<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001493152-22-006393.txt : 20220309
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ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001493152-22-006393
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	10-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		55
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20211231
FILED AS OF DATE:		20220309
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20220309

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			RESEARCH FRONTIERS INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000793524
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PATENT OWNERS & LESSORS [6794]
		IRS NUMBER:				112103466
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		10-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	000-14893
		FILM NUMBER:		22725344

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		240 CROSSWAYS PARK DR
		CITY:			WOODBURY
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			11797-2033
		BUSINESS PHONE:		5163641902

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		240 CROSSWAYS PARK DR
		CITY:			WOODBURY
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			11797-2033
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><b>UNITED
STATES</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><b>SECURITIES
AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 12pt"><b>WASHINGTON,
D.C. 20549</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><b>FORM
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ANNUAL
REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) of</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">THE
SECURITIES  EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><b><span id="xdx_902_edei--EntityRegistrantName_c20210101__20211231_zWEeN5OkwVCb"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" name="dei:EntityRegistrantName">RESEARCH
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Exact
name of registrant as specified in its charter)</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_906_edei--EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_c20210101__20211231_zGWTxkX7kTKk" style="text-transform: uppercase"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt-sec:stateprovnameen" name="dei:EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">delaware</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90E_edei--EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_c20210101__20211231_zLrmCeoflEC9"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" name="dei:EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">11-2103466</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; white-space: nowrap"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(State
                                            or other jurisdiction of</span></p>
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    or organization)</span></p></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; white-space: nowrap"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(I.R.S.
                                            Employer</span></p>
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    No.)</span></p></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_904_edei--EntityAddressAddressLine1_c20210101__20211231_zvw6BvXGDpn8"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" name="dei:EntityAddressAddressLine1">240
    CROSSWAYS PARK DRIVE</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; width: 2%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_902_edei--EntityAddressCityOrTown_c20210101__20211231_zxExsJsBsE35"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" name="dei:EntityAddressCityOrTown">WOODBURY</ix:nonNumeric></span>,
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90C_edei--EntityAddressPostalZipCode_c20210101__20211231_zFVJYmUjtyte"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" name="dei:EntityAddressPostalZipCode">11797-2033</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Address
    of principal executive offices)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Zip
    Code)</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Registrant&#8217;s
telephone number, including area code (<span id="xdx_90C_edei--CityAreaCode_c20210101__20211231_zSY1aHEDvlhi"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" name="dei:CityAreaCode">516</ix:nonNumeric></span>) <span id="xdx_902_edei--LocalPhoneNumber_c20210101__20211231_za3b9sJyGqJ8"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" name="dei:LocalPhoneNumber">364-1902</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Securities
    registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; width: 2%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name
    of Exchange</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title
    of Class</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">on
    Which Registered</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90D_edei--Security12bTitle_c20210101__20211231_zL3OSL3jFrJ3"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" name="dei:Security12bTitle">Common
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    <span id="xdx_900_edei--SecurityExchangeName_c20210101__20211231_zzthjWnT4TH9"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt-sec:exchnameen" name="dei:SecurityExchangeName">NASDAQ</ix:nonNumeric></span> Stock</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Market</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes &#9744; <span id="xdx_901_edei--EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer_c20210101__20211231_zE2shupvjv9"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" name="dei:EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer">No</ix:nonNumeric></span> &#9746;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes &#9744; <span id="xdx_905_edei--EntityVoluntaryFilers_c20210101__20211231_z6fHNj7PnLQa"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" name="dei:EntityVoluntaryFilers">No</ix:nonNumeric></span> &#9746;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2)
has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. <span id="xdx_90A_edei--EntityCurrentReportingStatus_c20210101__20211231_zoyWTF7vYEPf"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" name="dei:EntityCurrentReportingStatus">Yes</ix:nonNumeric></span> &#9746; No &#9744;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data
File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (&#167; 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding
12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). <span id="xdx_90A_edei--EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_c20210101__20211231_zMSUYXazxdrb"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" name="dei:EntityInteractiveDataCurrent">Yes</ix:nonNumeric></span> &#9746; No &#9744;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained,
to the best of registrant&#8217;s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this
Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. &#9746;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company
or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of &#8220;large accelerated filer,&#8221; &#8220;accelerated filer,&#8221; &#8220;smaller
reporting company&#8221; and &#8220;emerging growth company&#8221; in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: center; width: 3%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: center; width: 33%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Large accelerated
    filer &#9744;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: center; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: center; width: 30%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accelerated
    filer &#9744;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: center; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: center; width: 30%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90C_edei--EntityFilerCategory_c20210101__20211231_zt6yZIgIiS8h"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt-sec:entityfilercategoryen" name="dei:EntityFilerCategory">Non-accelerated
    filer</ix:nonNumeric></span> &#9744;</span></td>
    </tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: center; width: 50%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Smaller reporting
    company <span id="xdx_907_edei--EntitySmallBusiness_c20210101__20211231_zbpPETsVcgkb"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:booleantrue" name="dei:EntitySmallBusiness">&#9746;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td>
    <td style="text-align: center; width: 50%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Emerging growth
    company <span id="xdx_905_edei--EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_c20210101__20211231_zyHFC7hgNlT1"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td>
    </tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying
with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. &#9744;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes &#9744; <span id="xdx_905_edei--EntityShellCompany_c20210101__20211231_zN3TUWMleNBa"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:EntityShellCompany">No</ix:nonNumeric></span> &#9746;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2021 (the last
business day of the registrant&#8217;s most recently completed second fiscal quarter), computed based on the closing sale price of $2.37
was  $<span id="xdx_902_edei--EntityPublicFloat_iI_pp0p0_c20210630_zzFoKtyJclVf" title="Entity Public Float"><ix:nonFraction name="dei:EntityPublicFloat" contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">65,419,119</ix:nonFraction></span>. In making this computation, all direct and indirect shares known to be owned by directors and executive officers of
the Company and all direct and indirect shares known to be owned by other persons holding in excess of 5% of the Company&#8217;s common
stock have been deemed held by &#8220;affiliates&#8221; of the Company, and awards of restricted stock subject to vesting are assumed
to have been fully issued and outstanding. Nothing herein shall prejudice the right of the Company or any such person to deny that any
such director, executive officer, or stockholder is an &#8220;affiliate.&#8221;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
March 9, 2022, the registrant had <span id="xdx_901_edei--EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding_iI_pid_c20220309_zkSKpwwXQ56e"><ix:nonFraction name="dei:EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" contextRef="AsOf2022-03-09" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">31,650,396</ix:nonFraction>
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">shares of Common Stock outstanding.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">PART
I</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.75in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">ITEM
    1.</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">BUSINESS</span></b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Forward-Looking
Statements</i></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Information
included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation
Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are not statements of historical facts, but rather reflect our current expectations concerning
future events and results. We generally use the words &#8220;believes,&#8221; &#8220;expects,&#8221; &#8220;intends,&#8221; &#8220;plans,&#8221;
&#8220;anticipates,&#8221; &#8220;likely,&#8221; &#8220;will&#8221; and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. Such
forward-looking statements, including those concerning our expectations, involve risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which
are beyond our control, which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements, or industry results, to be materially different
from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. These risks, uncertainties
and factors include, but are not limited to, those factors set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K under &#8220;Item 1A. &#8211;
Risk Factors&#8221; below. Except as required by applicable law, including the securities laws of the United States, we undertake no
obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
You are cautioned not to unduly rely on such forward-looking statements when evaluating the information presented in this Annual Report
on Form 10-K.</i></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>General:</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
used herein, &#8220;we,&#8221; &#8220;us,&#8221; &#8220;our,&#8221; the &#8220;Company&#8221; or &#8220;Research Frontiers&#8221; means
Research Frontiers Incorporated unless otherwise indicated. Research Frontiers operates in a single business segment which is engaged
in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control the flow of light (see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
We develop and license our patented suspended particle device (&#8220;SPD-Smart&#8221;) light-control technology to other companies that
manufacture and/or market the: (i) SPD-Smart chemical emulsion, (ii) light-control film made from the chemical emulsion, (iii) the light-control
panels made by laminating the film, (iv) electronics to power end-products incorporating the film, or (v) lamination services for, and
the end-products themselves such as &#8220;smart&#8221; windows, skylights and sunroofs. Research Frontiers currently has over 40 companies
that, in the aggregate, are licensed to primarily serve five major SPD-Smart application areas (aerospace, architectural, automotive,
marine and display products) in every country of the world.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has entered into a number of license agreements covering its light control technology. During 2021, four licensees accounted
for 20%, 18%, 18% and 12%, of fee income recognized during the year. During 2020, five licensees accounted for 18%,
16%, 12%, 12%, and 12%  of fee income recognized during the year.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
Frontiers was incorporated in New York in 1965 to continue early work that Dr. Edwin Land, founder of Polaroid Corporation, and others
had done in the area of light-control beginning in the 1930s. Research Frontiers was reincorporated in Delaware in 1989. Since 1965,
Research Frontiers has actively worked to develop and license its own SPD technology, which it protects using patents, trade secrets
and know-how. Although patent and trade secret protection is not a guarantee of commercial success, Research Frontiers currently has
219 patents that have been issued worldwide. In addition, the Company has current patent applications in the US and other countries that,
if granted, would add a significant number of additional patents to its portfolio. The Company has and continues to devote significant
resources to develop, license and protect its intellectual property position.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SPD-Smart
products use microscopic light-absorbing nanoparticles that are typically suspended in a film. These particles align when an electrical
voltage is applied, thus permitting light to pass through the film. Adjustment of the voltage to the SPD film gives users the ability
to quickly, precisely and consistently regulate the amount of light, glare and heat passing through the window, skylight, sunroof, window
shade or other SPD-Smart end-product. This SPD film can be incorporated between two layers of glass or plastic, or combinations of both,
to produce a laminate that has enhanced energy efficiency, light-control and security performance properties.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
Frontiers believes that the SPD industry is in the initial phase of growth. SPD light-control technology may have commercial applicability
in many products where variable light-control is desired. Some existing product applications for SPD-Smart glass or plastic include the
following:</span></p>

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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Automotive:
    </span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">sunroofs,
    sun visors, side windows and rear windows; </span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Aerospace
    and marine:</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">windows,
    doors, partitions, sun visors, skylights, and lateral cockpit windows;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Architectural:
    </span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">commercial
    and residential windows, doors, skylights, and partitions for new construction, replacement, and retrofit applications.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition to the product applications listed above, SPD-SmartGlass technology may also offer potential benefits in the development of
new flat panel displays, light conservation panels, neonatal and other incubators, consumer electronics, eyewear, self-dimming automotive
rear-view mirrors and other reflective information displays. However, such products need additional product design, engineering or testing
before the commercial potential of such SPD-SmartGlass products can be determined.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Some
of our licensees consider the stage of development, product introduction strategies and timetables, and other plans to be proprietary
or secret. Unless required to disclose such information, the Company may limit its disclosure of licensees&#8217; activities until such
licensees, or their customers, make their own public announcements of planned or actual product launches.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Some
of the early sales and uses of SPD technology were to low volume commercial installations and some have involved concept and test installations
by licensees and their customers. Recent progress with regard to market development and commercialization activity has been the result
of focused and active efforts by Research Frontiers and its key licensees who have invested in product development and improvements,
production facilities, increased production capacity, durability, performance testing, quality control and assurance, and marketing programs.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Beginning
in late 2011, higher volume sales of SPD products commenced with the launch by Daimler AG of the Magic Sky Control&#8482; all glass roof
option on their Mercedes-Benz SLK (subsequently renamed SLC). In early 2012, sales of the Magic Sky Control&#8482; all glass roof option
commenced on their Mercedes-Benz SL. In mid-2014, sales of the Magic Sky Control&#8482; all glass roof option commenced on the new S-Class
Coupe with other Mercedes-Benz S-Class variants began offering the Magic Sky Control&#8482; all glass roof option in 2015 and 2016. These
vehicles are reaching the latter part of their model lifecycle. In some cases, such as the SLC and S-Class Coupe, there has been indications
that these models may be discontinued completely at the end of their current model lifecycle. In the case of the SL roadster, it is expected
that the next version of the SL roadster might use a canvas roof instead of the current switchable and static tint glass roofs. It has
not been announced whether plans for the next models of the S-Class and Maybach vehicles will include any switchable glass technology
in the sunroofs or windows.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
Frontiers believes that with the normal progression of product and manufacturing improvements, and as licensees become more experienced
at the lamination, fabrication and installation of SPD-Smart products for various applications, the adoption rates for SPD-Smart products
will grow and accelerate, which we expect will increase the stream of royalty income for the Company. Research Frontiers believes the
largest and most predictable near and intermediate term market for its technology will be automotive glass.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
part of their marketing and branding programs, many of our licensees have developed their own trademarks for SPD-Smart emulsion, film,
and end-products and these are listed in their respective press releases, product brochures, advertising and other promotional materials.
Research Frontiers uses the following trademarks: SPD-Smart&#8482;, SPD-SmartGlass&#8482;, VaryFast&#8482;, SPD-CleanTech&#8482;, SPD
Clean Technology&#8482;, SmartGlass&#8482;, The View of the Future - Everywhere you Look&#8482;, Powered by SPD&#8482;, Powered by SPD-CleanTech&#8482;,
Powered by SPD Clean Technology&#8482;, SG Enabled&#8482;, SPD Green and Clean&#8482;, SPD On-Board&#8482;, Speed Matters&#8482; and
Visit SmartGlass.com - to change your view of the world&#8482;.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
each of the last three fiscal years the Company devoted substantially all of its time to the development of one class of products, namely
SPD-Smart light-control technology, and therefore revenue analysis by class is not provided herein. Information about our operations
and those of our licensees is included below and in our financial statements and notes thereto.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company does not believe that future sales will be seasonal in any material respect. The Company does not currently directly manufacture
products on its own but rather depends on activities of its licensees and vendors. Due to the nature of the Company&#8217;s business
operations and the fact that the Company is not presently a manufacturer, there is no backlog of orders for the Company&#8217;s products.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company believes that compliance with federal, state and local provisions which have been enacted or adopted regulating the discharge
of materials into the environment, or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment, will not have a material effect upon the
capital expenditures, earnings and competitive position of the Company. The Company has no material capital expenditures for environmental
control facilities planned for the remainder of its current fiscal year or its next succeeding fiscal year.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Employees:</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
March 9, 2022, the Company had six full-time employees, two of whom are technical personnel, and the rest of whom perform legal,
finance, marketing, investor relations, and administrative functions. Of these employees, one has obtained a doctorate in chemistry and
one has extensive industrial experience in electronics and electrical engineering. One employee also has a postgraduate degree in business
administration, and one has a doctorate in jurisprudence. Also, the Company&#8217;s suppliers and licensees have people on their teams
with advanced degrees in a number of areas relevant to the commercial development of products using the Company&#8217;s technology. The
success of the Company is dependent upon, among other things, the services of its senior management, the loss of which could have a material
adverse effect upon the prospects of the Company.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Smart
Glass Industry Trends:</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">There
are favorable converging global trends in the major near-term markets for smart glass and SPD-Smart products. The potential for smart
glass products is significant and is expected to attain economies of scale with increasing high-volume production. This increased production
is also expected to bring down end product costs and expand market opportunities.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
both public and private sectors across the world, there are substantial efforts targeted toward the promotion and use of energy efficient
smart glass materials, including those used in automobiles, windows and other architectural glazings, aircraft and boats. Products using
SPD-Smart technology continue to be exhibited at trade shows, conferences, and industry events, with such products not only being exhibited
by our licensees but also by their customers and by OEMs. While there can be no assurance that these trends will continue, to the extent
that they do continue, each is expected to have a beneficial effect on future interest in SPD-Smart technology.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
October 2019, MarketsandMarkets issued <i>Smart</i> Glass Market by Technology (Suspended Particle Display, Electrochromic, Liquid Crystal,
Photochromic, Thermochromic), Application (Architecture, Transportation, Consumer Electronics), and Geography - Global Forecast to 2023.
This market research report concludes that the smart glass market is expected to grow from USD $2.8 billion in 2016 to reach USD $8.35
billion by 2023, with a growth rate of 16.6% between 2017 and 2023. Key conclusions in this report included:</span></p>

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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Smart
    glass, especially active glass, provides a higher control over heat and light at the will of the user, thereby providing considerable
    electricity cost-savings and conclusively making the construction spaces more environment-friendly.</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Smart
    glass technology has been in existence for the last few decades; however, its demand is gathering momentum on account of improved
    innovation in raw materials and technologies and the possibility for new applications across various sectors. North America and Europe
    have been at the forefront of this trend. Smart glass demand is growing in the Asia Pacific region on account of its growing building
    and construction, electronics, and transportation sectors.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">One
    of the biggest hindrances to the growth of smart glass industry demand is its higher cost. The higher cost of raw material and its
    limited availability is undermining its penetration at a larger scale. Constant innovations are happening in terms of raw material,
    product design, and work capacity, which will simultaneously attract new users and provide opportunity to manufacturers to rationalize
    the product cost over the forecast period.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
June 2019, Grand View Research issued <i>Smart Glass Market Size, Share &amp; Trends Analysis (SPD, PDLC, Liquid Crystal, Electrochromic),
By Application (Consumer Electronics, Architectural Transportation), And Segments Forecast, 2019-2025. </i>This market research report
concludes that the smart glass market is expected to grow from USD $3.7 billion in 2018 to reach USD $8.6 billion by 2025 reflecting
a growth rate of 15.2%. Key conclusions in this report include:</span></p>

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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Smart
    glass has gained importance due to its inherent capability of thermal and acoustic insulation, energy conservation, and aesthetic
    3D designer proposition.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9632;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    automotive and residential applications have witnessed a dynamic phase change in functionalities from legacy weather protection features
    to seclusion apparatus and advanced energy-conserving.</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9632;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Architecturally
    advanced construction philosophies incorporating the installation of large windows in the majority of buildings are projected to
    drive demand in Europe.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    transportation segment accounted for the highest market share in 2018 and is projected to retain its leading position throughout
    the forecast years. The segment is further categorized into automotive, aircraft, and marine.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9632;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Automotive
    sector is the largest consumer of switchable glass and captured the largest revenue share of more than 70% in 2018.</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9632;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    technology provides protection from UV rays and controls heat inside the vehicles by limiting energy consumption.</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9632;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Initiative
    for reducing CO2 emissions and minimizing energy consumption are encouraging manufacturers to develop anti-heat glass and glazing
    solutions.</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9632;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">High
    demand for luxury automobiles, especially in Asia Pacific, is driving the market growth.</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9632;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Major
    aerospace manufacturers, such as The Boeing Company, Beechcraft Corporation, Airbus SA, Bombardier Inc., and Embraer S.A., are shifting
    towards electronically dimmable windows.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Automotive
Market</i>:</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
the automotive industry, global trends include the introduction of larger sunroofs and panoramic roof panels in transportation vehicles,
and a higher percentage of these vehicles having a sunroof or using more glass in the roof.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SPD-SmartGlass
has also been shown in armored automotive glass applications, recreational vehicles, and a new market is also beginning to develop for
personalized custom conversions of automobiles for owners who wish to express themselves through the design of the cars they own and/or
drive.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Aircraft
Market:</i></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
the aircraft industry, there is a trend towards larger windows with more passenger control and functionality, and an increased investment
in improving the passenger experience. In the &#8220;transport category&#8221; (primarily large commercial passenger aircraft) segment,
the world&#8217;s two largest aircraft manufacturers are both promoting the size of the windows in new aircraft platforms already being
delivered (e.g. Boeing 787 and Airbus A350). In the &#8220;general aviation&#8221; category (primarily business jets, private or chartered
smaller aircraft) this trend is true as well. For example, Gulfstream is promoting the size of the windows on their G650 platform as
well as their upcoming G700 flagship aircraft, and Bombardier highlights the size of the cabin window on the Global 7000 and 8000 platforms.
Several OEMs either already offer, or have announced their interest to include, electronically dimmable windows in their aircraft &#8211;
including Boeing, Airbus, Bombardier, Embraer, Textron-Beechcraft, HondaJet, Airbus Helicopters, Airbus Corporate Jets, Bell Helicopter,
Dassault, Epic Aircraft and One Aviation. Electronically dimmable windows for aircraft may use SPD technology or may use other smart
window technologies such as liquid crystal or electrochromic technology. A window system using electrochromic technology was introduced
in the Boeing 787. There have been concerns raised that this aircraft&#8217;s electronically dimmable windows are not dark enough for
long haul flights, transmit too much heat into the cabin, and have a switching speed that is too slow.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company believes its SPD technology offers important performance advantages over other technologies including faster, more uniform response
time, superior heat-rejection when the aircraft is parked on the ramp, superior acoustic insulation, an automated dimming system to continuously
maintain a constant level of light in the cabin in real-time, weight-savings, and the use of scratch-resistant, lightweight (saving fuel)
chemically strengthened glass. Leading companies manufacturing electromechanical pleated window shades have products that incorporate
SPD-Smart windows into their designs, and Tier 1 suppliers of other cabin systems (e.g. cabin management systems) are featuring SPD-Smart
electronically dimmable windows in mockups.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SPD
technology is also the only commercially available light-control smart window technology known to have passed the stringent safety and
durability tests required by the aviation industry and to have received a Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) from the Federal Aviation
Administration. Today, SPD-Smart electronically dimmable windows are flying on over 40 models of various aircraft including those used
in commercial aviation, general aviation and military aviation. SPD-Smart products have been selected by aircraft manufacturers as standard
equipment on new production platforms including the Honda Aircraft HondaJet, Textron-Beechcraft King Air 250, 350i and C90GTx, Epic Aircraft
E1000, and One Aviation Eclipse 700.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Architectural
Market:</i></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
architectural community is actively increasing the use of daylight harvesting, green building technologies and building automation systems
to more effectively capture and control natural light as part of energy reduction strategies to offset cooling/heating costs and electricity
used by artificial lighting. In addition to design, aesthetic and other benefits, the expanded use of glass also supports a growing body
of research which finds that the presence of and control over incoming natural light improves an individual&#8217;s well-being and productivity.
Products using SPD-Smart light-control technology &#8211; sunroofs, windows, skylights, partitions and others &#8211; can play an important
role in supporting these converging global trends.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
architectural applications, various market forces and the distinctive features of SPD-SmartGlass are having a positive influence on interest
for SPD-Smart products. Many architects are specifying more glass in their designs to satisfy building occupants&#8217; desire for greater
connectedness with the outside environment. In addition, there is increasing interest in improving energy efficiency in both commercial
and residential buildings. Various studies indicate that buildings in the United States and Europe now account for an estimated 39-40%
of total energy use and upwards of 70% or more of electricity consumption. Many architects and building owners are striving for sustainable,
&#8220;green&#8221; buildings that are highly energy-efficient, reduce environmental impact, and improve occupant health and well-being.
In addition, the design community is increasingly interested in advanced daylighting systems in buildings that lower electrical lighting
usage and reduce heating and cooling loads. Because of this, the ability to control light, glare and heat in these building applications
is very important and advanced solutions often are needed to optimize operating efficiencies. SPD-Smart architectural products instantly
and precisely provide shading, glare control and heat management solutions for offices and homes, especially when these products are
available for new construction, replacement and retrofit projects. These products include insulated glass units, single-panel retrofits,
unusually shaped glazings, and products with advanced fabrications such as those with ballistic- and blast-resistant capabilities.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
2015, Research Frontiers&#8217; patented SPD-SmartGlass technology was selected as the exclusive smart glass for the USA Pavilion at
the World&#8217;s Fair, Expo Milano 2015. The USA Pavilion featured 312 large panels of SPD-SmartGlass manufactured under license from
Research Frontiers by Isoclima S.p.A. Each panel measures approximately 1 meter by 3 meters, making the total surface area in the roof
more than 10,000 square feet. This is the largest known installation of smart glass in the world for a roof application and was seen
by over 6 million people.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Marine
Market:</i></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
the marine application, where light-control needs are especially important, many yacht manufacturers currently employ less than ideal
glazing solutions as they try to satisfy various shading and solar control objectives. For example, some report having to use as many
as five different types of glass in a typical yacht to satisfy diverse glazing needs. SPD-Smart marine products can reduce the number
of different types of glass used in these yachts because of their increased functionality, superior performance and versatility. SPD-Smart
marine products provide an innovation that allows these operators to manage incoming light, glare and heat while achieving privacy or
maintaining one&#8217;s view as desired.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Historical
Background and Recent Developments:</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>1.</i></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>SPD-Smart
    Film Production</i></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Hitachi
Chemical</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">An
important material used in SPD-Smart end-products is SPD light-control film that varies the tint of glass or plastic. In early 2007,
our licensee Hitachi Chemical began producing its initial SPD-Smart light-control film on its first factory line. During the second half
of 2009, Hitachi Chemical announced that it had begun mass production on its new, larger capacity production line and expanded its annual
production capacity to 400,000 square meters (over 4.3 million square feet).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Hitachi
Chemical&#8217;s production line is dedicated exclusively to the production of SPD-Smart film. In July 2009, Hitachi Chemical launched
its website dedicated to its SPD-Smart light control film and during 2009, Hitachi Chemical outlined in its press releases and public
presentations that it plans to &#8220;accelerate the use of SPD film, which holds significant potential for growth&#8221; and noted that
&#8220;SPD film is positioned as one of the key emerging products promoted by Hitachi Chemical to become a future leading product for
the company.&#8221;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Hitachi
Chemical expanded its SPD film product portfolio by initiating commercial production of a &#8220;lighter&#8221; version of its film.
Both the SPD &#8220;dark&#8221; and &#8220;light&#8221; versions of the films provide a high range of visible light transmission. The
best-selling SPD &#8220;dark&#8221; film has a range of approximately 0.5% to 55.0%. This leads to contrast ratios (the ratio of clear
to dark light transmission) of up to 110:1. The commercialization of both &#8220;dark&#8221; and &#8220;light&#8221; versions of SPD-film
provides greater design and performance options for end-product applications.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Gauzy
Ltd.</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
October 2018, Gauzy Ltd. announced that it will be producing SPD-Smart light control film for the entire SPD-SmartGlass industry. The
announcement came at a ceremony to celebrate the inauguration of Gauzy&#8217;s production line to produce SPD-Smart light control film
in Tel Aviv-Jaffa.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Gauzy
initially announced that its Tel-Aviv film production line has a capacity to produce up to 364,000 square meters of film per year per
shift, and that its initial production will be 1.2 meters wide, and in 2019 it planned on expanding its SPD film coating capabilities
to 1.5 meters wide rolls, and in 2020 to 1.8 meters wide rolls. In February 2019 Gauzy announced that it would be expanding its SPD film
production capacity by having SPD emulsion produced in Tel Aviv and that this emulsion would be coated into SPD-Smart light control film
in a new dedicated factory being built by Gauzy in Stuttgart, Germany.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
December 2019, Gauzy Ltd. celebrated the opening of its second production facility in Stuttgart, Germany to produce SPD-Smart light control
film for the entire SPD-SmartGlass industry. This state-of-the-art facility, with specially designed coating and curing areas, will give
Gauzy the capacity to coat over one million square meters of SPD film per year in widths of up to 1.8 meters.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
January 2020, Research Frontiers, Gauzy Ltd. and their customers showed 175 thousand attendees at this year&#8217;s CES new ways to benefit
from SPD-SmartGlass.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
April 2020, Gauzy Ltd. announced that it secured Series C investments from Hyundai Motor Company, Blue Red Partners VC, and Avery Dennison.
This strategic investment marks the first known equity investment by an automotive OEM in Research Frontiers&#8217; entire industry.
As part of the announcement of this investment, Gauzy confirmed that its state-of-the-art material synthesis facility in Israel, and
its custom SPD production line strategically located in Germany, are currently operating and producing SPD emulsion and light control
film for the automotive, aircraft, and architectural industries, with modified staffing and procedures to protect Gauzy&#8217;s employees
during the COVID-19 pandemic.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Customers
for Hitachi Chemical&#8217;s and Gauzy&#8217;s SPD-Smart film are end-product licensees of Research Frontiers. These licensees receive
the film, laminate it between glass or plastic substrates, and then fabricate end-products which are sold into various industries. Most
end-product licensees pay Research Frontiers a royalty on the sale of these end-products that typically range from 10-15%.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Others</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Other
companies are currently licensed by Research Frontiers to sell SPD-Smart light-control film to licensees of Research Frontiers. None
of these other companies has yet announced commercial SPD film for sale.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>SPD-Smart
    Automotive Products:</i></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
Frontiers and its licensees are currently working with multiple automotive manufacturers to introduce SPD-Smart windows, sunroofs and
roof systems on both concept and production vehicles. Research Frontiers&#8217; end-product licensees in this sector include industry
leaders American Glass Products, Asahi Glass, Custom Glass, Daimler AG, Isoclima, Pilkington Glass, Saint-Gobain,
SER, and Vision Systems. The Company&#8217;s automotive glass licensees account for the majority of all glass produced for the automotive
market throughout the world.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Automotive
OEMs:</i></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
2011, Daimler AG began using SPD-SmartGlass technology in its Magic Sky Control&#8482; panoramic glass roof as an option on its new Mercedes-Benz
2012 SLK. In 2012, Daimler AG began offering its Magic Sky Control&#8482; panoramic glass roof as an option on its new Mercedes-Benz
2013 SL. These SPD products allow drivers and passengers to change the tint of the car roof from dark to clear quickly with a touch of
a button. The SLK and SL are the first large-scale series production vehicles to offer SPD-SmartGlass. The Research Frontiers licensees
involved with the production of the Magic Sky Control&#8482; roof for the SLK and SL include Hitachi Chemical, which manufactures the
SPD-Smart light-control film in Japan. Automotive glass companies Nippon Sheet Glass in Japan and its subsidiary, Pilkington, in the
UK and Germany then process and laminates Hitachi&#8217;s SPD film into the glass for the Magic Sky Control&#8482; roof.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
late 2014, Daimler AG began offering its Magic Sky Control&#8482; as an option on the new Mercedes-Benz S-Class Coupe. In 2015, other
S-Class variants (i.e. Standard Wheel base W222, Long Wheel Base V222, Maybach S600 X222 and the Maybach Pullman Limousine) began offering
Magic Sky Control&#8482; as an option. The current Mercedes-Benz S-Class is the third large-scale serial production vehicle to offer
Magic Sky Control&#8482; using SPD-Smart technology.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
S-Class Coupe offers the largest panoramic Magic Sky Control&#8482; roof ever put into serial production. The surface area of the panoramic
roof using SPD-SmartGlass technology on the S-Class is approximately three times the size of the roof glass used on the current SLC and
SL roadster. With the addition of the new 2018 S450 and S450 4MATIC S-Class Sedans, a total of 14 Mercedes-Benz model variants have now
offered this remarkable panoramic smart glass roof:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 28.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S
    450 S-Class Sedan</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S
    450 4MATIC S-Class Sedan</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S
    560 4MATIC S-Class Sedan</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AMG
    S 63 S-Class Sedan</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Mercedes-Maybach
    S 560 4MATIC</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S550
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AMG
    S63 S-Class Coupe</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AMG
    S65 S-Class Coupe</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SLC
    300 Roadster</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AMG
    SLC 43 Roadster</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SL
    450 Roadster</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SL
    550 Roadster</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AMG
    SL63 Roadster</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AMG
    SL65 Roadster (Standard Equipment)</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A
key factor in the broad adoption of SPD technology in various automotive windows is its cost. Typically, the cost for new technology
products decreases as production volumes increase. The price per square foot of SPD-SmartGlass reported by our licensees has gone down
over time in the automotive market. Royalties from the Magic Sky Control panoramic roofs generate a royalty of 10% of the selling price
of these roofs by our licensees to Daimler. The roofs on the S-Class are approximately two to three times the surface area of the roofs
on the SLC and SL vehicles.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
Frontiers believes that the addition of the S-Class car model is also significant because it applies our SPD-Smart light-control technology
to the broader class of vehicles by moving beyond roadsters to coupes and passenger sedans. Historically, since its debut over 40 years
ago, the S-Class represents the premier platform to introduce new technologies to the customer, which in many cases expand to the other
less expensive model lines within the Mercedes-Benz brand.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
November 2015 at the Los Angeles Auto Show, Mercedes-Benz launched a refreshed Mercedes-Benz SL. The press release from Mercedes-Benz
stated, &#8220;Another feature which has been retained is the unique optional extra MAGIC SKY CONTROL: when closed, the panoramic vario-roof
automatically changes from dark to transparent or vice-versa within just a few seconds.&#8221; The MAGIC SKY CONTROL feature is a carry-over
from the previous model. Other new features include a new front end, new headlamps, more powerful engines, and a new transmission, among
many others.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
January 2016 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Mercedes-Benz premiered the new Mercedes-Benz SLC. The press release
from Mercedes-Benz when the SLC was first announced stated, &#8220;A feature that continues to be unique to the SLC is the panoramic
vario-roof with Magic Sky Control &#8211; this glass roof is lightened or darkened at the touch of a button. This means that it provides
an open-air feeling at any time, but when required gives welcome shade under a hot sun.&#8221; The Magic Sky Control feature, using Research
Frontiers SPD-SmartGlass technology, is a carry-over from the SLC&#8217;s predecessor model, the SLK roadster.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">McLaren
was the second auto manufacturer to adopt the Company&#8217;s SPD-SmartGlass technology for series production in the automotive market.
The following new production cars by McLaren Automotive featured SPD-SmartGlass technology in their roofs: the McLaren GT, McLaren 720S
Spyder and McLaren Speedtail (which also incorporated SPD-SmartGlass technology in the windshield as a built-in sun visor and also other
areas of the car). The McLaren GT and 720S Spyder have been in production for several years, and the McLaren Speedtail was first delivered
to customers in January 2020. Since then, McLaren has included SPD-SmartGlass in additional production models.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">General
Motors was the third auto manufacturer to announce that it was putting SPD-SmartGlass into series production in the roof of their new
electric ultra-luxury flagship vehicle, the Cadillac Celestiq. The SPD-SmartGlass sunroof for the Celestiq gives occupants control over
individual segments of the sunroof above them to better customize and enhance the driving experience in terms of comfort, security, and
the reduction of heat, light and glare into the vehicle. The Celestiq with its SPD-SmartGlass roof was launched at CES 2021in January
2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Also
in terms of new product development in the automotive industry, in August 2020, Daimay, the world&#8217;s largest supplier of automotive
sun visors, licensed Research Frontiers&#8217; SPD-Smart light-control film technology for use in automotive sun visors. SPD-Smart light-control
film technology will enable Daimay to develop products that automatically and dynamically adjust the sun visor to manage changing light
and glare conditions. Daimay is developing this product in conjunction with a specific automotive manufacturer customer.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
the Asian automotive market, in April 2020, Gauzy Ltd. announced that it secured Series C investments from Hyundai Motor Company, Blue
Red Partners VC, and Avery Dennison. This strategic investment marks the first known equity investment by an automotive OEM in Research
Frontiers&#8217; entire industry. As part of the announcement of this investment, Gauzy confirmed that its state-of-the-art material
synthesis facility in Israel, and its custom SPD production line strategically located in Germany, are currently operating and producing
SPD emulsion and light control film for the automotive, aircraft, and architectural industries.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
January 2020, Research Frontiers, Gauzy Ltd. and their customers showed 175 thousand attendees at the CES new ways to benefit from SPD-SmartGlass,
including some unique automotive information displays with improved readability and performance. CES was not held in person in 2021 due
to concerns about the global pandemic. In January 2022 Gauzy exhibited in the Smart City pavilion at CES various commercial applications
for SPD-Smart film produced by Gauzy including electronically dimmable aircraft windows, dual-zone panoramic sunroofs, smart projection
systems, and information displays that combine transparent OLED and SPD technology to turn windows into high definition information or
entertainment displays that can operate in bright environments and instantly and automatically adjust to changing light conditions to
produce a vibrant high-contrast display.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
September 2021, Research Frontiers licensee Gauzy Ltd. and their customers showed at the Munich Auto Show (AIA 2021) SPD-SmartGlass,
including two new products using SPD light control technology: in collaboration with LG Display, a unique automotive information displays
with improved readability and performance, and a SPD-SmartGlass headlight by BMW for its BMWi Vision Circular Showcar. This vehicle utilized
SPD-Smart light-control film that is laminated into automotive thin glazed curved glass. As the all-electric car starts, the SPD glass
in the dynamic shading headlights switches from dark to transparent, revealing headlights that illuminate surroundings. Gauzy also presented
an SPD sunroof with and without invisible segmentation.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Other
automakers continue to develop and evaluate the use of SPD technology in their windows systems. Such window systems include sunroofs,
side-windows, rear-windows and sun visors. Some automakers and their suppliers have incorporated SPD-SmartGlass in concept vehicles,
with some of these concept vehicles being exhibited at major auto shows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">March
    2019:</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At
    the 2019 Geneva Auto Show, Mercedes-Benz SLC roadster, SL roadster, S-Class Sedan and Maybach vehicles in serial production were
    presented using the Company&#8217;s SPD-SmartGlass technology</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">January
    2019:</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At
    least four different companies showcased SPD-Smart products at CES 2019 in the automotive and consumer electronics industries.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">November
    2018:</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Two
    concept electric vehicles debuted at the 2018 Los Angeles Auto Show featured SPD-SmartGlass and were also showcased at various automotive
    and other major industry trade shows during 2019 and early 2020. These two vehicles are scheduled to be in production in 2020.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At
    various trade shows beginning with electronics 2018 in Munich in November, Texas Instruments demonstrated a control unit reference
    design (TIDA-020013) created to more intelligently and efficiently power SPD-SmartGlass electronically dimmable glass using a standard
    12-volt automotive battery. The interactive demonstration is paired with gesture control to lighten or tint glass with the SPD-SmartGlass
    technology.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    SPD-SmartGlass sunroof application gives occupants more control over the lighting in their car, removes unwanted heat, light and
    glare, and increases the driving range of electric vehicles. It also miniaturizes the electronics package and reduces the cost of
    the entire system to the auto maker, while also improving power efficiency. Engineers can use the TI reference design to accelerate
    their own designs using electronically dimmable glass. The design includes TI&#8217;s highly efficient power management circuits
    and a 32-bit C2000&#8482; real-time MCU to help generate the necessary signal to drive and control substantial surface areas.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">January
    2018:</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A
    number of different companies showcased SPD-Smart products at CES 2018. In the automotive industry, Fisker debuted its new Fisker
    E-Motion with a unique and innovative four-segment SPD SmartGlass roof. In addition to use in its large curved panoramic roof, Fisker
    says that it plans to offer SPD-SmartGlass technology on the side windows of this new electric vehicle.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Continental
    Corporation (&#8220;Continental&#8221;) also showcased its Intelligent Glass Control system using SPD technology at CES 2018 to demonstrate
    how it makes cars safer, more private and comfortable, lighter and more energy-efficient.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">January
    2017:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Corning
introduced a concept car that features an SPD-SmartGlass panoramic roof and rear glass at the 2017 Consumer Electronics Show. This large
roof and curved rear glass is made using SPD-SmartGlass light-control film laminated between Corning&#8217;s Gorilla&#174; Glass, a special
chemically-strengthened thin and lightweight glass.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At
the 2017 Consumer Electronics Show, Continental Corporation (&#8220;Continental&#8221;) showcased an advanced version of its SPD-equipped
vehicle that it originally showcased at the 2016 Consumer Electronics Show. This vehicle has enhanced and more sophisticated electronics,
Continental indicated that its Intelligent Glass Control system increases passenger comfort and lowers CO2 emissions by keeping the interior
of the vehicle cooler. As a result, smaller, more efficient and lighter air conditioning units could be used. Calculations showed a reduction
in CO2 emissions of four grams per kilometer. Continental also estimates that its Intelligent Glass Control system can increase the driving
range of electric vehicles by 5.5%.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">January
    2016:</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Continental
    Corporation showcased its &#8220;Intelligent Glass Control&#8221; system on a demonstration vehicle at a special event at the Consumer
    Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas. This vehicle, a Ford Mondeo station wagon, used SPD-SmartGlass technology to enable the glass
    in all eleven side and rear windows and in the top sun visor portion of the windshield to change its transparency and darken instantly
    through electric control signals.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">March
    2015:</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Lincoln Motor Company, the luxury automotive brand of the Ford Motor Company, introduced the Lincoln Continental Concept car using
    an SPD-SmartGlass electronically tinting sunroof. This Lincoln Continental Concept car featuring SPD-SmartGlass also made its Asian
    debut at Auto Shanghai in April 2015.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">September
    2012:</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">BMW
    debuted at the Paris Motor Show its new BMW Concept Active Tourer. This vehicle&#8217;s entire composite glass roof uses patented
    SPD-SmartGlass technology.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">March
    2012: </span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Mercedes-Benz
    debuted at the Geneva International Motor Show its public evaluation of the Limited Edition Viano Pearl. This vehicle displays the
    capabilities and conceptual use of SPD-SmartGlass on the side glass of vehicles from Mercedes-Benz.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">December
    2011: </span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Toyota
    debuted its FS Hybrid Concept at the 2011 Tokyo Motor Show in Tokyo, Japan. The FS Hybrid Concept demonstrated the use of SPD-Smart&#8482;
    technology in side glass. </span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%">&#160;</td></tr></table></div>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">September
    2011:</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Audi
    debuted its A2 concept car at the Frankfurt International Auto Show in Frankfurt, Germany. The A2 is an electric-powered passenger
    car equipped with a large SPD-Smart&#8482; panoramic glass roof.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>3.</i></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Automotive
    Aftermarket:</i></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">While
the highest volume market for which SPD-Smart technology is being developed is new car production by the world&#8217;s automakers, the
aftermarket upgrade market also presents opportunities in the automotive market. Research Frontiers licensee American Glass Products
(AGP) is offering its Vario Plus Sky SPD-SmartGlass to the automotive aftermarket as well as to the automotive OEM market for serial
production. In March of 2013, Research Frontiers announced that it had added two new licensees, Tint-It JSC and Advnanotech, both of
whom are targeting the automotive aftermarket in Russia. In May of 2017, Hanamac International Ltd. acquired a license from Research
Frontiers to produce and sell SPD-SmartGlass automotive windows for the South Korean aftermarket.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
August 2019, Research Frontiers licensed S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil based SER Company to make SPD-SmartGlass primarily for the automotive
armored glass aftermarket in Brazil. SER Company is a Brazilian leader in the development of technologies and solutions for ballistic
cars in the protection and security sector.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>4.</i></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Recreational
    Vehicles//Motor Homes/Buses and Motorcoaches:</i></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Most
motorcoach windows use heavily tinted windows to manage excessive light, glare or heat. While this reduces somewhat the time the shade
has to be down, it remains ineffective for many conditions. Also, it limits passengers&#8217; experience of views during dusk, nighttime
and dawn hours. This is due to the fact that when outside light levels are low, a heavily tinted window blocks or degrades elements of
the scene outside. During these hours, the high optical clarity of SPD-SmartGlass in the &#8220;clear&#8221; state eliminates this problem.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Features
of SPD-SmartGlass electronically dimmable windows (&#8220;EDWs&#8221;) for motorcoaches include:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9675;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Different
    zones of an EDW can be independently controlled.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9675;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">All
    EDWs can be controlled centrally with a master control, or automatically with light sensors.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9675;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    level of noise in the motorcoach is reduced.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9675;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    EDWs automatically turn to the darkest state when the motorcoach engine is off, keeping the interior cooler and offering lower air-conditioning
    consumption and greater energy savings.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9675;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">An
    ergonomic SPD-Smart dimmable motorcoach sun visor increases safety.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9675;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    electronics are integrated into the EDW, which facilitates OEM and aftermarket installations.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">January
    2020:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vision
Systems exhibited its SPD-SmartGlass technology for the coach marketplace at the UMA Motorcoach Expo in Nashville, TN. Vision Systems
showcased an EDW with integrated information display that provides travel information such as time, temperature, remaining distance to
the next stop, or service availability. Also at the show, Vision Systems&#8217; unveiled an SPD-SmartGlass solution for the driver environment
with an ergonomic SPD-Smart dimmable sun visor integrated into the upper part of the windshield, avoiding the need for the driver to
handle a shade, which partially blocks the view.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">January
    2019:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vision
Systems also exhibited its SPD-SmartGlass technology solutions for the coach marketplace at the UMA Motorcoach Expo.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">May
    2017:</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At
    Caravan Salon in Dusseldorf, Germany, premium recreational vehicle supplier Lippert Components, and Knaus, a leading manufacturer
    of leisure vehicles in Europe, both featured the world premiere of dimmable windows using SPD-SmartGlass technology. These electronically
    dimmable smart windows, which dramatically improve the recreational vehicle passenger experience, were supplied by Vision Systems,
    a licensee of Research Frontiers.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">September
    2014:</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Global
    Caravan Technologies, Inc. unveiled the CR-1 Carbon which features the MagicView&#8482; roof and MagicView&#8482; windshield with
    SPD-SmartGlass. This special glass, which totals 28 square feet, was jointly developed with Research Frontiers&#8217; licensee Vision
    Systems. SPD nanotechnology on this vehicle allows infinitely variable control of privacy between blackout and clear and can be controlled
    by any smart-phone or other smart-devices. In addition to controlling the level of light and glare coming into the RV, the MagicView&#8482;
    SPD-SmartGlass on RVs offers many other advantages. This technology provides unsurpassed thermal insulation: SPD-SmartGlass substantially
    rejects solar heat from entering RVs through windows. The SPD-SmartGlass achieves its maximum dark state when the RV is parked/turned
    off and no power is consumed.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">January
    2012:</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vision
    Systems announced that Notin, manufacturer of motorhomes and campers, selected Visions Systems&#8217; Nuance brand of SPD-SmartGlass
    for the skylight of Notin&#8217;s Angara luxury motorhome. In October 2013 at Busworld 2013, Vision Systems showcased a new sun visor
    using SPD-Smart light-control film technology and a light sensor to automatically and dynamically adjust the sun visor to deal with
    changing light and glare conditions. Vision Systems indicated that it has been working for almost two years with a major automotive
    OEM to test the ease of installation, reliability, design and performance of its new sun visor in real world conditions. It further
    indicated that customer reaction regarding the effectiveness and ease of use of this product has been excellent. The fact that this
    feature can be installed in the aftermarket should bring these benefits to a wider range of drivers.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>5.</i></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Rail
    Transport:</i></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">February
    2020</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
February 2020, Vision Systems presented its SPD-SmartGlass marine products at the Middle East Rail show in Dubai, UAE, including a multi-zone
SPD-SmartGlass dimmable window, and a dimmable divider with an integrated information display, and a concept of glass partition playing
videos. The multi-zone solution exhibited is an SPD-SmartGlass panel that resembles a digital shade, providing tinting control of a chosen
zone to protect from unwanted light and glare, for improving the passenger experience. Vision Systems also exhibited an SPD-SmartGlass
dimmable divider with an integrated information display that gives travel information such as time, temperature, remaining distance to
next stop, or service availability.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">September
    2018</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Innotrans,
the leading international trade fair for transport technology, was the stage for the world premier of new EDW solutions using SPD-SmartGlass
technology. AGC and Vision Systems launched their respective latest generations of SPD-SmartGlass EDWs for the rail industry. In addition,
Continental also new electronic control products for SPD-SmartGlass EDWs at the show.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Vision
Systems at InnoTrans</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Some
of the products using SPD-SmartGlass for the train industry being showcased this week in Berlin include:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">EDWs
    with integrated control system electronics (on the passenger window EDW itself), for rapid installation in both new train car production,
    and retrofitting existing train cars.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SPD-SmartGlass
    solutions for the driver cabin, to eliminate glare on the dashboard with side and back window EDWs, and/or SPD sun visors integrated
    into the windshield.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#8220;Info-Vision&#8221;
    window, which integrates an electroluminescent display into SPD-SmartGlass windows. This combines the benefits of the EDW with information
    available directly on the window, such as time to destination, remaining distance, temperature, service options, and train schedules.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition to the above information, Vision Systems confirmed at Innotrans that it was working on other high-volume train projects with
major commuter train manufacturers and operators.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">AGC
at InnoTrans</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AGC,
a leading Tier 1 supplier of transparencies to the rail industry for over 50 years, is also prominently featuring SPD-SmartGlass EDWs.
In a recent article entitled AGC at Innotrans with smart glass for transportation, it was noted, &#8220;AGC&#8217;s booth will feature
AGC&#8217;s smart glasses for transportation&#8230; Wonderlite light control glazing, that switches from clear to dark at the simple
touch of a button.&#8221; Wonderlite is AGC&#8217;s brand name for its SPD-SmartGlass EDWs.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Global
Rail News published an article about Continental at Innotrans, noting, &#8220;The level of transparency&#8230; of the glass can be adjusted
via a control system, which can be programmed to respond to external conditions, such as sensor data on sunlight intensity.&#8221;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Continental
at InnoTrans</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Continental
unveiled a number of new innovations, including an intelligent technology for darkening glass panes and a range of individual surface
designs. The &#8216;Intelligent Glass Control&#8217; (IGC) system by Continental provides passengers with the flexibility to adjust
the amount of light and the color of their window or other glazed areas to suit their needs. The technology, which was originally developed
for the automotive industry, relies on a film sandwiched between two panes of glass and connected to an electronic control unit (ECU).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">September
    2017:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vision
Systems announced to the press in September 2017 that it had just signed a contract to supply SPD-Smart Nuance windows for a new proposed
special Shinkansen bullet train which will be put in service for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">May
    2017:</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AGC
    Asahi Glass announced its light control glass, WONDERLITETM, was adopted for JR East luxury sleeper train, Train Suite Shiki-shima
    (&#8220;Shiki-shima&#8221;), which began service on May 1. JR East&#8217;s luxury sleeper train Shiki-shima, conceptualized as a
    train for &#8216;enjoying changes in time and space&#8217;, has been designed with individualized themes for each compartment. Of
    particular note, the front carriage, containing a special area for enjoying panoramic views of Japan&#8217;s landscape, has been
    outfitted with WONDERLITETM light control glass, which makes it possible to adjust passing sunlight simply with a switch.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">September
    2016:</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vision
    Systems, with its customers/strategic partners, exhibited many different types of SPD-Smart products at InnoTrans 2016. Products
    included:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">A
    full-scale train cabin mockup equipped with many SPD-Smart passenger windows</span></td></tr>
</table>

