applicable, the identity of such person.
DIRECTOR COMPENSATION
We do not compensate Mr. Howe separately for serving as a member of our board of directors. During 2019 our independent directors each received the following compensation:
During 2019 each independent member of our board of directors was entitled to the following fees:
● $30,000 annual retainer payable quarterly; and
● $30,000 of restricted stock units, calculated at fair market value on the date of grant, vesting March 31.
The following table provides information concerning the compensation paid to our independent directors for their services as members of our board of directors for 2019. The information in the following table excludes any reimbursement of out-of-pocket travel and lodging expenses which we may have paid.
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Name | Fees earned or paid in cash ($) | Stock awards ($) | Option awards ($) | Non-equity incentive plan compensation ($) | Nonqualified deferred compensation earnings ($) | All other compensation ($) | Total ($)
Charles D. Morgan | 7,500 | 9,800 | — | — | — | — | 17,300
Patrick Terrell | 7,500 | 9,800 | — | — | — | — | 17,300
Gordon J. Cameron | 7,500 | 9,800 | — | — | — | — | 17,300
G. Kent Burnett | 7,500 | 9,800 | — | — | — | — | 17,300

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.
Compensation philosophy
The fundamental objectives of our executive compensation program are to attract and retain highly qualified executive officers, motivate these executive officers to materially contribute to our long-term business success, and align the interests of our executive officers and stockholders by rewarding our executives for individual and corporate performance based on targets established by the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee.
We believe that achievement of these compensation program objectives enhances long-term stockholder value. When designing compensation packages to reflect these objectives, the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee has adopted the following four principles as a guide:
● Alignment with stockholder interests: Compensation should be tied, in part, to our stock performance through the granting of equity awards to align the interests of executive officers with those of our stockholders;
● Recognition for business performance: Compensation should correlate in large part with our overall financial performance;
● Accountability for individual performance: Compensation should partially depend on the individual executive’s performance, in order to motivate and acknowledge the key contributors to our success; and
● Competition: Compensation should generally reflect the competitive marketplace and be consistent with that of other well-managed companies in our peer group. In implementing this compensation philosophy, the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee takes into account the compensation amounts from the previous years for each of the named executive officers, and internal compensation equity between the named executive officers and other employees.
2019 compensation determination process
In 2019, the compensation program for our executive officers consisted of the following components:
● base salary;
● plan awards; and
● other fringe benefits and perquisites.
The Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee believes that our executive compensation package consists of elements of compensation that are typically used to incentivize and reward executive management at other companies of our size, in our geographic area or in our industry. Each of these components is designed to meet the program's objectives of providing a combination of fixed and variable, performance-based compensation linked to individual and corporate performance. In the course of setting the initial compensation level for new hires or adjusting the compensation of existing employees, the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee considered the advice and input of our management. Our Chief Executive Officer typically makes recommendations to the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee for any proposed changes in salary, as well as performance-based awards and stock option grants, for the other named executive officers. The Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee decides any salary change, as well as performance-based awards and stock option grants, for the Chief Executive Officer.
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Base salary
Base salary is an important component of executive compensation because it provides executives with an assured-level of income, assists us in attracting executives and recognizes different levels of responsibility and authority among executives. The determination of base salaries is based upon the executive’s qualifications and experience, scope of responsibility and potential to achieve the goals and objectives established for the executive. Additionally, contractual provisions in executive employment agreements, past performance, internal pay equity and comparison to competitive salary practices are also considered.
In general, the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee considers two types of potential base salary increases including “merit increases” based upon the executives’ individual performance and/or “market adjustments” based upon the peer group salary range for similar executives.
Plan awards
The objective of our long-term incentive program is to provide a long-term retention incentive for the named executive officers and others and to align their interests directly with those of our stockholders by way of stock ownership. Under our 2010 Plan and our 2017 Plan, the board of directors or the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee has the discretion to determine whether equity awards will be granted to named executive officers and if so, the number of shares subject to each award. Both plans allow the board or the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee to grant options and restricted stock and other stock-based awards with respect to up to shares of our common stock, valued in whole or in part by reference to the fair market value of the stock. In most instances, these long-term grants vest over a multi-year basis.
The board or the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee determines the recipients of long-term incentive awards based upon such factors as performance, the length of continuous employment, managerial level, any prior awards, and recruiting and retention demands, expectations and needs. All our employees are eligible for awards. The board or the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee grants such awards by formal action, which awards are not final until a stock option agreement is delivered by us and executed by both the company and the employee. There is no set schedule for the board or the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee to consider and grant awards. The board and the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee have the discretion to make grants whenever it deems it appropriate in our best interests. The Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee has discretion to grant equity awards at any time.
We do not have any program, plan or practice in place to time option or other award grants with the release of material, non-public information and does not release such information for the purpose of affecting the value of executive compensation. The exercise price of stock subject to options awarded under our plans is the fair market value of the stock on the date the grant is approved by the board or the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee. Under the terms of each plan, the fair market value of the stock is the closing sales price of the stock on the date the grant is approved by the board or the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee as reported by the NYSE American.
Other compensation and benefits
We have historically provided perquisites and other types of non-cash benefits on a very limited basis in an effort to avoid an entitlement mentality, reinforce a pay-for-performance orientation and minimize expense. Such benefits, when provided, can include additional health care benefits and additional life insurance.
Retirement and other post-termination benefits
Other than our 401(k) plan, employment agreements with our named executive officers and certain other employment agreements which provide for severance for termination without cause, we have not entered into any employment agreements that provide for a continuation of post-employment benefits. Our benefits plans are generally the same for all employees, and so as of the date of this report, the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee does not believe that any such plans in their present forms would continue post-employment, except as required by law (including with respect to COBRA), or otherwise set forth in this report. We do not currently maintain any other retirement or post-termination benefits plans.
Change in control severance policy
We do not currently maintain any change in control severance plans or severance policies, except as provided in the executive employment agreements and the 2010 Plan and 2017 Plan, both of which are discussed in this section. Therefore, none of our
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named executive officers will receive any cash severance payments in the event we undergo a change in control, unless their employment agreement otherwise provides.
Insurance
All full-time employees, including the named executive officers, are eligible to participate in our standard medical, dental and life insurance plans. The terms of such benefits for the named executive officers are generally the same as those for all other company employees, with the exception of the level of life insurance coverage. We pay approximately 95% of the annual health insurance premium with employees paying the balance through payroll deductions. We pay for up to $1,000,000 of basic life insurance and AD&D insurance for our CEO, CFO, COO and General Counsel. All other full-time employees can elect basic life insurance and AD&D insurance coverage equal to their annual salary, up to $50,000, paid by us.
401(k)
Our employees can participate in a 401(k) plan, which is a qualified defined contribution retirement plan, sponsored by Insperity, professional employer organization that provides services to us. Participants are provided the opportunity to make salary reduction contributions to the plan on a pre-tax basis. We have the ability to make discretionary matching contributions and discretionary profit sharing contributions to such plan. Our practice has been to match participant’s contributions up to the first four percent of their annual earnings. We match is fully vested when made. We suspended our match throughout 2019.
Other benefits
We seek to maintain an open and inclusive culture in our facilities and operations among executives and other company employees. Thus, we do not provide executives with separate dining or other facilities, nor do we have programs for providing personal-benefit perquisites to executives, such as defraying the cost of personal entertainment or family travel. Our basic health care and other insurance programs are generally the same for all eligible employees, including the named executive officers.
Summary Compensation Table
The following table summarizes all compensation recorded by us in each of the last two completed fiscal years for:
● all individuals serving as our principal executive officer or acting in a similar capacity during the year ended December 31, 2019;
● our two most highly compensated named executive officers at December 31, 2019 whose annual compensation exceeded $100,000; and
● up to two additional individuals for whom disclosure would have been made in this table but for the fact that the individual was not serving as a named executive officer of our company at December 31, 2019.
The value attributable to any restricted stock unit awards is computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718.
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Name and principal position |  | Year | Salary ($) | Bonus ($) | Stock Awards ($) | Option Awards ($) | Nonequity incentive plan compen-sation ($) | Non-qualified deferred compen-sation earnings ($) | All other compen-sation ($) | Total ($)
Richard K. Howe, |  | 2019 | 379,073 | — | 102,460 | — | — | — | 4,280 | 485,813
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer |  | 2018 | 425,000 | — | 272,897 | — | — | — | 11,000 | 708,897
Wallace D. Ruiz, |  | 2019 | 262,625 | — | 36,490 | — | — | — | 7,200 | 306,315
Chief Financial Officer |  | 2018 | 275,000 | — | 97,463 | — | — | — | 11,000 | 383,463
Don (Trey) Barrett III |  | 2019 | 240,625 | — | 49,372 | — | — | — | 2,619 | 292,616
Chief Operating Officer |  | 2018 | 250,000 | — | 129,951 | — | — | — | 6,220 | 386,171

On March 1, 2012, we entered into employment agreements with each of Messrs. Howe and Ruiz. Mr. Barrett does not have an employment agreement and his compensation is set by the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee.
Executive Employment Agreements
The employment agreements entered into by Messrs. Howe and Ruiz, each referred to as an executive, have an initial term of one year, after which each executive’s employment agreement automatically renews for additional one-year periods on the same terms and conditions, unless either party to the agreement exercises the respective termination rights available to such party in the agreement. The employment agreements currently provide for a minimum annual base salary of $425,000 for Mr. Howe, and $275,000 for Mr. Ruiz. The employment agreements require our company to compensate the executives and provide them with certain benefits if their employment is terminated. The compensation and benefits the executives are entitled to receive upon termination of employment vary depending on whether their employment is terminated:
● by us for cause (as defined in the employment agreements);
● by us without cause, or by the executive for good reason (as defined in the employment agreements);
● due to death or disability; or
● by the executive without good reason.
In the event of a termination by our company without cause or a termination by the executive for good reason, the executive would be entitled to receive the following:
● his earned but unpaid basic salary through the termination date, plus a portion of the executive’s bonus based upon the bonus he would have earned in the year in which his employment was terminated, pro-rated for the amount of time employed by us during such year and paid on the original date such bonus would have been payable;
● an amount payable over the 12-month period following termination equal to one times the sum of his basic salary at the time of termination, plus a termination bonus equal to the bonus paid to the executive during the four fiscal quarters prior to the date of termination (except that if a target bonus has been established for Mr.
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Howe, each such person’s termination bonus is equal to his target bonus for the fiscal year in which the termination occurs, increased or decreased pursuant to actual performance versus targeted performance in the then current plan measured as of the end of the calendar month preceding the termination date), or in the event of a change of control (as defined below), the greater of the relevant calculation above or the bonus paid to the executive during the four fiscal quarters prior to the change of control;
● any other amounts or benefits owing to the executive under our then-applicable employee benefit, long-term incentive, or equity plans and programs, within the terms of such plans, payable over the 12-month period following termination; and
● benefits (including health, life, and disability) as if the executive was still an employee during the 12-month period following termination.
Finally, in the event of a termination without cause by our company, with good reason by the executive, or following a change of control (as defined in the employment agreements), any equity award held by the executive will immediately and fully vest and become exercisable throughout the full term of such award as if the executive were still employed by us. In the event of a termination by us with cause, Messrs. Ruiz and Howe would be entitled to receive the earned but unpaid portion of such executive’s base salary through the date of termination.
In the event of a termination by us of Mr. Ruiz upon the death or permanent disability of such executive, the executive would be entitled to receive the earned but unpaid portion of such executive’s base salary through the date of termination, the earned but unpaid portion of any vested incentive compensation under and consistent with plans adopted by us prior to the date of termination, and over the 12 months following the date of termination an amount equal to 20% base salary at the time of termination for each year of employment with us, capped at 100% of the base salary.
In the event of a termination by us of Mr. Howe upon the death or permanent disability of such executive, the executive would be entitled to receive the earned but unpaid portion of such executive’s base salary through the date of termination, any other amounts or benefits owing to the executive under any of our then-applicable employee benefit, long-term incentive or equity plans and programs, and over the 12 months following the date of termination an amount equal to 20% base salary at the time of termination for each year of employment with us, capped at 100% of the base salary.
In the event of a termination by Mr. Ruiz without good reason, such executive is entitled to receive the earned but unpaid portion of such executive’s base salary through the date of termination, and the earned but unpaid portion of any vested incentive compensation under and consistent with our plans adopted by us prior to the date of termination. In the event of a termination by Mr. Howe without good reason, such executive is entitled to receive the earned but unpaid portion of his base salary through the termination date and any other amounts and benefits owing to the executive under our then applicable employee benefit, long term incentive or equity plans and programs.
The executive may terminate employment for any reason (other than good reason) upon giving 30 days’ advance written notice to us. As to a termination by Mr. Ruiz for any reason other than a good reason, we will pay the executive the earned but unpaid portion of his base salary through the termination date and any earned but unpaid vested incentive compensation under and consistent with plans adopted by us prior to the date of termination. As to a termination by Mr. Howe for any reason other than a good reason, we will pay the executive the earned but unpaid portion of his base salary through the termination date and any other amounts and benefits owing to the executive under our then applicable employee benefit, long term incentive or equity plans and programs.
Outstanding equity awards at year end
The following table provides information concerning unexercised options, stock that has not vested and equity incentive plan awards for each named executive officer outstanding as of December 31, 2019.
31

