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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2014
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Cash and Cash Equivalents | (a) Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers securities purchased with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist of short-term investments in money market accounts at December 31, 2014 and 2013. Cash and cash equivalents are maintained at financial institutions and, at times, balances may exceed federally insured limits. We have never experienced any losses related to these balances. FDIC insurance coverage is $250,000 per depositor at each financial institution, and our non-interest bearing cash balances may again exceed federally insured limits. Amounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits at December 31, 2014 and 2013 is approximately $6.8 million $5.6 million, respectively.
Short-term/Long-term Investments | (b) Short-term/Long-term Investments The Company classifies investments in marketable securities as trading, available-for-sale or held-to-maturity at the time of purchase and periodically re-evaluates such classifications. Trading securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses included in earnings. Held-to-maturity securities are recorded at cost and are adjusted for the amortization or accretion of premiums or discounts over the life of the related security. Unrealized holding gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are excluded from earnings and are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until realized. In determining realized gains and losses, the cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Interest and dividends on the investments are accrued at the balance sheet date. At December 31, 2014 and 2013 all investments were classified as held to maturity and consisted of the following:
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2014 |  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2013 |
| Certificates of Deposit |  | Maturity |  |  |  | Value of Held to Maturity |  |  |  |  |  | Value of Held to Maturity |
| Investment |  | Date |  |  |  | Investments (based on cost) |  |  |  |  |  | Investments (based on cost) |
| $ | 1,501,554 |  |  | 8/27/2015 |  |  |  | $ | 1,501,554 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | - |
| $ | 2,011,967 |  |  | 10/17/2014 |  |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,011,967 |
| $ | 2,007,997 |  |  | 4/18/2014 |  |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,007,997 |
| $ | 502,821 |  |  | 6/29/2014 |  |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 502,821 |
| $ | 301,695 |  |  | 4/6/2014 |  |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 301,695 |
| $ | 252,450 |  |  | 3/29/2014 |  |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 252,450 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,501,554 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,076,930 |
At December 31, 2014 the Company had a certificate of deposit investment in the amount of $1,503,525 (based on cost) with a maturity date of August 27, 2016 which is classified as a long-term investments on the balance sheet.
Royalties Receivable | (c) Royalties Receivable Royalties receivable are recorded at the amounts specified within the license agreements when the collectability of the receivable is reasonably assured. The receivables do not bear interest. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company's best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the Company's existing royalties receivable. The Company determines the allowance based on historical write off experience. The Company reviews its allowance for doubtful accounts periodically. Past due accounts are reviewed individually for collectability. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote.
Fixed Assets | (d) Fixed Assets Fixed assets are carried at cost. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets.
Revenue Recognition/Fee Income | (e) Revenue Recognition/Fee Income The Company has entered into a number of license agreements covering its light control technology. The Company receives minimum annual royalties under certain license agreements and records fee income on a ratable basis each quarter. In instances when sales of licensed products by its licensees exceed minimum annual royalties, the Company recognizes fee income as the amounts have been earned. Certain of the fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which they are earned resulting in deferred revenue. Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized into income in future periods as earned. Fee income represents amounts earned by the Company under various license and other agreements (note 8) relating to technology developed by the Company. During 2014, five licensees accounted for 36%, 11%, 9%, 9%, and 5%, respectively of fee income recognized during the year. During 2013 six licensees accounted for 40%, 12%, 6% and 6%, 5%, and 5% respectively of fee income recognized for the year. During 2012, four licensees accounted for 62%, 6%, 5% and 5%, respectively, of fee income recognized for the year.
Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share | (f) Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share Basic earnings (loss) per share excludes any dilution. It is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive earnings (loss) per share reflects the potential dilution that would occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock. The Company's dilutive loss per share equals basic loss per share for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2014 because all common stock equivalents (i.e., options and warrants) were antidilutive in those periods. The number of options and warrants that were not included because their effect is antidilutive was 2,924,419, 2,860,219, and 2,630,002, for 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively.
Research and Development Costs | (g) Research and Development Costs Research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred.
Patent Costs | (h) Patent Costs The Company expenses costs relating to the development or acquisition of patents due to the uncertainty of the recoverability of these items.
Use of Estimates | (i) Use of Estimates The preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements requires management of the Company to make a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reported amount of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during this period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Income Taxes | (j) Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry-forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. In accordance with ASC Topic 740 (FIN 48), we recognize tax benefits only for tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by tax authorities. The amount recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. Unrecognized tax benefits are tax benefits claimed in tax returns that do not meet these recognition and measurement standards. We classify accrued interest and penalties related to any unrecognized tax benefits in our income tax provision. At December 31, 2014 and 2013, we do not have accrued interest and penalties related to any unrecognized tax benefits. We do not believe we have any uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2014 and 2013. The tax years subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions include the years 2010 and forward by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and certain states. The Company is not currently being audited by any tax jurisdiction.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | (k) Fair Value of Financial Instruments The fair value of a financial instrument is the amount at which the instrument could be exchanged in a current transaction between willing parties. The carrying amounts of all financial instruments classified as a current asset or current liability are deemed to approximate fair value because of the short maturity of those instruments.
