<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001493152-19-016618.txt : 20191107
<SEC-HEADER>0001493152-19-016618.hdr.sgml : 20191107
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20191107160114
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001493152-19-016618
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	10-Q
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		48
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20190930
FILED AS OF DATE:		20191107
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20191107

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			RESEARCH FRONTIERS INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000793524
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PATENT OWNERS & LESSORS [6794]
		IRS NUMBER:				112103466
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		10-Q
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	000-14893
		FILM NUMBER:		191200173

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		240 CROSSWAYS PARK DR
		CITY:			WOODBURY
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			11797-2033
		BUSINESS PHONE:		5163641902

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		240 CROSSWAYS PARK DR
		CITY:			WOODBURY
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			11797-2033
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>10-Q
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>form10-q.htm
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 4pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><B>UNITED
STATES</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><B>SECURITIES
AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 12pt"><B>WASHINGTON,
D.C. 20549</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><B>FORM
10-Q</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">QUARTERLY
REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) of</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">THE
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 50%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
    the quarter ended September 30, 2019 </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 50%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Commission
    File Number 000-14893</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><B><U>RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</U></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Exact
name of registrant as specified in its charter)</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 49%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">DELAWARE</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 49%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11-2103466</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(State
                                         or other jurisdiction of</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">incorporation
        or organization)</FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(I.R.S.
                                         Employer</FONT></P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Identification
        No.)</FONT></P></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 49%; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">240
    CROSSWAYS PARK DRIVE</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 2%; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 49%; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">WOODBURY,
    NEW YORK</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11797-2033</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Address
    of principal executive offices)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Zip
    Code)</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Registrant&rsquo;s
telephone number, including area code (516) 364-1902</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 49%; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Securities
    registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 2%; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 49%; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name
    of Exchange</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title
    of Class</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">on
    Which Registered</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Common
    Stock, $0.0001 Par Value</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    NASDAQ Stock Market</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes&nbsp;[&nbsp;&nbsp;]
No&nbsp;[X]</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes&nbsp;[&nbsp;&nbsp;]
No&nbsp;[X]</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports),
and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted
pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (&sect; 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period
that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes [X] No [&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting
company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of &ldquo;large accelerated filer,&rdquo; &ldquo;accelerated filer,&rdquo;
&ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo; and &ldquo;emerging growth company&rdquo; in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 37%; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Large
    accelerated filer [&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 28%; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accelerated
    filer [&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 35%; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Non-accelerated
    filer [&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Smaller
    reporting company [X]</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Emerging
    growth company [&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for
complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.&nbsp;[&nbsp;&nbsp;]</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes [&nbsp;&nbsp;] No [X]</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 40%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title
    of Each Class</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 17%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Trading
    Symbol(s)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 39%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name
    of each exchange on which registered</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Common
    Stock, par value $0.0001 per share</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">REFR</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    NASDAQ Stock Market</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer&rsquo;s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: As
of November 7, 2019, there were outstanding 31,090,291 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>TABLE
    OF CONTENTS</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.1in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Page(s)</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#c_001"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Condensed
    </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Consolidated Balance Sheets &ndash; September 30, 2019 (Unaudited) and December 31,
    2018</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: #CCEEFF; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#c_002"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Condensed
    </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September
    30, 2019 and 2018 (Unaudited)</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: #CCEEFF; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#c_003"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Condensed
    </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Consolidated Statements of Shareholders&rsquo; Equity (Unaudited) for the
    Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 and 2018</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: #CCEEFF; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#c_004"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Condensed
    </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
    and 2018 (Unaudited)</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#c_005"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Notes
    to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7-13</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#c_006"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Management&rsquo;s
    Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14-17</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#c_007"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Item
    3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#c_008"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Item
    4. Controls and Procedures</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#c_009"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>PART
    II - OTHER INFORMATION</B></FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#c_010"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Item
    6. Exhibits</FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="#c_011"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>SIGNATURES</B></FONT></A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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    <DIV STYLE="page-break-before: always; margin-top: 6pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A NAME="c_001"></A>RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Condensed
</FONT><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Consolidated Balance Sheets</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">September
    </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">30, 2019 (Unaudited)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">December
    31, 2018</FONT><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(See Note 1)</FONT></P>



</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-decoration: underline"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Assets</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Current assets:</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="width: 60%; text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cash
    and cash equivalents</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 16%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7,016,922</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 16%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,969,416</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Royalties receivable,
    net of reserves of $1,117,441 in 2019 and $1,094,774 in 2018</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">775,760</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">689,677</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Prepaid
    expenses and other current assets</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">105,884</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">52,729</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total
    current assets</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7,898,566</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,711,822</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fixed assets, net</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">239,888</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">313,177</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Operating lease ROU assets</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">814,285</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Deposits and
    other assets</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">33,567</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">33,567</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total
    assets</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">8,986,306</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4,058,566</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-decoration: underline; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Liabilities
    and Shareholders&rsquo; Equity</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Current liabilities:</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Current portion
    of operating lease liabilities</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">163,276</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Accounts payable</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">14,593</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">133,486</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Accrued expenses
    and other</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">57,485</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">273,606</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Deferred
    revenue</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">71,665</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">50,570</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-left: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total current liabilities</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">307,019</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">457,662</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Operating lease
    liabilities, net of current portion</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">851,672</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Warrant
    liability</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">501,414</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-left: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total liabilities</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,158,691</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">959,076</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Shareholders&rsquo; equity:</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Common stock, par
    value $0.0001 per share; authorized 100,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding 31,090,291 in 2019 and 27,665,211 in 2018</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,109</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,767</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Additional paid-in
    capital</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">122,067,527</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">114,787,657</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Accumulated
    deficit</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(114,243,021</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(111,690,934</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total
    shareholders&rsquo; equity</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7,827,615</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,099,490</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total
    liabilities and shareholders&rsquo; equity</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">8,986,306</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4,058,566</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">See
accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A NAME="c_002"></A>RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Condensed
</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Consolidated Statements of Operations</FONT></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Unaudited)</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="6" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Nine
    Months Ended September 30,</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="6" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Three
    Months Ended September 30,</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2019</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2018</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2019</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2018</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 36%; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fee
    income</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 12%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,182,560</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 12%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,117,849</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 12%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">462,869</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 13%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">359,725</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Operating expenses</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,356,875</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,228,757</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">666,356</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">572,968</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Research and
    development</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">751,312</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">660,086</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">207,368</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">190,647</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total
    costs</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,108,187</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,888,843</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">873,724</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">763,615</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Operating loss</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(1,925,627</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(1,770,994</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(410,855</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(403,890</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Warrant market adjustment</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(652,025</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(286,631</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(286,631</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net investment
    income</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">25,565</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5,665</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">13,143</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,220</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net
    loss</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2,552,087</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2,051,960</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(397,712</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(688,301</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Basic and diluted
    net loss per common share</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(0.09</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(0.08</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(0.01</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(0.03</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Weighted average number of basic
    and diluted common shares outstanding</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">29,636,013</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">25,380,466</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">31,065,730</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">26,002,263</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">See
accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A NAME="c_003"></A>RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Condensed
</FONT><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Consolidated Statements of Shareholders&rsquo; Equity</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Unaudited)</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="6" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Common
    Stock</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Additional</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Accumulated</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Shares</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Amount</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Paid-in&nbsp;Capital</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Deficit</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 33%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance, December 31,
    2017</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">24,043,846</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,404</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 12%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">111,627,789</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(109,062,827</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,567,366</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Adoption of ASC 606</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">58,021</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">58,021</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Issuance of common stock</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,618,365</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">362</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,026,268</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,026,630</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Warrants converted to equity</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">61,111</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">61,111</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Stock-based compensation</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">69,309</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">69,309</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net Loss</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2,051,960</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2,051,960</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance, September 30, 2018</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">27,662,211</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,766</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">114,784,477</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(111,056,766</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">3,730,477</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance, December 31, 2018</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">27,665,211</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,767</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">114,787,657</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(111,690,934</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,099,490</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercise of options and warrants</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,423,843</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">142</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,170,404</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,170,546</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Issuance of common stock</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,001,237</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">200</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4,599,799</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4,599,999</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Warrants converted to equity</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,153,439</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,153,439</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Stock-based compensation</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">356,228</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">356,228</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net Loss</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2,552,087</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2,552,087</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance, September 30, 2019</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">31,090,291</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,109</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">122,067,527</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(114,243,021</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7,827,615</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="6" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Common
    Stock</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Additional</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Accumulated</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Shares</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Amount</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Paid-in
    Capital</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Deficit</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 33%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance, June 30, 2018</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">25,432,739</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,543</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 12%; border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">112,946,959</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(110,368,465</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,581,037</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercise of options and warrants</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">55,556</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">6</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">61,106</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">61,112</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Issuance of common stock</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,173,916</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">217</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,776,412</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,776,629</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net Loss</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(688,301</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(688,301</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance, September 30, 2018</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">27,662,211</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,766</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">114,784,477</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(111,056,766</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,730,477</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance, June 30, 2019</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">31,033,443</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,103</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">122,002,886</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(113,845,309</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">8,160,680</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercise of options and warrants</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">56,848</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">6</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">64,641</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><P STYLE="margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></P>


</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">64,647</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net Loss</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(397,712</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(397,712</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance, September 30, 2019</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">31,090,291</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,109</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">122,067,527</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(114,243,021</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7,827,615</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">See
accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A NAME="c_004"></A>RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Condensed
</FONT><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Unaudited)</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="6" STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Nine months ended September
    30,</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2019</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2018</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cash flows from operating activities:</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="width: 64%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net loss</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 14%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2,552,087</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 14%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2,051,960</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Adjustments to reconcile
    net loss to net cash used in operating activities:</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Depreciation and
    amortization</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">146,496</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">135,400</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Stock-based
    compensation</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">356,228</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">69,309</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Provision for doubtful
    accounts</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">22,667</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Warrant market adjustment</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">652,025</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">286,631</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; text-indent: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Change in assets
    and liabilities:</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Royalty receivables</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(108,750</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(54,350</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; text-indent: 10pt; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Prepaid
    expenses and other current assets</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(53,155</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(67,093</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Accounts payable
    and accrued expenses</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(142,477</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7,100</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Deferred
    revenue</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">21,095</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">38,142</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net
    cash used in operating activities</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(1,657,958</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(1,636,821</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cash flows from investing activities:</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; text-indent: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Purchases of fixed
    assets</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(65,081</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(11,295</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net
    cash used in investing activities</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(65,081</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(11,295</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cash flows from financing activities:</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net
    proceeds from issuances of common stock and warrants and exercise of options and warrants</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5,770,545</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,311,111</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: 10pt; padding-left: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net
    cash provided by financing activities</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5,770,545</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,311,111</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net increase in cash and cash equivalents</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4,047,506</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,662,995</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cash and cash
    equivalents at beginning of period</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,969,416</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,737,847</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cash and cash
    equivalents at end of period</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7,016,922</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,400,842</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Supplemental disclosure of non-cash
    activities:</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 20pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Right
    of use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">941,284</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">See
accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A NAME="c_005"></A>RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Notes
to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">September
30, 2019</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Unaudited)</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>Note
1. Basis of Presentation</U></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 21.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.95pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally
accepted accounting principles (&ldquo;GAAP&rdquo;) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Rule 8-03 of
Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial
statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. All
such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 are
not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2019. The balance sheet at December 31, 2018 has been derived from the audited
consolidated financial statements at that date. For further information, refer
to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K relating to Research
Frontiers Incorporated (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>Note
2. Business</U></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
Frontiers Incorporated (&ldquo;Research Frontiers&rdquo; or the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;) operates in a single business segment which
is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control the flow of light. Such devices, often referred
to as &ldquo;light valves&rdquo; or suspended particle devices (SPDs), use colloidal particles that are either incorporated within
a liquid suspension or a film, which is usually enclosed between two sheets of glass or plastic having transparent, electrically
conductive coatings on the facing surfaces thereof. At least one of the two sheets is transparent. SPD technology, made possible
by a flexible light-control film invented by Research Frontiers, allows the user to instantly and precisely control the shading
of glass/plastic manually or automatically. SPD technology has numerous product applications, including SPD-Smart&trade; windows,
sunshades, skylights and interior partitions for homes and buildings; automotive windows, sunroofs, sun-visors, sunshades, rear-view
mirrors, instrument panels and navigation systems; aircraft windows; museum display panels, eyewear products; and flat panel displays
for electronic products. SPD-Smart light control film is now being developed for, or used in, architectural, automotive, marine,
aerospace and appliance applications.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has historically utilized its cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments, and the proceeds from the sale of its investments
to fund its research and development of SPD light valves, for marketing initiatives, and for other working capital purposes. The
Company&rsquo;s working capital and capital requirements depend upon numerous factors, including the results of research and development
activities, competitive and technological developments, the timing and cost of patent filings, and the development of new licensees
and changes in the Company&rsquo;s relationships with its existing licensees. The degree of dependence of the Company&rsquo;s
working capital requirements on each of the foregoing factors cannot be quantified; increased research and development activities
and related costs would increase such requirements; the addition of new licensees may provide additional working capital or working
capital requirements, and changes in relationships with existing licensees would have a favorable or negative impact depending
upon the nature of such changes. We have incurred recurring losses since inception and expect to continue to incur losses as a
result of costs and expenses related to our research and continued development of our SPD technology and our corporate general
and administrative expenses. Our capital resources and operations to date have been substantially funded through sales of our
common stock, exercise of options and warrants and royalty fees collected. As of September 30, 2019, we had working capital of
approximately $7.6 million, cash of approximately $7.0 million, shareholders&rsquo; equity of approximately $7.8 million
and an accumulated deficit of approximately $114.2 million. Our quarterly projected cash flow shortfall, based on our current
operations adjusted for any non-recurring cash expenses for the next 12 months, is approximately $450,000-$550,000 per
quarter. We may eliminate some operating expenses in the future, which will further reduce our cash flow shortfall if needed.
We expect to have sufficient working capital for at least the next 3 years to fund operations based upon current expense levels.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
the event that we are unable to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities or raise additional funds, we may delay,
reduce or curtail our operations. The Company may seek to obtain additional funding through future equity issuances. There can
be no assurance as to the availability or terms upon which such financing and capital might be available. Eventual success of
the Company and generation of positive cash flow will be dependent upon the commercialization of products using the Company&rsquo;s
technology by the Company&rsquo;s licensees and payments of continuing royalties on account thereof. To date, the Company has
not generated sufficient revenue from its licensees to fund its operations.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>Note
3. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncement</U></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Effective
January 1, 2019, the Company adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board&rsquo;s Standard, <I>Leases (Topic 842)</I>, as
amended. The standard requires all leases to be recorded on the balance sheet as a right of use asset and a lease liability. The
standard provides practical expedients in order to simplify adoption, including the following:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">An
    entity need not reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">An
    entity need not reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases. Instead, any leases previously classified
    as operating leases will continue to be classified as operating leases, while any leases previously classified as capital
    leases will be classified as finance leases.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">An
    entity need not reassess initial direct costs for any leases.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company used the above practical expedients as the transition method in the application of the new lease standard at January 1,
2019. The Company applied a policy election to exclude short-term leases from balance sheet recognition and elected certain practical
expedients at adoption. As permitted, the Company did not reassess whether existing contracts are or contain leases, the lease
classification for any existing leases or the initial direct costs for any existing leases which were not previously
accounted for as leases, are or contain a lease. At adoption on January 1, 2019, an operating lease liability of $1,134,000
and an operating lease right of use asset of $941,000 were recorded. The operating lease liability was $193,000 more than the
operating lease right of use asset due to unamortized lease incentive from periods prior to the adoption of the new lease standard.
There was no cumulative earnings effect adjustment.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>Note
4. Fair Value Measurements</U></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
fair value of a financial instrument is the amount at which the instrument could be exchanged in a current transaction between
willing parties. The carrying amounts of all financial instruments classified as a current asset or current liability are deemed
to approximate fair value because of the short maturity of those instruments.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accounting
Standards Codification (&ldquo;ASC&rdquo;) Topic 820 &ldquo;Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures&rdquo; (&ldquo;ASC Topic 820&rdquo;)
establishes a framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles and expands disclosures about fair
value measurements. ASC Topic 820 applies other previously issued accounting pronouncements that require or permit fair value
measurements but does not require any new fair value measurements.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ASC
Topic 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly
transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC Topic 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes
between (1) market participant assumptions developed based on market data obtained from independent sources (observable inputs)
and (2) an entity&rsquo;s own assumptions about market participant assumptions developed based on the best information available
in the circumstances (unobservable inputs).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
value financial instruments using a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value.
These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets that are either directly
or indirectly observable; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring
an entity to develop its own assumptions.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of September 30, 2019, and December 31, 2018, the fair value of the Company&rsquo;s financial assets and non-warrant liabilities
including cash and cash equivalents, royalties receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximated carrying value due
to the short-term maturity of these instruments. The carrying value of the previous warrant liabilities was adjusted to fair value
each reporting period using the Black-Scholes method to determine the fair value of the warrants. The issued warrants treated
as warrant liabilities had different exercise prices depending on the date of exercise. The lowest exercise price for these warrants
was used in the Black Scholes method to value the warrant liabilities since it was deemed a reasonable approximation of fair market
value. The Company&rsquo;s warrant liability was considered a Level 3 financial instrument and the corresponding liabilities were
reclassified to equity during the three months ended June 30, 2019, therefore there was no warrant liability as of September 30,
2019. The estimated fair value for warrant liabilities for the period ended December 31, 2018 using the Black-Scholes method was
$501,414.</FONT></P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>Note
5. Patent Costs</U></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company expenses costs relating to the development, acquisition or enforcement of patents due to the uncertainty of the recoverability
of these items.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>Note
6. Revenue Recognition</U></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Company
recognizes</FONT><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> revenue in accordance with ASC 606 <I>Revenue
from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606</I>). The standard provides a single comprehensive revenue recognition model for
all contracts with customers and supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance. The revenue standard contains principles that
an entity will apply to determine the measurement of revenue and timing of when it is recognized. The underlying principle is
that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects
to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
new ASC 606 guidance was adopted by the Company beginning January 1, 2018. ASC 606 was applied using the modified retrospective
method, with the cumulative effect of the initial adoption being recognized as an adjustment to opening retained earnings at January
1, 2018.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ASC
606 follows a five-step approach to determining revenue recognition including: 1) Identification of the contract; 2) Identification
of the performance obligations; 3) Determination of the transaction price; 4) Allocation of the transaction price and 5) Recognition
of revenue.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company determined that its license agreements provide for three performance obligations which include: (i) the Grant of Use to
its Patent Portfolio (&ldquo;Grant of Use&rdquo;), (ii) Stand-Ready Technical Support (&ldquo;Technical Support&rdquo;)
including the transfer of trade secrets and other know-how, production of materials, scale-up support, analytical testing, etc.,
and (iii) access to new Intellectual Property (&ldquo;IP&rdquo;) that may be developed sometime during the course of the contract
period (&ldquo;New Improvements&rdquo;). Given the nature of IP development, such New Improvements are on an unspecified basis
and can occur and be made available to licensees at any time during the contract period.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">When
a contract includes more than one performance obligation, the Company needs to allocate the total consideration to each performance
obligation based on its relative standalone selling price or estimate the standalone selling price if it is not observable. A
standalone selling price is not available for our performance obligations since we do not sell any of the services separately
and there is no competitor pricing that is available. As a consequence, the best method for determining standalone selling price
of our Grant of Use performance obligation is through a comparison of the average royalty rate for comparable license agreements
as compared to our license agreements. Comparable license agreements must consider several factors including: (i) the materials
that are being licensed, (ii) the market application for the licensed materials, and (iii) the financial terms in the license
agreements that can increase or decrease the risk/reward nature of the agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Based
on the royalty rate comparison referred to above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical
Support and New Improvements performance obligations. The Company focuses a significant portion of its time and resources to provide
the Technical Support and New Improvements services to its licensees which further supports the conclusions reached using the
royalty rate analysis.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are co-terminus over the term of the license agreement. For purposes
of determining the transaction price, and recognizing revenue, the Company combined the Technical Support and New Improvements
performance obligations because they have the same pattern of transfer and the same term. We maintain a staff of scientists and
other professionals whose primary job responsibilities throughout the year are: (i) being available to respond to Technical Support
needs of our licensees, and (ii) developing improvements to our technology which are offered to our licensees as New Improvements.