OPTION AWARDS |  |  |  |  |  | STOCK AWARDS |  |  |
Name | Number of securities under-lying un-exercised options (#) exercisable | Number of securities under-lying un-exercised options (#) un-exercisable | Equity incentive plan awards: Number of securities underlying unexercised unearned options (#) | Option exercise price ($) | Option expiration date | Number of shares or units of stock that have not vested (#) | Market value of shares or units of stock that have not vested ($) | Equity incentive plan awards: Number of unearned shares, units or other rights that have not vested (#) | Equity incentive plan awards: Market or payout value of unearned shares, units or other rights that have not vested (#)
Richard K. Howe | - | - | - | - | - | 627,000 | 188,000 | - | -
Wallace D. Ruiz | - | - | - | - | - | 219,167 | 65,750 | - | -
Don (Trey) Barrett III | - | - | - | - | - | 325,556 | 97,667 | - | -

Our equity compensation plans
Information regarding our 2010 Plan and 2017 Plan is contained in Note 12 to the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements appearing for 2019 appearing later in this report.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.
At April 30, 2020, we had 63,607,474 shares of common stock outstanding, which includes 376,527 shares held in treasury but is net of 54,030 shares held in the record name of a wholly-owned subsidiary. The following table sets forth information known to us as of April 30, 2020 relating to the beneficial ownership of shares of our common stock by:
● each person who is known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of our outstanding common stock;
● each director and nominee;
● each named executive officer; and
● all named executive officers and directors as a group.
Unless otherwise indicated, the address of each beneficial owner in the table set forth below is care of 500 President Clinton Avenue, Suite 300, Little Rock, Arkansas 72201. We believe that all persons, unless otherwise noted, named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of common stock shown as being owned by them. Under securities laws, a person is considered to be the beneficial owner of securities owned by him (or certain persons whose ownership is attributed to him) and that can be acquired by him within 60 days from April 30, 2020, including upon the exercise of options, warrants or convertible securities. We determine a beneficial owner’s percentage ownership by assuming that options, warrants or convertible securities that are held by him, but not those held by any other person, and which are exercisable within 60 days of the that date, have been exercised or converted.
32

Name of Beneficial Owner | No. of Shares Beneficially Owned | % of Class
Charles Morgan (1) | 5,139,771 |  | 8.2 | %
Richard K. Howe (1) | 1,808,032 |  | 2.9 | %
Patrick Terrell (2) | 1,665,980 |  | 2.6 | %
Wallace D. Ruiz | 398,033 |  | *
John B. Pisaris | 361,053 |  | *
Don Walker “Trey” Barrett III | 423,345 |  | *
G. Kent Burnett (1) | 1,442,256 |  | 2.3 | %
Gordon J. Cameron (3) | 406,529 |  | *
All named executive officers, directors and director nominees as a group (eight persons) (1)(2)(3) | 11,644,999 |  | 18.5 | %
Ingalls & Snyder, LLC (4) | 5,362,886 |  | 8.5 | %
Herald Investment Management Limited (5) | 6,142,857 |  | 9.8 | %

* represents less than 1%.
(1) Includes shares of common stock held by Ingalls & Snyder, LLC on his behalf. See footnote 5.
(2) Includes 334,000 shares of common stock held by trusts where Mr. Terrell claims an indirect beneficiary ownership.
(3) Includes 6,630 shares held by Mr. Cameron’s spouse.
(4) Pursuant to the Schedule 13D filed with the SEC on July 19, 2019, Ingalls & Snyder, LLC has dispositive power over shares held by Mr. Charles D. Morgan and Mr. G. Kent Burnett who serve as members of Inuvo's board of directors and Mr. Richard K. Howe who serves as Inuvo’ s Chairman and CEO. The principal business address of Ingalls & Snyder, LLC is 1325 Avenue of the Americas, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10019-6066. See footnote 1.
(5) Herald Investment Management Limited’s address is 10-11 Charterhouse Square, London EC1M6EE UK.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
The following table sets forth securities authorized for issuance under any equity compensation plans approved by our stockholders as well as any equity compensation plans not approved by our stockholders as of December 31, 2019.
33

Plan category | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights(a) (1) | Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a)($) (2) | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)
Plans approved by our stockholders: |  |  |
2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan* | 3,750 | 3.7 | —
2010 Equity Compensation Plan | 1,201,168 | - | 25,759
2017 Equity Compensation Plan | 1,382,281 | - | 7,206,175
Plans not approved by stockholders | - | - | -

(1) The numbers in this column (a) reflect shares of common stock to be issued upon exercise of outstanding stock options and the vesting of outstanding RSUs.
(2) The weighted-average exercise prices in this column are based on outstanding options and do not take into account unvested awards of RSUs as these awards do not have an exercise price.
* Expired June 2005.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.
In June 2019, the Company entered into a agreement with First Orion Corp., which is partially owned by two directors and
shareholders of Inuvo, to provide office space. The lease is for six-months commencing on July 1, 2019 and cost $60,000
which was prepaid in June 2019. Additionally, in 2018, the Company received a total of $31,500 from First Orion Corp.
for providing IT services.
On November 2, 2018, each of Messrs. Richard K. Howe, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and member of our board of directors, and Charles D. Morgan, G. Kent Burnett and Gordon Cameron, members of the Company’s board of directors, lent the Company $62,500, for an aggregate of $250,000, under the terms of 10% Promissory Notes. The Company used the proceeds from these notes to pay certain costs associated with the terminated Merger. The notes were unsecured, bore interest at 10% per annum and were due and satisfied on November 1, 2019.
Other than these transactions, there have been no transactions since January 1, 2018 nor are there any currently proposed transactions in which we were or are to be participant in which any related person had or will have a direct or indirect material interest.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES.
The following table shows the fees that were billed for the audit and other services provided for the years indicated.

| 2019 | 2018
Audit Fees | $ | 235,000 |  | $ | 262,000 |
Audit-Related Fees | 21,360 |  | 32,000 |
Tax Fees | — |  | — |
All Other Fees | — |  | — |
Total | $ | 256,360 |  | $ | 294,000 |

34

Audit Fees - This category includes the audit of our annual financial statements, review of financial statements included in our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and services that are normally provided by the independent registered public accounting firm in connection with engagements for those fiscal years. This category also includes advice on audit and accounting matters that arose during, or as a result of, the audit or the review of interim financial statements.
Audit-Related Fees - This category consists of assurance and related services by the independent registered public accounting firm that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of our financial statements and are not reported above under “Audit Fees.” The services for the fees disclosed under this category include consultation regarding our correspondence with the Securities and Exchange Commission and other accounting consulting.
Tax Fees - This category consists of professional services rendered by CBIZ MHM, an affiliate of our independent registered public accounting firm, for tax compliance and tax advice. The services for the fees disclosed under this category include tax return preparation and technical tax advice.
All Other Fees - This category consists of fees for other miscellaneous items.
Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C. leases substantially all of its personnel, who work under the control of Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C. shareholders, from wholly-owned subsidiaries of CBIZ, Inc., in an alternative practice structure.
Our board of directors has adopted a procedure for pre-approval of all fees charged by our independent registered public accounting firm. Under the procedure, the Audit Committee of the board approves the engagement letter with respect to audit, tax and review services. Other fees are subject to pre-approval by the Audit Committee of the board. The audit fees paid to the auditors with respect to 2019 were pre-approved by the Audit Committee of the board of directors.
35

PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.
1. Financial Statements
The consolidated financial statements and Report of Independent Registered Accounting Firm are listed in the “Index to Financial Statements and Schedules” beginning on page 1 and included on pages 2 through 23.
2. Financial Statement Schedules
All schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the SEC are either not required under the related instructions, are not applicable (and therefore have been omitted), or the required disclosures are contained in the consolidated financial statements herein.
3. Exhibits (including those incorporated by reference).
*** Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment filed with the Commission under Rule 24b-2. The omitted material has been filed separately with the Commission. The location of the omitted confidential information is indicated in the exhibit with asterisks (***).