Equity-Based Compensation and Restricted Stock | (l) Equity-Based Compensation We recognize all stock-based compensation as an expense in the financial statements and such costs are measured at the fair value of the award at the date of grant. In addition to reflecting compensation expense for new share-based payment awards, expense is also recognized to reflect the remaining vesting period of awards that had been granted in prior periods. Tax benefits related to stock option exercises are reflected as financing cash inflows instead of operating cash inflows. The exercise price for stock options granted are generally set at the average for the high and low trading prices of the Company's common stock on the trading date immediately prior to the date of grant, and the related number of shares granted are fixed at the date of grant. In order to determine the fair value of stock options on the date of grant, the Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Inherent in this model are assumptions related to expected stock-price volatility, option term, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. While the risk-free interest rate and dividend yield are less subjective assumptions that are based on factual data derived from public sources, the expected stock-price volatility and option term assumptions require a greater level of judgment. In connection with the employee stock options and restricted stock grants, the Company charged $1,010,489, $2,545,060, and $873,888, to operations during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively. Non-employee options are valued at fair value at the time that the related services are provided using the Black-Scholes option valuation model and marked to market quarterly using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. The Company incurred a charge (benefit) to operations of $32,428, $369,844, and $110,649, for 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively in connection with these warrants and non-employee options.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets | (n) Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company reviews long-lived assets to determine whether an event or change in circumstances indicates the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. The Company bases its evaluation on such impairment indicators as the nature of the assets, the future economic benefit of the assets and any historical or future profitability measurements, as well as other external market conditions or factors that may be present.
Fair Value Measurements | (o) Fair Value Measurements Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 820 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” (“ASC Topic 820”) establishes a framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. ASC Topic 820 applies under other previously issued accounting pronouncements that require or permit fair value measurements but does not require any new fair value measurements. ASC Topic 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC Topic 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between (1) market participant assumptions developed based on market data obtained from independent sources (observable inputs) and (2) an entity's own assumptions about market participant assumptions developed based on the best information available in the circumstances (unobservable inputs). We value financial instruments using a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions. Financial assets accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2014 and 2013, include cash and cash equivalents of approximately $7.6 million and $5.9 million, respectively, as well as short term investments of $1.5 million and $5.1 million in 2014 and 2013, respectively. The carrying value of these assets approximates fair value due to the short-term maturity of these instruments. The carrying amount of the long-term investments of $1.5 million at December 31, 2014 approximates the fair-value, as the interest rate obtained by the Company approximates the prevailing rate for similar investments.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | (p) Recent Accounting Pronouncements New Accounting Standards In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The amendments in this Update establish a comprehensive revenue recognition standard for virtually all industries under U.S. GAAP, including those that previously followed industry-specific guidance such as the real estate, construction and software industries. The revenue standard's core principle is built on the contract between a vendor and a customer for the provision of goods and services. It attempts to depict the exchange of rights and obligations between the parties in the pattern of revenue recognition based on the consideration to which the vendor is entitled. To accomplish this objective, the standard requires five basic steps: (i) identify the contract with the customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. We are currently evaluating the impact of our pending adoption of ASU 2014-09 on our consolidated financial statements and have not yet determined the method by which we will adopt the standard in 2017.

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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for revenue recognition. If the entity has different policies for different types of revenue transactions, the policy for each material type of transaction is generally disclosed. If a sales transaction has multiple element arrangements (for example, delivery of multiple products, services or the rights to use assets) the disclosure may indicate the accounting policy for each unit of accounting as well as how units of accounting are determined and valued. The disclosure may encompass important judgment as to appropriateness of principles related to recognition of revenue. The disclosure also may indicate the entity's treatment of any unearned or deferred revenue that arises from the transaction. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6367646&loc=d3e18780-107790 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6367646&loc=d3e18726-107790 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher SEC -Name Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) -Number Topic 13 -Section B -Paragraph Question 1 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 605 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SAB TOPIC 13.B.Q1) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=27012821&loc=d3e214044-122780 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6367646&loc=d3e18823-107790 + Details
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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for stock option and stock incentive plans. This disclosure may include (1) the types of stock option or incentive plans sponsored by the entity (2) the groups that participate in (or are covered by) each plan (3) significant plan provisions and (4) how stock compensation is measured, and the methodologies and significant assumptions used to determine that measurement. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5047-113901 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6367646&loc=d3e18780-107790 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (b),(f) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5070-113901 + Details
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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for the use of estimates in the preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 275 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 9 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6927468&loc=d3e6143-108592 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 275 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 8 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6927468&loc=d3e6132-108592 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 275 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6927468&loc=d3e6061-108592 + Details
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