Since the costs incurred to satisfy the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout
the year, the value of the Technical Support and New Improvements services are recognized throughout the initial contract period
as these performance obligations are satisfied. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the initial contract period,
it will renew on the same terms as the initial contract for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalty
obligations relating to this renewal contract will be allocated similarly to the initial contract over the additional one-year
period.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled
at a point in time, revenue is recognized at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a
functional license, the value of the Grant of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license
agreement is in force. The value of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations is allocated throughout the contract
period based on the satisfaction of its performance obligations. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the contract
period, it will renew on the same terms as the original agreement for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual
royalties (&ldquo;MAR&rdquo;) relating to this renewal contract will be allocated similarly over that additional year.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company&rsquo;s license agreements have a variable royalty fee structure (meaning that royalties are a fixed percentage of sales
that vary from period to period) and frequently include a minimum annual royalty commitment. In instances when sales of licensed
products by its licensees exceed the MAR, the Company recognizes fee income as the amounts have been earned. Typically, the royalty
rate for such sales is 10-15% of the selling price. While this is variable consideration, it is subject to the sales/usage royalty
exception to recognition of variable consideration in ASC 606 10-55-65 and therefore is not recognized until the subsequent sales
or usage occurs or the MAR period commences.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Because
of the immediate recognition of the Grant of Use performance obligation: (i) the first period of the contract term will generally
have a higher percent allocation of the transaction price under ASC 606 than under the accounting guidance used prior to the adoption
of ASC 606, and (ii) the remaining periods in the year will have less of the transaction price recognized under ASC 606 than under
the accounting guidance used prior to the adoption of ASC 606. After the initial period in the contract term, the revenue for
the remaining periods will be based on the satisfaction of the technical support and New Improvements obligations. Since most
of our license agreements start as of January 1st, the revenue recognized for the contract under ASC 606 in our first quarter
will tend to be higher than the accounting guidance used prior to the adoption of ASC 606.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company does not have any contract assets under ASC 606 as of September 30, 2019.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certain
of the contract fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which they are earned resulting in deferred
revenue. Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized into income in future periods as earned.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company operates in a single business segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control
the flow of light. Our revenue source comes from the licensing of this technology and all of these license agreements have similar
terms and provisions. The majority of the Company&rsquo;s licensing fee income comes from the activities of several licensees
participating in the automotive market. The Company currently believes that the automotive market will be the largest source of
its royalty income over the next several years. The Company&rsquo;s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous
factors including various trends affecting demand in the automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in
OEM product lines. In addition to these macro factors, the Company&rsquo;s royalty income from the automotive market could also
be influenced by specific factors such as whether the Company&rsquo;s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment
or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number of additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each
window on a vehicle and the number of windows on a vehicle that use SPD SmartGlass, fluctuations in the total number of vehicles
produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage of cars within each model produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing
or exchange rates.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of September 30, 2019, the Company has seven license agreements that are in their initial multiyear term (&ldquo;Initial Term&rdquo;)
with continuing performance obligations going forward. The Initial Term of four of these agreements will end as of December 31,
2019, one will end as of December 31, 2020, one will end as of December 31, 2021, and one will end as of December 31, 2022. The
Company currently expects that all seven of these agreements will renew annually at the end of the Initial Term. As of September
30, 2019, the aggregate amount of the revenue to be recognized upon the satisfaction of the remaining performance obligations
for the seven license agreements is $282,632. The revenue for these remaining performance obligations for each of the seven license
agreements is expected to be recognized evenly throughout their remaining period of the Initial Term.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>Note
7. Fee Income</U></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Fee
income represents amounts earned by the Company under various license and other agreements relating to technology developed by
the Company. During the first nine months of 2019, three licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these
licensees accounted for approximately 43%, 15% and 10% of fee income recognized during such period. During the first nine
months of 2018, four licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately
33%, 14%, 11% and 10%, respectively, of fee income recognized during this period. During the three-month period
ended September 30, 2019, two licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees
accounted for approximately 53% and 15% of fee income recognized during such period. During the three-month period ended
September 30, 2018, three licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately
33%, 14% and 14%, respectively, of fee income recognized during such period.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>Note
8. Stock-Based Compensation</U></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has granted options/warrants to consultants. GAAP requires that all stock-based compensation be recognized as an expense
in the financial statements and that such costs be measured at the fair value of the award at the date of grant. These awards
generally vest ratably over 12 to 60 months from the date of grant and the Company charges to operations quarterly the current
market value of the options using the Black-Scholes method. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018
there were no charges related to options granted to consultants.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018, the Company granted 150,182 fully vested options to employees and recorded share-based
compensation of $69,309. All of the options granted to employees during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018 occurred
during the second quarter of 2018. The Company valued these grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following
assumptions:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 70%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 76%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fair value on grant date</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 20%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.462</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expected dividend yield</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expected volatility</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">51</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Risk free interest rate</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.77</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expected term of the option</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5
                                         years</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the nine-month period ended September 30, 2019, the Company granted 233,500 fully vested options to employees and directors and
recorded share-based compensation of $356,228. All of the options granted to employees during the nine-month period ended September
30, 2019 occurred during the second quarter of 2019. The Company valued these grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model
with the following assumptions:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 70%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 76%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Fair
    value on grant date</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 20%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.5256</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Expected
    dividend yield</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">0</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Expected
    volatility</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">61</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Risk
    free interest rate</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.84</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Expected
    term of the option</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5
    years</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">There
was no compensation expense recorded relating to restricted stock grants to employees and directors during the three and nine
months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of September 30, 2019, there were 1,166,500 shares available for future grant under our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, which was
approved by the Company&rsquo;s shareholders in June 2019.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>Note
9. Income Taxes</U></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Since
inception, the Company has incurred losses from operations and as a result has not recorded income tax expense. Benefits related
to net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax items have been fully reserved since it was more likely than not that
the Company would not achieve profitable operations and be able to utilize the benefit of the net operating loss carryforwards.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>Note
10. Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share</U></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Basic
loss per share excludes any dilution. It is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.
Dilutive loss per share reflects the potential dilution that would occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock
were exercised or converted into common stock. The Company&rsquo;s dilutive loss per share equals basic loss per share for the
periods ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, because all common stock equivalents (<I>i.e., </I>options
and warrants) were antidilutive in those periods. The number of options and warrants that were not included (because their effect
is antidilutive) was 3,324,213 and 2,975,985 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>Note
11. Equity</U></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company received $1,170,546 in proceeds from the exercise of outstanding options
and warrants and issued 1,060,718 shares of its common stock in connection with these exercises. In addition, during the
nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company issued 363,125 shares of its common stock in connection with the cashless
exercise of 603,569 of its outstanding options and warrants. During the three-month period ended September 30, 2019, the Company
received $64,647 in proceeds from the exercise of outstanding options and warrants and issued 56,848 shares of its common
stock in connection with these exercises. There were no proceeds from the exercise of outstanding warrants and/or options during
the three or nine month period ended September 30, 2018.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
or around February 16, 2018, a small group of long-time shareholders of the Company who are accredited investors made an interest-free
five-year convertible loan of $1.25 million to the Company which, upon the occurrence of certain conditions which have already
occurred, automatically converted into 1,388,893 shares of common stock at a price equal to the market price of the Company&rsquo;s
common stock when the loan was made, plus warrants expiring February 28, 2023 to purchase 1,388,893 shares of common stock at
an exercise price of $1.10, $1.20 or $1.35 per share depending on the exercise date. No payments are due on this note during its
five-year term or after conversion into equity. On April 23, 2018, Research Frontiers Incorporated filed a prospectus supplement
relating to the issuance and sale of the above common stock and warrant securities with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
The Company recorded this transaction as an equity transaction whereby the proceeds were accounted for as the issuance of the
Company&rsquo;s common stock on the date that the proceeds were received.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
September 7, 2018, the Company announced that it had sold common stock to a group of investors led by Gauzy Ltd., a licensee of
the Company&rsquo;s SPD technology (Gauzy). The aggregate proceeds from these stock offerings was $2.0 million. At the closing,
the investors received 2,173,916 shares of Research Frontiers common stock at a price of $0.92 per share, as well as five-year
warrants to purchase 1,086,957 shares of Research Frontiers common stock at an exercise price of $1.10, $1.20 or $1.38 per share
depending on the exercise date. In connection with the issuance of certain of these warrants during the third quarter of 2018,
the Company recorded $223,370 as a warrant liability upon the issuance of these warrants on August 13, 2018 and recorded a non-cash
expense of $278,044 to mark the warrants to their estimated market value as of December 31, 2018. This resulted in a liability
of $501,414 recorded on the Company&rsquo;s December 31, 2018 balance sheet.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
or around May 30, 2019, the Company sold to accredited investors a total of 1,276,599 shares of common stock and warrants expiring
May 31, 2024 to purchase 638,295 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $3.384, $3.666 or $4.23 per share depending on
the exercise date. Research Frontiers Incorporated also sold to Gauzy, at a price of $1.38 per unit, with each unit comprised
of one share of unregistered common stock and one half of one warrant. The warrant can be converted into one share of unregistered
common stock at an exercise price of $1.656, $1.794 or $2.07 per share depending on the exercise date. Gauzy received a total
of 724,638 shares of unregistered common stock and warrants expiring May 31, 2024 to purchase 362,319 shares of common stock.
The aggregate proceeds from these stock offerings was $4.6 million.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Investors
that participated in the May 30, 2019 offering agreed to amending/clarifying language to the terms of the warrants that they received
in the September 7, 2018 offering. Those investors that received warrants in the September 7, 2018 offering that did not participate
in the May 30, 2019 offering, separately agreed as of June 27, 2019 to the same amending/clarifying language used in the May 30,
2019 offering. The amending/clarifying language relating to the September 7, 2018 warrants does not allow for a net cash settlement
option for the warrants even if no registered shares of common stock are available upon the exercise of the warrant. The Company
recorded a non-cash expense of $0 and $652,025 respectively for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2019
to mark these warrants to their estimated market value as of their respective amendment/clarification date. The warrant liability
was valued at $1,153,439 (including all valuation adjustments since their issuance) through the date of these new agreements and
amendments and, based on the amended warrant terms, the warrant liability was reclassified to equity as of these dates.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of September 30, 2019, there were 2,029,462 warrants outstanding.</FONT><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>Note
12. Leases</U></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at its inception. This determination generally depends on whether the arrangement
conveys the right to control the use of an identified fixed asset explicitly or implicitly for a period of time in exchange for
consideration. Control of an underlying asset is conveyed if the Company obtains the rights to direct the use of, and to obtain
substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of, the underlying asset. Lease expense for variable leases and short-term
leases is recognized when the obligation is incurred.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has operating leases for certain facilities, vehicles and equipment with a weighted average remaining lease term of 5.4
years as of September 30, 2019. Operating leases are included in right of use lease assets, other current liabilities and long-term
lease liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. Right of use lease assets and liabilities are recognized
at each lease&rsquo;s commencement date based on the present value of its lease payments over its respective lease term. The Company
does not have an established incremental borrowing rate as it does not have any debt. The Company uses the stated borrowing rate
for a lease when readily determinable. When the interest rates implicit in its lease agreements is not readily determinable, the
Company used an interest rate based on the marketplace for public debt. The weighted-average discount rate associated with operating
leases as of September 30, 2019 is 5.5%.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Operating
lease expense for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was approximately $53,000 and approximately $164,000
for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The Company has no material variable lease costs or sublease income for the nine
months ended September 30, 2019. Subsequent to the Company&rsquo;s adoption of the new lease accounting guidance on January 1,
2019, the Company recorded new right of use lease assets of approximately $900,000 and associated lease liabilities of
approximately $1.1 million.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Maturities
of operating lease liabilities as of September 30, 2019 were as follows:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 80%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">September
    30, 2019</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 74%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For the remainder of 2019</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 22%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">52,989</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For the year ended December 31, 2020</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">213,146</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For the year ended December 31, 2021</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">207,229</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For the year ended December 31, 2022</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">213,320</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For the year ended December 31, 2023</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">217,151</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For the year
    ended December 31, 2024 and beyond</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">277,743</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total lease payments</FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,181,578</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Less: imputed
    lease interest</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(166,630</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Present value of lease liabilities</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,014,948</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><A NAME="c_006"></A>Management&rsquo;s
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><U>Critical
Accounting Policies</U></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following accounting policies are important to understanding our financial condition and results of operations and should be read
as an integral part of the discussion and analysis of the results of our operations and financial position. For additional accounting
policies, see Note 2 to our December 31, 2018 consolidated financial statements, &ldquo;Summary of Significant Accounting
Policies.&rdquo;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company adopted ASC 606, the new revenue recognition standard, beginning January 1, 2018. The Company determined that its license
agreements provide for three performance obligations: (i) Grant of Use, (ii) Technical Support, and (iii) New Improvements.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
best method for determining standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance obligation is through a comparison of the
average royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements. Based on the royalty rate comparison
referred to above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical Support and New Improvements
performance obligations.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled
at a point in time, revenue is recognized at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a
functional license, the value of the Grant of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license
agreement is in force. Since the costs incurred to satisfy the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations
are incurred evenly throughout the year, the value of the Technical Support and New Improvements services are recognized throughout
the contract period as these performance obligations are satisfied.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company operates in a single business segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control
the flow of light. Our revenue source comes from the licensing of this technology and all of these license agreements have similar
terms and provisions.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has entered into license agreements covering products using the Company&rsquo;s SPD technology. When royalties from the
sales of licensed products by a licensee exceed its contractual minimum annual royalties, the excess amount is recognized by the
Company as fee income in the period that it was earned. Certain of the fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance
of the period in which they are earned resulting in deferred revenue.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Royalty
receivables are stated less allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance represents estimated uncollectible receivables usually
due to licensees&rsquo; potential insolvency. The allowance includes amounts for certain licensees where risk of default has been
specifically identified. The Company evaluates the collectability of its receivables on at least a quarterly basis and records
appropriate allowances for uncollectible accounts when necessary.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company expenses costs relating to the development or acquisition of patents due to the uncertainty of the recoverability of these
items. All of our research and development costs are charged to operations as incurred. Our research and development expenses
consist of costs incurred for internal and external research and development. These costs include direct and indirect overhead
expenses.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has historically used the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the estimated fair value of each option grant.
The Black-Scholes model includes assumptions regarding dividend yields, expected volatility, expected lives, and risk-free interest
rates. These assumptions reflect our best estimates, but these items involve uncertainties based on market conditions generally
outside of our control. As a result, if other assumptions had been used in the current period, stock-based compensation expense
could have been materially impacted. Furthermore, if management uses different assumptions in future periods, stock-based compensation
expense could be materially impacted in future years.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
occasion, the Company may issue to consultants either options or warrants to purchase shares of common stock of the Company at
specified share prices. These options or warrants may vest based upon specific services being performed or performance criteria
being met. In accounting for equity instruments that are issued to other than employees for acquiring, or in conjunction with
selling, goods or services, the Company is required to record consulting expenses based upon the fair value of such options or
warrants on the earlier of the service period or the period that such options or warrants vest as determined using a Black-Scholes
option pricing model and are marked to market quarterly using the Black-Scholes option valuation model.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Effective
January 1, 2019, the Company adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board&rsquo;s Standard, <I>Leases (Topic 842)</I>, as
amended. The standard requires all leases to be recorded on the balance sheet as a right of use asset and a lease liability. The
Company used a transition method that applies the new lease standard at January 1, 2019. The Company applied a policy election
to exclude short-term leases from balance sheet recognition and also elected certain practical expedients at adoption. As permitted,
the Company did not reassess whether existing contracts are or contain leases, the lease classification for any existing leases,
initial direct costs for any existing lease, which were not previously accounted for as leases, are or contain a lease. At adoption
on January 1, 2019, an operating lease liability of $1,133,821 and an operating lease right of use asset of $941,000 was recorded.
The operating lease liability was $192,537 more than the operating lease right of use asset due to unamortized lease incentive
from periods prior to the adoption of the new lease standard. There was no cumulative earnings effect adjustment.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America
requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of
contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting
periods. Actual results could differ from these estimates. An example of a critical estimate is the full valuation allowance for
deferred taxes that was recorded based on the uncertainty that such tax benefits will be realized in future periods.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><U>Results
of Operations</U></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Overview</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
majority of the Company&rsquo;s fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating in the automotive market.
The Company currently believes that the automotive market will be the largest source of its royalty income over the next several
years. The Company&rsquo;s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors including various trends affecting
demand in the automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product lines. In addition to these macro
factors, the Company&rsquo;s royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by specific factors such as whether
the Company&rsquo;s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number
of additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and the number of windows on
a vehicle that use SPD-SmartGlass, fluctuations in the total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage
of cars within model like produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing or exchange rates. Certain license fees, which
are paid to the Company in advance of the accounting period in which they are earned resulting in the recognition of deferred
revenue for the current accounting period, which will be recognized as fee income in future periods. Also, licensees offset some
or all of their royalty payments on sales of licensed products for a given period by applying these advance payments towards such
earned royalty payments.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
2019 and 2018, the Company received royalty revenues from sales of the Magic Sky Control option on the S-Class Coupe, Maybach
and S-Class Sedan, and SL and SLK/SLC. In addition to Daimler, one of the Company&rsquo;s licensees started commercial production
of SPD products for McLaren Automotive in the first quarter of 2019. Production efficiencies are expected to continue and accelerate
with the introduction of the higher vehicle production volumes for various car models going forward, and the Company expects that
lower pricing per square foot of the Company&rsquo;s technology could expand the market opportunities, adoption rates, and revenues
for its technology in automotive and non-automotive applications. The Company expects to generate additional royalty income from
the near-term introduction of additional new car and aircraft models from other OEMs (original equipment manufacturers),
continued growth of sales of products using the Company&rsquo;s technology for the marine industry in yachts and other watercraft,
in trains, in museums, and in larger architectural projects.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Because
the Company&rsquo;s license agreements typically provide for the payment of royalties by a licensee on product sales within 45
days after the end of the quarter in which a sale of a licensed product occurs (with some of the Company&rsquo;s more recent license
agreements providing for payments on a monthly basis), and because of the time period which typically will elapse between a customer
order and the sale of the licensed product and installation in a home, office building, automobile, aircraft, boat or any other
product, there could be a delay between when economic activity between a licensee and its customer occurs and when the Company
gets paid its royalty resulting from such activity.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Three
months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company&rsquo;s fee income from licensing activities for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was $462,869 as compared to
$359,725 for the three months ended September 30, 2018, representing a $103,144 increase between these two periods. Higher
fees in the automotive and aircraft markets were partially offset by lower fee income from licensees in the architect and
display markets.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Operating
expenses increased by $93,388 for the three months ended September 30, 2019 to $666,356 from $572,968 for the three
months ended September 30, 2018. This increase was the result of higher marketing and investor relations cost ($29,000) and
higher patent costs ($46,000).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
and development expenditures increased by $16,721 to $207,368 for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from $190,647 for
the three months ended September 30, 2018. This increase was the result of higher payroll and related costs ($13,000) plus higher
allocated facility costs ($4,000).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
connection with the issuance of certain warrants during the third quarter of 2018, the Company recorded a non-cash expense of
$286,631 to mark these warrant liabilities to their market value as of September 30, 2018. The warrant liability reclassified
to equity as of the end of the second quarter of 2019, thus no adjustment in the market value of the warrant liabilities was needed
for the three-month period ended September 30, 2019.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company&rsquo;s net investment income for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was $13,143 as compared to $2,220 for the
three months ended September 30, 2018. The difference was primarily due to higher cash balances available for investment.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
a consequence of the factors discussed above, the Company&rsquo;s net loss was $397,712 ($0.01 per common share)
for the three months ended September 30, 2019 as compared to $688,301 ($0.03 per common share) for the three months ended September
30, 2018.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Nine
months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018</I></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company&rsquo;s fee income from licensing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $1,182,560 as compared to
$1,117,849 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, representing a $64,711 increase between these two periods. Higher
fees in the automotive and aircraft markets were partially offset by lower fee income from licensees in the architect and
display markets.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Operating
expenses increased by $128,118 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 to $2,356,875 from $2,228,757 for the
nine months ended September 30, 2018. This increase was the result of higher non-cash charges related to the grant of fully-vested
stock options to employees and directors ($230,000), higher investor relations and marketing costs ($49,000) and higher
accounting fees ($42,000) partially offset by lower cash payroll and related costs ($154,000) and lower expenses relating
to the Company&rsquo;s discontinued VariGuard business unit ($75,000).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
and development expenditures increased by $91,226 to $751,312 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from $660,086 for the
nine months ended September 30, 2018. This increase was the result of higher cash payroll and related costs ($33,000), higher
non-cash charges related to the grant of fully vested options to employees ($56,000), as well as higher allocated facility costs
($10,000).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
connection with the issuance of certain warrants during the third quarter of 2018, the Company recorded a non-cash expense of
$652,025 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 to mark these warrants to their market value through the date that
they were reclassified to equity in 2019. The Company recorded a non-cash expense of $286,631 for the nine months ended
September 30, 2018 to mark these warrants to their market value.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company&rsquo;s net investment income for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $25,565 as compared to $5,665 for the nine
months ended September 30, 2018. The difference was primarily due to higher cash balances available for investment.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
a consequence of the factors discussed above, the Company&rsquo;s net loss was $2,552,087 ($0.09 per common share) for
the nine months ended September 30, 2019 as compared to $2,051,960 ($0.08 per common share) for the nine months ended September
30, 2018.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><U>Financial
Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources</U></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has primarily utilized its cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments, and the proceeds from its investments to fund
its research and development, for marketing initiatives, and for other working capital purposes. The Company&rsquo;s working capital
and capital requirements depend upon numerous factors, including, but not limited to, the results of research and development
activities, competitive and technological developments, the timing and costs of patent filings, and the development of new licensees
and changes in the Company&rsquo;s relationship with existing licensees. The degree of dependence of the Company&rsquo;s working
capital requirements on each of the foregoing factors cannot be quantified; increased research and development activities and
related costs would increase such requirements; the addition of new licensees may provide additional working capital or working
capital requirements, and changes in relationships with existing licensees would have a favorable or negative impact depending
upon the nature of such changes.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company&rsquo;s cash and cash equivalents balance increased by $4,047,506 principally
as a result of cash proceeds of $5,770,545 from the issuance of common stock and the exercise of warrants, partially offset
by cash used for operations of $1,657,958 and cash used for the purchase of property and equipment of $65,081. As of September
30, 2019, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $7,016,922, working capital of $7,591,547 and total shareholders&rsquo;
equity of $7,827,615.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
quarterly projected cash flow shortfall, based on our current operations adjusted for any non-recurring cash expenses for the
next 12 months, is approximately $450,000-$550,000 per quarter. We expect to have sufficient working capital for at least
the next 3 years of operations. We may seek to eliminate some operating expenses in the future to reduce our
cash flow shortfall.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company expects to use its cash to fund its research and development of SPD light valves, its expanded marketing initiatives,
and for other working capital purposes. The Company believes that its current cash and cash equivalents would fund its operations
until at least the third quarter of 2022. There can be no assurances that expenditures will not exceed the anticipated amounts
or that additional financing, if required, will be available when needed or, if available, that its terms will be favorable or
acceptable to the Company. Eventual success of the Company and generation of positive cash flow will be dependent upon the extent
of commercialization of products using the Company&rsquo;s technology by the Company&rsquo;s licensees and payments of continuing
royalties on account thereof. To date the Company has not generated sufficient revenue from its licensees to fully fund its operations.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U><A NAME="c_007"></A>Item
3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk</U></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
information required by Item 3 has been disclosed in Item 7A of the Company&rsquo;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 2018. There has been no material change in the disclosure regarding market risk.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U><A NAME="c_008"></A>Item
4. Controls and Procedures</U></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Evaluation
of Disclosure Controls and Procedures</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, are designed to ensure that
information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized
and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We designed our disclosure controls and procedures
to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated
and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions
regarding required disclosure. Our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, with assistance from other members of
our management, have reviewed the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2019, and, based
on their evaluation, have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Changes
in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">There
were no</FONT><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> changes in our internal control over financial reporting
(as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the three months ended September 30, 2019 that have materially
affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><U>Forward-Looking
Statements</U></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
information set forth in this Report and in all publicly disseminated information about the Company, including the narrative contained
in &ldquo;Management&rsquo;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations&rdquo; above, includes &ldquo;forward-looking
statements&rdquo; within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is subject to the
safe harbor created by that section. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements as
they speak only as of the date hereof and are not guaranteed.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U><A NAME="c_009"></A>PART
II. OTHER INFORMATION</U></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U><A NAME="c_010"></A>Item
6. Exhibits</U></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="ex31-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Rule
    13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Joseph M. Harary - Filed herewith.</FONT></A></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="ex31-2.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Rule
    13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Seth L. Van Voorhees - Filed herewith.</FONT></A></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">32.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="ex32-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Section
    1350 Certification of Joseph M. Harary - Filed herewith.</FONT></A></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">32.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="ex32-2.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Section
    1350 Certification of Seth L. Van Voorhees - Filed herewith.</FONT></A></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><A NAME="c_011"></A>SIGNATURES</B></FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf
by the undersigned thereunder duly authorized.</FONT></P>

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    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RESEARCH
    FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Registrant)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Joseph M. Harary </I></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Joseph
    M. Harary, President, CEO and Treasurer</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Principal
    Executive)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Seth L. Van Voorhees</I></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Seth
    L. Van Voorhees, Vice President, CFO and Treasurer</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Principal
    Financial and Accounting Officer)</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Date:
November 7, 2019</FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>EXHIBIT
31.1 CERTIFICATION</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">I,
<B>Joseph M. Harary,</B> certify that:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.