No. |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | Date Filed | Number | Filed or Furnished Herewith
1.1 |  | Underwriting Agreement dated May 11, 2018 |  | 8-K |  | 5/11/18 | 1.1 |
1.2 |  | Underwriting Agreement dated July 11, 2019 |  | 8-K |  | 7/11/19 | 1.2 |
2.1 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger dated June 5, 2009 between Inuvo, Inc. and Kowabunga! Inc. |  | 8-K |  | 7/24/09 | 2.4 |
2.2 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger dated October 16, 2011 between Inuvo, Inc., Anhinga Merger Subsidiary, Inc. and Vertro, Inc. |  | 8-K |  | 10/17/11 | 2.5 |
2.3 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger by and among ConversionPoint Technologies, Inc., ConversionPoint Holdings, Inc., CPT Merger Sub, Inc., Inuvo, Inc., and CPT Cigar Merger Sub, Inc., dated November 2, 2018.* |  | 8-K |  | 11/5/18 | 2.1 |
2.4 |  | Securities Purchase Agreement, by and between Inuvo, Inc. and CPT Investments, LLC, dated November 1, 2018. |  | 8-K |  | 11/5/18 | 2.2 |
2.5 |  | 10% Senior Unsecured Subordinated Convertible Promissory Note, executed by the Company in favor of CPT Investments, LLC, dated November 1, 2018. |  | 8-K |  | 11/5/18 | 2.3 |
2.6 |  | Registration Rights Agreement, by and between Inuvo, Inc. and CPT Investments, LLC, dated November 1, 2018. |  | 8-K |  | 11/5/18 | 2.4 |
2.7 |  | Form of 10% Promissory Note, executed by Inuvo, Inc. in favor of certain affiliates of Inuvo, Inc., dated November 1, 2018. |  | 8-K |  | 11/5/18 | 2.5 |
2.8 |  | First Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Merger dated March 1, 2019, by and among Inuvo, Inc., a Nevada corporation, ConversionPoint Technologies Inc., a Delaware corporation, ConversionPoint Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation, CPT Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and CPT Cigar Merger Sub, Inc., a Nevada corporation. |  | 8-K/A |  | 3/5/19 | 2.1 |
2.9 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger Termination Agreement dated June 20, 2019 by and among ConversionPoint Technologies, Inc., ConversionPoint Holdings, Inc., CPT Merger Sub, Inc., Inuvo, Inc. and CPT Cigar Merger Sub, Inc. |  | 8-K |  | 6/21/19 | 2.1 |
3(i).1 |  | Articles of Incorporation, as amended |  | 10-KSB |  | 3/1/04 | 4 |
3(i).2 |  | Amended to Articles of Incorporation filed March 14, 2005 |  | 10-KSB |  | 3/31/06 | 3.2 |
3(i).3 |  | Articles of Merger between Inuvo, Inc. and Kowabunga! Inc. |  | 8-K |  | 7/24/09 | 3.4 |
3(i).4 |  | Certificate of Change Filed Pursuant to NRS 78.209 |  | 8-K |  | 12/10/10 | 3(i).4 |
3(i).5 |  | Certificate of Merger as filed with the Secretary of State of Nevada on February 29, 2012 |  | 10-K |  | 3/29/12 | 3(i).5 |
3(i).6 |  | Articles of Amendment to Amended Articles of Incorporation as filed on February 29, 2012 |  | 10-K |  | 3/29/12 | 3(i).6 |
3(ii).1 |  | Amended and Restated By-Laws |  | 10-K |  | 3/31/10 | 3(ii).4 |
3(ii).2 |  | Bylaw amendment adopted February 29, 2012 |  | 8-K |  | 3/6/12 | 3(ii).1 |
4.1 |  | Rights Agreement dated as of February 14, 2008 by and between Inuvo, Inc. and Colonial Stock Transfer Company, Inc. |  | 8-K |  | 2/19/08 | 4.1 |
4.2 |  | Amendment No. 1 to the Rights Agreement dated as of August 31, 2011 |  | 8-K |  | 10/17/11 | 10.23 |
4.3 |  | Amendment No. 2 to the Rights Agreement dated February 28, 2018 |  | 8-K |  | 3/6/18 | 4.1 |
10.1 |  | Business Financing Agreement, dated March 1, 2012, with Bridge Bank, National Association (Incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on March 6, 2012.) |  | 8-K |  | 3/6/12 | 10.1 |

36

10.2 |  | Intellectual Property Security Agreement, dated March 1, 2012, between Inuvo, Inc. and Bridge Bank, National Association (Incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K as filed on March 6, 2012.) |  | 8-K |  | 3/6/12 | 10.6 |
10.3 |  | Intellectual Property Security Agreement, dated March 1, 2012, between subsidiaries and Bridge Bank, National Association |  | 8-K |  | 3/6/12 | 10.7 |
10.4 |  | First Business Financing Modification Agreement with Bridge Bank, National Association, dated June 29, 2012 |  | 10-Q |  | 8/9/12 | 10.1 |
10.5 |  | Second Business Financing Modification Agreement with Bridge Bank, National Association, dated October 11, 2012 |  | 10-Q |  | 11/8/12 | 10.1 |
10.6 |  | Third Business Financing Modification Agreement, dated March 29, 2013, effective May 1, 2013, with Bridge Bank, National Association. |  | 10-Q |  | 5/9/13 | 10.8 |
10.7 |  | Fourth Business Financing Modification Agreement, dated March 6, 2014, with Bridge Bank, National Association |  | 10-K |  | 3/10/14 | 10.27 |
10.8 |  | Fifth Business Financing Modification Agreement, dated September 29, 2014 with Bridge Bank N.A. (Incorporated by reference to the n Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2014). |  | 10-Q |  | 10/30/14 | 10.1 |
10.9 |  | Bridge Bank BFA Modification, dated October 9, 2014. |  | 10-Q |  | 10/30/14 | 10.2 |
10.10 |  | Sixth Business Financing Modification Agreement, dated September 27, 2016 with Bridge Bank N.A. Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2016). |  | 10-Q |  | 10/26/16 | 10.26 |
10.11 |  | Seventh Business Financing Modification Agreement, dated December 9, 2016 with Bridge Bank N.A. |  | 10-K |  | 2/16/17 | 10.31 |
10.12 |  | Eight Business Financing Modification Agreement dated March 27, 2017 by and among Western Alliance Bank, Inuvo, Inc., BabytoBee LLC, Kowabunga Marketing, Inc., Vertro, Inc. and Alot, Inc. . |  | 10-Q |  | 5/5/17 | 10.26 |
10.13 |  | Ninth Business Financing Modification Agreement, dated August 7, 2017, with Bridge Bank N.A. |  | 10-Q |  | 8/8/17 | 10.29 |
10.14 |  | Form of Amended and Restated Business Financing Agreement dated October 11, 2018 with Western Alliance Bank |  | 10-Q |  | 11/7/18 | 10.4 |
10.15 |  | First Amendment dated February 1, 2019 to Amended and Restated Business Financing Agreement with Western Alliance Bank |  | 10-K |  | 3/15/19 | 10.7 |
10.16 |  | Google Services Agreement dated February 1, 2013 *** |  | 10-K/A |  | 5/21/13 | 10.25 |
10.17 |  | Google Services Agreement, effective February 1, 2015, with Google, Inc. *** |  | 10-Q |  | 4/29/15 | 10.31 |
10.18 |  | Google Services Agreement Amendment No. 1 dated February 28, 2017. |  | 10-K |  | 2/16/17 | 10.32 |
10.19 |  | Google Services Agreement effective March 1, 2017 by and between Vertro, Inc. and Google Inc. *** |  | 8-K/A |  | 6/7/17 | 10.27 |
10.20 |  | Amendment Number One to Google Services Agreement effective March 1, 2019 *** |  | 10-K |  | 3/15/19 | 10.6 |
10.21 |  | Yahoo! Publisher Network Contract, dated April 4, 2009, as amended with Amendment No. 1, Amendment No. 2, Amendment No. 3, Amendment No. 4, Amendment No. 5 and Amendment No. 6 *** |  | 10-Q |  | 5/15/12 | 10.1 |
10.22 |  | Yahoo! Publisher Network Contract, dated April 4, 2009, as amended. *** |  | 10-Q/A |  | 12/28/12 | 10.1 |
10.23 |  | Amendment No. 8 to Yahoo! Publisher Network Contract effective as of September 1, 2013, executed and delivered October 10, 2013 *** |  | 10-Q/A |  | 1/6/14 | 10.28 |
10.24 |  | Amendment #11 to Yahoo! Publisher Network Contract, effective January 15, 2016, executed and delivered January 26, 2015 |  | 10-K |  | 2/12/16 | 10.24 |
10.25 |  | Amendment #12 to Yahoo! Publisher Network Contract, effective March 2, 2016 *** |  | 10-Q |  | 4/27/16 | 10.25 |
10.26 |  | Amendment #14 to Yahoo! Publisher Contract dated February 28, 2018 |  | 8-K |  | 3/6/18 | 10.1 |
10.27 |  | Amendment #15 to Yahoo! Publisher Contract dated May 9, 2018 |  | 8-K |  | 5/15/18 | 10.1 |
10.28 |  | Amendment # 16 dated August 28, 2018 to Yahoo! Publisher Network Contract *** |  | 10-Q |  | 11/7/18 | 10.1 |
10.29 |  | Amendment #18 dated January 24, 2019 to Yahoo! Publisher Contract |  | 10-K |  | 3/15/19 | 10.6 |
10.30 |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement |  | 10-Q |  | 11/7/18 | 10.5 |
10.31 |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated March 1, 2019. |  | 8-K |  | 3/05/19 | 10.1 |
10.32 |  | Form of $1,440,000 Original Issue Discount Unsecured Subordinated Convertible Notes due September 1, 2020. |  | 8-K |  | 3/05/19 | 10.2 |
10.33 |  | 2010 Equity Compensation Plan |  | DEF14A |  | 4/30/2010 | A |
10.34 |  | Amendment No. 1 to 2010 Equity Compensation Plan dated February 29, 2012 |  | S-8 |  | 2/29/2012 | 99.2 |
10.35 |  | 2017 Equity Compensation Plan |  | DEF14A |  | 4/28/2017 | A |
10.36 |  | Quick Action Closing Fund Grant Agreement, dated January 25, 2013, with the Arkansas Economic Development Commission |  | 10-K |  | 3/13/2013 | 10.23 |
10.37 |  | Grant Reimbursement Agreement, dated January 25, 2013, with the Arkansas Economic Development Commission.. |  | 10-K |  | 3/13/2013 | 10.24 |
10.38 |  | Lease Agreement, dated April 8, 2015, with Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Inc. |  | 10-Q |  | 4/29/2015 | 10.30 |
10.39 |  | Lease Agreement, dated June 5, 2017, with KBSIII ALMADEN FINANCIAL PLAZA, LLC. |  | 10-Q |  | 8/8/2017 | 10.28 |
10.40 |  | Employment Agreement dated March 1, 2012 between Inuvo, Inc. and Richard K. Howe |  | 8-K |  | 3/6/2012 | 10.2 |

37

10.41 |  | Employment Agreement dated March 1, 2012 between Inuvo, Inc. and Wallace D. Ruiz |  | 8-K |  | 3/6/2012 | 10.4 |
10.42 |  | Employment Agreement dated March 1, 2012 between Inuvo, Inc. and John B. Pisaris |  | 8-K |  | 3/6/2012 | 10.5 |
10.43 |  | Asset Purchase Agreement dated February 6, 2017 by and among Inuvo, Inc., NetSeer Acquisition, Inc. and NetSeer, Inc. . |  | 8-K |  | 2/7/2017 | 10.1 |
10.44 |  | Business Financing Modification Agreement dated April 30, 2019 (Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated Business Financing Agreement with Western Alliance Bank) |  | 8-K |  | 5/6/2019 | 10.1 |
10.45 |  | Business Financing Modification Agreement dated June 5, 2019 (Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated Business Financing Agreement with Western Alliance Bank) |  | 8-K |  | 6/12/2019 | 10.1 |
10.46 |  | Inuvo Note Termination Agreement dated June 20, 2019 by and between CPT Investments, LLC and Inuvo, Inc. |  | 8-K |  | 6/21/2019 | 2.2 |
10.47 |  | Form of Note Modification and Release Agreement |  | 10-Q |  | 11/14/2019 | 10.1 |
10.48 |  | Loan and Security Agreement dated February 28, 2020 effective March 12, 2020 by and between Inuvo, Inc. and its subsidiaries and Hitachi Capital America Corp. |  | 8-K |  | 3/17/2020 | 10.1 |
10.49 |  | Form of Insider Offering Subscription Agreement |  | 8-K |  | 3/20/20 | 10.1 |
21.1 |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant |  | 10-K |  | 3/15/19 | 21.1 |
23.1 |  | Consent of Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C |  |  |  |  |  | Filed
31.1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) certification of Chief Executive Officer |  |  |  |  |  | Filed
31.2 |  | Rule 13a-14(Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) certification of Chief Financial Officer)/15d-14(a) certification of Chief Financial Officer |  |  |  |  |  | Filed
32.1 |  | Section 1350 certification of Chief Executive Officer |  |  |  |  |  | Filed
32.2 |  | Section 1350 certification of Chief Financial Officer |  |  |  |  |  | Filed
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document |  |  |  |  |  | Filed
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |  |  |  | Filed
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  | Filed
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  | Filed
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  | Filed
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  | Filed
* |  | The Company has omitted schedules and similar attachments to the subject agreement pursuant to Item 601(b) of Regulation S-K. The Company will furnish a copy of any omitted schedule or similar attachment to the SEC upon request. |  |  |  |  |  |
*** |  | Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission under Rule 24b-2. The omitted confidential material has been filed separately. The location of the omitted confidential information is indicated in the exhibit with asterisks (***). |  |  |  |  |  |