<p style="margin: 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SPD-Smart
    windows with integrated transparent information displays</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SPD-Smart
    contrast enhancement filters for displays</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(d)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SPD-Smart
    windows with multi-zone switching capabilities</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(e)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Train
    passenger SPD-Smart windows</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(f)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Aftermarket
    driver cabin SPD-Smart windows</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">September
    2014:</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
    September 2014, Poma (a leading supplier of cable transport systems) showcased at Innotrans 2014 its Cabine H2 cable car. The windows
    in this cable transport vehicle used Research Frontiers licensee Vision Systems&#8217; &#8220;Nuance&#8221; SPD solution. Innotrans
    2014 is the largest international trade fair for rail transport technology with over 160,000 visitors and is held every two years
    in Berlin, Germany. At this fair, Bombardier featured its &#8220;FLEXITY 2&#8221; tram platform using an electronically dimmable
    window produced by Vision Systems. In addition, AGC, one of the largest producers of flat glass in the world, featured its &#8220;WONDERLITE&#8221;
    SPD-SmartGlass train window.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>6.</i></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Automotive
    Armored Glass Market:</i></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Within
the automotive market, a potentially additional sector is the armored glass market. Armored glass (sometimes referred to as &#8220;transparent
armor&#8221; and &#8220;bullet-resistant glass&#8221;) encompasses the military, non-military government, and civilian markets. In addition,
SPD-Smart technology in this market not only provides the benefits of light-control and UV blockage, it also enhances security by introducing
darker tints and privacy. A number of the Company&#8217;s licensees including American Glass Products, Isoclima, and SER are recognized industry leaders in the armored glass market.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
August 2019, Research Frontiers licensed S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil based SER Company to make SPD-SmartGlass primarily for the automotive
armored glass aftermarket in Brazil. SER Company is a Brazilian leader in the development of technologies and solutions for ballistic
cars in the protection and security sector.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>7.</i></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>SPD-Smart
    Aircraft Products:</i></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Four
aircraft manufacturers have announced that they have selected SPD-Smart dimmable window products as standard or optional equipment for
their production aircraft:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Honda
    Aircraft Company:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
HondaJet, with first delivery in December 2015, comes with SPD-Smart electronically dimmable windows as standard equipment on all passenger
windows.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Textron-Beechcraft
    has SPD-Smart electronically dimmable windows as standard equipment on models of its King Air aircraft:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    King Air 250, with first delivery during 2015</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    King Air 350i, with first delivery during 2015</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    King Air C90GTx, with first deliveries during the first quarter of 2016</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ONE
    Aviation announced the selection of SPD-Smart electronically dimmable windows for its upcoming Eclipse 700 platform.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Epic
    Aircraft&#8217;s E1000, with first delivery in February 2020, comes with SPD-Smart electronically dimmable windows as standard equipment
    on all passenger windows.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dassault
    Aviation:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Falcon 5X was scheduled to come with SPD-Smart electronically dimmable skylights as standard equipment. Subsequently, however, Dassault
announced in December 2017 that it was terminating the Falcon 5X program and announced the launch of a new Falcon program featuring the
same skylight as the Falcon 5X. This aircraft, the Falcon 6X is scheduled to enter into service in 2022.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Other
aircraft manufacturers and their suppliers continue to develop and evaluate the use of SPD technology in their window systems. Aircraft
manufacturers and SPD product suppliers have incorporated SPD-Smart electronically dimmable windows in mockups, with some of these mockups
being exhibited at major aviation shows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">October
    2020:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Airbus
launched the ACJ TwoTwenty business jet, a clean-sheet design aircraft based on Airbus&#8217; A220-100, featuring advanced materials
and state-of-the-art technologies that include electronically dimmable windows.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">November
    2019:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vision
Systems unveiled its aircraft and helicopter SPD-Smart solutions at the Dubai Airshow in Dubai, UAE. Among the products presented at
the show were an SPD-Smart electronically dimmable helicopter window, and a multizone SPD-Smart dimmable aircraft window with an integrated
control panel. Vision Systems also unveiled an SPD-Smart partition combining an electronically dimmable system with an information display
based on electroluminescent technology. Whether on windows or dividers, this solution can either be set in transparent or dark mode when
no information is displayed, or show short travel information. The background opacity can then adjust automatically for perfect contrast
and readability.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">April
    2019:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vision
Systems presented its SPD-Smart EDWs at the Aircraft Interiors Expo (AIX) in Hamburg, Germany. Its system delivers important passenger
experience benefits including a cooler and quieter cabin due to remarkable thermal and acoustic insulation. The following chart summarizes
some of the performance advantages highlighted at the show that Vision Systems&#8217; SPD-Smart EDWs have over electrochromic EDWs:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 36%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 25%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>SPD-Smart
    EDW</b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 35%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Electrochromic
    EDW</b></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Switching
    Speed</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">0.5
    &#8211; 3 Seconds</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Minutes</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Uniform
    Tinting</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Yes</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Heat-Blocking
    When Aircraft on Ramp and Unpowered</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Extremely
                                            High:</span></p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Switches
    to Darkest State</span></p></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Poor
                                            &#8211; Moderate:</span></p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Switches
    to Clearest State</span></p></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Noise
    Blocking</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Extremely
    High</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Poor
    &#8211; Moderate</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Multizone
    Tinting</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Yes</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Replaces
    Dust Pane</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Yes</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Integrated
    Electronics</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Yes</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ability
    to Include PDLC Film For Additional Blackout and Privacy</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Yes</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Integrated
    Information Display</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Yes</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Integrated
    Touch Panel</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Yes</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">October
    2018:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vision
Systems presented its second-generation SPD-Smart EDWs, branded Nuance V2, with enhanced optics and a lower cost at the NBAA business
aviation show. The solutions on display at Vision Systems&#8217; NBAA included:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9675;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Multizone:
    This Nuance V2 solution allows independent control of light and glare through different &#8220;zones&#8221; of an SPD-Smart EDW,
    to any level of tint.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9675;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Variable
    light control with diffused light / privacy control: This SPD-Smart solution enables instant and precise dimming from clear to very
    dark, plus an opaque white or dark feature for privacy and enjoying soft, diffused daylight through the EDW.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9675;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Interactive:
    Vision System&#8217;s Info-Vision is the first smart information window integrating SPD-Smart and electroluminescent technologies.
    This economical innovation, for use in windows and cabin dividers, provides passengers with travel and other information right on
    the window. The tint of the Info-Vision EDW can automatically adjust in real-time, providing optimal contrast and readability.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9675;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cabin
    Divider: The Nuance V2 cabin divider enables adjustable levels of privacy between classes and allows flight attendants the ability
    to view multiple cabins whenever needed.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">April
    2018:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Fokker
Services, in partnership with InspecTech Aero Service, featured their Element EDW brand of SPD-Smart EDWs at the AIX commercial aviation
show in Hamburg, Germany:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9675;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">An
    Airbus A320 mockup was demonstrated, which includes two Element EDWs integrated into a sidewall. The EDWs replace the inboard &#8220;scratch
    lens&#8221; (the surface closest to the passenger), resulting in benefits including improved optical clarity, and the perception
    of larger windows as the scratch lens panel has a larger surface area than the structural window.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9675;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Fokker
    showcased a Boeing 737 cabin mockup which includes Element EDWs.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">April
    2018:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At
the AIX show in Hamburg, Vision Systems unveiled the world premiere of Vision System&#8217;s Info-Vision, the first smart information
window integrating both SPD-Smart and electroluminescent technologies. This economical innovation, for use in windows and cabin dividers,
provides passengers with travel information right on the panel. The tint of the Info-Vision window or divider can automatically adjust
in real-time, providing optimal contrast and readability. Other SPD-Smart EDW solutions from Vision Systems featured at AIX in Hamburg
include:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9675;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Second-generation
    Nuance V2 and Nuance V2 Ultra-Dark: enhanced optics and lower cost.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9675;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Nuance
    Smart-Shell: a retrofit EDW product covering cockpit side windows.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9675;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Nuance
    Energia: a dimmable sun visor integrating a transparent photovoltaic film for self-power.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">October
    2017:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PPG
Aerospace, in partnership with Vision Systems, launched a new product at the National Business Aviation Association Convention and Exhibition
in Las Vegas, Nevada. Nuance V2 Ultra Clear is a new product responding to the industry requests for aircraft cabin shading systems that
allow for brighter cabin interiors, while providing for more effective shading. This Electronically Dimmable Window (EDW) solution uses
patented SPD-Smart light control technology developed by Research Frontiers.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">July
    2017:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ONE
Aviation announced the selection of the ALTEOS EDW by PPG for its new Eclipse 700 aircraft. The Eclipse 700 aircraft is an upgraded version
of its Eclipse 500/550. The Alteos EDW utilizes the NUANCE V2 shading product by Vision Systems that uses SPD-Smart light-control technology
from Research Frontiers. As ONE Aviation stated in the announcement, &#8220;A priority at ONE Aviation is to maximize ease of use and
passenger comfort. The PPG ALTEOS system provides both with simple and effective control of window shading.&#8221;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">May
    2017:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vision
Systems and PPG Aerospace announced that they have reached a commercial agreement to work together on developing new applications utilizing
Vision Systems&#8217; EDW shading solutions for aircraft. These solutions use Research Frontiers&#8217; SPD-Smart EDW technology and
also combine the considerable experience that both PPG Aerospace and Vision Systems have in supplying the aircraft industry with EDW
systems. As stated in their press release, &#8220;The agreement provides a framework for PPG and Vision Systems to pursue opportunities
in commercial, regional, military and general aviation applications that capitalize on each company&#8217;s expertise.&#8221;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">October
    2016:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At
the MRO Europe conference Fokker Services, a division of GKN Aerospace, launched &#8220;Element EDW,&#8221; a new electronically dimmable
window system for commercial airliners. Developed in collaboration with Research Frontiers licensee InspecTech Aero Service, this &#8220;smart
transparency&#8221; controls and manages both beneficial and undesirable outside elements coming into aircraft cabins through passenger
windows.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vision
Systems exhibited SPD-Smart EDWs at Aircraft Interiors Expo Asia and at the National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) Business Aviation
Convention &amp; Exhibition. These products improve the airline passenger experience by controlling light, glare, heat and noise entering
the cabin.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">May
    2016:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Easier
SPD-Smart EDW control switches from InspecTech Aero Service were featured at the EBACE aircraft show on the newly redesigned King Air
350i and 250 that were on display by Textron-Beechcraft. Also, at EBACE it was reported that the King Air C90GTx (the third King Air
to offer SPD-Smart EDWs as standard equipment) has received FAA certification, and Textron highlighted the improved EDWs on its newly
redesigned aircraft as an important cabin enhancement.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vision
Systems debuted an Acti-Vision interactive aircraft window at the EBACE aircraft show that not only dims but brings the passenger important
information such as flight status, moving map, satellite imagery, and even tourist information about what the passenger is looking at
out the window via a transparent video touchscreen built into the window.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">April
    2016:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vision
Systems introduced a solution for the light and glare issues commonly experienced in aircraft cockpits at the Aircraft Interiors Expo.
Vision Systems&#8217; Nuance Smart Shell, using Research Frontiers SPD-Smart EDW technology, is designed for lateral cockpit windows,
which account for a large percentage of light and glare entering cockpits, and are extremely difficult to shade. The Nuance Smart Shell
EDW covers the entire window surface area and brings dynamic solar control to aircraft cockpits &#8211; providing automated management
of intense high-altitude light and glare, and protection from harmful UV radiation.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">April
    2015:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vision
Systems demonstrated its Nuance Touchless SPD-Smart EDW at the 2015 Aircraft Interiors Expo in Hamburg, Germany. The new system allows
passengers to use gestures, much like those used to operate a smart phone, to control the tint of their aircraft windows, but without
ever having to touch the window or any other aircraft interior component.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Isoclima
showcased its CromaLite brand of SPD-Smart electronically dimmable windows at the Aircraft Interiors Expo in Hamburg, Germany.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">March
    2015:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vision
Systems unveiled its SPD-Smart Opti-Visor electronically dimmable sun visor for the aircraft market at the Helicopter Association International
Heli-Expo in Orlando, Florida.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">December
    2014:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At
the 2014 MEBA show in Dubai, U.A.E., Vision Systems unveiled a new generation of its Energia photovoltaic autonomous SPD-Smart dimmable
window &#8211; the new product is capable of producing more energy than the prior generation.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">October
    2014:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Epic
Aircraft featured SPD-Smart windows in the mock-up of its upcoming E1000 aircraft. The mock-up was unveiled at 2014 NBAA in Orlando,
Florida.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">May
    2014:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At
the 2014 EBACE show in Geneva, Switzerland, Vision Systems unveiled a new SPD-Smart dimmable window product that offers passengers the
ability to independently control the tint of different &#8220;zones&#8221; within the same window. At the same show, Vision Systems announced
an improvement in the optical performance of its Nuance SPD-Smart dimmable windows &#8211; a product offering wider amplitude between
clear and dark.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">April
    2014:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">BAE
Systems featured SPD-Smart electronically dimmable windows in its cabin management system mock-up at the 2014 Hamburg Airshow. The windows
can be controlled by the BAE system.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vaupell
featured an SPD-Smart electronically dimmable window in its commercial airliner window assembly at the 2014 Hamburg Airshow.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">October
    2013:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At
the 2013 AIX Americas show, Vision Systems&#8217; strategic partner Vaupell announced they are offering the industry a complete SPD-Smart
light-control window system &#8211; Vision Systems&#8217; SPD-Smart Noctis window and control system, integrated with Vaupell&#8217;s
window assembly. This product offering was showcased at Vaupell&#8217;s AIX Americas booth. Vision Systems and Vaupellentered into a
strategic partnership to develop and offer SPD-Smart Noctis and Nuance windows to OEMs, including Vaupell&#8217;s longstanding customer
Boeing.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At
the 2013 NBAA, Vision Systems unveiled Energia &#8211; the world&#8217;s first self-powered dimmable window for aircraft cabins. Energia
adds the many practical, technical, and financial benefits of solar power to the instant switching speed, wide range of light transmission,
and relief from light, glare and heat that SPD-Smart aircraft windows already provide. Energia operates without using the aircraft&#8217;s
electrical system because it integrates a transparent photovoltaic layer that is capable of producing its own energy &#8211; from the
sun, or from artificial light sources. Energia facilitates the installation of dimmable windows on new production and aftermarket aircraft.
It is completely independent of the cabin&#8217;s wiring, and no modifications to the aircraft&#8217;s existing electrical system are
required. Energia was developed in collaboration with Sunpartner Technologies, Vision Systems partner and the inventor and manufacturer
of the transparent photovoltaic panel. In March 2014, Vision Systems announced that Energia had been selected as a finalist in the prestigious
2014 Crystal Cabin Award.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">June
    2013:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At
the Paris Air Show, Vision Systems announced it will open its first-ever U.S. SPD-SmartGlass factory, investing nearly $1.2 million in
capital expenditures to serve customers with strong U.S. operations. The new factory was highlighted by Florida Governor Rick Scott and
Vision Systems President and CEO Carl Putman, with Research Frontiers President and CEO Joseph M. Harary and others in attendance for
this special announcement. This announcement of a further expansion to the United States indicates an acceleration of existing and projected
business in North and South America where major aircraft OEMs and customers of Vision Systems are located, including HondaJet and Gulfstream.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">May
    2013:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Eurocopter
featured SPD-Smart windows, and SPD-Smart cabin partitions, in the mock-up of its EC175 helicopter. The mock-up was unveiled at EBACE
2013 in Geneva, Switzerland.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">April
    2013:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vision
Systems debuted its new SPD-Smart window with integrated electronics and controls directly on the window at the 2013 Hamburg Air Show.
Developed with strategic partner Vaupell, a world leader in the production of aircraft interior subassemblies for commercial aerospace
applications, it became the first dimmable window with integrated electronics and control panel directly on the aesthetically attractive
window reveal.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">October
    2012:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Honda
Aircraft Company featured HondaJet SPD-Smart cabin windows at the 2012 National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) Annual Meeting &amp;
Convention. The HondaJet&#8217;s passenger windows will use SPD technology as standard equipment. SPD-Smart Nuance windows for the HondaJet
went into production at Vision Systems&#8217; new Melbourne, Florida factory.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">InspecTech
announced enhancements to its electronics architecture used to control its iShade to enable the SPD-Smart electronically dimmable windows
to switch to their clearest state in the event of a power loss &#8211; that was a request made by certain OEMs. InspecTech&#8217;siShades
now offer &#8220;the best of both worlds&#8221; - when unpowered on the ramp, the windows automatically switch to their darkest, maximum
heat-rejecting state, and when in the air, they instantly switch to the clear state in the event of a loss of power.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">InspecTech
announced improvements to its iShadeiQ including a higher light transmission, greater contrast ratio, unprecedented optical clarity,
superior acoustic and thermal insulation properties, and lighter weight.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 24px"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">March
    2012:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At
the 2012 Aircraft Interiors Expo in Hamburg, Germany, Isoclima S.p.A. announced that Isoclima&#8217;sCromaLite brand of SPD-Smart aerospace
windows made its world premiere. CromaLite is Isoclima&#8217;s SPD-Smart solar control glazing product and enables users to efficiently
control the transmitted solar radiation in both the visible and the solar range. Dr. Alberto Bertolini, Executive Director of Isoclima,
commented: &#8220;Our CromaLite brand of SPD-Smart window offers many valuable light-control benefits: instant shading, glare control,
UV rejection, the desire for passenger comfort, and keeping aircraft cool when they are on the ground. We are very excited by the reactions
we have received from OEMs and cabin designers who are here at the Aircraft Interiors Expo and are excited about our growing portfolio
of SPD-Smart CromaLite solutions for the transportation and architectural markets.&#8221;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vision
Systems announced that the company has invested over $750,000 to expand its existing factory in France to add a production facility dedicated
to the manufacture of its SPD-Smart Nuance and Noctis aerospace and transportation windows and cabin dividers.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 24px"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">November
    2011:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Bombardier
Aerospace featured SPD-Smart aircraft windows in its CSeries aircraft cabin mock-up at the 2011 Dubai Airshow, equipping the business
class windows in its mock-up with SPD-Smart aerospace windows.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vision
Systems exhibited its Nuance and Noctis brands of SPD-Smart aircraft cabin windows at the Dubai Airshow in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Nuance and Noctis SPD-Smart aerospace windows offer instant and precise light-control at every level which provides OEMs and private
aircraft owners a solar protection solution that enhances flying comfort and supports fuel efficiency. These electronically dimmable
aircraft and helicopter window shades and cabin dividers are impact-resistant, completely silent, available in flat and curved surfaces,
and can be controlled by the cabin management system or by passengers. Vision Systems&#8217; Noctis SPD-Smart product line offers enhanced
blackout solar protection and complete privacy. Also, at the November 2011 Dubai Airshow, Vision Systems announced that Bombardier Aerospace
was featuring Vision Systems&#8217; SPD-Smart aircraft windows in Bombardier&#8217;s CSeries aircraft cabin mock-up. Bombardier equipped
the business class windows in its mock-up with Vision Systems&#8217; SPD-Smart Noctis aerospace windows. Developed for the 100- to 149-seat
market segment, the CSeries family of aircraft is Bombardier&#8217;s all new mainline transport solution.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24px"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">April
    2011: </span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">InspecTech
announced a new model of its SPD-Smart iShade window, branded iShadeiQ. This model, in addition to the light, glare and heat control,
also reduces noise levels in the cabin.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Key
performance requirements for aircraft light-control windows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 24px"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Level
    of darkness:</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Solar
    radiation onboard aircraft is extreme and requires a dimmable window that creates an environment dark enough for passengers to sleep,
    even during daylight hours. Research Frontiers licensees now offer SPD-Smart windows that can be set to block over 99.96% of incoming
    light, to meet the needs of OEMs and their customers.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Switching
    speed:</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Whenever
    a passenger wants relief from glare, SPD-Smart aircraft windows offer immediate response. Due to instant switching, an infinite number
    of light-transmission states can be selected by the passenger or flight crew, from clear to blackout, and any level of view-preserving
    tint in between.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Heat-blocking:</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Aircraft
    cabins can become hot when the aircraft is parked because of solar heat streaming through windows. The result is an uncomfortably
    warm cabin upon boarding or the need to use jet fuel or auxiliary power units before boarding to cool down the cabin. SPD-Smart aircraft
    windows automatically switch to their maximum heat-blocking state, even when the aircraft is parked unpowered, and the cabin remains
    cool.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Additional
challenges stated by OEMs and their customers that have been successfully met by SPD-Smart dimmable aircraft windows include:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 24px"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Noise-blocking:
    the ability to reduce the amount of noise transmitted through windows</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Curved
    shapes: the ability to offer curved windows to meet interior design needs</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 24px"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Weight-reduction:
    the ability to fabricate dimmable windows using lightweight plastics and thin chemically strengthened glass</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">FAA
    and EASA certification: the ability to demonstrate full compliance with all FAA and EASA requirements</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>8.</i></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>SPD-Smart
    Architectural Products:</i></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
Frontiers and its licensees are currently working with multiple architectural customers to introduce SPD-Smart products including windows,
skylights, partitions and doors. The architectural markets for these products are highly fragmented and in general have a high sensitivity
to price. In the near term, the Company expects SPD-SmartGlass products primarily will be commercialized in specialty applications and/or
sectors that value its distinctive performance attributes including fast switching speed regardless of window size, a very wide range
of visible light transmission, infinite light-control between its dark and clear states, and availability in unusual shapes and sizes.
Research Frontiers&#8217; end-product licensees in this sector include industry leaders such as: American Glass Products (AGP), Asahi
Glass, CricursaCristalesCurvados, Gauzy, Glatic, Innovative Glass, Isoclima, LTI SmartGlass, NSG UMU Products Co., Ltd Prelco, Isoclima,
Smartglass International and Traco (a business unit of Alcoa).</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
December 2019, Research Frontiers licensed Seoul, South Korea based Glatic Co., Ltd. to produce and sell SPD-SmartGlass smart windows
for the South Korean architectural market.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
January 2017, Research Frontiers and NSG UMU Products Co., Ltd. announced that UMU Products has acquired a license from Research Frontiers
to produce and sell SPD-SmartGlass architectural intelligent products throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, Japan, the People&#8217;s
Republic of China and Taiwan. The non-exclusive license grants UMU Products, a subsidiary of world-leading glass manufacturer Nippon
Sheet Glass, the right to manufacture and sell SPD-SmartGlass products including windows, doors, solar shading screens, curtainwalls,
skylights and other intelligent smart glass architectural products.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
September 2016, Smartglass International announced that its Solar SmartGlass brand of SPD-SmartGlass has been selected for both new construction
and retrofit projects. An example of a retrofit project is the University of Edinburgh&#8217;s historic McEwan Hall. The interior of
this hall, built in 1897, is being refurbished. In an article on the Smartglass International website, the company indicates that its
Solar SmartGlass &#8220;&#8230;will be retrofitted to the internal building walls to protect the beautiful paintings and features for
many more years to come. The glass will increase the functionality of the space by allowing instant control over the amount of light
entering the hall. Smartglass International will create bespoke solar switchable panels that will be fitted inside each of the 13 circular
oculi, each more than 2 metres in diameter.&#8221;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">At
its annual stockholders meeting in June 2015, Research Frontiers announced a small strategic investment in Zuli Inc. a manufacturer of
smartplugs. At this meeting, Joseph Harary demonstrated how the ZuliSmartplug integrates with SPD SmartGlass products. Mr. Harary indicated
that &#8220;Using a ZuliSmartplug, you can walk into a room with your smartphone, and have the lights automatically turn on, temperature
adjust, and the glass in your windows instantly go from an energy-saving dark tint, to clear so you can see the magnificent views outside
your home. Now, walk into another room and have those lights and windows adjust too, while the ZuliSmartplug automatically shuts off
your devices in the room you left to save energy.&#8221;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
March 2015, Research Frontiers&#8217; patented SPD-SmartGlass technology was selected as the exclusive smart glass for the USA Pavilion
at this year&#8217;s World&#8217;s Fair, Expo Milano 2015 from May through October 2015. The USA Pavilion 312 large panels of SPD-SmartGlass
manufactured under license from Research Frontiers by Isoclima S.p.A. Each panel measures approximately 1 meter by 3 meters, making the
total surface area in the roof more than 10,000 square feet. This is the largest known installation of smart glass in the world for a
roof application and was seen by over six million people.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SPD-Smart
windows, skylights, doors and partitions offer various benefits in architectural applications. During 2009, independent tests were conducted
by DSET Laboratories, a division of Atlas Material Testing Technology, in accordance with ASTM and ASHRAE testing and calculation protocols.
These test results demonstrate that SPD-Smart windows have excellent solar heat rejection and control capabilities. In January 2011 a
study published by the Department of Engineering at the University of Cambridge concluded that SPD-Smart light-control windows are exceptionally
energy efficient, reducing solar heat gain by as much as 90%. The Cambridge study indicated that the real-world testing &#8220;confirms
theoretical predictions that SPD glass holds great energy saving potential and is a technology that can really help to reduce energy
wastage of glass facades.&#8221; In addition to SPD-Smart technology, the Cambridge study discussed alternative dynamic glazing technologies
that could be used in windows (e.g.electrochromics) and reported that SPD-Smart technology did not have the disadvantages that limited
the potential of these alternative technologies. For example, the study cited that an electrochromic window that is 2.4 square meters
can take up to 30 minutes to change from clear to dark.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
November 2011, Research Frontiers&#8217; licensee Innovative Glass Corporation was awarded two 2010 Crystal Achievement Awards for its
smart window product line using our SPD-Smart light-control technology. In October 2010, its SPD-SmartGlass product was awarded WFX&#8217;s
(Worship Facilities Conference &amp; Expo) New Product award for Best Building System Material Product/Window. Innovative Glass has completed
or is working on a variety of SPD-SmartGlass projects in the commercial, residential and institutional markets. Innovative Glass also
periodically exhibits its SPD-SmartGlass architectural products at Glass Expo Northeast in Hauppauge, New York. Glass Expo Northeast
is the region&#8217;s largest conference and trade show dedicated to the architectural glass and metal industry.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
Frontiers licensee SmartGlass International has announced completion of several high visibility SPD-SmartGlass installations. During
February 2012, the company announced installation of SPD-SmartGlass at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, which is
one of the world&#8217;s largest and most respected centers for scientific research. SmartGlass International installed SPD-SmartGlass
in CERN&#8217;s Globe of Science and Innovation that will house a permanent exhibition and is intended to serve as a venue for a wide
range of activities, conferences and other events, In February 2011, SmartGlass International announced it supplied retrofit SPD-SmartGlass
to five London television studios of the Associated Press. The SPD-SmartGlass used in these projects harvests daylight when it&#8217;s
needed, improves occupant comfort by providing controllable solar shading during peak light conditions, and preserves views. Just prior
to this installation, it was announced that SmartGlass International installed retrofit SPD-SmartGlass panels at the set of &#8220;Daybreak,&#8221;
the breakfast anchor program from ITV, one of the UK&#8217;s largest commercial television networks.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
2014, Research Frontiers added Teknoglass Solutions LLP and Diamond Glass. Teknoglass Solutions LLP acquired a license from Research
Frontiers Inc. to make and sell SPD-SmartGlass architectural smart window products in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Diamond
Glass acquired a license from Research Frontiers Inc. to make and sell SPD-SmartGlass architectural smart window products throughout
Europe. In November of 2013 Research Frontiers announced that it had a new licensee, MDV, who is targeting the architectural market in
Brazil. In March of 2013 Research Frontiers announced that it had added two new licensees, Tint-It JSC and Advnanotech, both of whom
are targeting the architectural market (in addition to the automotive aftermarket discussed previously) in Russia.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>9.</i></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>SPD-Smart
    Marine Products:</i></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
Frontiers and its licensees are currently working with marine customers to introduce SPD-Smart products including windows, doors and
partitions. When our patented SPD-Smart light-control technology is used in yacht windows and other products, users can quickly and precisely
control and &#8220;tune&#8221; the amount of light, glare and heat coming through their windows, while preserving their view. Diamond
Sea Glaze Manufacturing commenced marketing activities for products using SPD technology during the second quarter of 2011 but did not
renew its license for SPD-SmartGlass technology for the marine market which terminated at the end of December 2017.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
June 2019, Vision Systems exhibited at the Cruise Ship Interiors Expo in Miami, Florida. Building upon its expertise in dimmable shading
systems, Vision Systems exhibited its Electronically Dimmable Windows (EDWs) for solar protection and privacy, including a curved dimmable
solution, a complete privacy solution, and a multizone Electronically Dimmable Window with integrated information display. Vision Systems&#8217;
innovative solutions make it possible to eliminate shades that clutter up the space, block the view and require regular maintenance.
They also allow for a solar protection on windows where shades could not, or be difficult, to be installed.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
October 2016, Vision Systems announced at the Monaco Yacht Show and 2016 IBEX new relationships for offering SPD-SmartGlass products
with Taylor Made Systems, ProCurve Glass, and Yachtglass. In addition, the Monaco Yacht Show hosted the world premiere of the &#8220;Edition
1&#8221; model of the &#8220;ARROW460 &#8211; Granturismo,&#8221; which has SPD-Smart dimmable glazing products throughout the Silver
Arrows Marine motor yacht supplied by Vision Systems and designed by Mercedes-Benz Design.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
November 2015, Silver Arrows Marine in conjunction with Mercedes-Benz Style (a design arm of Mercedes-Benz) unveiled a new yacht called
the ARROW460 &#8211; Granturismo featuring an SPD-SmartGlass electronically dimmable roof. The roof, which is supplied by licensee Vision
Systems, will be able to be electrically risen, creating a &#8220;glass pergola&#8221; effect on the yacht. First customer deliveries
of this production yacht are planned to start in early 2016. Vision Systems presented its products at the 2015 Marine Equipment Trade
Show in Amsterdam in November 2015 and at the Monaco Yacht Show in September 2015.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
November 2013, Hatteras Yachts unveiled its new flagship motor yacht, the 100 Raised Pilothouse with dual SPD-SmartGlass skylights in
the galley as standard equipment at the 2013 Fort Lauderdale Boat Show.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
February 2013, licensee Isoclima demonstrated its VebLite brand of SPD-SmartGlass for marine applications at SEATEC 2013 in Italy. SEATEC
is a leading international exhibition of technology and design for boats, megayachts and ships.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
November 2012, licensee Isoclima exhibited its VebLite brand of SPD-SmartGlass for marine applications at the Marine Equipment Trade
(METS) Show 2012 in The Netherlands. VebLite is Isoclima&#8217;s SPD-Smart solar control and privacy glazing product that functions like
a venetian blind. It has multiple segments that provide instantly customizable shading fully controlled by the passenger that can be
operated individually to create the effect of a shade being raised or lowered or moved to the side. This precisely controls where incoming
heat and glare enter a yacht or boat through a window or rooflite, and also controls privacy levels.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition to exhibiting its SPD-Smart marine products at METS 2012, licensee Vision Systems&#8217; SPD-Smart Nuance dimmable marine window
was named the category winner in the prestigious METS 2012 Design Award METS (DAME) competition for interior equipment, furnishing, materials
and electrical fittings used in cabins. DAME is considered the world&#8217;s most prestigious design competition for new marine equipment
and accessories. In METS&#8217; news release about the DAME award, it was noted &#8220;The Jury felt that Nuance is a major innovation
that will benefit designers and owners greatly - with comparatively little increase in cost.&#8221;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
October 2011, Cheoy Lee Shipyards unveiled the Alpha 76 Express, its most advanced production yacht, which is fully equipped with the
latest yacht design features including SPD-SmartGlass supplied by Research Frontiers licensee Diamond Sea Glaze. The Alpha has approximately
150 square feet of SPD-SmartGlass at various places throughout the vessel and it is the first large-scale production yacht to make such
extensive use of SPD-SmartGlass. In October 2012, Cheoy Lee Shipyards exhibited two yachts &#8211; the Alpha 76 Express and the Alpha
76 Flybridge &#8211; at the 2012 Fort Lauderdale International Boat Show with SPD-SmartGlass.</span></p>

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<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>VariGuard
    SmartGlass:</i></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
May 2013, Research Frontiers announced the formation of its VariGuard SmartGlass business unit. This business unit allowed the Company
to directly address market opportunities for SPD technology outside the scope of its current license agreements or the focus of its licensees.
VariGuard SmartGlass was a developmental activity for the Company and its revenues are currently immaterial relative to the Company&#8217;s
licensing activities.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
VariGuard SmartGlass business unit marketed and sold SPD-Smart products directly to customers for specialty uses such as the protection
of artwork and light-sensitive documents in museums and private collections. The business uses an optimized fabrication designed specifically
for its exhibition panels. The production of these panels is outsourced to current licensees that have experience producing SPD laminates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Excessive
light-exposure is a leading cause of irreversible damage to many precious objects, particularly works on paper, textiles and watercolor.
Presently, no display system is able to provide these artifacts with any protection against visible light damage. VariGuard SmartGlass
provides the world&#8217;s first and only display panels that limit an artifact&#8217;s light-exposure only to when the artifact is being
viewed. This provides unequalled protection for light-sensitive artifacts by substantially reducing an artifact&#8217;s overall lux-hour
exposure when compared to conventional display panels.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">VariGuard
SmartGlass marketing and exhibition activities include:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;
    </span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">October
    2018: In an inauguration ceremony presided over by the King and Queen of Sweden, the country&#8217;s Nationalmuseum reopened after
    a five-year $132 million renovation. The Nationalmuseum selected ArtRatio&#8217;s display case, engineered using VariGuard SmartGlass,
    to allow visitors to experience these objects while at the same time providing unprecedented protection against irreversible damage
    from exposure to light.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Some
of the works being protected by the ArtRatio display case include:</span></p>

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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Book
    of Hours, St. Christopher carrying the Christ Child, watercolour and gold on parchment, Spain, c1400.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Book
    of Hours, Arrest of Christ, watercolour and gold on parchment, France, c1500.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ivory
    object, Christ on the Cross, France, c1350.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Book
    of Hours, St. Catherine and Kneeling Donor, watercolour and gold on parchment, Netherlands, c1430.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Book,
    The Hours of Giraldi-Guicciardini: The Rising of Lazarus; Death Carrying a Scythe; 1500-1525, Watercolour, gold on parchment, Italy.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Many
objects in the collection date from the Middle Ages and are highly susceptible to permanent damage from exposure to UV, visible and infrared
light.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Nationalmuseum
Comments:</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#8220;<i>The
ArtRatio smart glass table works wonderfully, does its job of protecting our manuscripts and looks great in the room as well!&#8221;
</i>Carina Pia Fryklund &#8211; Curator, Department of Prints and Drawings, Nationalmuseum</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>&#8220;With
VariGuard SmartGlass we can now show very light sensitive illuminations in a gallery where we also let daylight coming in.&#8221; </i>Joakim
Werning &#8211; Exhibition Designer, Nationalmuseum</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;
    </span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">January
                                            2018: VariGuard SmartGlass showcased its SPD-SmartGlass products at the West Coast Art and
                                            Framing Expo at Omega Moulding&#8217;s booth #431.</span></p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;
    </span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">December
    2017: To raise awareness of the unprecedented benefits of VariGuard SmartGlass, the Company has launched an advertising campaign
    targeting the display case and custom framing industries. The first phase of the campaign utilizes publications from leading conservation
    institutions in the US (Journal of the American Institute of Conservation) and the UK (Institute of Conservation) as well the leading
    institution for the picture framing industry (Picture Framing Magazine).</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;
    </span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">May
    2017: VariGuard SmartGlass showcased its SPD-SmartGlass products at the 45th annual meeting of the American Institute for Conservation
    of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC) in Chicago at booth #107.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;
    </span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">September
    2015: The Church History Museum, operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, installed 22 exhibit cases containing
    VariGuard SmartGlass panels to protect light sensitive documents and artifacts. VariGuard panels provide a better viewing experience
    (by allowing substantially higher gallery illumination levels), while simultaneously reducing damaging visible light-exposure to
    artifacts.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">August
    2015: The Smithsonian&#8217;s National Postal Museum selected VariGuard SmartGlass panels to protect the 1856 British Guiana One
    Cent Magenta, the world&#8217;s most famous rare postage stamp.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">May
    2015: VariGuard SmartGlass exhibited its products at the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (&#8220;AIC&#8221;)
    43rd annual meeting in Miami, FL. Seth Van Voorhees, President of the VariGuard SmartGlass business unit commented: &#8220;Our display
    panels offer the highest level of protection against UV and visible light damage in the industry and they are being used in cases,
    frames and wall cases to protect various light sensitive artifacts in museums internationally. Reinforcing the benefits of VariGuard
    panels and how they limit light exposure, the Smithsonian National Postal Museum presented a paper at this meeting entitled &#8220;(Year
    of Light) Lighten Up: Enhancing Visitor Experiences,&#8221; which will discuss the positive impact that VariGuard panels have in
    protecting valuable artifacts and enhancing the visitor experience.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">January
    2015: VariGuard SmartGlass exhibited its display panels at a Washington Conservation Guild meeting focused on innovative new conservation
    technologies at the Smithsonian Institution&#8217;s S. Dillon Ripley Center in Washington, DC.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">November
    2014: VariGuard SmartGlass was invited to present at a meeting of the Washington Conservation Guild which was entitled: &#8220;Outsmarting
    Light: SmartGlass Technology in Exhibitions&#8221;. At this meeting, results of the light conservation benefits of its light control
    panels at the National Postal Museum were reported. This study quantified the dramatic reduction (&gt;86%) in light exposure that
    artifacts experienced in cases using VariGuard SmartGlass display panels versus traditional glass display panels.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">June
    2014: VariGuard SmartGlass business unit announced that the Smithsonian&#8217;s National Postal Museum will use VariGuard SmartGlass
    panels based on SPD-SmartGlass technology at the &#8220;Behind the Badge&#8221; exhibition in Washington, DC. This exhibit showcases
    the work of one of the nation&#8217;s oldest federal law enforcement agencies and VariGuard panels are featured in display cases
    that showcase historic light-sensitive artifacts.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">January
    2014: VariGuard SmartGlass announced that Omega Moulding will distribute its patented light control SmartGlass products for frames
    and display cases in the United States and Canada. That month Omega Moulding showcased the benefits of VariGuard SmartGlass products
    at the 15th Annual West Coast Art and Frame Expo and National Conference in Las Vegas, NV.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">May
    2013: VariGuard SmartGlass featured its panels in several framing applications at Museum Expo 2013 at the Baltimore Convention Center
    in Baltimore, MD.</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
March 14, 2019, the Company suspended its VariGuard SmartGlass business unit activities. Instead, the Company licensed a new entity to
pursue the business opportunities previously pursued by the Company&#8217;s VariGuard SmartGlass business unit. This new licensee continues
to use the VariGuard SmartGlass name. The non-exclusive license grants this new licensee the right to manufacture and sell: (i) SPD-SmartGlass
products used in panels, frames, cases, wall cases, appliances or other similar products to protect light-sensitive documents, artwork
or other objects, (ii) SPD-SmartGlass products used in panels, frames, cases, wall cases, appliances or other similar products to provide
&#8220;hide and reveal&#8221; functionality, and (iii) SPD-SmartGlass products used in a medical device to provide control and management
of visible light.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">More
information about VariGuard SmartGlass can be found on its independent website at www.VariGuard.com.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Marketing
Activities and Licensee Support:</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition to supporting the efforts of its licensees, the Company also recognizes the need to develop the SPD industry as a whole. As
such, the Company continues to plan and execute complementary programs that build awareness and interest in smart glass generally and
demand for SPD-Smart products specifically. In the last several years, these programs included presentations at various general industry
conferences, participation in panel presentations and discussions hosted by academia, development of trade association educational materials,
and presentations to architects, designers, and other influential specifiers.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
January 2020, the Company and Gauzy presented at the CES in Las Vegas the benefits of SPD-SmartGlass for the automotive, architectural
and consumer electronics industries. Some examples on display were automotive sunroofs that could be controlled electronically with a
variety of control systems including smart speakers, high definition and projection displays. The use of SPD-SmartGlass technology enhances
the clarity and vibrancy of displayed images, and when used to control the tint of automotive windows, sunroofs and sun visors, reduces
heat, light or glare on demand or automatically. This can increase the driving range of electric vehicles by up to 5.5% and reduce CO2
emissions by up to four grams per kilometer and reduce air conditioner compressor sizes by 40%.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
February 2019, Research Frontiers and its licensee Gauzy rang the opening bell at the Nasdaq Market Site in Times Square to announce
Gauzy&#8217;s new SPD-Smart light control film factory in Stuttgart, Germany. In early December 2019, Research Frontiers, Gauzy and executives
from the automotive and architectural smart glass industries, invited guests and government officials, celebrated the opening of Gauzy&#8217;s
new state-of-the-art production facility in Stuttgart, Germany. In May 2019, Research Frontiers presented the benefits of SPD-SmartGlass
to the Automotive Industry at the 5th International CTI Automotive Glazing USA conference in Novi, Michigan. In March 2019, the Company
presented the benefits of SPD-SmartGlass to the Automotive Industry at the Automotive Glazing Summit in Berlin, Germany. Both of these
presentations focused on a real-world analysis of the use, benefits and reliability of SPD-SmartGlass in automotive and other glazings.
SPD-SmartGlass technology, which allows users to instantly vary the tint of glass or plastic, is currently being used in the automotive,
aircraft, marine, architectural, museum and consumer electronics industries.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
2018, the Company was invited to speak at the 12th International CTI Conference &#8211; Automotive Glazing Europe and at the 3rd Annual
2018 Disruptive Growth &amp; Healthcare Conference on the subject of disruptive automotive technologies. In 2017 and 2016, the Company
participated in clean tech, emerging growth and automotive glass conferences in Europe, and during 2016 the Company presented at the
Autonomous Vehicle Interior Design &amp; Technology Symposium in Novi, Michigan and was the keynote speaker, and event chairman, at the
annual CTI Automotive Glazing USA Conference in Rochester, Michigan.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company&#8217;s market development department has a number of other initiatives in place. To help guide and prioritize its technical
and marketing investments, the Company periodically retains outside strategic marketing and other consultants to help generate increased
short- and medium-term market penetrations for each of the major markets for the Company&#8217;s light-control technology, and to provide
support and guidance to the Company&#8217;s licensees worldwide.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has emerged as a leading resource for market research information on the subject of smart glass. Research Frontiers lectures
and presents at industry conferences in areas of energy efficiency, daylight harvesting and sustainability. The Company has published
independent test data about SPD-SmartGlass, shared the results of its research studies and test data with industry and the media, posted
various reference materials to the Company&#8217;s website for global dissemination, and published presentations, data and bylined articles.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
Frontiers maintains an active role with various standards-setting organizations, including ASTM International, which has an active committee
developing standards for smartglass.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition to Research Frontiers providing overarching support of licensees&#8217; sales efforts by developing the SPD industry as a whole,
leveraging its prominence as a leading resource on the topic of smart glass, and maintaining an active role with standards organizations,
Research Frontiers also supports licensees&#8217; marketing and sales efforts directly. Activities include advising and assisting with
branding strategies and advertising campaigns, website development and other marketing materials, joint presentations to prospective
customers, and additional support. As a focal point of interest in smart glass, resulting in many consumer and business inquiries, Research
Frontiers has an active referral program to generate customer leads for its licensees.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
part of this mission to develop the industry and to support our licensees&#8217; acquiring SPD projects, Research Frontiers completed
the construction of the SPD-SmartGlass Design Center. This Center is also configured as an interactive and energy-efficient &#8220;smart&#8221;
executive office and conference room and is located at the Company&#8217;s corporate headquarters in Woodbury, New York. The SPD-SmartGlass
Design Center features leading-edge SPD-Smart windows of different sizes (some floor-to-ceiling) and framing materials. It has a multi-functional
electronic controller system for manual, remote, and automatic SPD-SmartGlass switching, and windows that can be controlled remotely
over the internet or using a smart phone. This interactive area also contains other types of smart glass, such as those using liquid
crystal and electrochromic technologies, allowing users to operate and experience first-hand the differences in performance characteristics
of different types of smart glass. Additional showcases of SPD-SmartGlass are being established in other geographic locations to make
it convenient for even more people to experience the benefits of SPD-SmartGlass technology.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
Frontiers&#8217; Design Center is the only known public forum where designers, specifiers and end-users can compare performance between
SPD-Smart technology and products using other light-control technologies. Research Frontiers believes that the growth of the smart glass
industry will accelerate as more information is made available through direct comparisons. Research Frontiers believes that SPD products
will be strongly preferred over competing technologies once a direct comparison is available to potential buyers. Research Frontiers
continues to encourage its competitors to participate in public forums where consumers of electronically tintable products can see the
relative performance of products that are available.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Licensees
of Research Frontiers:</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company&#8217;s licensees are currently categorized into four main areas: materials for making films (emulsions), film, lamination of
film to glass or plastic, and end-products. Emulsion makers produce and combine the necessary materials (i.e. SPD particles and various
liquids and special polymers) from which SPD-Smart films are made. The film makers coat a thin layer of emulsion between two sheets of
plastic film, each of which has a transparent conductive coating. This emulsion is then partly solidified to form an SPD film that allows
users to control the amount of light, glare and heat passing through this film. The end-product licensees then integrate this film into
a variety of SPD-Smart products or make electronic systems to control such SPD-Smart products. Some of these end-product licensees do
their own lamination of the SPD light-control film to glass or plastic, and some outsource this lamination to other companies. The names
of Research Frontiers&#8217; licensees, and the year that their license agreements were entered into, are available on the Company&#8217;s
SmartGlass.com website and with its filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Licensees
of Research Frontiers that incorporate SPD technology into end-products will pay Research Frontiers a royalty of 5-15% of net sales of
licensed products under license agreements currently in effect and may also be required to pay Research Frontiers fees and minimum annual
royalties. Licensees that sell components (such as SPD emulsion or film) or lamination services to other licensees of Research Frontiers
do not pay a royalty on such sale or service, and Research Frontiers will collect a royalty from the licensee incorporating these components
into their own SPD-Smart end-products. Research Frontiers&#8217; license agreements typically allow the licensee to terminate the license
after some period of time and give Research Frontiers only limited rights to terminate before the license expires. The licenses granted
by the Company are non-exclusive and generally last as long as Research Frontiers&#8217; patents remain in effect. Due to their bankruptcy
filings or other termination of their general business activities or for other reasons, the Company does not believe that Polaroid Corporation,
Kerros Limited, ThermoView Industries, BRG Group, MDV, Hanamac, SPD Technologies, SPD Systems, and Film Technologies International are
pursuing business activities with respect to SPD technology. The Company and SPD Control Systems agreed to terminate their license agreement
in December 2014 which resulted in a grant back to Research Frontiers of certain rights in SPD Control Systems&#8217; intellectual property.
Some of the Company&#8217;s other licensees are currently inactive with respect to SPD technology, but may hereafter become active again.
To date, the Company has not generated sufficient revenue from its licensees to profitably fund its operations other than a profit reported
for the third quarter of 2021.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company plans to continue to exploit its SPD-Smart light-control technology by entering into additional license and other agreements
with end-product manufacturers such as manufacturers of flat glass, flat panel displays and automotive products, and with other interested
companies who may wish to acquire rights to manufacture and sell the Company&#8217;s proprietary emulsions and films. Although the Company
believes based upon the status of current negotiations that additional license agreements with third parties will be entered into, there
can be no assurance that any such additional license agreements will be consummated, or of the extent to which any current or future
licensee of the Company will produce or sell commercial products using the Company&#8217;s technology or generate meaningful revenue
from sales of such licensed products.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company&#8217;s plans also call for further development of its technology and the provision of additional technological and marketing
assistance to its licensees to develop commercially viable SPD-Smart products and expand the markets for such products. The Company cannot
predict when or if new license agreements will be entered into or the extent to which commercial products will result from its existing
or future licensees because of general economic conditions and the risks inherent in the developmental process and because commercialization
is dependent upon the efforts of its licensees as well as on the continuing research and development efforts of the Company.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
February 2022, Research Frontiers, and its licensee and strategic investor Gauzy Ltd. announced  that, following successfully raising
$60 million in a Series D financing, Gauzy has acquired Research Frontiers licensee, Vision Systems. With the consolidation of the two
companies, the combined entity now has international subsidiaries on six continents, product availability through direct fulfillment
and a distribution channel of over 70 certified industrial partners, five dedicated manufacturing sites, 14 global offices. The combined
entity reports revenues of approximately $50 million in 2021, and holding over 60 patents, offering 20 unique product categories, and
employing 480 people globally serving customers in over 50 countries.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Competitive
Technologies:</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company believes that SPD light-control technology, in which particles move under the influence of an electric field, has certain performance
advantages over other &#8220;smart glass&#8221; technologies.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company believes that pricing and product performance are the two main factors critical to the adoption of smart glass products. Because
the non-SPD smart glass technologies listed below do not have published, consistent pricing or cost data that can be relied upon, the
Company cannot accurately report its price position relative to these other technologies. In terms of product performance, the Company
believes that SPD-SmartGlass technology offers numerous advantages over other smart glass technologies as discussed below.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Variable
light transmission technologies can be classified into two basic types: &#8220;active&#8221; technologies that can be controlled electrically
by the user either automatically or manually, and &#8220;passive&#8221; technologies that can only react to ambient environmental conditions
such as changes in lighting or temperature. One type of passive variable light transmission technology is photochromic technology; such
devices change their level of transparency in reaction to external ultra-violet radiation. As compared to photochromic technology, the
Company&#8217;s SPD technology permits the user to adjust the amount of light passing through the viewing area of the device, rather
than the viewing area of the photochromic device merely reacting to external radiation without control by the user. In addition, the
reaction time necessary to change from light to dark with SPD-Smart technology can be almost instantaneous, as compared to the much slower
reaction time for photochromic devices. Also, unlike SPD technology, photochromic technology does not function well at the high and low
ends of the temperature range in which smart windows and other devices are normally expected to operate, nor does photochromic technology
perform well in vehicles or other enclosed settings where existing glass is blocking incoming ultra-violet light which is required for
photochromic devices to operate.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Similarly,
thermochromic smart windows are passive systems which change their light transmission properties as sunlight heats or cools the glass.
Because the light transmission properties of thermochromic systems are not controlled by the user, their ability to adapt to the specific
needs of occupants is very limited. For example, thermochromic glazings will remain tinted on hot days even when occupants desire more
daylight to enter the building or when they want to preserve their views. SPD-Smart windows, which require very low amounts of power
to operate, allow for much greater control of incoming light, glare and heat and can be adjusted to any level of light transmission from
dark to clear at any time. In addition, SPD-Smart windows can block up to 99.5% of incoming light, a level many times darker than thermochromic
systems. The added advantage offers much higher levels of privacy and control over incoming solar energy. Companies involved in thermochromic
technology include Pleotint, Suntek and Ravenbrick.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Active,
user-controllable technologies, sometimes referred to as &#8220;smart&#8221; technologies, are generally more useful than passive technologies
because they allow the user to actually control the state of the window. This control is achieved with a manual adjustment, or automatically
when coupled with a timer or sensing device such as a photocell, motion detector, thermostat or other intelligent building system.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">There
are three main types of active devices which are compared below:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Electrochromic
    devices (EC)</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Liquid
    crystal devices (LC)</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Suspended-particle
    devices (SPD)</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Electrochromic
Technology:</i></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Electrochromic
windows and rear-view mirrors use a direct current voltage to alter the molecular structure of electrochromic materials (which can be
in the form of either a liquid, gel or solid film) causing the material to darken. When compared to electrochromic devices, SPD technology
is expected to have numerous potential performance and manufacturing advantages, including some or all of the following:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">significantly
    faster response time, especially compared to larger electrochromic glazings</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ability
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">consistent
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">more
    reliable performance over a wider temperature range </span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">higher
    contrast ratios and the capability of achieving darker shaded states for large area product applications</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">unpowered
    state is dark, maximizing solar heat gain benefits when the room, office or vehicle is not in use</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">lower
    electrical current drain </span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">higher
    estimated battery life in applications where batteries are used </span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">no
    &#8220;iris effect&#8221; (where light transmission changes first occur at the outer edges of a window or mirror and then work their
    way toward the center) when changing from clear to dark and back again</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SPD
    technology is a film-based technology that can be applied to plastic, acrylic, and chemically strengthened glass as well as glass,
    and which can be applied to curved as well as flat surfaces</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">available
    in single panels for retrofitting existing windows, skylights and doors</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Many
companies with substantially greater resources than Research Frontiers such as 3M, Gentex Corp., Pilkington, PPG Industries, Saint-Gobain
and other large corporations have pursued or are pursuing projects in the electrochromic area. While some of these companies have reportedly
discontinued or substantially curtailed their work on electrochromics due to technical problems and issues relating to the expense of
these technologies, at least four companies (Gentex, PPG Industries, View (formerly known as Soladigm), and Sage Electrochromics) are
currently working to commercialize electrochromic window products. In May 2012, Saint-Gobain acquired Sage Electrochromics and combined
all of their respective electrochromic manufacturing and developmental efforts. In late 2020, View announced that it was trying to become
a public company by merging with a Special Purpose Acquisition Company (&#8220;SPAC&#8221;) CF Finance Acquisition Corp. II (Nasdaq:
CFII).</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Liquid
Crystal Technology:</i></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To
date, the main types of liquid crystal smart windows have been produced by Taliq Corp. (a subsidiary of Raychem Corp. which has since
discontinued its liquid crystal operations and licensed its technology to others), Asahi Glass Co., Gauzy, Nippon Sheet Glass, Saint-Gobain
Glass, iGlass Projects Pty Limited, Polytronix, Inc., DMDisplays, and 3M (which has also reportedly discontinued its liquid crystal film
making operations). The first four companies listed above are also licensees of Research Frontiers Inc. for SPD-Smart technology. Liquid
crystal windows only change from a cloudy, opaque milky-white to a clear state, are hazy when viewed at an angle and have no useful intermediate
states. As compared to liquid crystal windows, SPD smart windows are expected to have some or all of the following advantages:</span></p>