I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Research Frontiers Incorporated (the &ldquo;registrant&rdquo;);</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary
to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect
to the period covered by this report;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.
Based on my knowledge, the consolidated financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly
present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for,
the periods presented in this report;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.
The registrant&rsquo;s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls
and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined
in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Designed
    such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision,
    to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to
    us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Designed
    such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under
    our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial
    statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Evaluated
    the effectiveness of the registrant&rsquo;s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions
    about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based
    on such evaluation; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">d)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Disclosed
    in this report any change in the registrant&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant&rsquo;s
    most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant&rsquo;s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially
    affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting;
    and</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.
The registrant&rsquo;s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal
control over financial reporting, to the registrant&rsquo;s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant&rsquo;s board of
directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">All
    significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which
    are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant&rsquo;s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial
    information; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
    fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant&rsquo;s
    internal control over financial reporting.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dated:
    November 7, 2019</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Joseph M. Harary</I></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Joseph
    M. Harary </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">President,
    Chief Executive Officer</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>EXHIBIT
31.2 CERTIFICATION</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">I,
<B>Seth L. Van Voorhees,</B> certify that:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.
I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Research Frontiers Incorporated (the &ldquo;registrant&rdquo;);</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary
to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect
to the period covered by this report;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.
Based on my knowledge, the consolidated financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly
present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for,
the periods presented in this report;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.
The registrant&rsquo;s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls
and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined
in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Designed
    such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision,
    to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to
    us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Designed
    such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under
    our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial
    statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Evaluated
    the effectiveness of the registrant&rsquo;s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions
    about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based
    on such evaluation; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">d)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Disclosed
    in this report any change in the registrant&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant&rsquo;s
    most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant&rsquo;s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially
    affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting;
    and</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.
The registrant&rsquo;s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal
control over financial reporting, to the registrant&rsquo;s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant&rsquo;s board of
directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">All
    significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which
    are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant&rsquo;s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial
    information; and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
    fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant&rsquo;s
    internal control over financial reporting.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dated:
    November 7, 2019</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Seth L. Van Voorhees </I></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Seth
    L. Van Voorhees</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vice
    President, Chief Financial Officer, </FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Treasurer
    and Principal Accounting Officer</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<TYPE>EX-32.1
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>ex32-1.htm
<TEXT>
<HTML>
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<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>EXHIBIT
32.1</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">CERTIFICATION
PURSUANT TO</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18
U.S.C. SECTION 1350,</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AS
ADOPTED PURSUANT TO</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SECTION
906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
connection with the Quarterly Report of Research Frontiers Incorporated (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;) on Form 10-Q for the quarter
ended September 30, 2019 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the &ldquo;Report&rdquo;), I,
Joseph M. Harary, President and Chief Executive Officer and Principal Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18
U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934;
    and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations
    of the Company.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Joseph M. Harary </I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Joseph
    M. Harary</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">President,
    Chief Executive Officer and Principal Executive Officer</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">November
    7, 2019</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<TYPE>EX-32.2
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>ex32-2.htm
<TEXT>
<HTML>
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<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>EXHIBIT
32.2</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">CERTIFICATION
PURSUANT TO</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18
U.S.C. SECTION 1350,</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AS
ADOPTED PURSUANT TO</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SECTION
906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
connection with the Quarterly Report of Research Frontiers Incorporated (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;) on Form 10-Q for the quarter
ended September 30, 2019 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the &ldquo;Report&rdquo;), I,
Seth L. Van Voorhees, Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Principal Accounting Officer of the Company, certify,
pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934;
    and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations
    of the Company.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Seth L. Van Voorhees</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Seth
    L. Van Voorhees</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vice
    President, Chief Financial Officer, </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Treasurer
    and Principal Accounting Officer</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">November
    7, 2019</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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    <us-gaap:DisclosureOfCompensationRelatedCostsShareBasedPaymentsTextBlock contextRef="From2019-01-01to2019-09-30">&lt;p style="margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Note&amp;#160;8.&amp;#160;Stock-Based Compensation&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;The Company has granted options/warrants to&#13;consultants. GAAP requires that all stock-based compensation be recognized as an expense in the financial statements and that such&#13;costs be measured at the fair value of the award at the date of grant. These awards generally vest ratably over 12 to 60 months&#13;from the date of grant and the Company charges to operations quarterly the current market value of the options using the Black-Scholes&#13;method. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 there were no charges related to options granted to&#13;consultants.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;During the nine-month period ended September&#13;30, 2018, the Company granted 150,182 fully vested options to employees and recorded share-based compensation of $69,309. All of&#13;the options granted to employees during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018 occurred during the second quarter of 2018.&#13;The Company valued these grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions:&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 77%"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Fair value on grant date&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 1%"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 19%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;0.462&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 1%"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Expected dividend yield&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Expected volatility&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;51&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Risk free interest rate&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2.77&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Expected term of the option&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;5 years&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;/table&gt;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;During the nine-month period ended September&#13;30, 2019, the Company granted 233,500 fully vested options to employees and directors and recorded share-based compensation of&#13;$356,228. All of the options granted to employees during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2019 occurred during the second&#13;quarter of 2019. The Company valued these grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions:&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 77%"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Fair value on grant date&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 1%"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 19%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1.5256&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 1%"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Expected dividend yield&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Expected volatility&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;61&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Risk free interest rate&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1.84&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Expected term of the option&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;5 years&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;/table&gt;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;There was no compensation expense recorded&#13;relating to restricted stock grants to employees and directors during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;As of September 30, 2019, there were 1,166,500&#13;shares available for future grant under our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, which was approved by the Company&amp;#8217;s shareholders&#13;in June 2019.&lt;/p&gt;</us-gaap:DisclosureOfCompensationRelatedCostsShareBasedPaymentsTextBlock>
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background-color: #CCEEFF"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 76%"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;For the remainder of 2019&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 1%"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 1%"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 21%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;52,990&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 1%"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;For the year ended December 31, 2020&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;213,146&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13; 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Such devices, often referred to as &amp;#8220;light valves&amp;#8221; or suspended&#13;particle devices (SPDs), use colloidal particles that are either incorporated within a liquid suspension or a film, which is usually&#13;enclosed between two sheets of glass or plastic having transparent, electrically conductive coatings on the facing surfaces thereof.&#13;At least one of the two sheets is transparent. SPD technology, made possible by a flexible light-control film invented by Research&#13;Frontiers, allows the user to instantly and precisely control the shading of glass/plastic manually or automatically. SPD technology&#13;has numerous product applications, including SPD-Smart&amp;#8482; windows, sunshades, skylights and interior partitions for homes and&#13;buildings; automotive windows, sunroofs, sun-visors, sunshades, rear-view mirrors, instrument panels and navigation systems; aircraft&#13;windows; museum display panels, eyewear products; and flat panel displays for electronic products. SPD-Smart light control film&#13;is now being developed for, or used in, architectural, automotive, marine, aerospace and appliance applications.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;The Company has historically utilized its cash,&#13;cash equivalents, short-term investments, and the proceeds from the sale of its investments to fund its research and development&#13;of SPD light valves, for marketing initiatives, and for other working capital purposes. The Company&amp;#8217;s working capital and&#13;capital requirements depend upon numerous factors, including the results of research and development activities, competitive and&#13;technological developments, the timing and cost of patent filings, and the development of new licensees and changes in the Company&amp;#8217;s&#13;relationships with its existing licensees. The degree of dependence of the Company&amp;#8217;s working capital requirements on each&#13;of the foregoing factors cannot be quantified; increased research and development activities and related costs would increase such&#13;requirements; the addition of new licensees may provide additional working capital or working capital requirements, and changes&#13;in relationships with existing licensees would have a favorable or negative impact depending upon the nature of such changes. We&#13;have incurred recurring losses since inception and expect to continue to incur losses as a result of costs and expenses related&#13;to our research and continued development of our SPD technology and our corporate general and administrative expenses. Our capital&#13;resources and operations to date have been substantially funded through sales of our common stock, exercise of options and warrants&#13;and royalty fees collected. As of September 30, 2019, we had working capital of approximately $7.6 million, cash of approximately&#13;$7.0 million, shareholders&amp;#8217; equity of approximately $7.8 million and an accumulated deficit of approximately $114.2 million.&#13;Our quarterly projected cash flow shortfall, based on our current operations adjusted for any non-recurring cash expenses for the&#13;next 12 months, is approximately $450,000-$550,000 per quarter. We may eliminate some operating expenses in the future, which will&#13;further reduce our cash flow shortfall if needed. We expect to have sufficient working capital for at least the next 3 years to&#13;fund operations based upon current expense levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;In the event that we are unable to generate&#13;sufficient cash from our operating activities or raise additional funds, we may delay, reduce or curtail our operations. The Company&#13;may seek to obtain additional funding through future equity issuances. There can be no assurance as to the availability or terms&#13;upon which such financing and capital might be available. Eventual success of the Company and generation of positive cash flow&#13;will be dependent upon the commercialization of products using the Company&amp;#8217;s technology by the Company&amp;#8217;s licensees&#13;and payments of continuing royalties on account thereof. To date, the Company has not generated sufficient revenue from its licensees&#13;to fund its operations.&lt;/p&gt;</us-gaap:NatureOfOperations>
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The revenue standard&#13;contains principles that an entity will apply to determine the measurement of revenue and timing of when it is recognized. The&#13;underlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount&#13;that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;This new ASC 606 guidance was adopted by the&#13;Company beginning January 1, 2018. ASC 606 was applied using the modified retrospective method, with the cumulative effect of the&#13;initial adoption being recognized as an adjustment to opening retained earnings at January 1, 2018.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;ASC 606 follows a five-step approach to determining&#13;revenue recognition including: 1) Identification of the contract; 2) Identification of the performance obligations; 3) Determination&#13;of the transaction price; 4) Allocation of the transaction price and 5) Recognition of revenue.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;The Company determined that its license agreements&#13;provide for three performance obligations which include: (i) the Grant of Use to its Patent Portfolio&amp;#160;(&amp;#8220;Grant of Use&amp;#8221;),&amp;#160;(ii)&#13;Stand-Ready Technical Support (&amp;#8220;Technical Support&amp;#8221;) including the transfer of trade secrets and other know-how, production&#13;of materials, scale-up support, analytical testing, etc., and (iii) access to new Intellectual Property (&amp;#8220;IP&amp;#8221;) that&#13;may be developed sometime during the course of the contract period (&amp;#8220;New Improvements&amp;#8221;). Given the nature of IP development,&#13;such New Improvements are on an unspecified basis and can occur and be made available to licensees at any time during the contract&#13;period.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;When a contract includes more than one performance&#13;obligation, the Company needs to allocate the total consideration to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone&#13;selling price or estimate the standalone selling price if it is not observable. A standalone selling price is not available for&#13;our performance obligations since we do not sell any of the services separately and there is no competitor pricing that is available.&#13;As a consequence, the best method for determining standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance obligation is through&#13;a comparison of the average royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements. Comparable license&#13;agreements must consider several factors including: (i) the materials that are being licensed, (ii) the market application for&#13;the licensed materials, and (iii) the financial terms in the license agreements that can increase or decrease the risk/reward nature&#13;of the agreement.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;Based on the royalty rate comparison referred&#13;to above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical Support and New Improvements performance&#13;obligations. The Company focuses a significant portion of its time and resources to provide the Technical Support and New Improvements&#13;services to its licensees which further supports the conclusions reached using the royalty rate analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;The Technical Support and New Improvements&#13;performance obligations are co-terminus over the term of the license agreement. For purposes of determining the transaction price,&#13;and recognizing revenue, the Company combined the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations because they have&#13;the same pattern of transfer and the same term. We maintain a staff of scientists and other professionals whose primary job responsibilities&#13;throughout the year are: (i) being available to respond to Technical Support needs of our licensees, and (ii) developing improvements&#13;to our technology which are offered to our licensees as New Improvements. Since the costs incurred to satisfy the Technical Support&#13;and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout the year, the value of the Technical Support and New&#13;Improvements services are recognized throughout the initial contract period as these performance obligations are satisfied. If&#13;the agreement is not terminated at the end of the initial contract period, it will renew on the same terms as the initial contract&#13;for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalty obligations relating to this renewal contract will be allocated&#13;similarly to the initial contract over the additional one-year period.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;We recognize revenue when or as the performance&#13;obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled at a point in time, revenue is recognized&#13;at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a functional license, the value of the Grant&#13;of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license agreement is in force. The value of the Technical&#13;Support and New Improvements obligations is allocated throughout the contract period based on the satisfaction of its performance&#13;obligations. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the contract period, it will renew on the same terms as the original&#13;agreement for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalties (&amp;#8220;MAR&amp;#8221;) relating to this renewal&#13;contract will be allocated similarly over that additional year.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;The Company&amp;#8217;s license agreements have&#13;a variable royalty fee structure (meaning that royalties are a fixed percentage of sales that vary from period to period) and frequently&#13;include a minimum annual royalty commitment. In instances when sales of licensed products by its licensees exceed the MAR, the&#13;Company recognizes fee income as the amounts have been earned. Typically, the royalty rate for such sales is 10-15% of the selling&#13;price. While this is variable consideration, it is subject to the sales/usage royalty exception to recognition of variable consideration&#13;in ASC 606 10-55-65 and therefore is not recognized until the subsequent sales or usage occurs or the MAR period commences.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;Because of the immediate recognition of the&#13;Grant of Use performance obligation: (i) the first period of the contract term will generally have a higher percent allocation&#13;of the transaction price under ASC 606 than under the accounting guidance used prior to the adoption of ASC 606, and (ii) the remaining&#13;periods in the year will have less of the transaction price recognized under ASC 606 than under the accounting guidance used prior&#13;to the adoption of ASC 606. After the initial period in the contract term, the revenue for the remaining periods will be based&#13;on the satisfaction of the technical support and New Improvements obligations. Since most of our license agreements start as of&#13;January 1st, the revenue recognized for the contract under ASC 606 in our first quarter will tend to be higher than the accounting&#13;guidance used prior to the adoption of ASC 606.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;The Company does not have any contract assets&#13;under ASC 606 as of September 30, 2019.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;Certain of the contract fees are accrued by,&#13;or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which they are earned resulting in deferred revenue. Such excess amounts are&#13;recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized into income in future periods as earned.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;The Company operates in a single business segment&#13;which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control the flow of light. Our revenue source comes&#13;from the licensing of this technology and all of these license agreements have similar terms and provisions. The majority of the&#13;Company&amp;#8217;s licensing fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating in the automotive market. The&#13;Company currently believes that the automotive market will be the largest source of its royalty income over the next several years.&#13;The Company&amp;#8217;s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors including various trends affecting demand&#13;in the automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product lines. In addition to these macro factors,&#13;the Company&amp;#8217;s royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by specific factors such as whether the&#13;Company&amp;#8217;s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number of&#13;additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and the number of windows on a vehicle&#13;that use SPD SmartGlass, fluctuations in the total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage of cars&#13;within each model produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing or exchange rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;As of September 30, 2019, the Company has&#13;seven license agreements that are in their initial multiyear term (&amp;#8220;Initial Term&amp;#8221;) with continuing performance obligations&#13;going forward. The Initial Term of four of these agreements will end as of December 31, 2019, one will end as of December 31,&#13;2020, one will end as of December 31, 2021, and one will end as of December 31, 2022. The Company currently expects that all seven&#13;of these agreements will renew annually at the end of the Initial Term. As of September 30, 2019, the aggregate amount of the&#13;revenue to be recognized upon the satisfaction of the remaining performance obligations for the seven license agreements is $282,632.&#13;The revenue for these remaining performance obligations for each of the seven license agreements is expected to be&amp;#160;recognized&amp;#160;evenly&#13;throughout their remaining period of the Initial Term.&lt;/p&gt;</us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock>
    <REFR:FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2019-01-01to2019-09-30">&lt;p style="margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Note&amp;#160;7.&amp;#160;Fee Income&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;Fee income represents amounts earned by the&#13;Company under various license and other agreements relating to technology developed by the Company. During the first nine months&#13;of 2019, three licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company;&amp;#160;these licensees&amp;#160;accounted for approximately&#13;43%, 15% and 10% of fee income recognized during such period. During the first nine months of 2018, four licensees accounted for&#13;10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately 33%, 14%,&amp;#160;11%&amp;#160;and&amp;#160;10%, respectively,&#13;of fee income recognized during this period. During the three-month period&amp;#160;ended&amp;#160;September 30, 2019, two licensees accounted&#13;for 10% or more of fee income of the Company;&amp;#160;these licensees&amp;#160;accounted for approximately 53% and 15% of fee income&#13;recognized during such period. During the three-month period&amp;#160;ended&amp;#160;September 30, 2018, three licensees accounted for&#13;10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately 33%, 14% and 14%, respectively, of fee income&#13;recognized during such period.&lt;/p&gt;</REFR:FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2019-01-01to2019-09-30">&lt;p style="margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Note&amp;#160;9.&amp;#160;Income Taxes&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;Since inception, the Company has incurred&#13;losses from operations and as a result has not recorded income tax expense. Benefits related to net operating loss carryforwards&#13;and other deferred tax items have been fully reserved since it was more likely than not that the Company would&amp;#160;not&amp;#160;achieve&#13;profitable operations and be able to utilize the benefit of the net operating loss carryforwards.&lt;/p&gt;</us-gaap:IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:EarningsPerShareTextBlock contextRef="From2019-01-01to2019-09-30">&lt;p style="margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Note&amp;#160;10.&amp;#160;Basic and Diluted Loss&#13;Per Common Share&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;Basic loss per share excludes any dilution.&#13;It is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive loss per share reflects&#13;the potential dilution that would occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into&#13;common stock. The Company&amp;#8217;s dilutive loss per share equals basic loss per share for the periods ended&amp;#160;September&amp;#160;30,&#13;2019 and&amp;#160;2018, respectively,&amp;#160;because all common stock equivalents (&lt;i&gt;i.e.,&amp;#160;&lt;/i&gt;options and warrants) were antidilutive&#13;in those periods. The number of options and warrants that were not included (because their effect is antidilutive) was&amp;#160;3,324,213&amp;#160;and&#13;2,975,985 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;</us-gaap:EarningsPerShareTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2019-01-01to2019-09-30">&lt;p style="margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Note&amp;#160;11.&amp;#160;Equity&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;During the nine months ended September 30,&#13;2019, the Company received $1,170,546 in proceeds from the exercise of outstanding options and warrants and issued 1,060,718 shares&#13;of its&amp;#160;common&amp;#160;stock in connection with these exercises. In addition, during the nine months ended September 30, 2019,&#13;the Company issued 363,125 shares of its&amp;#160;common&amp;#160;stock in connection with the cashless exercise of 603,569 of its outstanding&#13;options and warrants. During the three-month period ended September 30, 2019, the Company received $64,647 in proceeds from the&#13;exercise of outstanding options and warrants and issued 56,848 shares of its&amp;#160;common&amp;#160;stock in connection with these exercises.&#13;There were no proceeds from the exercise of outstanding warrants and/or options during the three or nine month period ended September&#13;30, 2018.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;On or around February 16, 2018, a small group&#13;of long-time shareholders of the Company who are accredited investors made an interest-free five-year convertible loan of $1.25&#13;million to the Company which, upon the occurrence of certain conditions which have already occurred, automatically converted into&#13;1,388,893 shares of common stock at a price equal to the market price of the Company&amp;#8217;s common stock when the loan was made,&#13;plus warrants expiring February 28, 2023 to purchase 1,388,893 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.10, $1.20 or $1.35&#13;per share depending on the exercise date. No payments are due on this note during its five-year term or after conversion into equity.&#13;On April 23, 2018, Research Frontiers Incorporated filed a prospectus supplement relating to the issuance and sale of the above&#13;common stock and warrant securities with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company recorded this transaction as an equity&#13;transaction whereby the proceeds were accounted for as the issuance of the Company&amp;#8217;s common stock on the date that the proceeds&#13;were received.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;On September 7, 2018, the Company announced&#13;that it had sold common stock to a group of investors led by Gauzy Ltd., a licensee of the Company&amp;#8217;s SPD technology (Gauzy).&#13;The aggregate proceeds from these stock offerings was $2.0 million. At the closing, the investors received 2,173,916 shares of&#13;Research Frontiers common stock at a price of $0.92 per share, as well as five-year warrants to purchase 1,086,957 shares of Research&#13;Frontiers common stock at an exercise price of $1.10, $1.20 or $1.38 per share depending on the exercise date. In connection with&#13;the issuance of certain of these warrants during the third quarter of 2018, the Company recorded $223,370 as a warrant liability&#13;upon the issuance of these warrants on August 13, 2018 and recorded a non-cash expense of $278,044 to mark the warrants to their&#13;estimated market value as of December 31, 2018. This resulted in a liability of $501,414 recorded on the Company&amp;#8217;s December&#13;31, 2018 balance sheet.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;On or around May 30, 2019, the Company sold&#13;to accredited investors a total of 1,276,599 shares of common stock and warrants expiring May 31, 2024 to purchase 638,295 shares&#13;of common stock at an exercise price of $3.384, $3.666 or $4.23 per share depending on the exercise date. Research Frontiers&amp;#160;Incorporated&amp;#160;also&#13;sold to Gauzy, at a price of $1.38 per unit, with each unit comprised of one share of unregistered common stock and one half of&#13;one warrant. The warrant can be converted into one share of unregistered common stock at an exercise price of $1.656, $1.794 or&#13;$2.07 per share depending on the exercise date. Gauzy received a total of 724,638 shares of unregistered common stock and warrants&#13;expiring May 31, 2024 to purchase 362,319 shares of common stock. The aggregate proceeds from these stock offerings was $4.6 million.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;Investors that participated in the May 30,&#13;2019 offering agreed to amending/clarifying language to the terms of the warrants that they received in the September 7, 2018 offering.&#13;Those investors that received warrants in the September 7, 2018 offering that did not participate in the May 30, 2019 offering,&#13;separately agreed as of June 27, 2019 to the same amending/clarifying language used in the May 30, 2019 offering. The amending/clarifying&#13;language relating to the September 7, 2018 warrants does not allow for a net cash settlement option for the warrants even if no&#13;registered shares of common stock are available upon the exercise of the warrant. The Company recorded a non-cash expense of $0&#13;and $652,025 respectively for the three- and nine-month&amp;#160;periods&amp;#160;ended September 30, 2019 to mark these warrants to their&#13;estimated market value as of their respective amendment/clarification date. The warrant liability was valued at $1,153,439 (including&#13;all valuation adjustments since their issuance) through the date of these new agreements and amendments and, based on the amended&#13;warrant terms, the warrant liability was reclassified to equity as of these dates.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;As of September 30, 2019, there were 2,029,462&#13;warrants outstanding.&lt;/p&gt;</us-gaap:StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock contextRef="From2019-01-01to2019-09-30">&lt;p style="margin: 0pt"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Note&amp;#160;12.&amp;#160;Leases&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;The Company determines if an arrangement is&#13;a lease at its inception. This determination generally depends on whether the arrangement conveys the right to control the use&#13;of an identified fixed asset explicitly or implicitly for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Control of an underlying&#13;asset is conveyed if the Company obtains the rights to direct the use of, and to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits&#13;from the use of, the underlying asset. Lease expense for variable leases and short-term leases is recognized when the obligation&#13;is incurred.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;The Company has operating leases for certain&#13;facilities, vehicles and equipment with a weighted average remaining lease term of 5.4 years as of September 30, 2019. Operating&#13;leases are included in right of use lease assets, other current liabilities and long-term lease liabilities on the&amp;#160;condensed&#13;consolidated balance sheet. Right of use lease assets and liabilities are recognized at each lease&amp;#8217;s commencement date based&#13;on the present value of its lease payments over its respective lease term. The Company does not have an established incremental&#13;borrowing rate as it does not have any debt. The Company uses the stated borrowing rate for a lease when readily determinable.&#13;When the interest rates implicit in its lease agreements is not readily determinable, the Company used an interest rate based on&#13;the marketplace for public debt. The weighted-average discount rate associated with operating leases as of September 30, 2019 is&#13;5.5%.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;Operating lease expense for the three months&#13;ended September 30, 2019 was approximately&amp;#160;$53,000&amp;#160;and approximately&amp;#160;$164,000&amp;#160;for the nine months ended September&#13;30, 2019. The Company has no material variable lease costs or sublease income for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Subsequent&#13;to the Company&amp;#8217;s adoption of the new lease accounting guidance on January 1, 2019, the Company recorded new right of use&#13;lease assets of approximately&amp;#160;$900,000&amp;#160;and associated lease liabilities of approximately $1.1 million.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;Maturities of operating lease liabilities as&#13;of September 30, 2019 were as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;b&gt;September 30, 2019&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 75%"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;For the remainder of 2019&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 1%"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 21%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;52,989&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 1%"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;For the year ended December 31, 2020&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;213,146&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;For the year ended December 31, 2021&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;207,229&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;For the year ended December 31, 2022&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;213,320&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;For the year ended December 31, 2023&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;217,151&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;For the year ended December 31, 2024 and beyond&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13; 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text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 20%; text-align: right"&gt;0.462&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected dividend yield&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected volatility&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;51&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Risk free interest rate&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;2.77&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected term of the option&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;5 years&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;/table&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The Company valued these grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model&#13;with the following assumptions:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="center" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 70%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 76%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Fair&#13;    value on grant date&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 20%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1.5256&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Expected&#13;    dividend yield&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Expected&#13;    volatility&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;61&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#13;    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&#13;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; 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The carrying&#13;amounts of all financial instruments classified as a current asset or current liability are deemed to approximate fair value because&#13;of the short maturity of those instruments.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; word-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; word-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify"&gt;Accounting Standards Codification&#13;(&amp;#8220;ASC&amp;#8221;) Topic 820 &amp;#8220;Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures&amp;#8221; (&amp;#8220;ASC Topic 820&amp;#8221;) establishes a&#13;framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles and expands disclosures about fair value measurements.&#13;ASC Topic 820 applies other previously issued accounting pronouncements that require or permit fair value measurements but does&#13;not require any new fair value measurements.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; word-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; word-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify"&gt;ASC Topic 820 defines fair&#13;value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market&#13;participants at the measurement date. ASC Topic 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between (1) market participant&#13;assumptions developed based on market data obtained from independent sources (observable inputs) and (2) an entity&amp;#8217;s own&#13;assumptions about market participant assumptions developed based on the best information available in the circumstances (unobservable&#13;inputs).&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; word-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; word-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify"&gt;We value financial instruments&#13;using a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include: Level&#13;1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2, defined as&#13;inputs other than quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable;&#13;and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop&#13;its own assumptions.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; word-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;&#13;&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; word-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify"&gt;As of September 30, 2019,&#13;and December 31, 2018, the fair value of the Company&amp;#8217;s financial assets and non-warrant liabilities including cash and cash&#13;equivalents, royalties receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximated carrying value due to the short-term maturity&#13;of these instruments. The carrying value of the previous warrant liabilities was adjusted to fair value each reporting period&#13;using the Black-Scholes method to determine the fair value of the warrants. The issued warrants treated as warrant liabilities&#13;had different exercise prices depending on the date of exercise. The lowest exercise price for these warrants was used in the&#13;Black Scholes method to value the warrant liabilities since it was deemed a reasonable approximation of fair market value. The&#13;Company&amp;#8217;s warrant liability was considered a Level 3 financial instrument and the corresponding liabilities were reclassified&#13;to equity during the three months ended June 30, 2019, therefore there was no warrant liability as of September 30, 2019. The&#13;estimated fair value for warrant liabilities for the period ended December 31, 2018 using the Black-Scholes method was $501,414.&lt;/p&gt;</us-gaap:FairValueDisclosuresTextBlock>