38

39

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
The Company has elected not to provide this optional information.
40

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| Inuvo, Inc. |  |
May 12, 2020 | By: | /s/ Wallace D. Ruiz |
|  | Wallace D. Ruiz, Chief Financial Officer |

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ Richard K. Howe |  | Chairman of the Board of Directors, Chief Executive Officer, and principal executive officer |  | May 12, 2020
Richard K. Howe |  |  |  |
/s/ Wallace D. Ruiz |  | Chief Financial Officer, principal financial and accounting officer |  | May 12, 2020
Wallace D. Ruiz |  |  |  |
/s/ G. Kent Burnett |  | Director |  | May 12, 2020
G. Kent Burnett |  |  |  |
/s/ Gordon J. Cameron |  | Director |  | May 12, 2020
Gordon J. Cameron |  |  |  |
/s/ Charles D. Morgan |  | Director |  | May 12, 2020
Charles D. Morgan |  |  |  |
/s/ Patrick Terrell |  | Director |  | May 12, 2020
Patrick Terrell |  |  |  |

41

INUVO, INC.
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019 AND 2018
INDEX TO AUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| CONTENTS |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 2 |
Consolidated Financial Statements: |  |
Consolidated Balance Sheets | 3 |
Consolidated Statements of Operations | 5 |
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity | 6 |
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 7 |
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 8 |

1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and
Stockholders of Inuvo, Inc.:
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Inuvo, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Material Uncertainty Regarding Continuation as a Going Concern
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations and has a net capital deficiency that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Adoption of New Accounting Standard
As discussed in Notes 2 and 16 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for leases as a result of the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases effective January 1, 2019, under the modified retrospective method. Our opinion is not modified with respect to this adoption.
/s/ Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C.
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2009.
May 12, 2020
Clearwater, Florida
2

Inuvo, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
For the Years Ended December 31,

| 2019 |  | 2018
Assets |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |
Cash | $ | 372,989 |  |  | $ | 228,956 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $225,000 and $63,727, respectively | 7,529,785 |  |  | 6,711,595 |
Unbilled revenue | 5,813 |  |  | 11,754 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 238,075 |  |  | 259,712 |
Total current assets | $ | 8,146,662 |  |  | $ | 7,212,017 |
Property and equipment, net | 1,374,152 |  |  | 2,123,672 |
Other assets |  |  |
Goodwill | 9,853,342 |  |  | 9,853,342 |
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization | 10,451,593 |  |  | 9,441,681 |
Other assets | 865,179 |  |  | 35,170 |
Total other assets | $ | 21,170,114 |  |  | $ | 19,330,193 |
Total assets | $ | 30,690,928 |  |  | $ | 28,665,882 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 7,520,567 |  |  | $ | 9,499,541 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $ | 4,057,340 |  |  | $ | 2,489,834 |
Notes payable | — |  |  | 250,000 |
Derivative liability | $ | 182,250 |  |  | — |
Convertible promissory notes, current portion (net) | $ | 536,806 |  |  | $ | — |
Financed receivables | $ | 3,381,364 |  |  | $ | 1,859,853 |
Total current liabilities | $ | 15,678,327 |  |  | $ | 14,099,228 |
Long-term liabilities |  |  |
Deferred tax liability | 2,019,200 |  |  | 2,339,832 |
Convertible promissory notes, net of current portion (net) | $ | — |  |  | 1,000,000 |
Other long-term liabilities | 452,051 |  |  | 193,007 |
Total long-term liabilities | $ | 2,471,251 |  |  | $ | 3,532,839 |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value: |  |  |
Authorized shares - 500,000 - none issued and outstanding | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.001 par value: |  |  |  |  |
Authorized shares 100,000,000; issued shares 52,222,538 and 32,757,817 respectively; Authorized shares 40,000,000; issued and outstanding shares 51,846,011 and 32,381,290, respectively | 52,223 |  |  | 32,759 |
Additional paid-in capital | 144,843,687 |  |  | 138,867,509 |
Accumulated deficit | (130,958,001) |  |  | (126,469,894) |
Treasury stock, at cost - 376,527 shares | (1,396,559) |  |  | (1,396,559) |
Total stockholders' equity | $ | 12,541,350 |  |  | $ | 11,033,815 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 30,690,928 |  |  | $ | 28,665,882 |

3

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm and notes to the consolidated financial statements.
4

Inuvo, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
For the Years Ended December 31,

| 2019 |  | 2018
Net revenue | $ | 61,525,214 |  |  | $ | 73,330,642 |
Cost of revenue | 22,700,873 |  |  | 29,921,482 |
Gross profit | 38,824,341 |  |  | 43,409,160 |
Operating expenses |  |  |
Marketing costs (Traffic Acquisition Costs-TAC) | 30,135,991 |  |  | 31,852,190 |
Compensation | 7,753,528 |  |  | 8,524,476 |
Selling, general and administrative | 8,673,015 |  |  | 8,502,874 |
Total operating expenses | 46,562,534 |  |  | 48,879,540 |
Operating loss | (7,738,193) |  |  | (5,470,380) |
Interest expense, net | (482,210) |  |  | (420,452) |
Other income, net | 3,397,902 |  |  | — |
Loss from continuing operations before taxes | (4,822,501) |  |  | (5,890,832) |
Income tax benefit | 334,394 |  |  | — |
Net loss | $ | (4,488,107) |  |  | $ | (5,890,832) |
Per common share data |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (0.11) |  |  | $ | (0.19) |
Weighted average shares |  |  |
Basic | 40,454,779 |  |  | 31,019,623 |
Diluted | 40,454,779 |  |  | 31,019,623 |

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm and notes to the consolidated financial statements.
5

Inuvo, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity
For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018

| Common Stock |  |  |  | Additional Paid in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total
| Shares |  | Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balances as of December 31, 2017 | 28,618,454 |  |  | $ | 28,996 |  |  | $ | 136,033,967 |  |  | $ | (120,579,062) |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,396,559) |  |  | $ | 14,087,342 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,890,832) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (5,890,832) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 915,469 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 915,469 |
Stock issued for vested restricted stock awards | 527,866 |  |  | 528 |  |  | (528) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Sale of common stock | 3,289,000 |  |  | 3,289 |  |  | 1,997,294 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2,000,583 |
Shares withheld for taxes on vested restricted stock |  |  |  |  | (78,747) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (78,747) |
Cancellation of common stock | (54,030) |  |  | (54) |  |  | 54 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balances as of December 31, 2018 | 32,381,290 |  |  | $ | 32,759 |  |  | $ | 138,867,509 |  |  | $ | (126,469,894) |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,396,559) |  |  | $ | 11,033,815 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,488,107) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (4,488,107) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 789,914 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 789,914 |
Stock issued for vested restricted stock awards | 765,429 |  |  | 765 |  |  | (765) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Shares withheld for taxes on vested restricted stock |  |  |  |  |  |  | (45,565) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (45,565) |
Convertible Note Conversion | 2,886,792 |  |  | 2,887 |  |  | 834,283 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 837,170 |
Sale of common stock | 15,812,500 |  |  | $ | 15,812 |  |  | $ | 4,398,311 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 4,414,123 |
Balances as of December 31, 2019 | 51,846,011 |  |  | $ | 52,223 |  |  | $ | 144,843,687 |  |  | $ | (130,958,001) |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,396,559) |  |  | $ | 12,541,350 |

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm and notes to the consolidated financial statements.
6

Inuvo, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018

| 2019 |  | 2018
Operating activities: |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (4,488,107) |  |  | $ | (5,890,832) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
Gain on merger termination | (3,766,667) |  |  | — |
Loss on extinguishment of convertible debt | 193,179 |  |  | — |
Deferred income taxes | (334,394) |  |  | — |
Depreciation and amortization | 3,245,192 |  |  | 3,181,619 |
Amortization of Right of Use Assets | 177,193 |  |  | — |
Mark to market fair value of derivative | (78,913) |  |  | — |
Stock based compensation | 789,914 |  |  | 915,469 |
Amortization of financing fees | 59,245 |  |  | 40,382 |
Deferred income taxes | — |  |  | 7,931 |
(Recovery)/Provision for doubtful accounts | 161,273 |  |  | (20,062) |
Amortization of OID interest expense | 119,167 |  |  | — |
Amortization of debt discount | 168,105 |  |  | — |
Change in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable and unbilled revenue | (973,522) |  |  | 4,058,591 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 20,893 |  |  | 139,031 |
Accounts payable | (1,978,974) |  |  | (4,114,512) |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 1,348,033 |  |  | (417,784) |
Net cash used in operating activities | (5,338,383) |  |  | (2,100,167) |
Investing activities: |  |  |
Purchases of equipment and capitalized development costs | (1,194,164) |  |  | (1,634,919) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (1,194,164) |  |  | (1,634,919) |
Financing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from sale of common stock, net of expenses | 4,414,123 |  |  | 2,000,583 |
Proceeds from financed receivables | 1,521,511 |  |  | 1,859,853 |
Proceeds from convertible promissory note | 1,200,000 |  |  | 1,000,000 |
(Payments)/Proceeds on note payable | (250,000) |  |  | 250,000 |
Net proceeds on revolving line of credit | — |  |  | (4,900,000) |
Payments on finance/capital leases | (198,960) |  |  | (211,671) |
Net taxes paid on RSU grants exercised | (45,565) |  |  | (77,044) |
Prepaid financing fees | (24,529) |  |  | (42,365) |
Shareholder settlement | 125,000 |  |  | — |
Debt issuance cost | (65,000) |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 6,676,580 |  |  | (120,644) |
Net change – cash | 144,033 |  |  | (3,855,730) |
Cash, beginning of year | 228,956 |  |  | 4,084,686 |
Cash, end of year | $ | 372,989 |  |  | $ | 228,956 |
Supplemental information: |  |  |
Interest paid | $ | 421,860 |  |  | $ | 388,757 |
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |
Debt conversion and related activities | $ | 837,170 |  |  | $ | — |
Adoption of ASC 842-old capital leases | $ | 263,580 |  |  | $ | — |
Adoption of ASC 842 | $ | 1,173,946 |  |  | $ | — |
ReTargeter assets | $ | 2,575,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Conversion of debt to common stock | $ | 765,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Derecognition of derivative in exchange for common stock | $ | 72,170 |  |  | $ | — |

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm and notes to the consolidated financial statements.
7