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<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">have
    less direct and off-angle haze</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">in
    </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">its intermediate tinted states provides shading
    without loss of view</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">operates
    over a wider temperature range </span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">uses
    less power </span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">higher
    contrast ratios</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">reduction
    in the amount of light transmitted rather than simply scatter it </span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">permits
    an infinite number of intermediate states between a transparent state and a dark blue state, rather than typically just two states
    </span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">offers
    superior solar heat gain control</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
the flat panel display market, further development (such as the achievement of faster switching speeds sufficient for full-motion video
applications) is required if the Company expects to compete against display technologies that are currently being used commercially such
as liquid crystal displays (&#8220;LCDs&#8221;) and organic light-emitting diodes (&#8220;OLEDs&#8221;). Some of the advantages that
SPD displays might have include the ability to make displays without using sheet polarizers or alignment layers, and lower light loss
and a corresponding reduction in backlighting requirements. However, such products need additional product design, engineering or testing
before an evaluation of the commercial potential of such SPD-SmartGlass products can be determined and when, or if, its licensees may
begin to penetrate the flat panel display market.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">LCDs
and other types of displays, liquid crystal windows, as well as electrochromic self-dimmable rear-view mirrors, are already on the market,
whereas products incorporating SPD technology (as well as electrochromic windows) have only begun to appear in the marketplace. Therefore,
the long-term durability and performance of SPD-Smart displays have not yet been fully ascertained. The companies that manufacture LCD
and other display devices, liquid crystal windows, and electrochromic self-dimmable rear-view mirrors and windows, have substantially
greater financial resources and manufacturing experience than the Company. There is no assurance that comparable systems having the same
advantages of the Company&#8217;s SPD technology could not be developed by competitors at a lower cost or that other products could not
be developed which would render the Company&#8217;s products difficult to market or otherwise render our products obsolete.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Research
and Development:</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
a result of the Company&#8217;s research and development efforts, the Company believes that its SPD technology is now, or with additional
development will become, usable in a number of commercial products. Such products may include one or more of the following fields: &#8220;smart&#8221;
windows, doors, skylights and partitions; variable light transmission eyewear such as sunglasses and goggles; self-dimmable automotive
sunroofs, windows, sun visors, and mirrors; display cases/frames; and instruments and other information displays that use digits, letters,
graphic images, or other symbols to supply information, including scientific instruments, aviation instruments, automobile dashboard
displays and, if certain improvements can be made in various features of the Company&#8217;s SPD technology that increases switching
speed to the levels needed for video applications, portable computer displays and flat panel television displays.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Even
though the Company&#8217;s SPD technology has much faster switching speeds than electrochromic technology, current switching speeds are
not fast enough for such video applications. The Company believes that most of its research and development efforts have applicability
to products that may incorporate the Company&#8217;s technology. At its current state of development, the Company&#8217;s technology
has been judged sufficiently advanced by various of its licensees and their customers for them to proceed with the development, introduction
and sale of SPD-Smart products. However, the Company is continuously investing in research and development because it believes that further
improvements will result in accelerated and increased market penetration. The Company intends to continue its research and development
efforts for the foreseeable future to improve its SPD light-control technology and thereby assist our licensees in the product development,
sales and marketing of various existing and new SPD-Smart products.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the past few years, the Company and/or its licensees have made significant advances relating to materials to enable (1) improved stability
of SPD emulsions, (2) a wider range of light transmission, (3) improved film adhesion and cohesion and (4) increased durability of SPD
films/laminates, and (5) cost reductions. These advances have resulted in patents being issued to the Company by the US Patent Office
and by foreign patent offices between 2018-2022 in addition to other patents and patent applications that are pending worldwide.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has devoted most of the resources it has heretofore expended to research and development activities with the goal of producing
commercially viable SPD products and has developed working prototypes of SPD-Smart products for several different applications, with
primary emphasis on smart windows for various industries. In addition to working with the Company&#8217;s licensees, Research Frontiers
has also expanded its efforts to also work directly with some of our licensees&#8217; major customers.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
Frontiers&#8217; main goals in its research and development include:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">developing
    wider ranges of light transmission and quicker switching speeds</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">developing
    different colored particles</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">reducing
    the voltage required to operate SPDs</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">obtaining
    data and developing improved materials regarding environmental stability and longevity</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">quantifying
    the degree of energy savings expected by users of the Company&#8217;s technology including the degree that SPD technology can control
    heat and its contribution to energy savings directly and through daylight harvesting strategies in sustainable building designs</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">continually
    striving to improve the performance and reducing material/production costs associated with making SPD-Smart products</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Excluding
non-cash expenses of approximately $10,000 and $17,000, associated with the grant of stock options to the Company&#8217;s technical personnel,
Research Frontiers incurred approximately $570,000 and $611,000 during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, for
research and development costs. Research Frontiers plans to engage in substantial continuing research and development activities to invest
in future improvements in SPD light-control technology and to expand for its licensees the capabilities of SPD-Smart technology and the
markets for SPD-Smart products.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Patents
and Proprietary Information:</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
Frontiers continues to make substantial investments to develop, license and protect its intellectual property position. The Company has
15 United States and 204 foreign patents in force. The Company&#8217;s United States patents expire at various dates from 2022 through
2037, while its foreign patents expire at various dates from 2022 through 2037.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has current US and foreign patent applications that, if granted, would add a number of additional patents to its portfolio. The
Company believes that its SPD light-control technology is adequately protected by its patent position and by its proprietary technological
know-how. However, the validity of the Company&#8217;s patents has never been contested in any litigation. The Company also possesses
know-how and relies on trade secrets and nondisclosure agreements to protect its technology. The Company generally requires any employee,
consultant, or licensee having access to its confidential information to execute an agreement whereby such person agrees to keep such
information confidential.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Rights
Plan:</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
February 2013, the Company&#8217;s Board of Directors adopted a Stockholders&#8217; Rights Plan (the &#8220;Rights Plan&#8221;) and declared
a dividend distribution of one right (a &#8220;Right&#8221;) for each outstanding share of Company common stock to stockholders of record
at the close of business on March 3, 2003 (&#8220;Record Time&#8221;) and authorized the issuance of one Right in respect of each share
of Common Stock issued after the Record Time and prior to the Separation Time.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#8220;Separation
Time&#8221; shall mean the earlier of the Close of Business on the tenth Business Day (or such later date as the Board of Directors may
from time to time fix by resolution adopted prior to the Separation Time that otherwise would have occurred) following but not including
(i) the date on which any Person commences a tender or exchange offer that, if consummated, would result in such Person&#8217;s becoming
an Acquiring Person, and (ii) the date of the first event causing a Flip-in Date to occur; provided that if any tender or exchange offer
referred to in clause (i) of this paragraph is cancelled, terminated or otherwise withdrawn prior to the Separation Time without the
purchase of any shares of Common Stock pursuant thereto, such offer shall be deemed, for purposes of this paragraph, never to have been
made.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Subject
to certain exceptions listed in the Rights Plan, if a person or group has acquired beneficial ownership of, or commences a tender or
exchange offer for, 15% or more of the Company&#8217;s common stock, unless redeemed by the Company&#8217;s Board of Directors, each
Right entitles the holder (other than the acquiring person) to purchase from the Company $80 worth of common stock for $40. If the Company
is merged into, or 50% or more of its assets or earning power is sold to, the acquiring company, the Rights will also enable the holder
(other than the acquiring person) to purchase $80 worth of common stock of the acquiring company for $40. The Rights will expire at the
close of business on February 11, 2023, unless the Rights Plan is extended by the Company&#8217;s Board of Directors or unless the Rights
are earlier redeemed by the Company at a price of $.0001 per Right. The Rights are not exercisable during the time when they are redeemable
by the Company.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
above description highlights some of the features of the Company&#8217;s Rights Plan and is not a complete description of the Rights
Plan. A more detailed description and copy of the Rights Plan has been filed with the SEC and is available from the Company upon request.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Available
Information:</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
principal executive offices are located at 240 Crossways Park Drive, Woodbury, New York 11797, our telephone number is (516) 364-1902,
and our Internet website address is www.SmartGlass.com. We make available free of charge on or through our Internet website our annual
report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements on Schedule 14A, and amendments to
those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable
after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish them to, the SEC.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.75in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">ITEM
    1A.</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">RISK
    FACTORS</span></b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition to the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, you should carefully consider the following factors in evaluating
us and our business. This Annual Report contains, in addition to historical information, forward-looking statements that involve risks
and uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control. Should one or more of these risks and uncertainties materialize or should underlying
assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results could differ materially. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include,
but are not limited to, those discussed below, as well as those discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report, including the documents incorporated
by reference.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">There
are risks associated with investing in companies such as ours who are primarily engaged in research and development. In addition to risks
which could apply to any company or business, you should also consider the business we are in and the following:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Source
and Need for Capital.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2021, we had approximately $3.0 million in cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
we take steps in the commercialization and marketing of our technology or respond to potential opportunities and/or adverse events, our
working capital needs may change. We anticipate that if our cash and cash equivalents are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements,
we will require additional funding to sustain our ongoing operations and to continue our SPD technology research and development activities.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have funded most of our activities through sales of our common stock to investors, and upon the exercise of options and warrants. The
eventual success of the Company and generation of positive cash flow will be dependent upon the extent of commercialization of products
using the Company&#8217;s technology by the Company&#8217;s licensees and payments of continuing royalties on account thereof. We can
give no assurances that we will generate sufficient cash in the future (through sales of our common stock, exercise of options and warrants,
royalty fees, or otherwise) to satisfy our liquidity requirements or sustain future operations, or that additional funding, if required,
will be available when needed or, if available, on favorable terms.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of December 31, 2021, the Company had cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities of approximately $3.0 million, working capital
of $3.7 million and total shareholders&#8217; equity of $3.8 million. Our quarterly projected cash flow shortfall, based on our current
operations, adjusted for any non-recurring cash expenses for the next 12 months, is approximately $385,000 per quarter. We may eliminate
some operating expenses in the future, which will further reduce our cash flow shortfall if needed. We currently expect to have sufficient
working capital for the next 22 months of operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>History
of Operating Losses.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have experienced net losses from operations, and we may continue to incur net losses from operations in the future. We have incurred
substantial costs and expenses in researching and developing our SPD technology. As of December 31, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit
of $120 million since our inception. Our net loss was $1.8 million in 2021 and $2.3 million in 2020, (which includes non-cash accounting
charges in 2021 and 2020 of $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively, resulting from the expensing of grants of stock options).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
may not generate sufficient cash flows to cover our operating expenses.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
noted above, we have incurred recurring losses since inception and expect to continue to incur losses as a result of costs and expenses
related to our research and continued development of our SPD technology and our corporate general and administrative expenses. Our limited
capital resources and operations to date have been substantially funded through sales of our common stock, exercise of options and warrants
and royalty fees collected. As of December 31, 2021, we had working capital of approximately $3.7 million, cash and cash equivalents
and marketable securities of approximately $3.0 million, shareholders&#8217; equity of approximately $3.8 million and an accumulated
deficit of $120 million. In the event that we are unable to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities or raise additional
funds, we may be required to delay, reduce or severely curtail our operations or otherwise impede our on-going business efforts, which
could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and long-term prospects.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
have never declared a cash dividend and do not intend to declare a cash dividend in the foreseeable future.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. Payment of dividends on our common stock is within the discretion of
our Board of Directors and will depend upon our future earnings, capital requirements, financial condition and other relevant factors.
We do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
do not directly manufacture products using SPD technology. We currently depend upon the activities of our licensees and their customers
in order to be profitable.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
do not directly manufacture products using SPD technology. We currently depend upon the activities of our licensees in order to be profitable.
Although a variety of products have been sold by our licensees, and because it is up to our licensees to decide when and if they will
introduce products using SPD technology, we cannot predict when and if our licensees will generate substantial sales of such products.
Our SPD technology is currently licensed to over 40 companies. Other companies are also evaluating SPD technology for use in various
products. In the past, some companies have evaluated our technology without proceeding further. While we expect that our licensees would
be primarily responsible for manufacturing and marketing SPD-Smart products and components, we are also engaging in market development
activities to support our licensees and build the smart glass industry. We cannot control whether or not our licensees will develop SPD
products. Some of our licensees appear to be more active than others, some appear to be better capitalized than others, and some licensees
appear to be inactive. There is no guarantee when or if our licensees will successfully produce any commercial product using SPD technology
in sufficient quantities to make the Company profitable.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>SPD-Smart
products have only recently been introduced.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Products
using SPD technology have only recently begun to be introduced into the marketplace. Developing products using new technologies can be
risky because problems, expenses and delays frequently occur, and costs may or may not come down quickly enough for such products using
new technologies to rapidly penetrate mass market applications.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
have several large licensees that account for 10% or more of our annual fee income.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
2021, four licensees accounted for 20%, 18%, 18% and 12%, respectively, of fee income recognized for the year. During 2020, five licensees
accounted for 18%, 16%, 12%, 12% and 12%, respectively, of fee income recognized for the year. The loss of all or a substantial portion
of the fee income from any of these customers (or certain other significant customers) could have a material adverse effect on our business,
financial condition, and/or results of operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>SPD-Smart
products face intense competition, which could affect our ability to increase our revenues.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
market for SPD-Smart products is intensely competitive and we expect competition to increase in the future. We compete based on the functionality
and the quality of our product. Many of our current and potential competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, marketing
and other resources than we have. In addition, many of our competitors have well-established relationships with our current and potential
customers and have extensive knowledge of our industry. If our competitors develop new technologies or new products, improve the functionality
or quality of their current products, or reduce their prices, and if we are unable to respond to such competitive developments quickly
either because our research and development efforts do not keep pace with our competitors or because of our lack of financial resources,
we may be unable to compete effectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Declining
production of automobiles, airplanes, trains, boats and real estate could harm our business.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
licensees&#8217; commercialization efforts of SPD-Smart products could be negatively impacted if the global production of automobiles,
airplanes, trains, boats and real estate construction declines significantly. If such commercialization is reduced, our revenues, results
of operations and financial condition could be negatively impacted.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Limited
source of SPD film.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
end-product licensees require a source of SPD film to manufacture finished products. Currently, Hitachi Chemical and Gauzy Ltd. are the
only sources of commercial quantities of SPD-film. There are several other companies that are licensed to manufacture SPD-film, but they
have not begun commercial production of this film. Our end-product licensees&#8217; ability to sell SPD products could be negatively
impacted if there was a prolonged disruption in SPD-film availability. Such a disruption could also negatively impact our revenues, results
of operations and financial condition.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
are dependent on key personnel.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
continued success will depend, to a significant extent, on the services of our directors, executive management team, key personnel and
certain key scientists. If one or more of these individuals were to leave the Company, there is no guarantee that we could replace them
with qualified individuals in a timely or economically satisfactory manner or at all. The loss or unavailability of any or all of these
individuals could harm our ability to execute our business plan, maintain important business relationships and complete certain product
development initiatives, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial conditions.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Dependence
on SPD-Smart technology.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Because
SPD technology is the only technology we work with, our success depends upon the viability of SPD technology which has yet to be fully
proven. We have not fully ascertained the performance and long-term reliability of our technology, and therefore there is no guarantee
that our technology will successfully be incorporated into all of the products which we are targeting for use of SPD technology. We expect
that different product applications for SPD technology will have different performance and reliability specifications. We expect that
our licensees will primarily be responsible for reliability testing, but that we may also continue to do reliability testing so that
we can more effectively focus our research and development efforts towards constantly improving the performance characteristics and reliability
of products using SPD technology.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Our
patents and other protective measures may not adequately protect our proprietary intellectual property, and we may be infringing on the
rights of others.</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
intellectual property, particularly our proprietary rights in our SPD technology, is critical to our success. We have received various
patents, and filed other patent applications, for various applications and aspects of our SPD technology. In addition, we generally enter
into confidentiality and invention agreements with our employees and consultants. Such patents and agreements and various other measures
we take to protect our intellectual property from use by others may not be effective for various reasons generally applicable to patents
and their granting and enforcement. In addition, the costs associated with enforcing patents, confidentiality and invention agreements
or other intellectual property rights may be expensive. Our inability to protect our proprietary intellectual property rights or gain
a competitive advantage from such rights could harm our ability to generate revenues and, as a result, our business and operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>We
have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal
control over financial reporting, the accuracy and timing of our financial reporting may be adversely affected. </i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
February 18, 2022, our board of directors, following discussions with management, determined that our unaudited condensed consolidated
financial statements for the quarters ended June 30, 2021 and September 30, 2021 filed with the SEC on August 5, 2021 and November 4,
2021, respectively, required restatement to correct the classification of certain cash equivalents as marketable securities. The board&#8217;s
determination to restate such financial statements was identified by management during the course of preparing the Company&#8217;s financial
statements for the year ended December 31, 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting designed to provide reasonable
assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance
with generally accepted accounting principles. Our management is likewise required, on a quarterly basis, to evaluate the effectiveness
of our internal controls and to disclose any changes and material weaknesses identified through such evaluation of those internal controls.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there
is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected
on a timely basis.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
have taken measures to remediate the material weakness described herein and believe that it has been remediated. However
if we identify additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal controls or disclosure controls, we
may be unable to provide required financial information in a timely and reliable manner and we may incorrectly report financial information.
If our financial statements are not filed on a timely basis, we could be subject to adverse action by shareholders, Nasdaq, the SEC or
other regulatory authorities. The existence of material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting
could adversely affect our reputation or investor perceptions of us, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our stock.
In addition, we may incur additional costs to remediate material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over
financial reporting.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
cannot assure you that the measures we have taken will remediate the material weakness identified or that any additional material
weaknesses or restatements of financial results will not arise in the future due to a failure to implement and maintain adequate internal
control over financial reporting. In addition, even if we are successful in strengthening our controls and procedures, in the future
those controls and procedures may not be adequate to prevent or identify irregularities or errors or to facilitate the fair presentation
of our financial statements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.75in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">ITEM
    1B.</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">UNRESOLVED
    STAFF COMMENTS</span></b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">None</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.75in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">ITEM
    2.</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">PROPERTIES</span></b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company currently occupies approximately 9,500 square feet of space at an annual rent which, in 2021 was approximately $191,000, for
its executive office, research facility and SPD-Smart Glass Design Center at 240 Crossways Park Drive, Woodbury, New York 11797 under
a lease expiring March 31, 2025. The Company believes that its space, including its laboratory facilities, is adequate for its present
needs.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.75in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">ITEM
    3.</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">LEGAL
    PROCEEDINGS</span></b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">There
are no legal proceedings pending by or against the Company required to be reported under this Item 3.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.75in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">ITEM
    4.</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">MINE
    SAFETY DISCLOSURES</span></b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">N/A</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">PART
II</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.75in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">ITEM
    5.</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">MARKET
    FOR THE REGISTRANT&#8217;S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES</span></b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">(a)
Market Information</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Company&#8217;s common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol &#8220;REFR&#8221;. As of March 9, 2022,
    there were 31,650,396 shares of common stock outstanding.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    following table sets forth the range of the high and low selling prices (as provided by the National Association of Securities Dealers)
    of the Company&#8217;s common stock for each quarterly period within the past two fiscal years:</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 70%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Quarter Ended</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="3"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="3"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.24</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">September 30, 2020</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">December 31, 2020</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">March 31, 2021</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5.66</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">June 30, 2021</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">September 30, 2021</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.76</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.18</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">December 31, 2021</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.65</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.63</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  </table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">These
quotations may reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down, or commission, and may not necessarily represent actual
transactions.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">(b)
Approximate Number of Security Holders</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
of March 8, 2022, there were approximately 283 holders of record of the Company&#8217;s common stock and the closing price
of our common stock was $2.38 per share. The Company estimates that there are approximately 7,100 beneficial holders of the Company&#8217;s
common stock.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">(c)
Dividends</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has not declared or paid cash dividends on its common stock for the two most recent fiscal years and does not expect to declare
or pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. There are no restrictions on the payment of dividends.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">(d)
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">None.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 62px"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">ITEM
    7.</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">MANAGEMENT&#8217;S
    DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS</span></b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><i>Forward-Looking
Statements</i></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><i>Information
included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation
Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are not statements of historical facts, but rather reflect our current expectations concerning
future events and results. We generally use the words &#8220;believes,&#8221; &#8220;expects,&#8221; &#8220;intends,&#8221; &#8220;plans,&#8221;
&#8220;anticipates,&#8221; &#8220;likely,&#8221; &#8220;will&#8221; and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. Such
forward-looking statements, including those concerning our expectations, involve risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which
are beyond our control, which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements, or industry results, to be materially different
from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. These risks, uncertainties
and factors include, but are not limited to, those factors set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K under &#8220;Item 1A. &#8211;
Risk Factors&#8221; above. Except as required by applicable law, including the securities laws of the United States, we undertake no
obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
You are cautioned not to unduly rely on such forward-looking statements when evaluating the information presented in this Annual Report
on Form 10-K</i>.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
reviewing Management&#8217;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, you should refer to our consolidated
financial statements and the notes related thereto.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Critical
Accounting Policies</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
following accounting policies are important to understanding our financial condition and results of operations and should be read as
an integral part of the discussion and analysis of the results of our operations and financial position. For additional accounting policies,
see Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements, &#8220;Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.&#8221;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The Company determined that its license
agreements provide for three performance obligations: (i) Grant of Use, (ii) Technical Support, and (iii) New Improvements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
best method for determining the standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance obligation is through a comparison of the average
royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements. Based on the royalty rate comparison referred to
above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled
at a point in time, revenue is recognized at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a functional
license, the value of the Grant of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license agreement is in force.
Since the costs incurred to satisfy the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout
the year, the value of the Technical Support and New Improvements services are recognized throughout the contract period as these performance
obligations are satisfied.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has entered into license agreements covering products using the Company&#8217;s SPD technology. When royalties from the sales
of licensed products by a licensee exceed its contractual minimum annual royalties, the excess amount is recognized by the Company as
fee income in the period that it was earned. Certain of the fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in
which they are earned resulting in deferred revenue.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Royalty
receivables are stated less allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance represents estimated uncollectible receivables usually due
to licensees&#8217; potential insolvency. The allowance includes amounts for certain licensees where risk of default has been specifically
identified. The Company evaluates the collectability of its receivables on at least a quarterly basis and records appropriate allowances
for uncollectible accounts when necessary.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has historically used the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the estimated fair value of each option grant. The
Black-Scholes model includes assumptions regarding dividend yields, expected volatility, expected lives, and risk-free interest rates.
These assumptions reflect our best estimates, but these items involve uncertainties based on market conditions generally outside of our
control. As a result, if other assumptions had been used in the current period, stock-based compensation expense could have been materially
impacted. Furthermore, if management uses different assumptions in future periods, stock-based compensation expense could be materially
impacted in future years.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
occasion, the Company may issue to consultants either options or warrants to purchase shares of common stock of the Company at specified
share prices. These options or warrants may vest based upon specific services being performed or performance criteria being met. In accounting
for equity instruments that are issued to other than employees for acquiring, or in conjunction with selling, goods or services, the
Company is required to record consulting expenses based upon the fair value of such options or warrants on the earlier of the service
period or the period that such options or warrants vest as determined using a Black-Scholes option pricing model and are marked to market
quarterly using the Black-Scholes option valuation model.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires
us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities
at the date of the financial statements, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could
differ from these estimates. An example of a critical estimate is the full valuation allowance for deferred taxes that was recorded based
on the uncertainty that such tax benefits will be realized in future periods.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>&#160;</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Recent
Global Events</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the novel strain of coronavirus (&#8220;COVID-19&#8221;) a global pandemic and
recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide. As a result, the Company expects operations at its facility to continue to
be affected in some capacity as the COVID-19 virus continues to proliferate and the federal, state and local governments under which
we operate continue to adopt new rules. The Company has put in place enhanced procedures, such as restricting international and domestic
travel, adopting a variety of steps designed to ensure social distancing in our facilities, including working remotely where available,
and increasing our cleaning and sanitizing procedures in our facilities, in an effort to protect its employees and communities.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Revenues
were negatively impacted in 2020 and 2021 due to delays in manufacture of products using our technology. Most of the products using our
technology are manufactured by licensees overseas in Europe and Asia who have been similarly affected by the pandemic. The disruption
caused by public health crises, such as COVID-19, could result in lower levels of sale activity for products using our technology resulting
in lower level of royalties owed to us from the sale of these products. The duration of the potential business disruptions and related
financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time, but could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition,
results of operations, and cash flows. Net of amounts previously reserved which were fully written off in 2020, the Company increased
its allowance for uncollectible royalty receivables in 2020 until the collectability from certain licensees can be better ascertained
in the regions affected by COVID-19.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
connection with the COVID-19 crisis, Congress passed, and the president signed, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act
(&#8220;CARES Act&#8221;) which, among other things, provides relief for businesses impacted by the pandemic. The Company applied for
and received $202,052 in proceeds from the Paycheck Protection Program (&#8220;PPP Loan&#8221;) made available under the CARES Act. The
PPP Loan is intended to offer businesses hurt by the COVID-19 pandemic economic assistance with the potential for the principal to be
forgiven based on certain expenses incurred during the first 24 weeks after the issuance of the PPP Loan. The Company recorded $202,052
as other income for the year ended December 31, 2020 representing the PPP Loan amount that was expected to be forgiven under applicable
PPP rules. Final PPP Loan forgiveness was received in 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Results
of Operations</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><i>Overview</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
majority of the Company&#8217;s fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating in the automotive market. The
Company currently believes that the automotive market will be the largest source of its royalty income over the next several years. The
Company&#8217;s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors including various trends affecting demand in the
automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product lines and the impact of COVID-19. In addition to these
macro factors, the Company&#8217;s royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by specific factors such as whether
the Company&#8217;s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number of additional
vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and the number of windows on a vehicle that use SPD-SmartGlass,
fluctuations in the total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage of cars within model like produced with
SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing or exchange rates. Certain license fees, which are paid to the Company in advance of the accounting
period in which they are earned resulting in the recognition of deferred revenue for the current accounting period, which will be recognized
as fee income in future periods. Also, licensees offset some or all of their royalty payments on sales of licensed products for a given
period by applying these advance payments towards such earned royalty payments.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
2020 and 2021, the Company received royalty revenues from sales of SPD-SmartGlass products for various car models that were accretive
to the Company&#8217;s royalty revenue. Production efficiencies are expected to continue and accelerate with the introduction of the
higher vehicle production volumes for various car models going forward, and the Company expects that lower pricing per square foot of
the Company&#8217;s technology could expand the market opportunities, adoption rates, and revenues for its technology in automotive and
non-automotive applications. The Company expects to generate additional royalty income from the near-term introduction of additional
new car and aircraft models from other OEMs (original equipment manufacturers), continued growth of sales of products using the Company&#8217;s
technology for the marine industry in yachts and other watercraft, in trains, in museums, and in larger architectural projects.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Because
the Company&#8217;s license agreements typically provide for the payment of royalties by a licensee on product sales within 45 days after
the end of the quarter in which a sale of a licensed product occurs (with some of the Company&#8217;s more recent license agreements
providing for payments on a monthly basis), and because of the time period which typically will elapse between a customer order and the
sale of the licensed product and installation in a home, office building, automobile, aircraft, boat or any other product, there could
be a delay between when economic activity between a licensee and its customer occurs and when the Company gets paid its royalty resulting
from such activity.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
discussed in Note 1 to our Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company&#8217;s financial results has been impacted by the COVID-19
pandemic. Most of the products using the Company&#8217;s technology are manufactured by licensees overseas in Europe and Asia who have
been similarly affected by the pandemic. The disruption caused by COVID-19 could result in lower levels of sale activity for products
using our technology resulting in lower level of royalties owed to us from the sale of these products. The duration of the potential
business disruptions and related financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><i>Year
ended December 31, 2021 Compared to the Year ended December 31, 2020</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company&#8217;s fee income from licensing activities increased by $434,584 for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $1,263,034
as compared to $828,450 for the year ended December 31, 2020. Higher fees in the automotive, architectural and display markets were partially
offset by lower fees in the aircraft market. Higher fee income in the architectural and automotive markets was predominantly from one-time
settlements from two licensees for royalty payments due, as well as for a current special government contract in the automotive area.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Operating
expenses decreased by $255,686 for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $2,521,849 from $2,777,535 for the year ended December
31, 2020. The decrease was the result of lower non-cash compensation expense between the two years of $104,000 relating to charges to
operations for stock options granted to employees and directors. In addition, the Company incurred lower cash payroll and compensation
costs ($243,000), as well as lower bad debts ($37,000), depreciation ($42,000) and investor relations costs ($19,000), partially
offset by higher legal costs related to the collection efforts on outstanding royalties receivable ($136,000) and higher professional
fees ($72,000).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Research
and development expenditures decreased by $48,304 for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $580,000 from $628,304 for the year ended December
31, 2020. This decrease was the result of lower payroll and related costs ($35,000) as well as lower allocated insurance costs ($9,000).
Included in the lower payroll and related costs is lower non-cash compensation costs related to stock options granted to employees ($7,000)
between the two periods.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company&#8217;s net investment income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $(7,537) as compared to $34,473 for the year ended
December 31, 2020. The difference was due to higher cash balances available for investment in 2020 as well as changes in market value
of investments and a change from investments in money market funds to mutual funds.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company recorded $202,052 of other income for the year ended December 31, 2020 representing the entire PPP Loan estimated to be
forgiven through such date.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">No
income tax benefit or expense was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
a consequence of the factors discussed above, the Company&#8217;s net loss was $1,846,352 ($0.06 per common share) for the year
ended December 31, 2021 as compared to $2,340,864 ($0.07 per common share) for the year ended December 31, 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Financial
Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has primarily utilized its cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and proceeds from sales of our common stock, proceeds
from the exercise of options and warrants, and royalty fees collected to fund its research and development, for marketing initiatives,
and for other working capital purposes. The Company&#8217;s working capital and capital requirements depend upon numerous factors, including,
but not limited to, the results of research and development activities, competitive and technological developments, the timing and costs
of patent filings, and the development of new licensees and changes in the Company&#8217;s relationship with existing licensees. The
degree of dependence of the Company&#8217;s working capital requirements on each of the foregoing factors cannot be quantified; increased
research and development activities and related costs would increase such requirements; the addition of new licensees may provide additional
working capital or working capital requirements, and changes in relationships with existing licensees would have a favorable or negative
impact depending upon the nature of such changes.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">During
2021, the Company&#8217;s cash and cash equivalents balance decreased by $4,502,741 principally as a result of cash used for purchases
of marketable securities of $3,433,633 as well as cash used for operations of $1,804,293 and cash used for the purchase of property and
equipment of $1,077 partially offset by cash generated from the sale of marketable securities of $650,000 and the exercise of options
and warrants of $86,262. At December 31, 2021, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $269,964, marketable securities of $2,755,111,
working capital of $3,651,706 and total shareholders&#8217; equity of $3,783,923. Our quarterly projected cash flow shortfall,
based on our current operations, adjusted for any non-recurring cash expenses for the next 12 months, is approximately $385.000 per quarter.
We may eliminate some operating expenses in the future, which will further reduce our cash flow shortfall if needed. We currently expect
to have sufficient working capital for the next 22 months of operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company expects to use its cash to fund its research and development of SPD light valves, its expanded marketing initiatives, and for
other working capital purposes. The Company believes that its current cash and cash equivalents would fund its operations until late
2023. There can be no assurances that expenditures will not exceed the anticipated amounts or that additional financing, if required,
will be available when needed or, if available, that its terms will be favorable or acceptable to the Company. The eventual success of
the Company and generation of positive cash flow will be dependent upon the extent of commercialization of products using the Company&#8217;s
technology by the Company&#8217;s licensees and payments of continuing royalties on account thereof. To date the Company has not generated
sufficient revenue from its licensees to fully fund its operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">During
2020, the Company&#8217;s cash and cash equivalents balance decreased by $1,819,255 principally as a result of cash used for operations
of $2,252,691 and cash used for the purchase of property and equipment of $56,536 partially offset by cash generated from the exercise
of options and warrants of $284,207 and cash proceeds from a PPP Loan of $202,052. At December 31, 2020, the Company had
cash and cash equivalents of $4,772,705, working capital of $5,201,443 and total shareholders&#8217; equity of $5,327,005.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Inflation</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company does not believe that inflation has a significant impact on its business.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Contractual
Obligations:</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> The Company has operating leases
for certain facilities, vehicles and equipment with a weighted average remaining lease term of 3.2 years as of December 31, 2021. The
maturities over time of the operating lease obligations as of December 31, 2021 were as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 60%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">December
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 70%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Year
    1</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 26%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">213,000</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">439,000</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Years
    4-5</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">56,000</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Thereafter</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Total
    lease payments</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">708,000</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  </table>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">See
Note 8 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the Company&#8217;s lease obligations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Off-Balance
Sheet Arrangements</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has no variable interest entities or other off-balance sheet obligation arrangements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Forward
Looking Statements</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
information set forth in this Report and in all publicly disseminated information about the Company, including the narrative contained
in &#8220;Management&#8217;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations&#8221; above, includes &#8220;forward-looking
statements&#8221; within the meaning of 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is subject to the safe harbor created
by that section. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements as they speak only as of the date
hereof and are not guaranteed.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.75in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">ITEM
    8.</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">FINANCIAL
    STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA</span></b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
consolidated financial statements listed in Item 15(a)(1) and (2) are included in this report beginning on page F-1.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.75in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">ITEM
    9.</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">CHANGES
    IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE</span></b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">None</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.75in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">ITEM
    9A.</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">CONTROLS
    AND PROCEDURES</span></b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><i>Conclusion
Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and
with the participation of the Company&#8217;s management, including the Company&#8217;s Chief Executive Officer and acting interim Chief
Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company&#8217;s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant
to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e). Based upon that evaluation, the Company&#8217;s Chief Executive Officer and acting interim
Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company&#8217;s disclosure controls and procedures are effective in timely alerting them to
material information relating to the Company (including its consolidated subsidiary) required to be included in the Company&#8217;s periodic
SEC filings. Our Chief Executive Officer and acting interim Chief Financial Officer has concluded that as of December 31, 2021 our disclosure
controls and procedures are designed, and are effective, to ensure that information required to be disclosed by our Company in the reports
we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the commission&#8217;s
rules and forms, and are also effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under
the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and acting interim Chief Financial
Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Remediation
of Material Weakness in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
previously disclosed, the Company&#8217;s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Acting Interim Chief Financial Officer
identified a material weakness in the Company&#8217;s internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended June 30,
2021 and the three months ended September 30, 2021. The Company&#8217;s controls over proper classification of cash and cash equivalents
failed to operate during those two quarters and the Company failed to properly account for investments that were not eligible for classification
as cash equivalents. The misclassification was identified by management during procedures related to the year ending December 31, 2021.
As a result, the Company filed restatements of its quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for each of the Quarters ended June 30, 2021 and September
30, 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To
address the material weakness described above, the Company has expanded its quarterly controls to include procedures around cash equivalents
that are consistent with its year end procedures. The enhanced controls were implemented immediately upon identification of the material
weakness and the Company&#8217;s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Acting Interim Chief Financial Officer, determined
that we fully remediated the material weakness as of December 31, 2021. We will continue to monitor the effectiveness of these controls
and will make any further changes management determines necessary.</span></p>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><i>Management&#8217;s
Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our
management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined
in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Our internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and Board of
Directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. Under the supervision and with the participation
of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and acting interim Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the
effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework, issued
by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013), or the COSO Framework. Based on the evaluation of our
disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2021, our Chief Executive Officer and Acting Interim Chief Financial Officer concluded
that, as of such date, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">This
Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control
over financial reporting because such attestation report is not required by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant
to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><i>Changes
in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Other
than the remediation of the material weakness described above, there</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
were no changes to controls during the three months ended December 31, 2021 that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to
materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.75in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">ITEM
    9B.</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">OTHER
    INFORMATION</span></b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">None.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">PART
III</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 62px"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">ITEM
    10.</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">DIRECTORS,
    EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE</span></b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has adopted a Code of Ethics applicable to its Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Treasurer and
Chief Financial Officer, Vice Presidents and other employees of the Company with important roles in the financial reporting process.
This Code of Ethics was adopted by the entire Board of Directors of the Company, including all of its Audit Committee members, in March
2004 in accordance with the requirements of the Sarbanes Oxley Act. The Code of Ethics is available on the Company&#8217;s
website at www.SmartGlass.com and was also filed as an exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December
31, 2003. The Company intends to satisfy the disclosure requirement under Item 10 of Form 8-K regarding any amendment to, or waiver from,
a provision of this Code of Ethics by posting such information on the website specified above.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
other information required by this Item 10 is incorporated by reference to the Company&#8217;s definitive Proxy Statement to be filed
with the Commission on or before April 30, 2022.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.75in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">ITEM
    11.</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">EXECUTIVE
    COMPENSATION</span></b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
information required by this Item 11 is incorporated by reference to the Company&#8217;s definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with
the Commission on or before April 30, 2022. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth herein or in any of the Company&#8217;s
past or future filings with the SEC that might incorporate by reference the Company&#8217;s definitive Proxy Statement, in whole or in
part, the report of the compensation committee and the stock price performance graph contained in such definitive Proxy Statement shall
not be incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any other such filings.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.75in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">ITEM
    12.</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">SECURITY
    OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS</span></b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
information required by this Item 12 is incorporated by reference to the Company&#8217;s definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with
the Commission on or before April 30, 2022.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.75in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">ITEM
    13.</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">CERTAIN
    RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.</span></b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
information required by this Item 13 is incorporated by reference to the Company&#8217;s definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with
the Commission on or before April 30, 2022.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.75in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">ITEM
    14.</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">PRINCIPAL
    ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES</span></b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our
independent registered public accounting firm is CohnReznick LLP, Melville, NY, Auditor Firm ID No: 596.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated by reference to the Company&#8217;s definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with
the Commission on or before April 30, 2022.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">PART
IV</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; width: 0.75in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">ITEM
    15.</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">EXHIBITS,
    FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K</span></b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 20pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>(a)(1)
and (2) <span style="text-decoration: underline">Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
following consolidated financial statements of Research Frontiers Incorporated are filed under &#8220;Item 8. Financial Statements and
Supplemental Data&#8221; of this Report.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; width: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Page</b></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#a_001">Report
    of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID <span id="xdx_908_edei--AuditorFirmId_c20210101__20211231_z4yakDS5w477"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" name="dei:AuditorFirmId">596</ix:nonNumeric></span>)</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">F-1</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consolidated
    Financial Statements: </span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#a_002">Consolidated
    Balance Sheets, December 31, 2021 and 2020</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">F-2</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#a_003">Consolidated
    Statements of Operations, Years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">F-3</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#a_004">Consolidated
    Statements of Shareholders&#8217; Equity, Years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">F-4</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#a_005">Consolidated
    Statements of Cash Flows, Years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">F-5</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#a_006">Notes
    to Consolidated Financial Statements</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">F-6</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">All
other schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable, or not required, or the required information is disclosed elsewhere
in this Annual Report.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 5%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>(a)(3)
    </b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 93%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Exhibits</b></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.1</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Restated
    Certificate of Incorporation of the Company. Previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company&#8217;s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
    for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 1994, and incorporated herein by reference.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.2</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/793524/000079352408000004/bylaws.txt" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company. Previously filed as Exhibit 99.2 to the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.1</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form
    of Common Stock Certificate. Previously filed as an Exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Registration Statement on Form S-18 (Reg. No.
    33-5573NY), declared effective by the Commission on July 8, 1986, and incorporated herein by reference.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.2</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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<tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1A<sup>*</sup></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1B<sup>*</sup></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1B<sup>*</sup></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1C<sup>*</sup></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.2<sup>*</sup></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amended
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    No. 33-86910) filed with the Commission on November 30, 1994, and incorporated herein by reference.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.3<sup>*</sup></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.32<sup>*</sup></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form
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    Plans. Previously filed as part of Exhibits 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3 to the Company&#8217;s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Reg. No.
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Lease
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  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 5%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.5.1</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 93%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">First
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    Exhibit to Amendment No. 1 to the Company&#8217;s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Reg. No. 33-43768) declared effective by the
    Commission on December 17, 1991, and incorporated herein by reference.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.5.4</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.5.5</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/793524/000120677414000818/exhibit10-5_5.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Fifth Amendment to Lease dated February 21, 2014 between the Company and CLK-HP 230-240 CROSSWAYS PARK LLC and LAKE PARK 230-240 CROSSWAYS PARK LLC. Previously filed as an exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.6</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">License
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    Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 2, 1995 with portions omitted pursuant to the Registrant&#8217;s request
    for confidential treatment and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated herein by reference.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.7</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.8</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.9</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.10</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.16</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/793524/000079352400000007/0000793524-00-000007-0001.txt" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">License Agreement effective as of May 23, 2000 between the Company and Polaroid Corporation. Previously filed as an Exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2000 with portions omitted pursuant to the Registrant&#8217;s request for confidential treatment and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated herein by reference.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.17</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.18</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/793524/000079352402000001/ex10-18.txt" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">License Agreement effective as of March 21, 2001 between the Company and InspecTech Aero Service, Inc. Previously filed as an Exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2001 with portions omitted pursuant to the Registrant&#8217;s request for confidential treatment and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated herein by reference.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.19</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/793524/000079352402000001/ex10-19.txt" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">License Agreement effective as of March 28, 2001 between the Company and Film Technologies International, Inc. Previously filed as an Exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2001 with portions omitted pursuant to the Registrant&#8217;s request for confidential treatment and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated herein by reference.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.20</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/793524/000079352402000001/ex10-20.txt" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">License Agreement effective as of November 29, 2001 between the Company and Avery Dennison Corporation. Previously filed as an Exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2001 with portions omitted pursuant to the Registrant&#8217;s request for confidential treatment and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated herein by reference.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.21</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/793524/000079352402000001/ex10-21.txt" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">License Agreement effective as of February 4, 2002 between the Company and BOS GmbH &amp; Co. KG. Previously filed as an Exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2001 with portions omitted pursuant to the Registrant&#8217;s request for confidential treatment and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated herein by reference.</span></a></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 5%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.22</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 93%"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/793524/000079352402000001/ex10-22.txt" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">License Agreement effective as of March 11, 2002 between the Company and Isoclima S.p.A. Previously filed as an Exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2001 with portions omitted pursuant to the Registrant&#8217;s request for confidential treatment and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated herein by reference.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.23</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.24</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.25</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.35</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.36</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/793524/000079352404000001/ex1036igc.txt" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">License Agreement effective as of November 13, 2003 between the Company and Innovative Glass Corporation. Previously filed as an Exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2003 with portions omitted pursuant to the Registrant&#8217;s request for confidential treatment and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated herein by reference.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.37</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/793524/000079352404000001/ex1037ll.txt" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">License Agreement effective as of December 11, 2003 between the Company and Leminur Limited. Previously filed as an Exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2003 with portions omitted pursuant to the Registrant&#8217;s request for confidential treatment and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated herein by reference.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.38</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/793524/000079352405000003/ex1038pilk.txt" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">License Agreement effective as of March 25, 2004 between the Company and Pilkington plc. Previously filed as an Exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004 with portions omitted pursuant to the Registrant&#8217;s request for confidential treatment and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated herein by reference.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.39</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/793524/000079352405000003/ex1039sgi.txt" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">License Agreement effective as of April 5, 2004 between the Company and SmartGlass Ireland Ltd. Previously filed as an Exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004 with portions omitted pursuant to the Registrant&#8217;s request for confidential treatment and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated herein by reference.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.40</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/793524/000079352405000003/ex1040prelco.txt" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">License Agreement effective as of April 8, 2004 between the Company and Prelco Inc. Previously filed as an Exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004 with portions omitted pursuant to the Registrant&#8217;s request for confidential treatment and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated herein by reference.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.41</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/793524/000079352407000016/ex1048.txt" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">License Agreement effective as of December 14, 2007 between Research Frontiers Incorporated and AGC Flat Glass Europe SA. Previously filed as an Exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 17, 2007 with portions omitted pursuant to the Registrant&#8217;s request for confidential treatment and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated herein by reference.</span></a></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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<tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
<tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/793524/000079352408000011/ex1050.txt" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">License Agreement effective as of September 29, 2008 between Research Frontiers Incorporated and PPG Industries, Inc. (now known as Pittsburgh Glass Works, LLC). Previously filed as an Exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 6, 2008 with portions omitted pursuant to the Registrant&#8217;s request for confidential treatment and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated herein by reference.</span></a></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/793524/000079352409000023/ex1051.txt" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">License Agreement effective as of September 10, 2009 between Research Frontiers Incorporated and Pilkington Group Ltd. Previously filed as an Exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 15, 2009 with portions omitted pursuant to the Registrant&#8217;s request for confidential treatment and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated herein by reference.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.52</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/793524/000079352410000008/ex1052.txt" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">License Agreement effective as of January 25, 2010 between Research Frontiers Incorporated and Vision Systems. Previously filed as an Exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 25, 2010 with portions omitted pursuant to the Registrant&#8217;s request for confidential treatment and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated herein by reference.</span></a></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.55</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.56</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/793524/000079352404000001/ex14coe.txt" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Code of Ethics of Research Frontiers Incorporated. Previously filed as an Exhibit to the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2003 and incorporated herein by reference.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">21</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="ex21.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Subsidiary </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">of the Registrant - SPD Enterprises, Inc.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><a href="ex23-1.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Consent
    of CohnReznick LLP - Filed herewith.</span></a></span></td></tr>

<tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
<tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 5%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31.1</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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    13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Joseph M. Harary - Filed herewith.</span></a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">32.1</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><a href="ex32-1.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Section
    1350 Certification of Joseph M. Harary - Filed herewith.</span></a></span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 88%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Inline
    XBRL INSTANCE DOCUMENT</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Inline
    XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION SCHEMA</span></td></tr>
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    XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION DEFINITION LINKBASE</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">104</span></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">*
Executive Compensation Plan or Arrangement.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">ITEM
16. Form 10-K Summary</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">None.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>SIGNATURES</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Pursuant
to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed
on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">RESEARCH
    FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</span></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Registrant)</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>/s/
    Joseph M. Harary</i></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Joseph
    M. Harary, President, CEO and Acting Interim CFO</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Principal
    Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Dated:
March 9, 2022</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the
registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 28%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Signature</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>/s/
    Darryl Daigle</i></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">William Graham Settle</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="a_001"></span>Report
of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Board
of Directors and Shareholders</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Research
Frontiers Incorporated</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><i>Opinion
on the Financial Statements</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Research Frontiers Incorporated (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) as of
December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders&#8217; equity and cash flows for
each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the &#8220;financial
statements&#8221;). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the
Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year
period ended December 31, 2021 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><i>Basis
for Opinion</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">These
financial statements are the responsibility of the Company&#8217;s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company&#8217;s
financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
(United States) (&#8220;PCAOB&#8221;) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal
securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company
is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits,
we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial report, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion
on the effectiveness of the Company&#8217;s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our
audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error
or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding
the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant
estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits
provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Critical
Audit Matter</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>&#160;</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated
or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (i) related to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial
statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter
does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit
matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><i>Liquidity
Analysis</i></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
described in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has incurred recurring losses since inception and expects to continue to
incur losses as a result of costs and expenses related to its research and continued development of its technology. The Company has funded
most of its activities through sales of its common stock to investors, and upon the exercise of options and warrants. The Company&#8217;s
projected cash flow shortfall based on its current operations adjusted for any non-recurring cash expenses for the next 12 months, is
approximately $385,000 per quarter. Based on the Company&#8217;s current expectations of its cash flow, the Company&#8217;s working capital
would support the Company&#8217;s activities for approximately 22 months subsequent to December 31, 2021. Management performs
a liquidity analysis quarterly to determine the Company&#8217;s ability to continue as a going concern. The determination of the projected
cash flow shortfall required management to make assumptions and estimates about the future undiscounted cashflows associated with operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the liquidity analysis of the Company is a critical
audit matter, is the significant judgment required of management when determining the projected cash flow shortfall, which in turn led
to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures to evaluate management&#8217;s significant assumptions
related to projected operating results.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Addressing
the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the financial
statements. The procedures include, among others, testing management&#8217;s process for determining the cash flow shortfall, which include
(i) evaluating the reasonableness of the projected operating results, (ii) testing the completeness and accuracy of historical
data used to determine the projected operating results, and (iii) evaluating the significant assumptions used by management related to
the projected operating results. Evaluating management&#8217;s assumptions related to projected operating results involved evaluating
whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the Company, (ii) the
consistency with external market and industry data and (iii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other
areas of the audit.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>/s/
<span id="xdx_909_edei--AuditorName_c20210101__20211231_zLqB6ISnW6gl"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" name="dei:AuditorName">CohnReznick LLP</ix:nonNumeric></span></i></span></p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
have served as Research Frontiers Incorporated&#8217;s auditor since 2019.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span id="xdx_90B_edei--AuditorLocation_c20210101__20211231_zsvDgdGX0fa7" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" name="dei:AuditorLocation">Melville,</ix:nonNumeric>
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">New York</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">March
9, 2022</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="a_002"></span>RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Consolidated
Balance Sheets</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">December
31, 2021 and 2020</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="xdx_302_111_zePdb0VOacdb" summary="xdx: Statement - Consolidated Balance Sheets" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
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  <tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue_i02I_maCzwg1_zzgrDDjZdOu5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_i02I_maCzwg1_zNMUIatLp3ab" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr id="xdx_407_ecustom--RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent_i02I_maCzwg1_zd6f2QASgE7a" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr id="xdx_40E_eus-gaap--PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent_i02I_maCzwg1_zUka3PcssOy8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--AssetsCurrent_i02TI_mtCzwg1_maCzK1s_zn4470XiavIc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AssetsCurrent" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">3,949,642</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AssetsCurrent" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">5,427,509</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet_i01I_maCzK1s_zrltEgH35O65" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">92,954</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">121,772</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_i01I_maCzK1s_zwHNQ84WXLj7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Operating
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">616,442</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--OtherAssetsNoncurrent_i01I_maCzK1s_zs7ga0xvHgsb" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--Assets_i01TI_mtCzK1s_zGMCgjBIkmb4" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract_iB_zVCq0QJjtk44" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Liabilities
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40E_eus-gaap--LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract_i01B_zwdKnHkOzgj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Current
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_i02I_maCzMGX_z5OykJjZ1Ctf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Current
    portion of operating lease liability</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">182,091</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">166,377</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--AccountsPayableCurrent_i02I_maCzMGX_zsrmydQEI546" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accounts
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AccountsPayableCurrent" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">66,460</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AccountsPayableCurrent" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">33,410</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_i02I_maCzMGX_z5tkV21trB86" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accrued
    expenses and other</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">49,385</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">26,279</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--LiabilitiesCurrent_i02TI_mtCzMGX_maCzWXB_z5gWl35Q8XFe" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Total
    current liabilities</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:LiabilitiesCurrent" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">297,936</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:LiabilitiesCurrent" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">226,066</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_i02I_maCzWXB_zNmhAbaBIUtf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Operating
    lease liability, net of current portion</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">464,128</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">646,219</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--Liabilities_i01TI_mtCzWXB_maCz25z_zTXOdwNzeAof" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Total
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:Liabilities" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">762,064</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:Liabilities" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">872,285</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityAbstract_i01B_zL5NhJutyaXf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Shareholders&#8217;
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">See
accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><br /></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="a_003"></span>Consolidated
Statements of Operations</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Years
ended December 31, 2021 and 2020</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted_zgl0ZCxyDIk7" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted_zsQawdEYHfDc" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Weighted average number of</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">common shares outstanding</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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  </table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">See
accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="a_004"></span>Consolidated
Statements of Shareholders&#8217; Equity</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Years
ended December 31, 2021 and 2020</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="xdx_301_114_zJR0a1ZVOztk" summary="xdx: Statement - Consolidated Statements of Shareholders&apos; Equity" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom">
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<tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised_zaBvVOcdab97" style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_zb1WJNENrtM2" style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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  <tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--NetIncomeLoss_zC0CymR3IPD6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Net loss</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0200">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">-</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_434_c20210101__20211231_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquity_iS_zgn3Qlm8RLJ9" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised_zJT9pvVrEeCb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Exercise of options</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue_zvwlAXOZ5UZg" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0219">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--NetIncomeLoss_zH5y797KO6He" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0224">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">-</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_435_c20210101__20211231_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquity_iE_zrDa2gXR6IQa" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:StockholdersEquity" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_us-gaap_RetainedEarningsMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">119,687,128</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:StockholdersEquity" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">3,783,923</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">See
accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Consolidated
Statements of Cash Flows</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="a_005"></span>Years
ended December 31, 2021 and 2020</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="xdx_30D_112_zsV8La2oNGZg" summary="xdx: Statement - Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49F_20210101__20211231_zBFkuBxKD9m9" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2021</span></td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_490_20200101__20201231_zuQhcZUoQgS3" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2020</span></td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_iB_zDz0gRiEkpCk" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cash flows from operating activities:</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40E_eus-gaap--NetIncomeLoss_i01_maNCPBUz2o7_zcjhDTEvf609" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="width: 64%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net loss</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetIncomeLoss" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">1,846,352</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetIncomeLoss" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">2,340,864</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_i01B_zSpru2f78vT7" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--DepreciationAndAmortization_i02_maNCPBUz2o7_ztoQkoy9NwZ5" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Depreciation and amortization</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DepreciationAndAmortization" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">10,136</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DepreciationAndAmortization" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">67,082</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_i02N_di_msNCPBUz2o7_zCPSeo3Uam6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Unrealized loss on marketable
    securities</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">28,522</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0249">&#160;</span></span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_i02_maNCPBUz2o7_zVzDHaSYjjR1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Share-based compensation</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensation" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">217,008</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensation" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">327,554</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts_i02_maNCPBUz2o7_zjwTrCdVpfB7" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Bad debts</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">44,476</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">81,367</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--OtherIncome_i02N_di_msNCPBUz2o7_zsCcCvQGLms2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Other income - PPP loan
    forgiveness</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0257">&#160;</span></span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OtherIncome" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">202,052</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract_i02B_zjFcCeJxbp0g" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Change in assets and liabilities:</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_407_ecustom--IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable_i03N_di_msNCPBUz2o7_zRqUAdbUzqdl" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Royalty receivables</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="REFR:IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">277,819</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="REFR:IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">23,597</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets_i03N_di_msNCPBUz2o7_zjmonO7X4Ihe" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Prepaid expenses and other
    current assets</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">36,420</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">2,323</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities_i03_maNCPBUz2o7_zDSdCj7pN5Tj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Accounts payable and accrued
    expenses</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">56,156</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">156,770</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability_i03_maNCPBUz2o7_zHOlxVXKsGEg" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Deferred
    revenue</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0272">&#160;</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">7,734</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities_i01T_mtNCPBUz2o7_maCCERCzEh0_zJViaFXfc9p2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">1,804,293</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">2,252,691</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract_iB_zsk1SEG6juRj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cash flows from investing activities:</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment_i01N_di_msNCPBUzMvs_zHQID4armkGd" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Purchases of fixed assets</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">1,077</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">56,536</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities_i01N_di_msNCPBUzMvs_zPtb0bCB0l1j" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Purchases of marketable
    securities</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">3,433,633</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0285">&#160;</span></span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities_i01_maNCPBUzMvs_z7j3NkPv1ls7" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Sales of marketable securities</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">650,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0288">&#160;</span></span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment_i01_maNCPBUzMvs_zzI2DGpaCcn7" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Proceeds
    from sale of fixed asset</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0290">&#160;</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">3,713</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities_i01T_mtNCPBUzMvs_maCCERCzEh0_zgjutNZljtw8" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net
    cash used in investing activities</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">2,784,710</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">52,823</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract_iB_zSGASxlZaMSi" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cash flows from financing activities:</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_408_ecustom--ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_i01_maNCPBUzcRI_zMoYSjDjA8Rd" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net proceeds from exercise
    of options and warrants</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">86,262</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">284,207</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromIssuanceOfDebt_i01_maNCPBUzcRI_zthabbfQ1ol9" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Proceeds
    from PPP loan</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0302">&#160;</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ProceedsFromIssuanceOfDebt" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">202,052</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities_i01T_mtNCPBUzcRI_maCCERCzEh0_z2J9ZXon4bVi" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net
    cash provided by financing activities</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">86,262</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">486,259</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect_iT_pp0p0_mtCCERCzEh0_z6U0xAaylWG4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">4,502,741</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">1,819,255</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_iS_z5bz8voUFcyh" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cash and cash equivalents
    at beginning of year</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">4,772,705</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" contextRef="AsOf2019-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">6,591,960</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_iE_zHPkAIUQRJMf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cash and cash equivalents
    at end of year</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">269,964</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">See
accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="a_006"></span>RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Notes
to Consolidated Financial Statements</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:BasisOfAccounting"><p id="xdx_80C_eus-gaap--BasisOfAccounting_zy3BDYFjxSV8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(1)
<span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="xdx_827_zKkNedTmGeQg">Business and Basis for Presentation</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Research
Frontiers Incorporated (&#8220;Research Frontiers&#8221; or the &#8220;Company&#8221;) operates in a single business segment which is
engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control the flow of light. Such devices, often referred to as &#8220;light
valves&#8221; or suspended particle devices (&#8220;SPDs&#8221;), use colloidal particles that are either incorporated within a liquid
suspension or a film, which is usually enclosed between two sheets of glass or plastic having transparent, electrically conductive coatings
on the facing surfaces thereof. At least one of the two sheets is transparent. SPD technology, made possible by a flexible light-control
film invented by Research Frontiers, allows the user to instantly and precisely control the shading of glass/plastic manually or automatically.
SPD technology has numerous product applications, including SPD-Smart&#8482; windows, sunshades, skylights and interior partitions for
homes and buildings; automotive windows, sunroofs, sun visors, sunshades, rear-view mirrors, instrument panels and navigation systems;
aircraft windows; museum display panels; eyewear products; and flat panel displays for electronic products. SPD-Smart light control
film is now being developed for, or used in, architectural, automotive, marine, aerospace and appliance applications.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has primarily utilized its cash, cash equivalents, and investments generated from sales of our common stock, proceeds from the
exercise of options and warrants, and royalty fees collected to fund its research and development of SPD light valves, for marketing
initiatives, and for other working capital purposes. The Company&#8217;s working capital and capital requirements depend upon numerous
factors, including the results of research and development activities, competitive and technological developments, the timing and cost
of patent filings, and the development of new licensees and changes in the Company&#8217;s relationships with its existing licensees.
The degree of dependence of the Company&#8217;s working capital requirements on each of the foregoing factors cannot be quantified; increased
research and development activities and related costs would increase such requirements; the addition of new licensees may provide additional
working capital or working capital requirements, and changes in relationships with existing licensees would have a favorable or negative
impact depending upon the nature of such changes. We have incurred recurring losses since inception and expect to continue to incur losses
as a result of costs and expenses related to our research and continued development of our SPD technology and our corporate general and
administrative expenses. Our limited capital resources and operations to date have been substantially funded through sales of our common
stock, exercise of options and warrants and royalty fees collected. As of December 31, 2021, we had working capital of approximately
$<span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--WorkingCapital_iI_pn5n6_c20211231_zZiUb7JcR5Vk" title="Working capital"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:WorkingCapital" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="-5" scale="6" unitRef="USD">3.7</ix:nonFraction></span> million, cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities of approximately $<span id="xdx_907_ecustom--CashAndCashEquivalentsAndMarketableSecurities_iI_pn6n6_c20211231_zHXMjntyGcq4" title="Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:CashAndCashEquivalentsAndMarketableSecurities" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="-6" scale="6" unitRef="USD">3.0</ix:nonFraction></span> million, shareholders&#8217; equity of approximately
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adjusted for any non-recurring cash expenses for the next 12 months is approximately $<span id="xdx_907_ecustom--NonrecurringCashExpenses_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231_zhOzhEt3xJ86" title="Non-recurring cash expenses per quarter"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:NonrecurringCashExpenses" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">385,000</ix:nonFraction></span> per quarter. Based on our current expectations
of our cash flow shortfall for the next 12 months, our working capital would support our activities for the next 22 months.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
the event that we are unable to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities or raise additional funds, we may be required
to delay, reduce or severely curtail our operations or otherwise impede our on-going business efforts, which could have a material adverse
effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and long-term prospects. The Company may seek to obtain additional funding
through future equity issuances. There can be no assurance as to the availability or terms upon which such financing and capital might
be available. The eventual success of the Company and generation of positive cash flow will be dependent upon the commercialization of
products using the Company&#8217;s technology by the Company&#8217;s licensees and payments of continuing royalties on account thereof.
To date, the Company has not generated sufficient revenue from its licensees to fund its operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Recent
Global Events:</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the novel strain of coronavirus (&#8220;COVID-19&#8221;) a global pandemic and
recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide. As a result, the Company expects operations at its facility to continue to
be affected in some capacity, as the COVID-19 virus continues to proliferate and the federal, state and local governments under which
we operate continue to adopt new rules. The Company has put in place enhanced procedures, such as restricting international and domestic
travel, adopting a variety of steps designed to ensure social distancing in our facilities, including working remotely where available,
and increasing our cleaning and sanitizing procedures in our facilities, in an effort to protect its employees and communities.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