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</schema>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.CAL
<SEQUENCE>8
<FILENAME>refr-20190930_cal.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL CALCULATION FILE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" standalone="no"?>
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    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Status; Value: 0x80040001 -->
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>10
<FILENAME>refr-20190930_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL LABEL FILE
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2019/elts/srt-2019-01-31.xsd#srt_ProductOrServiceAxis" xlink:label="srt_ProductOrServiceAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_ProductOrServiceAxis" xlink:to="srt_ProductOrServiceAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_ProductOrServiceAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Products and Services [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_LicenseeOneMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeOneMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeOneMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeOneMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeOneMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee One [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_LicenseeTwoMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee Two [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_LicenseeThreeMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee Three [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_LicenseeFourMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFourMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeFourMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeFourMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFourMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee Four [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Award Type [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_RestrictedStockMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_RestrictedStockMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RestrictedStockMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_RestrictedStockMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RestrictedStockMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Restricted Stock [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2019/elts/srt-2019-01-31.xsd#srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis" xlink:label="srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis" xlink:to="srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of Individual [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember" xlink:label="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember" xlink:to="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Employees and Directors [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_WarrantMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_WarrantMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_WarrantMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_WarrantMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_WarrantMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Antidilutive Securities [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StockOptionMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockOptionMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockOptionMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockOptionMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockOptionMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock Option [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_SubsidiarySaleOfStockAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_SubsidiarySaleOfStockAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SubsidiarySaleOfStockAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_SubsidiarySaleOfStockAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SubsidiarySaleOfStockAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Sale of Stock [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_EmployeeStockMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_EmployeeStockMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EmployeeStockMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_EmployeeStockMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EmployeeStockMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Employee Stock [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_UnregisteredCommonStockMember" xlink:label="REFR_UnregisteredCommonStockMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_UnregisteredCommonStockMember" xlink:to="REFR_UnregisteredCommonStockMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_UnregisteredCommonStockMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Unregistered Common Stock [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_AccreditedInvestorsMember" xlink:label="REFR_AccreditedInvestorsMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_AccreditedInvestorsMember" xlink:to="REFR_AccreditedInvestorsMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_AccreditedInvestorsMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accredited Investors [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_WarrantsMember" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantsMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WarrantsMember" xlink:to="REFR_WarrantsMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantsMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrants [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_ThreeLicenseesMember" xlink:label="REFR_ThreeLicenseesMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ThreeLicenseesMember" xlink:to="REFR_ThreeLicenseesMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_ThreeLicenseesMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Three Licensees [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Type of Arrangement and Non-arrangement Transactions [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_CashlessExerciseMember" xlink:label="REFR_CashlessExerciseMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_CashlessExerciseMember" xlink:to="REFR_CashlessExerciseMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_CashlessExerciseMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cashless Exercise [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_SevenLicenseAgreementsMember" xlink:label="REFR_SevenLicenseAgreementsMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_SevenLicenseAgreementsMember" xlink:to="REFR_SevenLicenseAgreementsMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_SevenLicenseAgreementsMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Seven License Agreements [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_FourLicenseesMember" xlink:label="REFR_FourLicenseesMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_FourLicenseesMember" xlink:to="REFR_FourLicenseesMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_FourLicenseesMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Four Licensees [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_TwoLicenseesMember" xlink:label="REFR_TwoLicenseesMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_TwoLicenseesMember" xlink:to="REFR_TwoLicenseesMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_TwoLicenseesMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Two Licensees [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_LicenseesThreeMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseesThreeMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseesThreeMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseesThreeMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseesThreeMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Licensees Three [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" xlink:label="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" xlink:to="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">2019 Equity Incentive Plan [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_DocumentAndEntityInformationAbstract" xlink:label="REFR_DocumentAndEntityInformationAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_DocumentAndEntityInformationAbstract" xlink:to="REFR_DocumentAndEntityInformationAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_DocumentAndEntityInformationAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document and Entity Information [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentType" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Type</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Period End Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Amendment Flag</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:label="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:to="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current Fiscal Year End Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" xlink:label="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" xlink:to="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Current Reporting Status</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" xlink:label="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" xlink:to="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Interactive Data Current</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityFilerCategory" xlink:label="dei_EntityFilerCategory" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFilerCategory" xlink:to="dei_EntityFilerCategory_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFilerCategory_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Filer Category</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntitySmallBusiness" xlink:label="dei_EntitySmallBusiness" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntitySmallBusiness" xlink:to="dei_EntitySmallBusiness_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntitySmallBusiness_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Small Business Flag</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod" xlink:label="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod" xlink:to="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Ex Transition Period</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityShellCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityShellCompany" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityShellCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityShellCompany_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityShellCompany_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Shell Company</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:label="dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:to="dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Period Focus</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Year Focus</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AssetsAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_AssetsAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AssetsAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_AssetsAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AssetsAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current assets:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue" xlink:to="us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash and cash equivalents</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent" xlink:to="REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Royalties receivable, net of reserves of $1,117,441 in 2019 and $1,094,774 in 2018</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Prepaid expenses and other current assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AssetsCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total current assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet" xlink:label="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet" xlink:to="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Fixed assets, net</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating lease ROU assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Deposits and other assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_Assets" xlink:label="us-gaap_Assets" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_Assets" xlink:to="us-gaap_Assets_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_Assets_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current liabilities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current portion of operating lease liabilities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accounts payable</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accrued expenses and other</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ContractWithCustomerLiabilityCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_ContractWithCustomerLiabilityCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ContractWithCustomerLiabilityCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_ContractWithCustomerLiabilityCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ContractWithCustomerLiabilityCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Deferred revenue</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total current liabilities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_WarrantLiability" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantLiability" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WarrantLiability" xlink:to="REFR_WarrantLiability_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantLiability_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant liability</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_Liabilities" xlink:label="us-gaap_Liabilities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_Liabilities" xlink:to="us-gaap_Liabilities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_Liabilities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total liabilities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Shareholders' equity:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockValue" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockValue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockValue" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockValue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockValue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share; authorized 100,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding 31,090,291 in 2019 and 27,665,211 in 2018</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock" xlink:to="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Additional paid-in capital</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit" xlink:label="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit" xlink:to="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accumulated deficit</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total shareholders' equity</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total liabilities and shareholders' equity</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Royalties receivables, reserves</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, par value</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, shares authorized</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, shares issued</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, shares outstanding</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Income Statement [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax" xlink:to="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Fee income</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" xlink:label="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" xlink:to="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Research and development</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingExpenses" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating loss</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants" xlink:label="us-gaap_FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants" xlink:to="us-gaap_FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant market adjustment</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest" xlink:label="us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest" xlink:to="us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net investment income</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net loss</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted" xlink:label="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted" xlink:to="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Basic and diluted net loss per common share</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted" xlink:label="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted" xlink:to="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted average number of basic common shares outstanding</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StatementTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statement [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StatementLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statement [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Balance beginning</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Balance beginning, shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CumulativeEffectOnRetainedEarningsNetOfTax1" xlink:label="us-gaap_CumulativeEffectOnRetainedEarningsNetOfTax1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CumulativeEffectOnRetainedEarningsNetOfTax1" xlink:to="us-gaap_CumulativeEffectOnRetainedEarningsNetOfTax1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CumulativeEffectOnRetainedEarningsNetOfTax1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Adoption of ASC 606</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueNewIssues" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueNewIssues" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueNewIssues" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueNewIssues_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueNewIssues_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Issuance of common stock</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Issuance of common stock, shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_WarrantsConvertedToEquity" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantsConvertedToEquity" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WarrantsConvertedToEquity" xlink:to="REFR_WarrantsConvertedToEquity_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantsConvertedToEquity_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrants converted to equity</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StockGrantedDuringPeriodValueSharebasedCompensation" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockGrantedDuringPeriodValueSharebasedCompensation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockGrantedDuringPeriodValueSharebasedCompensation" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockGrantedDuringPeriodValueSharebasedCompensation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockGrantedDuringPeriodValueSharebasedCompensation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock-based compensation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:label="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:to="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise of options and warrants</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:label="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:to="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise of options and warrants, shares</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net loss</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodEndLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Balance ending</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodEndLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Balance ending, shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statement of Cash Flows [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash flows from operating activities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization" xlink:label="us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization" xlink:to="us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Depreciation and amortization</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock-based compensation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Provision for doubtful accounts</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants" xlink:to="us-gaap_FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant market adjustment</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Change in assets and liabilities:</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable" xlink:to="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty receivables</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Prepaid expenses and other current assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accounts payable and accrued expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Deferred revenue</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net cash used in operating activities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash flows from investing activities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment" xlink:to="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Purchases of fixed assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net cash used in investing activities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash flows from financing activities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net proceeds from issuances of common stock and warrants and exercise of options and warrants</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net cash provided by financing activities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect" xlink:to="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net increase in cash and cash equivalents</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" xlink:to="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" xlink:to="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodEndLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash and cash equivalents at end of period</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_SupplementalCashFlowInformationAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_SupplementalCashFlowInformationAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SupplementalCashFlowInformationAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_SupplementalCashFlowInformationAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SupplementalCashFlowInformationAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_RightOfUseAssetObtainedInExchangeForOperatingLeaseLiability" xlink:label="us-gaap_RightOfUseAssetObtainedInExchangeForOperatingLeaseLiability" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RightOfUseAssetObtainedInExchangeForOperatingLeaseLiability" xlink:to="us-gaap_RightOfUseAssetObtainedInExchangeForOperatingLeaseLiability_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RightOfUseAssetObtainedInExchangeForOperatingLeaseLiability_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Right of use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_BasisOfAccounting" xlink:label="us-gaap_BasisOfAccounting" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_BasisOfAccounting" xlink:to="us-gaap_BasisOfAccounting_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_BasisOfAccounting_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Basis of Presentation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NatureOfOperations" xlink:label="us-gaap_NatureOfOperations" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NatureOfOperations" xlink:to="us-gaap_NatureOfOperations_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NatureOfOperations_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Business</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AccountingPoliciesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccountingPoliciesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AccountingPoliciesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_AccountingPoliciesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccountingPoliciesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accounting Policies [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AccountingChangesTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccountingChangesTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AccountingChangesTextBlock" xlink:to="us-gaap_AccountingChangesTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccountingChangesTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncement</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_FairValueDisclosuresAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_FairValueDisclosuresAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_FairValueDisclosuresAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_FairValueDisclosuresAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_FairValueDisclosuresAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_FairValueDisclosuresTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_FairValueDisclosuresTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_FairValueDisclosuresTextBlock" xlink:to="us-gaap_FairValueDisclosuresTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_FairValueDisclosuresTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Fair Value Measurements</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_GoodwillAndIntangibleAssetsDisclosureAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_GoodwillAndIntangibleAssetsDisclosureAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_GoodwillAndIntangibleAssetsDisclosureAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_GoodwillAndIntangibleAssetsDisclosureAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_GoodwillAndIntangibleAssetsDisclosureAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:to="us-gaap_IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Patent Costs</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_RevenueRecognitionAndDeferredRevenueAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenueRecognitionAndDeferredRevenueAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RevenueRecognitionAndDeferredRevenueAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_RevenueRecognitionAndDeferredRevenueAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenueRecognitionAndDeferredRevenueAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Revenue Recognition and Deferred Revenue [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock" xlink:to="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Revenue Recognition</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_FeeIncomeAbstract" xlink:label="REFR_FeeIncomeAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_FeeIncomeAbstract" xlink:to="REFR_FeeIncomeAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_FeeIncomeAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Fee Income</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:label="REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Fee Income</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DisclosureOfCompensationRelatedCostsSharebasedPaymentsAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_DisclosureOfCompensationRelatedCostsSharebasedPaymentsAbstract" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DisclosureOfCompensationRelatedCostsSharebasedPaymentsAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DisclosureOfCompensationRelatedCostsShareBasedPaymentsTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_DisclosureOfCompensationRelatedCostsShareBasedPaymentsTextBlock" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DisclosureOfCompensationRelatedCostsShareBasedPaymentsTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock-Based Compensation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Income Taxes</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_EarningsPerShareAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Earnings Per Share [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_EarningsPerShareTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareTextBlock" xlink:to="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_EquityAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_EquityAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EquityAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_EquityAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EquityAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Equity [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Equity</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LeasesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_LeasesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LeasesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_LeasesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LeasesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Leases [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Leases</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock" xlink:to="us-gaap_ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Schedule of Stock-based Compensation, Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model Valuation Assumptions</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Schedule of Operating Lease Liabilities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ScheduleOfFutureMinimumRentalPaymentsForOperatingLeasesTableTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfFutureMinimumRentalPaymentsForOperatingLeasesTableTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ScheduleOfFutureMinimumRentalPaymentsForOperatingLeasesTableTextBlock" xlink:to="us-gaap_ScheduleOfFutureMinimumRentalPaymentsForOperatingLeasesTableTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfFutureMinimumRentalPaymentsForOperatingLeasesTableTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Schedule of Future Minimum Rental Commitments</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_RangeAxis" xlink:to="srt_RangeAxis_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="srt_RangeAxis_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statistical Measurement [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_WorkingCapital" xlink:label="REFR_WorkingCapital" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WorkingCapital" xlink:to="REFR_WorkingCapital_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_WorkingCapital_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Working capital</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue" xlink:to="us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_4_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_4_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Shareholders' equity</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses" xlink:label="REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses" xlink:to="REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Non-recurring cash expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating lease liability</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating lease right of use asset</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_ExcessAmountOfOperatingLeaseLiability" xlink:label="REFR_ExcessAmountOfOperatingLeaseLiability" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ExcessAmountOfOperatingLeaseLiability" xlink:to="REFR_ExcessAmountOfOperatingLeaseLiability_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_ExcessAmountOfOperatingLeaseLiability_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Excess amount of operating lease liability</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_FairValueForWarrantLiabilities" xlink:label="REFR_FairValueForWarrantLiabilities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_FairValueForWarrantLiabilities" xlink:to="REFR_FairValueForWarrantLiabilities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_FairValueForWarrantLiabilities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Fair value for warrant liabilities</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_RoyaltyRate" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltyRate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RoyaltyRate" xlink:to="REFR_RoyaltyRate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltyRate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty rate</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_RevenueRemainingPerformanceObligation" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenueRemainingPerformanceObligation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RevenueRemainingPerformanceObligation" xlink:to="us-gaap_RevenueRemainingPerformanceObligation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenueRemainingPerformanceObligation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Remaining performance obligations</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_ProductOrServiceAxis" xlink:to="srt_ProductOrServiceAxis_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="srt_ProductOrServiceAxis_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Product and Service [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" xlink:to="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Percentage of fee income</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Award vesting period</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock-based compensation fully vested stock option granted</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation" xlink:label="us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation" xlink:to="us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Share-based compensation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardCompensationCost1" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardCompensationCost1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardCompensationCost1" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardCompensationCost1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardCompensationCost1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Compensation expense recorded</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Shares available for future grant</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Fair value on grant date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Expected dividend yield</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Expected volatility</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Risk free interest rate</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Expected term of the option</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" xlink:to="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Anti-dilutive securities effect</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants" xlink:label="REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants" xlink:to="REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises" xlink:label="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises" xlink:to="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Options and warrant issued in connection with exercises</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_AdditionalIssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants" xlink:label="REFR_AdditionalIssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_AdditionalIssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants" xlink:to="REFR_AdditionalIssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_AdditionalIssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Additional issuance of common stock options and warrants</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DebtInstrumentTerm" xlink:label="us-gaap_DebtInstrumentTerm" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DebtInstrumentTerm" xlink:to="us-gaap_DebtInstrumentTerm_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DebtInstrumentTerm_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Convertible loan period</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ProceedsFromLoanOriginations1" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromLoanOriginations1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProceedsFromLoanOriginations1" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProceedsFromLoanOriginations1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromLoanOriginations1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Proceeds from loan</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ConversionOfStockSharesConverted1" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConversionOfStockSharesConverted1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ConversionOfStockSharesConverted1" xlink:to="us-gaap_ConversionOfStockSharesConverted1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConversionOfStockSharesConverted1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Conversion of stock, shares converted</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByEachWarrantOrRight" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByEachWarrantOrRight" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByEachWarrantOrRight" xlink:to="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByEachWarrantOrRight_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByEachWarrantOrRight_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrants to purchase common