Inuvo, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018
Note 1 – Organization and Business
Company Overview
Inuvo is a technology company that develops and sells information technology solutions for marketing. These platforms predictively identify and message online audiences for any product or service across devices, channels and formats, including video, mobile, connected TV, display, social and native. These capabilities allow Inuvo’s clients to engage with their customers and prospects in a manner that drives engagement from the first contact with the consumer. Inuvo facilitates the delivery of hundreds of millions of marketing messages to consumers every single month and counts among its clients numerous world-renowned names in industries that have included retail, automotive, insurance, health care, technology, telecommunications and finance. Inuvo has contractual relationships with three clients who collectively manage over 50% of all U.S. digital media budgets.
Inuvo’s solution incorporates a proprietary form of artificial intelligence, or AI, branded the IntentKey. This sophisticated machine learning technology uses interactions with Internet content as a source of information from which to predict consumer intent. The AI includes a continually updated database of over 500 million machine profiles which Inuvo utilizes to deliver highly aligned online audiences to its clients. Inuvo earns revenue when consumers view or click on its client’s messages. Inuvo’s business scales through account management activity with existing clients and by adding new clients through sales activity.
As part of Inuvo’s technology strategy, it owns a collection of websites including alot.com and earnspendlive.com, where Inuvo creates content in health, finance, travel, careers, auto, education and living categories. These sites provide the means to test Inuvo’s technologies, while also delivering high quality consumers to clients through the interaction with proprietary content in the form of images, videos, slideshows and articles.
There are many barriers to entry associated with Inuvo’s business model, including a proficiency in large scale information processing, predictive software development, marketing data products, analytics, artificial intelligence, integration to the internet of things (IOT), and the relationships required to execute within the IOT. Inuvo’s intellectual property is protected by 17 issued and eight pending patents.
Mergers Termination
On June 20, 2019, Inuvo entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger Termination Agreement (the “Merger Termination Agreement”) with ConversionPoint Technologies Inc., a Delaware corporation (“CPT”), ConversionPoint Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Parent”), CPT Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation, (“CPT Merger Sub”), and CPT Cigar Merger Sub, Inc., a Nevada corporation (“Inuvo Merger Sub”), which, among other things, (1) terminated the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated November 2, 2018, by and among Inuvo, CPT, Parent, CPT Merger Sub, and Inuvo Merger Sub, as amended (the “Merger Agreement”), pursuant to which Inuvo would have merged with and into Inuvo Merger Sub and become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Parent, and CPT would have merged with and into CPT Merger Sub and become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Parent (the “Mergers”), and (2) terminated each of the Support Agreements that were entered into by certain officers and directors of Inuvo and the parties to the Merger Agreement. The Merger Agreement was terminated as a result of Parent’s inability to fulfill the closing condition of the Mergers that Parent raise $36,000,000 in gross proceeds from an equity, debt, or equity-linked offering of its securities which no longer obligated Inuvo to consummate the Mergers contemplated by the Merger Agreement.
Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Termination Agreement, CPT Investments, LLC, a California limited liability company and an affiliate of CPT (“CPT Investments”), and Inuvo entered into a certain Inuvo Note Termination Agreement (the “Note Termination Agreement”) and agreed to (1) terminate and cancel the 10% Senior Unsecured Subordinated Convertible Promissory Note, dated November 1, 2018, executed by Inuvo in favor of CPT Investments (the “CPTI Note”), which as of June 20, 2019, had $1,063,288 in accrued principal and interest outstanding (the “Outstanding Indebtedness”) by July 20, 2019, (2) effective immediately, terminate all conversion rights under the CPTI Note to convert amounts outstanding into shares of Inuvo’s common stock, (3) terminate the Securities Purchase Agreement, dated November 1, 2018, by and between Inuvo and CPTI (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”), and (4) terminate the Registration Rights Agreement, dated November 1, 2018, by and between Inuvo and CPTI.
8

The Merger Termination Agreement provided that the termination fee of $2,800,000 to be paid to Inuvo (the “Termination Fee”) for failure to fulfill the Financing Condition would be satisfied as follows:
(1) $1,063,288 of the Termination Fee (the “Indebtedness Satisfaction Amount”) was satisfied in consideration of the termination and cancellation of the Outstanding Indebtedness pursuant to the CPTI Note Termination Agreement that was approved by CPT’s senior lenders Montage Capital II, L.P. and Partners for Growth IV, L.P. (the “Senior Lenders”) of CPT’s issuance of a replacement note to CPT Investments that was entered into in July 2019;
(2) $1,611,712 of the Termination Fee (the “ReTargeter Satisfaction Amount”) was satisfied by CPT transferring all of the assets related to CPT’s programmatic and RTB advertising solutions business conducted through managed services and a proprietary SaaS solution (the “ReTargeter Business”), free and clear of all liabilities, encumbrances, or liens, to Inuvo (the “ReTargeter Asset Transfer”). The enterprise valuation of the ReTargeter Business was determined to be $2.57 million.
(3) CPT paid $125,000 to Inuvo on September 15, 2019 to be contributed to the settlement of ongoing litigation with respect to the Mergers (the “Litigation Fee”).
On September 30, 2019, Inuvo paid its obligation of $250,000 under a confidential settlement agreement that it entered into on June 20, 2019 resolving certain outstanding litigation related to the Mergers. Under the Merger Termination Agreement, CPT and Inuvo agreed to mutually release all claims that each party had against the other, as well as certain affiliated entities of each. Inuvo, however, will be able to pursue any claims against CPT and its affiliates for breaches of the Merger Termination Agreement.
Liquidity
The change in operating assets and liabilities during 2019 was a use of cash of $5,338,383 primarily due to a net loss of $4,488,107, decrease in the accounts payable balance by $1,978,974, an increase of accounts receivable of $973,522, offset by a increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities balance by $1,348,033 The seasonal nature of our business is such that the second half year revenue is typically greater than the first half year revenue and therefore, the related accounts receivable balance is higher. Our terms are such that we generally collect receivables prior to paying trade payables. Media sales typically have slower payment terms than the terms of related payables.
Our principal sources of liquidity are our borrowings under our credit facility, the Amended and Restated Financing Agreement with Western Alliance Bank which is described in Note 6 to our 2019 audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report, the sale of our common stock and borrowings from non-bank financial institutions. In March 2020, this credit facility was replaced by our credit facility with Hitachi. Our net working capital was negative $7.5 million as of December 31, 2019 compared to negative $6.9 million as of December 31, 2018. The lower net working capital is primarily due to a $4.4 million net loss for the year ended December 31, 2019, which is net of certain one-time gains of approximately $3.7 million, and which included approximately $1 million of expense associated with the failed Mergers described earlier in this section.
On March 1, 2019, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with three accredited investors pursuant to which we sold an aggregate of $1,440,000 of principal of Original Issue Discount Unsecured Subordinated Convertible Notes due September 1, 2020. On November 11, 2019 we entered into Note Modification and Release Agreements with the holders of two of these notes representing an aggregate of $1,080,000 principal amount of these notes. The third noteholder did not enter into a Note Modification and Release Agreement. Under the terms of the Note Modification and Release Agreement, the parties agreed that in consideration of such noteholder’s agreement to convert a minimum of 50% of the outstanding amount of the note (the “First Conversion Amount”) that the conversion price for the First Conversion Amount would be $0.265 per share and that the conversion price for any remaining amount due under the note would be $0.30 per share, subject to future adjustment under the terms of the note including dilutive issuances at price below $0.30 per share. Following the execution of the Note Modification and Release Agreement, the noteholders converted an aggregate of $765,000 principal amount due under the notes into 2,886,792 shares of our common stock. Additionally, the company derecognized a proportionate amount of the derivative liability totaling $72,170. In January 2020, a noteholder converted $360,000 principal amount due under the note into 1,200,000 shares of our common stock. After this conversion, $315,000 of the original principal amount was outstanding under all of these notes.
For 2019, our revenues declined 16% from the same period in the prior year. We reported losses from operations of approximately $7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. In addition to the $1 million Mergers costs described above, the lower revenue in 2019 is principally responsible for our losses. Of the net loss after the one-time gains described above for 2019, approximately $4.3 million were the non-cash expenses of depreciation, amortization and stock-based compensation.
9

Since our credit facility is dependent upon receivables, and we do not know when, if ever, that our revenues will return to historic levels or if we will be able to replace those lost revenues with revenues from other sources, the combination of lower credit availability and recent negative cash flows generated from operating activities introduces potential risk to operation without interruption.
We have pooled our resources behind a plan to grow our AI technology, the IntentKey, where we have a technology advantage and higher margins. If we are successful in implementing our plan, we expect to return to a positive cash flow from operations by the second half of 2020. However, there is no assurance that we will be able to achieve this objective. We use the Financing Agreement discussed above to partially fund operations. However, if we continue to experience losses, we may be unable to borrow funds under this agreement.
Though we believe current operating cash flows and the credit facility will be sufficient to sustain operations into at least the third quarter of 2020, if our plan to grow the IntentKey business is unsuccessful, we may need to fund operations through private or public sales of securities, debt financings or partnering/licensing transactions. There is no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining funding to continue operations in which case we would need to find additional sources of credit and make substantial reductions to operating expense. A substantial reduction of operating expense may cause disruption to the business and the generation of future revenue. Given the above conditions, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared with the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.
First identified in late 2019 and known now as COVID-19, the outbreak has impacted millions of individuals and businesses worldwide. In response, many countries have implemented measures to combat the outbreak which has had an unprecedented economic consequence. The Company had not experienced an impact from Covid-19 through the end of fiscal year 2019 and had only minor impact from COVID-19 in the first quarter of 2020. In April of 2020, the Company experienced a significant reduction in advertiser marketing budgets across both the ValidClick and IntentKey platforms as a direct consequence of COVID-19. The Company is unable at this time to predict with any certainty how the second quarter will materialize and as a result is taking a just-in-time approach to business operations, focusing resources on areas with immediate revenue potential and reducing expenses where necessary.
Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of presentation - The consolidated financial statements include our accounts and those of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Cash and cash equivalents - Cash and cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.
Revenue recognition - In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09 (Topic 606) "Revenue from
Contracts with Customers." Topic 606 supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605 “Revenue Recognition” (Topic 605), and requires entities to recognize revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach and elected to apply the new guidance only to contracts that were not complete as of the date of adoption. The cumulative impact to retained earnings was not material.
Most of our revenue is generated through clicks on advertisements presented on our properties or those of our partners. We
recognize revenue from clicks in the period in which the click occurs. Payments to partners who display advertisements on our
behalf are recognized as cost of revenue. Revenue from data sales and commissions is recognized in the period in which the
transaction occurs and the other revenue recognition criteria are met. Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. We also recognize revenue from serving impressions when we complete all or a part of an order from an advertiser. The revenue is recognized in the period that the impression is served.
The below table is the proportion of revenue that is generated through advertisements on our partners sites and owned sites:
10

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Partners |  | $ | 41,763,064 |  | 67.9% |  |  | $ | 52,087,368 |  | 71.0% |
Owned Sites |  | 19,762,150 |  | 32.1% |  |  | 21,243,274 |  | 29.0% |
Total |  | $ | 61,525,214 |  | 100.0% |  |  | $ | 73,330,642 |  | 100.0% |

The following table presents our revenue disaggregated by channel:

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 | 2018
Mobile |  | $ | 37,120,187 |  | $ | 50,785,680 |
Desktop |  | 23,390,006 |  | 21,398,065 |
Other |  | 1,015,021 |  | 1,146,897 |
Total |  | $ | 61,525,214 |  | $ | 73,330,642 |