<ix:exclude><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 58; Value: 1 -->
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Revenues
were negatively impacted in 2020 and 2021 due to delays in manufacture of products using our technology. Most of the products using our
technology are manufactured by licensees overseas in Europe and Asia who have been similarly affected by the pandemic. The disruption
caused by public health crises, such as COVID-19, could result in lower levels of sale activity for products using our technology resulting
in lower level of royalties owed to us from the sale of these products. The duration of the potential business disruptions and related
financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time, but could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition,
results of operations, and cash flows. Net of amounts previously reserved which were fully written off in 2020, the Company has increased
its allowance for uncollectible royalty receivables in 2020 until the collectability from certain licensees can be better ascertained
in the regions affected by COVID-19.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
connection with the COVID-19 crisis, Congress passed, and the president signed, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act
(&#8220;CARES Act&#8221;) which, among other things, provides relief for businesses impacted by the pandemic. The Company applied for
and received $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromIssuanceOfDebt_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--PPPLoanMember_zDadIZIw8Ck8"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ProceedsFromIssuanceOfDebt" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_PPPLoanMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">202,052</ix:nonFraction>
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">in proceeds from the Paycheck Protection Program (&#8220;PPP Loan&#8221;)
made available under the CARES Act. The PPP Loan is intended to offer businesses hurt by the COVID-19 pandemic economic assistance with
the potential for the principal to be forgiven based on certain expenses incurred during the first 24 weeks after the issuance of the
PPP Loan. The Company recorded $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--OtherIncome_pp0d_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--PPPLoanMember_zA9yxFSgBlP7"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OtherIncome" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_custom_PPPLoanMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">202,052</ix:nonFraction>
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">as other income for the year ended December 31, 2020 representing
the PPP Loan which was expected to be forgiven in 2021. Final PPP Loan forgiveness was received in 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock"><p id="xdx_80A_eus-gaap--SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock_zYl5S9fx5oze" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2)
<span style="text-decoration: underline"><span><span id="xdx_822_zzeQBU1colfb">Summary of Significant Accounting Policies</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock"><p id="xdx_841_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock_zCcTPQ6KFLC4" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)
<span id="xdx_86C_zx59wtr4zkd">Cash and Cash Equivalents</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company considers securities purchased with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist
of short-term investments in money market accounts at December 31, 2021 and 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cash
and cash equivalents are maintained at financial institutions and, at times, balances may exceed federally insured limits. We have never
experienced any losses related to these balances. FDIC insurance coverage is $<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--CashFDICInsuredAmount_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zxj1A7KL2u17" title="FDIC insurance coverage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:CashFDICInsuredAmount" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">250,000</ix:nonFraction></span> per depositor at each financial institution, and
our non-interest bearing cash balances may again exceed federally insured limits. Amounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits
at December 31, 2021 and 2020 are approximately $<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--CashUninsuredAmount_c20211231_pp0p0" title="Amounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:CashUninsuredAmount" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">0</ix:nonFraction></span> and $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--CashUninsuredAmount_iI_pn5n6_c20201231_zhXjKLg1d08e" title="Amounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:CashUninsuredAmount" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="-5" scale="6" unitRef="USD">4.5</ix:nonFraction></span> million, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesPolicy"><p id="xdx_846_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesPolicy_zt79d5lEsbtg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)
<span id="xdx_863_zGbXJpiNALah">Marketable Securities</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company classifies investments in marketable securities as trading, available-for-sale or held-to-maturity at the time of purchase and
periodically re-evaluates such classification. Trading securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses
included in earnings. Held-to-maturity securities are recorded at cost and are adjusted for the amortization or accretion of premiums
or discounts over the life of the related security. Unrealized holding gains and losses of available-for-sale securities are excluded
from earnings and are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until realized. In determining
realized gains and losses, the cost of the securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Interest and dividends on
the investments are accrued at the balance sheet date.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fair
value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the &#8220;exit price&#8221;)
in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are broken down into three levels
based on the reliability of inputs as follows: Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. An active market for the asset or liability is a market in which
transactions for the asset or liability occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.
Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly
or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, inputs other than quoted prices
that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals or current
market) and contractual prices for the underlying financial instrument, as well as other relevant economic measures. Level 3 inputs are
unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs are used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs
are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the
measurement date.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfUnrealizedLossOnInvestmentsTableTextBlock"><p id="xdx_893_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfUnrealizedLossOnInvestmentsTableTextBlock_zCKwrQ3VUTjd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">At
December 31, 2021 all investments are Level 1 and were classified as trading and consisted of the following:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8B5_zVVk9G64x2h8" style="display: none">Schedule of Unrealized Loss on Investments</span> </span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">December 31, 2021</td><td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center">Investment</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center">Investments</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8AB_zBfAwSBgeayf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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<span id="xdx_86B_zFjcyL7AhAO2">Royalties Receivable</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Royalties
receivable from licensees are recorded at the amounts specified within the license agreements when the collectability of the receivable
is reasonably assured. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company&#8217;s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses
in the Company&#8217;s existing royalties receivable. The Company determines the allowance based on historical write-off experience
as well as the current status of the Company&#8217;s customers. The Company reviews its allowance for doubtful accounts periodically.
Past due accounts are reviewed individually for collectability. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means
of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. As of December 31, 2021, two companies accounted
for <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zWQH1kTqxC9f"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_CompanyOneMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">14</ix:nonFraction></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%
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<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zsSlt52VWQw2"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_custom_CompanyTwoMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">11</ix:nonFraction></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%
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 of the Company&#8217;s outstanding receivables.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock"><p id="xdx_848_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock_zgdtq3eAwqq7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(d)
<span id="xdx_866_z4ixCfzpFVth">Fixed Assets</span></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fixed
assets are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line
method over the estimated useful lives of the assets.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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<span id="xdx_863_zUqR8t7G5iI7">Revenue Recognition/Fee Income</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The standard provides a single comprehensive
revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers and supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance. The revenue standard
contains principles that an entity will apply to determine the measurement of revenue and timing of when it is recognized. The underlying
principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity
expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">ASC
606 follows a five-step approach to determining revenue recognition including: 1) Identification of the contract; 2) Identification of
the performance obligations; 3) Determination of the transaction price; 4) Allocation of the transaction price and 5) Recognition of
revenue.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company determined that its license agreements provide for three performance obligations which include: (i) the Grant of Use to its Patent
Portfolio (&#8220;Grant of Use&#8221;), (ii) Stand-Ready Technical Support (&#8220;Technical Support&#8221;) including the transfer of trade
secrets and other know-how, production of materials, scale-up support, analytical testing, etc., and (iii) access to new Intellectual
Property (&#8220;IP&#8221;) that may be developed some time during the course of the contract period (&#8220;New Improvements&#8221;).
Given the nature of IP development, such New Improvements are on an unspecified basis and can occur and be made available to licensees
at any time during the contract period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">When
a contract includes more than one performance obligation, the Company needs to allocate the total consideration to each performance obligation
based on its relative standalone selling price or estimate the standalone selling price if it is not observable. A standalone selling
price is not available for our performance obligations since we do not sell any of the services separately and there is no competitor
pricing that is available. As a consequence, the best method for determining standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance
obligation is through a comparison of the average royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements.
Comparable license agreements must consider several factors including: (i) the materials that are being licensed, (ii) the market application
for the licensed materials, and (iii) the financial terms in the license agreements that can increase or decrease the risk/reward nature
of the agreement.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Based
on the royalty rate comparison referred to above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical
Support and New Improvements performance obligations. The Company focuses a significant portion of its time and resources to provide
the Technical Support and New Improvements services to its licensees, which further supports the conclusions reached using the royalty
rate analysis.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are co-terminus over the term of the license agreement. For purposes of
determining the transaction price, and recognizing revenue, the Company combined the Technical Support and New Improvements performance
obligations because they have the same pattern of transfer and the same term. We maintain a staff of scientists and other professionals
whose primary job responsibilities throughout the year are: (i) being available to respond to Technical Support needs of our licensees,
and (ii) developing improvements to our technology which are offered to our licensees as New Improvements. Since the costs incurred to
satisfy the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout the year, the value of the
Technical Support and New Improvements services are recognized throughout the initial contract period as these performance obligations
are satisfied. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the initial contract period, it will renew on the same terms as the initial
contract for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalty obligations relating to this renewal contract will be
allocated similarly to the initial contract over the additional one-year period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled
at a point in time, revenue is recognized at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a functional
license, the value of the Grant of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license agreement is in force.
The value of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations is allocated throughout the contract period based on the satisfaction
of its performance obligations. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the contract period, it will renew on the same terms
as the original agreement for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalties (&#8220;MAR&#8221;) relating to this
renewal contract will be allocated similarly over that additional year.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company&#8217;s license agreements have a variable royalty fee structure (meaning that royalties are a fixed percentage of sales that
vary from period to period) and frequently include a minimum annual royalty commitment. In instances when sales of licensed products
by its licensees exceed the MAR, the Company recognizes fee income as the amounts have been earned. Typically, the royalty rate for such
sales is <span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zaPHKNRs3Qo7" title="Royalty rate on selling price"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_LicenseAgreementMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_srt_MinimumMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">10</ix:nonFraction></span>-<span id="xdx_906_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_z4YkfQ7fqYrl" title="Royalty rate on selling price"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_LicenseAgreementMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_srt_MaximumMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">15</ix:nonFraction></span>% of the selling price. While this is variable consideration, it is subject to the sales/usage royalty exception to recognition
of variable consideration in ASC 606 10-55-65 and therefore is not recognized until the subsequent sales or usage occurs or the MAR period
commences.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Because
of the immediate recognition of the Grant of Use performance obligation: (i) the first period of the contract term will generally have
a higher percent allocation of the transaction price under ASC 606 and (ii) the remaining periods will have less of the transaction price
recognized under ASC 606. After the initial period in the contract term, the revenue for the remaining periods will be based on the satisfaction
of the technical support and New Improvements obligations. Since most of our license agreements start as of January 1st, the revenue
recognized for the contract under ASC 606 in our first quarter will tend to be higher subsequent quarters in the fiscal year.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Certain
of the contract fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which they are earned resulting in deferred
revenue. Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized as revenue in future periods as earned.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company operates in a single business segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control
the flow of light. Our revenue source comes from the licensing of this technology and all of these license agreements have similar terms
and provisions. The majority of the Company&#8217;s licensing fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating
in the automotive market. The Company currently believes that the automotive market will be the largest source of its royalty income
over the next several years. The Company&#8217;s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors including various
trends affecting demand in the automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product lines. In addition to
these macro factors, the Company&#8217;s royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by specific factors such
as whether the Company&#8217;s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number
of additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and the number of windows on a vehicle
that use SPD SmartGlass, fluctuations in the total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage of cars within
each model produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing or exchange rates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
of December 31, 2021, the Company has four license agreements that are in their initial multiyear term (&#8220;Initial Term&#8221;) with
continuing performance obligations going forward. The Initial Term of three of these agreements will end as of December 31, 2022 and
one will end as of December 31, 2024, The Company currently expects all four of these agreements will renew annually at the end of the
Initial Term. As of December 31, 2021, the aggregate amount of the revenue to be recognized upon the satisfaction of the remaining performance
obligations for the four license agreements is $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember_zZx7pwLg9p03"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_LicenseAgreementMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">273,000</ix:nonFraction></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">.
The revenue for these remaining performance obligations for each of the four license agreements is expected to be recognized evenly
throughout their remaining period of the Initial Term.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For
the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company entered into a number of license agreements covering its light control technology.
The Company received minimum annual royalties under certain license agreements and recorded fee income based on ASC 606 revenue recognition
each quarter. In instances when sales of licensed products by its licensees exceed minimum annual royalties, the Company recognized additional
fee income as the amounts have been earned. Certain of the fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which
they are earned resulting in deferred revenue. Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and are typically recognized as fee
income when earned. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, there was no balance in deferred revenue.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fee
income represents amounts earned by the Company under various license and other agreements relating to technology developed by the Company.
During 2021, four licensees accounted for <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseOneMember_zcEU2fEKvSK4" title="Concentration risk percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_custom_LicenseOneMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">20</ix:nonFraction></span>%, <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseTwoMember_zXBvR1wCwk1f" title="Concentration risk percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_custom_LicenseTwoMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">18</ix:nonFraction></span>%, <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseThreeMember_zJrCt3BafHob" title="Concentration risk percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_custom_LicenseThreeMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">18</ix:nonFraction></span>% and <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseFourMember_zcJy891axCd8" title="Concentration risk percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_custom_LicenseFourMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">12</ix:nonFraction></span>% of fee income recognized during the year. During 2020, five licensees
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:EarningsPerSharePolicyTextBlock"><p id="xdx_84D_eus-gaap--EarningsPerSharePolicyTextBlock_zRwOngvFgy0d" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(f)
<span id="xdx_86A_zfcUs3J51wak">Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Basic
loss per share excludes any dilution. It is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive
loss per share reflects the potential dilution that would occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised
or converted into common stock. The Company&#8217;s dilutive loss per share equals basic loss per share for each of the years in the
two-year period ended December 31, 2021 because all potentially dilutive securities (<span style="font-variant: normal">i.e<i>., </i></span>options
and warrants) were antidilutive in those periods. The number of options and warrants that were not included because their effect is antidilutive
was <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zf6QUjETu3E4"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">2,599,701</ix:nonFraction>
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">and <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zHX87bro4Lkh"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">2,697,251</ix:nonFraction>
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">for 2021 and 2020, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy"><p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy_zqNfRbgw2xl2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(g)
<span id="xdx_86B_zBx6VasQjZB4">Research and Development Costs</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Research
and development costs are charged to expense as incurred.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:IntangibleAssetsFiniteLivedPolicy"><p id="xdx_842_eus-gaap--IntangibleAssetsFiniteLivedPolicy_zB69L9Wc2MTe" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(h)
<span id="xdx_86C_zGyhVhCcNUs">Patent Costs</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company expenses costs relating to the development or acquisition of patents due to the uncertainty of the recoverability of these items.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:UseOfEstimates"><p id="xdx_843_eus-gaap--UseOfEstimates_ze8shaujDgg1" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(i)
<span id="xdx_86E_z2NnySiRpRBk">Use of Estimates</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
preparation of the Company&#8217;s consolidated financial statements requires management of the Company to make a number of estimates
and assumptions relating to the reported amount of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at
the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during this period. Actual results
could differ from those estimates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:IncomeTaxPolicyTextBlock"><p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxPolicyTextBlock_zTl4lgV1hR8e" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(j)
<span id="xdx_86C_zAkVrfJ1ayjk">Income Taxes</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Income
taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences
attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective
tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates
expected to be recovered or settled.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
accordance with ASC Topic 740, we recognize tax benefits only for tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination
by tax authorities. The amount recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is <span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--RecognizedBenefitMeasured_c20210101__20211231_zKBviBhtRX7c" title="Recognized benefit measured"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" name="REFR:RecognizedBenefitMeasured">greater than 50 percent</ix:nonNumeric></span> likely to be realized
upon ultimate settlement. Unrecognized tax benefits are tax benefits claimed in tax returns that do not meet these recognition and measurement
standards. We classify accrued interest and penalties related to any unrecognized tax benefits in our income tax provision. At December
31, 2021 and 2020, we do not have accrued interest and penalties related to any unrecognized tax benefits. We do not believe we have
any uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
tax years subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions include the years 2016 and forward by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and
certain states. The Company is not currently being audited by any tax jurisdiction.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationOptionAndIncentivePlansPolicy"><p id="xdx_841_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationOptionAndIncentivePlansPolicy_zVkMSw1m2Ju2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(k)
<span id="xdx_86C_zRdSgxQ98QL6">Equity-Based Compensation</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
recognize all stock-based compensation as an expense in the consolidated financial statements and such costs are measured at the fair
value of the award at the date of grant. In addition to reflecting compensation expense for new share-based payment awards, expense is
also recognized to reflect the remaining vesting period of awards that had been granted in prior periods. Tax benefits related to stock
option exercises are reflected as financing cash inflows.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
exercise prices for stock options granted are generally set at the average for the high and low trading prices of the Company&#8217;s
common stock on the trading date immediately prior to the date of grant, and the related numbers of shares granted are fixed at the date
of grant.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
order to determine the fair value of stock options on the date of grant, the Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Inherent
in this model are assumptions related to expected stock-price volatility, option term, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. While
the risk-free interest rate and dividend yield are less subjective assumptions that are based on factual data derived from public sources,
the expected stock-price volatility and option term assumptions require a greater level of judgment.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
connection with employee and director stock options, the Company charged to compensation expense $<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zkO8VXFwsTB4" title="Share based compensation"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensation" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">217,008</ix:nonFraction></span> and $<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_c20200101__20201231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zh48ZoGjhGc8" title="Share based compensation"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensation" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_custom_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">327,554</ix:nonFraction></span> during the years
ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, these awards were fully vested. In lieu of higher cash compensation,
the Company has granted warrants and non-employee options to consultants. These warrants and non-employee options vested fully on the
date of grant. There were no such charges for the year ended December 31,2021 and 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="REFR:RestrictedStockPolicyTextBlock"><p id="xdx_849_ecustom--RestrictedStockPolicyTextBlock_zNNlMJb9zHpf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(l)
<span id="xdx_862_zbRiJMnBwGfc">Restricted Stock</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Compensation
cost for restricted stock is measured using the quoted market price of the Company&#8217;s common stock at the date the common stock
is granted. The compensation cost is recognized over the period between the issue date and the vesting period for such shares. Restricted
stock is included in total common shares outstanding upon the lapse of any vesting conditions.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ImpairmentOrDisposalOfLongLivedAssetsPolicyTextBlock"><p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--ImpairmentOrDisposalOfLongLivedAssetsPolicyTextBlock_z6mjomVENNGc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(m)
<span id="xdx_866_z9aPjFVKQFl8">Impairment of Long-Lived Assets</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company reviews long-lived assets to determine whether an event or change in circumstances indicates the carrying value of the asset
may not be recoverable. The Company bases its evaluation on such impairment indicators as the nature of the assets, the future economic
benefit of the assets and any historical or future profitability measurements, as well as other external market conditions or factors
that may be present. There was no impairment of long-lived assets recorded during 2021 and 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock"><p id="xdx_848_eus-gaap--NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zrWrKA6i7Bt8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(o)
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><i>New
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentTextBlock"><p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentTextBlock_zJ3j9CT4JoE6" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fixed
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
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    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8A8_zm6Uy75fjgjh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesDisclosureTextBlock_z6uazVwmlxDf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(4)
<span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="xdx_822_znTxm6HawgOf">Accrued Expenses and Other</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfAccruedLiabilitiesTableTextBlock"><p id="xdx_89A_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfAccruedLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_zcv35iLGWug" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Accrued
expenses consist of the following at December 31, 2021 and 2020:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8BB_zTOxTu1HFpGj" style="display: none">Schedule of Accrued Expenses and Other</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; width: 90%; margin-right: auto">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="width: 64%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Payroll, bonuses and related benefits</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:EmployeeRelatedLiabilitiesCurrent" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">45,725</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8A4_zhQ9UtxoNFj3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_801_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock_zDVcVj34qxVl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(5)
<span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="xdx_82D_zHJzGsflV5Sd">Income Taxes</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Since
inception, the Company has incurred losses from operations and as a result has not recorded income tax expense. Benefits related to net
operating loss carryforwards and deferred items have been fully reserved because it is not more likely than not that the Company will
achieve profitable operations. The difference between the total income taxes at the federal statutory rate for each of the years ended
December 31, 2021 and 2020 and the fact that no income tax benefit was recorded in each of these years is attributable to the
change in the valuation allowance recorded in each year.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


<ix:exclude><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 65; Value: 1 -->
    <div style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; margin-bottom: 6pt"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%">F-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->13<!-- Field: /Sequence --></td></tr></table></div>
    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%">&#160;</td></tr></table></div>
    <!-- Field: /Page --></ix:exclude>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock"><p id="xdx_89A_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_zYbvlgljhBM5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets at December 31, 2021 and 2020
are presented below:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span><span id="xdx_8B8_zG6TW83CF7o3" style="display: none">Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 90%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Deferred tax assets:</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; width: 64%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Depreciation</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsPropertyPlantAndEquipment" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">117,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseReservesAndAccrualsAllowanceForDoubtfulAccounts_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zhzFl6rESy7l" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zwV9ke3GE048" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">14,755,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_z5KM8SulySNj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">355,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">403,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zYxll7pOJW8a" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Research and other credits</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">945,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">952,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOther_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zjPJvoWvikde" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Other
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsOther" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">15,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsGross_iTI_pp0p0_mtDTAGzSKS_maDTANzkep_z3HqODIoYQ9b" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total gross deferred tax
    assets</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsGross" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">15,753,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsGross" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">16,444,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_iNI_pp0p0_di_msDTANzkep_zcp7G8LzZk5" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Less
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">15,753,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">16,444,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsNet_iTI_pp0p0_mtDTANzkep_zWCFPuH4gSp2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Deferred
    tax assets, net</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0494">-</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0495">-</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  </table>

</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8AE_zPAsdEEzmJtd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock"><p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock_z47fALSfrCq9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
reconciliation of the income tax expense (benefit) computed at the federal statutory tax rates to income tax expense (benefit)
is as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8BB_zBWtcuevhGk7" style="display: none">Schedule of Reconciliation Income Tax Expenses Benefit</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 90%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_499_20210101__20211231_zWnnyZ3ruBua" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2021</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_492_20200101__20201231_zfFJ3945jhl8" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2020</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_maITEBza9v_z58Qf8BFGIGl" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 64%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Income tax provision at federal
    statutory rate</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">388,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">485,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherReconcilingItems_maITEBza9v_zgBLwkK2E9Z6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Permanent differences</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0502">&#160;</span></span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherReconcilingItems" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">43,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherAdjustments_maITEBza9v_zDaPci1uOBZ9" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expired carryforwards and other</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherAdjustments" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">1,079,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherAdjustments" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">1,211,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_maITEBza9v_z5Obgb4D2Yth" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Valuation allowance</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">691,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">683,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_iT_pp0p0_mtITEBza9v_z2ic5UABI3B3" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Total income tax provision</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0511">-</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0512">-</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  </table>

</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8AE_zWXICupG2YLj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all
of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future taxable income
during the period in which those temporary differences become deductible. The Company considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax
liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based upon its historical operating
losses, utilization of deferred tax assets cannot currently be determined. Accordingly, the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance
against the deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty regarding the future utilization of the deferred tax assets for all periods presented.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">At
December 31, 2021, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes of approximately $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zE8sFW0Z930f" title="Net operating loss carry-forward"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">65,953,000</ix:nonFraction></span>.
Net operating loss carryforwards accumulated through December 31, 2017 of approximately $<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsSubjectToExpiration_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zVNbGnBWPECg" title="Net operating loss carry-forward with expiration"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsSubjectToExpiration" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">57,118,000</ix:nonFraction></span>
will <span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription_c20210101__20211231_zzCmu0dsDZHg" title="Net operating loss carry-forward expiration description"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" name="REFR:OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription">expire
in varying amounts from 2022 through 2037.</ix:nonNumeric></span> Net operating losses generated in 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021, totaling
approximately $<span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--TaxPeriodAxis__custom--TaxYear2018To2021Member_zG04oGohWiYf" title="Net operating loss carry-forward"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_TaxYear2018To2021Member" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">8,835,000</ix:nonFraction></span>,
will carry forward indefinitely, but cannot offset more than <span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_zRllAxwRmWQ8" title="Income tax percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">80</ix:nonFraction></span>
percent of taxable income. Research and other credit carryforwards of approximately $<span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zfJ912ohO4ka" title="Research and other credit carry-forwards"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">945,000</ix:nonFraction></span>
are available to the Company to reduce income taxes payable in future years principally through 2040. The Company&#8217;s ability to
utilize its net operating loss carryforwards and its current year tax credits in future periods could be subject to the 382
limitation. The Company will need to complete an analysis to determine whether its net operating losses are subject to the 382
limitation.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%">&#160;</td></tr></table></div>
    <!-- Field: /Page --></ix:exclude>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_80D_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock_zwBBZ4hcMm47" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(6)
<span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="xdx_820_zp4bRgWljfZ2">Shareholders&#8217; Equity</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)
Common Stock and Warrants</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">During
2021, the Company received proceeds of $<span id="xdx_909_ecustom--ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_ztPQGJgdBwyi" title="Net proceeds from exercise of options and warrants"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember61890734" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">86,262</ix:nonFraction></span> and issued <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zHz9pxRmx7Ud" title="Number of shares issued during the period"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember61890734" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">74,610</ix:nonFraction></span> shares of common stock in connection with the exercise of outstanding
options and warrants. During 2020, the Company received proceeds of $<span id="xdx_908_ecustom--ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_pp0p0_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zgo6mSNimxq4" title="Net proceeds from exercise of options and warrants"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember61890750" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">284,207</ix:nonFraction></span> and issued <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zh1rVUyCPmJ6" title="Number of shares issued during the period"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember61890750" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">321,524</ix:nonFraction></span> shares of common stock in connection
with the exercise of outstanding options and warrants.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)
<span style="text-decoration: underline">Options and Warrants</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(i)
<span style="text-decoration: underline">Employee Options</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
2019, the shareholders approved the Company&#8217;s 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, which provides for the granting of both incentive stock
options at the fair market value at the date of grant and nonqualified stock options at the fair market value at the date of grant to
employees or non-employees who, in the determination of the Board of Directors, have made or may make significant contributions to the
Company in the future. The Company may also award stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, or restricted stock units under this plan.
The Company initially reserved <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--CommonStockCapitalSharesReservedForFutureIssuance_iI_c20211231__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_zM1U6JAHRcK4" title="Shares of common stock reserved for issuance"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:CommonStockCapitalSharesReservedForFutureIssuance" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,400,000</ix:nonFraction></span> shares of its common stock for issuance under this plan, and <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant_iI_c20211231__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_zX9ze5srJELl" title="Shares available for issuance"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">485,500</ix:nonFraction></span> options and other awards
were available for issuance under this plan as of December 31, 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">At
the discretion of the Board of Directors, options expire in ten years or less from the date of grant and are generally fully exercisable
upon grant but in some cases may be subject to vesting in the future. Full payment of the exercise price may be made in cash or in shares
of common stock valued at the fair market value thereof on the date of exercise, or by agreeing with the Company to cancel a portion
of the exercised options.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company granted <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20210101__20211231_pdd" title="Number of options granted"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">198,000</ix:nonFraction></span> fully vested options during 2021 and recorded share-based compensation of $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231_zn01cgdFYFDc" title="Share based compensation"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensation" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">217,008</ix:nonFraction></span>. The Company granted <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20200101__20201231_zcvnA2mawD4h" title="Number of options granted"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">199,000</ix:nonFraction></span>
fully vested options during 2020 and recorded share-based compensation of $<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_c20200101__20201231_zyja3GnIp6c4" title="Share based compensation"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensation" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">327,554</ix:nonFraction></span>. The Company valued these grants using the Black-Scholes
option pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock"><p id="xdx_894_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock_zbYf5EI5jrUl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8BE_zzBCxiZatQR9" style="display: none">Schedule of Assumptions Used to Value Options Granted to Employees</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; width: 80%; margin-right: auto">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2021</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2020</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 64%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fair value on grant date</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20210101__20211231_zsYmZgDJbAYd" title="Fair value on grant date"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">1.10</ix:nonFraction></span></span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20200101__20201231_zLNheQHeWHPk" title="Fair value on grant date"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">1.65</ix:nonFraction></span></span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expected dividend yield</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_c20210101__20211231_z8kSUsrMDio8" title="Expected dividend yield"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0554">-</span></span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_c20200101__20201231_zThN3SXyWFai" title="Expected dividend yield"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0556">-</span></span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expected volatility</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_zuwCEbLrbOi7" title="Expected volatility"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">79</ix:nonFraction></span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231_zZiZEiMz0Vug" title="Expected volatility"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">73</ix:nonFraction></span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Risk free interest rate</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_zJO7UTZ13WVd" title="Risk free interest rate"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">1.26</ix:nonFraction></span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231_zXeTCWzC8pZi" title="Risk free interest rate"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">0.36</ix:nonFraction></span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expected term of the option</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20210101__20211231_zxXAw3PguPRc" title="Expected term of the option"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1">5</ix:nonNumeric></span>
                                            years</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20200101__20201231_zYJPQeRasPY8" title="Expected term of the option"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1">5</ix:nonNumeric></span>
                                            years</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  </table>

</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8AE_zcaDcTaSboPj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


<ix:exclude><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 67; Value: 1 -->
    <div style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; margin-bottom: 6pt"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%">F-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->15<!-- Field: /Sequence --></td></tr></table></div>
    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%">&#160;</td></tr></table></div>
    <!-- Field: /Page --></ix:exclude>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Activity
for stock options is summarized below:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfShareBasedCompensationStockOptionsActivityTableTextBlock"><p id="xdx_89C_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedCompensationStockOptionsActivityTableTextBlock_zhEdmSh7yeOd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">All
options are exercisable at December 31, 2021.</span></p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span id="xdx_8B1_z8wa7cz6dCsh" style="display: none">Schedule of Option Activity</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Number of Shares</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Weighted Average</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Weighted Average Remaining</span></p>
                                               <p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Contractual Term</span></p></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Aggregate Intrinsic</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Subject to Option</span></td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercise Price</span></td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center">
    (Years)</td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center">Value</td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 20%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at January 1, 2020</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z5Ed4lT9kIrh" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Beginning" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" contextRef="AsOf2019-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,548,351</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zqIfuQUUcDU5" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" contextRef="AsOf2019-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">3.68</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20190101__20191231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zGe188ufGCKl" title="Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Beginning"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2019-01-012019-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2">6.9</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_iS_pp0p0_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zBxyFV9nfw45" title="Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Beginning" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue" contextRef="AsOf2019-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">603,683</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Granted</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zA7W1fTM8NEf" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Granted" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">199,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zt5TXem7NMVc" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">2.79</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cancelled</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod_iN_di_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zYZjkFq7AVM4" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Cancelled" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0584">-</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercised</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_iN_di_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zhCPQFWYiJzj" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Exercised" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">450,091</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_ziC7s2pYo3gf" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">2.09</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at December 31, 2020</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zBp1Yi6qndO3" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Beginning" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,297,260</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zt31Ki7oU5k5" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">4.09</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zn7gcvpU9rZb" title="Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Beginning"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2">5.8</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_iS_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zXSvreYgcai3" title="Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Beginning" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue" contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">142,885</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Granted</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cancelled</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod_iN_di_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z9JIQx6i51Sl" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Cancelled" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">155,050</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zx7FoTFJtt4f" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Cancelled" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">5.38</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercised</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_iN_di_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zSJGy0nM1709" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Exercised" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">140,500</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zjInsGdH7Ifa" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">2.48</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at December 31, 2021</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iE_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zk2YQR7uP4Ci" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Ending" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,199,710</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iE_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z5NFa2B0ipci" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">3.67</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z0H0gQeNqFpk" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2">5.7</ix:nonNumeric></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_iE_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zYwra2BhaJAl" title="Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Ending" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_us-gaap_StockOptionMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">21,870</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  </table>

</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8A5_zAfbfKhZksb6" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-indent: 0.25in; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(ii)
Warrants and Non-Employee Options</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfStockholdersEquityNoteWarrantsOrRightsTextBlock"><p id="xdx_89C_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfStockholdersEquityNoteWarrantsOrRightsTextBlock_z3X627gxVptd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Activity
in warrants is summarized below:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8BC_zmUfz44iZj3a" style="display: none">Schedule of Warrant Activity</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 93%; margin-left: 0.5in">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Number of Shares Underlying</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Weighted Average</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Warrants
    Granted</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercise
    Price</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 60%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at January 1, 2020</span></td><td style="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20200101__20201231_z8guZnIm4lc9" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Beginning" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber" contextRef="AsOf2019-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,483,143</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98E_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20200101__20201231_z2Xch2FPLeJ8" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" contextRef="AsOf2019-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">2.13</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Issued</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8A9_z5XNxdWisFy" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
lieu of cash compensation, the Company has granted warrants to investors and non-employee options to consultants. These warrants and
non-employee options vested ratably over various terms ranging from <span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm_dtM_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__custom--NonEmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_z3sIl4UaHVgc" title="Warrants and non-employee options vested term"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember_us-gaap_WarrantMember_srt_MinimumMember" format="ixt-sec:durmonth" name="REFR:WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm">12</ix:nonNumeric></span> to <span id="xdx_900_ecustom--WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm_dtM_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__custom--NonEmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zkEbzKusE76g" title="Warrants and non-employee options vested term"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember_us-gaap_WarrantMember_srt_MaximumMember" format="ixt-sec:durmonth" name="REFR:WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm">59</ix:nonNumeric></span> months. The non-employee options are valued at fair value
at the time that the related services are provided using the Black-Scholes option valuation model and marked to market quarterly using
the Black-Scholes option valuation model. There are <span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding_iI_c20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__custom--NonEmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zIGf1sD2so" title="Warrants issued"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember_us-gaap_WarrantMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,399,991</ix:nonFraction></span> warrants issued to investors that are outstanding that are accounted for
as equity.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Warrants
and non-employee options generally expire in <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod_dc_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__custom--NonEmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zcJo9uIZFYL4" title="Option expiration period"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember_us-gaap_WarrantMember" format="ixt-sec:durwordsen" name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod">five years</ix:nonNumeric></span> from the date of issuance. At December 31, 2021, all warrants and non-employee
options outstanding were exercisable.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


<ix:exclude><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 68; Value: 1 -->
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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%">&#160;</td></tr></table></div>
    <!-- Field: /Page --></ix:exclude>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)
<span style="text-decoration: underline">Restricted Stock Grants</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">During
2021 and 2020, the Company did not issue restricted stock to its directors and employees.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="REFR:LicenseAndOtherAgreementsTextBlock"><p id="xdx_80A_ecustom--LicenseAndOtherAgreementsTextBlock_zREsMamKI2g1" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(7)
<span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="xdx_821_zgEqYftt8di4">License and Other Agreements</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has entered into a number of license agreements covering various products using the Company&#8217;s SPD technology. Some of these
license agreements are limited to specific countries and/or markets. Licensees of Research Frontiers who incorporate SPD technology into
end products pay Research Frontiers an earned royalty of <span id="xdx_905_ecustom--RoyaltyEarnedPercentage_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_z7lSq4DYPOfh" title="Royalty earned percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:RoyaltyEarnedPercentage" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_srt_MinimumMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">5</ix:nonFraction></span>-<span id="xdx_903_ecustom--RoyaltyEarnedPercentage_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_z2JOha2vlpZ7" title="Royalty earned percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:RoyaltyEarnedPercentage" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_srt_MaximumMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">15</ix:nonFraction></span>% of net sales of licensed products under license agreements currently in
effect and may also be required to pay Research Frontiers fees and minimum annual royalties. Licensees who sell products or components
to other licensees of Research Frontiers do not pay a royalty on such sale; Research Frontiers will collect such royalty from the licensee
incorporating such products or components into its own end-products. Research Frontiers&#8217; license agreements typically allow the
licensee to terminate the license after some period of time and give Research Frontiers only limited rights to terminate before the license
expires. Most licenses are non-exclusive and generally last as long as our patents remain in effect.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
March 14, 2019, the Company suspended its VariGuard SmartGlass business unit activities. Instead, the Company licensed a new entity to
pursue the business opportunities previously pursued by the Company&#8217;s VariGuard SmartGlass business unit. This new licensee continues
to use the VariGuard SmartGlass name. In addition to other employees at VariGuard SmartGlass Inc., one of the Company&#8217;s officers
(Michael R. LaPointe) and one former officer (Seth L. Van Voorhees) are shareholders of VariGuard SmartGlass Inc. and, as consequence,
this transaction is a related party relationship which has been reviewed and approved by the Company&#8217;s Board of Directors pursuant
to the requirements of Delaware corporate law and the Company&#8217;s Code of Ethics. Mr. LaPointe also remains a full-time employee
at the Company. In October 2021, the Company entered into an amendment to the license agreement with VariGuard modifying its scope
and terms.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:CommitmentsDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_80C_eus-gaap--CommitmentsDisclosureTextBlock_zmWOao95A2U3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(8)
<span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="xdx_822_zPkbb8cr2v1">Commitments</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has an employment agreement with its chief executive officer which provides for an annual base salary of $<span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--OfficersCompensation_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__srt--ChiefExecutiveOfficerMember_zEXffOuLz853" title="Annual base salary"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OfficersCompensation" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_srt_ChiefExecutiveOfficerMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">600,000</ix:nonFraction></span> for calendar
year 2022. This employment agreement has an evergreen provision that extends the term by <span id="xdx_901_ecustom--LeaseExpirationTerm_dc_c20210101__20211231_zMtgbL4woID4" title="Lease expiration term"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt-sec:durwordsen" name="REFR:LeaseExpirationTerm">one year</ix:nonNumeric></span> on the expiration date unless either
the Company or the employee has given notice that they will not be renewing the agreement upon the expiration of its term.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has a defined contribution profit sharing (401k) plan covering employees who have completed one year of service. Contributions
are made at the discretion of the Company. The Company did not make any contributions to this plan for 2021 or 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at its inception. This determination generally depends on whether the arrangement conveys
the right to control the use of an identified fixed asset explicitly or implicitly for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
Control of an underlying asset is conveyed if the Company obtains the rights to direct the use of, and to obtain substantially all of
the economic benefits from the use of, the underlying asset. Lease expense for variable leases and short-term leases is recognized when
the obligation is incurred.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has operating leases for certain facilities, vehicles and equipment with a weighted average remaining lease term of <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_iI_dtY_c20211231_zxEngzBA1FQ"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1">3.2</ix:nonNumeric> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">years
as of December 31, 2021. Operating leases are included in right of use lease assets, other current liabilities and long-term lease
liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. Right of use lease assets and liabilities are recognized at each lease&#8217;s
commencement date based on the present value of its lease payments over its respective lease term. The Company does not have an
established incremental borrowing rate as it does not have any debt. The Company uses the stated borrowing rate for a lease when
readily determinable. When the interest rate implicit in its lease agreements is not readily determinable, the Company uses
an interest rate based on the marketplace for public debt. The weighted average discount rate associated with operating leases as of
December 31, 2021 is <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_iI_dp_uPure_c20211231_zsT7BUvWubxa"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">5.5</ix:nonFraction></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


<ix:exclude><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 69; Value: 1 -->
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Subsequent
to the Company&#8217;s adoption of the new lease accounting guidance on January 1, 2019, the Company recorded new right of use lease
assets of approximately $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_iI_pp0p0_c20190102__us-gaap--AdjustmentsForNewAccountingPronouncementsAxis__us-gaap--AccountingStandardsUpdate201602Member_zD3nb5lUTiPa" title="Right of use lease assets"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset" contextRef="AsOf2019-01-02_us-gaap_AccountingStandardsUpdate201602Member" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">900,000</ix:nonFraction></span> and associated lease liabilities of approximately $<span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_pn5n6_c20190102__us-gaap--AdjustmentsForNewAccountingPronouncementsAxis__us-gaap--AccountingStandardsUpdate201602Member_zK3wGMHbtUKk" title="Lease liabilities"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiability" contextRef="AsOf2019-01-02_us-gaap_AccountingStandardsUpdate201602Member" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="-5" scale="6" unitRef="USD">1.1</ix:nonFraction></span> million.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock"><p id="xdx_890_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock_z0lYSxrQJxK4" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Maturities
of operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2021 were as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8BA_zBQxjjbnjnKk" style="display: none">Schedule of Minimum Annual Future Rental Commitments</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 70%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_490_20211231_zyzt1ggQTBfl" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center; font-weight: bold"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">December
    31, 2021</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_z03CnjG7Lj93" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 74%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Year 1</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 22%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">213,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40A_ecustom--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_zPiRBlQV9ska" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Years 2-3</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">439,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40A_ecustom--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_zoCFNKZjcq27" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Years 4-5</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">56,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_zmVMDCtpbTka" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Thereafter</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0679">&#160;</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_iTI_pp0p0_mtLOLLPzBsY_zcgQ8O8zHcg6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total lease payments</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">708,000</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_iNI_pp0p0_di_zTGXZCjip5Bj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Less: imputed lease
    interest</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">61,781</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_pp0p0_zWzWJzHAUKjj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Present value of lease liabilities</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiability" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">646,219</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  </table>

</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8A1_zVeCEhbLMiR3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" escape="true" name="REFR:RightsPlanDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_803_ecustom--RightsPlanDisclosureTextBlock_zKWvG9s9PI04" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(9)
<span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="xdx_82B_zHIF5fGMtx73">Rights Plan</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
February 2013, the Company&#8217;s Board of Directors adopted a Stockholders&#8217; Rights Plan (the &#8220;Rights Plan&#8221;) and declared
a dividend distribution of one right (a &#8220;Right&#8221;) for each outstanding share of Company common stock to stockholders of record
at the close of business on March 3, 2003 (&#8220;Record Time&#8221;) and authorized the issuance of one Right in respect of each share
of Common Stock issued after the Record Time and prior to the Separation Time.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8220;Separation
Time&#8221; shall mean the earlier of the Close of Business on the tenth Business Day (or such later date as the Board of Directors may
from time to time fix by resolution adopted prior to the Separation Time that otherwise would have occurred) following but not including
(i) the date on which any Person commences a tender or exchange offer that, if consummated, would result in such Person&#8217;s becoming
an Acquiring Person, and (ii) the date of the first event causing a Flip-in Date to occur; provided that if any tender or exchange offer
referred to in clause (i) of this paragraph is cancelled, terminated or otherwise withdrawn prior to the Separation Time without the
purchase of any shares of Common Stock pursuant thereto, such offer shall be deemed, for purposes of this paragraph, never to have been
made.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Subject
to certain exceptions listed in the Rights Plan, if a person or group has acquired beneficial ownership of, or commences a tender or
exchange offer for, <span id="xdx_90F_ecustom--PercentageOfAcquisitionThresholdInRightsAgreement_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_zyhkHvIIleE7" title="Percentage of acquisition threshold"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:PercentageOfAcquisitionThresholdInRightsAgreement" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">15</ix:nonFraction></span>% or more of the Company&#8217;s common stock, unless redeemed by the Company&#8217;s Board of Directors, each
Right entitles the holder (other than the acquiring person) to purchase from the Company $<span id="xdx_907_ecustom--ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231_zKDanikXr3eg" title="Value of stock covered by each right"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">80</ix:nonFraction></span> worth of common stock for $<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1_iI_c20211231_zwpKvauH3NWa" title="Exercise price of rights"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">40</ix:nonFraction></span>. If the Company
is merged into, or <span id="xdx_90B_ecustom--ClassOfWarrantOrRightControlThreshold_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_zRTppq2WrQzh" title="Threshold for change in control"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:ClassOfWarrantOrRightControlThreshold" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">50</ix:nonFraction></span>% or more of its assets or earning power is sold to, the acquiring company, the Rights will also enable the holder
(other than the acquiring person) to purchase $<span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231_zqjcc5KIa7a8" title="Value of stock covered by each right"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">80</ix:nonFraction></span> worth of common stock of the acquiring company for $<span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1_iI_c20211231_zQSdM94B8Jr2" title="Exercise price of rights"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1" contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">40</ix:nonFraction></span>. The Rights will expire at the
close of business on <span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--RightsPlanExpireDate_dd_c20210101__20211231_zn6lJwQkg3M" title="Rights plan expire date"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" format="ixt:datemonthdayyearen" name="REFR:RightsPlanExpireDate">February 11, 2023</ix:nonNumeric></span>, unless the Rights Plan is extended by the Company&#8217;s Board of Directors or unless the Rights
are earlier redeemed by the Company at a price of $<span id="xdx_901_ecustom--ClassOfWarrantOrRightRedemptionPrice_c20210101__20211231_zYGG5Rvly2d6" title="Redemption price"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:ClassOfWarrantOrRightRedemptionPrice" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">.0001</ix:nonFraction></span> per Right. The Rights are not exercisable during the time when they are redeemable
by the Company.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
above description highlights some of the features of the Company&#8217;s Rights Plan and is not a complete description of the Rights
Plan. A more detailed description and copy of the Rights Plan has been filed with the SEC and is available from the Company upon request.</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_81D_zmz3SbfiriH8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-21
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<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase"><B>Exhibit
21</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 85%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 15%"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>State
    or</B></FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Country
    of</B></FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Organization</B></FONT></P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Subsidiary
    of the Registrant:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SPD
Enterprises, Inc.</FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Delaware</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