stock</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingMaturityDate" xlink:label="us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingMaturityDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingMaturityDate" xlink:to="us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingMaturityDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingMaturityDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant expiry date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1" xlink:to="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant exercise price per share</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceInitialPublicOffering" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceInitialPublicOffering" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceInitialPublicOffering" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceInitialPublicOffering_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceInitialPublicOffering_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Proceeds from stock offering</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of shares issued to investors</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_SharesIssuedPricePerShare" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesIssuedPricePerShare" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharesIssuedPricePerShare" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharesIssuedPricePerShare_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesIssuedPricePerShare_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Shares issued price per share</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm" xlink:label="us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm" xlink:to="us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrants term</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction" xlink:label="us-gaap_SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction" xlink:to="us-gaap_SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of common stock sold</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightTitleOfSecurityWarrantsOrRightsOutstanding" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightTitleOfSecurityWarrantsOrRightsOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightTitleOfSecurityWarrantsOrRightsOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightTitleOfSecurityWarrantsOrRightsOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightTitleOfSecurityWarrantsOrRightsOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrants issued description</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_EmbeddedDerivativeNoLongerBifurcatedAmountReclassifiedToStockholdersEquity" xlink:label="us-gaap_EmbeddedDerivativeNoLongerBifurcatedAmountReclassifiedToStockholdersEquity" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EmbeddedDerivativeNoLongerBifurcatedAmountReclassifiedToStockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_EmbeddedDerivativeNoLongerBifurcatedAmountReclassifiedToStockholdersEquity_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EmbeddedDerivativeNoLongerBifurcatedAmountReclassifiedToStockholdersEquity_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant liability reclassified to equity</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of warrants outstanding</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating weighted average remaining lease term</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted average discount rate, percent</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseExpense" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseExpense" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating lease expense</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Right of use lease assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">For the remainder of 2019</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">For the year ended December 31, 2020</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">For the year ended December 31, 2021</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFour" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFour" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFour" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFour_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFour_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">For the year ended December 31, 2022</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFive" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFive" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFive" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFive_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFive_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">For the year ended December 31, 2023</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">For the year ended December 31, 2024 and beyond</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total lease payments</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Less: imputed lease interest</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Present value of lease liabilities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">2019</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInTwoYears" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInTwoYears" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInTwoYears" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInTwoYears_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInTwoYears_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">2020</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInThreeYears" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInThreeYears" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInThreeYears" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInThreeYears_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInThreeYears_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">2021</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInFourYears" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInFourYears" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInFourYears" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInFourYears_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInFourYears_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">2022</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="http://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2019/elts/us-gaap-2019-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueThereafter" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueThereafter" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueThereafter" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueThereafter_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueThereafter_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Thereafter:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_AugustThirteenThousandAndEighteenMember" xlink:label="REFR_AugustThirteenThousandAndEighteenMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_AugustThirteenThousandAndEighteenMember" xlink:to="REFR_AugustThirteenThousandAndEighteenMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_AugustThirteenThousandAndEighteenMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">August 13, 2018 [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_CompanyFourMember" xlink:label="REFR_CompanyFourMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_CompanyFourMember" xlink:to="REFR_CompanyFourMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_CompanyFourMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Company Four [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_CompanyOneMember" xlink:label="REFR_CompanyOneMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_CompanyOneMember" xlink:to="REFR_CompanyOneMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_CompanyOneMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Company One [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_CompanyThreeMember" xlink:label="REFR_CompanyThreeMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_CompanyThreeMember" xlink:to="REFR_CompanyThreeMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_CompanyThreeMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Company Three [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_CompanyTwoMember" xlink:label="REFR_CompanyTwoMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_CompanyTwoMember" xlink:to="REFR_CompanyTwoMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_CompanyTwoMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Company Two [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_DocumentAndEntityInformationAbstract" xlink:to="REFR_DocumentAndEntityInformationAbstract_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_DocumentAndEntityInformationAbstract_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Document and Entity Information.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember" xlink:to="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Employees and Directors [Member].</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_EmployeesMember" xlink:label="REFR_EmployeesMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_EmployeesMember" xlink:to="REFR_EmployeesMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_EmployeesMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Employees [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_ExpiredMember" xlink:label="REFR_ExpiredMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ExpiredMember" xlink:to="REFR_ExpiredMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ExpiredMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Expired [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_FourLicenseesMember" xlink:to="REFR_FourLicenseesMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_FourLicenseesMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Four Licensees [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_InvestorsMember" xlink:to="REFR_InvestorsMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_InvestorsMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Investors [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_LargeArchitecturalGlassProjectMemberMember" xlink:label="REFR_LargeArchitecturalGlassProjectMemberMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LargeArchitecturalGlassProjectMemberMember" xlink:to="REFR_LargeArchitecturalGlassProjectMemberMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LargeArchitecturalGlassProjectMemberMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Large Architectural Glass Project [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_LicenseAgreementMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">LicenseAgreement [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeFourMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeFourMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFourMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee Four [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeOneMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeOneMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeOneMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee one [Member].</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee three [Member].</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee two [Member].</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_MarchThirtyFirstTwoThousandNineteenMember" xlink:label="REFR_MarchThirtyFirstTwoThousandNineteenMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_MarchThirtyFirstTwoThousandNineteenMember" xlink:to="REFR_MarchThirtyFirstTwoThousandNineteenMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_MarchThirtyFirstTwoThousandNineteenMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">March 31, 2019 [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember" xlink:label="REFR_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember" xlink:to="REFR_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Non- Employee Stock Option [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_OneOfficersMember" xlink:label="REFR_OneOfficersMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_OneOfficersMember" xlink:to="REFR_OneOfficersMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_OneOfficersMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">One Officers [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_RFIMember" xlink:label="REFR_RFIMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RFIMember" xlink:to="REFR_RFIMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_RFIMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">RFI [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_ReducedFederalTaxRateMember" xlink:label="REFR_ReducedFederalTaxRateMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ReducedFederalTaxRateMember" xlink:to="REFR_ReducedFederalTaxRateMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ReducedFederalTaxRateMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Reduced Federal Tax Rate [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_SPDTechnologyMember" xlink:to="REFR_SPDTechnologyMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_SPDTechnologyMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">SPD Technology [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ThreeLicenseesMember" xlink:to="REFR_ThreeLicenseesMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ThreeLicenseesMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Three Licensees [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_TwoOfficersMember" xlink:label="REFR_TwoOfficersMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_TwoOfficersMember" xlink:to="REFR_TwoOfficersMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_TwoOfficersMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Two Officers [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WarrantExercisePriceOneMember" xlink:to="REFR_WarrantExercisePriceOneMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantExercisePriceOneMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant Exercise Price One [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WarrantExercisePriceThreeMember" xlink:to="REFR_WarrantExercisePriceThreeMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantExercisePriceThreeMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant Exercise Price Three [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WarrantExercisePriceTwoMember" xlink:to="REFR_WarrantExercisePriceTwoMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantExercisePriceTwoMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant Exercise Price Two [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WarrantLiability" xlink:to="REFR_WarrantLiability_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantLiability_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant liability.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:to="REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Fee Income Disclosure [Text Block]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_SixLicenseAgreementsMember" xlink:label="REFR_SixLicenseAgreementsMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_SixLicenseAgreementsMember" xlink:to="REFR_SixLicenseAgreementsMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_SixLicenseAgreementsMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Six License Agreements [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_LicenseeFiveMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFiveMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeFiveMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeFiveMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFiveMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee Five [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_AccountingStandardsInEffectMember" xlink:label="REFR_AccountingStandardsInEffectMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_AccountingStandardsInEffectMember" xlink:to="REFR_AccountingStandardsInEffectMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_AccountingStandardsInEffectMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Accounting Standards in Effect [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_FiveLicenseAgreementsMember" xlink:label="REFR_FiveLicenseAgreementsMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_FiveLicenseAgreementsMember" xlink:to="REFR_FiveLicenseAgreementsMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_FiveLicenseAgreementsMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Five License Agreements [Member].</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WarrantsConvertedToEquity" xlink:to="REFR_WarrantsConvertedToEquity_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantsConvertedToEquity_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Warrants converted to equity.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_CashlessExerciseMember" xlink:to="REFR_CashlessExerciseMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_CashlessExerciseMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Cashless Exercise [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_AccreditedInvestorsMember" xlink:to="REFR_AccreditedInvestorsMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_AccreditedInvestorsMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Accredited Investors [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:to="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Stock issued during period value stock options and warrants exercised.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:to="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Stock issued during period shares stock options and warrants exercised.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_UnregisteredCommonStockMember" xlink:to="REFR_UnregisteredCommonStockMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_UnregisteredCommonStockMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Unregistered Common Stock [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WarrantsMember" xlink:to="REFR_WarrantsMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantsMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Warrants [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_CommonStockOneMember" xlink:label="REFR_CommonStockOneMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_CommonStockOneMember" xlink:to="REFR_CommonStockOneMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_CommonStockOneMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Common Stock One [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_WarrantsOneMember" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantsOneMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WarrantsOneMember" xlink:to="REFR_WarrantsOneMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantsOneMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Warrants One [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_SPDTechnologysMember" xlink:label="REFR_SPDTechnologysMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_SPDTechnologysMember" xlink:to="REFR_SPDTechnologysMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_SPDTechnologysMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">SPD Technology [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_UnregisteredCommonStockOneMember" xlink:label="REFR_UnregisteredCommonStockOneMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_UnregisteredCommonStockOneMember" xlink:to="REFR_UnregisteredCommonStockOneMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_UnregisteredCommonStockOneMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Unregistered Common Stock One [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_WarrantsExercisePriceOneMember" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantsExercisePriceOneMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WarrantsExercisePriceOneMember" xlink:to="REFR_WarrantsExercisePriceOneMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantsExercisePriceOneMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant Exercise Price One [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_WarrantsExercisePriceTwoMember" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantsExercisePriceTwoMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WarrantsExercisePriceTwoMember" xlink:to="REFR_WarrantsExercisePriceTwoMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantsExercisePriceTwoMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant Exercise Price Two [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_WarrantsExercisePriceThreeMember" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantsExercisePriceThreeMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WarrantsExercisePriceThreeMember" xlink:to="REFR_WarrantsExercisePriceThreeMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantsExercisePriceThreeMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant Exercise Price Three [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_TwoLicenseesMember" xlink:to="REFR_TwoLicenseesMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_TwoLicenseesMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Two Licensees [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_ThreeLicenseesOneMember" xlink:label="REFR_ThreeLicenseesOneMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ThreeLicenseesOneMember" xlink:to="REFR_ThreeLicenseesOneMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ThreeLicenseesOneMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Three Licensees [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_ThreeLicenseesTwoMember" xlink:label="REFR_ThreeLicenseesTwoMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ThreeLicenseesTwoMember" xlink:to="REFR_ThreeLicenseesTwoMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ThreeLicenseesTwoMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Three Licensees [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent" xlink:to="REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Royalties receivable, net of reserves of $1,192,820 in 2019 and $1,094,774 in 2018.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable" xlink:to="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty receivables.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WorkingCapital" xlink:to="REFR_WorkingCapital_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_WorkingCapital_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Working capital.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses" xlink:to="REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Non-recurring cash expenses.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ExcessAmountOfOperatingLeaseLiability" xlink:to="REFR_ExcessAmountOfOperatingLeaseLiability_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ExcessAmountOfOperatingLeaseLiability_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Excess amount of operating lease liability.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_SevenLicenseAgreementsMember" xlink:to="REFR_SevenLicenseAgreementsMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_SevenLicenseAgreementsMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Seven License Agreements [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RoyaltyRate" xlink:to="REFR_RoyaltyRate_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltyRate_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty rate.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseesThreeMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseesThreeMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseesThreeMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Licensees Three [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20190930.xsd#REFR_LicenseeFpurMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFpurMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeFpurMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeFpurMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFpurMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee Four [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants" xlink:to="REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises" xlink:to="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Options and warrant issued in connection with exercises.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_AdditionalIssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants" xlink:to="REFR_AdditionalIssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_AdditionalIssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Additional issuance of common stock options and warrants.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" xlink:to="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">2019 Equity Incentive Plan [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_FairValueForWarrantLiabilities" xlink:to="REFR_FairValueForWarrantLiabilities_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_FairValueForWarrantLiabilities_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Fair value for warrant liabilities.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Assets, Current</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_Assets" xlink:to="us-gaap_Assets_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_Assets_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Assets [Default Label]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Liabilities, Current</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_Liabilities" xlink:to="us-gaap_Liabilities_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_Liabilities_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Liabilities</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Liabilities and Equity</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating Expenses</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating Income (Loss)</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Shares, Outstanding</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Share-based Payment Arrangement, Noncash Expense</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Increase (Decrease) in Prepaid Expense and Other Assets</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Increase (Decrease) in Contract with Customer, Liability</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment" xlink:to="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Payments to Acquire Property, Plant, and Equipment</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" xlink:to="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash Equivalents, Including Disposal Group and Discontinued Operations</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:to="REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock_3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock_3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock</link:label>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6618054496">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Leases (Tables)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LeasesAbstract', window );"><strong>Leases [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock', window );">Schedule of Operating Lease Liabilities</a></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

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    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
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    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="width: 76%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For the remainder of 2019</font></td>
    <td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td>
    <td style="width: 21%; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">52,990</font></td>
    <td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For the year ended December 31, 2020</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">213,146</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For the year ended December 31, 2021</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">207,229</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For the year ended December 31, 2022</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">213,320</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For the year ended December 31, 2023</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">217,151</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For the year ended December 31, 2024 and beyond</font></td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">277,743</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total lease payments</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,181,579</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Less: imputed lease interest</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
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    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Present value of lease liabilities</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,014,949</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
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<p style="margin: 0pt"></p><span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ScheduleOfFutureMinimumRentalPaymentsForOperatingLeasesTableTextBlock', window );">Schedule of Future Minimum Rental Commitments</a></td>
<td class="text"><p style="margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">As previously disclosed in its Annual Report
filed on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, the following table presents the Company&#8217;s future minimum rental
commitments under operating leases as of December 31, 2018:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

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    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Year</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Amount</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="width: 77%; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2019</font></td>
    <td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td>
    <td style="width: 20%; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">191,000</font></td>
    <td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <td style="text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2020</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td>
    <td style="text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">197,000</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2021</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td>
    <td style="text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">203,000</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2022</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td>
    <td style="text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">209,000</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Thereafter:</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td>
    <td style="text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">493,000</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
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<p style="margin: 0pt"></p><span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Tabular disclosure of undiscounted cash flows of lessee's operating lease liability. Includes, but is not limited to, reconciliation of undiscounted cash flows to operating lease liability recognized in statement of financial position.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888426&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Tabular disclosure of future minimum payments required in the aggregate and for each of the five succeeding fiscal years for operating leases having initial or remaining noncancelable lease terms in excess of one year and the total minimum rentals to be received in the future under noncancelable subleases as of the balance sheet date.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/otherTransitionRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 840<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77902758&amp;loc=d3e41502-112717<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6701826912">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Revenue Recognition (Details Narrative)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
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<div>Sep. 30, 2019 </div>
<div>USD ($)</div>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118956577&amp;loc=SL49130556-203045<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RevenueRemainingPerformanceObligation</td>
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<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share (Details Narrative) - shares<br></strong></div></th>
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<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6371337&amp;loc=d3e3550-109257<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount</td>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EXCEL
<SEQUENCE>17
<FILENAME>Financial_Report.xlsx
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6771580160">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">3 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2018</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2018</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract', window );"><strong>Income Statement [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax', window );">Fee income</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 462,869<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 359,725<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,182,560<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,117,849<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense', window );">Operating expenses</a></td>
<td class="nump">666,356<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">572,968<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,356,875<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,228,757<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense', window );">Research and development</a></td>
<td class="nump">207,368<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">190,647<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">751,312<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">660,086<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingExpenses', window );">Total</a></td>
<td class="nump">873,724<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">763,615<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,108,187<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,888,843<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss', window );">Operating loss</a></td>
<td class="num">(410,855)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(403,890)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(1,925,627)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(1,770,994)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants', window );">Warrant market adjustment</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(286,631)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(652,025)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(286,631)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest', window );">Net investment income</a></td>
<td class="nump">13,143<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,220<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">25,565<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">5,665<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (397,712)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (688,301)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (2,552,087)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (2,051,960)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted', window );">Basic and diluted net loss per common share</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (0.01)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (0.03)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (0.09)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (0.08)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted', window );">Weighted average number of basic common shares outstanding</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,065,730<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">26,002,263<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">29,636,013<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">25,380,466<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of net income or loss for the period per each share in instances when basic and diluted earnings per share are the same amount and reported as a single line item on the face of the financial statements.  Basic earnings per share is the amount of net income or loss for the period per each share of common stock or unit outstanding during the reporting period.  Diluted earnings per share includes the amount of net income or loss for the period available to each share of common stock or common unit outstanding during the reporting period and to each share or unit that would have been outstanding assuming the issuance of common shares or units for all dilutive potential common shares or units outstanding during the reporting period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 7<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=117326831&amp;loc=d3e1337-109256<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>num:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense (income) related to adjustment to fair value of warrant liability.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 480<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 25<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=109262497&amp;loc=d3e20148-110875<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount before accretion (amortization) of purchase discount (premium) of interest income on nonoperating securities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03.7(b))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116634182&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=115929826&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118930883&amp;loc=SL7669619-108580<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04(22))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116637391&amp;loc=SL114874048-224260<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118930883&amp;loc=SL7669625-108580<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-04(18))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116637232&amp;loc=SL114874131-224263<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(20))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116634182&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br><br>Reference 7: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6371337&amp;loc=d3e3550-109257<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Generally recurring costs associated with normal operations except for the portion of these expenses which can be clearly related to production and included in cost of sales or services. Includes selling, general and administrative expense.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The net result for the period of deducting operating expenses from operating revenues.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of general expenses not normally included in Other Operating Costs and Expenses.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The aggregate costs incurred (1) in a planned search or critical investigation aimed at discovery of new knowledge with the hope that such knowledge will be useful in developing a new product or service, a new process or technique, or in bringing about a significant improvement to an existing product or process; or (2) to translate research findings or other knowledge into a plan or design for a new product or process or for a significant improvement to an existing product or process whether intended for sale or the entity's use, during the reporting period charged to research and development projects, including the costs of developing computer software up to the point in time of achieving technological feasibility, and costs allocated in accounting for a business combination to in-process projects deemed to have no alternative future use.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount, excluding tax collected from customer, of revenue from satisfaction of performance obligation by transferring promised good or service to customer. Tax collected from customer is tax assessed by governmental authority that is both imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue-producing transaction, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added and excise.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118956577&amp;loc=SL49130543-203045<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 5<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118956577&amp;loc=SL49130545-203045<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Average number of shares or units issued and outstanding that are used in calculating basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6629330656">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Business<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
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<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NatureOfOperations', window );">Business</a></td>
<td class="text"><p style="margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><u>Note 2. Business</u></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Research Frontiers Incorporated (&#8220;Research
Frontiers&#8221; or the &#8220;Company&#8221;) operates in a single business segment which is engaged in the development and marketing
of technology and devices to control the flow of light. Such devices, often referred to as &#8220;light valves&#8221; or suspended
particle devices (SPDs), use colloidal particles that are either incorporated within a liquid suspension or a film, which is usually
enclosed between two sheets of glass or plastic having transparent, electrically conductive coatings on the facing surfaces thereof.