Accounts receivable - Accounts receivable consists of trade receivables from customers. We record accounts receivable at its net realizable value, recognizing an allowance for doubtful accounts based on our best estimate of probable credit losses on our existing accounts receivable. Balances are written off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the possibility of recovery is considered remote.
Marketing costs - Marketing costs or Traffic Acquisition Costs ("TAC") include the purchase of sponsored listings from search engines and is our primary method of attracting consumers to our owned and operated applications and websites. We expense these costs as incurred and present them as a separate line item in operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.
Property and equipment - Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Major renewals and improvements are capitalized while maintenance and repairs which do not improve or extend the life of the respective assets are expensed as incurred. Costs of assets sold or retired and the related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from accounts and the net gain or loss is reflected as an operating expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
Property and equipment are depreciated on a straight-line basis over three years for equipment, five to seven years for furniture and fixtures and two to three years for software. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the estimated useful life of the asset or the remaining term of the lease. Depreciation expense was $1,680,104 and $1,815,281, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.
Capitalized Software Costs - We capitalize certain costs related to internally developed software and amortize these costs using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software, generally two years. We do not sell internally developed software. Certain development costs not meeting the criteria for capitalization, in accordance with ASC 350-40 Internal-Use Software, are expensed as incurred.
Goodwill - Goodwill is recorded as the difference, if any, between the aggregate consideration paid for an acquisition and the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. In accordance with ASC 350, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (“ASC 350”), we test goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level (operating segment or one level below an operating segment) on an annual basis or more frequently if we believe indicators of impairment exist. The impairment test involves comparing the fair values of the applicable reporting units with their aggregate carrying value, including goodwill.
We generally determine the fair value of our reporting units using the income approach methodology of valuation that includes the undiscounted cash flow method as well as other generally accepted valuation methodologies. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, the amount it exceeds fair value is equivalent to the amount of impairment loss.
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We determined there was no impairment of goodwill during 2019 and 2018.
See Note 5, Intangible Assets and Goodwill, for more information.
Intangible Assets - We allocate a portion of the purchase price of acquisitions to identifiable intangible assets and we amortize definite-lived assets over their estimated useful lives. We consider our indefinite-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Trade names are not amortized as they are believed to have an indefinite life. Trade names are reviewed annually for impairment under ASC 350. We also acquire intangible assets outside of acquisitions and record them at their fair value and amortize them over their estimated useful lives.
We recorded no impairment of intangible assets during 2019 or 2018.
We recorded $2.57 million in intangible assets from the CPT Merger Termination Agreement. An independent valuation of the assets was performed to determine the carrying value of the assets listed above. See Note 1 - Organization and Business.
See Note 5, Intangible Assets and Goodwill, for more information.
Income taxes - We utilize the liability method of accounting for income taxes as set forth in ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”). Under the liability method, deferred taxes are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is recorded when it is more likely than not that some of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we must project future levels of taxable income, which requires significant judgment. We examine evidence related to the history of taxable losses or income, the economic conditions in which we operate, organizational characteristics, our forecasts and projections, as well as factors affecting liquidity. All our deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded as long-term assets and liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. We believe it is more likely than not that essentially none of our deferred tax assets will be realized, and we have recorded a full valuation for the net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.
We have adopted certain provisions of ASC 740. This statement clarifies the criteria that an individual tax position must satisfy for some or all of the benefits of that position to be recognized in a company’s financial statements. ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold of more likely than not, and a measurement attribute for all tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return, in order to be recognized in the financial statements.
Impairment of long-lived assets - In accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment, long-lived assets, such as property and equipment, and purchased intangibles subject to amortization, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of the asset is measured by comparison of the carrying amount to future undiscounted cash flows the asset is expected to generate. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value.
Stock-based compensation - We value stock compensation based on the fair value recognition provisions ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation, which establishes accounting for stock-based awards exchanged for employee services and requires companies to expense the estimated grant date fair value of stock awards over the requisite employee service period.
The fair value of restricted stock awards is based on the market price of our common stock on the date of the grant. To value stock option awards, we use the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. This model involves assumptions including the expected life of the option, stock price volatility, risk-free interest rate, dividend yield and exercise price. We recognize compensation expense in earnings over the requisite service period, applying a forfeiture rate to account for expected forfeitures of awards.
See Note 12, Stock-Based Compensation, for further details on our stock awards.
Government Grant- During the first quarter of 2013, we received a grant from the state of Arkansas to relocate our corporate headquarters to Conway, AR. We recognized the grant funds into income as a reduction of the related expense in the period in which those expenses were recognized. We deferred grant funds related to capitalized costs and classified them as current or long-term liabilities on the balance sheet according to the classification of the associated asset.
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As of December 31, 2019, there were 33 employees in Arkansas, thirteen employees under the required 50. As such, we recorded a contingent liability $85,000.
Treasury Stock - The cost method was used in recording the purchase of the treasury stock. Treasury stock changes as a result of common stock we acquire in the market.
Earnings per share - During the periods presented, we had securities that could potentially dilute basic earnings per share in the future, but were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share, as their effect would have been anti-dilutive. We reported a net loss for 2019 and 2018 and therefore, shares associated with stock options, restricted stock and convertible debt are not included because they are anti-dilutive. Basic and diluted net loss per share is the same for all periods presented.
Operating segments - In accordance with ASC 280 - Segment reporting, segment information reported is built on the basis of internal management data used for performance analysis of businesses and for the allocation of resources. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, or decision making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker, its chief executive officer, reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis and no expense or operating income is evaluated at a segment level. Given the consolidated level of review by the Company’s chief executive officer, the Company operates as one reportable segment. Most net revenue is earned in the United States and all long-lived assets are located in the United States.
Concentration of credit risk - We are exposed to concentrations of risk primarily in cash and accounts receivable, which are generally not collateralized. Our policy is to place our cash with high credit, quality financial institutions in order to limit the amount of credit exposure. At times, deposits may exceed FDIC limits. We do not require collateral from our customers, but our credit extension and collection policies include monitoring payments and aggressively pursuing delinquent accounts. We maintain allowances for potential credit losses.
Customer concentrations - At December 31, 2019, we had two individual customers with accounts receivable balances greater than 10% of the gross accounts receivable. These customers combined owed approximately 60% of our gross accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2019. The same two customers accounted for 78.5% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019.
In 2018, we had two individual customers with accounts receivable balances greater than 10% of the gross accounts receivable. These customers combined owed approximately 71.1% of our gross accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2018. The same two customers accounted for 81.8% of our revenue for the year ended and December 31, 2018.
Use of estimates - The preparation of financial statements, in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP"), requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, net revenues and expenses and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. The estimates and assumptions used in the accompanying consolidated financial statements are based upon management’s regular evaluation of the relevant facts and circumstances as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. We regularly evaluate estimates and assumptions related to allowances for doubtful accounts, goodwill and purchased intangible asset valuations, valuation of long-lived assets and derivative liability. Actual results may differ from the estimates and assumptions used in preparing the accompanying consolidated financial statements, and such differences could be material.
Litigation and settlement costs - From time to time, we are involved in disputes, litigation and other legal actions. In accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies, we record a charge equal to at least the minimum estimated liability for a loss contingency when both of the following conditions are met: (i) information available prior to issuance of the consolidated financial statements indicates that it is probable that an asset had been impaired or a liability had been incurred as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and (ii) the range of loss can be reasonably estimated.
Additional accounting pronouncements
In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (ASU 2016-02), as amended, which generally requires lessees to recognize operating and financing lease liabilities and corresponding right-of-use assets on the balance sheet and to provide enhanced disclosures surrounding the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leasing arrangements. We adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2019 on a modified retrospective basis and did not restate comparative periods. We elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which allowed us to carryforward our historical lease classification, our assessment on whether a contract is or contains a lease, and our initial direct costs for any leases that exist prior to adoption of the new standard. We also elected to
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combine lease and non-lease components and to keep leases with an initial term of 12 months or less off the balance sheet and recognize the associated lease payments in the consolidated statements of income on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Based on the present value of the lease payments for the remaining lease term of the Company's existing leases, the Company recognized right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for operating leases of approximately $1.2 million and finance leases of approximately $265,000, respectively, on January 1, 2019.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In June 2016, (FASB) issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (ASU 2016-13), which requires the measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held at amortized cost. ASU 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with a forward-looking expected credit loss model which will result in earlier recognition of credit losses. We will adopt the new standard effective January 1, 2020 and do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
N ote 3 – Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
The activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts was as follows during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:

| 2019 |  | 2018
Balance at the beginning of the year | $ | 63,727 |  |  | $ | 83,789 |
Provision/(recoveries) for bad debts | 189,441 |  |  | (14,000) |
Charge-offs | (28,168) |  |  | (6,062) |
Balance at the end of the year | $ | 225,000 |  |  | $ | 63,727 |

Note 4– Property and Equipment
The net carrying value of property and equipment at December 31, 2019 and 2018 was as follows:

| 2019 |  | 2018
Furniture and fixtures | $ | 293,152 |  |  | $ | 293,152 |
Equipment | 1,025,357 |  |  | 1,527,054 |
Software | 10,309,298 |  |  | 9,142,075 |
Leasehold improvements | 421,016 |  |  | 421,016 |
Subtotal | $ | 12,048,823 |  |  | $ | 11,383,297 |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | (10,674,671) |  |  | (9,259,625) |
Total | $ | 1,374,152 |  |  | $ | 2,123,672 |

Note 5 – Intangible Assets and Goodwill
The following is a schedule of intangible assets and goodwill as of December 31, 2019:
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| Term |  | Carrying Value |  | Accumulated Amortization and Impairment |  | Net Carrying Value |  | 2019 Amortization
Customer list, Google | 20 years |  | $ | 8,820,000 |  |  | $ | (3,454,500) |  |  | $ | 5,365,500 |  |  | $ | 441,000 |
Technology | 5 years |  | 3,600,000 |  |  | (2,100,000) |  |  | 1,500,000 |  |  | 720,000 |
Customer list, ReTargeter (2) | 5 years |  | 1,931,250 |  |  | (160,938) |  |  | 1,770,312 |  |  | 160,938 |
Customer list, all other | 10 years |  | 1,610,000 |  |  | (1,261,198) |  |  | 348,802 |  |  | 161,004 |
Brand name, ReTargeter (2) | 5 years |  | 643,750 |  |  | (53,646) |  |  | 590,104 |  |  | 53,646 |
Customer relationships | 20 years |  | 570,000 |  |  | (83,125) |  |  | 486,875 |  |  | 28,500 |
Trade names, web properties (1) | - |  | 390,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 390,000 |  |  | — |
Intangible assets classified as long-term |  |  | $ | 17,565,000 |  |  | $ | (7,113,407) |  |  | $ | 10,451,593 |  |  | $ | 1,565,088 |
Goodwill, total |  |  | $ | 9,853,342 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,853,342 |  |  | $ | — |

The following is a schedule of intangible assets and goodwill as of December 31, 2018:

| Term |  | Carrying Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Value |  | 2018 Amortization
Customer list, Google | 20 years |  | $ | 8,820,000 |  |  | $ | (3,013,500) |  |  | $ | 5,806,500 |  |  | $ | 441,000 |
Technology | 5 years |  | 3,600,000 |  |  | (1,380,000) |  |  | 2,220,000 |  |  | 720,000 |
Customer list, all other | 10 years |  | 1,610,000 |  |  | (1,100,194) |  |  | 509,806 |  |  | 161,004 |
Customer relationships | 20 years |  | 570,000 |  |  | (54,625) |  |  | 515,375 |  |  | 28,500 |
Tradenames, web properties (1) | - |  | 390,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 390,000 |  |  | — |
Brand | 1 year |  | 121,000 |  |  | (121,000) |  |  | — |  |  | 10,083 |
Non-competition agreements | 1 year |  | 69,000 |  |  | (69,000) |  |  | — |  |  | 5,750 |
Intangible assets classified as long-term |  |  | $ | 15,180,000 |  |  | $ | (5,738,319) |  |  | $ | 9,441,681 |  |  | $ | 1,366,337 |
Goodwill, total |  |  | $ | 9,853,342 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,853,342 |  |  | $ | — |

___________
(1)The trade names related to our web properties have an indefinite life, and as such are not amortized.
(2)We recorded $2.57 million in intangible assets from the CPT Merger Termination Agreement. An independent valuation of the assets was performed to determine the carrying value of the assets listed above. See Note 1 - Organization and Business.
Our amortization expense over the next five years and thereafter is as follows:

2020 | $ | 1,865,504 |
2021 | 1,865,504 |
2022 | 1,071,294 |
2023 | 984,500 |
2024 | 769,917 |
Thereafter | 3,504,874 |
Total | $ | 10,061,593 |

Note 6 - Bank Debt
The following table summarizes our outstanding bank debt balances:
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|  | December 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Financed receivables - 5.75 percent at December 31, 2019 (prime plus 1 percent) on invoice receivables; 6.75 percent at December 31, 2019 (prime plus 2 percent) on uninvoiced receivables |  | 3,381,364 |  |  | 1,859,853 |
Total |  | $ | 3,381,364 |  |  | $ | 1,859,853 |