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<TYPE>EX-23.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>ex23-1.htm
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<P STYLE="text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>Exhibit 23.1</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><U>Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting
Firm</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We consent to the incorporation by reference
in the Registration Statements on Form S-3 (Nos. 333-184785, 333-179099, 333-133858, 333-40369, 333-115052, 333-65219 and 333-159093)
and Form S-8 (Nos. 333-80575, 333-179097, 33-53030, 33-86910, 333-08623, 333-34163, 333-63374, 333-106754, 333-159094, 333-196746 and
333-237035) of Research Frontiers Incorporated of our report dated March 9, 2022, relating to the consolidated financial statements
of Research Frontiers Incorporated as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 and the years then ended included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K
of Research Frontiers Incorporated for the year ended December 31, 2021.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/ CohnReznick LLP</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">March 9, 2022</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Melville,</FONT> <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">
    New York</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<TYPE>EX-31.1
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>ex31-1.htm
<TEXT>
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<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>EXHIBIT 31.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>CERTIFICATION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">I, <B>Joseph M. Harary,</B> certify that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K
of Research Frontiers Incorporated (the &ldquo;registrant&rdquo;);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain
any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances
under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">3. Based on my knowledge, the consolidated financial
statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition,
results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">4. I am responsible for establishing and maintaining
disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting
(as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">a) Designed such disclosure controls
and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under my supervision, to ensure that material
information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to me by others within those entities,
particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">b) Designed such internal control over
financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under my supervision, to provide
reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes
in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the
registrant&rsquo;s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report my conclusions about the effectiveness of the
disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant&rsquo;s
internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant&rsquo;s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant&rsquo;s
fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the
registrant&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5. I have disclosed, based on my
most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant&rsquo;s auditors and the audit committee of the
registrant&rsquo;s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses
in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant&rsquo;s
ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves
management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Dated: March 9, 2022</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/ Joseph M. Harary</I></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Joseph M. Harary </FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">President, Chief Executive Officer and Acting Interim Chief Financial Officer</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-32.1
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>ex32-1.htm
<TEXT>
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</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>EXHIBIT 32.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center">CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center">18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center">AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center">SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In connection with
the Annual Report of Research Frontiers Incorporated (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 as
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the &ldquo;Report&rdquo;), I, Joseph M. Harary, President,
Chief Executive Officer, Acting Interim Chief Financial Officer and Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial
and Accounting Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley
Act of 2002, that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 48px; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">1.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">2.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/ Joseph M. Harary</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Joseph M. Harary</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">President, Chief Executive Officer, Acting Interim
    Chief Financial Officer and Principal Executive Officer and</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0">Principal Financial and Accounting Officer</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">March 9, 2022</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.CAL
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>refr-20211231_cal.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL CALCULATION FILE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_PPPLoanMember" xlink:label="REFR_PPPLoanMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_PPPLoanMember" xlink:to="REFR_PPPLoanMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_PPPLoanMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">PPP Loan [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2021/elts/srt-2021-01-31.xsd#srt_MajorCustomersAxis" xlink:label="srt_MajorCustomersAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_MajorCustomersAxis" xlink:to="srt_MajorCustomersAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_MajorCustomersAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Customer [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_CompanyOneMember" xlink:label="REFR_CompanyOneMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_CompanyOneMember" xlink:to="REFR_CompanyOneMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_CompanyOneMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Company One [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Concentration Risk Benchmark [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Revenue Benchmark [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Concentration Risk Type [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Customer Concentration Risk [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_CompanyTwoMember" xlink:label="REFR_CompanyTwoMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_CompanyTwoMember" xlink:to="REFR_CompanyTwoMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_CompanyTwoMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Company Two [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_CompanyThreeMember" xlink:label="REFR_CompanyThreeMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_CompanyThreeMember" xlink:to="REFR_CompanyThreeMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_CompanyThreeMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Company Three [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_LicenseAgreementMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">License Agreement [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2021/elts/srt-2021-01-31.xsd#srt_RangeAxis" xlink:label="srt_RangeAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_RangeAxis" xlink:to="srt_RangeAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_RangeAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statistical Measurement [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2021/elts/srt-2021-01-31.xsd#srt_MinimumMember" xlink:label="srt_MinimumMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_MinimumMember" xlink:to="srt_MinimumMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_MinimumMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Minimum [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2021/elts/srt-2021-01-31.xsd#srt_MaximumMember" xlink:label="srt_MaximumMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_MaximumMember" xlink:to="srt_MaximumMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_MaximumMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Maximum [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_LicenseOneMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseOneMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseOneMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseOneMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseOneMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">License One [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_LicenseTwoMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseTwoMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseTwoMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseTwoMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseTwoMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">License Two [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_LicenseThreeMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseThreeMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseThreeMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseThreeMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseThreeMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">License Three [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_LicenseFourMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseFourMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseFourMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseFourMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseFourMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">License Four [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_LicenseFiveMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseFiveMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseFiveMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseFiveMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseFiveMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">License Five [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Antidilutive Securities [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" xlink:label="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" xlink:to="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Options and Warrants [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2021/elts/srt-2021-01-31.xsd#srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis" xlink:label="srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis" xlink:to="srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of Individual [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember" xlink:label="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember" xlink:to="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Employees And Directors [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_FinancialInstrumentAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_FinancialInstrumentAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_FinancialInstrumentAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_FinancialInstrumentAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_FinancialInstrumentAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Financial Instrument [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_PutnamShortDurationBondMember" xlink:label="REFR_PutnamShortDurationBondMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_PutnamShortDurationBondMember" xlink:to="REFR_PutnamShortDurationBondMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_PutnamShortDurationBondMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Putnam Short Duration Bond [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_PutnamUltraShortDurationIncomeMember" xlink:label="REFR_PutnamUltraShortDurationIncomeMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_PutnamUltraShortDurationIncomeMember" xlink:to="REFR_PutnamUltraShortDurationIncomeMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_PutnamUltraShortDurationIncomeMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Long-Lived Tangible Asset [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_EquipmentAndFurnitureMember" xlink:label="REFR_EquipmentAndFurnitureMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_EquipmentAndFurnitureMember" xlink:to="REFR_EquipmentAndFurnitureMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_EquipmentAndFurnitureMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Equipment And Furniture [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_TradeShowMaterialsMember" xlink:label="REFR_TradeShowMaterialsMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_TradeShowMaterialsMember" xlink:to="REFR_TradeShowMaterialsMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_TradeShowMaterialsMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Trade Show Materials [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_AutosMember" xlink:label="REFR_AutosMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_AutosMember" xlink:to="REFR_AutosMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_AutosMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Autos [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LeaseholdImprovementsMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_LeaseholdImprovementsMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LeaseholdImprovementsMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_LeaseholdImprovementsMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LeaseholdImprovementsMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Leasehold Improvements [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_TaxPeriodAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_TaxPeriodAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_TaxPeriodAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_TaxPeriodAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_TaxPeriodAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Tax Period [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_TaxYear2018To2021Member" xlink:label="REFR_TaxYear2018To2021Member" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_TaxYear2018To2021Member" xlink:to="REFR_TaxYear2018To2021Member_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_TaxYear2018To2021Member_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Tax Year 2018 To 2021 [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_PlanNameAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_PlanNameAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PlanNameAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_PlanNameAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PlanNameAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Plan Name [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" xlink:label="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" xlink:to="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">2019 Equity Incentive Plan [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Option Indexed to Issuer's Equity, Type [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember" xlink:label="REFR_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember" xlink:to="REFR_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Non- Employee Stock Option [Member]</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Type</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Quarterly Report</link:label>
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(g) Security</link:label>
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" xlink:label="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Current Reporting Status</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" xlink:to="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Interactive Data Current</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityFilerCategory" xlink:label="dei_EntityFilerCategory" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFilerCategory_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Filer Category</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntitySmallBusiness_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Small Business</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Elected Not To Use the Extended Transition Period</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Accounting Standard</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other Reporting Standard Item Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityShellCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityShellCompany" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityShellCompany_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Shell Company</link:label>
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent" xlink:label="dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:label="dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Prepaid expenses and other current assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AssetsCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total current assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet" xlink:label="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet" xlink:to="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Fixed assets, net</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating lease ROU assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Deposits and other assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_Assets" xlink:label="us-gaap_Assets" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_Assets" xlink:to="us-gaap_Assets_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_Assets_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Liabilities and Shareholders&#8217; Equity</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current liabilities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current portion of operating lease liability</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accounts payable</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accrued expenses and other</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total current liabilities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating lease liability, net of current portion</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_Liabilities" xlink:label="us-gaap_Liabilities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_Liabilities" xlink:to="us-gaap_Liabilities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_Liabilities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total liabilities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Shareholders&#8217; equity:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockValue" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockValue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockValue" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockValue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockValue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share; authorized 100,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding 31,650,396 in 2021 and 31,575,786 in 2020</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock" xlink:to="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Additional paid-in capital</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit" xlink:label="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit" xlink:to="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accumulated deficit</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total shareholders&#8217; equity</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total liabilities and shareholders&#8217; equity</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Royalties receivables, reserves</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, par value</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, shares authorized</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, shares issued</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, shares outstanding</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Income Statement [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax" xlink:to="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Fee income</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" xlink:label="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" xlink:to="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Research and development</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingExpenses" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating loss</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OtherIncome" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherIncome" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherIncome" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherIncome_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherIncome_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">PPP loan forgiveness</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_NetInvestmentIncomeLoss" xlink:label="REFR_NetInvestmentIncomeLoss" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_NetInvestmentIncomeLoss" xlink:to="REFR_NetInvestmentIncomeLoss_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_NetInvestmentIncomeLoss_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net investment income (loss)</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net loss</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted" xlink:label="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted" xlink:to="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Basic and diluted net loss per common share</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted" xlink:label="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted" xlink:to="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted average number of common shares outstanding</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StatementTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statement [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StatementLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statement [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Beginning balance, value</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Beginning balance, shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:label="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:to="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise of options and warrants</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:label="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:to="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise of options and warrants, shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise of options</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise of options, shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue" xlink:to="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Share-based compensation</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net loss</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodEndLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Ending balance, value</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodEndLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Ending balance, shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statement of Cash Flows [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash flows from operating activities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DepreciationAndAmortization" xlink:label="us-gaap_DepreciationAndAmortization" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DepreciationAndAmortization" xlink:to="us-gaap_DepreciationAndAmortization_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DepreciationAndAmortization_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Depreciation and amortization</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss" xlink:label="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Unrealized loss on marketable securities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Share-based compensation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Bad debts</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherIncome" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherIncome_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherIncome_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other income - PPP loan forgiveness</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Change in assets and liabilities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable" xlink:label="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable" xlink:to="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty receivables</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Prepaid expenses and other current assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accounts payable and accrued expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Deferred revenue</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net cash used in operating activities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash flows from investing activities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment" xlink:to="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Purchases of fixed assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities" xlink:to="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Purchases of marketable securities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Sales of marketable securities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Proceeds from sale of fixed asset</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" />
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" xlink:to="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Concentration risk percentage</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice" xlink:to="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty rate on selling price</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax" xlink:to="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Revenue from Contract with Customer, Excluding Assessed Tax</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" xlink:to="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share, Amount</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_RecognizedBenefitMeasured" xlink:label="REFR_RecognizedBenefitMeasured" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RecognizedBenefitMeasured" xlink:to="REFR_RecognizedBenefitMeasured_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_RecognizedBenefitMeasured_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Recognized benefit measured</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Share based compensation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ScheduleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipmentTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipmentTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ScheduleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipmentTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_ScheduleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipmentTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipmentTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Property, Plant and Equipment [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross" xlink:label="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross" xlink:to="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Fixed assets, gross</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife" xlink:label="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife" xlink:to="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Estimated useful life</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment" xlink:to="us-gaap_AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Less accumulated depreciation and amortization</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_EmployeeRelatedLiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_EmployeeRelatedLiabilitiesCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EmployeeRelatedLiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_EmployeeRelatedLiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EmployeeRelatedLiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Payroll, bonuses and related benefits</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Professional services</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accrued expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsPropertyPlantAndEquipment" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsPropertyPlantAndEquipment" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsPropertyPlantAndEquipment" xlink:to="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsPropertyPlantAndEquipment_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsPropertyPlantAndEquipment_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Depreciation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseReservesAndAccrualsAllowanceForDoubtfulAccounts" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseReservesAndAccrualsAllowanceForDoubtfulAccounts" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseReservesAndAccrualsAllowanceForDoubtfulAccounts" xlink:to="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseReservesAndAccrualsAllowanceForDoubtfulAccounts_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseReservesAndAccrualsAllowanceForDoubtfulAccounts_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Allowance for bad debts</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards" xlink:to="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net operating loss carryforwards</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost" xlink:to="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock option expense</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch" xlink:to="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Research and other credits</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOther" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOther" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOther" xlink:to="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOther_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOther_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other temporary differences</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsGross" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsGross" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsGross" xlink:to="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsGross_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsGross_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total gross deferred tax assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" xlink:to="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Less valuation allowance</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsNet" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsNet" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsNet" xlink:to="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsNet_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsNet_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Deferred tax assets, net</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Income tax provision at federal statutory rate</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherReconcilingItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherReconcilingItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherReconcilingItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherReconcilingItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherReconcilingItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Permanent differences</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherAdjustments" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherAdjustments" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherAdjustments_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Expired carryforwards and other</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Valuation allowance</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total income tax provision</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsTable" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating Loss Carryforwards [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsLineItems" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwards" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwards" />
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription" xlink:to="REFR_OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net operating loss carry-forward expiration description</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Fair value on grant date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Expected dividend yield</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Expected volatility</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Risk free interest rate</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Expected term of the option</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Option Indexed to Issuer's Equity [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Option Indexed to Issuer's Equity [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of Shares Subject to Option, Beginning</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Beginning</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Beginning</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of Shares Subject to Option, Granted</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of Shares Subject to Option, Cancelled</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of Shares Subject to Option, Exercised</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted Average Exercise Price, Cancelled</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodEndLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of Shares Subject to Option, Ending</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodEndLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodEndLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Ending</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Beginning</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:label="REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Exercised</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitureInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitureInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitureInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitures" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitures" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitures" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitures_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitures_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Terminated</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Issued</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodEndLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Ending</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodEndLabel" xlink:label="REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of shares issued during the period</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockCapitalSharesReservedForFutureIssuance" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockCapitalSharesReservedForFutureIssuance" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockCapitalSharesReservedForFutureIssuance" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockCapitalSharesReservedForFutureIssuance_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockCapitalSharesReservedForFutureIssuance_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Shares of common stock reserved for issuance</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Shares available for issuance</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of options granted</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm" xlink:to="REFR_WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrants and non-employee options vested term</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrants issued</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Option expiration period</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_RoyaltyEarnedPercentage" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltyEarnedPercentage" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RoyaltyEarnedPercentage" xlink:to="REFR_RoyaltyEarnedPercentage_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltyEarnedPercentage_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty earned percentage</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Year 1</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree" xlink:label="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree" xlink:to="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Years 2-3</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive" xlink:label="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive" xlink:to="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Years 4-5</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Thereafter</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total lease payments</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Less: imputed lease interest</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Present value of lease liabilities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ScheduleOfDeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsByTitleOfIndividualAndByTypeOfDeferredCompensationTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfDeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsByTitleOfIndividualAndByTypeOfDeferredCompensationTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ScheduleOfDeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsByTitleOfIndividualAndByTypeOfDeferredCompensationTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_ScheduleOfDeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsByTitleOfIndividualAndByTypeOfDeferredCompensationTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfDeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsByTitleOfIndividualAndByTypeOfDeferredCompensationTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Schedule of Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Excluding Share-based Payments and Postretirement Benefits, by Title of Individual and by Type of Deferred Compensation [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Excluding Share-based Payments and Postretirement Benefits [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OfficersCompensation" xlink:label="us-gaap_OfficersCompensation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OfficersCompensation" xlink:to="us-gaap_OfficersCompensation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OfficersCompensation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Annual base salary</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_LeaseExpirationTerm" xlink:label="REFR_LeaseExpirationTerm" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LeaseExpirationTerm" xlink:to="REFR_LeaseExpirationTerm_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LeaseExpirationTerm_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Lease expiration term</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating Lease, Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating Lease, Weighted Average Discount Rate, Percent</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Right of use lease assets</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Lease liabilities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_PercentageOfAcquisitionThresholdInRightsAgreement" xlink:label="REFR_PercentageOfAcquisitionThresholdInRightsAgreement" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_PercentageOfAcquisitionThresholdInRightsAgreement" xlink:to="REFR_PercentageOfAcquisitionThresholdInRightsAgreement_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_PercentageOfAcquisitionThresholdInRightsAgreement_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Percentage of acquisition threshold</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered" xlink:label="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered" xlink:to="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Value of stock covered by each right</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1" xlink:to="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise price of rights</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightControlThreshold" xlink:label="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightControlThreshold" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightControlThreshold" xlink:to="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightControlThreshold_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightControlThreshold_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Threshold for change in control</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_RightsPlanExpireDate" xlink:label="REFR_RightsPlanExpireDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RightsPlanExpireDate" xlink:to="REFR_RightsPlanExpireDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_RightsPlanExpireDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Rights plan expire date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightRedemptionPrice" xlink:label="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightRedemptionPrice" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightRedemptionPrice" xlink:to="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightRedemptionPrice_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightRedemptionPrice_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Redemption price</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent" xlink:to="REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Royalties receivable net current.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:to="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Stock issued during period shares stock options and warrants exercised.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:to="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Stock issued during period value stock options and warrants exercised.</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_OtherIncomeLoanForgiveness" xlink:label="REFR_OtherIncomeLoanForgiveness" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_OtherIncomeLoanForgiveness" xlink:to="REFR_OtherIncomeLoanForgiveness_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_OtherIncomeLoanForgiveness_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Other income loan forgiveness.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable" xlink:to="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Increase decrease in royalty receivable.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:to="REFR_ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Proceeds from stock options and warrants exercised.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WorkingCapital" xlink:to="REFR_WorkingCapital_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_WorkingCapital_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Working capital.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses" xlink:to="REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Non-recurring cash expenses.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_PPPLoanMember" xlink:to="REFR_PPPLoanMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_PPPLoanMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">PPP Loan [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RestrictedStockPolicyTextBlock" xlink:to="REFR_RestrictedStockPolicyTextBlock_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_RestrictedStockPolicyTextBlock_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Restricted stock [Policy Text Block]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_PutnamShortDurationBondMember" xlink:to="REFR_PutnamShortDurationBondMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_PutnamShortDurationBondMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Putnam short duration bond [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_PutnamUltraShortDurationIncomeMember" xlink:to="REFR_PutnamUltraShortDurationIncomeMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_PutnamUltraShortDurationIncomeMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Putnam ultra short duration income [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_CompanyOneMember" xlink:to="REFR_CompanyOneMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_CompanyOneMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Company One [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_CompanyTwoMember" xlink:to="REFR_CompanyTwoMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_CompanyTwoMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Company two [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_CompanyThreeMember" xlink:to="REFR_CompanyThreeMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_CompanyThreeMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Company three [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice" xlink:to="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty rate on selling price.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">License agreement [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseOneMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseOneMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseOneMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">License one [Member].</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseTwoMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseTwoMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseTwoMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">License Two [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseThreeMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseThreeMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseThreeMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">License Three [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseFourMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseFourMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseFourMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">License Four [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseFiveMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseFiveMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseFiveMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">License Five [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" xlink:to="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Options and Warrants [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RecognizedBenefitMeasured" xlink:to="REFR_RecognizedBenefitMeasured_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_RecognizedBenefitMeasured_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Recognized benefit measured.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember" xlink:to="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Employees and Directors [Member].</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_EquipmentAndFurnitureMember" xlink:to="REFR_EquipmentAndFurnitureMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_EquipmentAndFurnitureMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Equipment and furniture [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_TradeShowMaterialsMember" xlink:to="REFR_TradeShowMaterialsMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_TradeShowMaterialsMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Trade show materials [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription" xlink:to="REFR_OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Net operating loss carry-forward expiration description.</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20211231.xsd#REFR_NetOperatingLossCarryforwardIndefinitely" xlink:label="REFR_NetOperatingLossCarryforwardIndefinitely" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_NetOperatingLossCarryforwardIndefinitely" xlink:to="REFR_NetOperatingLossCarryforwardIndefinitely_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_NetOperatingLossCarryforwardIndefinitely_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Net operating loss carry-forward indefinitely.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm" xlink:to="REFR_WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm_doc" xml:lang="en-US">warrants and non-employee options vested term.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember" xlink:to="REFR_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Non- Employee Stock Option [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted average price at which grantees can acquire the shares reserved for issuance under the non-option equity plan.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitureInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice" xlink:to="REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitureInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitureInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted average per share amount at which forfeitures can acquire shares of common stock by exercise of non-option equity .</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseAndOtherAgreementsTextBlock" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseAndOtherAgreementsTextBlock_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseAndOtherAgreementsTextBlock_doc" xml:lang="en-US">License and other agreements [Text Block]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RoyaltyEarnedPercentage" xlink:to="REFR_RoyaltyEarnedPercentage_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltyEarnedPercentage_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty earned percentage.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree" xlink:to="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payments for operating lease, due in second and third fiscal year following latest fiscal year.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive" xlink:to="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payments for operating lease, due in fouth and fifth fiscal year following latest fiscal year.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RightsPlanDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:to="REFR_RightsPlanDisclosureTextBlock_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_RightsPlanDisclosureTextBlock_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Rights plan disclosure [Text Block]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_PercentageOfAcquisitionThresholdInRightsAgreement" xlink:to="REFR_PercentageOfAcquisitionThresholdInRightsAgreement_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_PercentageOfAcquisitionThresholdInRightsAgreement_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Percentage of acquisition threshold in rights agreement.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered" xlink:to="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Class Of Warrant Or Right, Amount Of Stock Covered.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightControlThreshold" xlink:to="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightControlThreshold_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightControlThreshold_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Class Of Warrant Or Right, Control Threshold.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RightsPlanExpireDate" xlink:to="REFR_RightsPlanExpireDate_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_RightsPlanExpireDate_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Rights plan expire date.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightRedemptionPrice" xlink:to="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightRedemptionPrice_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightRedemptionPrice_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Class Of Warrant Or Right, Redemption Price.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_CashAndCashEquivalentsAndMarketableSecurities" xlink:to="REFR_CashAndCashEquivalentsAndMarketableSecurities_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_CashAndCashEquivalentsAndMarketableSecurities_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_AutosMember" xlink:to="REFR_AutosMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_AutosMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Autos [Member]</link:label>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>10
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792060012392">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Mar. 09, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">10-K<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentAnnualReport', window );">Document Annual Report</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentTransitionReport', window );">Document Transition Report</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Dec. 31,  2021<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus', window );">Document Fiscal Period Focus</a></td>
<td class="text">FY<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus', window );">Document Fiscal Year Focus</a></td>
<td class="text">2021<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate', window );">Current Fiscal Year End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">--12-31<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">000-14893<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000793524<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">11-2103466<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">240
    CROSSWAYS PARK DRIVE<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">WOODBURY<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">NY<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">11797-2033<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">516<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">364-1902<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common
    Stock, $0.0001 Par Value<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">REFR<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer', window );">Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer</a></td>
<td class="text">No<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers', window );">Entity Voluntary Filers</a></td>
<td class="text">No<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus', window );">Entity Current Reporting Status</a></td>
<td class="text">Yes<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent', window );">Entity Interactive Data Current</a></td>
<td class="text">Yes<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFilerCategory', window );">Entity Filer Category</a></td>
<td class="text">Non-accelerated Filer<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntitySmallBusiness', window );">Entity Small Business</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityShellCompany', window );">Entity Shell Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityPublicFloat', window );">Entity Public Float</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 65,419,119<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding', window );">Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">31,650,396<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AuditorFirmId', window );">Auditor Firm ID</a></td>
<td class="text">596<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AuditorName', window );">Auditor Name</a></td>
<td class="text">CohnReznick LLP<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AuditorLocation', window );">Auditor Location</a></td>
<td class="text">Melville,<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AuditorFirmId">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>PCAOB issued Audit Firm Identifier</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 10-K<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 310<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 20-F<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 220<br> -Subsection f<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 40-F<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 240<br> -Subsection f<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AuditorFirmId</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:nonemptySequenceNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AuditorLocation">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 10-K<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 310<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 20-F<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 220<br> -Subsection f<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 40-F<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 240<br> -Subsection f<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AuditorLocation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:internationalNameItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AuditorName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 10-K<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 310<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 20-F<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 220<br> -Subsection f<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 40-F<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 240<br> -Subsection f<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AuditorName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:internationalNameItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>End date of current fiscal year in the format --MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:gMonthDayItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentAnnualReport">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true only for a form used as an annual report.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 10-K<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 310<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 20-F<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 220<br> -Subsection f<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 40-F<br> -Number 249<br> -Section 240<br> -Subsection f<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentAnnualReport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Fiscal period values are FY, Q1, Q2, and Q3.  1st, 2nd and 3rd quarter 10-Q or 10-QT statements have value Q1, Q2, and Q3 respectively, with 10-K, 10-KT or other fiscal year statements having FY.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fiscalPeriodItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>This is focus fiscal year of the document report in YYYY format. For a 2006 annual report, which may also provide financial information from prior periods, fiscal 2006 should be given as the fiscal year focus. Example: 2006.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:gYearItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentTransitionReport">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true only for a form used as a transition report.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Forms 10-K, 10-Q, 20-F<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13<br> -Subsection a-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentTransitionReport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate number of shares or other units outstanding of each of registrant's classes of capital or common stock or other ownership interests, if and as stated on cover of related periodic report. Where multiple classes or units exist define each class/interest by adding class of stock items such as Common Class A [Member], Common Class B [Member] or Partnership Interest [Member] onto the Instrument [Domain] of the Entity Listings, Instrument.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate 'Yes' or 'No' whether registrants (1) have filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that registrants were required to file such reports), and (2) have been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. This information should be based on the registrant's current or most recent filing containing the related disclosure.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:yesNoItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFilerCategory">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate whether the registrant is one of the following: Large Accelerated Filer, Accelerated Filer, Non-accelerated Filer. Definitions of these categories are stated in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. This information should be based on the registrant's current or most recent filing containing the related disclosure.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFilerCategory</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:filerCategoryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation S-T<br> -Number 232<br> -Section 405<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:yesNoItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityPublicFloat">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityPublicFloat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityShellCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the registrant is a shell company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityShellCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntitySmallBusiness">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicates that the company is a Smaller Reporting Company (SRC).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntitySmallBusiness</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate 'Yes' or 'No' if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:yesNoItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate 'Yes' or 'No' if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Is used on Form Type: 10-K, 10-Q, 8-K, 20-F, 6-K, 10-K/A, 10-Q/A, 20-F/A, 6-K/A, N-CSR, N-Q, N-1A.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 405<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:yesNoItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_TradingSymbol">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792062816136">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract', window );"><strong>Current assets:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue', window );">Cash and cash equivalents</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 269,964<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4,772,705<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent', window );">Marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">2,755,111<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent', window );">Royalties receivable, net of reserves of $1,016,678 in 2021 and $972,202 in 2020</a></td>
<td class="nump">831,636<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">598,292<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent', window );">Prepaid expenses and other current assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">92,931<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">56,512<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrent', window );">Total current assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">3,949,642<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">5,427,509<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet', window );">Fixed assets, net</a></td>
<td class="nump">92,954<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">121,772<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset', window );">Operating lease ROU assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">469,824<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">616,442<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent', window );">Deposits and other assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">33,567<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">33,567<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_Assets', window );">Total assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">4,545,987<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">6,199,290<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract', window );"><strong>Current liabilities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent', window );">Current portion of operating lease liability</a></td>
<td class="nump">182,091<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">166,377<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent', window );">Accounts payable</a></td>
<td class="nump">66,460<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">33,410<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent', window );">Accrued expenses and other</a></td>
<td class="nump">49,385<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">26,279<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent', window );">Total current liabilities</a></td>
<td class="nump">297,936<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">226,066<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent', window );">Operating lease liability, net of current portion</a></td>
<td class="nump">464,128<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">646,219<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_Liabilities', window );">Total liabilities</a></td>
<td class="nump">762,064<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">872,285<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract', window );"><strong>Shareholders&#8217; equity:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockValue', window );">Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share; authorized 100,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding 31,650,396 in 2021 and 31,575,786 in 2020</a></td>
<td class="nump">3,165<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,158<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock', window );">Additional paid-in capital</a></td>
<td class="nump">123,467,886<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">123,164,623<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit', window );">Accumulated deficit</a></td>
<td class="num">(119,687,128)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(117,840,776)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Total shareholders&#8217; equity</a></td>
<td class="nump">3,783,923<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">5,327,005<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity', window );">Total liabilities and shareholders&#8217; equity</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 4,545,987<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 6,199,290<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Royalties receivable net current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Carrying value as of the balance sheet date of liabilities incurred (and for which invoices have typically been received) and payable to vendors for goods and services received that are used in an entity's business. Used to reflect the current portion of the liabilities (due within one year or within the normal operating cycle if longer).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.19(a))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Carrying value as of the balance sheet date of obligations incurred and payable, pertaining to costs that are statutory in nature, are incurred on contractual obligations, or accumulate over time and for which invoices have not yet been received or will not be rendered. Examples include taxes, interest, rent and utilities. Used to reflect the current portion of the liabilities (due within one year or within the normal operating cycle if longer).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.20)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Value received from shareholders in common stock-related transactions that are in excess of par value or stated value and amounts received from other stock-related transactions. Includes only common stock transactions (excludes preferred stock transactions). May be called contributed capital, capital in excess of par, capital surplus, or paid-in capital.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30)(a)(1))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_Assets">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Sum of the carrying amounts as of the balance sheet date of all assets that are recognized. Assets are probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by an entity as a result of past transactions or events.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-03(11))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120398452&amp;loc=d3e534808-122878<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iii)(A))<br> -URI 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-Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iii)(B))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442552-122756<br><br>Reference 17: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 810<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (bb)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123419778&amp;loc=d3e5710-111685<br><br>Reference 18: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(5))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442552-122756<br><br>Reference 19: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 810<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 25<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI 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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_Assets</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Sum of the carrying amounts as of the balance sheet date of all assets that are expected to be realized in cash, sold, or consumed within one year (or the normal operating cycle, if longer). Assets are probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by an entity as a result of past transactions or events.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AssetsCurrent</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of currency on hand as well as demand deposits with banks or financial institutions. Includes other kinds of accounts that have the general characteristics of demand deposits. Also includes short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates. Excludes cash and cash equivalents within disposal group and discontinued operation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3044-108585<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e6676-107765<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.1)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Aggregate par or stated value of issued nonredeemable common stock (or common stock redeemable solely at the option of the issuer). This item includes treasury stock repurchased by the entity. Note: elements for number of nonredeemable common shares, par value and other disclosure concepts are in another section within stockholders' equity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Sum of the carrying amounts as of the balance sheet date of all liabilities that are recognized. Liabilities are probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations of an entity to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.19-26)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 7<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124433192&amp;loc=SL2890621-112765<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 30<br> -Subparagraph (d)<br> -URI 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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_Liabilities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of liabilities and equity items, including the portion of equity attributable to noncontrolling interests, if any.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 323<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=114001798&amp;loc=d3e33918-111571<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-03(23))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120398452&amp;loc=d3e534808-122878<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(25))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120400017&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(ii))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(32))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123596393&amp;loc=d3e14064-108612<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total obligations incurred as part of normal operations that are expected to be paid during the following twelve months or within one business cycle, if longer.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 7<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124433192&amp;loc=SL2890621-112765<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iii)(A))<br> -URI 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-Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123596393&amp;loc=d3e14064-108612<br><br>Reference 20: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.21)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of investment in marketable security, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e6676-107765<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Present value of lessee's discounted obligation for lease payments from operating lease, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123391704&amp;loc=SL77918627-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Present value of lessee's discounted obligation for lease payments from operating lease, classified as noncurrent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123391704&amp;loc=SL77918627-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's right to use underlying asset under operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123391704&amp;loc=SL77918627-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of noncurrent assets classified as other.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.17)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of asset related to consideration paid in advance for costs that provide economic benefits in future periods, and amount of other assets that are expected to be realized or consumed within one year or the normal operating cycle, if longer.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(7))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e6676-107765<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(8))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount after accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization of physical assets used in the normal conduct of business to produce goods and services and not intended for resale. Examples include, but are not limited to, land, buildings, machinery and equipment, office equipment, and furniture and fixtures.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(14))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 360<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6391035&amp;loc=d3e2868-110229<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(8))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120400017&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 360<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124429447&amp;loc=SL124453093-239630<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(13))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cumulative amount of the reporting entity's undistributed earnings or deficit.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30)(a)(3))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 15<br> -Subparagraph (g)(2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121322162&amp;loc=SL121327923-165333<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(23)(a)(4))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120400017&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (h)(2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124501264&amp;loc=SL117420844-207641<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120397183&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (g)(2)(i)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124501264&amp;loc=SL117420844-207641<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total of all stockholders' equity (deficit) items, net of receivables from officers, directors, owners, and affiliates of the entity which are attributable to the parent. The amount of the economic entity's stockholders' equity attributable to the parent excludes the amount of stockholders' equity which is allocable to that ownership interest in subsidiary equity which is not attributable to the parent (noncontrolling interest, minority interest). This excludes temporary equity and is sometimes called permanent equity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(ii))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 4.E)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122038336&amp;loc=d3e74512-122707<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(31))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123596393&amp;loc=d3e14064-108612<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 323<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=114001798&amp;loc=d3e33918-111571<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockholdersEquity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>13
<FILENAME>R3.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792059988664">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract', window );"><strong>Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent', window );">Royalties receivables, reserves</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,016,678<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 972,202<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare', window );">Common stock, par value</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.0001<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.0001<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized', window );">Common stock, shares authorized</a></td>
<td class="nump">100,000,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">100,000,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued', window );">Common stock, shares issued</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,650,396<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">31,575,786<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding', window );">Common stock, shares outstanding</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,650,396<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">31,575,786<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of allowance for credit loss on accounts receivable, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(4)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123577603&amp;loc=d3e5074-111524<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 326<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124255206&amp;loc=SL82895884-210446<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Face amount or stated value per share of common stock.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The maximum number of common shares permitted to be issued by an entity's charter and bylaws.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total number of common shares of an entity that have been sold or granted to shareholders (includes common shares that were issued, repurchased and remain in the treasury). These shares represent capital invested by the firm's shareholders and owners, and may be all or only a portion of the number of shares authorized. Shares issued include shares outstanding and shares held in the treasury.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of shares of common stock outstanding. Common stock represent the ownership interest in a corporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123467817&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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</div>
</body>
</html>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>14
<FILENAME>R4.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792062694472">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract', window );"><strong>Income Statement [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax', window );">Fee income</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,263,034<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 828,450<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense', window );">Operating expenses</a></td>
<td class="nump">2,521,849<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,777,535<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense', window );">Research and development</a></td>
<td class="nump">580,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">628,304<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingExpenses', window );">Total expenses</a></td>
<td class="nump">3,101,849<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,405,839<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss', window );">Operating loss</a></td>
<td class="num">(1,838,815)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(2,577,389)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherIncome', window );">PPP loan forgiveness</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">202,052<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_NetInvestmentIncomeLoss', window );">Net investment income (loss)</a></td>
<td class="num">(7,537)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">34,473<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (1,846,352)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (2,340,864)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted', window );">Basic and diluted net loss per common share</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (0.06)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (0.07)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted', window );">Weighted average number of common shares outstanding</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,646,520<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">31,487,785<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_NetInvestmentIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Net investment income (loss).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_NetInvestmentIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of net income or loss for the period per each share in instances when basic and diluted earnings per share are the same amount and reported as a single line item on the face of the financial statements.  Basic earnings per share is the amount of net income or loss for the period per each share of common stock or unit outstanding during the reporting period.  Diluted earnings per share includes the amount of net income or loss for the period available to each share of common stock or common unit outstanding during the reporting period and to each share or unit that would have been outstanding assuming the issuance of common shares or units for all dilutive potential common shares or units outstanding during the reporting period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 7<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=125511455&amp;loc=d3e1337-109256<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04(22))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120399700&amp;loc=SL114874048-224260<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI 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Codification<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)(2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124431687&amp;loc=d3e22499-107794<br><br>Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(4)(iv))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442526-122756<br><br>Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(4)(iii)(A))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442526-122756<br><br>Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> 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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingExpenses">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Generally recurring costs associated with normal operations except for the portion of these expenses which can be clearly related to production and included in cost of sales or services. Includes selling, general and administrative expense.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingExpenses</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The net result for the period of deducting operating expenses from operating revenues.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 31<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8924-108599<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 30<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8906-108599<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of general expenses not normally included in Other Operating Costs and Expenses.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03.6)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123367319&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherIncome">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of revenue and income classified as other.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-04.4)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120400993&amp;loc=SL114874131-224263<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherIncome</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The aggregate costs incurred (1) in a planned search or critical investigation aimed at discovery of new knowledge with the hope that such knowledge will be useful in developing a new product or service, a new process or technique, or in bringing about a significant improvement to an existing product or process; or (2) to translate research findings or other knowledge into a plan or design for a new product or process or for a significant improvement to an existing product or process whether intended for sale or the entity's use, during the reporting period charged to research and development projects, including the costs of developing computer software up to the point in time of achieving technological feasibility, and costs allocated in accounting for a business combination to in-process projects deemed to have no alternative future use.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 912<br> -SubTopic 730<br> -Section 25<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6472174&amp;loc=d3e58812-109433<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 985<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6501960&amp;loc=d3e128462-111756<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 730<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6420194&amp;loc=d3e21568-108373<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount, excluding tax collected from customer, of revenue from satisfaction of performance obligation by transferring promised good or service to customer. Tax collected from customer is tax assessed by governmental authority that is both imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue-producing transaction, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added and excise.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 30<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8906-108599<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 40<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e9031-108599<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 41<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e9038-108599<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123351226&amp;loc=SL49130543-203045<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br><br>Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 42<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e9054-108599<br><br>Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 5<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123351226&amp;loc=SL49130545-203045<br><br>Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 924<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.L)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6472922&amp;loc=d3e499488-122856<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Average number of shares or units issued and outstanding that are used in calculating basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792061492616">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Common Stock [Member]</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Retained Earnings [Member]</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Total</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Beginning balance, value at Dec. 31, 2019</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,125<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 122,552,895<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (115,499,912)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 7,056,108<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Beginning balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2019</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,254,262<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised', window );">Exercise of options and warrants</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 33<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">284,174<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">284,207<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised', window );">Exercise of options and warrants, shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">321,524<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue', window );">Share-based compensation</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">327,554<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">327,554<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(2,340,864)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(2,340,864)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Ending balance, value at Dec. 31, 2020</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,158<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">123,164,623<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(117,840,776)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">5,327,005<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Ending balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2020</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,575,786<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised', window );">Exercise of options</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 7<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">86,255<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">86,262<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised', window );">Exercise of options, shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">74,610<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue', window );">Share-based compensation</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">217,008<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">217,008<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(1,846,352)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(1,846,352)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Ending balance, value at Dec. 31, 2021</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,165<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 123,467,886<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (119,687,128)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,783,923<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Ending balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2021</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,650,396<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Stock issued during period shares stock options and warrants exercised.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Stock issued during period value stock options and warrants exercised.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase to additional paid-in capital (APIC) for recognition of cost for award under share-based payment arrangement.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122142933&amp;loc=d3e11149-113907<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5047-113901<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122142933&amp;loc=d3e11178-113907<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 35<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123468992&amp;loc=d3e4534-113899<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04(22))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120399700&amp;loc=SL114874048-224260<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI 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Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iii)(A))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442552-122756<br><br>Reference 34: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 30<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8906-108599<br><br>Reference 35: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of shares issued which are neither cancelled nor held in the treasury.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharesOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of share options (or share units) exercised during the current period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120397183&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(28))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123467817&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Value of stock issued as a result of the exercise of stock options.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123467817&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120397183&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.29-31)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total of all stockholders' equity (deficit) items, net of receivables from officers, directors, owners, and affiliates of the entity which are attributable to the parent. The amount of the economic entity's stockholders' equity attributable to the parent excludes the amount of stockholders' equity which is allocable to that ownership interest in subsidiary equity which is not attributable to the parent (noncontrolling interest, minority interest). This excludes temporary equity and is sometimes called permanent equity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(ii))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 4.E)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122038336&amp;loc=d3e74512-122707<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(31))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123596393&amp;loc=d3e14064-108612<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 323<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=114001798&amp;loc=d3e33918-111571<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockholdersEquity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792060502680">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Cash flows from operating activities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (1,846,352)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (2,340,864)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DepreciationAndAmortization', window );">Depreciation and amortization</a></td>
<td class="nump">10,136<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">67,082<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss', window );">Unrealized loss on marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">28,522<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation', window );">Share-based compensation</a></td>
<td class="nump">217,008<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">327,554<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts', window );">Bad debts</a></td>
<td class="nump">44,476<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">81,367<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherIncome', window );">Other income - PPP loan forgiveness</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(202,052)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract', window );"><strong>Change in assets and liabilities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable', window );">Royalty receivables</a></td>
<td class="num">(277,819)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(23,597)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets', window );">Prepaid expenses and other current assets</a></td>
<td class="num">(36,420)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,323<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities', window );">Accounts payable and accrued expenses</a></td>
<td class="nump">56,156<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(156,770)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability', window );">Deferred revenue</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(7,734)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities', window );">Net cash used in operating activities</a></td>
<td class="num">(1,804,293)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(2,252,691)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Cash flows from investing activities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment', window );">Purchases of fixed assets</a></td>
<td class="num">(1,077)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(56,536)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities', window );">Purchases of marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="num">(3,433,633)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities', window );">Sales of marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">650,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment', window );">Proceeds from sale of fixed asset</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,713<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities', window );">Net cash used in investing activities</a></td>
<td class="num">(2,784,710)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(52,823)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Cash flows from financing activities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised', window );">Net proceeds from exercise of options and warrants</a></td>
<td class="nump">86,262<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">284,207<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceOfDebt', window );">Proceeds from PPP loan</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">202,052<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities', window );">Net cash provided by financing activities</a></td>
<td class="nump">86,262<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">486,259<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect', window );">Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents</a></td>
<td class="num">(4,502,741)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(1,819,255)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations', window );">Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year</a></td>
<td class="nump">4,772,705<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">6,591,960<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations', window );">Cash and cash equivalents at end of year</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 269,964<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4,772,705<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Increase decrease in royalty receivable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Proceeds from stock options and warrants exercised.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash and cash equivalents, and cash and cash equivalents restricted to withdrawal or usage; including, but not limited to, disposal group and discontinued operations. Cash includes, but is not limited to, currency on hand, demand deposits with banks or financial institutions, and other accounts with general characteristics of demand deposits. Cash equivalents include, but are not limited to, short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123431023&amp;loc=SL98516268-108586<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3044-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and cash and cash equivalents restricted to withdrawal or usage; including effect from exchange rate change. Cash includes, but is not limited to, currency on hand, demand deposits with banks or financial institutions, and other accounts with general characteristics of demand deposits. Cash equivalents include, but are not limited to, short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 830<br> -SubTopic 230<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123444420&amp;loc=d3e33268-110906<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DepreciationAndAmortization">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The current period expense charged against earnings on long-lived, physical assets not used in production, and which are not intended for resale, to allocate or recognize the cost of such assets over their useful lives; or to record the reduction in book value of an intangible asset over the benefit period of such asset; or to reflect consumption during the period of an asset that is not used in production.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 360<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6391035&amp;loc=d3e2868-110229<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DepreciationAndAmortization</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The increase (decrease) during the reporting period in the amounts payable to vendors for goods and services received and the amount of obligations and expenses incurred but not paid.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase (decrease) in obligation to transfer good or service to customer for which consideration has been received or is receivable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 912<br> -SubTopic 310<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 11<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123371682&amp;loc=d3e55415-109406<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase (decrease) in prepaid expenses, and assets classified as other.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of unrealized gain (loss) on investment in marketable security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(7)(c))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123367319&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow (outflow) from financing activities, including discontinued operations. Financing activity cash flows include obtaining resources from owners and providing them with a return on, and a return of, their investment; borrowing money and repaying amounts borrowed, or settling the obligation; and obtaining and paying for other resources obtained from creditors on long-term credit.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow (outflow) from investing activities, including discontinued operations. Investing activity cash flows include making and collecting loans and acquiring and disposing of debt or equity instruments and property, plant, and equipment and other productive assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow (outflow) from operating activities, including discontinued operations. Operating activity cash flows include transactions, adjustments, and changes in value not defined as investing or financing activities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 25<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3536-108585<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04(22))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120399700&amp;loc=SL114874048-224260<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI 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Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iii)(A))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442552-122756<br><br>Reference 34: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 30<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8906-108599<br><br>Reference 35: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherIncome">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of revenue and income classified as other.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-04.4)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120400993&amp;loc=SL114874131-224263<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherIncome</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash outflow for purchase of marketable security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 320<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 11<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124260329&amp;loc=d3e26853-111562<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash outflow associated with the acquisition of long-lived, physical assets that are used in the normal conduct of business to produce goods and services and not intended for resale; includes cash outflows to pay for construction of self-constructed assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3213-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceOfDebt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash inflow during the period from additional borrowings in aggregate debt. Includes proceeds from short-term and long-term debt.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3255-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceOfDebt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash inflow associated with the aggregate amount received by the entity through sale or maturity of marketable securities  (held-to-maturity or available-for-sale) during the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash inflow from the sale of long-lived, physical assets that are used in the normal conduct of business to produce goods and services and not intended for resale.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3179-108585<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense (reversal of expense) for expected credit loss on accounts receivable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 326<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124255953&amp;loc=SL82919249-210447<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(5))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123367319&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of noncash expense for share-based payment arrangement.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792062872552">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Business and Basis for Presentation<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsAbstract', window );"><strong>Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_BasisOfAccounting', window );">Business and Basis for Presentation</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_80C_eus-gaap--BasisOfAccounting_zy3BDYFjxSV8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(1)
<span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="xdx_827_zKkNedTmGeQg">Business and Basis for Presentation</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Research
Frontiers Incorporated (&#8220;Research Frontiers&#8221; or the &#8220;Company&#8221;) operates in a single business segment which is
engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control the flow of light. Such devices, often referred to as &#8220;light
valves&#8221; or suspended particle devices (&#8220;SPDs&#8221;), use colloidal particles that are either incorporated within a liquid
suspension or a film, which is usually enclosed between two sheets of glass or plastic having transparent, electrically conductive coatings
on the facing surfaces thereof. At least one of the two sheets is transparent. SPD technology, made possible by a flexible light-control
film invented by Research Frontiers, allows the user to instantly and precisely control the shading of glass/plastic manually or automatically.
SPD technology has numerous product applications, including SPD-Smart&#8482; windows, sunshades, skylights and interior partitions for
homes and buildings; automotive windows, sunroofs, sun visors, sunshades, rear-view mirrors, instrument panels and navigation systems;
aircraft windows; museum display panels; eyewear products; and flat panel displays for electronic products. SPD-Smart light control
film is now being developed for, or used in, architectural, automotive, marine, aerospace and appliance applications.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has primarily utilized its cash, cash equivalents, and investments generated from sales of our common stock, proceeds from the
exercise of options and warrants, and royalty fees collected to fund its research and development of SPD light valves, for marketing
initiatives, and for other working capital purposes. The Company&#8217;s working capital and capital requirements depend upon numerous
factors, including the results of research and development activities, competitive and technological developments, the timing and cost
of patent filings, and the development of new licensees and changes in the Company&#8217;s relationships with its existing licensees.
The degree of dependence of the Company&#8217;s working capital requirements on each of the foregoing factors cannot be quantified; increased
research and development activities and related costs would increase such requirements; the addition of new licensees may provide additional
working capital or working capital requirements, and changes in relationships with existing licensees would have a favorable or negative
impact depending upon the nature of such changes. We have incurred recurring losses since inception and expect to continue to incur losses
as a result of costs and expenses related to our research and continued development of our SPD technology and our corporate general and
administrative expenses. Our limited capital resources and operations to date have been substantially funded through sales of our common
stock, exercise of options and warrants and royalty fees collected. As of December 31, 2021, we had working capital of approximately
$<span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--WorkingCapital_iI_pn5n6_c20211231_zZiUb7JcR5Vk" title="Working capital">3.7</span> million, cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities of approximately $<span id="xdx_907_ecustom--CashAndCashEquivalentsAndMarketableSecurities_iI_pn6n6_c20211231_zHXMjntyGcq4" title="Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities">3.0</span> million, shareholders&#8217; equity of approximately
$<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquity_iI_pn5n6_c20211231_zb2mQmwxjQ24" title="Shareholders' equity">3.8</span> million and an accumulated deficit of approximately $<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_iNI_pn5n6_di_c20211231_zBcopMNlMl5a" title="Accumulated deficit">119.7</span> million. Our projected cash flow shortfall based on our current operations
adjusted for any non-recurring cash expenses for the next 12 months is approximately $<span id="xdx_907_ecustom--NonrecurringCashExpenses_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231_zhOzhEt3xJ86" title="Non-recurring cash expenses per quarter">385,000</span> per quarter. Based on our current expectations
of our cash flow shortfall for the next 12 months, our working capital would support our activities for the next 22 months.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
the event that we are unable to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities or raise additional funds, we may be required
to delay, reduce or severely curtail our operations or otherwise impede our on-going business efforts, which could have a material adverse
effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and long-term prospects. The Company may seek to obtain additional funding
through future equity issuances. There can be no assurance as to the availability or terms upon which such financing and capital might
be available. The eventual success of the Company and generation of positive cash flow will be dependent upon the commercialization of
products using the Company&#8217;s technology by the Company&#8217;s licensees and payments of continuing royalties on account thereof.
To date, the Company has not generated sufficient revenue from its licensees to fund its operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Recent
Global Events:</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the novel strain of coronavirus (&#8220;COVID-19&#8221;) a global pandemic and
recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide. As a result, the Company expects operations at its facility to continue to
be affected in some capacity, as the COVID-19 virus continues to proliferate and the federal, state and local governments under which
we operate continue to adopt new rules. The Company has put in place enhanced procedures, such as restricting international and domestic
travel, adopting a variety of steps designed to ensure social distancing in our facilities, including working remotely where available,
and increasing our cleaning and sanitizing procedures in our facilities, in an effort to protect its employees and communities.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Revenues
were negatively impacted in 2020 and 2021 due to delays in manufacture of products using our technology. Most of the products using our
technology are manufactured by licensees overseas in Europe and Asia who have been similarly affected by the pandemic. The disruption
caused by public health crises, such as COVID-19, could result in lower levels of sale activity for products using our technology resulting
in lower level of royalties owed to us from the sale of these products. The duration of the potential business disruptions and related
financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time, but could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition,
results of operations, and cash flows. Net of amounts previously reserved which were fully written off in 2020, the Company has increased
its allowance for uncollectible royalty receivables in 2020 until the collectability from certain licensees can be better ascertained
in the regions affected by COVID-19.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
connection with the COVID-19 crisis, Congress passed, and the president signed, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act
(&#8220;CARES Act&#8221;) which, among other things, provides relief for businesses impacted by the pandemic. The Company applied for
and received $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromIssuanceOfDebt_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--PPPLoanMember_zDadIZIw8Ck8">202,052
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">in proceeds from the Paycheck Protection Program (&#8220;PPP Loan&#8221;)
made available under the CARES Act. The PPP Loan is intended to offer businesses hurt by the COVID-19 pandemic economic assistance with
the potential for the principal to be forgiven based on certain expenses incurred during the first 24 weeks after the issuance of the
PPP Loan. The Company recorded $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--OtherIncome_pp0d_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--PPPLoanMember_zA9yxFSgBlP7">202,052
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">as other income for the year ended December 31, 2020 representing
the PPP Loan which was expected to be forgiven in 2021. Final PPP Loan forgiveness was received in 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for the basis of accounting, or basis of presentation, used to prepare the financial statements (for example, US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting, IFRS).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2122369<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792062452344">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Summary of Significant Accounting Policies<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccountingPoliciesAbstract', window );"><strong>Accounting Policies [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock', window );">Summary of Significant Accounting Policies</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_80A_eus-gaap--SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock_zYl5S9fx5oze" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2)
<span style="text-decoration: underline"><span><span id="xdx_822_zzeQBU1colfb">Summary of Significant Accounting Policies</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_841_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock_zCcTPQ6KFLC4" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)
<span id="xdx_86C_zx59wtr4zkd">Cash and Cash Equivalents</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company considers securities purchased with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist
of short-term investments in money market accounts at December 31, 2021 and 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cash
and cash equivalents are maintained at financial institutions and, at times, balances may exceed federally insured limits. We have never
experienced any losses related to these balances. FDIC insurance coverage is $<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--CashFDICInsuredAmount_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zxj1A7KL2u17" title="FDIC insurance coverage">250,000</span> per depositor at each financial institution, and
our non-interest bearing cash balances may again exceed federally insured limits. Amounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits
at December 31, 2021 and 2020 are approximately $<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--CashUninsuredAmount_c20211231_pp0p0" title="Amounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits">0</span> and $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--CashUninsuredAmount_iI_pn5n6_c20201231_zhXjKLg1d08e" title="Amounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits">4.5</span> million, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_846_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesPolicy_zt79d5lEsbtg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)
<span id="xdx_863_zGbXJpiNALah">Marketable Securities</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company classifies investments in marketable securities as trading, available-for-sale or held-to-maturity at the time of purchase and
periodically re-evaluates such classification. Trading securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses
included in earnings. Held-to-maturity securities are recorded at cost and are adjusted for the amortization or accretion of premiums
or discounts over the life of the related security. Unrealized holding gains and losses of available-for-sale securities are excluded
from earnings and are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until realized. In determining
realized gains and losses, the cost of the securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Interest and dividends on
the investments are accrued at the balance sheet date.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fair
value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the &#8220;exit price&#8221;)
in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are broken down into three levels
based on the reliability of inputs as follows: Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. An active market for the asset or liability is a market in which
transactions for the asset or liability occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.
Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly
or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, inputs other than quoted prices
that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals or current
market) and contractual prices for the underlying financial instrument, as well as other relevant economic measures. Level 3 inputs are
unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs are used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs
are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the
measurement date.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_893_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfUnrealizedLossOnInvestmentsTableTextBlock_zCKwrQ3VUTjd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">At
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8B5_zVVk9G64x2h8" style="display: none">Schedule of Unrealized Loss on Investments</span> </span></p>