At least one of the two sheets is transparent. SPD technology, made possible by a flexible light-control film invented by Research
Frontiers, allows the user to instantly and precisely control the shading of glass/plastic manually or automatically. SPD technology
has numerous product applications, including SPD-Smart&#8482; windows, sunshades, skylights and interior partitions for homes and
buildings; automotive windows, sunroofs, sun-visors, sunshades, rear-view mirrors, instrument panels and navigation systems; aircraft
windows; museum display panels, eyewear products; and flat panel displays for electronic products. SPD-Smart light control film
is now being developed for, or used in, architectural, automotive, marine, aerospace and appliance applications.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Company has historically utilized its cash,
cash equivalents, short-term investments, and the proceeds from the sale of its investments to fund its research and development
of SPD light valves, for marketing initiatives, and for other working capital purposes. The Company&#8217;s working capital and
capital requirements depend upon numerous factors, including the results of research and development activities, competitive and
technological developments, the timing and cost of patent filings, and the development of new licensees and changes in the Company&#8217;s
relationships with its existing licensees. The degree of dependence of the Company&#8217;s working capital requirements on each
of the foregoing factors cannot be quantified; increased research and development activities and related costs would increase such
requirements; the addition of new licensees may provide additional working capital or working capital requirements, and changes
in relationships with existing licensees would have a favorable or negative impact depending upon the nature of such changes. We
have incurred recurring losses since inception and expect to continue to incur losses as a result of costs and expenses related
to our research and continued development of our SPD technology and our corporate general and administrative expenses. Our capital
resources and operations to date have been substantially funded through sales of our common stock, exercise of options and warrants
and royalty fees collected. As of September 30, 2019, we had working capital of approximately $7.6 million, cash of approximately
$7.0 million, shareholders&#8217; equity of approximately $7.8 million and an accumulated deficit of approximately $114.2 million.
Our quarterly projected cash flow shortfall, based on our current operations adjusted for any non-recurring cash expenses for the
next 12 months, is approximately $450,000-$550,000 per quarter. We may eliminate some operating expenses in the future, which will
further reduce our cash flow shortfall if needed. We expect to have sufficient working capital for at least the next 3 years to
fund operations based upon current expense levels.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">In the event that we are unable to generate
sufficient cash from our operating activities or raise additional funds, we may delay, reduce or curtail our operations. The Company
may seek to obtain additional funding through future equity issuances. There can be no assurance as to the availability or terms
upon which such financing and capital might be available. Eventual success of the Company and generation of positive cash flow
will be dependent upon the commercialization of products using the Company&#8217;s technology by the Company&#8217;s licensees
and payments of continuing royalties on account thereof. To date, the Company has not generated sufficient revenue from its licensees
to fund its operations.</p><span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for the nature of an entity's business, major products or services, principal markets including location, and the relative importance of its operations in each business and the basis for the determination, including but not limited to, assets, revenues, or earnings. For an entity that has not commenced principal operations, disclosures about the risks and uncertainties related to the activities in which the entity is currently engaged and an understanding of what those activities are being directed toward.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 275<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=99393423&amp;loc=d3e5967-108592<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 275<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2134479<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6633236848">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Revenue Recognition<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th></tr>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock', window );">Revenue Recognition</a></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><u>Note&#160;6.&#160;Revenue Recognition</u></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Company recognizes&#160;revenue&#160;in accordance
with&#160;ASC 606&#160;<i>Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606</i>).&#160;The standard provides a single comprehensive
revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers and supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance. The revenue standard
contains principles that an entity will apply to determine the measurement of revenue and timing of when it is recognized. The
underlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount
that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">This new ASC 606 guidance was adopted by the
Company beginning January 1, 2018. ASC 606 was applied using the modified retrospective method, with the cumulative effect of the
initial adoption being recognized as an adjustment to opening retained earnings at January 1, 2018.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">ASC 606 follows a five-step approach to determining
revenue recognition including: 1) Identification of the contract; 2) Identification of the performance obligations; 3) Determination
of the transaction price; 4) Allocation of the transaction price and 5) Recognition of revenue.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Company determined that its license agreements
provide for three performance obligations which include: (i) the Grant of Use to its Patent Portfolio&#160;(&#8220;Grant of Use&#8221;),&#160;(ii)
Stand-Ready Technical Support (&#8220;Technical Support&#8221;) including the transfer of trade secrets and other know-how, production
of materials, scale-up support, analytical testing, etc., and (iii) access to new Intellectual Property (&#8220;IP&#8221;) that
may be developed sometime during the course of the contract period (&#8220;New Improvements&#8221;). Given the nature of IP development,
such New Improvements are on an unspecified basis and can occur and be made available to licensees at any time during the contract
period.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">When a contract includes more than one performance
obligation, the Company needs to allocate the total consideration to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone
selling price or estimate the standalone selling price if it is not observable. A standalone selling price is not available for
our performance obligations since we do not sell any of the services separately and there is no competitor pricing that is available.
As a consequence, the best method for determining standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance obligation is through
a comparison of the average royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements. Comparable license
agreements must consider several factors including: (i) the materials that are being licensed, (ii) the market application for
the licensed materials, and (iii) the financial terms in the license agreements that can increase or decrease the risk/reward nature
of the agreement.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Based on the royalty rate comparison referred
to above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical Support and New Improvements performance
obligations. The Company focuses a significant portion of its time and resources to provide the Technical Support and New Improvements
services to its licensees which further supports the conclusions reached using the royalty rate analysis.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Technical Support and New Improvements
performance obligations are co-terminus over the term of the license agreement. For purposes of determining the transaction price,
and recognizing revenue, the Company combined the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations because they have
the same pattern of transfer and the same term. We maintain a staff of scientists and other professionals whose primary job responsibilities
throughout the year are: (i) being available to respond to Technical Support needs of our licensees, and (ii) developing improvements
to our technology which are offered to our licensees as New Improvements. Since the costs incurred to satisfy the Technical Support
and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout the year, the value of the Technical Support and New
Improvements services are recognized throughout the initial contract period as these performance obligations are satisfied. If
the agreement is not terminated at the end of the initial contract period, it will renew on the same terms as the initial contract
for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalty obligations relating to this renewal contract will be allocated
similarly to the initial contract over the additional one-year period.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We recognize revenue when or as the performance
obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled at a point in time, revenue is recognized
at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a functional license, the value of the Grant
of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license agreement is in force. The value of the Technical
Support and New Improvements obligations is allocated throughout the contract period based on the satisfaction of its performance
obligations. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the contract period, it will renew on the same terms as the original
agreement for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalties (&#8220;MAR&#8221;) relating to this renewal
contract will be allocated similarly over that additional year.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Company&#8217;s license agreements have
a variable royalty fee structure (meaning that royalties are a fixed percentage of sales that vary from period to period) and frequently
include a minimum annual royalty commitment. In instances when sales of licensed products by its licensees exceed the MAR, the
Company recognizes fee income as the amounts have been earned. Typically, the royalty rate for such sales is 10-15% of the selling
price. While this is variable consideration, it is subject to the sales/usage royalty exception to recognition of variable consideration
in ASC 606 10-55-65 and therefore is not recognized until the subsequent sales or usage occurs or the MAR period commences.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Because of the immediate recognition of the
Grant of Use performance obligation: (i) the first period of the contract term will generally have a higher percent allocation
of the transaction price under ASC 606 than under the accounting guidance used prior to the adoption of ASC 606, and (ii) the remaining
periods in the year will have less of the transaction price recognized under ASC 606 than under the accounting guidance used prior
to the adoption of ASC 606. After the initial period in the contract term, the revenue for the remaining periods will be based
on the satisfaction of the technical support and New Improvements obligations. Since most of our license agreements start as of
January 1st, the revenue recognized for the contract under ASC 606 in our first quarter will tend to be higher than the accounting
guidance used prior to the adoption of ASC 606.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Company does not have any contract assets
under ASC 606 as of September 30, 2019.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Certain of the contract fees are accrued by,
or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which they are earned resulting in deferred revenue. Such excess amounts are
recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized into income in future periods as earned.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Company operates in a single business segment
which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control the flow of light. Our revenue source comes
from the licensing of this technology and all of these license agreements have similar terms and provisions. The majority of the
Company&#8217;s licensing fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating in the automotive market. The
Company currently believes that the automotive market will be the largest source of its royalty income over the next several years.
The Company&#8217;s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors including various trends affecting demand
in the automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product lines. In addition to these macro factors,
the Company&#8217;s royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by specific factors such as whether the
Company&#8217;s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number of
additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and the number of windows on a vehicle
that use SPD SmartGlass, fluctuations in the total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage of cars
within each model produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing or exchange rates.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">As of September 30, 2019, the Company has
seven license agreements that are in their initial multiyear term (&#8220;Initial Term&#8221;) with continuing performance obligations
going forward. The Initial Term of four of these agreements will end as of December 31, 2019, one will end as of December 31,
2020, one will end as of December 31, 2021, and one will end as of December 31, 2022. The Company currently expects that all seven
of these agreements will renew annually at the end of the Initial Term. As of September 30, 2019, the aggregate amount of the
revenue to be recognized upon the satisfaction of the remaining performance obligations for the seven license agreements is $282,632.
The revenue for these remaining performance obligations for each of the seven license agreements is expected to be&#160;recognized&#160;evenly
throughout their remaining period of the Initial Term.</p><span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure of revenue from contract with customer to transfer good or service and to transfer nonfinancial asset. Includes, but is not limited to, disaggregation of revenue, credit loss recognized from contract with customer, judgment and change in judgment related to contract with customer, and asset recognized from cost incurred to obtain or fulfill contract with customer. Excludes insurance and lease contracts.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=49130388<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6761838848">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EarningsPerShareAbstract', window );"><strong>Earnings Per Share [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EarningsPerShareTextBlock', window );">Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share</a></td>
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the potential dilution that would occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into
common stock. The Company&#8217;s dilutive loss per share equals basic loss per share for the periods ended&#160;September&#160;30,
2019 and&#160;2018, respectively,&#160;because all common stock equivalents (<i>i.e.,&#160;</i>options and warrants) were antidilutive
in those periods. The number of options and warrants that were not included (because their effect is antidilutive) was&#160;3,324,213&#160;and
2,975,985 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.</p><span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2144383<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6642062224">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Leases - Schedule of Operating Lease Liabilities (Details) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jan. 02, 2019</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LeasesAbstract', window );"><strong>Leases [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear', window );">For the remainder of 2019</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 52,990<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo', window );">For the year ended December 31, 2020</a></td>
<td class="nump">213,146<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree', window );">For the year ended December 31, 2021</a></td>
<td class="nump">207,229<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFour', window );">For the year ended December 31, 2022</a></td>
<td class="nump">213,320<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFive', window );">For the year ended December 31, 2023</a></td>
<td class="nump">217,151<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive', window );">For the year ended December 31, 2024 and beyond</a></td>
<td class="nump">277,743<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue', window );">Total lease payments</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,181,579<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount', window );">Less: imputed lease interest</a></td>
<td class="num">(166,630)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability', window );">Present value of lease liabilities</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,014,949<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,134,000<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payments for operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888426&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payments for operating lease, due after fifth fiscal year following latest fiscal year.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888426&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payments for operating lease, due in fourth fiscal year following latest fiscal year.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888426&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFour</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payments for operating lease, due in third fiscal year following latest fiscal year.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888426&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payments for operating lease, due in second fiscal year following latest fiscal year.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888426&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payments for operating lease having an initial or remaining lease term in excess of one year due in remainder of fiscal year following latest fiscal year.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888426&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payments in excess of discounted obligation for lease payments for operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888426&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Present value of lessee's discounted obligation for lease payments from operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888419&amp;loc=SL77918627-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6761885776">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncement<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccountingPoliciesAbstract', window );"><strong>Accounting Policies [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccountingChangesTextBlock', window );">Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncement</a></td>
<td class="text"><p style="margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><u>Note 3.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncement</u></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted
the Financial Accounting Standards Board&#8217;s Standard, <i>Leases (Topic 842)</i>, as amended. The standard requires all leases
to be recorded on the balance sheet as a right of use asset and a lease liability. The standard provides practical expedients in
order to simplify adoption, including the following:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 24px; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 24px; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">An entity need not reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases.</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">An entity need not reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases. Instead, any leases previously classified as operating leases will continue to be classified as operating leases, while any leases previously classified as capital leases will be classified as finance leases.</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">An entity need not reassess initial direct costs for any leases.</font></td></tr>
</table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Company used the above practical expedients
as the transition method in the application of the new lease standard at January 1, 2019. The Company applied a policy election
to exclude short-term leases from balance sheet recognition and elected certain practical expedients at adoption. As permitted,
the Company did not reassess whether existing contracts are or contain leases, the lease classification for any existing leases
or the initial direct costs for any existing leases which were not previously accounted for as leases, are or contain a lease.
At adoption on January 1, 2019, an operating lease liability of $1,134,000 and an operating lease right of use asset of $941,000
were recorded. The operating lease liability was $193,000 more than the operating lease right of use asset due to unamortized
lease incentive from periods prior to the adoption of the new lease standard. There was no cumulative earnings effect adjustment.</p><span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AccountingChangesTextBlock">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for reporting accounting changes, excludes error corrections information.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 250<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2122394<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccountingChangesTextBlock</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccountingPoliciesAbstract</td>
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<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6771751344">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity (Unaudited) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Common Stock [Member]</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Accumulated Deficit [Member]</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Total</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Balance beginning at Dec. 31, 2017</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,404<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 111,627,789<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (109,062,827)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,567,366<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance beginning, shares at Dec. 31, 2017</a></td>
<td class="nump">24,043,846<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CumulativeEffectOnRetainedEarningsNetOfTax1', window );">Adoption of ASC 606</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">58,021<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">58,021<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueNewIssues', window );">Issuance of common stock</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 362<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,026,268<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,026,630<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues', window );">Issuance of common stock, shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">3,618,365<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_WarrantsConvertedToEquity', window );">Warrants converted to equity</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">61,111<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">61,111<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockGrantedDuringPeriodValueSharebasedCompensation', window );">Stock-based compensation</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">69,309<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">69,309<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(2,051,960)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(2,051,960)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Balance ending at Sep. 30, 2018</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,766<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">114,784,477<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(111,056,766)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,730,477<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance ending, shares at Sep. 30, 2018</a></td>
<td class="nump">27,662,211<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Balance beginning at Jun. 30, 2018</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,543<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">112,946,959<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(110,368,465)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,581,037<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance beginning, shares at Jun. 30, 2018</a></td>
<td class="nump">25,432,739<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueNewIssues', window );">Issuance of common stock</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 217<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,776,412<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,776,629<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues', window );">Issuance of common stock, shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">2,173,916<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockGrantedDuringPeriodValueSharebasedCompensation', window );">Stock-based compensation</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised', window );">Exercise of options and warrants</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 6<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">61,106<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">61,112<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised', window );">Exercise of options and warrants, shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">55,556<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(688,301)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(688,301)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Balance ending at Sep. 30, 2018</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,766<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">114,784,477<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(111,056,766)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,730,477<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance ending, shares at Sep. 30, 2018</a></td>
<td class="nump">27,662,211<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Balance beginning at Dec. 31, 2018</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,767<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">114,787,657<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(111,690,934)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,099,490<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance beginning, shares at Dec. 31, 2018</a></td>
<td class="nump">27,665,211<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CumulativeEffectOnRetainedEarningsNetOfTax1', window );">Adoption of ASC 606</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueNewIssues', window );">Issuance of common stock</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 200<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">4,599,799<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">4,599,999<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues', window );">Issuance of common stock, shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">2,001,237<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_WarrantsConvertedToEquity', window );">Warrants converted to equity</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,153,439<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,153,439<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockGrantedDuringPeriodValueSharebasedCompensation', window );">Stock-based compensation</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">356,228<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">356,228<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised', window );">Exercise of options and warrants</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 142<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,170,404<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,170,546<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised', window );">Exercise of options and warrants, shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,423,843<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(2,552,087)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(2,552,087)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Balance ending at Sep. 30, 2019</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,109<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">122,067,527<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(114,243,021)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">7,827,615<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance ending, shares at Sep. 30, 2019</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,090,291<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Balance beginning at Jun. 30, 2019</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,103<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">122,002,886<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(113,845,309)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">8,160,680<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance beginning, shares at Jun. 30, 2019</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,033,443<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised', window );">Exercise of options and warrants</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 6<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">64,641<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">64,647<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised', window );">Exercise of options and warrants, shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">56,848<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(397,712)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(397,712)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Balance ending at Sep. 30, 2019</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,109<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 122,067,527<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (114,243,021)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 7,827,615<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance ending, shares at Sep. 30, 2019</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,090,291<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Stock issued during period shares stock options and warrants exercised.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Stock issued during period value stock options and warrants exercised.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_WarrantsConvertedToEquity">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Warrants converted to equity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_WarrantsConvertedToEquity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CumulativeEffectOnRetainedEarningsNetOfTax1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of the cumulative effect on retained earnings net of related income tax effect.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 9<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=109234566&amp;loc=d3e22663-107794<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CumulativeEffectOnRetainedEarningsNetOfTax1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss</td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of shares issued which are neither cancelled nor held in the treasury.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<tr>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Value, after forfeiture, of shares granted under share-based payment arrangement. Excludes employee stock ownership plan (ESOP).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 30<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116855757&amp;loc=d3e3913-113898<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Section 35<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116859318&amp;loc=d3e15009-113911<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockGrantedDuringPeriodValueSharebasedCompensation</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of new stock issued during the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=109259400&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=27012166&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(28))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Equity impact of the value of new stock issued during the period. Includes shares issued in an initial public offering or a secondary public offering.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=27012166&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=109259400&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(28))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueNewIssues</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total of all stockholders' equity (deficit) items, net of receivables from officers, directors, owners, and affiliates of the entity which are attributable to the parent. The amount of the economic entity's stockholders' equity attributable to the parent excludes the amount of stockholders' equity which is allocable to that ownership interest in subsidiary equity which is not attributable to the parent (noncontrolling interest, minority interest). This excludes temporary equity and is sometimes called permanent equity.</p></div>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Document and Entity Information.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_DocumentAndEntityInformationAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>End date of current fiscal year in the format --MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:gMonthDayItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Fiscal period values are FY, Q1, Q2, and Q3.  1st, 2nd and 3rd quarter 10-Q or 10-QT statements have value Q1, Q2, and Q3 respectively, with 10-K, 10-KT or other fiscal year statements having FY.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fiscalPeriodItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>This is focus fiscal year of the document report in CCYY format. For a 2006 annual report, which may also provide financial information from prior periods, fiscal 2006 should be given as the fiscal year focus. Example: 2006.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:gYearItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The end date of the period reflected on the cover page if a periodic report. For all other reports and registration statements containing historical data, it is the date up through which that historical data is presented.  If there is no historical data in the report, use the filing date. The format of the date is CCYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate number of shares or other units outstanding of each of registrant's classes of capital or common stock or other ownership interests, if and as stated on cover of related periodic report. Where multiple classes or units exist define each class/interest by adding class of stock items such as Common Class A [Member], Common Class B [Member] or Partnership Interest [Member] onto the Instrument [Domain] of the Entity Listings, Instrument.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate 'Yes' or 'No' whether registrants (1) have filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that registrants were required to file such reports), and (2) have been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. This information should be based on the registrant's current or most recent filing containing the related disclosure.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:yesNoItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if an emerging growth company has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 7A<br> -Section B<br> -Subsection 2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFilerCategory">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate whether the registrant is one of the following: Large Accelerated Filer, Accelerated Filer, Non-accelerated Filer. Definitions of these categories are stated in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. This information should be based on the registrant's current or most recent filing containing the related disclosure.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFilerCategory</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:filerCategoryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation S-T<br> -Number 232<br> -Section 405<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:yesNoItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityShellCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the registrant is a shell company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntitySmallBusiness">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicates that the company is a Smaller Reporting Company (SRC).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntitySmallBusiness</td>
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<title></title>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6761839648">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Fee Income<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_FeeIncomeAbstract', window );"><strong>Fee Income</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock', window );">Fee Income</a></td>
<td class="text"><p style="margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><u>Note&#160;7.&#160;Fee Income</u></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Fee income represents amounts earned by the
Company under various license and other agreements relating to technology developed by the Company. During the first nine months
of 2019, three licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company;&#160;these licensees&#160;accounted for approximately
43%, 15% and 10% of fee income recognized during such period. During the first nine months of 2018, four licensees accounted for
10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately 33%, 14%,&#160;11%&#160;and&#160;10%, respectively,
of fee income recognized during this period. During the three-month period&#160;ended&#160;September 30, 2019, two licensees accounted
for 10% or more of fee income of the Company;&#160;these licensees&#160;accounted for approximately 53% and 15% of fee income
recognized during such period. During the three-month period&#160;ended&#160;September 30, 2018, three licensees accounted for
10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately 33%, 14% and 14%, respectively, of fee income
recognized during such period.</p><span></span>
</td>
</tr>
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<div style="display: none;">
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Fee Income Disclosure [Text Block]</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<title></title>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6632852720">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Equity<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EquityAbstract', window );"><strong>Equity [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock', window );">Equity</a></td>
<td class="text"><p style="margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><u>Note&#160;11.&#160;Equity</u></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the nine months ended September 30,
2019, the Company received $1,170,546 in proceeds from the exercise of outstanding options and warrants and issued 1,060,718 shares
of its&#160;common&#160;stock in connection with these exercises. In addition, during the nine months ended September 30, 2019,
the Company issued 363,125 shares of its&#160;common&#160;stock in connection with the cashless exercise of 603,569 of its outstanding
options and warrants. During the three-month period ended September 30, 2019, the Company received $64,647 in proceeds from the
exercise of outstanding options and warrants and issued 56,848 shares of its&#160;common&#160;stock in connection with these exercises.