On March 1, 2012 we entered into a Business Financing Agreement with Bridge Bank, which is now owned by Western Alliance Bank. The agreement provided us with a revolving credit line of up to $10 million which we use to help satisfy our working capital needs. We have provided Western Alliance with a first priority perfected security interest in all of our accounts and personal property as collateral for the credit facility.
On October 11, 2018, we entered into the Amended and Restated Business Financing Agreement with Western Alliance Bank and superseded the Business Financing Agreement, as amended, entered into on March 1, 2012 with Bridge Bank, N.A. which is now owned by Western Alliance Bank. The Amended and Restated Financing Agreement may be terminated by either party upon notice to the other party. The material terms of the Amended and Restated Financing Agreement include financing eligible invoiced receivables at an advance rate of 85% and an interest rate of prime plus 1% and a sub-limit of up to $2.5 million of uninvoiced eligible receivables at an advance rate of 75% and an interest rate of prime plus 2%. The sub-limit provision expires at the end of April 2019. The Amended and Restated Financing Agreement includes certain fees; a facility fee of $11,765 due at closing; an annual facility fee of 0.25% of the account balance due beginning on April 20, 2019; a monthly maintenance fee of 0.125% of the ending daily account balance; a $30,000 fee in lieu of a warrant; and $80,000 due upon termination of the agreement or repayment of our obligations under the agreement. The Amended and Restated Financing Agreement is secured by all of our assets.
On April 30, 2019, under the terms of the Second Amendment, Western Alliance Bank agreed to extend the $2.5 million sub-limit provision of uninvoiced eligible receivables until the earlier of May 31, 2019 or three days after the closing of the Mergers, among other terms.
On June 6, 2019, we entered into the Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated Financing. The Third Amendment provided that with respect to the eligible unbilled receivable sublimit of $2,500,000, which expired May 31, 2019 under the Amended and Restated Financing Agreement, that: (i) lender has no obligation to finance unbilled receivables but may do so in its discretion; and (ii) lender may terminate financing of unbilled receivables upon written notice. The Third Amendment also imposed an amendment fee of $2,000.
Note 7 - Notes Payable
On November 2, 2018, each of Messrs. Richard K. Howe, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and member of our board of directors, and Charles D. Morgan, G. Kent Burnett and Gordon Cameron, members of the Company’s board of directors, lent the Company $62,500, for an aggregate of $250,000, under the terms of 10% Promissory Notes. The Company used the proceeds from these notes to pay certain costs associated with the terminated Merger. The notes were unsecured, bore interest at 10% per annum and were due and satisfied on November 1, 2019.
Note 8 - Convertible Promissory Note
On March 1, 2019, Inuvo entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with three accredited investors (the “Purchasers”) for
the purchase and sale of an aggregate of $1,440,000 of principal of Original Issue Discount Unsecured Subordinated
Convertible Notes due September 1, 2020 (the “Calvary Notes”) to fund working capital and additional expenses resulting from
the delay in closing of the Mergers associated with the government shut down. The initial conversion price of the Calvary Notes
is $1.08 per share which would make them convertible into 1,333,333 unregistered shares of Inuvo’s common stock upon
conversion. The Calvary Notes were issued in a private placement and the shares of common stock issuable upon conversion
are restricted, subject to resale under Rule 144. The proceeds to Inuvo from the offering were $1,200,000. Inuvo did not pay
any commissions or finders fees in connection with the sale of the Calvary Notes and Inuvo utilized the proceeds for working
capital.
Consideration of Down Round price adjustment
The Notes contain certain triggers that create adjustments to the conversion ratio, which provide down round protection to the holders. Because the conversion feature has been bifurcated as an embedded derivative and is marked to fair value at each
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reporting period, the actual occurrence of a trigger and the resulting adjustment to the conversion rate does not require any additional accounting treatment at the time of the price adjustment. Rather, the next fair value computation reflects the new terms of the conversion feature.
On July 15, 2019, we closed on an underwritten public offering of 13,750,000 shares at an offering price of $0.30 per share. As a result, this triggered a corresponding adjustment to the conversion ratio in the Notes to $0.30. The fair value of the embedded derivative at September 30, 2019, reflected these new terms.
Modifications/Extinguishment
On November 11, 2019, we entered into Note Modification and Release Agreements with the holders of $1,080,000 principal amount of the Calvary Notes. Under the terms of the Note Modification and Release Agreement, the parties agreed that in consideration of such noteholder’s agreement to convert a minimum of 50% of the outstanding amount of the note (the “First Conversion Amount”) that the conversion price for the First Conversion Amount would be $0.265 per share and that the conversion price for any remaining amount due under the note would be $0.30 per share, subject to future adjustment under the terms of the note including dilutive issuances at price below $0.30 per share. The agreement contains mutual general releases. These holders converted an aggregate of $765,000 due under the Calvary Notes into 2,886,792 shares of our common stock. Immediately prior to the conversion, the carrying value of the derivative was marked-to-market. Upon converting, the issued shares were recorded at their fair value of $0.29 per share. This resulted in a loss on extinguishment. Both the loss due to the marking to market and the loss on extinguishment totaling approximately $193,000 were recorded to other income, net. See Note 9 for discussion.
On November 1, 2018, the Company and CPT Investments entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement for up to $2 million
pursuant to which the Company issued and sold a $1,000,000 principal amount 10% senior unsecured subordinated convertible
promissory note ("the CPTI Note") to CPT Investments which we used for working capital. The CPTI Note, which bore interest
at the rate of 10% per annum and the principal and accrued interest was due on November 1, 2021. On June 20, 2019, the
Company entered into a Merger Termination Agreement with CPT and its affiliated companies and concurrently entered into a
Note Termination Agreement with CPT Investments as partial satisfaction of the termination fee required by the Merger
Agreement. On July 23, 2019, the Company received notice that the conditions precedent to effectiveness of the termination of
the CPTI Note were met pursuant to the Inuvo Note Termination Agreement, dated June 20, 2019, by and between the
Company and CPT Investments, and the CPTI Note has been canceled and terminated in full and rendered null and void. All
past, current, or future obligations under the CPTI Note have been extinguished. The termination of the note was recorded to
other income, net.
Note 9 - Derivative Liability
Derivative contracts are recorded at fair value under ASC 820 using quoted market prices and significant other observable inputs. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy distinguishes between (1) market participant assumptions developed based on market data obtained from independent sources (observable inputs) and (2) an entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions developed based on the best information available in the circumstances (unobservable inputs). The fair value hierarchy consists of three broad levels, which gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:
Level 1—Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.
Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates); and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.
Level 3—Inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.
At December 31, 2019, we recorded a derivative liability of $182,250 related to the modification and extinguishment of the convertible promissory note discussed in Note 8 - Convertible Promissory Note. In accordance with the guidance above, the fair value of the derivative liability is considered "Level 3."
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Note 10 – Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following at December 31, 2019 and 2018:

| 2019 |  | 2018
Accrued marketing costs (TAC) | $ | 2,200,014 |  |  | $ | 1,509,843 |
Accrued expenses and other | 1,152,267 |  |  | 461,823 |
Operating lease liability | 362,130 |  |  | — |
Finance lease liability | 80,777 |  |  | — |
Capital leases, current portion | — |  |  | 198,769 |
Accrued commissions | 115,707 |  |  | 200,290 |
Arkansas grant contingency | 85,000 |  |  | 55,000 |
Accrued sales allowance | 50,000 |  |  | 50,000 |
Accrued taxes, current portion | 11,445 |  |  | 14,109 |
Total | $ | 4,057,340 |  |  | $ | 2,489,834 |

Note 11 – Other Long-Term Liabilities
Other long-term liabilities consist of the following at December 31, 2019 and 2018:

| 2019 |  | 2018
Capital leases, less current portion | — |  |  | 80,969 |
Operating lease liability | 394,889 |  |  | — |
Deferred rent | 57,162 |  |  | 98,276 |
Accrued taxes, less current portion | — |  |  | 13,762 |
Total | $ | 452,051 |  |  | $ | 193,007 |

Note 12 - Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes consists of the following at December 31, 2019 and 2018:

| 2019 |  | 2018
Current tax provision | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Deferred tax benefit | (334,394) |  |  | — |
Total tax benefit | $ | (334,394) |  |  | $ | — |

A reconciliation of the expected Federal statutory rate to our actual rate as reported for each of the periods presented is as follows:

| 2019 |  | 2018
Federal statutory rate | 21 | % |  | 21 | %
State income tax rate, net of federal benefit | 1 | % |  | (1 | %)
Permanent differences | (3 | %) |  | (2 | %)
Change in valuation allowance | (12 | %) |  | (18 | %)
| 7 | % |  | — | %

Deferred Income Taxes
Deferred income taxes are the result of temporary differences between book and tax basis of certain assets and liabilities, timing of income and expense recognition of certain items and net operating loss carry-forwards.
We assess temporary differences resulting from different treatments of items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets. We evaluate the realizability of our deferred tax assets on a regular basis, an exercise that requires significant judgment. In the course of this evaluation we
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considered our recent history of tax losses, the economic conditions in which we operate, recent organizational changes and our forecasts and projections. We believe it is more likely than not that essentially none of our deferred tax assets will be realized, and we have recorded a valuation allowance for the net deferred tax assets that may not be realized as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.
The following is a schedule of the deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:

| 2019 |  | 2018
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Net operating loss carry forward | $ | 32,742,350 |  |  | $ | 31,473,506 |
Intangible assets | 686,400 |  |  | 863,400 |
Accrued expense | 223,100 |  |  | 142,000 |
Deferred rent | 15,700 |  |  | 27,000 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | 61,700 |  |  | 17,500 |
Other | 258,600 |  |  | 140,300 |
Subtotal | 33,987,850 |  |  | 32,663,706 |
Less valuation allowance | (33,987,850) |  |  | (32,663,706) |
Total | — |  |  | — |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Intangible assets and property and equipment | 1,989,800 |  |  | 2,162,500 |
Other | 29,400 |  |  | 177,332 |
Total | 2,019,200 |  |  | 2,339,832 |
Total deferred tax liabilities | $ | (2,019,200) |  |  | $ | (2,339,832) |

The net operating losses amounted to approximately $92,335,523 and expire beginning 2022 through 2037. Pursuant to Internal Revenue Service Code Section 382, the use of certain of the Company’s net operating loss carry forwards are limited due to a cumulative change in ownership.
We are currently open to audit under the statute of limitations by the Internal Revenue Service for the years ending December 31, 2016 through 2018. Our state income tax returns are open to audit under the statute of limitations for the same periods.
We recognize interest and penalties related to income taxes in income tax expense. We have incurred no penalties and interest for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.
Note 13 - Stock-Based Compensation
We maintain a stock-based compensation program intended to attract, retain and provide incentives for talented employees and directors and align stockholder and employee interests. Currently, we grant options and restricted stock units ("RSUs") from the 2010 Equity Compensation Plan (“2010 ECP”) and the 2017 Equity Compensation Plan ("2017 ECP"). Option and restricted stock unit vesting periods are generally up to three years.
Compensation Expense
We recorded stock-based compensation expense for all equity incentive plans of $789,914 and $915,469 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Total compensation cost not yet recognized at December 31, 2019 was $619,422 to be recognized over a weighted-average recognition period of 1 year.
Award Information and Activity
On August 14, 2019, the Inuvo Nominating, Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee approved modifications to the outstanding RSU grants under the 2010 and 2017 ECP plans. The modifications include deeming the performance criteria for the performance based RSU grants with a measurement period based on June 30, 2019 as met and vested. In addition, any remaining RSU grants outstanding were modified to vest in three equal parts on August 19, 2019, January 1, 2020 and July 1, 2020 as long as the grantee is employed by Inuvo on the vesting date.
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On August 21, 2019 our board of directors adopted, subject to stockholder approval, an amendment to our 2017 ECP to increase in the number of shares reserved for issuance upon grants made under the plan by an additional 6,800,000 shares of our common stock. The stockholders approved the amendment to our 2017 ECP at the annual stockholders meeting on October 4, 2019.
The following table summarizes the stock grants outstanding under our 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan ("2005 LTIP"), 2010 ECP and 2017 ECP plans as of December 31, 2019:

| Options Outstanding |  | RSUs Outstanding |  | Options and RSUs Exercised |  | Available Shares |  | Total
2017 ECP | — |  |  | 1,382,281 |  |  | 511,544 |  |  | 7,206,175 |  |  | 9,100,000 |
2010 ECP | 14,498 |  |  | 1,186,670 |  |  | 3,855,091 |  |  | 25,759 |  |  | 5,082,018 |
2005 LTIP (*) | 3,750 |  |  | — |  |  | 950,085 |  |  | — |  |  | 953,835 |
Total | 18,248 |  |  | 2,568,951 |  |  | 5,316,720 |  |  | 7,231,934 |  |  | 15,135,853 |