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    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/></p>

<p id="xdx_8AB_zBfAwSBgeayf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--ReceivablesPolicyTextBlock_zPlcAgcMkJ8h" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)
<span id="xdx_86B_zFjcyL7AhAO2">Royalties Receivable</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Royalties
receivable from licensees are recorded at the amounts specified within the license agreements when the collectability of the receivable
is reasonably assured. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company&#8217;s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses
in the Company&#8217;s existing royalties receivable. The Company determines the allowance based on historical write-off experience
as well as the current status of the Company&#8217;s customers. The Company reviews its allowance for doubtful accounts periodically.
Past due accounts are reviewed individually for collectability. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means
of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. As of December 31, 2021, two companies accounted
for <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zWQH1kTqxC9f">14</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%
and <span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zuFOKnsPEk59">11</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">% of the Company&#8217;s outstanding receivables. As of December 31, 2020, three companies accounted for <span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zQpHifec9rK7">16</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%,
<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zsSlt52VWQw2">11</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%
and <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zOd0kcfgAfmj">10</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%,
 of the Company&#8217;s outstanding receivables.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_848_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock_zgdtq3eAwqq7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(d)
<span id="xdx_866_z4ixCfzpFVth">Fixed Assets</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fixed
assets are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line
method over the estimated useful lives of the assets.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_848_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerPolicyTextBlock_zA3UcqL7gRSk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(e)
<span id="xdx_863_zUqR8t7G5iI7">Revenue Recognition/Fee Income</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The standard provides a single comprehensive
revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers and supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance. The revenue standard
contains principles that an entity will apply to determine the measurement of revenue and timing of when it is recognized. The underlying
principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity
expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">ASC
606 follows a five-step approach to determining revenue recognition including: 1) Identification of the contract; 2) Identification of
the performance obligations; 3) Determination of the transaction price; 4) Allocation of the transaction price and 5) Recognition of
revenue.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company determined that its license agreements provide for three performance obligations which include: (i) the Grant of Use to its Patent
Portfolio (&#8220;Grant of Use&#8221;), (ii) Stand-Ready Technical Support (&#8220;Technical Support&#8221;) including the transfer of trade
secrets and other know-how, production of materials, scale-up support, analytical testing, etc., and (iii) access to new Intellectual
Property (&#8220;IP&#8221;) that may be developed some time during the course of the contract period (&#8220;New Improvements&#8221;).
Given the nature of IP development, such New Improvements are on an unspecified basis and can occur and be made available to licensees
at any time during the contract period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">When
a contract includes more than one performance obligation, the Company needs to allocate the total consideration to each performance obligation
based on its relative standalone selling price or estimate the standalone selling price if it is not observable. A standalone selling
price is not available for our performance obligations since we do not sell any of the services separately and there is no competitor
pricing that is available. As a consequence, the best method for determining standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance
obligation is through a comparison of the average royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements.
Comparable license agreements must consider several factors including: (i) the materials that are being licensed, (ii) the market application
for the licensed materials, and (iii) the financial terms in the license agreements that can increase or decrease the risk/reward nature
of the agreement.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Based
on the royalty rate comparison referred to above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical
Support and New Improvements performance obligations. The Company focuses a significant portion of its time and resources to provide
the Technical Support and New Improvements services to its licensees, which further supports the conclusions reached using the royalty
rate analysis.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are co-terminus over the term of the license agreement. For purposes of
determining the transaction price, and recognizing revenue, the Company combined the Technical Support and New Improvements performance
obligations because they have the same pattern of transfer and the same term. We maintain a staff of scientists and other professionals
whose primary job responsibilities throughout the year are: (i) being available to respond to Technical Support needs of our licensees,
and (ii) developing improvements to our technology which are offered to our licensees as New Improvements. Since the costs incurred to
satisfy the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout the year, the value of the
Technical Support and New Improvements services are recognized throughout the initial contract period as these performance obligations
are satisfied. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the initial contract period, it will renew on the same terms as the initial
contract for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalty obligations relating to this renewal contract will be
allocated similarly to the initial contract over the additional one-year period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled
at a point in time, revenue is recognized at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a functional
license, the value of the Grant of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license agreement is in force.
The value of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations is allocated throughout the contract period based on the satisfaction
of its performance obligations. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the contract period, it will renew on the same terms
as the original agreement for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalties (&#8220;MAR&#8221;) relating to this
renewal contract will be allocated similarly over that additional year.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company&#8217;s license agreements have a variable royalty fee structure (meaning that royalties are a fixed percentage of sales that
vary from period to period) and frequently include a minimum annual royalty commitment. In instances when sales of licensed products
by its licensees exceed the MAR, the Company recognizes fee income as the amounts have been earned. Typically, the royalty rate for such
sales is <span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zaPHKNRs3Qo7" title="Royalty rate on selling price">10</span>-<span id="xdx_906_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_z4YkfQ7fqYrl" title="Royalty rate on selling price">15</span>% of the selling price. While this is variable consideration, it is subject to the sales/usage royalty exception to recognition
of variable consideration in ASC 606 10-55-65 and therefore is not recognized until the subsequent sales or usage occurs or the MAR period
commences.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Because
of the immediate recognition of the Grant of Use performance obligation: (i) the first period of the contract term will generally have
a higher percent allocation of the transaction price under ASC 606 and (ii) the remaining periods will have less of the transaction price
recognized under ASC 606. After the initial period in the contract term, the revenue for the remaining periods will be based on the satisfaction
of the technical support and New Improvements obligations. Since most of our license agreements start as of January 1st, the revenue
recognized for the contract under ASC 606 in our first quarter will tend to be higher subsequent quarters in the fiscal year.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Certain
of the contract fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which they are earned resulting in deferred
revenue. Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized as revenue in future periods as earned.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company operates in a single business segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control
the flow of light. Our revenue source comes from the licensing of this technology and all of these license agreements have similar terms
and provisions. The majority of the Company&#8217;s licensing fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating
in the automotive market. The Company currently believes that the automotive market will be the largest source of its royalty income
over the next several years. The Company&#8217;s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors including various
trends affecting demand in the automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product lines. In addition to
these macro factors, the Company&#8217;s royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by specific factors such
as whether the Company&#8217;s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number
of additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and the number of windows on a vehicle
that use SPD SmartGlass, fluctuations in the total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage of cars within
each model produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing or exchange rates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
of December 31, 2021, the Company has four license agreements that are in their initial multiyear term (&#8220;Initial Term&#8221;) with
continuing performance obligations going forward. The Initial Term of three of these agreements will end as of December 31, 2022 and
one will end as of December 31, 2024, The Company currently expects all four of these agreements will renew annually at the end of the
Initial Term. As of December 31, 2021, the aggregate amount of the revenue to be recognized upon the satisfaction of the remaining performance
obligations for the four license agreements is $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember_zZx7pwLg9p03">273,000</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">.
The revenue for these remaining performance obligations for each of the four license agreements is expected to be recognized evenly
throughout their remaining period of the Initial Term.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For
the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company entered into a number of license agreements covering its light control technology.
The Company received minimum annual royalties under certain license agreements and recorded fee income based on ASC 606 revenue recognition
each quarter. In instances when sales of licensed products by its licensees exceed minimum annual royalties, the Company recognized additional
fee income as the amounts have been earned. Certain of the fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which
they are earned resulting in deferred revenue. Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and are typically recognized as fee
income when earned. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, there was no balance in deferred revenue.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fee
income represents amounts earned by the Company under various license and other agreements relating to technology developed by the Company.
During 2021, four licensees accounted for <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseOneMember_zcEU2fEKvSK4" title="Concentration risk percentage">20</span>%, <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseTwoMember_zXBvR1wCwk1f" title="Concentration risk percentage">18</span>%, <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseThreeMember_zJrCt3BafHob" title="Concentration risk percentage">18</span>% and <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseFourMember_zcJy891axCd8" title="Concentration risk percentage">12</span>% of fee income recognized during the year. During 2020, five licensees
accounted for <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseOneMember_z3WKb1G0XQNa" title="Concentration risk percentage">18</span>%, <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseTwoMember_zCN3J60ZQpFc" title="Concentration risk percentage">16</span>%, <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseThreeMember_z3smHnDAguK6" title="Concentration risk percentage">12</span>%, <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseFourMember_zkafvx9F6vA5" title="Concentration risk percentage">12</span>% and <span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseFiveMember_z9d4b0v0kEjf" title="Concentration risk percentage">12</span>% of fee income recognized during the year.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"/>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_84D_eus-gaap--EarningsPerSharePolicyTextBlock_zRwOngvFgy0d" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(f)
<span id="xdx_86A_zfcUs3J51wak">Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Basic
loss per share excludes any dilution. It is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive
loss per share reflects the potential dilution that would occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised
or converted into common stock. The Company&#8217;s dilutive loss per share equals basic loss per share for each of the years in the
two-year period ended December 31, 2021 because all potentially dilutive securities (<span style="font-variant: normal">i.e<i>., </i></span>options
and warrants) were antidilutive in those periods. The number of options and warrants that were not included because their effect is antidilutive
was <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zf6QUjETu3E4">2,599,701
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">and <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zHX87bro4Lkh">2,697,251
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">for 2021 and 2020, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy_zqNfRbgw2xl2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(g)
<span id="xdx_86B_zBx6VasQjZB4">Research and Development Costs</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Research
and development costs are charged to expense as incurred.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_842_eus-gaap--IntangibleAssetsFiniteLivedPolicy_zB69L9Wc2MTe" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(h)
<span id="xdx_86C_zGyhVhCcNUs">Patent Costs</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company expenses costs relating to the development or acquisition of patents due to the uncertainty of the recoverability of these items.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_843_eus-gaap--UseOfEstimates_ze8shaujDgg1" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(i)
<span id="xdx_86E_z2NnySiRpRBk">Use of Estimates</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
preparation of the Company&#8217;s consolidated financial statements requires management of the Company to make a number of estimates
and assumptions relating to the reported amount of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at
the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during this period. Actual results
could differ from those estimates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxPolicyTextBlock_zTl4lgV1hR8e" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(j)
<span id="xdx_86C_zAkVrfJ1ayjk">Income Taxes</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Income
taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences
attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective
tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates
expected to be recovered or settled.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
accordance with ASC Topic 740, we recognize tax benefits only for tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination
by tax authorities. The amount recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is <span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--RecognizedBenefitMeasured_c20210101__20211231_zKBviBhtRX7c" title="Recognized benefit measured">greater than 50 percent</span> likely to be realized
upon ultimate settlement. Unrecognized tax benefits are tax benefits claimed in tax returns that do not meet these recognition and measurement
standards. We classify accrued interest and penalties related to any unrecognized tax benefits in our income tax provision. At December
31, 2021 and 2020, we do not have accrued interest and penalties related to any unrecognized tax benefits. We do not believe we have
any uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
tax years subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions include the years 2016 and forward by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and
certain states. The Company is not currently being audited by any tax jurisdiction.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_841_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationOptionAndIncentivePlansPolicy_zVkMSw1m2Ju2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(k)
<span id="xdx_86C_zRdSgxQ98QL6">Equity-Based Compensation</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
recognize all stock-based compensation as an expense in the consolidated financial statements and such costs are measured at the fair
value of the award at the date of grant. In addition to reflecting compensation expense for new share-based payment awards, expense is
also recognized to reflect the remaining vesting period of awards that had been granted in prior periods. Tax benefits related to stock
option exercises are reflected as financing cash inflows.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
exercise prices for stock options granted are generally set at the average for the high and low trading prices of the Company&#8217;s
common stock on the trading date immediately prior to the date of grant, and the related numbers of shares granted are fixed at the date
of grant.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
order to determine the fair value of stock options on the date of grant, the Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Inherent
in this model are assumptions related to expected stock-price volatility, option term, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. While
the risk-free interest rate and dividend yield are less subjective assumptions that are based on factual data derived from public sources,
the expected stock-price volatility and option term assumptions require a greater level of judgment.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
connection with employee and director stock options, the Company charged to compensation expense $<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zkO8VXFwsTB4" title="Share based compensation">217,008</span> and $<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_c20200101__20201231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zh48ZoGjhGc8" title="Share based compensation">327,554</span> during the years
ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, these awards were fully vested. In lieu of higher cash compensation,
the Company has granted warrants and non-employee options to consultants. These warrants and non-employee options vested fully on the
date of grant. There were no such charges for the year ended December 31,2021 and 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_849_ecustom--RestrictedStockPolicyTextBlock_zNNlMJb9zHpf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(l)
<span id="xdx_862_zbRiJMnBwGfc">Restricted Stock</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Compensation
cost for restricted stock is measured using the quoted market price of the Company&#8217;s common stock at the date the common stock
is granted. The compensation cost is recognized over the period between the issue date and the vesting period for such shares. Restricted
stock is included in total common shares outstanding upon the lapse of any vesting conditions.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--ImpairmentOrDisposalOfLongLivedAssetsPolicyTextBlock_z6mjomVENNGc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(m)
<span id="xdx_866_z9aPjFVKQFl8">Impairment of Long-Lived Assets</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company reviews long-lived assets to determine whether an event or change in circumstances indicates the carrying value of the asset
may not be recoverable. The Company bases its evaluation on such impairment indicators as the nature of the assets, the future economic
benefit of the assets and any historical or future profitability measurements, as well as other external market conditions or factors
that may be present. There was no impairment of long-lived assets recorded during 2021 and 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_849_eus-gaap--FairValueMeasurementPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zOjo1b1AyKIe" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(n)
<span id="xdx_868_zSxCKrGex1ih">Fair Value Measurements</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the fair value of the Company&#8217;s financial assets and non-warrant liabilities including cash and
cash equivalents, marketable securities, royalties receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximated carrying value due
to the short-term maturity of these instruments.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_848_eus-gaap--NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zrWrKA6i7Bt8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(o)
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_86A_zTj5oyyg3uge">Recent Accounting Pronouncements</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><i>New
Accounting Standards</i></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company believes that no new accounting standards that are not yet effective will have a material effect on the Company&#8217;s consolidated
financial statements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccountingPoliciesAbstract</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for all significant accounting policies of the reporting entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123372394&amp;loc=d3e18726-107790<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2122369<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792062572056">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Fixed Assets<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentAbstract', window );"><strong>Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentDisclosureTextBlock', window );">Fixed Assets</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_80C_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentDisclosureTextBlock_zWStGYCPiap7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(3)
<span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="xdx_825_zMGads2j3yY2">Fixed Assets</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentTextBlock_zJ3j9CT4JoE6" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fixed
assets and their estimated useful lives as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8B3_zQScLKjF10q4" style="display: none">Schedule of Fixed Assets</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2021</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2020</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Estimated
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 38%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Equipment and furniture</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="width: 24%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_pp0p0_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--EquipmentAndFurnitureMember_z3fUi1MYCJm7" title="Estimated useful life">5</span> years</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Trade show materials</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--TradeShowMaterialsMember_zhIl6GiU0mq6">775,654</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20201231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--TradeShowMaterialsMember_zOAfVva8M3d9" title="Fixed assets, gross">775,654</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Autos</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--AutosMember_zT4rfKccHKcj">53,764</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20201231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--AutosMember_zFh6jxGxNLx6" title="Fixed assets, gross">53,764</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_pp0p0_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--AutosMember_zXGuiNxqZIFh" title="Estimated useful life">5</span> years</span></td></tr>
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    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Life of lease or estimated</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Leasehold improvements</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--LeaseholdImprovementsMember_zTd7csRoBB3d">584,967</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20201231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--LeaseholdImprovementsMember_zmcP2009SfAh" title="Fixed assets, gross">584,967</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">life of asset if shorter</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_c20211231_pp0p0" title="Fixed assets, gross">2,805,479</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20201231_ztR5UOZOxVLa" title="Fixed assets, gross">2,804,402</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Less accumulated depreciation</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">and amortization</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment_iNI_pp0p0_di_c20211231_zPRt1oC7ZPhk" title="Less accumulated depreciation and amortization">(2,712,525</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment_iNI_pp0p0_di_c20201231_zMExoZwkUwR6" title="Less accumulated depreciation and amortization">(2,682,630</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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<p id="xdx_8A8_zm6Uy75fjgjh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentAbstract</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for long-lived, physical asset used in normal conduct of business and not intended for resale. Includes, but is not limited to, work of art, historical treasure, and similar asset classified as collections.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 958<br> -SubTopic 360<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120429125&amp;loc=d3e99893-112916<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 360<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2155823<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 958<br> -SubTopic 360<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 7<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120429125&amp;loc=SL120174063-112916<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 958<br> -SubTopic 360<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (d)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120429125&amp;loc=d3e99779-112916<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792062600248">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Accrued Expenses and Other<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PayablesAndAccrualsAbstract', window );"><strong>Payables and Accruals [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesDisclosureTextBlock', window );">Accrued Expenses and Other</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesDisclosureTextBlock_z6uazVwmlxDf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(4)
<span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="xdx_822_znTxm6HawgOf">Accrued Expenses and Other</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_89A_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfAccruedLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_zcv35iLGWug" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Accrued
expenses consist of the following at December 31, 2021 and 2020:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8BB_zTOxTu1HFpGj" style="display: none">Schedule of Accrued Expenses and Other</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; width: 90%; margin-right: auto">
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49B_20211231_zf7t6JjaOjS2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2021</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49D_20201231_zdcwZeh3Usfe" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2020</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--EmployeeRelatedLiabilitiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAEAOCzZhA_zJqAEQSTQNik" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">15,121</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Professional services</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">10,800</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Other</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">360</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">358</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_iTI_pp0p0_mtAEAOCzZhA_zPVYJ7J8yV5j" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accrued expenses</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">49,385</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">26,279</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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<p id="xdx_8A4_zhQ9UtxoNFj3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for accounts payable and accrued liabilities at the end of the reporting period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.19(a),20,24)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792062542248">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Income Taxes<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract', window );"><strong>Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock', window );">Income Taxes</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_801_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock_zDVcVj34qxVl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(5)
<span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="xdx_82D_zHJzGsflV5Sd">Income Taxes</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Since
inception, the Company has incurred losses from operations and as a result has not recorded income tax expense. Benefits related to net
operating loss carryforwards and deferred items have been fully reserved because it is not more likely than not that the Company will
achieve profitable operations. The difference between the total income taxes at the federal statutory rate for each of the years ended
December 31, 2021 and 2020 and the fact that no income tax benefit was recorded in each of these years is attributable to the
change in the valuation allowance recorded in each year.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_89A_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_zYbvlgljhBM5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets at December 31, 2021 and 2020
are presented below:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span><span id="xdx_8B8_zG6TW83CF7o3" style="display: none">Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 90%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49B_20211231_zJ6lEEMCKKjg" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2021</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_495_20201231_znhdVf0IwLDh" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2020</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Deferred tax assets:</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; width: 64%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Depreciation</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">106,000</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">117,000</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseReservesAndAccrualsAllowanceForDoubtfulAccounts_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zhzFl6rESy7l" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Allowance for bad debts</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">218,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">202,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zwV9ke3GE048" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net operating loss carryforwards</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">14,114,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">14,755,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_z5KM8SulySNj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Stock option expense</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">355,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">403,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zYxll7pOJW8a" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Research and other credits</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">945,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">952,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOther_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zjPJvoWvikde" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Other
    temporary differences</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">15,000</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">15,000</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsGross_iTI_pp0p0_mtDTAGzSKS_maDTANzkep_z3HqODIoYQ9b" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total gross deferred tax
    assets</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">15,753,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">16,444,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_iNI_pp0p0_di_msDTANzkep_zcp7G8LzZk5" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Less
    valuation allowance</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(15,753,000</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(16,444,000</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsNet_iTI_pp0p0_mtDTANzkep_zWCFPuH4gSp2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Deferred
    tax assets, net</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0494">-</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0495">-</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  </table>

<p id="xdx_8AE_zPAsdEEzmJtd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock_z47fALSfrCq9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
reconciliation of the income tax expense (benefit) computed at the federal statutory tax rates to income tax expense (benefit)
is as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8BB_zBWtcuevhGk7" style="display: none">Schedule of Reconciliation Income Tax Expenses Benefit</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 90%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_499_20210101__20211231_zWnnyZ3ruBua" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2021</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_492_20200101__20201231_zfFJ3945jhl8" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2020</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_maITEBza9v_z58Qf8BFGIGl" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 64%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Income tax provision at federal
    statutory rate</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(388,000</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(485,000</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherReconcilingItems_maITEBza9v_zgBLwkK2E9Z6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Permanent differences</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0502">&#160;</span></span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(43,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherAdjustments_maITEBza9v_zDaPci1uOBZ9" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expired carryforwards and other</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,079,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,211,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_maITEBza9v_z5Obgb4D2Yth" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Valuation allowance</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(691,000</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(683,000</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_iT_pp0p0_mtITEBza9v_z2ic5UABI3B3" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Total income tax provision</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0511">-</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0512">-</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  </table>

<p id="xdx_8AE_zWXICupG2YLj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all
of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future taxable income
during the period in which those temporary differences become deductible. The Company considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax
liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based upon its historical operating
losses, utilization of deferred tax assets cannot currently be determined. Accordingly, the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance
against the deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty regarding the future utilization of the deferred tax assets for all periods presented.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">At
December 31, 2021, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes of approximately $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zE8sFW0Z930f" title="Net operating loss carry-forward">65,953,000</span>.
Net operating loss carryforwards accumulated through December 31, 2017 of approximately $<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsSubjectToExpiration_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zVNbGnBWPECg" title="Net operating loss carry-forward with expiration">57,118,000</span>
will <span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription_c20210101__20211231_zzCmu0dsDZHg" title="Net operating loss carry-forward expiration description">expire
in varying amounts from 2022 through 2037.</span> Net operating losses generated in 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021, totaling
approximately $<span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--TaxPeriodAxis__custom--TaxYear2018To2021Member_zG04oGohWiYf" title="Net operating loss carry-forward">8,835,000</span>,
will carry forward indefinitely, but cannot offset more than <span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_zRllAxwRmWQ8" title="Income tax percentage">80</span>
percent of taxable income. Research and other credit carryforwards of approximately $<span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zfJ912ohO4ka" title="Research and other credit carry-forwards">945,000</span>
are available to the Company to reduce income taxes payable in future years principally through 2040. The Company&#8217;s ability to
utilize its net operating loss carryforwards and its current year tax credits in future periods could be subject to the 382
limitation. The Company will need to complete an analysis to determine whether its net operating losses are subject to the 382
limitation.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
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<div style="display: none;">
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 21<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32857-109319<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.C)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122134291&amp;loc=d3e330215-122817<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 17<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32809-109319<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SAB TOPIC 6.I.5.Q1)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122134291&amp;loc=d3e330036-122817<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32705-109319<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 270<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6424409&amp;loc=d3e44925-109338<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2144680<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6424122&amp;loc=d3e41874-109331<br><br>Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(2))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792065807848">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Shareholders&#8217; Equity<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EquityAbstract', window );"><strong>Equity [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock', window );">Shareholders&#8217; Equity</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_80D_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock_zwBBZ4hcMm47" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(6)
<span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="xdx_820_zp4bRgWljfZ2">Shareholders&#8217; Equity</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)
Common Stock and Warrants</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">During
2021, the Company received proceeds of $<span id="xdx_909_ecustom--ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_ztPQGJgdBwyi" title="Net proceeds from exercise of options and warrants">86,262</span> and issued <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zHz9pxRmx7Ud" title="Number of shares issued during the period">74,610</span> shares of common stock in connection with the exercise of outstanding
options and warrants. During 2020, the Company received proceeds of $<span id="xdx_908_ecustom--ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_pp0p0_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zgo6mSNimxq4" title="Net proceeds from exercise of options and warrants">284,207</span> and issued <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zh1rVUyCPmJ6" title="Number of shares issued during the period">321,524</span> shares of common stock in connection
with the exercise of outstanding options and warrants.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)
<span style="text-decoration: underline">Options and Warrants</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(i)
<span style="text-decoration: underline">Employee Options</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
2019, the shareholders approved the Company&#8217;s 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, which provides for the granting of both incentive stock
options at the fair market value at the date of grant and nonqualified stock options at the fair market value at the date of grant to
employees or non-employees who, in the determination of the Board of Directors, have made or may make significant contributions to the
Company in the future. The Company may also award stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, or restricted stock units under this plan.
The Company initially reserved <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--CommonStockCapitalSharesReservedForFutureIssuance_iI_c20211231__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_zM1U6JAHRcK4" title="Shares of common stock reserved for issuance">1,400,000</span> shares of its common stock for issuance under this plan, and <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant_iI_c20211231__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_zX9ze5srJELl" title="Shares available for issuance">485,500</span> options and other awards
were available for issuance under this plan as of December 31, 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">At
the discretion of the Board of Directors, options expire in ten years or less from the date of grant and are generally fully exercisable
upon grant but in some cases may be subject to vesting in the future. Full payment of the exercise price may be made in cash or in shares
of common stock valued at the fair market value thereof on the date of exercise, or by agreeing with the Company to cancel a portion
of the exercised options.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company granted <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20210101__20211231_pdd" title="Number of options granted">198,000</span> fully vested options during 2021 and recorded share-based compensation of $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231_zn01cgdFYFDc" title="Share based compensation">217,008</span>. The Company granted <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20200101__20201231_zcvnA2mawD4h" title="Number of options granted">199,000</span>
fully vested options during 2020 and recorded share-based compensation of $<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_c20200101__20201231_zyja3GnIp6c4" title="Share based compensation">327,554</span>. The Company valued these grants using the Black-Scholes
option pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:</span></p>

<p id="xdx_894_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock_zbYf5EI5jrUl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8BE_zzBCxiZatQR9" style="display: none">Schedule of Assumptions Used to Value Options Granted to Employees</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; width: 80%; margin-right: auto">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2021</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2020</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 64%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fair value on grant date</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20210101__20211231_zsYmZgDJbAYd" title="Fair value on grant date">1.10</span></span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20200101__20201231_zLNheQHeWHPk" title="Fair value on grant date">1.65</span></span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expected dividend yield</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_c20210101__20211231_z8kSUsrMDio8" title="Expected dividend yield"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0554">-</span></span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_c20200101__20201231_zThN3SXyWFai" title="Expected dividend yield"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0556">-</span></span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expected volatility</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_zuwCEbLrbOi7" title="Expected volatility">79</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231_zZiZEiMz0Vug" title="Expected volatility">73</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Risk free interest rate</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_zJO7UTZ13WVd" title="Risk free interest rate">1.26</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231_zXeTCWzC8pZi" title="Risk free interest rate">0.36</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expected term of the option</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20210101__20211231_zxXAw3PguPRc" title="Expected term of the option">5</span>
                                            years</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20200101__20201231_zYJPQeRasPY8" title="Expected term of the option">5</span>
                                            years</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  </table>

<p id="xdx_8AE_zcaDcTaSboPj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Activity
for stock options is summarized below:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_89C_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedCompensationStockOptionsActivityTableTextBlock_zhEdmSh7yeOd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">All
options are exercisable at December 31, 2021.</span></p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span id="xdx_8B1_z8wa7cz6dCsh" style="display: none">Schedule of Option Activity</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Number of Shares</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Weighted Average</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Weighted Average Remaining</span></p>
                                               <p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Contractual Term</span></p></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Aggregate Intrinsic</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Subject to Option</span></td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercise Price</span></td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center">
    (Years)</td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center">Value</td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 20%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at January 1, 2020</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z5Ed4lT9kIrh" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,548,351</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zqIfuQUUcDU5" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.68</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20190101__20191231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zGe188ufGCKl" title="Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Beginning">6.9</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_iS_pp0p0_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zBxyFV9nfw45" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">603,683</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Granted</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zA7W1fTM8NEf" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Granted"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">199,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zt5TXem7NMVc" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.79</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cancelled</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod_iN_di_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zYZjkFq7AVM4" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Cancelled"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0584">-</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercised</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_iN_di_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zhCPQFWYiJzj" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Exercised"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(450,091</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_ziC7s2pYo3gf" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.09</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at December 31, 2020</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zBp1Yi6qndO3" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,297,260</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zt31Ki7oU5k5" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.09</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zn7gcvpU9rZb" title="Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Beginning">5.8</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_iS_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zXSvreYgcai3" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">142,885</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Granted</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zNZkIiAQ8J3b" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Granted"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">198,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zvsVQyKfNC21" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.72</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cancelled</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zx7FoTFJtt4f" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Cancelled"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5.38</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercised</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_iN_di_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zSJGy0nM1709" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Exercised"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(140,500</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zjInsGdH7Ifa" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.48</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at December 31, 2021</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iE_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zk2YQR7uP4Ci" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Ending"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,199,710</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iE_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z5NFa2B0ipci" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.67</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z0H0gQeNqFpk" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5.7</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_iE_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zYwra2BhaJAl" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Ending">21,870</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  </table>

<p id="xdx_8A5_zAfbfKhZksb6" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-indent: 0.25in; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(ii)
Warrants and Non-Employee Options</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_89C_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfStockholdersEquityNoteWarrantsOrRightsTextBlock_z3X627gxVptd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Activity
in warrants is summarized below:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8BC_zmUfz44iZj3a" style="display: none">Schedule of Warrant Activity</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 93%; margin-left: 0.5in">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Number of Shares Underlying</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Weighted Average</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Warrants
    Granted</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercise
    Price</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 60%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at January 1, 2020</span></td><td style="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20200101__20201231_z8guZnIm4lc9" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,483,143</span></td><td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98E_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20200101__20201231_z2Xch2FPLeJ8" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.13</span></td><td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercised</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised_iN_di_c20200101__20201231_z9sYGUEZb0dh" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Exercised"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(83,152</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_98B_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitureInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20200101__20201231_zpC6fDiF5d18" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.42</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Terminated</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitures_c20200101__20201231_zcRLuXSEFog1" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Terminated"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0627">-</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Issued</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted_c20200101__20201231_zk32EYBLl9D1" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Issued"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0629">-</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at December 31, 2020</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20210101__20211231_zhSKvQV5ArD4" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,399,991</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98A_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20210101__20211231_zOYaiUifxM96" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.27</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercised</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised_iN_di_c20210101__20211231_zLwgBkEdtINk" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Exercised"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0635">-</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Terminated</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitures_c20210101__20211231_z5AQqBq9zBsk" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Terminated"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0637">-</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Issued</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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<p id="xdx_8A9_z5XNxdWisFy" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
lieu of cash compensation, the Company has granted warrants to investors and non-employee options to consultants. These warrants and
non-employee options vested ratably over various terms ranging from <span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm_dtM_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__custom--NonEmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_z3sIl4UaHVgc" title="Warrants and non-employee options vested term">12</span> to <span id="xdx_900_ecustom--WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm_dtM_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__custom--NonEmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zkEbzKusE76g" title="Warrants and non-employee options vested term">59</span> months. The non-employee options are valued at fair value
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as equity.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Warrants
and non-employee options generally expire in <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod_dc_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__custom--NonEmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zcJo9uIZFYL4" title="Option expiration period">five years</span> from the date of issuance. At December 31, 2021, all warrants and non-employee
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)
<span style="text-decoration: underline">Restricted Stock Grants</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">During
2021 and 2020, the Company did not issue restricted stock to its directors and employees.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for shareholders' equity comprised of portions attributable to the parent entity and noncontrolling interest, including other comprehensive income. Includes, but is not limited to, balances of common stock, preferred stock, additional paid-in capital, other capital and retained earnings, accumulated balance for each classification of other comprehensive income and amount of comprehensive income.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792062465144">
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<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>License and Other Agreements<br></strong></div></th>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has entered into a number of license agreements covering various products using the Company&#8217;s SPD technology. Some of these
license agreements are limited to specific countries and/or markets. Licensees of Research Frontiers who incorporate SPD technology into
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to other licensees of Research Frontiers do not pay a royalty on such sale; Research Frontiers will collect such royalty from the licensee
incorporating such products or components into its own end-products. Research Frontiers&#8217; license agreements typically allow the
licensee to terminate the license after some period of time and give Research Frontiers only limited rights to terminate before the license
expires. Most licenses are non-exclusive and generally last as long as our patents remain in effect.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
March 14, 2019, the Company suspended its VariGuard SmartGlass business unit activities. Instead, the Company licensed a new entity to
pursue the business opportunities previously pursued by the Company&#8217;s VariGuard SmartGlass business unit. This new licensee continues
to use the VariGuard SmartGlass name. In addition to other employees at VariGuard SmartGlass Inc., one of the Company&#8217;s officers
(Michael R. LaPointe) and one former officer (Seth L. Van Voorhees) are shareholders of VariGuard SmartGlass Inc. and, as consequence,
this transaction is a related party relationship which has been reviewed and approved by the Company&#8217;s Board of Directors pursuant
to the requirements of Delaware corporate law and the Company&#8217;s Code of Ethics. Mr. LaPointe also remains a full-time employee
at the Company. In October 2021, the Company entered into an amendment to the license agreement with VariGuard modifying its scope
and terms.</span></p>

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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792062540568">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Commitments<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommitmentsDisclosureTextBlock', window );">Commitments</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_80C_eus-gaap--CommitmentsDisclosureTextBlock_zmWOao95A2U3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(8)
<span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="xdx_822_zPkbb8cr2v1">Commitments</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has an employment agreement with its chief executive officer which provides for an annual base salary of $<span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--OfficersCompensation_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__srt--ChiefExecutiveOfficerMember_zEXffOuLz853" title="Annual base salary">600,000</span> for calendar
year 2022. This employment agreement has an evergreen provision that extends the term by <span id="xdx_901_ecustom--LeaseExpirationTerm_dc_c20210101__20211231_zMtgbL4woID4" title="Lease expiration term">one year</span> on the expiration date unless either
the Company or the employee has given notice that they will not be renewing the agreement upon the expiration of its term.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has a defined contribution profit sharing (401k) plan covering employees who have completed one year of service. Contributions
are made at the discretion of the Company. The Company did not make any contributions to this plan for 2021 or 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at its inception. This determination generally depends on whether the arrangement conveys
the right to control the use of an identified fixed asset explicitly or implicitly for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
Control of an underlying asset is conveyed if the Company obtains the rights to direct the use of, and to obtain substantially all of
the economic benefits from the use of, the underlying asset. Lease expense for variable leases and short-term leases is recognized when
the obligation is incurred.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has operating leases for certain facilities, vehicles and equipment with a weighted average remaining lease term of <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_iI_dtY_c20211231_zxEngzBA1FQ">3.2 </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">years
as of December 31, 2021. Operating leases are included in right of use lease assets, other current liabilities and long-term lease
liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. Right of use lease assets and liabilities are recognized at each lease&#8217;s
commencement date based on the present value of its lease payments over its respective lease term. The Company does not have an
established incremental borrowing rate as it does not have any debt. The Company uses the stated borrowing rate for a lease when
readily determinable. When the interest rate implicit in its lease agreements is not readily determinable, the Company uses
an interest rate based on the marketplace for public debt. The weighted average discount rate associated with operating leases as of
December 31, 2021 is <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_iI_dp_uPure_c20211231_zsT7BUvWubxa">5.5</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Subsequent
to the Company&#8217;s adoption of the new lease accounting guidance on January 1, 2019, the Company recorded new right of use lease
assets of approximately $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_iI_pp0p0_c20190102__us-gaap--AdjustmentsForNewAccountingPronouncementsAxis__us-gaap--AccountingStandardsUpdate201602Member_zD3nb5lUTiPa" title="Right of use lease assets">900,000</span> and associated lease liabilities of approximately $<span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_pn5n6_c20190102__us-gaap--AdjustmentsForNewAccountingPronouncementsAxis__us-gaap--AccountingStandardsUpdate201602Member_zK3wGMHbtUKk" title="Lease liabilities">1.1</span> million.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_890_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock_z0lYSxrQJxK4" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Maturities
of operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2021 were as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8BA_zBQxjjbnjnKk" style="display: none">Schedule of Minimum Annual Future Rental Commitments</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 70%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_490_20211231_zyzt1ggQTBfl" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center; font-weight: bold"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">December
    31, 2021</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_z03CnjG7Lj93" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 74%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Year 1</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 22%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">213,000</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40A_ecustom--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_zPiRBlQV9ska" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Years 2-3</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">439,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40A_ecustom--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_zoCFNKZjcq27" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Years 4-5</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">56,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_zmVMDCtpbTka" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Thereafter</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0679">&#160;</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_iTI_pp0p0_mtLOLLPzBsY_zcgQ8O8zHcg6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total lease payments</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">708,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_iNI_pp0p0_di_zTGXZCjip5Bj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Less: imputed lease
    interest</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(61,781</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_pp0p0_zWzWJzHAUKjj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Present value of lease liabilities</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">646,219</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  </table>

<p id="xdx_8A1_zVeCEhbLMiR3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for significant arrangements with third parties, which includes operating lease arrangements and arrangements in which the entity has agreed to expend funds to procure goods or services, or has agreed to commit resources to supply goods or services, and operating lease arrangements. Descriptions may include identification of the specific goods and services, period of time covered, minimum quantities and amounts, and cancellation rights.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 440<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2144648<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792062539176">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Rights Plan<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_DisclosureRightsPlanAbstract', window );"><strong>Rights Plan</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_RightsPlanDisclosureTextBlock', window );">Rights Plan</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_803_ecustom--RightsPlanDisclosureTextBlock_zKWvG9s9PI04" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(9)
<span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="xdx_82B_zHIF5fGMtx73">Rights Plan</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
February 2013, the Company&#8217;s Board of Directors adopted a Stockholders&#8217; Rights Plan (the &#8220;Rights Plan&#8221;) and declared
a dividend distribution of one right (a &#8220;Right&#8221;) for each outstanding share of Company common stock to stockholders of record
at the close of business on March 3, 2003 (&#8220;Record Time&#8221;) and authorized the issuance of one Right in respect of each share
of Common Stock issued after the Record Time and prior to the Separation Time.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8220;Separation
Time&#8221; shall mean the earlier of the Close of Business on the tenth Business Day (or such later date as the Board of Directors may
from time to time fix by resolution adopted prior to the Separation Time that otherwise would have occurred) following but not including
(i) the date on which any Person commences a tender or exchange offer that, if consummated, would result in such Person&#8217;s becoming
an Acquiring Person, and (ii) the date of the first event causing a Flip-in Date to occur; provided that if any tender or exchange offer
referred to in clause (i) of this paragraph is cancelled, terminated or otherwise withdrawn prior to the Separation Time without the
purchase of any shares of Common Stock pursuant thereto, such offer shall be deemed, for purposes of this paragraph, never to have been
made.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Subject
to certain exceptions listed in the Rights Plan, if a person or group has acquired beneficial ownership of, or commences a tender or
exchange offer for, <span id="xdx_90F_ecustom--PercentageOfAcquisitionThresholdInRightsAgreement_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_zyhkHvIIleE7" title="Percentage of acquisition threshold">15</span>% or more of the Company&#8217;s common stock, unless redeemed by the Company&#8217;s Board of Directors, each
Right entitles the holder (other than the acquiring person) to purchase from the Company $<span id="xdx_907_ecustom--ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231_zKDanikXr3eg" title="Value of stock covered by each right">80</span> worth of common stock for $<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1_iI_c20211231_zwpKvauH3NWa" title="Exercise price of rights">40</span>. If the Company
is merged into, or <span id="xdx_90B_ecustom--ClassOfWarrantOrRightControlThreshold_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_zRTppq2WrQzh" title="Threshold for change in control">50</span>% or more of its assets or earning power is sold to, the acquiring company, the Rights will also enable the holder
(other than the acquiring person) to purchase $<span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231_zqjcc5KIa7a8" title="Value of stock covered by each right">80</span> worth of common stock of the acquiring company for $<span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1_iI_c20211231_zQSdM94B8Jr2" title="Exercise price of rights">40</span>. The Rights will expire at the
close of business on <span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--RightsPlanExpireDate_dd_c20210101__20211231_zn6lJwQkg3M" title="Rights plan expire date">February 11, 2023</span>, unless the Rights Plan is extended by the Company&#8217;s Board of Directors or unless the Rights
are earlier redeemed by the Company at a price of $<span id="xdx_901_ecustom--ClassOfWarrantOrRightRedemptionPrice_c20210101__20211231_zYGG5Rvly2d6" title="Redemption price">.0001</span> per Right. The Rights are not exercisable during the time when they are redeemable
by the Company.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
above description highlights some of the features of the Company&#8217;s Rights Plan and is not a complete description of the Rights
Plan. A more detailed description and copy of the Rights Plan has been filed with the SEC and is available from the Company upon request.</span></p>

<span></span>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792060029096">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccountingPoliciesAbstract', window );"><strong>Accounting Policies [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock', window );">Cash and Cash Equivalents</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_841_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock_zCcTPQ6KFLC4" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)
<span id="xdx_86C_zx59wtr4zkd">Cash and Cash Equivalents</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company considers securities purchased with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist
of short-term investments in money market accounts at December 31, 2021 and 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cash
and cash equivalents are maintained at financial institutions and, at times, balances may exceed federally insured limits. We have never
experienced any losses related to these balances. FDIC insurance coverage is $<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--CashFDICInsuredAmount_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zxj1A7KL2u17" title="FDIC insurance coverage">250,000</span> per depositor at each financial institution, and
our non-interest bearing cash balances may again exceed federally insured limits. Amounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits
at December 31, 2021 and 2020 are approximately $<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--CashUninsuredAmount_c20211231_pp0p0" title="Amounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits">0</span> and $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--CashUninsuredAmount_iI_pn5n6_c20201231_zhXjKLg1d08e" title="Amounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits">4.5</span> million, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesPolicy', window );">Marketable Securities</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_846_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesPolicy_zt79d5lEsbtg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)
<span id="xdx_863_zGbXJpiNALah">Marketable Securities</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company classifies investments in marketable securities as trading, available-for-sale or held-to-maturity at the time of purchase and
periodically re-evaluates such classification. Trading securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses
included in earnings. Held-to-maturity securities are recorded at cost and are adjusted for the amortization or accretion of premiums
or discounts over the life of the related security. Unrealized holding gains and losses of available-for-sale securities are excluded
from earnings and are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until realized. In determining
realized gains and losses, the cost of the securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Interest and dividends on
the investments are accrued at the balance sheet date.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fair
value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the &#8220;exit price&#8221;)
in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are broken down into three levels
based on the reliability of inputs as follows: Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. An active market for the asset or liability is a market in which
transactions for the asset or liability occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.
Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly
or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, inputs other than quoted prices
that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals or current
market) and contractual prices for the underlying financial instrument, as well as other relevant economic measures. Level 3 inputs are
unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs are used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs
are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the
measurement date.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_893_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfUnrealizedLossOnInvestmentsTableTextBlock_zCKwrQ3VUTjd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">At
December 31, 2021 all investments are Level 1 and were classified as trading and consisted of the following:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8B5_zVVk9G64x2h8" style="display: none">Schedule of Unrealized Loss on Investments</span> </span></p>

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    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zWCkmVcIKVS9" title="Marketable securities">2,755,111</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_iN_pp0p0_di_c20210101__20211231_zEipo84qLat7" title="Unrealized loss on marketable securities">28,522</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/></p>