There were no proceeds from the exercise of outstanding warrants and/or options during the three or nine month period ended September
30, 2018.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">On or around February 16, 2018, a small group
of long-time shareholders of the Company who are accredited investors made an interest-free five-year convertible loan of $1.25
million to the Company which, upon the occurrence of certain conditions which have already occurred, automatically converted into
1,388,893 shares of common stock at a price equal to the market price of the Company&#8217;s common stock when the loan was made,
plus warrants expiring February 28, 2023 to purchase 1,388,893 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.10, $1.20 or $1.35
per share depending on the exercise date. No payments are due on this note during its five-year term or after conversion into equity.
On April 23, 2018, Research Frontiers Incorporated filed a prospectus supplement relating to the issuance and sale of the above
common stock and warrant securities with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company recorded this transaction as an equity
transaction whereby the proceeds were accounted for as the issuance of the Company&#8217;s common stock on the date that the proceeds
were received.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">On September 7, 2018, the Company announced
that it had sold common stock to a group of investors led by Gauzy Ltd., a licensee of the Company&#8217;s SPD technology (Gauzy).
The aggregate proceeds from these stock offerings was $2.0 million. At the closing, the investors received 2,173,916 shares of
Research Frontiers common stock at a price of $0.92 per share, as well as five-year warrants to purchase 1,086,957 shares of Research
Frontiers common stock at an exercise price of $1.10, $1.20 or $1.38 per share depending on the exercise date. In connection with
the issuance of certain of these warrants during the third quarter of 2018, the Company recorded $223,370 as a warrant liability
upon the issuance of these warrants on August 13, 2018 and recorded a non-cash expense of $278,044 to mark the warrants to their
estimated market value as of December 31, 2018. This resulted in a liability of $501,414 recorded on the Company&#8217;s December
31, 2018 balance sheet.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">On or around May 30, 2019, the Company sold
to accredited investors a total of 1,276,599 shares of common stock and warrants expiring May 31, 2024 to purchase 638,295 shares
of common stock at an exercise price of $3.384, $3.666 or $4.23 per share depending on the exercise date. Research Frontiers&#160;Incorporated&#160;also
sold to Gauzy, at a price of $1.38 per unit, with each unit comprised of one share of unregistered common stock and one half of
one warrant. The warrant can be converted into one share of unregistered common stock at an exercise price of $1.656, $1.794 or
$2.07 per share depending on the exercise date. Gauzy received a total of 724,638 shares of unregistered common stock and warrants
expiring May 31, 2024 to purchase 362,319 shares of common stock. The aggregate proceeds from these stock offerings was $4.6 million.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Investors that participated in the May 30,
2019 offering agreed to amending/clarifying language to the terms of the warrants that they received in the September 7, 2018 offering.
Those investors that received warrants in the September 7, 2018 offering that did not participate in the May 30, 2019 offering,
separately agreed as of June 27, 2019 to the same amending/clarifying language used in the May 30, 2019 offering. The amending/clarifying
language relating to the September 7, 2018 warrants does not allow for a net cash settlement option for the warrants even if no
registered shares of common stock are available upon the exercise of the warrant. The Company recorded a non-cash expense of $0
and $652,025 respectively for the three- and nine-month&#160;periods&#160;ended September 30, 2019 to mark these warrants to their
estimated market value as of their respective amendment/clarification date. The warrant liability was valued at $1,153,439 (including
all valuation adjustments since their issuance) through the date of these new agreements and amendments and, based on the amended
warrant terms, the warrant liability was reclassified to equity as of these dates.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">As of September 30, 2019, there were 2,029,462
warrants outstanding.</p><span></span>
</td>
</tr>
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<div style="display: none;">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EquityAbstract</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for shareholders' equity comprised of portions attributable to the parent entity and noncontrolling interest, including other comprehensive income. Includes, but is not limited to, balances of common stock, preferred stock, additional paid-in capital, other capital and retained earnings, accumulated balance for each classification of other comprehensive income and amount of comprehensive income.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2208762<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock</td>
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<html>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6760718528">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Leases (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">3 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jan. 02, 2019</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2018</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LeasesAbstract', window );"><strong>Leases [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1', window );">Operating weighted average remaining lease term</a></td>
<td class="text">5 years 4 months 24 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">5 years 4 months 24 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent', window );">Weighted average discount rate, percent</a></td>
<td class="nump">5.50%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">5.50%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseExpense', window );">Operating lease expense</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 53,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 164,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset', window );">Right of use lease assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">814,285<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">814,285<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 941,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability', window );">Operating lease liability</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,014,949<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,014,949<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,134,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LeasesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LeasesAbstract</td>
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</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of operating lease expense. Excludes sublease income.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888419&amp;loc=SL77918638-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseExpense</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Present value of lessee's discounted obligation for lease payments from operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888419&amp;loc=SL77918627-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's right to use underlying asset under operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888419&amp;loc=SL77918627-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average discount rate for operating lease calculated at point in time.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (g)(4)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888426&amp;loc=SL77918686-209980<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 53<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888399&amp;loc=SL77918982-209971<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>num:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average remaining lease term for operating lease, in 'PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 53<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888399&amp;loc=SL77918982-209971<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (g)(3)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888426&amp;loc=SL77918686-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6775533104">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Equity (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">3 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">9 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>May 30, 2019</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 07, 2018</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Feb. 16, 2018</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2018</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2018</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2018</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Aug. 13, 2018</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants', window );">Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 64,647<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,170,546<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises', window );">Options and warrant issued in connection with exercises</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">56,848<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,060,718<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_AdditionalIssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants', window );">Additional issuance of common stock options and warrants</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">363,125<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DebtInstrumentTerm', window );">Convertible loan period</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">5 years<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromLoanOriginations1', window );">Proceeds from loan</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,250,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConversionOfStockSharesConverted1', window );">Conversion of stock, shares converted</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,388,893<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByEachWarrantOrRight', window );">Warrants to purchase common stock</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,388,893<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingMaturityDate', window );">Warrant expiry date</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">Feb. 28,  2023<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm', window );">Warrants term</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">5 years<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_WarrantLiability', window );">Warrant liability</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 501,414<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 223,370<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants', window );">Warrant market adjustment</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 286,631<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">652,025<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 286,631<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 278,044<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EmbeddedDerivativeNoLongerBifurcatedAmountReclassifiedToStockholdersEquity', window );">Warrant liability reclassified to equity</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,153,439<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding', window );">Number of warrants outstanding</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,029,462<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,029,462<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LegalEntityAxis=REFR_SPDTechnologyMember', window );">SPD Technology [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesIssuedPricePerShare', window );">Shares issued price per share</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1.38<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightTitleOfSecurityWarrantsOrRightsOutstanding', window );">Warrants issued description</a></td>
<td class="text">One share of unregistered common stock and one half of one warrant<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionAxis=REFR_InvestorsMember', window );">Investors [Member] | SPD Technology [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByEachWarrantOrRight', window );">Warrants to purchase common stock</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,086,957<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceInitialPublicOffering', window );">Proceeds from stock offering</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,000,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues', window );">Number of shares issued to investors</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,173,916<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesIssuedPricePerShare', window );">Shares issued price per share</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.92<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm', window );">Warrants term</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">5 years<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantExercisePriceOneMember', window );">Warrant Exercise Price One [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1', window );">Warrant exercise price per share</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1.10<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantExercisePriceOneMember', window );">Warrant Exercise Price One [Member] | Accredited Investors [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1', window );">Warrant exercise price per share</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3.384<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantExercisePriceOneMember', window );">Warrant Exercise Price One [Member] | SPD Technology [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1', window );">Warrant exercise price per share</a></td>
<td class="nump">1.656<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantExercisePriceOneMember', window );">Warrant Exercise Price One [Member] | Investors [Member] | SPD Technology [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1', window );">Warrant exercise price per share</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1.10<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantExercisePriceTwoMember', window );">Warrant Exercise Price Two [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1', window );">Warrant exercise price per share</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1.20<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantExercisePriceTwoMember', window );">Warrant Exercise Price Two [Member] | Accredited Investors [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1', window );">Warrant exercise price per share</a></td>
<td class="nump">3.666<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantExercisePriceTwoMember', window );">Warrant Exercise Price Two [Member] | SPD Technology [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1', window );">Warrant exercise price per share</a></td>
<td class="nump">1.794<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantExercisePriceTwoMember', window );">Warrant Exercise Price Two [Member] | Investors [Member] | SPD Technology [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1', window );">Warrant exercise price per share</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1.20<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantExercisePriceThreeMember', window );">Warrant Exercise Price Three [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1', window );">Warrant exercise price per share</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1.35<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantExercisePriceThreeMember', window );">Warrant Exercise Price Three [Member] | Accredited Investors [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1', window );">Warrant exercise price per share</a></td>
<td class="nump">4.23<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantExercisePriceThreeMember', window );">Warrant Exercise Price Three [Member] | SPD Technology [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1', window );">Warrant exercise price per share</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 2.07<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantExercisePriceThreeMember', window );">Warrant Exercise Price Three [Member] | Investors [Member] | SPD Technology [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1', window );">Warrant exercise price per share</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1.38<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_CommonStockMember', window );">Common Stock [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues', window );">Number of shares issued to investors</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,173,916<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,001,237<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,618,365<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_CommonStockMember', window );">Common Stock [Member] | Accredited Investors [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction', window );">Number of common stock sold</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,276,599<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantsMember', window );">Warrants [Member] | Accredited Investors [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByEachWarrantOrRight', window );">Warrants to purchase common stock</a></td>
<td class="nump">638,295<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingMaturityDate', window );">Warrant expiry date</a></td>
<td class="text">May 31,  2024<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantsMember', window );">Warrants [Member] | SPD Technology [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByEachWarrantOrRight', window );">Warrants to purchase common stock</a></td>
<td class="nump">362,319<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingMaturityDate', window );">Warrant expiry date</a></td>
<td class="text">May 31,  2024<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_UnregisteredCommonStockMember', window );">Unregistered Common Stock [Member] | SPD Technology [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues', window );">Number of shares issued to investors</a></td>
<td class="nump">724,638<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_WarrantMember', window );">Warrant [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants', window );">Warrant market adjustment</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 652,025<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=REFR_CashlessExerciseMember', window );">Cashless Exercise [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_AdditionalIssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants', window );">Additional issuance of common stock options and warrants</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">603,569<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_AdditionalIssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Additional issuance of common stock options and warrants.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_AdditionalIssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Options and warrant issued in connection with exercises.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_WarrantLiability">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Warrant liability.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_WarrantLiability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Exercise price per share or per unit of warrants or rights outstanding.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08.(i)(4))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=26873400&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>num:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByEachWarrantOrRight">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of securities into which each warrant or right may be converted. For example, but not limited to, each warrant may be converted into two shares.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByEachWarrantOrRight</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of warrants or rights outstanding.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08.(i))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=26873400&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightTitleOfSecurityWarrantsOrRightsOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>This item provides the title of issue of securities called for by warrants or rights outstanding.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08.(i)(1))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=26873400&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightTitleOfSecurityWarrantsOrRightsOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ConversionOfStockSharesConverted1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The number of shares converted in a noncash (or part noncash) transaction. Noncash is defined as transactions during a period that do not result in cash receipts or cash payments in the period. "Part noncash" refers to that portion of the transaction not resulting in cash receipts or cash payments in the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=98513485&amp;loc=d3e4313-108586<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=98513485&amp;loc=d3e4304-108586<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 5<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=98513485&amp;loc=d3e4332-108586<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ConversionOfStockSharesConverted1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DebtInstrumentTerm">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Period of time between issuance and maturity of debt instrument, in PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents the reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DebtInstrumentTerm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EmbeddedDerivativeNoLongerBifurcatedAmountReclassifiedToStockholdersEquity">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of the liability for the conversion option reclassified to stockholders' equity when the embedded option no longer required separation from the host instrument.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 815<br> -SubTopic 15<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=35708913&amp;loc=d3e50896-113970<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EmbeddedDerivativeNoLongerBifurcatedAmountReclassifiedToStockholdersEquity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense (income) related to adjustment to fair value of warrant liability.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 480<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 25<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=109262497&amp;loc=d3e20148-110875<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceInitialPublicOffering">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash inflow associated with the amount received from entity's first offering of stock to the public.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3255-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceInitialPublicOffering</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromLoanOriginations1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cash inflow associated with loan origination (the process when securing a mortgage for a piece of real property) or lease origination.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3179-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProceedsFromLoanOriginations1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The number of shares issued or sold by the subsidiary or equity method investee per stock transaction.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharesIssuedPricePerShare">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Per share or per unit amount of equity securities issued.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharesIssuedPricePerShare</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>num:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of new stock issued during the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=109259400&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=27012166&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(28))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingMaturityDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Expiration date of outstanding warrant and right embodying unconditional obligation requiring redemption by transferring asset at specified or determinable date or upon event certain to occur, in CCYY-MM-DD format.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 820<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (bbb)(2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=117815213&amp;loc=d3e19207-110258<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingMaturityDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Period between issuance and expiration of outstanding warrant and right embodying unconditional obligation requiring redemption by transferring asset at specified or determinable date or upon event certain to occur, in 'PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 820<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (bbb)(2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=117815213&amp;loc=d3e19207-110258<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_WarrantsAndRightsOutstandingTerm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LegalEntityAxis=REFR_SPDTechnologyMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LegalEntityAxis=REFR_SPDTechnologyMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionAxis=REFR_InvestorsMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionAxis=REFR_InvestorsMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantExercisePriceOneMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantExercisePriceOneMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=REFR_AccreditedInvestorsMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=REFR_AccreditedInvestorsMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantExercisePriceTwoMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantExercisePriceTwoMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantExercisePriceThreeMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantExercisePriceThreeMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_CommonStockMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_CommonStockMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantsMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_WarrantsMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_UnregisteredCommonStockMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_UnregisteredCommonStockMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_WarrantMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_WarrantMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=REFR_CashlessExerciseMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=REFR_CashlessExerciseMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>30
<FILENAME>R21.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6763913216">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Business (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2019</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2018</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2018</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2018</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2017</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_WorkingCapital', window );">Working capital</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 7,600,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue', window );">Cash</a></td>
<td class="nump">7,016,922<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,969,416<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Shareholders' equity</a></td>
<td class="nump">7,827,615<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 8,160,680<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,099,490<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,730,477<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,581,037<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,567,366<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit', window );">Accumulated deficit</a></td>
<td class="num">(114,243,021)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (111,690,934)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember', window );">Minimum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses', window );">Non-recurring cash expenses</a></td>
<td class="nump">450,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember', window );">Maximum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses', window );">Non-recurring cash expenses</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 550,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Non-recurring cash expenses.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_WorkingCapital">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Working capital.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_WorkingCapital</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue">
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of currency on hand as well as demand deposits with banks or financial institutions. Includes other kinds of accounts that have the general characteristics of demand deposits. Also includes short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates. Excludes cash and cash equivalents within disposal group and discontinued operation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3044-108585<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118951113&amp;loc=d3e6676-107765<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.1)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cumulative amount of the reporting entity's undistributed earnings or deficit.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30)(a)(3))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(23)(a)(4))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=119400593&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=27012166&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total of all stockholders' equity (deficit) items, net of receivables from officers, directors, owners, and affiliates of the entity which are attributable to the parent. The amount of the economic entity's stockholders' equity attributable to the parent excludes the amount of stockholders' equity which is allocable to that ownership interest in subsidiary equity which is not attributable to the parent (noncontrolling interest, minority interest). This excludes temporary equity and is sometimes called permanent equity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 4.E)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=27010918&amp;loc=d3e74512-122707<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(31))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
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<tr>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6760474448">
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<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Fee Income (Details Narrative)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">3 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">9 Months Ended</th>
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<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2018</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2018</div></th>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_ThreeLicenseesMember', window );">Three Licensees [Member]</a></td>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Percentage of fee income</a></td>
<td class="nump">53.00%<span></span>
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<td class="nump">33.00%<span></span>
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<td class="nump">43.00%<span></span>
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<td class="nump">33.00%<span></span>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeTwoMember', window );">Licensee Two [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Percentage of fee income</a></td>
<td class="nump">15.00%<span></span>
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<td class="nump">14.00%<span></span>
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<td class="nump">15.00%<span></span>
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<td class="nump">14.00%<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Percentage of fee income</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">14.00%<span></span>
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<td class="nump">10.00%<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_FourLicenseesMember', window );">Four Licensees [Member]</a></td>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Percentage of fee income</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Percentage of fee income</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Percentage of fee income</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="nump">10.00%<span></span>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_TwoLicenseesMember', window );">Two Licensees [Member]</a></td>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Percentage of fee income</a></td>
<td class="nump">10.00%<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For an entity that discloses a concentration risk in relation to quantitative amount, which serves as the "benchmark" (or denominator) in the equation, this concept represents the concentration percentage derived from the division.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1</td>
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<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6761829456">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Basis of Presentation<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsAbstract', window );"><strong>Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_BasisOfAccounting', window );">Basis of Presentation</a></td>
<td class="text"><p style="margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><u>Note 1. Basis of Presentation</u></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 21.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.95pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated
financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (&#8220;GAAP&#8221;)
for interim financial information and with the instructions to Rule 8-03 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all
of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments
considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. Operating
results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected
for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2019. The condensed consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2018 are audited
financial statements. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in
the Annual Report on Form 10-K relating to Research Frontiers Incorporated (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) for the fiscal year ended
December 31, 2018.</p><span></span>
</td>
</tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for the basis of accounting, or basis of presentation, used to prepare the financial statements (for example, US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting, IFRS).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2122369<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<html>
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<title></title>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6758656112">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2018</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract', window );"><strong>Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent', window );">Royalties receivables, reserves</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,117,441<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,094,774<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare', window );">Common stock, par value</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.0001<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.0001<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized', window );">Common stock, shares authorized</a></td>
<td class="nump">100,000,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">100,000,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued', window );">Common stock, shares issued</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,090,291<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">27,665,211<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
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<td class="nump">31,090,291<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">27,665,211<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of allowance for credit loss on accounts receivable, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(4)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118936363&amp;loc=d3e5074-111524<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 326<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118955202&amp;loc=SL82895884-210446<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Face amount or stated value per share of common stock.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The maximum number of common shares permitted to be issued by an entity's charter and bylaws.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total number of common shares of an entity that have been sold or granted to shareholders (includes common shares that were issued, repurchased and remain in the treasury). These shares represent capital invested by the firm's shareholders and owners, and may be all or only a portion of the number of shares authorized. Shares issued include shares outstanding and shares held in the treasury.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of shares of common stock outstanding. Common stock represent the ownership interest in a corporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=109259400&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6703475504">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Leases - Schedule of Future Minimum Rental Commitments (Details)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th">
<div>Dec. 31, 2018 </div>
<div>USD ($)</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LeasesAbstract', window );"><strong>Leases [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueCurrent', window );">2019</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 191,000<span></span>
</td>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInTwoYears', window );">2020</a></td>
<td class="nump">197,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInThreeYears', window );">2021</a></td>
<td class="nump">203,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInFourYears', window );">2022</a></td>
<td class="nump">209,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueThereafter', window );">Thereafter:</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 493,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of required minimum rental payments for operating leases having an initial or remaining non-cancelable lease term in excess of one year due in the next fiscal year following the latest fiscal year. Excludes interim and annual periods when interim periods are reported on a rolling approach, from latest balance sheet date.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/otherTransitionRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 840<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77902758&amp;loc=d3e41502-112717<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/otherTransitionRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 840<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 40<br> -Subparagraph (Note 3)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=82846649&amp;loc=d3e38371-112697<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of required minimum rental payments for operating leases having an initial or remaining non-cancelable lease term in excess of one year due in the fourth fiscal year following the latest fiscal year. Excludes interim and annual periods when interim periods are reported on a rolling approach, from latest balance sheet date.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/otherTransitionRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 840<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77902758&amp;loc=d3e41502-112717<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/otherTransitionRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 840<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 40<br> -Subparagraph (Note 3)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=82846649&amp;loc=d3e38371-112697<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of required minimum rental payments for operating leases having an initial or remaining non-cancelable lease term in excess of one year due in the third fiscal year following the latest fiscal year. Excludes interim and annual periods when interim periods are reported on a rolling approach, from latest balance sheet date.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/otherTransitionRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 840<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 40<br> -Subparagraph (Note 3)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=82846649&amp;loc=d3e38371-112697<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/otherTransitionRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 840<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77902758&amp;loc=d3e41502-112717<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeasesFutureMinimumPaymentsDueInThreeYears</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of required minimum rental payments for operating leases having an initial or remaining non-cancelable lease term in excess of one year due in the second fiscal year following the latest fiscal year. Excludes interim and annual periods when interim periods are reported on a rolling approach, from latest balance sheet date.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/otherTransitionRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 840<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77902758&amp;loc=d3e41502-112717<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/otherTransitionRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 840<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 40<br> -Subparagraph (Note 3)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=82846649&amp;loc=d3e38371-112697<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of required minimum rental payments for operating leases having an initial or remaining non-cancelable lease term in excess of one year due after the fifth fiscal year following the latest fiscal year. Excludes interim and annual periods when interim periods are reported on a rolling approach, from latest balance sheet date.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/otherTransitionRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 840<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 40<br> -Subparagraph (Note 3)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=82846649&amp;loc=d3e38371-112697<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/otherTransitionRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 840<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77902758&amp;loc=d3e41502-112717<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6762491344">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Patent Costs<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th></tr>
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<td class="text"><p style="margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><u>Note&#160;5. Patent Costs</u></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Company expenses costs relating to the
development, acquisition or enforcement of patents due to the uncertainty of the recoverability of these items.</p><span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_GoodwillAndIntangibleAssetsDisclosureAbstract">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for all or part of the information related to intangible assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 350<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2144416<br></p></div>
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<tr>
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<head>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6761826336">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Income Taxes<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract', window );"><strong>Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock', window );">Income Taxes</a></td>
<td class="text"><p style="margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><u>Note&#160;9.&#160;Income Taxes</u></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Since inception, the Company has incurred
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and other deferred tax items have been fully reserved since it was more likely than not that the Company would&#160;not&#160;achieve