(*) Expired June 2015
The fair value of restricted stock units is determined using market value of the common stock on the date of the grant. The fair value of stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model. The use of this valuation model involves assumptions that are judgmental and highly sensitive in the determination of compensation expense and include the expected life of the option, stock price volatility, risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, exercise price, and forfeiture rate. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of valuation and reduce expense ratably over the vesting period. The forfeiture rate, which is estimated at a weighted average of 0% of unvested options outstanding, is adjusted periodically based on the extent to which actual forfeitures differ, or are expected to differ, from the previous estimate. At December 31, 2019, the 2005 LTIP and 2010 ECP plans had 18,248 outstanding options and all were exercisable with an aggregate intrinsic value of $0, a weighted average exercise price of $1.74 and a weighted average remaining contractual term of 1.5 years.
The following table summarizes our stock option activity under the 2005 LTIP and 2010 ECP plans during 2019:

| Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding, beginning of year | 264,246 |  |  | $ | 2.84 |
Granted | — |  |  | $ | — |
Forfeited, expired or cancelled | 245,998 |  |  | $ | 2.92 |
Exercised | — |  |  | $ | — |
Outstanding, end of year | 18,248 |  |  | $ | 1.74 |
Exercisable, end of year | 18,248 |  |  | $ | 1.74 |

No options were granted during 2019 or 2018.
Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our common stock over the period commensurate with or longer than the expected life of the options. The expected life of the options is based on the vesting schedule of the option in relation to the overall term of the option. The risk free interest rate is based on the market yield of the U.S. Treasury Bill with a term equal to the expected term of the option awarded. We do not anticipate paying any dividends so the dividend yield in the model is zero.
The following table summarizes our restricted stock activity for 2019:

| Restricted Stock |  | Weighted Average Fair Value
Outstanding, beginning of year | 1,571,864 |  |  | $ | 0.79 |
Granted | 3,061,429 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |
Exercised | 944,052 |  |  | $ | 0.58 |
Forfeited | 1,120,290 |  |  | $ | 0.83 |
Outstanding, end of year | 2,568,951 |  |  | $ | 0.79 |

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Note 14 – Stockholders Equity
Earnings per Share
During the 2019 and 2018, we generated a net loss from continuing operations and as a result, all of our shares are anti-dilutive.
Note 15 – Retirement Plan Costs
We provide a 401(k) plan to help our employees prepare for retirement where we matched each employee's contributions to the plan up to the first four of the employee's annual salary. Effective October 31, 2018, the employer match was suspended. The matching contribution for the year ended 2018 was $222,083.
Note 16 - Leases
The Company has entered into operating and finance leases primarily for real estate and equipment rental. These leases have
terms which range from two to four years, and often include one or more options to renew or in the case of equipment rental, to
purchase the equipment. These operating and finance leases are listed as separate line items on the Company's December 31, 2019 consolidated balance sheet and represent the Company’s right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. The
Company’s obligations to make lease payments are also listed as a separate line items on the Company's December 31, 2019
consolidated balance sheet. Based on the present value of the lease payments for the remaining lease term of the Company's
existing leases, the Company recognized right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for operating leases of approximately $1.2 million and finance leases of approximately $265,000, respectively, on January 1, 2019. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities commencing after January 1, 2019 are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease
payments over the lease term. As of December 31, 2019, total operating and financed right-of-use assets were $756,115 and $88,178, respectively. The Company has entered into a short-term finance lease for equipment with a remaining term of twelve months or less and is included in the "Accrued expense and other current liabilities" section of the consolidated balance sheet. All operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. In the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized approximately $697 thousand in total lease costs, which was comprised of $417 thousand in operating lease costs for right-of use assets and $280 thousand in lease costs related to lease liabilities.
As of December 31, 2019, the Company recorded $177,193 in amortization expense related to finance leases.
Because the rate implicit in each lease is not readily determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to
determine the present value of the lease payments.
Information related to the Company's operating lease liabilities are as follows:

| December 31, 2019
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities | $ | 451,107 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term | 2.0 years
Weighted-average discount rate | 6.25 | %

Minimum future lease payments ended December 31, 2019 |
2020 | 408,263 |
2021 | 242,558 |
2022 | 163,284 |
| 814,105 |
Less imputed interest | (57,084) |
Total lease liabilities | $ | 757,021 |

Information related to the Company's financed lease liabilities are as follows:
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| December 31, 2019
Cash paid for finance lease liabilities | $ | 270,312 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term | Less than one year
Weighted-average discount rate | 6.25 | %

Minimum future lease payments ended December 31, 2019 |
2020 | 82,405 |
| 82,405 |
Less imputed interest | (1,628) |
Total lease liabilities | $ | 80,777 |

Note 17 - Related Party Transactions
In June 2019, the Company entered into a agreement with First Orion Corp., which is partially owned by two directors and
shareholders of Inuvo, to provide office space. The lease is for six-months commencing on July 1, 2019 and cost $60,000
which was prepaid in June 2019. Additionally, in 2018, the Company received a total of $31,500 from First Orion Corp.
for providing IT services.
On November 2, 2018, each of Messrs. Richard K. Howe, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and member of our board of directors, and Charles D. Morgan, G. Kent Burnett and Gordon Cameron, members of the Company’s board of directors, lent the Company $62,500, for an aggregate of $250,000, under the terms of 10% Promissory Notes. The Company used the proceeds from these notes to pay certain costs associated with the terminated Merger. The notes were unsecured, bore interest at 10% per annum and were due and satisfied on November 1, 2019.
Note 18 - Subsequent Events
In January 2020, a noteholder of the Original Issue Discount Unsecured Subordinated Convertible Notes due September 1, 2020 converted $360,000 principal amount due under the note into 1,200,000 shares of our common stock. After this conversion, $315,000 of the original principal amount was outstanding under all of these notes (see Note 8).
On March 12, 2020 Inuvo, Inc. closed a Loan and Security Agreement (the “Loan and Security Agreement”) dated February 28, 2020 by and between our company and our subsidiaries and Hitachi Capital America Corp. (“Hitachi”). Under the terms of the Loan and Security Agreement Hitachi has provided us with a $5,000,000 line of credit commitment. We are permitted to borrow (i) 90% of the aggregate Eligible Accounts Receivable, plus (i) the lesser of 75% of the aggregate Unbilled Accounts Receivable (as those terms are defined in the Loan and Security Agreement) or 50% of the amount available to borrow under (i), up to the maximum credit commitment. On March 12, 2020 we drew $5,000,000 under this agreement, using $2,959,573 of these proceeds to satisfy our obligations to Western Alliance Bank under our credit agreement with it and the balance is being used for working capital. Following the satisfaction of our obligations to Western Alliance Bank, all agreements with that entity have been terminated.
We will pay Hitachi monthly interest at the rate of 2% in excess of the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate, with a minimum rate of 6.75% per annum, on outstanding amounts. The principal and all accrued but unpaid interest are due on demand. In the event of a default under the terms of the Loan and Security Agreement, the interest rate increases to 6% greater than the interest rate in effect from time to time prior to a default. The Loan and Security Agreement contains certain affirmative and negative covenants to which we are also subject.
We agreed to pay Hitachi a commitment fee of $50,000, with one half due upon the execution of the agreement and the balance due six months thereafter. Thereafter, we are obligated to pay Hitachi a commitment fee of $15,000 annually. We are also obligated to pay Hitachi a quarterly service fee of 0.30% on the monthly unused amount of the maximum credit line. In addition to a $2,000 document fee we have paid to Hitachi, if we should repay the amounts due under the Loan and Security Agreement before March 1, 2022, we are obligated to pay Hitachi an exit fee of $50,000.
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On March 20, 2020 Inuvo, Inc. we sold an aggregate of 3,931,428 shares of our common stock at a purchase price of $0.175 per share to the five members of our Board of Directors in a private placement exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) and Rule 506(b) of Regulation D under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. We received proceeds of $688,000 in this offering. The purchase price of the shares of our common stock sold in the offering exceeded the closing market price of our common stock on March 19, 2020, the trading day immediately preceding the day the binding Insider Subscription Agreements were executed by the purchasers. The purchasers were all accredited investors. We did not pay any commissions or finder’s fees, and we are using the proceeds for general working capital.
On March 26, 2020, we entered into Subscription Agreements with certain investors pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell, in a registered direct offering an aggregate of 3,115,000 shares of our common stock at a price of $0.175 per share. On March 27, 2020 we closed these sales and received $545,125 in gross proceeds. On April 1, 2020, we entered into Subscription Agreements with certain investors pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell an additional 914,285 shares of our common stock at a price of $0.175 per share in this registered direct offering. On April 2, 2020 we closed these sales and received gross proceeds of $245,050. No underwriter or placement agent participated in the registered direct offering, and we are using the proceeds for working capital.
On April 10, 2020, we”) obtained an unsecured loan $1.1 million loan through Relyance Bank N.A. under the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP Loan”) pursuant to the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) and is administered by the United States Small Business Administration. In accordance with the requirements of the CARES Act, the Company will use proceeds from the PPP Loan primarily for payroll costs.
Effective April 20, 2020 the Company and the holder of the remaining issued and outstanding Original Issue Discount Unsecured Subordinated Convertible Note due September 1, 2020 in the principal amount of $315,000 (the “Promissory Note”) as modified under that certain Note Modification and Release Agreement effective November 11, 2019 (the “Modification”) (the Promissory Note and Modification collectively referred to herein as, the “Note”), agreed to amend the Note to extend the maturity date to December 31, 2020 and reduce the conversion price to $0.175 per share. On April 21, 2020, the remaining noteholder converted $200,000 principal amount due under the remaining note into 1,142,857 shares of our common stock.
First identified in late 2019 and known now as COVID-19, the outbreak has impacted millions of individuals and businesses worldwide. In response, many countries have implemented measures to combat the outbreak which has had an unprecedented economic consequence. The Company had not experienced an impact from COVID-19 through the end of fiscal year 2019 and had only minor impact from COVID-19 in the first quarter of 2020. In April of 2020, the Company experienced a significant reduction in advertiser marketing budgets across both the ValidClick and IntentKey platforms as a direct consequence of COVID-19. The Company is unable at this time to predict with any certainty how the second quarter will materialize and as a result is taking a just-in-time approach to business operations, focusing resources on areas with immediate revenue potential and reducing expenses where necessary.
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