<p id="xdx_8AB_zBfAwSBgeayf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ReceivablesPolicyTextBlock', window );">Royalties Receivable</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--ReceivablesPolicyTextBlock_zPlcAgcMkJ8h" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)
<span id="xdx_86B_zFjcyL7AhAO2">Royalties Receivable</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Royalties
receivable from licensees are recorded at the amounts specified within the license agreements when the collectability of the receivable
is reasonably assured. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company&#8217;s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses
in the Company&#8217;s existing royalties receivable. The Company determines the allowance based on historical write-off experience
as well as the current status of the Company&#8217;s customers. The Company reviews its allowance for doubtful accounts periodically.
Past due accounts are reviewed individually for collectability. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means
of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. As of December 31, 2021, two companies accounted
for <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zWQH1kTqxC9f">14</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%
and <span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zuFOKnsPEk59">11</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">% of the Company&#8217;s outstanding receivables. As of December 31, 2020, three companies accounted for <span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zQpHifec9rK7">16</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%,
<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zsSlt52VWQw2">11</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%
and <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zOd0kcfgAfmj">10</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%,
 of the Company&#8217;s outstanding receivables.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock', window );">Fixed Assets</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_848_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock_zgdtq3eAwqq7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(d)
<span id="xdx_866_z4ixCfzpFVth">Fixed Assets</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fixed
assets are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line
method over the estimated useful lives of the assets.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerPolicyTextBlock', window );">Revenue Recognition/Fee Income</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_848_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerPolicyTextBlock_zA3UcqL7gRSk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(e)
<span id="xdx_863_zUqR8t7G5iI7">Revenue Recognition/Fee Income</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The standard provides a single comprehensive
revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers and supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance. The revenue standard
contains principles that an entity will apply to determine the measurement of revenue and timing of when it is recognized. The underlying
principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity
expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">ASC
606 follows a five-step approach to determining revenue recognition including: 1) Identification of the contract; 2) Identification of
the performance obligations; 3) Determination of the transaction price; 4) Allocation of the transaction price and 5) Recognition of
revenue.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company determined that its license agreements provide for three performance obligations which include: (i) the Grant of Use to its Patent
Portfolio (&#8220;Grant of Use&#8221;), (ii) Stand-Ready Technical Support (&#8220;Technical Support&#8221;) including the transfer of trade
secrets and other know-how, production of materials, scale-up support, analytical testing, etc., and (iii) access to new Intellectual
Property (&#8220;IP&#8221;) that may be developed some time during the course of the contract period (&#8220;New Improvements&#8221;).
Given the nature of IP development, such New Improvements are on an unspecified basis and can occur and be made available to licensees
at any time during the contract period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">When
a contract includes more than one performance obligation, the Company needs to allocate the total consideration to each performance obligation
based on its relative standalone selling price or estimate the standalone selling price if it is not observable. A standalone selling
price is not available for our performance obligations since we do not sell any of the services separately and there is no competitor
pricing that is available. As a consequence, the best method for determining standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance
obligation is through a comparison of the average royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements.
Comparable license agreements must consider several factors including: (i) the materials that are being licensed, (ii) the market application
for the licensed materials, and (iii) the financial terms in the license agreements that can increase or decrease the risk/reward nature
of the agreement.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Based
on the royalty rate comparison referred to above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical
Support and New Improvements performance obligations. The Company focuses a significant portion of its time and resources to provide
the Technical Support and New Improvements services to its licensees, which further supports the conclusions reached using the royalty
rate analysis.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are co-terminus over the term of the license agreement. For purposes of
determining the transaction price, and recognizing revenue, the Company combined the Technical Support and New Improvements performance
obligations because they have the same pattern of transfer and the same term. We maintain a staff of scientists and other professionals
whose primary job responsibilities throughout the year are: (i) being available to respond to Technical Support needs of our licensees,
and (ii) developing improvements to our technology which are offered to our licensees as New Improvements. Since the costs incurred to
satisfy the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout the year, the value of the
Technical Support and New Improvements services are recognized throughout the initial contract period as these performance obligations
are satisfied. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the initial contract period, it will renew on the same terms as the initial
contract for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalty obligations relating to this renewal contract will be
allocated similarly to the initial contract over the additional one-year period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled
at a point in time, revenue is recognized at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a functional
license, the value of the Grant of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license agreement is in force.
The value of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations is allocated throughout the contract period based on the satisfaction
of its performance obligations. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the contract period, it will renew on the same terms
as the original agreement for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalties (&#8220;MAR&#8221;) relating to this
renewal contract will be allocated similarly over that additional year.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company&#8217;s license agreements have a variable royalty fee structure (meaning that royalties are a fixed percentage of sales that
vary from period to period) and frequently include a minimum annual royalty commitment. In instances when sales of licensed products
by its licensees exceed the MAR, the Company recognizes fee income as the amounts have been earned. Typically, the royalty rate for such
sales is <span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zaPHKNRs3Qo7" title="Royalty rate on selling price">10</span>-<span id="xdx_906_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_z4YkfQ7fqYrl" title="Royalty rate on selling price">15</span>% of the selling price. While this is variable consideration, it is subject to the sales/usage royalty exception to recognition
of variable consideration in ASC 606 10-55-65 and therefore is not recognized until the subsequent sales or usage occurs or the MAR period
commences.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Because
of the immediate recognition of the Grant of Use performance obligation: (i) the first period of the contract term will generally have
a higher percent allocation of the transaction price under ASC 606 and (ii) the remaining periods will have less of the transaction price
recognized under ASC 606. After the initial period in the contract term, the revenue for the remaining periods will be based on the satisfaction
of the technical support and New Improvements obligations. Since most of our license agreements start as of January 1st, the revenue
recognized for the contract under ASC 606 in our first quarter will tend to be higher subsequent quarters in the fiscal year.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Certain
of the contract fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which they are earned resulting in deferred
revenue. Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized as revenue in future periods as earned.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company operates in a single business segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control
the flow of light. Our revenue source comes from the licensing of this technology and all of these license agreements have similar terms
and provisions. The majority of the Company&#8217;s licensing fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating
in the automotive market. The Company currently believes that the automotive market will be the largest source of its royalty income
over the next several years. The Company&#8217;s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors including various
trends affecting demand in the automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product lines. In addition to
these macro factors, the Company&#8217;s royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by specific factors such
as whether the Company&#8217;s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number
of additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and the number of windows on a vehicle
that use SPD SmartGlass, fluctuations in the total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage of cars within
each model produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing or exchange rates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
of December 31, 2021, the Company has four license agreements that are in their initial multiyear term (&#8220;Initial Term&#8221;) with
continuing performance obligations going forward. The Initial Term of three of these agreements will end as of December 31, 2022 and
one will end as of December 31, 2024, The Company currently expects all four of these agreements will renew annually at the end of the
Initial Term. As of December 31, 2021, the aggregate amount of the revenue to be recognized upon the satisfaction of the remaining performance
obligations for the four license agreements is $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember_zZx7pwLg9p03">273,000</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">.
The revenue for these remaining performance obligations for each of the four license agreements is expected to be recognized evenly
throughout their remaining period of the Initial Term.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For
the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company entered into a number of license agreements covering its light control technology.
The Company received minimum annual royalties under certain license agreements and recorded fee income based on ASC 606 revenue recognition
each quarter. In instances when sales of licensed products by its licensees exceed minimum annual royalties, the Company recognized additional
fee income as the amounts have been earned. Certain of the fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which
they are earned resulting in deferred revenue. Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and are typically recognized as fee
income when earned. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, there was no balance in deferred revenue.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fee
income represents amounts earned by the Company under various license and other agreements relating to technology developed by the Company.
During 2021, four licensees accounted for <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseOneMember_zcEU2fEKvSK4" title="Concentration risk percentage">20</span>%, <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseTwoMember_zXBvR1wCwk1f" title="Concentration risk percentage">18</span>%, <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseThreeMember_zJrCt3BafHob" title="Concentration risk percentage">18</span>% and <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseFourMember_zcJy891axCd8" title="Concentration risk percentage">12</span>% of fee income recognized during the year. During 2020, five licensees
accounted for <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseOneMember_z3WKb1G0XQNa" title="Concentration risk percentage">18</span>%, <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseTwoMember_zCN3J60ZQpFc" title="Concentration risk percentage">16</span>%, <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseThreeMember_z3smHnDAguK6" title="Concentration risk percentage">12</span>%, <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseFourMember_zkafvx9F6vA5" title="Concentration risk percentage">12</span>% and <span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseFiveMember_z9d4b0v0kEjf" title="Concentration risk percentage">12</span>% of fee income recognized during the year.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"/>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EarningsPerSharePolicyTextBlock', window );">Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_84D_eus-gaap--EarningsPerSharePolicyTextBlock_zRwOngvFgy0d" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(f)
<span id="xdx_86A_zfcUs3J51wak">Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Basic
loss per share excludes any dilution. It is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive
loss per share reflects the potential dilution that would occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised
or converted into common stock. The Company&#8217;s dilutive loss per share equals basic loss per share for each of the years in the
two-year period ended December 31, 2021 because all potentially dilutive securities (<span style="font-variant: normal">i.e<i>., </i></span>options
and warrants) were antidilutive in those periods. The number of options and warrants that were not included because their effect is antidilutive
was <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zf6QUjETu3E4">2,599,701
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">and <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zHX87bro4Lkh">2,697,251
</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">for 2021 and 2020, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy', window );">Research and Development Costs</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy_zqNfRbgw2xl2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(g)
<span id="xdx_86B_zBx6VasQjZB4">Research and Development Costs</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Research
and development costs are charged to expense as incurred.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IntangibleAssetsFiniteLivedPolicy', window );">Patent Costs</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_842_eus-gaap--IntangibleAssetsFiniteLivedPolicy_zB69L9Wc2MTe" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(h)
<span id="xdx_86C_zGyhVhCcNUs">Patent Costs</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company expenses costs relating to the development or acquisition of patents due to the uncertainty of the recoverability of these items.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_UseOfEstimates', window );">Use of Estimates</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_843_eus-gaap--UseOfEstimates_ze8shaujDgg1" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(i)
<span id="xdx_86E_z2NnySiRpRBk">Use of Estimates</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
preparation of the Company&#8217;s consolidated financial statements requires management of the Company to make a number of estimates
and assumptions relating to the reported amount of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at
the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during this period. Actual results
could differ from those estimates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxPolicyTextBlock', window );">Income Taxes</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxPolicyTextBlock_zTl4lgV1hR8e" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(j)
<span id="xdx_86C_zAkVrfJ1ayjk">Income Taxes</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Income
taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences
attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective
tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates
expected to be recovered or settled.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
accordance with ASC Topic 740, we recognize tax benefits only for tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination
by tax authorities. The amount recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is <span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--RecognizedBenefitMeasured_c20210101__20211231_zKBviBhtRX7c" title="Recognized benefit measured">greater than 50 percent</span> likely to be realized
upon ultimate settlement. Unrecognized tax benefits are tax benefits claimed in tax returns that do not meet these recognition and measurement
standards. We classify accrued interest and penalties related to any unrecognized tax benefits in our income tax provision. At December
31, 2021 and 2020, we do not have accrued interest and penalties related to any unrecognized tax benefits. We do not believe we have
any uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
tax years subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions include the years 2016 and forward by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and
certain states. The Company is not currently being audited by any tax jurisdiction.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationOptionAndIncentivePlansPolicy', window );">Equity-Based Compensation</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_841_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationOptionAndIncentivePlansPolicy_zVkMSw1m2Ju2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(k)
<span id="xdx_86C_zRdSgxQ98QL6">Equity-Based Compensation</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
recognize all stock-based compensation as an expense in the consolidated financial statements and such costs are measured at the fair
value of the award at the date of grant. In addition to reflecting compensation expense for new share-based payment awards, expense is
also recognized to reflect the remaining vesting period of awards that had been granted in prior periods. Tax benefits related to stock
option exercises are reflected as financing cash inflows.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
exercise prices for stock options granted are generally set at the average for the high and low trading prices of the Company&#8217;s
common stock on the trading date immediately prior to the date of grant, and the related numbers of shares granted are fixed at the date
of grant.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
order to determine the fair value of stock options on the date of grant, the Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Inherent
in this model are assumptions related to expected stock-price volatility, option term, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. While
the risk-free interest rate and dividend yield are less subjective assumptions that are based on factual data derived from public sources,
the expected stock-price volatility and option term assumptions require a greater level of judgment.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
connection with employee and director stock options, the Company charged to compensation expense $<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zkO8VXFwsTB4" title="Share based compensation">217,008</span> and $<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_c20200101__20201231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zh48ZoGjhGc8" title="Share based compensation">327,554</span> during the years
ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, these awards were fully vested. In lieu of higher cash compensation,
the Company has granted warrants and non-employee options to consultants. These warrants and non-employee options vested fully on the
date of grant. There were no such charges for the year ended December 31,2021 and 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_RestrictedStockPolicyTextBlock', window );">Restricted Stock</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_849_ecustom--RestrictedStockPolicyTextBlock_zNNlMJb9zHpf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(l)
<span id="xdx_862_zbRiJMnBwGfc">Restricted Stock</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Compensation
cost for restricted stock is measured using the quoted market price of the Company&#8217;s common stock at the date the common stock
is granted. The compensation cost is recognized over the period between the issue date and the vesting period for such shares. Restricted
stock is included in total common shares outstanding upon the lapse of any vesting conditions.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ImpairmentOrDisposalOfLongLivedAssetsPolicyTextBlock', window );">Impairment of Long-Lived Assets</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--ImpairmentOrDisposalOfLongLivedAssetsPolicyTextBlock_z6mjomVENNGc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(m)
<span id="xdx_866_z9aPjFVKQFl8">Impairment of Long-Lived Assets</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company reviews long-lived assets to determine whether an event or change in circumstances indicates the carrying value of the asset
may not be recoverable. The Company bases its evaluation on such impairment indicators as the nature of the assets, the future economic
benefit of the assets and any historical or future profitability measurements, as well as other external market conditions or factors
that may be present. There was no impairment of long-lived assets recorded during 2021 and 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueMeasurementPolicyPolicyTextBlock', window );">Fair Value Measurements</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_849_eus-gaap--FairValueMeasurementPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zOjo1b1AyKIe" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(n)
<span id="xdx_868_zSxCKrGex1ih">Fair Value Measurements</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the fair value of the Company&#8217;s financial assets and non-warrant liabilities including cash and
cash equivalents, marketable securities, royalties receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximated carrying value due
to the short-term maturity of these instruments.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock', window );">Recent Accounting Pronouncements</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_848_eus-gaap--NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zrWrKA6i7Bt8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(o)
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_86A_zTj5oyyg3uge">Recent Accounting Pronouncements</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><i>New
Accounting Standards</i></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company believes that no new accounting standards that are not yet effective will have a material effect on the Company&#8217;s consolidated
financial statements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Restricted stock [Policy Text Block]</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for cash and cash equivalents, including the policy for determining which items are treated as cash equivalents. Other information that may be disclosed includes (1) the nature of any restrictions on the entity's use of its cash and cash equivalents, (2) whether the entity's cash and cash equivalents are insured or expose the entity to credit risk, (3) the classification of any negative balance accounts (overdrafts), and (4) the carrying basis of cash equivalents (for example, at cost) and whether the carrying amount of cash equivalents approximates fair value.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123431023&amp;loc=d3e4273-108586<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(1))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for computing basic and diluted earnings or loss per share for each class of common stock and participating security. Addresses all significant policy factors, including any antidilutive items that have been excluded from the computation and takes into account stock dividends, splits and reverse splits that occur after the balance sheet date of the latest reporting period but before the issuance of the financial statements.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124432515&amp;loc=d3e3550-109257<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124432515&amp;loc=d3e3630-109257<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for fair value measurements of financial and non-financial assets, liabilities and instruments classified in shareholders' equity. Disclosures include, but are not limited to, how an entity that manages a group of financial assets and liabilities on the basis of its net exposure measures the fair value of those assets and liabilities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for recognizing and measuring the impairment of long-lived assets. An entity also may disclose its accounting policy for long-lived assets to be sold. This policy excludes goodwill and intangible assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 360<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 05<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=109226317&amp;loc=d3e202-110218<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 360<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 5.CC)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=27011434&amp;loc=d3e125687-122742<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for income taxes, which may include its accounting policies for recognizing and measuring deferred tax assets and liabilities and related valuation allowances, recognizing investment tax credits, operating loss carryforwards, tax credit carryforwards, and other carryforwards, methodologies for determining its effective income tax rate and the characterization of interest and penalties in the financial statements.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 25<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123427490&amp;loc=d3e32247-109318<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 20<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32847-109319<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 19<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32840-109319<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124431353&amp;loc=SL116659661-227067<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 9<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32639-109319<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123427490&amp;loc=d3e32280-109318<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 17<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32809-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for finite-lived intangible assets. This accounting policy also might address: (1) the amortization method used; (2) the useful lives of such assets; and (3) how the entity assesses and measures impairment of such assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 926<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 5<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120154696&amp;loc=d3e54445-107959<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 350<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=66006027&amp;loc=d3e16323-109275<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 920<br> -SubTopic 350<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120155617&amp;loc=SL120155638-234783<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123372394&amp;loc=d3e18823-107790<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 920<br> -SubTopic 350<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120155617&amp;loc=SL120155628-234783<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 920<br> -SubTopic 350<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120155617&amp;loc=SL120155628-234783<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IntangibleAssetsFiniteLivedPolicy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesPolicy">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for investment classified as marketable security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 320<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 5<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123599081&amp;loc=d3e62652-112803<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesPolicy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy pertaining to new accounting pronouncements that may impact the entity's financial reporting. Includes, but is not limited to, quantification of the expected or actual impact.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:textBlockItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for long-lived, physical asset used in normal conduct of business and not intended for resale. Includes, but is not limited to, work of art, historical treasure, and similar asset classified as collections.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 958<br> -SubTopic 360<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (d)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120429125&amp;loc=d3e99779-112916<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.13(a))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 958<br> -SubTopic 360<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120429125&amp;loc=d3e99893-112916<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 360<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6391035&amp;loc=d3e2868-110229<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:textBlockItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ReceivablesPolicyTextBlock">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for receivable. Includes, but is not limited to, accounts receivable and financing receivable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123577603&amp;loc=d3e5033-111524<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84159169&amp;loc=d3e10178-111534<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84159169&amp;loc=d3e10149-111534<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84159169&amp;loc=d3e10133-111534<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ReceivablesPolicyTextBlock</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:textBlockItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for costs it has incurred (1) in a planned search or critical investigation aimed at discovery of new knowledge with the hope that such knowledge will be useful in developing a new product or service, a new process or technique, or in bringing about a significant improvement to an existing product or process; or (2) to translate research findings or other knowledge into a plan or design for a new product or process or for a significant improvement to an existing product or process.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 730<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6420194&amp;loc=d3e21568-108373<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:textBlockItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerPolicyTextBlock">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for revenue from contract with customer.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 17<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123351226&amp;loc=SL49130561-203045<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 20<br> -Subparagraph (d)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123351226&amp;loc=SL49130566-203045<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 18<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123351226&amp;loc=SL49130563-203045<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=49130388<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 20<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123351226&amp;loc=SL49130566-203045<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 18<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123351226&amp;loc=SL49130563-203045<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (e)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123372394&amp;loc=d3e18823-107790<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 20<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123351226&amp;loc=SL49130566-203045<br><br>Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 19<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123351226&amp;loc=SL49130564-203045<br><br>Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 20<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123351226&amp;loc=SL49130566-203045<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerPolicyTextBlock</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:textBlockItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationOptionAndIncentivePlansPolicy">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for award under share-based payment arrangement. Includes, but is not limited to, methodology and assumption used in measuring cost.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (b),(f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5047-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationOptionAndIncentivePlansPolicy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:textBlockItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_UseOfEstimates">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Disclosure of accounting policy for the use of estimates in the preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792062530456">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)<br></strong></div></th>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For all investments in an unrealized loss position, including those for which other-than-temporary impairments have not been recognized in earnings (including investments for which a portion of an other-than-temporary impairment has been recognized in other comprehensive income), a tabular disclosure of the aggregate related fair value of investments with unrealized losses and the aggregate amount of unrealized losses (that is, the amount by which amortized cost basis exceeds fair value).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 320<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123581744&amp;loc=d3e27290-111563<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792062889944">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Fixed Assets (Tables)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
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    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentAbstract</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Tabular disclosure of physical assets used in the normal conduct of business and not intended for resale. Includes, but is not limited to, balances by class of assets, depreciation and depletion expense and method used, including composite depreciation, and accumulated deprecation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(13))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 360<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6391035&amp;loc=d3e2868-110229<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792062528776">
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<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Accrued Expenses and Other (Tables)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th></tr>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PayablesAndAccrualsAbstract', window );"><strong>Payables and Accruals [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
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expenses consist of the following at December 31, 2021 and 2020:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8BB_zTOxTu1HFpGj" style="display: none">Schedule of Accrued Expenses and Other</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; width: 90%; margin-right: auto">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Tabular disclosure of the components of accrued liabilities.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792062530456">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Income Taxes (Tables)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract', window );"><strong>Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock', window );">Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_89A_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_zYbvlgljhBM5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets at December 31, 2021 and 2020
are presented below:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span><span id="xdx_8B8_zG6TW83CF7o3" style="display: none">Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 90%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49B_20211231_zJ6lEEMCKKjg" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2021</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_495_20201231_znhdVf0IwLDh" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2020</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Deferred tax assets:</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsPropertyPlantAndEquipment_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zm489ivfsAL1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; width: 64%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Depreciation</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">106,000</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">117,000</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseReservesAndAccrualsAllowanceForDoubtfulAccounts_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zhzFl6rESy7l" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Allowance for bad debts</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">218,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">202,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zwV9ke3GE048" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net operating loss carryforwards</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">14,114,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">14,755,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_z5KM8SulySNj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Stock option expense</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">355,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">403,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zYxll7pOJW8a" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Research and other credits</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">945,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">952,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOther_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zjPJvoWvikde" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Other
    temporary differences</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">15,000</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">15,000</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsGross_iTI_pp0p0_mtDTAGzSKS_maDTANzkep_z3HqODIoYQ9b" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total gross deferred tax
    assets</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">15,753,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">16,444,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_iNI_pp0p0_di_msDTANzkep_zcp7G8LzZk5" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Less
    valuation allowance</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(15,753,000</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(16,444,000</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsNet_iTI_pp0p0_mtDTANzkep_zWCFPuH4gSp2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Deferred
    tax assets, net</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0494">-</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0495">-</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  </table>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock', window );">Schedule of Reconciliation Income Tax Expenses Benefit</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock_z47fALSfrCq9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
reconciliation of the income tax expense (benefit) computed at the federal statutory tax rates to income tax expense (benefit)
is as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8BB_zBWtcuevhGk7" style="display: none">Schedule of Reconciliation Income Tax Expenses Benefit</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 90%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_499_20210101__20211231_zWnnyZ3ruBua" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2021</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_492_20200101__20201231_zfFJ3945jhl8" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2020</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_maITEBza9v_z58Qf8BFGIGl" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 64%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Income tax provision at federal
    statutory rate</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(388,000</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(485,000</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherReconcilingItems_maITEBza9v_zgBLwkK2E9Z6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Permanent differences</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0502">&#160;</span></span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(43,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherAdjustments_maITEBza9v_zDaPci1uOBZ9" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expired carryforwards and other</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,079,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,211,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_maITEBza9v_z5Obgb4D2Yth" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Valuation allowance</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792062667304">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Shareholders&#8217; Equity (Tables)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock', window );">Schedule of Assumptions Used to Value Options Granted to Employees</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_894_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock_zbYf5EI5jrUl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8BE_zzBCxiZatQR9" style="display: none">Schedule of Assumptions Used to Value Options Granted to Employees</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; width: 80%; margin-right: auto">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 64%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fair value on grant date</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_c20210101__20211231_z8kSUsrMDio8" title="Expected dividend yield"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0554">-</span></span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expected volatility</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231_zXeTCWzC8pZi" title="Risk free interest rate">0.36</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expected term of the option</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20210101__20211231_zxXAw3PguPRc" title="Expected term of the option">5</span>
                                            years</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20200101__20201231_zYJPQeRasPY8" title="Expected term of the option">5</span>
                                            years</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ScheduleOfShareBasedCompensationStockOptionsActivityTableTextBlock', window );">Schedule of Option Activity</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_89C_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedCompensationStockOptionsActivityTableTextBlock_zhEdmSh7yeOd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">All
options are exercisable at December 31, 2021.</span></p>


<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"><span id="xdx_8B1_z8wa7cz6dCsh" style="display: none">Schedule of Option Activity</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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                                               <p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Contractual Term</span></p></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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    (Years)</td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center">Value</td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 20%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at January 1, 2020</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z5Ed4lT9kIrh" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,548,351</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zqIfuQUUcDU5" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.68</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20190101__20191231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zGe188ufGCKl" title="Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Beginning">6.9</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_iS_pp0p0_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zBxyFV9nfw45" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">603,683</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Granted</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zA7W1fTM8NEf" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Granted"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">199,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zt5TXem7NMVc" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.79</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cancelled</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod_iN_di_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zYZjkFq7AVM4" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Cancelled"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0584">-</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercised</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_iN_di_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zhCPQFWYiJzj" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Exercised"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(450,091</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_ziC7s2pYo3gf" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.09</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at December 31, 2020</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zBp1Yi6qndO3" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,297,260</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zt31Ki7oU5k5" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.09</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zn7gcvpU9rZb" title="Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Beginning">5.8</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_iS_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zXSvreYgcai3" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">142,885</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Granted</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zNZkIiAQ8J3b" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Granted"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">198,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zvsVQyKfNC21" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.72</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cancelled</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod_iN_di_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z9JIQx6i51Sl" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Cancelled"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(155,050</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zx7FoTFJtt4f" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Cancelled"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5.38</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercised</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_iN_di_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zSJGy0nM1709" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Exercised"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(140,500</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zjInsGdH7Ifa" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.48</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at December 31, 2021</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iE_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zk2YQR7uP4Ci" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Ending"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,199,710</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iE_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z5NFa2B0ipci" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.67</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z0H0gQeNqFpk" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5.7</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_iE_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zYwra2BhaJAl" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Ending">21,870</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  </table>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ScheduleOfStockholdersEquityNoteWarrantsOrRightsTextBlock', window );">Schedule of Warrant Activity</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_89C_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfStockholdersEquityNoteWarrantsOrRightsTextBlock_z3X627gxVptd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Activity
in warrants is summarized below:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8BC_zmUfz44iZj3a" style="display: none">Schedule of Warrant Activity</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 93%; margin-left: 0.5in">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Number of Shares Underlying</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Weighted Average</span></td><td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Warrants
    Granted</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercise
    Price</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 60%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at January 1, 2020</span></td><td style="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20200101__20201231_z8guZnIm4lc9" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,483,143</span></td><td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98E_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20200101__20201231_z2Xch2FPLeJ8" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.13</span></td><td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercised</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised_iN_di_c20200101__20201231_z9sYGUEZb0dh" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Exercised"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(83,152</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_98B_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitureInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20200101__20201231_zpC6fDiF5d18" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.42</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Terminated</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitures_c20200101__20201231_zcRLuXSEFog1" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Terminated"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0627">-</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Issued</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted_c20200101__20201231_zk32EYBLl9D1" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Issued"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0629">-</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at December 31, 2020</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20210101__20211231_zhSKvQV5ArD4" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,399,991</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_98A_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20210101__20211231_zOYaiUifxM96" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.27</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercised</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised_iN_di_c20210101__20211231_zLwgBkEdtINk" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Exercised"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0635">-</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Terminated</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitures_c20210101__20211231_z5AQqBq9zBsk" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Terminated"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0637">-</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Issued</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted_c20210101__20211231_zrCA7sOEO5X3" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Issued"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0639">-</span></span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at December 31, 2021</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iE_c20210101__20211231_z4kY3Er5bupl" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Ending"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,399,991</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td id="xdx_983_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iE_c20210101__20211231_zwfj25h99R7f" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.27</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  </table>