profitable operations and be able to utilize the benefit of the net operating loss carryforwards.</p><span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2144680<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6607801472">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DisclosureOfCompensationRelatedCostsSharebasedPaymentsAbstract', window );"><strong>Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock', window );">Schedule of Stock-based Compensation, Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model Valuation Assumptions</a></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="center" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 70%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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<tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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<tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5 years</font></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></p>

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with the following assumptions:</font></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></p>

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    <td style="width: 76%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fair
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    <td style="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0</font></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expected
    volatility</font></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">61</font></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.84</font></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Tabular disclosure of the significant assumptions used during the year to estimate the fair value of stock options, including, but not limited to: (a) expected term of share options and similar instruments, (b) expected volatility of the entity's shares, (c) expected dividends, (d) risk-free rate(s), and (e) discount for post-vesting restrictions.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (f)(2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116856206&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
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<tr>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6607855552">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Fair Value Measurements (Details Narrative)<br></strong></div></th>
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<div>Dec. 31, 2018 </div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Fair value for warrant liabilities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6705163824">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Stock-based Compensation, Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model Valuation Assumptions (Details) - $ / shares<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2018</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DisclosureOfCompensationRelatedCostsSharebasedPaymentsAbstract', window );"><strong>Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue', window );">Fair value on grant date</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1.5256<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.462<span></span>
</td>
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<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate', window );">Expected dividend yield</a></td>
<td class="nump">0.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">0.00%<span></span>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate', window );">Expected volatility</a></td>
<td class="nump">61.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">51.00%<span></span>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate', window );">Risk free interest rate</a></td>
<td class="nump">1.84%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2.77%<span></span>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1', window );">Expected term of the option</a></td>
<td class="text">5 years<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">5 years<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The estimated dividend rate (a percentage of the share price) to be paid (expected dividends) to holders of the underlying shares over the option's term.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (f)(2)(iii)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116856206&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The estimated measure of the percentage by which a share price is expected to fluctuate during a period. Volatility also may be defined as a probability-weighted measure of the dispersion of returns about the mean. The volatility of a share price is the standard deviation of the continuously compounded rates of return on the share over a specified period. That is the same as the standard deviation of the differences in the natural logarithms of the stock prices plus dividends, if any, over the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (f)(2)(ii)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116856206&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The risk-free interest rate assumption that is used in valuing an option on its own shares.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (f)(2)(iv)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116856206&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted during the reporting period as calculated by applying the disclosed option pricing methodology.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (d)(1)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116856206&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Expected term of award under share-based payment arrangement, in 'PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days.</p></div>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross', window );">Stock-based compensation fully vested stock option granted</a></td>
<td class="nump">233,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">233,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation', window );">Share-based compensation</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 356,228<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 356,228<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember', window );">Employees and Directors [Member] | Restricted Stock [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardCompensationCost1', window );">Compensation expense recorded</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SubsidiarySaleOfStockAxis=us-gaap_EmployeeStockMember', window );">Employee Stock [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross', window );">Stock-based compensation fully vested stock option granted</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">150,182<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">150,182<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation', window );">Share-based compensation</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 69,309<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 69,309<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember', window );">Minimum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1', window );">Award vesting period</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">12 months<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember', window );">Maximum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1', window );">Award vesting period</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">60 months<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense for employee benefit and equity-based compensation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Period over which grantee's right to exercise award under share-based payment arrangement is no longer contingent on satisfaction of service or performance condition, in 'PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days. Includes, but is not limited to, combination of market, performance or service condition.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (a)(1)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116856206&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The difference between the maximum number of shares (or other type of equity) authorized for issuance under the plan (including the effects of amendments and adjustments), and the sum of: 1) the number of shares (or other type of equity) already issued upon exercise of options or other equity-based awards under the plan; and 2) shares (or other type of equity) reserved for issuance on granting of outstanding awards, net of cancellations and forfeitures, if applicable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116856206&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Gross number of share options (or share units) granted during the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardCompensationCost1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cost expensed and capitalized for award under share-based payment arrangement.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (h)(1)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116856206&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardCompensationCost1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis=us-gaap_RestrictedStockMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis=us-gaap_RestrictedStockMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SubsidiarySaleOfStockAxis=us-gaap_EmployeeStockMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SubsidiarySaleOfStockAxis=us-gaap_EmployeeStockMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
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</html>
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<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>45
<FILENAME>R6.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
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<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6763926256">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">3 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">9 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2018</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2018</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2018</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Cash flows from operating activities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (397,712)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (688,301)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (2,552,087)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (2,051,960)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization', window );">Depreciation and amortization</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">146,496<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">135,400<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation', window );">Stock-based compensation</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">356,228<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">69,309<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts', window );">Provision for doubtful accounts</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">22,667<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants', window );">Warrant market adjustment</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">286,631<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">652,025<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">286,631<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 278,044<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract', window );"><strong>Change in assets and liabilities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable', window );">Royalty receivables</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(108,750)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(54,350)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets', window );">Prepaid expenses and other current assets</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(53,155)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(67,093)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities', window );">Accounts payable and accrued expenses</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(142,477)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">7,100<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability', window );">Deferred revenue</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">21,095<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">38,142<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities', window );">Net cash used in operating activities</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(1,657,958)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(1,636,821)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Cash flows from investing activities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment', window );">Purchases of fixed assets</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(65,081)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(11,295)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities', window );">Net cash used in investing activities</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(65,081)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(11,295)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Cash flows from financing activities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised', window );">Net proceeds from issuances of common stock and warrants and exercise of options and warrants</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">5,770,545<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,311,111<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities', window );">Net cash provided by financing activities</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">5,770,545<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,311,111<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect', window );">Net increase in cash and cash equivalents</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">4,047,506<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,662,995<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations', window );">Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,969,416<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,737,847<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,737,847<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations', window );">Cash and cash equivalents at end of period</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 7,016,922<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,400,842<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">7,016,922<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,400,842<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,969,416<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SupplementalCashFlowInformationAbstract', window );"><strong>Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RightOfUseAssetObtainedInExchangeForOperatingLeaseLiability', window );">Right of use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 941,284<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Royalty receivables.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash and cash equivalents, and cash and cash equivalents restricted to withdrawal or usage; including, but not limited to, disposal group and discontinued operations. Cash includes, but is not limited to, currency on hand, demand deposits with banks or financial institutions, and other accounts with general characteristics of demand deposits. Cash equivalents include, but are not limited to, short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=98513485&amp;loc=SL98516268-108586<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3044-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and cash and cash equivalents restricted to withdrawal or usage; including effect from exchange rate change. Cash includes, but is not limited to, currency on hand, demand deposits with banks or financial institutions, and other accounts with general characteristics of demand deposits. Cash equivalents include, but are not limited to, short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 830<br> -SubTopic 230<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=98513438&amp;loc=d3e33268-110906<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The aggregate expense recognized in the current period that allocates the cost of tangible assets, intangible assets, or depleting assets to periods that benefit from use of the assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (e)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=115929826&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense (income) related to adjustment to fair value of warrant liability.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 480<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 25<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=109262497&amp;loc=d3e20148-110875<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The increase (decrease) during the reporting period in the amounts payable to vendors for goods and services received and the amount of obligations and expenses incurred but not paid.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase (decrease) in obligation to transfer good or service to customer for which consideration has been received or is receivable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase (decrease) in prepaid expenses, and assets classified as other.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow (outflow) from financing activities, including discontinued operations. Financing activity cash flows include obtaining resources from owners and providing them with a return on, and a return of, their investment; borrowing money and repaying amounts borrowed, or settling the obligation; and obtaining and paying for other resources obtained from creditors on long-term credit.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow (outflow) from investing activities, including discontinued operations. Investing activity cash flows include making and collecting loans and acquiring and disposing of debt or equity instruments and property, plant, and equipment and other productive assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow (outflow) from operating activities, including discontinued operations. Operating activity cash flows include transactions, adjustments, and changes in value not defined as investing or financing activities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 25<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3536-108585<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118930883&amp;loc=SL7669619-108580<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04(22))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116637391&amp;loc=SL114874048-224260<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118930883&amp;loc=SL7669625-108580<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-04(18))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116637232&amp;loc=SL114874131-224263<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(20))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116634182&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br><br>Reference 7: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6371337&amp;loc=d3e3550-109257<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash outflow associated with the acquisition of long-lived, physical assets that are used in the normal conduct of business to produce goods and services and not intended for resale; includes cash outflows to pay for construction of self-constructed assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3213-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow from exercise of option under share-based payment arrangement.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2A<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116856206&amp;loc=SL79508275-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3255-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense (reversal of expense) for expected credit loss on accounts receivable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 326<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=119407570&amp;loc=SL82919249-210447<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(5))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=116634182&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RightOfUseAssetObtainedInExchangeForOperatingLeaseLiability">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase in right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for operating lease liability.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 53<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888399&amp;loc=SL77918982-209971<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (g)(2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888426&amp;loc=SL77918686-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RightOfUseAssetObtainedInExchangeForOperatingLeaseLiability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of noncash expense for share-based payment arrangement.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SupplementalCashFlowInformationAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SupplementalCashFlowInformationAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
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<SEQUENCE>46
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<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
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<html>
<head>
<title></title>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6763677296">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2018</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract', window );"><strong>Current assets:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue', window );">Cash and cash equivalents</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 7,016,922<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,969,416<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent', window );">Royalties receivable, net of reserves of $1,117,441 in 2019 and $1,094,774 in 2018</a></td>
<td class="nump">775,760<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">689,677<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent', window );">Prepaid expenses and other current assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">105,884<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">52,729<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrent', window );">Total current assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">7,898,566<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,711,822<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet', window );">Fixed assets, net</a></td>
<td class="nump">239,888<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">313,177<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset', window );">Operating lease ROU assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">814,285<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent', window );">Deposits and other assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">33,567<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">33,567<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_Assets', window );">Total assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">8,986,306<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">4,058,566<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract', window );"><strong>Current liabilities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent', window );">Current portion of operating lease liabilities</a></td>
<td class="nump">163,276<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent', window );">Accounts payable</a></td>
<td class="nump">14,593<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">133,486<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent', window );">Accrued expenses and other</a></td>
<td class="nump">57,485<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">273,606<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ContractWithCustomerLiabilityCurrent', window );">Deferred revenue</a></td>
<td class="nump">71,665<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">50,570<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent', window );">Total current liabilities</a></td>
<td class="nump">307,019<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">457,662<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent', window );">Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion</a></td>
<td class="nump">851,672<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_WarrantLiability', window );">Warrant liability</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">501,414<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_Liabilities', window );">Total liabilities</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,158,691<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">959,076<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract', window );"><strong>Shareholders' equity:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockValue', window );">Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share; authorized 100,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding 31,090,291 in 2019 and 27,665,211 in 2018</a></td>
<td class="nump">3,109<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,767<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock', window );">Additional paid-in capital</a></td>
<td class="nump">122,067,527<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">114,787,657<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit', window );">Accumulated deficit</a></td>
<td class="num">(114,243,021)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(111,690,934)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Total shareholders' equity</a></td>
<td class="nump">7,827,615<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,099,490<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity', window );">Total liabilities and shareholders' equity</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 8,986,306<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4,058,566<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Royalties receivable, net of reserves of $1,192,820 in 2019 and $1,094,774 in 2018.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_WarrantLiability">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Warrant liability.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_WarrantLiability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Carrying value as of the balance sheet date of liabilities incurred (and for which invoices have typically been received) and payable to vendors for goods and services received that are used in an entity's business. Used to reflect the current portion of the liabilities (due within one year or within the normal operating cycle if longer).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.19(a))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Value received from shareholders in common stock-related transactions that are in excess of par value or stated value and amounts received from other stock-related transactions. Includes only common stock transactions (excludes preferred stock transactions). May be called contributed capital, capital in excess of par, capital surplus, or paid-in capital.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30)(a)(1))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_Assets">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Sum of the carrying amounts as of the balance sheet date of all assets that are recognized. Assets are probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by an entity as a result of past transactions or events.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-03(11))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6876686&amp;loc=d3e534808-122878<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=115929826&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(12))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=119400593&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_Assets</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Sum of the carrying amounts as of the balance sheet date of all assets that are expected to be realized in cash, sold, or consumed within one year (or the normal operating cycle, if longer). Assets are probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by an entity as a result of past transactions or events.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118951113&amp;loc=d3e6801-107765<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.9)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118951113&amp;loc=d3e6676-107765<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AssetsCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of currency on hand as well as demand deposits with banks or financial institutions. Includes other kinds of accounts that have the general characteristics of demand deposits. Also includes short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates. Excludes cash and cash equivalents within disposal group and discontinued operation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118932676&amp;loc=d3e3044-108585<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118951113&amp;loc=d3e6676-107765<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.1)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Aggregate par or stated value of issued nonredeemable common stock (or common stock redeemable solely at the option of the issuer). This item includes treasury stock repurchased by the entity. Note: elements for number of nonredeemable common shares, par value and other disclosure concepts are in another section within stockholders' equity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockValue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ContractWithCustomerLiabilityCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of obligation to transfer good or service to customer for which consideration has been received or is receivable, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118944033&amp;loc=SL49130531-203044<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118944033&amp;loc=SL49130532-203044<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118956577&amp;loc=SL49130549-203045<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ContractWithCustomerLiabilityCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_Liabilities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Sum of the carrying amounts as of the balance sheet date of all liabilities that are recognized. Liabilities are probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations of an entity to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.19-26)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_Liabilities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of liabilities and equity items, including the portion of equity attributable to noncontrolling interests, if any.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-03(23))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6876686&amp;loc=d3e534808-122878<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(25))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=119400593&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(32))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total obligations incurred as part of normal operations that are expected to be paid during the following twelve months or within one business cycle, if longer.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.21)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Present value of lessee's discounted obligation for lease payments from operating lease, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888419&amp;loc=SL77918627-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Present value of lessee's discounted obligation for lease payments from operating lease, classified as noncurrent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888419&amp;loc=SL77918627-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's right to use underlying asset under operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=77888419&amp;loc=SL77918627-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expenses incurred but not yet paid classified as other, due within one year or the normal operating cycle, if longer.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.20)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118951113&amp;loc=d3e6911-107765<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 9<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118951113&amp;loc=d3e7018-107765<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118951113&amp;loc=d3e6935-107765<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of noncurrent assets classified as other.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.17)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of asset related to consideration paid in advance for costs that provide economic benefits in future periods, and amount of other assets that are expected to be realized or consumed within one year or the normal operating cycle, if longer.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(7))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=118951113&amp;loc=d3e6676-107765<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(8))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount after accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization of physical assets used in the normal conduct of business to produce goods and services and not intended for resale. Examples include, but are not limited to, land, buildings, machinery and equipment, office equipment, and furniture and fixtures.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(14))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 360<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6391035&amp;loc=d3e2868-110229<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(8))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=119400593&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(13))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cumulative amount of the reporting entity's undistributed earnings or deficit.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30)(a)(3))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(23)(a)(4))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=119400593&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=27012166&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total of all stockholders' equity (deficit) items, net of receivables from officers, directors, owners, and affiliates of the entity which are attributable to the parent. The amount of the economic entity's stockholders' equity attributable to the parent excludes the amount of stockholders' equity which is allocable to that ownership interest in subsidiary equity which is not attributable to the parent (noncontrolling interest, minority interest). This excludes temporary equity and is sometimes called permanent equity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 4.E)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=27010918&amp;loc=d3e74512-122707<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(31))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6877327&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockholdersEquity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<head>
<title></title>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6637787104">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Leases<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LeasesAbstract', window );"><strong>Leases [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock', window );">Leases</a></td>
<td class="text"><p style="margin: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><u>Note&#160;12.&#160;Leases</u></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Company determines if an arrangement is
a lease at its inception. This determination generally depends on whether the arrangement conveys the right to control the use
of an identified fixed asset explicitly or implicitly for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Control of an underlying
asset is conveyed if the Company obtains the rights to direct the use of, and to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits
from the use of, the underlying asset. Lease expense for variable leases and short-term leases is recognized when the obligation
is incurred.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Company has operating leases for certain
facilities, vehicles and equipment with a weighted average remaining lease term of 5.4 years as of September 30, 2019. Operating
leases are included in right of use lease assets, other current liabilities and long-term lease liabilities on the&#160;condensed
consolidated balance sheet. Right of use lease assets and liabilities are recognized at each lease&#8217;s commencement date based
on the present value of its lease payments over its respective lease term. The Company does not have an established incremental
borrowing rate as it does not have any debt. The Company uses the stated borrowing rate for a lease when readily determinable.
When the interest rates implicit in its lease agreements is not readily determinable, the Company used an interest rate based on
the marketplace for public debt. The weighted-average discount rate associated with operating leases as of September 30, 2019 is
5.5%.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Operating lease expense for the three months
ended September 30, 2019 was approximately&#160;$53,000&#160;and approximately&#160;$164,000&#160;for the nine months ended September
30, 2019. The Company has no material variable lease costs or sublease income for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Subsequent
to the Company&#8217;s adoption of the new lease accounting guidance on January 1, 2019, the Company recorded new right of use
lease assets of approximately&#160;$900,000&#160;and associated lease liabilities of approximately $1.1 million.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Maturities of operating lease liabilities as
of September 30, 2019 were as follows:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>September 30, 2019</b></font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="width: 75%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For the remainder of 2019</font></td>
    <td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td>
    <td style="width: 21%; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">52,989</font></td>
    <td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For the year ended December 31, 2020</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">213,146</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For the year ended December 31, 2021</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">207,229</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For the year ended December 31, 2022</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">213,320</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For the year ended December 31, 2023</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">217,151</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For the year ended December 31, 2024 and beyond</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">277,743</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total lease payments</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,181,578</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Less: imputed lease interest</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(166,630</font></td>
    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Present value of lease liabilities</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,014,948</font></td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for operating leases of lessee. Includes, but is not limited to, description of operating lease and maturity analysis of operating lease liability.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&amp;trid=77888251<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6634136608">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Fair Value Measurements<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueDisclosuresAbstract', window );"><strong>Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueDisclosuresTextBlock', window );">Fair Value Measurements</a></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><u>Note 4. Fair Value Measurements</u></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; word-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; word-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify">The fair value of a financial
instrument is the amount at which the instrument could be exchanged in a current transaction between willing parties. The carrying
amounts of all financial instruments classified as a current asset or current liability are deemed to approximate fair value because
of the short maturity of those instruments.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; word-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; word-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify">Accounting Standards Codification
(&#8220;ASC&#8221;) Topic 820 &#8220;Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures&#8221; (&#8220;ASC Topic 820&#8221;) establishes a
framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles and expands disclosures about fair value measurements.
ASC Topic 820 applies other previously issued accounting pronouncements that require or permit fair value measurements but does
not require any new fair value measurements.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; word-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; word-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify">ASC Topic 820 defines fair
value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market
participants at the measurement date. ASC Topic 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between (1) market participant
assumptions developed based on market data obtained from independent sources (observable inputs) and (2) an entity&#8217;s own
assumptions about market participant assumptions developed based on the best information available in the circumstances (unobservable
inputs).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; word-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; word-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify">We value financial instruments
using a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include: Level
1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2, defined as
inputs other than quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable;
and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop
its own assumptions.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; word-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; word-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify">As of September 30, 2019,
and December 31, 2018, the fair value of the Company&#8217;s financial assets and non-warrant liabilities including cash and cash
equivalents, royalties receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximated carrying value due to the short-term maturity
of these instruments. The carrying value of the previous warrant liabilities was adjusted to fair value each reporting period
using the Black-Scholes method to determine the fair value of the warrants. The issued warrants treated as warrant liabilities
had different exercise prices depending on the date of exercise. The lowest exercise price for these warrants was used in the
Black Scholes method to value the warrant liabilities since it was deemed a reasonable approximation of fair market value. The
Company&#8217;s warrant liability was considered a Level 3 financial instrument and the corresponding liabilities were reclassified
to equity during the three months ended June 30, 2019, therefore there was no warrant liability as of September 30, 2019. The
estimated fair value for warrant liabilities for the period ended December 31, 2018 using the Black-Scholes method was $501,414.</p><span></span>
</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 820<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=117815213&amp;loc=d3e19207-110258<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.19.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6631866176">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Stock-Based Compensation<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2019</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DisclosureOfCompensationRelatedCostsSharebasedPaymentsAbstract', window );"><strong>Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DisclosureOfCompensationRelatedCostsShareBasedPaymentsTextBlock', window );">Stock-Based Compensation</a></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><u>Note&#160;8.&#160;Stock-Based Compensation</u></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Company has granted options/warrants to
consultants. GAAP requires that all stock-based compensation be recognized as an expense in the financial statements and that such
costs be measured at the fair value of the award at the date of grant. These awards generally vest ratably over 12 to 60 months
from the date of grant and the Company charges to operations quarterly the current market value of the options using the Black-Scholes
method. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 there were no charges related to options granted to
consultants.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the nine-month period ended September
30, 2018, the Company granted 150,182 fully vested options to employees and recorded share-based compensation of $69,309. All of
the options granted to employees during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018 occurred during the second quarter of 2018.
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the nine-month period ended September
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quarter of 2019. The Company valued these grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">There was no compensation expense recorded
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">As of September 30, 2019, there were 1,166,500
shares available for future grant under our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, which was approved by the Company&#8217;s shareholders
in June 2019.</p><span></span>
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