<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Tabular disclosure for stock option plans. Includes, but is not limited to, outstanding awards at beginning and end of year, grants, exercises, forfeitures, and weighted-average grant date fair value.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (d)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (e)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Tabular disclosure of the significant assumptions used during the year to estimate the fair value of stock options, including, but not limited to: (a) expected term of share options and similar instruments, (b) expected volatility of the entity's shares, (c) expected dividends, (d) risk-free rate(s), and (e) discount for post-vesting restrictions.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (f)(2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Tabular disclosure of warrants or rights issued. Warrants and rights outstanding are derivative securities that give the holder the right to purchase securities (usually equity) from the issuer at a specific price within a certain time frame. Warrants are often included in a new debt issue to entice investors by a higher return potential. The main difference between warrants and call options is that warrants are issued and guaranteed by the company, whereas options are exchange instruments and are not issued by the company. Also, the lifetime of a warrant is often measured in years, while the lifetime of a typical option is measured in months. Disclose the title of issue of securities called for by warrants and rights outstanding, the aggregate amount of securities called for by warrants and rights outstanding, the date from which the warrants or rights are exercisable, and the price at which the warrant or right is exercisable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5047-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 50<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6784392&amp;loc=d3e188667-122775<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<head>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792062480392">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Commitments (Tables)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureAbstract', window );"><strong>Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock', window );">Schedule of Minimum Annual Future Rental Commitments</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_890_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock_z0lYSxrQJxK4" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Maturities
of operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2021 were as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;<span id="xdx_8BA_zBQxjjbnjnKk" style="display: none">Schedule of Minimum Annual Future Rental Commitments</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 70%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_490_20211231_zyzt1ggQTBfl" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center; font-weight: bold"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">December
    31, 2021</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_z03CnjG7Lj93" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 74%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Year 1</span></td><td style="width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="width: 22%; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">213,000</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40A_ecustom--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_zPiRBlQV9ska" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Years 2-3</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">439,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40A_ecustom--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_zoCFNKZjcq27" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Years 4-5</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">56,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_zmVMDCtpbTka" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Thereafter</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0679">&#160;</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_iTI_pp0p0_mtLOLLPzBsY_zcgQ8O8zHcg6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total lease payments</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">708,000</span></td><td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_iNI_pp0p0_di_zTGXZCjip5Bj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Less: imputed lease
    interest</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(61,781</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</span></td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_pp0p0_zWzWJzHAUKjj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Present value of lease liabilities</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</span></td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">646,219</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Tabular disclosure of undiscounted cash flows of lessee's operating lease liability. Includes, but is not limited to, reconciliation of undiscounted cash flows to operating lease liability recognized in statement of financial position.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123408670&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792060077096">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Business and Basis for Presentation (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2019</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShortTermDebtLineItems', window );"><strong>Short-term Debt [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_WorkingCapital', window );">Working capital</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,700,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_CashAndCashEquivalentsAndMarketableSecurities', window );">Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">3,000,000.0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Shareholders' equity</a></td>
<td class="nump">3,783,923<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 5,327,005<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 7,056,108<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit', window );">Accumulated deficit</a></td>
<td class="nump">119,687,128<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">117,840,776<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses', window );">Non-recurring cash expenses per quarter</a></td>
<td class="nump">385,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
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<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">202,052<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherIncome', window );">Other Income</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">202,052<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DebtInstrumentAxis=REFR_PPPLoanMember', window );">PPP Loan [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShortTermDebtLineItems', window );"><strong>Short-term Debt [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceOfDebt', window );">Proceeds from Issuance of Debt</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 202,052<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherIncome', window );">Other Income</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 202,052<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_CashAndCashEquivalentsAndMarketableSecurities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_CashAndCashEquivalentsAndMarketableSecurities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
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</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Non-recurring cash expenses.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_WorkingCapital">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Working capital.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_WorkingCapital</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherIncome">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of revenue and income classified as other.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-04.4)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120400993&amp;loc=SL114874131-224263<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherIncome</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceOfDebt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash inflow during the period from additional borrowings in aggregate debt. Includes proceeds from short-term and long-term debt.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3255-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceOfDebt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cumulative amount of the reporting entity's undistributed earnings or deficit.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30)(a)(3))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 15<br> -Subparagraph (g)(2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121322162&amp;loc=SL121327923-165333<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(23)(a)(4))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120400017&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (h)(2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124501264&amp;loc=SL117420844-207641<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120397183&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (g)(2)(i)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124501264&amp;loc=SL117420844-207641<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShortTermDebtLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShortTermDebtLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total of all stockholders' equity (deficit) items, net of receivables from officers, directors, owners, and affiliates of the entity which are attributable to the parent. The amount of the economic entity's stockholders' equity attributable to the parent excludes the amount of stockholders' equity which is allocable to that ownership interest in subsidiary equity which is not attributable to the parent (noncontrolling interest, minority interest). This excludes temporary equity and is sometimes called permanent equity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(ii))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 4.E)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122038336&amp;loc=d3e74512-122707<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(31))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123596393&amp;loc=d3e14064-108612<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 323<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=114001798&amp;loc=d3e33918-111571<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockholdersEquity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DebtInstrumentAxis=REFR_PPPLoanMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DebtInstrumentAxis=REFR_PPPLoanMember</td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792062828088">
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<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Schedule of Unrealized Loss on Investments (Details) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesHeldtomaturityAllowanceForCreditLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Debt Securities, Held-to-maturity, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
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</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent', window );">Marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,755,111<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss', window );">Unrealized loss on marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">28,522<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FinancialInstrumentAxis=REFR_PutnamShortDurationBondMember', window );">Putnam Short Duration Bond [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesHeldtomaturityAllowanceForCreditLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Debt Securities, Held-to-maturity, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent', window );">Marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,972,736<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FinancialInstrumentAxis=REFR_PutnamUltraShortDurationIncomeMember', window );">Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesHeldtomaturityAllowanceForCreditLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Debt Securities, Held-to-maturity, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent', window );">Marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 782,375<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesHeldtomaturityAllowanceForCreditLossLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DebtSecuritiesHeldtomaturityAllowanceForCreditLossLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of investment in marketable security, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e6676-107765<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of unrealized gain (loss) on investment in marketable security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(7)(c))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123367319&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_FinancialInstrumentAxis=REFR_PutnamShortDurationBondMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_FinancialInstrumentAxis=REFR_PutnamShortDurationBondMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_FinancialInstrumentAxis=REFR_PutnamUltraShortDurationIncomeMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_FinancialInstrumentAxis=REFR_PutnamUltraShortDurationIncomeMember</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<tr>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792060857192">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashFDICInsuredAmount', window );">FDIC insurance coverage</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 250,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashUninsuredAmount', window );">Amounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits</a></td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4,500,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax', window );">Revenue from Contract with Customer, Excluding Assessed Tax</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,263,034<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">828,450<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_RecognizedBenefitMeasured', window );">Recognized benefit measured</a></td>
<td class="text">greater than 50 percent<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation', window );">Share based compensation</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 217,008<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">327,554<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember', window );">Employees And Directors [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation', window );">Share based compensation</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 217,008<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 327,554<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis=REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember', window );">Options and Warrants [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount', window );">Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share, Amount</a></td>
<td class="nump">2,599,701<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,697,251<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=REFR_LicenseAgreementMember', window );">License Agreement [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax', window );">Revenue from Contract with Customer, Excluding Assessed Tax</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 273,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis=us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember', window );">Revenue Benchmark [Member] | License Agreement [Member] | Minimum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice', window );">Royalty rate on selling price</a></td>
<td class="nump">10.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis=us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember', window );">Revenue Benchmark [Member] | License Agreement [Member] | Maximum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice', window );">Royalty rate on selling price</a></td>
<td class="nump">15.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_CompanyOneMember', window );">Company One [Member] | Revenue Benchmark [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Concentration risk percentage</a></td>
<td class="nump">14.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">16.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_CompanyTwoMember', window );">Company Two [Member] | Revenue Benchmark [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Concentration risk percentage</a></td>
<td class="nump">11.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">11.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_CompanyThreeMember', window );">Company Three [Member] | Revenue Benchmark [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Concentration risk percentage</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">10.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_LicenseOneMember', window );">License One [Member] | Revenue Benchmark [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Concentration risk percentage</a></td>
<td class="nump">20.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">18.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_LicenseTwoMember', window );">License Two [Member] | Revenue Benchmark [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Concentration risk percentage</a></td>
<td class="nump">18.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">16.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_LicenseThreeMember', window );">License Three [Member] | Revenue Benchmark [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Concentration risk percentage</a></td>
<td class="nump">18.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">12.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_LicenseFourMember', window );">License Four [Member] | Revenue Benchmark [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Concentration risk percentage</a></td>
<td class="nump">12.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">12.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_LicenseFiveMember', window );">License Five [Member] | Revenue Benchmark [Member] | Customer Concentration Risk [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Concentration risk percentage</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">12.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_RecognizedBenefitMeasured">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Recognized benefit measured.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_RecognizedBenefitMeasured</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Royalty rate on selling price.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Securities (including those issuable pursuant to contingent stock agreements) that could potentially dilute basic earnings per share (EPS) or earnings per unit (EPU) in the future that were not included in the computation of diluted EPS or EPU because to do so would increase EPS or EPU amounts or decrease loss per share or unit amounts for the period presented.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124432515&amp;loc=d3e3550-109257<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CashFDICInsuredAmount">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of cash deposited in financial institutions as of the balance sheet date that is insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashFDICInsuredAmount</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CashUninsuredAmount">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of cash as of the balance sheet date that is not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashUninsuredAmount</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For an entity that discloses a concentration risk in relation to quantitative amount, which serves as the "benchmark" (or denominator) in the equation, this concept represents the concentration percentage derived from the division.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 42<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e9054-108599<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 275<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 18<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=99393423&amp;loc=d3e6351-108592<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 20<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123594938&amp;loc=d3e13531-108611<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 21<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123594938&amp;loc=d3e13537-108611<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 275<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 20<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=99393423&amp;loc=d3e6404-108592<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount, excluding tax collected from customer, of revenue from satisfaction of performance obligation by transferring promised good or service to customer. Tax collected from customer is tax assessed by governmental authority that is both imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue-producing transaction, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added and excise.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 30<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8906-108599<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 40<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e9031-108599<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 41<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e9038-108599<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123351226&amp;loc=SL49130543-203045<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br><br>Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 42<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e9054-108599<br><br>Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 5<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123351226&amp;loc=SL49130545-203045<br><br>Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 924<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.L)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6472922&amp;loc=d3e499488-122856<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of noncash expense for share-based payment arrangement.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis=REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis=REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=REFR_LicenseAgreementMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=REFR_LicenseAgreementMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis=us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis=us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_CompanyOneMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_CompanyOneMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis=us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis=us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_CompanyTwoMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_CompanyTwoMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_CompanyThreeMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_CompanyThreeMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_LicenseOneMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_LicenseOneMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_LicenseTwoMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_LicenseTwoMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_LicenseThreeMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_LicenseThreeMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_LicenseFourMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_LicenseFourMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_LicenseFiveMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_MajorCustomersAxis=REFR_LicenseFiveMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>36
<FILENAME>R26.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792060831720">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Schedule of Fixed Assets (Details) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentLineItems', window );"><strong>Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross', window );">Fixed assets, gross</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,805,479<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,804,402<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment', window );">Less accumulated depreciation and amortization</a></td>
<td class="num">(2,712,525)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(2,682,630)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet', window );">Fixed assets, net</a></td>
<td class="nump">92,954<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">121,772<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis=REFR_EquipmentAndFurnitureMember', window );">Equipment And Furniture [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentLineItems', window );"><strong>Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross', window );">Fixed assets, gross</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,391,094<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,390,017<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife', window );">Estimated useful life</a></td>
<td class="text">5 years<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis=REFR_TradeShowMaterialsMember', window );">Trade Show Materials [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentLineItems', window );"><strong>Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross', window );">Fixed assets, gross</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 775,654<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">775,654<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife', window );">Estimated useful life</a></td>
<td class="text">5 years<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis=REFR_AutosMember', window );">Autos [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentLineItems', window );"><strong>Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross', window );">Fixed assets, gross</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 53,764<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">53,764<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife', window );">Estimated useful life</a></td>
<td class="text">5 years<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis=us-gaap_LeaseholdImprovementsMember', window );">Leasehold Improvements [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentLineItems', window );"><strong>Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross', window );">Fixed assets, gross</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 584,967<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 584,967<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization for physical assets used in the normal conduct of business to produce goods and services.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 360<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6391035&amp;loc=d3e2868-110229<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.14)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount before accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization of physical assets used in the normal conduct of business and not intended for resale. Examples include, but are not limited to, land, buildings, machinery and equipment, office equipment, and furniture and fixtures.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 360<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6391035&amp;loc=d3e2868-110229<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.13)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount after accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization of physical assets used in the normal conduct of business to produce goods and services and not intended for resale. Examples include, but are not limited to, land, buildings, machinery and equipment, office equipment, and furniture and fixtures.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(14))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 360<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6391035&amp;loc=d3e2868-110229<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(8))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120400017&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 360<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124429447&amp;loc=SL124453093-239630<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(13))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Useful life of long lived, physical assets used in the normal conduct of business and not intended for resale, in 'PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents the reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days. Examples include, but not limited to, land, buildings, machinery and equipment, office equipment, furniture and fixtures, and computer equipment.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis=REFR_EquipmentAndFurnitureMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis=REFR_EquipmentAndFurnitureMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis=REFR_TradeShowMaterialsMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis=REFR_TradeShowMaterialsMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis=REFR_AutosMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis=REFR_AutosMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis=us-gaap_LeaseholdImprovementsMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis=us-gaap_LeaseholdImprovementsMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<head>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792059942296">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Schedule of Accrued Expenses and Other (Details) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PayablesAndAccrualsAbstract', window );"><strong>Payables and Accruals [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EmployeeRelatedLiabilitiesCurrent', window );">Payroll, bonuses and related benefits</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 45,725<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 15,121<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrent', window );">Professional services</a></td>
<td class="nump">3,300<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">10,800<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent', window );">Other</a></td>
<td class="nump">360<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">358<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent', window );">Accrued expenses</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 49,385<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 26,279<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Carrying value as of the balance sheet date of obligations incurred and payable, pertaining to costs that are statutory in nature, are incurred on contractual obligations, or accumulate over time and for which invoices have not yet been received or will not be rendered. Examples include taxes, interest, rent and utilities. Used to reflect the current portion of the liabilities (due within one year or within the normal operating cycle if longer).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.20)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent</td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Carrying value as of the balance sheet date of obligations incurred through that date and payable for professional fees, such as for legal and accounting services received. Used to reflect the current portion of the liabilities (due within one year or within the normal operating cycle if longer).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e6911-107765<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.20)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e6935-107765<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total of the carrying values as of the balance sheet date of obligations incurred through that date and payable for obligations related to services received from employees, such as accrued salaries and bonuses, payroll taxes and fringe benefits. Used to reflect the current portion of the liabilities (due within one year or within the normal operating cycle if longer).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.20)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EmployeeRelatedLiabilitiesCurrent</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expenses incurred but not yet paid classified as other, due within one year or the normal operating cycle, if longer.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.20)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e6911-107765<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 9<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e7018-107765<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e6935-107765<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td>instant</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792059991320">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets (Details) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract', window );"><strong>Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsPropertyPlantAndEquipment', window );">Depreciation</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 106,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 117,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseReservesAndAccrualsAllowanceForDoubtfulAccounts', window );">Allowance for bad debts</a></td>
<td class="nump">218,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">202,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards', window );">Net operating loss carryforwards</a></td>
<td class="nump">14,114,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">14,755,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost', window );">Stock option expense</a></td>
<td class="nump">355,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">403,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch', window );">Research and other credits</a></td>
<td class="nump">945,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">952,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOther', window );">Other temporary differences</a></td>
<td class="nump">15,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">15,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsGross', window );">Total gross deferred tax assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">15,753,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">16,444,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance', window );">Less valuation allowance</a></td>
<td class="num">(15,753,000)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(16,444,000)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsNet', window );">Deferred tax assets, net</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsGross">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount before allocation of valuation allowances of deferred tax asset attributable to deductible temporary differences and carryforwards.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32537-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsGross</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsNet">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount after allocation of valuation allowances of deferred tax asset attributable to deductible temporary differences and carryforwards.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32537-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsNet</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount before allocation of valuation allowances of deferred tax asset attributable to deductible operating loss carryforwards.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32632-109319<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32621-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
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<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOther">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount, before allocation of valuation allowance, of deferred tax asset attributable to deductible temporary differences, classified as other.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32621-109319<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32632-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOther</td>
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<tr>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsPropertyPlantAndEquipment">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount before allocation of valuation allowances of deferred tax asset attributable to deductible temporary differences from property, plant, and equipment.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsPropertyPlantAndEquipment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount before allocation of valuation allowances of deferred tax asset attributable to deductible research tax credit carryforwards.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32632-109319<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32559-109319<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32621-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount before allocation of valuation allowances of deferred tax asset attributable to deductible temporary differences from share-based compensation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32621-109319<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32632-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
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</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseReservesAndAccrualsAllowanceForDoubtfulAccounts">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount, before allocation of valuation allowance, of deferred tax asset attributable to deductible temporary difference from allowance for credit loss on accounts receivable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32632-109319<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32621-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseReservesAndAccrualsAllowanceForDoubtfulAccounts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of deferred tax assets for which it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32537-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
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</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract</td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792060579832">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Schedule of Reconciliation Income Tax Expenses Benefit (Details) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
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<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract', window );"><strong>Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate', window );">Income tax provision at federal statutory rate</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (388,000)<span></span>
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<td class="num">$ (485,000)<span></span>
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<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherReconcilingItems', window );">Permanent differences</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(43,000)<span></span>
</td>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherAdjustments', window );">Expired carryforwards and other</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,079,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,211,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance', window );">Valuation allowance</a></td>
<td class="num">(691,000)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(683,000)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit', window );">Total income tax provision</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract">
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureAbstract</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of current income tax expense (benefit) and deferred income tax expense (benefit) pertaining to continuing operations.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SAB TOPIC 6.I.7)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122134291&amp;loc=d3e330036-122817<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32672-109319<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (h)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 9<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124431687&amp;loc=d3e22663-107794<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123586238&amp;loc=d3e38679-109324<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-04(9))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120400993&amp;loc=SL114874131-224263<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124431687&amp;loc=d3e22658-107794<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of the difference between reported income tax expense (benefit) and expected income tax expense (benefit) computed by applying the domestic federal statutory income tax rates to pretax income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to increase (decrease) in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32687-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of income tax expense or benefit for the period computed by applying the domestic federal statutory tax rates to pretax income from continuing operations.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32687-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherAdjustments">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of the difference between reported income tax expense (benefit) and expected income tax expense (benefit) computed by applying the domestic federal statutory income tax rates to pretax income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to other adjustments.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32687-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherAdjustments</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherReconcilingItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of the difference between reported income tax expense (benefit) and expected income tax expense (benefit) computed by applying the domestic federal statutory income tax rates to pretax income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to tax exempt income, equity in earnings (loss) of an unconsolidated subsidiary, minority noncontrolling interest income (loss), tax holiday, disposition of a business, disposition of an asset, repatriation of foreign earnings, repatriation of foreign earnings jobs creation act of 2004, increase (decrease) in enacted tax rate, prior year income taxes, increase (decrease) in deferred tax asset valuation allowance, and other adjustments.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32687-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherReconcilingItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<DOCUMENT>
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<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792060558296">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Income Taxes (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsLineItems', window );"><strong>Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwards', window );">Net operating loss carry-forward</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 65,953,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsSubjectToExpiration', window );">Net operating loss carry-forward with expiration</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 57,118,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription', window );">Net operating loss carry-forward expiration description</a></td>
<td class="text">expire
in varying amounts from 2022 through 2037.<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate', window );">Income tax percentage</a></td>
<td class="nump">80.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch', window );">Research and other credit carry-forwards</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 945,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 952,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_TaxPeriodAxis=REFR_TaxYear2018To2021Member', window );">Tax Year 2018 To 2021 [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwardsLineItems', window );"><strong>Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwards', window );">Net operating loss carry-forward</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 8,835,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription">
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Net operating loss carry-forward expiration description.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsSubjectToExpiration">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount before allocation of valuation allowances of deferred tax asset attributable to deductible operating loss carryforwards that are subject to expiration dates.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsSubjectToExpiration</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount before allocation of valuation allowances of deferred tax asset attributable to deductible research tax credit carryforwards.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32632-109319<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32559-109319<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32621-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Percentage of domestic federal statutory tax rate applicable to pretax income (loss).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 6.I.Fact.4)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122134291&amp;loc=d3e330036-122817<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(2))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32687-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of operating loss carryforward, before tax effects, available to reduce future taxable income under enacted tax laws.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32559-109319<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLossCarryforwards</td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792060544280">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Schedule of Assumptions Used to Value Options Granted to Employees (Details) - $ / shares<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EquityAbstract', window );"><strong>Equity [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue', window );">Fair value on grant date</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1.10<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1.65<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate', window );">Expected dividend yield</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate', window );">Expected volatility</a></td>
<td class="nump">79.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">73.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate', window );">Risk free interest rate</a></td>
<td class="nump">1.26%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">0.36%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1', window );">Expected term of the option</a></td>
<td class="text">5 years<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">5 years<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EquityAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EquityAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The estimated dividend rate (a percentage of the share price) to be paid (expected dividends) to holders of the underlying shares over the option's term.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (f)(2)(iii)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The estimated measure of the percentage by which a share price is expected to fluctuate during a period. Volatility also may be defined as a probability-weighted measure of the dispersion of returns about the mean. The volatility of a share price is the standard deviation of the continuously compounded rates of return on the share over a specified period. That is the same as the standard deviation of the differences in the natural logarithms of the stock prices plus dividends, if any, over the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (f)(2)(ii)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The risk-free interest rate assumption that is used in valuing an option on its own shares.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (f)(2)(iv)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted during the reporting period as calculated by applying the disclosed option pricing methodology.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (d)(1)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Expected term of award under share-based payment arrangement, in 'PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (f)(2)(i)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 14.D.2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122041274&amp;loc=d3e301413-122809<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
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<head>
<title></title>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792061187992">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Schedule of Option Activity (Details) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="3">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2019</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityLineItems', window );"><strong>Option Indexed to Issuer's Equity [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross', window );">Number of Shares Subject to Option, Granted</a></td>
<td class="nump">198,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">199,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis=us-gaap_StockOptionMember', window );">Equity Option [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityLineItems', window );"><strong>Option Indexed to Issuer's Equity [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber', window );">Number of Shares Subject to Option, Beginning</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,297,260<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,548,351<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 4.09<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 3.68<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2', window );">Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Beginning</a></td>
<td class="text">5 years 8 months 12 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">5 years 9 months 18 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">6 years 10 months 24 days<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue', window );">Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Beginning</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 142,885<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 603,683<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross', window );">Number of Shares Subject to Option, Granted</a></td>
<td class="nump">198,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">199,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1.72<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 2.79<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod', window );">Number of Shares Subject to Option, Cancelled</a></td>
<td class="num">(155,050)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised', window );">Number of Shares Subject to Option, Exercised</a></td>
<td class="num">(140,500)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(450,091)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 2.48<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 2.09<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Weighted Average Exercise Price, Cancelled</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 5.38<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber', window );">Number of Shares Subject to Option, Ending</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,199,710<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,297,260<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,548,351<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3.67<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4.09<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 3.68<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue', window );">Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Ending</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 21,870<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 142,885<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 603,683<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The number of shares under options that were cancelled during the reporting period as a result of occurrence of a terminating event specified in contractual agreements pertaining to the stock option plan.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(3)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Gross number of share options (or share units) granted during the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount by which the current fair value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of options outstanding.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of options outstanding, including both vested and non-vested options.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(i)-(ii)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average price at which grantees can acquire the shares reserved for issuance under the stock option plan.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(i)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average price at which option holders acquired shares when converting their stock options into shares.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average price at which grantees could have acquired the underlying shares with respect to stock options that were terminated.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average per share amount at which grantees can acquire shares of common stock by exercise of options.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average remaining contractual term for option awards outstanding, in 'PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents the reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (e)(1)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of share options (or share units) exercised during the current period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120397183&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(28))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123467817&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis=us-gaap_StockOptionMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis=us-gaap_StockOptionMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792061535288">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Schedule of Warrant Activity (Details) - $ / shares<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
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<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EquityAbstract', window );"><strong>Equity [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber', window );">Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Beginning</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,399,991<span></span>
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<td class="nump">1,483,143<span></span>
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<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 2.27<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 2.13<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised', window );">Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Exercised</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(83,152)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitureInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 3.42<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitures', window );">Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Terminated</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted', window );">Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Issued</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber', window );">Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Ending</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,399,991<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,399,991<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice', window );">Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 2.27<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 2.27<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitureInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average per share amount at which forfeitures can acquire shares of common stock by exercise of non-option equity .</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitureInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average price at which grantees can acquire the shares reserved for issuance under the non-option equity plan.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EquityAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EquityAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of non-option equity instruments exercised by participants.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitures">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of shares under non-option equity instrument agreements that were cancelled as a result of occurrence of a terminating event.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(3)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitures</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Net number of non-option equity instruments granted to participants.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(1)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of equity instruments other than options outstanding, including both vested and non-vested instruments.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(ii)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(i)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
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<head>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792060766424">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Shareholders&#8217; Equity (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised', window );">Net proceeds from exercise of options and warrants</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 86,262<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 284,207<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross', window );">Number of options granted</a></td>
<td class="nump">198,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">199,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation', window );">Share based compensation</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 217,008<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 327,554<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PlanNameAxis=REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember', window );">2019 Equity Incentive Plan [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockCapitalSharesReservedForFutureIssuance', window );">Shares of common stock reserved for issuance</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,400,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant', window );">Shares available for issuance</a></td>
<td class="nump">485,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember', window );">Options and Warrants [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised', window );">Net proceeds from exercise of options and warrants</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 86,262<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 284,207<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues', window );">Number of shares issued during the period</a></td>
<td class="nump">74,610<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">321,524<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_WarrantMember', window );">Warrant [Member] | Non- Employee Stock Option [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding', window );">Warrants issued</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,399,991<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod', window );">Option expiration period</a></td>
<td class="text">5 years<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_WarrantMember', window );">Warrant [Member] | Non- Employee Stock Option [Member] | Minimum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm', window );">Warrants and non-employee options vested term</a></td>
<td class="text">12 months<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_WarrantMember', window );">Warrant [Member] | Non- Employee Stock Option [Member] | Maximum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm', window );">Warrants and non-employee options vested term</a></td>
<td class="text">59 months<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Proceeds from stock options and warrants exercised.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>warrants and non-employee options vested term.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of warrants or rights outstanding.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockCapitalSharesReservedForFutureIssuance">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Aggregate number of common shares reserved for future issuance.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.29)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockCapitalSharesReservedForFutureIssuance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of noncash expense for share-based payment arrangement.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The difference between the maximum number of shares (or other type of equity) authorized for issuance under the plan (including the effects of amendments and adjustments), and the sum of: 1) the number of shares (or other type of equity) already issued upon exercise of options or other equity-based awards under the plan; and 2) shares (or other type of equity) reserved for issuance on granting of outstanding awards, net of cancellations and forfeitures, if applicable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Gross number of share options (or share units) granted during the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Period from grant date that an equity-based award expires, in 'PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents the reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (a)(2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of new stock issued during the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123467817&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120397183&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(28))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PlanNameAxis=REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PlanNameAxis=REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_WarrantMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_WarrantMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis=REFR_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis=REFR_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
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</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>45
<FILENAME>R35.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792061366648">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>License and Other Agreements (Details Narrative)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember', window );">Minimum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_RoyaltyEarnedPercentage', window );">Royalty earned percentage</a></td>
<td class="nump">5.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember', window );">Maximum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_RoyaltyEarnedPercentage', window );">Royalty earned percentage</a></td>
<td class="nump">15.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_RoyaltyEarnedPercentage">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Royalty earned percentage.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_RoyaltyEarnedPercentage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>46
<FILENAME>R36.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
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</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792059940184">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Schedule of Minimum Annual Future Rental Commitments (Details)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th">
<div>Dec. 31, 2021 </div>
<div>USD ($)</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureAbstract', window );"><strong>Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths', window );">Year 1</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 213,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree', window );">Years 2-3</a></td>
<td class="nump">439,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive', window );">Years 4-5</a></td>
<td class="nump">56,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive', window );">Thereafter</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue', window );">Total lease payments</a></td>
<td class="nump">708,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount', window );">Less: imputed lease interest</a></td>
<td class="num">(61,781)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability', window );">Present value of lease liabilities</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 646,219<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payments for operating lease, due in fouth and fifth fiscal year following latest fiscal year.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payments for operating lease, due in second and third fiscal year following latest fiscal year.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payment for operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123408670&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payment for operating lease due after fifth fiscal year following current fiscal year. Excludes interim and annual periods when interim periods are reported from current statement of financial position date (rolling approach).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123408670&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payment for operating lease to be paid in next fiscal year following current fiscal year. Excludes interim and annual periods when interim periods are reported from current statement of financial position date (rolling approach).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123408670&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payments in excess of discounted obligation for lease payments for operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123408670&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Present value of lessee's discounted obligation for lease payments from operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123391704&amp;loc=SL77918627-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
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<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
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<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792061415352">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Commitments (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jan. 02, 2019</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems', window );"><strong>Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Excluding Share-based Payments and Postretirement Benefits [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_LeaseExpirationTerm', window );">Lease expiration term</a></td>
<td class="text">1 year<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1', window );">Operating Lease, Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term</a></td>
<td class="text">3 years 2 months 12 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent', window );">Operating Lease, Weighted Average Discount Rate, Percent</a></td>
<td class="nump">5.50%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset', window );">Right of use lease assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 469,824<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 616,442<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability', window );">Lease liabilities</a></td>
<td class="nump">646,219<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsForNewAccountingPronouncementsAxis=us-gaap_AccountingStandardsUpdate201602Member', window );">Accounting Standards Update 2016-02 [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems', window );"><strong>Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Excluding Share-based Payments and Postretirement Benefits [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset', window );">Right of use lease assets</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 900,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability', window );">Lease liabilities</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,100,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=srt_ChiefExecutiveOfficerMember', window );">Chief Executive Officer [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems', window );"><strong>Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Excluding Share-based Payments and Postretirement Benefits [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OfficersCompensation', window );">Annual base salary</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 600,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_LeaseExpirationTerm">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Lease expiration term.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_LeaseExpirationTerm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OfficersCompensation">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense for salary and wage arising from service rendered by officer. Excludes allocated cost, labor-related nonsalary expense, and direct and overhead labor cost included in cost of good and service sold.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(4))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123367319&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OfficersCompensation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Present value of lessee's discounted obligation for lease payments from operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123391704&amp;loc=SL77918627-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's right to use underlying asset under operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123391704&amp;loc=SL77918627-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average discount rate for operating lease calculated at point in time.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (g)(4)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123408670&amp;loc=SL77918686-209980<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 53<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123414884&amp;loc=SL77918982-209971<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average remaining lease term for operating lease, in 'PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 53<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123414884&amp;loc=SL77918982-209971<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (g)(3)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123408670&amp;loc=SL77918686-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsForNewAccountingPronouncementsAxis=us-gaap_AccountingStandardsUpdate201602Member">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AdjustmentsForNewAccountingPronouncementsAxis=us-gaap_AccountingStandardsUpdate201602Member</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=srt_ChiefExecutiveOfficerMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=srt_ChiefExecutiveOfficerMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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</html>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>48
<FILENAME>R38.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139792064970056">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Rights Plan (Details Narrative)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th">
<div>Dec. 31, 2021 </div>
<div>USD ($) </div>
<div>$ / shares</div>
</th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_DisclosureRightsPlanAbstract', window );"><strong>Rights Plan</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_PercentageOfAcquisitionThresholdInRightsAgreement', window );">Percentage of acquisition threshold</a></td>
<td class="nump">15.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered', window );">Value of stock covered by each right | $</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 80<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1', window );">Exercise price of rights</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 40<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightControlThreshold', window );">Threshold for change in control</a></td>
<td class="nump">50.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_RightsPlanExpireDate', window );">Rights plan expire date</a></td>
<td class="text">Feb. 11,  2023<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightRedemptionPrice', window );">Redemption price</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.0001<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Class Of Warrant Or Right, Amount Of Stock Covered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightControlThreshold">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Class Of Warrant Or Right, Control Threshold.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightControlThreshold</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightRedemptionPrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Class Of Warrant Or Right, Redemption Price.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_ClassOfWarrantOrRightRedemptionPrice</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_DisclosureRightsPlanAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_DisclosureRightsPlanAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Percentage of acquisition threshold in rights agreement.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_PercentageOfAcquisitionThresholdInRightsAgreement</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_RightsPlanExpireDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Rights plan expire date.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_RightsPlanExpireDate</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Exercise price per share or per unit of warrants or rights outstanding.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123467817&amp;loc=d3e21475-112644<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1</td>
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<tr>
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<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
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    <us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations contextRef="AsOf2019-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">6591960</us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations>
    <us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">269964</us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations>
    <us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">4772705</us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations>
    <us-gaap:BasisOfAccounting contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_80C_eus-gaap--BasisOfAccounting_zy3BDYFjxSV8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(1)
&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_827_zKkNedTmGeQg"&gt;Business and Basis for Presentation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Research
Frontiers Incorporated (&#x201c;Research Frontiers&#x201d; or the &#x201c;Company&#x201d;) operates in a single business segment which is
engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control the flow of light. Such devices, often referred to as &#x201c;light
valves&#x201d; or suspended particle devices (&#x201c;SPDs&#x201d;), use colloidal particles that are either incorporated within a liquid
suspension or a film, which is usually enclosed between two sheets of glass or plastic having transparent, electrically conductive coatings
on the facing surfaces thereof. At least one of the two sheets is transparent. SPD technology, made possible by a flexible light-control
film invented by Research Frontiers, allows the user to instantly and precisely control the shading of glass/plastic manually or automatically.
SPD technology has numerous product applications, including SPD-Smart&#x2122; windows, sunshades, skylights and interior partitions for
homes and buildings; automotive windows, sunroofs, sun visors, sunshades, rear-view mirrors, instrument panels and navigation systems;
aircraft windows; museum display panels; eyewear products; and flat panel displays for electronic products. SPD-Smart light control
film is now being developed for, or used in, architectural, automotive, marine, aerospace and appliance applications.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company has primarily utilized its cash, cash equivalents, and investments generated from sales of our common stock, proceeds from the
exercise of options and warrants, and royalty fees collected to fund its research and development of SPD light valves, for marketing
initiatives, and for other working capital purposes. The Company&#x2019;s working capital and capital requirements depend upon numerous
factors, including the results of research and development activities, competitive and technological developments, the timing and cost
of patent filings, and the development of new licensees and changes in the Company&#x2019;s relationships with its existing licensees.
The degree of dependence of the Company&#x2019;s working capital requirements on each of the foregoing factors cannot be quantified; increased
research and development activities and related costs would increase such requirements; the addition of new licensees may provide additional
working capital or working capital requirements, and changes in relationships with existing licensees would have a favorable or negative
impact depending upon the nature of such changes. We have incurred recurring losses since inception and expect to continue to incur losses
as a result of costs and expenses related to our research and continued development of our SPD technology and our corporate general and
administrative expenses. Our limited capital resources and operations to date have been substantially funded through sales of our common
stock, exercise of options and warrants and royalty fees collected. As of December 31, 2021, we had working capital of approximately
$&lt;span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--WorkingCapital_iI_pn5n6_c20211231_zZiUb7JcR5Vk" title="Working capital"&gt;3.7&lt;/span&gt; million, cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_907_ecustom--CashAndCashEquivalentsAndMarketableSecurities_iI_pn6n6_c20211231_zHXMjntyGcq4" title="Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities"&gt;3.0&lt;/span&gt; million, shareholders&#x2019; equity of approximately
$&lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquity_iI_pn5n6_c20211231_zb2mQmwxjQ24" title="Shareholders' equity"&gt;3.8&lt;/span&gt; million and an accumulated deficit of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_iNI_pn5n6_di_c20211231_zBcopMNlMl5a" title="Accumulated deficit"&gt;119.7&lt;/span&gt; million. Our projected cash flow shortfall based on our current operations
adjusted for any non-recurring cash expenses for the next 12 months is approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_907_ecustom--NonrecurringCashExpenses_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231_zhOzhEt3xJ86" title="Non-recurring cash expenses per quarter"&gt;385,000&lt;/span&gt; per quarter. Based on our current expectations
of our cash flow shortfall for the next 12 months, our working capital would support our activities for the next 22 months.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;In
the event that we are unable to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities or raise additional funds, we may be required
to delay, reduce or severely curtail our operations or otherwise impede our on-going business efforts, which could have a material adverse
effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and long-term prospects. The Company may seek to obtain additional funding
through future equity issuances. There can be no assurance as to the availability or terms upon which such financing and capital might
be available. The eventual success of the Company and generation of positive cash flow will be dependent upon the commercialization of
products using the Company&#x2019;s technology by the Company&#x2019;s licensees and payments of continuing royalties on account thereof.
To date, the Company has not generated sufficient revenue from its licensees to fund its operations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Recent
Global Events:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;On
March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the novel strain of coronavirus (&#x201c;COVID-19&#x201d;) a global pandemic and
recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide. As a result, the Company expects operations at its facility to continue to
be affected in some capacity, as the COVID-19 virus continues to proliferate and the federal, state and local governments under which
we operate continue to adopt new rules. The Company has put in place enhanced procedures, such as restricting international and domestic
travel, adopting a variety of steps designed to ensure social distancing in our facilities, including working remotely where available,
and increasing our cleaning and sanitizing procedures in our facilities, in an effort to protect its employees and communities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Revenues
were negatively impacted in 2020 and 2021 due to delays in manufacture of products using our technology. Most of the products using our
technology are manufactured by licensees overseas in Europe and Asia who have been similarly affected by the pandemic. The disruption
caused by public health crises, such as COVID-19, could result in lower levels of sale activity for products using our technology resulting
in lower level of royalties owed to us from the sale of these products. The duration of the potential business disruptions and related
financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time, but could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition,
results of operations, and cash flows. Net of amounts previously reserved which were fully written off in 2020, the Company has increased
its allowance for uncollectible royalty receivables in 2020 until the collectability from certain licensees can be better ascertained
in the regions affected by COVID-19.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;In
connection with the COVID-19 crisis, Congress passed, and the president signed, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act
(&#x201c;CARES Act&#x201d;) which, among other things, provides relief for businesses impacted by the pandemic. The Company applied for
and received $&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromIssuanceOfDebt_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--PPPLoanMember_zDadIZIw8Ck8"&gt;202,052
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;in proceeds from the Paycheck Protection Program (&#x201c;PPP Loan&#x201d;)
made available under the CARES Act. The PPP Loan is intended to offer businesses hurt by the COVID-19 pandemic economic assistance with
the potential for the principal to be forgiven based on certain expenses incurred during the first 24 weeks after the issuance of the
PPP Loan. The Company recorded $&lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--OtherIncome_pp0d_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--PPPLoanMember_zA9yxFSgBlP7"&gt;202,052
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;as other income for the year ended December 31, 2020 representing
the PPP Loan which was expected to be forgiven in 2021. Final PPP Loan forgiveness was received in 2021.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:BasisOfAccounting>
    <REFR:WorkingCapital contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="-5" unitRef="USD">3700000</REFR:WorkingCapital>
    <REFR:CashAndCashEquivalentsAndMarketableSecurities contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="-6" unitRef="USD">3000000.0</REFR:CashAndCashEquivalentsAndMarketableSecurities>
    <us-gaap:StockholdersEquity contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="-5" unitRef="USD">3800000</us-gaap:StockholdersEquity>
    <us-gaap:RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="-5" unitRef="USD">-119700000</us-gaap:RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit>
    <REFR:NonrecurringCashExpenses
      contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">385000</REFR:NonrecurringCashExpenses>
    <us-gaap:ProceedsFromIssuanceOfDebt
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_PPPLoanMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">202052</us-gaap:ProceedsFromIssuanceOfDebt>
    <us-gaap:OtherIncome
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_custom_PPPLoanMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">202052</us-gaap:OtherIncome>
    <us-gaap:SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_80A_eus-gaap--SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock_zYl5S9fx5oze" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(2)
&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_822_zzeQBU1colfb"&gt;Summary of Significant Accounting Policies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_841_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock_zCcTPQ6KFLC4" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(a)
&lt;span id="xdx_86C_zx59wtr4zkd"&gt;Cash and Cash Equivalents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company considers securities purchased with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist
of short-term investments in money market accounts at December 31, 2021 and 2020.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Cash
and cash equivalents are maintained at financial institutions and, at times, balances may exceed federally insured limits. We have never
experienced any losses related to these balances. FDIC insurance coverage is $&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--CashFDICInsuredAmount_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zxj1A7KL2u17" title="FDIC insurance coverage"&gt;250,000&lt;/span&gt; per depositor at each financial institution, and
our non-interest bearing cash balances may again exceed federally insured limits. Amounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits
at December 31, 2021 and 2020 are approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--CashUninsuredAmount_c20211231_pp0p0" title="Amounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; and $&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--CashUninsuredAmount_iI_pn5n6_c20201231_zhXjKLg1d08e" title="Amounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits"&gt;4.5&lt;/span&gt; million, respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_846_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesPolicy_zt79d5lEsbtg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(b)
&lt;span id="xdx_863_zGbXJpiNALah"&gt;Marketable Securities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company classifies investments in marketable securities as trading, available-for-sale or held-to-maturity at the time of purchase and
periodically re-evaluates such classification. Trading securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses
included in earnings. Held-to-maturity securities are recorded at cost and are adjusted for the amortization or accretion of premiums
or discounts over the life of the related security. Unrealized holding gains and losses of available-for-sale securities are excluded
from earnings and are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until realized. In determining
realized gains and losses, the cost of the securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Interest and dividends on
the investments are accrued at the balance sheet date.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Fair
value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the &#x201c;exit price&#x201d;)
in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are broken down into three levels
based on the reliability of inputs as follows: Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. An active market for the asset or liability is a market in which
transactions for the asset or liability occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.
Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly
or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, inputs other than quoted prices
that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals or current
market) and contractual prices for the underlying financial instrument, as well as other relevant economic measures. Level 3 inputs are
unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs are used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs
are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the
measurement date.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_893_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfUnrealizedLossOnInvestmentsTableTextBlock_zCKwrQ3VUTjd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;At
December 31, 2021 all investments are Level 1 and were classified as trading and consisted of the following:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;span id="xdx_8B5_zVVk9G64x2h8" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Unrealized Loss on Investments&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;December 31, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;Value of trading&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Investment&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Investments&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 54%; text-align: left"&gt;Mutual Funds&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 20%; text-align: left"&gt;Putnam Short Duration Bond&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 20%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FinancialInstrumentAxis__custom--PutnamShortDurationBondMember_zplOWNFmT7x1" title="Marketable securities"&gt;1,972,736&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FinancialInstrumentAxis__custom--PutnamUltraShortDurationIncomeMember_zETTKi0Gv983" title="Marketable securities"&gt;782,375&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zWCkmVcIKVS9" title="Marketable securities"&gt;2,755,111&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;Unrealized loss&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_iN_pp0p0_di_c20210101__20211231_zEipo84qLat7" title="Unrealized loss on marketable securities"&gt;28,522&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8AB_zBfAwSBgeayf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--ReceivablesPolicyTextBlock_zPlcAgcMkJ8h" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(c)
&lt;span id="xdx_86B_zFjcyL7AhAO2"&gt;Royalties Receivable&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Royalties
receivable from licensees are recorded at the amounts specified within the license agreements when the collectability of the receivable
is reasonably assured. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company&#x2019;s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses
in the Company&#x2019;s existing royalties receivable. The Company determines the allowance based on historical write-off experience
as well as the current status of the Company&#x2019;s customers. The Company reviews its allowance for doubtful accounts periodically.
Past due accounts are reviewed individually for collectability. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means
of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. As of December 31, 2021, two companies accounted
for &lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zWQH1kTqxC9f"&gt;14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%
and &lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zuFOKnsPEk59"&gt;11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;% of the Company&#x2019;s outstanding receivables. As of December 31, 2020, three companies accounted for &lt;span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zQpHifec9rK7"&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%,
&lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zsSlt52VWQw2"&gt;11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%
and &lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zOd0kcfgAfmj"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%,
 of the Company&#x2019;s outstanding receivables.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_848_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock_zgdtq3eAwqq7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(d)
&lt;span id="xdx_866_z4ixCfzpFVth"&gt;Fixed Assets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Fixed
assets are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line
method over the estimated useful lives of the assets.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_848_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerPolicyTextBlock_zA3UcqL7gRSk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(e)
&lt;span id="xdx_863_zUqR8t7G5iI7"&gt;Revenue Recognition/Fee Income&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The standard provides a single comprehensive
revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers and supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance. The revenue standard
contains principles that an entity will apply to determine the measurement of revenue and timing of when it is recognized. The underlying
principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity
expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;ASC
606 follows a five-step approach to determining revenue recognition including: 1) Identification of the contract; 2) Identification of
the performance obligations; 3) Determination of the transaction price; 4) Allocation of the transaction price and 5) Recognition of
revenue.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company determined that its license agreements provide for three performance obligations which include: (i) the Grant of Use to its Patent
Portfolio (&#x201c;Grant of Use&#x201d;), (ii) Stand-Ready Technical Support (&#x201c;Technical Support&#x201d;) including the transfer of trade
secrets and other know-how, production of materials, scale-up support, analytical testing, etc., and (iii) access to new Intellectual
Property (&#x201c;IP&#x201d;) that may be developed some time during the course of the contract period (&#x201c;New Improvements&#x201d;).
Given the nature of IP development, such New Improvements are on an unspecified basis and can occur and be made available to licensees
at any time during the contract period.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;When
a contract includes more than one performance obligation, the Company needs to allocate the total consideration to each performance obligation
based on its relative standalone selling price or estimate the standalone selling price if it is not observable. A standalone selling
price is not available for our performance obligations since we do not sell any of the services separately and there is no competitor
pricing that is available. As a consequence, the best method for determining standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance
obligation is through a comparison of the average royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements.
Comparable license agreements must consider several factors including: (i) the materials that are being licensed, (ii) the market application
for the licensed materials, and (iii) the financial terms in the license agreements that can increase or decrease the risk/reward nature
of the agreement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Based
on the royalty rate comparison referred to above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical
Support and New Improvements performance obligations. The Company focuses a significant portion of its time and resources to provide
the Technical Support and New Improvements services to its licensees, which further supports the conclusions reached using the royalty
rate analysis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are co-terminus over the term of the license agreement. For purposes of
determining the transaction price, and recognizing revenue, the Company combined the Technical Support and New Improvements performance
obligations because they have the same pattern of transfer and the same term. We maintain a staff of scientists and other professionals
whose primary job responsibilities throughout the year are: (i) being available to respond to Technical Support needs of our licensees,
and (ii) developing improvements to our technology which are offered to our licensees as New Improvements. Since the costs incurred to
satisfy the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout the year, the value of the
Technical Support and New Improvements services are recognized throughout the initial contract period as these performance obligations
are satisfied. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the initial contract period, it will renew on the same terms as the initial
contract for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalty obligations relating to this renewal contract will be
allocated similarly to the initial contract over the additional one-year period.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;We
recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled
at a point in time, revenue is recognized at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a functional
license, the value of the Grant of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license agreement is in force.
The value of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations is allocated throughout the contract period based on the satisfaction
of its performance obligations. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the contract period, it will renew on the same terms
as the original agreement for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalties (&#x201c;MAR&#x201d;) relating to this
renewal contract will be allocated similarly over that additional year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company&#x2019;s license agreements have a variable royalty fee structure (meaning that royalties are a fixed percentage of sales that
vary from period to period) and frequently include a minimum annual royalty commitment. In instances when sales of licensed products
by its licensees exceed the MAR, the Company recognizes fee income as the amounts have been earned. Typically, the royalty rate for such
sales is &lt;span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zaPHKNRs3Qo7" title="Royalty rate on selling price"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span id="xdx_906_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_z4YkfQ7fqYrl" title="Royalty rate on selling price"&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;% of the selling price. While this is variable consideration, it is subject to the sales/usage royalty exception to recognition
of variable consideration in ASC 606 10-55-65 and therefore is not recognized until the subsequent sales or usage occurs or the MAR period
commences.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Because
of the immediate recognition of the Grant of Use performance obligation: (i) the first period of the contract term will generally have
a higher percent allocation of the transaction price under ASC 606 and (ii) the remaining periods will have less of the transaction price
recognized under ASC 606. After the initial period in the contract term, the revenue for the remaining periods will be based on the satisfaction
of the technical support and New Improvements obligations. Since most of our license agreements start as of January 1st, the revenue
recognized for the contract under ASC 606 in our first quarter will tend to be higher subsequent quarters in the fiscal year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Certain
of the contract fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which they are earned resulting in deferred
revenue. Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized as revenue in future periods as earned.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company operates in a single business segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control
the flow of light. Our revenue source comes from the licensing of this technology and all of these license agreements have similar terms
and provisions. The majority of the Company&#x2019;s licensing fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating
in the automotive market. The Company currently believes that the automotive market will be the largest source of its royalty income
over the next several years. The Company&#x2019;s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors including various
trends affecting demand in the automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product lines. In addition to
these macro factors, the Company&#x2019;s royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by specific factors such
as whether the Company&#x2019;s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number
of additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and the number of windows on a vehicle
that use SPD SmartGlass, fluctuations in the total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage of cars within
each model produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing or exchange rates.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;As
of December 31, 2021, the Company has four license agreements that are in their initial multiyear term (&#x201c;Initial Term&#x201d;) with
continuing performance obligations going forward. The Initial Term of three of these agreements will end as of December 31, 2022 and
one will end as of December 31, 2024, The Company currently expects all four of these agreements will renew annually at the end of the
Initial Term. As of December 31, 2021, the aggregate amount of the revenue to be recognized upon the satisfaction of the remaining performance
obligations for the four license agreements is $&lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember_zZx7pwLg9p03"&gt;273,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;.
The revenue for these remaining performance obligations for each of the four license agreements is expected to be recognized evenly
throughout their remaining period of the Initial Term.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;For
the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company entered into a number of license agreements covering its light control technology.
The Company received minimum annual royalties under certain license agreements and recorded fee income based on ASC 606 revenue recognition
each quarter. In instances when sales of licensed products by its licensees exceed minimum annual royalties, the Company recognized additional
fee income as the amounts have been earned. Certain of the fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which
they are earned resulting in deferred revenue. Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and are typically recognized as fee
income when earned. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, there was no balance in deferred revenue.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Fee
income represents amounts earned by the Company under various license and other agreements relating to technology developed by the Company.
During 2021, four licensees accounted for &lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseOneMember_zcEU2fEKvSK4" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseTwoMember_zXBvR1wCwk1f" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseThreeMember_zJrCt3BafHob" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;% and &lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseFourMember_zcJy891axCd8" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;% of fee income recognized during the year. During 2020, five licensees
accounted for &lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseOneMember_z3WKb1G0XQNa" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseTwoMember_zCN3J60ZQpFc" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseThreeMember_z3smHnDAguK6" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseFourMember_zkafvx9F6vA5" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;% and &lt;span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseFiveMember_z9d4b0v0kEjf" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;% of fee income recognized during the year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"/&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_84D_eus-gaap--EarningsPerSharePolicyTextBlock_zRwOngvFgy0d" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(f)
&lt;span id="xdx_86A_zfcUs3J51wak"&gt;Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Basic
loss per share excludes any dilution. It is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive
loss per share reflects the potential dilution that would occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised
or converted into common stock. The Company&#x2019;s dilutive loss per share equals basic loss per share for each of the years in the
two-year period ended December 31, 2021 because all potentially dilutive securities (&lt;span style="font-variant: normal"&gt;i.e&lt;i&gt;., &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;options
and warrants) were antidilutive in those periods. The number of options and warrants that were not included because their effect is antidilutive
was &lt;span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zf6QUjETu3E4"&gt;2,599,701
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;and &lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zHX87bro4Lkh"&gt;2,697,251
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;for 2021 and 2020, respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy_zqNfRbgw2xl2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(g)
&lt;span id="xdx_86B_zBx6VasQjZB4"&gt;Research and Development Costs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Research
and development costs are charged to expense as incurred.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_842_eus-gaap--IntangibleAssetsFiniteLivedPolicy_zB69L9Wc2MTe" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(h)
&lt;span id="xdx_86C_zGyhVhCcNUs"&gt;Patent Costs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company expenses costs relating to the development or acquisition of patents due to the uncertainty of the recoverability of these items.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_843_eus-gaap--UseOfEstimates_ze8shaujDgg1" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(i)
&lt;span id="xdx_86E_z2NnySiRpRBk"&gt;Use of Estimates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
preparation of the Company&#x2019;s consolidated financial statements requires management of the Company to make a number of estimates
and assumptions relating to the reported amount of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at
the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during this period. Actual results
could differ from those estimates.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxPolicyTextBlock_zTl4lgV1hR8e" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(j)
&lt;span id="xdx_86C_zAkVrfJ1ayjk"&gt;Income Taxes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Income
taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences
attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective
tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates
expected to be recovered or settled.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;In
accordance with ASC Topic 740, we recognize tax benefits only for tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination
by tax authorities. The amount recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is &lt;span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--RecognizedBenefitMeasured_c20210101__20211231_zKBviBhtRX7c" title="Recognized benefit measured"&gt;greater than 50 percent&lt;/span&gt; likely to be realized
upon ultimate settlement. Unrecognized tax benefits are tax benefits claimed in tax returns that do not meet these recognition and measurement
standards. We classify accrued interest and penalties related to any unrecognized tax benefits in our income tax provision. At December
31, 2021 and 2020, we do not have accrued interest and penalties related to any unrecognized tax benefits. We do not believe we have
any uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
tax years subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions include the years 2016 and forward by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and
certain states. The Company is not currently being audited by any tax jurisdiction.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_841_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationOptionAndIncentivePlansPolicy_zVkMSw1m2Ju2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(k)
&lt;span id="xdx_86C_zRdSgxQ98QL6"&gt;Equity-Based Compensation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;We
recognize all stock-based compensation as an expense in the consolidated financial statements and such costs are measured at the fair
value of the award at the date of grant. In addition to reflecting compensation expense for new share-based payment awards, expense is
also recognized to reflect the remaining vesting period of awards that had been granted in prior periods. Tax benefits related to stock
option exercises are reflected as financing cash inflows.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
exercise prices for stock options granted are generally set at the average for the high and low trading prices of the Company&#x2019;s
common stock on the trading date immediately prior to the date of grant, and the related numbers of shares granted are fixed at the date
of grant.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;In
order to determine the fair value of stock options on the date of grant, the Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Inherent
in this model are assumptions related to expected stock-price volatility, option term, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. While
the risk-free interest rate and dividend yield are less subjective assumptions that are based on factual data derived from public sources,
the expected stock-price volatility and option term assumptions require a greater level of judgment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;In
connection with employee and director stock options, the Company charged to compensation expense $&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zkO8VXFwsTB4" title="Share based compensation"&gt;217,008&lt;/span&gt; and $&lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_c20200101__20201231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zh48ZoGjhGc8" title="Share based compensation"&gt;327,554&lt;/span&gt; during the years
ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, these awards were fully vested. In lieu of higher cash compensation,
the Company has granted warrants and non-employee options to consultants. These warrants and non-employee options vested fully on the
date of grant. There were no such charges for the year ended December 31,2021 and 2020.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_849_ecustom--RestrictedStockPolicyTextBlock_zNNlMJb9zHpf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(l)
&lt;span id="xdx_862_zbRiJMnBwGfc"&gt;Restricted Stock&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Compensation
cost for restricted stock is measured using the quoted market price of the Company&#x2019;s common stock at the date the common stock
is granted. The compensation cost is recognized over the period between the issue date and the vesting period for such shares. Restricted
stock is included in total common shares outstanding upon the lapse of any vesting conditions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--ImpairmentOrDisposalOfLongLivedAssetsPolicyTextBlock_z6mjomVENNGc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(m)
&lt;span id="xdx_866_z9aPjFVKQFl8"&gt;Impairment of Long-Lived Assets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company reviews long-lived assets to determine whether an event or change in circumstances indicates the carrying value of the asset
may not be recoverable. The Company bases its evaluation on such impairment indicators as the nature of the assets, the future economic
benefit of the assets and any historical or future profitability measurements, as well as other external market conditions or factors
that may be present. There was no impairment of long-lived assets recorded during 2021 and 2020.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_849_eus-gaap--FairValueMeasurementPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zOjo1b1AyKIe" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(n)
&lt;span id="xdx_868_zSxCKrGex1ih"&gt;Fair Value Measurements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&#160;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;As
of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the fair value of the Company&#x2019;s financial assets and non-warrant liabilities including cash and
cash equivalents, marketable securities, royalties receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximated carrying value due
to the short-term maturity of these instruments.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_848_eus-gaap--NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zrWrKA6i7Bt8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(o)
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_86A_zTj5oyyg3uge"&gt;Recent Accounting Pronouncements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;i&gt;New
Accounting Standards&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company believes that no new accounting standards that are not yet effective will have a material effect on the Company&#x2019;s consolidated
financial statements.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_841_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock_zCcTPQ6KFLC4" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(a)
&lt;span id="xdx_86C_zx59wtr4zkd"&gt;Cash and Cash Equivalents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company considers securities purchased with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist
of short-term investments in money market accounts at December 31, 2021 and 2020.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Cash
and cash equivalents are maintained at financial institutions and, at times, balances may exceed federally insured limits. We have never
experienced any losses related to these balances. FDIC insurance coverage is $&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--CashFDICInsuredAmount_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zxj1A7KL2u17" title="FDIC insurance coverage"&gt;250,000&lt;/span&gt; per depositor at each financial institution, and
our non-interest bearing cash balances may again exceed federally insured limits. Amounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits
at December 31, 2021 and 2020 are approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--CashUninsuredAmount_c20211231_pp0p0" title="Amounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; and $&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--CashUninsuredAmount_iI_pn5n6_c20201231_zhXjKLg1d08e" title="Amounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits"&gt;4.5&lt;/span&gt; million, respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:CashAndCashEquivalentsPolicyTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:CashFDICInsuredAmount contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">250000</us-gaap:CashFDICInsuredAmount>
    <us-gaap:CashUninsuredAmount contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">0</us-gaap:CashUninsuredAmount>
    <us-gaap:CashUninsuredAmount contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="-5" unitRef="USD">4500000</us-gaap:CashUninsuredAmount>
    <us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesPolicy contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_846_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesPolicy_zt79d5lEsbtg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(b)
&lt;span id="xdx_863_zGbXJpiNALah"&gt;Marketable Securities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company classifies investments in marketable securities as trading, available-for-sale or held-to-maturity at the time of purchase and
periodically re-evaluates such classification. Trading securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses
included in earnings. Held-to-maturity securities are recorded at cost and are adjusted for the amortization or accretion of premiums
or discounts over the life of the related security. Unrealized holding gains and losses of available-for-sale securities are excluded
from earnings and are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until realized. In determining
realized gains and losses, the cost of the securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Interest and dividends on
the investments are accrued at the balance sheet date.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Fair
value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the &#x201c;exit price&#x201d;)
in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are broken down into three levels
based on the reliability of inputs as follows: Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. An active market for the asset or liability is a market in which
transactions for the asset or liability occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.
Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly
or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, inputs other than quoted prices
that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals or current
market) and contractual prices for the underlying financial instrument, as well as other relevant economic measures. Level 3 inputs are
unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs are used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs
are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the
measurement date.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_893_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfUnrealizedLossOnInvestmentsTableTextBlock_zCKwrQ3VUTjd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;At
December 31, 2021 all investments are Level 1 and were classified as trading and consisted of the following:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;span id="xdx_8B5_zVVk9G64x2h8" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Unrealized Loss on Investments&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;December 31, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;Value of trading&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Investment&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Investments&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 54%; text-align: left"&gt;Mutual Funds&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 20%; text-align: left"&gt;Putnam Short Duration Bond&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 20%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FinancialInstrumentAxis__custom--PutnamShortDurationBondMember_zplOWNFmT7x1" title="Marketable securities"&gt;1,972,736&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FinancialInstrumentAxis__custom--PutnamUltraShortDurationIncomeMember_zETTKi0Gv983" title="Marketable securities"&gt;782,375&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zWCkmVcIKVS9" title="Marketable securities"&gt;2,755,111&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;Unrealized loss&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_iN_pp0p0_di_c20210101__20211231_zEipo84qLat7" title="Unrealized loss on marketable securities"&gt;28,522&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8AB_zBfAwSBgeayf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesPolicy>
    <us-gaap:ScheduleOfUnrealizedLossOnInvestmentsTableTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_893_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfUnrealizedLossOnInvestmentsTableTextBlock_zCKwrQ3VUTjd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;At
December 31, 2021 all investments are Level 1 and were classified as trading and consisted of the following:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;span id="xdx_8B5_zVVk9G64x2h8" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Unrealized Loss on Investments&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;December 31, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;Value of trading&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Investment&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Investments&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 54%; text-align: left"&gt;Mutual Funds&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 20%; text-align: left"&gt;Putnam Short Duration Bond&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 20%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FinancialInstrumentAxis__custom--PutnamShortDurationBondMember_zplOWNFmT7x1" title="Marketable securities"&gt;1,972,736&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--FinancialInstrumentAxis__custom--PutnamUltraShortDurationIncomeMember_zETTKi0Gv983" title="Marketable securities"&gt;782,375&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zWCkmVcIKVS9" title="Marketable securities"&gt;2,755,111&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;Unrealized loss&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_iN_pp0p0_di_c20210101__20211231_zEipo84qLat7" title="Unrealized loss on marketable securities"&gt;28,522&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:ScheduleOfUnrealizedLossOnInvestmentsTableTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesCurrent
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_PutnamShortDurationBondMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">1972736</us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesCurrent>
    <us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesCurrent
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_PutnamUltraShortDurationIncomeMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">782375</us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesCurrent>
    <us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesCurrent contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">2755111</us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesCurrent>
    <us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss
      contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-28522</us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss>
    <us-gaap:ReceivablesPolicyTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--ReceivablesPolicyTextBlock_zPlcAgcMkJ8h" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(c)
&lt;span id="xdx_86B_zFjcyL7AhAO2"&gt;Royalties Receivable&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Royalties
receivable from licensees are recorded at the amounts specified within the license agreements when the collectability of the receivable
is reasonably assured. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company&#x2019;s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses
in the Company&#x2019;s existing royalties receivable. The Company determines the allowance based on historical write-off experience
as well as the current status of the Company&#x2019;s customers. The Company reviews its allowance for doubtful accounts periodically.
Past due accounts are reviewed individually for collectability. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means
of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. As of December 31, 2021, two companies accounted
for &lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zWQH1kTqxC9f"&gt;14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%
and &lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zuFOKnsPEk59"&gt;11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;% of the Company&#x2019;s outstanding receivables. As of December 31, 2020, three companies accounted for &lt;span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zQpHifec9rK7"&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%,
&lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zsSlt52VWQw2"&gt;11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%
and &lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--CompanyThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zOd0kcfgAfmj"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%,
 of the Company&#x2019;s outstanding receivables.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:ReceivablesPolicyTextBlock>
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      unitRef="Pure">0.14</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_CompanyTwoMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.11</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_custom_CompanyOneMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.16</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_custom_CompanyTwoMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.11</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_custom_CompanyThreeMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.10</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_848_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock_zgdtq3eAwqq7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(d)
&lt;span id="xdx_866_z4ixCfzpFVth"&gt;Fixed Assets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Fixed
assets are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line
method over the estimated useful lives of the assets.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentPolicyTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerPolicyTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_848_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerPolicyTextBlock_zA3UcqL7gRSk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(e)
&lt;span id="xdx_863_zUqR8t7G5iI7"&gt;Revenue Recognition/Fee Income&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The standard provides a single comprehensive
revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers and supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance. The revenue standard
contains principles that an entity will apply to determine the measurement of revenue and timing of when it is recognized. The underlying
principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity
expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;ASC
606 follows a five-step approach to determining revenue recognition including: 1) Identification of the contract; 2) Identification of
the performance obligations; 3) Determination of the transaction price; 4) Allocation of the transaction price and 5) Recognition of
revenue.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company determined that its license agreements provide for three performance obligations which include: (i) the Grant of Use to its Patent
Portfolio (&#x201c;Grant of Use&#x201d;), (ii) Stand-Ready Technical Support (&#x201c;Technical Support&#x201d;) including the transfer of trade
secrets and other know-how, production of materials, scale-up support, analytical testing, etc., and (iii) access to new Intellectual
Property (&#x201c;IP&#x201d;) that may be developed some time during the course of the contract period (&#x201c;New Improvements&#x201d;).
Given the nature of IP development, such New Improvements are on an unspecified basis and can occur and be made available to licensees
at any time during the contract period.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;When
a contract includes more than one performance obligation, the Company needs to allocate the total consideration to each performance obligation
based on its relative standalone selling price or estimate the standalone selling price if it is not observable. A standalone selling
price is not available for our performance obligations since we do not sell any of the services separately and there is no competitor
pricing that is available. As a consequence, the best method for determining standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance
obligation is through a comparison of the average royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements.
Comparable license agreements must consider several factors including: (i) the materials that are being licensed, (ii) the market application
for the licensed materials, and (iii) the financial terms in the license agreements that can increase or decrease the risk/reward nature
of the agreement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Based
on the royalty rate comparison referred to above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical
Support and New Improvements performance obligations. The Company focuses a significant portion of its time and resources to provide
the Technical Support and New Improvements services to its licensees, which further supports the conclusions reached using the royalty
rate analysis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are co-terminus over the term of the license agreement. For purposes of
determining the transaction price, and recognizing revenue, the Company combined the Technical Support and New Improvements performance
obligations because they have the same pattern of transfer and the same term. We maintain a staff of scientists and other professionals
whose primary job responsibilities throughout the year are: (i) being available to respond to Technical Support needs of our licensees,
and (ii) developing improvements to our technology which are offered to our licensees as New Improvements. Since the costs incurred to
satisfy the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout the year, the value of the
Technical Support and New Improvements services are recognized throughout the initial contract period as these performance obligations
are satisfied. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the initial contract period, it will renew on the same terms as the initial
contract for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalty obligations relating to this renewal contract will be
allocated similarly to the initial contract over the additional one-year period.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;We
recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled
at a point in time, revenue is recognized at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a functional
license, the value of the Grant of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license agreement is in force.
The value of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations is allocated throughout the contract period based on the satisfaction
of its performance obligations. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the contract period, it will renew on the same terms
as the original agreement for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalties (&#x201c;MAR&#x201d;) relating to this
renewal contract will be allocated similarly over that additional year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company&#x2019;s license agreements have a variable royalty fee structure (meaning that royalties are a fixed percentage of sales that
vary from period to period) and frequently include a minimum annual royalty commitment. In instances when sales of licensed products
by its licensees exceed the MAR, the Company recognizes fee income as the amounts have been earned. Typically, the royalty rate for such
sales is &lt;span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zaPHKNRs3Qo7" title="Royalty rate on selling price"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span id="xdx_906_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_z4YkfQ7fqYrl" title="Royalty rate on selling price"&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;% of the selling price. While this is variable consideration, it is subject to the sales/usage royalty exception to recognition
of variable consideration in ASC 606 10-55-65 and therefore is not recognized until the subsequent sales or usage occurs or the MAR period
commences.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Because
of the immediate recognition of the Grant of Use performance obligation: (i) the first period of the contract term will generally have
a higher percent allocation of the transaction price under ASC 606 and (ii) the remaining periods will have less of the transaction price
recognized under ASC 606. After the initial period in the contract term, the revenue for the remaining periods will be based on the satisfaction
of the technical support and New Improvements obligations. Since most of our license agreements start as of January 1st, the revenue
recognized for the contract under ASC 606 in our first quarter will tend to be higher subsequent quarters in the fiscal year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Certain
of the contract fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which they are earned resulting in deferred
revenue. Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized as revenue in future periods as earned.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company operates in a single business segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control
the flow of light. Our revenue source comes from the licensing of this technology and all of these license agreements have similar terms
and provisions. The majority of the Company&#x2019;s licensing fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating
in the automotive market. The Company currently believes that the automotive market will be the largest source of its royalty income
over the next several years. The Company&#x2019;s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors including various
trends affecting demand in the automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product lines. In addition to
these macro factors, the Company&#x2019;s royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by specific factors such
as whether the Company&#x2019;s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number
of additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and the number of windows on a vehicle
that use SPD SmartGlass, fluctuations in the total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage of cars within
each model produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing or exchange rates.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;As
of December 31, 2021, the Company has four license agreements that are in their initial multiyear term (&#x201c;Initial Term&#x201d;) with
continuing performance obligations going forward. The Initial Term of three of these agreements will end as of December 31, 2022 and
one will end as of December 31, 2024, The Company currently expects all four of these agreements will renew annually at the end of the
Initial Term. As of December 31, 2021, the aggregate amount of the revenue to be recognized upon the satisfaction of the remaining performance
obligations for the four license agreements is $&lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember_zZx7pwLg9p03"&gt;273,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;.
The revenue for these remaining performance obligations for each of the four license agreements is expected to be recognized evenly
throughout their remaining period of the Initial Term.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;For
the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company entered into a number of license agreements covering its light control technology.
The Company received minimum annual royalties under certain license agreements and recorded fee income based on ASC 606 revenue recognition
each quarter. In instances when sales of licensed products by its licensees exceed minimum annual royalties, the Company recognized additional
fee income as the amounts have been earned. Certain of the fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which
they are earned resulting in deferred revenue. Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and are typically recognized as fee
income when earned. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, there was no balance in deferred revenue.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Fee
income represents amounts earned by the Company under various license and other agreements relating to technology developed by the Company.
During 2021, four licensees accounted for &lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseOneMember_zcEU2fEKvSK4" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseTwoMember_zXBvR1wCwk1f" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseThreeMember_zJrCt3BafHob" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;% and &lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseFourMember_zcJy891axCd8" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;% of fee income recognized during the year. During 2020, five licensees
accounted for &lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseOneMember_z3WKb1G0XQNa" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseTwoMember_zCN3J60ZQpFc" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseThreeMember_z3smHnDAguK6" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseFourMember_zkafvx9F6vA5" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;% and &lt;span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember__srt--MajorCustomersAxis__custom--LicenseFiveMember_z9d4b0v0kEjf" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;% of fee income recognized during the year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"/&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_LicenseAgreementMember"
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      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.18</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
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      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_custom_LicenseFourMember"
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      unitRef="Pure">0.12</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
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      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.18</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_custom_LicenseTwoMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.16</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_custom_LicenseThreeMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.12</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_custom_LicenseFourMember"
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    <us-gaap:EarningsPerSharePolicyTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_84D_eus-gaap--EarningsPerSharePolicyTextBlock_zRwOngvFgy0d" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(f)
&lt;span id="xdx_86A_zfcUs3J51wak"&gt;Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Basic
loss per share excludes any dilution. It is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive
loss per share reflects the potential dilution that would occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised
or converted into common stock. The Company&#x2019;s dilutive loss per share equals basic loss per share for each of the years in the
two-year period ended December 31, 2021 because all potentially dilutive securities (&lt;span style="font-variant: normal"&gt;i.e&lt;i&gt;., &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;options
and warrants) were antidilutive in those periods. The number of options and warrants that were not included because their effect is antidilutive
was &lt;span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zf6QUjETu3E4"&gt;2,599,701
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;and &lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zHX87bro4Lkh"&gt;2,697,251
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;for 2021 and 2020, respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:EarningsPerSharePolicyTextBlock>
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      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember"
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    <us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">2697251</us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount>
    <us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_840_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy_zqNfRbgw2xl2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(g)
&lt;span id="xdx_86B_zBx6VasQjZB4"&gt;Research and Development Costs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Research
and development costs are charged to expense as incurred.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpensePolicy>
    <us-gaap:IntangibleAssetsFiniteLivedPolicy contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_842_eus-gaap--IntangibleAssetsFiniteLivedPolicy_zB69L9Wc2MTe" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(h)
&lt;span id="xdx_86C_zGyhVhCcNUs"&gt;Patent Costs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company expenses costs relating to the development or acquisition of patents due to the uncertainty of the recoverability of these items.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:IntangibleAssetsFiniteLivedPolicy>
    <us-gaap:UseOfEstimates contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_843_eus-gaap--UseOfEstimates_ze8shaujDgg1" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(i)
&lt;span id="xdx_86E_z2NnySiRpRBk"&gt;Use of Estimates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
preparation of the Company&#x2019;s consolidated financial statements requires management of the Company to make a number of estimates
and assumptions relating to the reported amount of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at
the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during this period. Actual results
could differ from those estimates.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:UseOfEstimates>
    <us-gaap:IncomeTaxPolicyTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxPolicyTextBlock_zTl4lgV1hR8e" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(j)
&lt;span id="xdx_86C_zAkVrfJ1ayjk"&gt;Income Taxes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Income
taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences
attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective
tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates
expected to be recovered or settled.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;In
accordance with ASC Topic 740, we recognize tax benefits only for tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination
by tax authorities. The amount recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is &lt;span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--RecognizedBenefitMeasured_c20210101__20211231_zKBviBhtRX7c" title="Recognized benefit measured"&gt;greater than 50 percent&lt;/span&gt; likely to be realized
upon ultimate settlement. Unrecognized tax benefits are tax benefits claimed in tax returns that do not meet these recognition and measurement
standards. We classify accrued interest and penalties related to any unrecognized tax benefits in our income tax provision. At December
31, 2021 and 2020, we do not have accrued interest and penalties related to any unrecognized tax benefits. We do not believe we have
any uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
tax years subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions include the years 2016 and forward by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and
certain states. The Company is not currently being audited by any tax jurisdiction.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:IncomeTaxPolicyTextBlock>
    <REFR:RecognizedBenefitMeasured contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">greater than 50 percent</REFR:RecognizedBenefitMeasured>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationOptionAndIncentivePlansPolicy contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_841_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationOptionAndIncentivePlansPolicy_zVkMSw1m2Ju2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(k)
&lt;span id="xdx_86C_zRdSgxQ98QL6"&gt;Equity-Based Compensation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;We
recognize all stock-based compensation as an expense in the consolidated financial statements and such costs are measured at the fair
value of the award at the date of grant. In addition to reflecting compensation expense for new share-based payment awards, expense is
also recognized to reflect the remaining vesting period of awards that had been granted in prior periods. Tax benefits related to stock
option exercises are reflected as financing cash inflows.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
exercise prices for stock options granted are generally set at the average for the high and low trading prices of the Company&#x2019;s
common stock on the trading date immediately prior to the date of grant, and the related numbers of shares granted are fixed at the date
of grant.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;In
order to determine the fair value of stock options on the date of grant, the Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Inherent
in this model are assumptions related to expected stock-price volatility, option term, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. While
the risk-free interest rate and dividend yield are less subjective assumptions that are based on factual data derived from public sources,
the expected stock-price volatility and option term assumptions require a greater level of judgment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;In
connection with employee and director stock options, the Company charged to compensation expense $&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zkO8VXFwsTB4" title="Share based compensation"&gt;217,008&lt;/span&gt; and $&lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_c20200101__20201231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zh48ZoGjhGc8" title="Share based compensation"&gt;327,554&lt;/span&gt; during the years
ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, these awards were fully vested. In lieu of higher cash compensation,
the Company has granted warrants and non-employee options to consultants. These warrants and non-employee options vested fully on the
date of grant. There were no such charges for the year ended December 31,2021 and 2020.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationOptionAndIncentivePlansPolicy>
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      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">217008</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensation>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensation
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_custom_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">327554</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensation>
    <REFR:RestrictedStockPolicyTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_849_ecustom--RestrictedStockPolicyTextBlock_zNNlMJb9zHpf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(l)
&lt;span id="xdx_862_zbRiJMnBwGfc"&gt;Restricted Stock&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Compensation
cost for restricted stock is measured using the quoted market price of the Company&#x2019;s common stock at the date the common stock
is granted. The compensation cost is recognized over the period between the issue date and the vesting period for such shares. Restricted
stock is included in total common shares outstanding upon the lapse of any vesting conditions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</REFR:RestrictedStockPolicyTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:ImpairmentOrDisposalOfLongLivedAssetsPolicyTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_84C_eus-gaap--ImpairmentOrDisposalOfLongLivedAssetsPolicyTextBlock_z6mjomVENNGc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(m)
&lt;span id="xdx_866_z9aPjFVKQFl8"&gt;Impairment of Long-Lived Assets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company reviews long-lived assets to determine whether an event or change in circumstances indicates the carrying value of the asset
may not be recoverable. The Company bases its evaluation on such impairment indicators as the nature of the assets, the future economic
benefit of the assets and any historical or future profitability measurements, as well as other external market conditions or factors
that may be present. There was no impairment of long-lived assets recorded during 2021 and 2020.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:ImpairmentOrDisposalOfLongLivedAssetsPolicyTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementPolicyPolicyTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_849_eus-gaap--FairValueMeasurementPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zOjo1b1AyKIe" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(n)
&lt;span id="xdx_868_zSxCKrGex1ih"&gt;Fair Value Measurements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&#160;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;As
of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the fair value of the Company&#x2019;s financial assets and non-warrant liabilities including cash and
cash equivalents, marketable securities, royalties receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximated carrying value due
to the short-term maturity of these instruments.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementPolicyPolicyTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_848_eus-gaap--NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock_zrWrKA6i7Bt8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(o)
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_86A_zTj5oyyg3uge"&gt;Recent Accounting Pronouncements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;i&gt;New
Accounting Standards&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company believes that no new accounting standards that are not yet effective will have a material effect on the Company&#x2019;s consolidated
financial statements.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_80C_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentDisclosureTextBlock_zWStGYCPiap7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(3)
&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_825_zMGads2j3yY2"&gt;Fixed Assets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentTextBlock_zJ3j9CT4JoE6" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Fixed
assets and their estimated useful lives as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;span id="xdx_8B3_zQScLKjF10q4" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Fixed Assets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Estimated
    useful life&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 38%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Equipment and furniture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--EquipmentAndFurnitureMember_zRD9UfDwIRu4" title="Fixed assets, gross"&gt;1,391,094&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20201231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--EquipmentAndFurnitureMember_zXgD3EJcyuR1" title="Fixed assets, gross"&gt;1,390,017&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 24%; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_pp0p0_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--EquipmentAndFurnitureMember_z3fUi1MYCJm7" title="Estimated useful life"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; years&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Trade show materials&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--TradeShowMaterialsMember_zhIl6GiU0mq6"&gt;775,654&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20201231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--TradeShowMaterialsMember_zOAfVva8M3d9" title="Fixed assets, gross"&gt;775,654&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_pp0p0_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--TradeShowMaterialsMember_zDGSbbKIeY2i" title="Estimated useful life"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; years&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Autos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--AutosMember_zT4rfKccHKcj"&gt;53,764&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20201231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--AutosMember_zFh6jxGxNLx6" title="Fixed assets, gross"&gt;53,764&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_pp0p0_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--AutosMember_zXGuiNxqZIFh" title="Estimated useful life"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; years&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Life of lease or estimated&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Leasehold improvements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--LeaseholdImprovementsMember_zTd7csRoBB3d"&gt;584,967&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20201231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--LeaseholdImprovementsMember_zmcP2009SfAh" title="Fixed assets, gross"&gt;584,967&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;life of asset if shorter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_c20211231_pp0p0" title="Fixed assets, gross"&gt;2,805,479&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20201231_ztR5UOZOxVLa" title="Fixed assets, gross"&gt;2,804,402&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Less accumulated depreciation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;and amortization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment_iNI_pp0p0_di_c20211231_zPRt1oC7ZPhk" title="Less accumulated depreciation and amortization"&gt;(2,712,525&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment_iNI_pp0p0_di_c20201231_zMExoZwkUwR6" title="Less accumulated depreciation and amortization"&gt;(2,682,630&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet_c20211231_pp0p0" title="Fixed assets, net"&gt;92,954&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet_iI_pp0p0_c20201231_zdpQEK7LwtWk" title="Fixed assets, net"&gt;121,772&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8A8_zm6Uy75fjgjh" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentDisclosureTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentTextBlock_zJ3j9CT4JoE6" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Fixed
assets and their estimated useful lives as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;span id="xdx_8B3_zQScLKjF10q4" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Fixed Assets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Estimated
    useful life&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 38%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Equipment and furniture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--EquipmentAndFurnitureMember_zRD9UfDwIRu4" title="Fixed assets, gross"&gt;1,391,094&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20201231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--EquipmentAndFurnitureMember_zXgD3EJcyuR1" title="Fixed assets, gross"&gt;1,390,017&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 24%; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_pp0p0_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--EquipmentAndFurnitureMember_z3fUi1MYCJm7" title="Estimated useful life"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; years&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Trade show materials&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--TradeShowMaterialsMember_zhIl6GiU0mq6"&gt;775,654&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20201231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--TradeShowMaterialsMember_zOAfVva8M3d9" title="Fixed assets, gross"&gt;775,654&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_pp0p0_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--TradeShowMaterialsMember_zDGSbbKIeY2i" title="Estimated useful life"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; years&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Autos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--AutosMember_zT4rfKccHKcj"&gt;53,764&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20201231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--AutosMember_zFh6jxGxNLx6" title="Fixed assets, gross"&gt;53,764&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife_pp0p0_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__custom--AutosMember_zXGuiNxqZIFh" title="Estimated useful life"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; years&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Life of lease or estimated&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Leasehold improvements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--LeaseholdImprovementsMember_zTd7csRoBB3d"&gt;584,967&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20201231__us-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentByTypeAxis__us-gaap--LeaseholdImprovementsMember_zmcP2009SfAh" title="Fixed assets, gross"&gt;584,967&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;life of asset if shorter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_c20211231_pp0p0" title="Fixed assets, gross"&gt;2,805,479&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross_iI_pp0p0_c20201231_ztR5UOZOxVLa" title="Fixed assets, gross"&gt;2,804,402&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Less accumulated depreciation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;and amortization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment_iNI_pp0p0_di_c20211231_zPRt1oC7ZPhk" title="Less accumulated depreciation and amortization"&gt;(2,712,525&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment_iNI_pp0p0_di_c20201231_zMExoZwkUwR6" title="Less accumulated depreciation and amortization"&gt;(2,682,630&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet_c20211231_pp0p0" title="Fixed assets, net"&gt;92,954&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet_iI_pp0p0_c20201231_zdpQEK7LwtWk" title="Fixed assets, net"&gt;121,772&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_EquipmentAndFurnitureMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">1391094</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross
      contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31_custom_EquipmentAndFurnitureMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">1390017</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_EquipmentAndFurnitureMember">P5Y</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_TradeShowMaterialsMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">775654</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross
      contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31_custom_TradeShowMaterialsMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">775654</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_TradeShowMaterialsMember">P5Y</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_AutosMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">53764</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross
      contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31_custom_AutosMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">53764</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_AutosMember">P5Y</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentUsefulLife>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_us-gaap_LeaseholdImprovementsMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">584967</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross
      contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31_us-gaap_LeaseholdImprovementsMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">584967</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">2805479</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">2804402</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentGross>
    <us-gaap:AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">2712525</us-gaap:AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment>
    <us-gaap:AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">2682630</us-gaap:AccumulatedDepreciationDepletionAndAmortizationPropertyPlantAndEquipment>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">92954</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet>
    <us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">121772</us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet>
    <us-gaap:AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesDisclosureTextBlock_z6uazVwmlxDf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(4)
&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_822_znTxm6HawgOf"&gt;Accrued Expenses and Other&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_89A_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfAccruedLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_zcv35iLGWug" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Accrued
expenses consist of the following at December 31, 2021 and 2020:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;span id="xdx_8BB_zTOxTu1HFpGj" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Accrued Expenses and Other&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; width: 90%; margin-right: auto"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49B_20211231_zf7t6JjaOjS2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49D_20201231_zdcwZeh3Usfe" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--EmployeeRelatedLiabilitiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAEAOCzZhA_zJqAEQSTQNik" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 64%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Payroll, bonuses and related benefits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;45,725&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;15,121&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAEAOCzZhA_z2nDI1Y9tvq9" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Professional services&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;3,300&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;10,800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAEAOCzZhA_z3OyAPTzxexi" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Other&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;360&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;358&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_iTI_pp0p0_mtAEAOCzZhA_zPVYJ7J8yV5j" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Accrued expenses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;49,385&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;26,279&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8A4_zhQ9UtxoNFj3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesDisclosureTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:ScheduleOfAccruedLiabilitiesTableTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_89A_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfAccruedLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_zcv35iLGWug" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Accrued
expenses consist of the following at December 31, 2021 and 2020:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;span id="xdx_8BB_zTOxTu1HFpGj" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Accrued Expenses and Other&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; width: 90%; margin-right: auto"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49B_20211231_zf7t6JjaOjS2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49D_20201231_zdcwZeh3Usfe" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--EmployeeRelatedLiabilitiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAEAOCzZhA_zJqAEQSTQNik" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 64%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Payroll, bonuses and related benefits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;45,725&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;15,121&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAEAOCzZhA_z2nDI1Y9tvq9" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Professional services&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;3,300&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;10,800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_iI_pp0p0_maAEAOCzZhA_z3OyAPTzxexi" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Other&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;360&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;358&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_iTI_pp0p0_mtAEAOCzZhA_zPVYJ7J8yV5j" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Accrued expenses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;49,385&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;26,279&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

</us-gaap:ScheduleOfAccruedLiabilitiesTableTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:EmployeeRelatedLiabilitiesCurrent contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">45725</us-gaap:EmployeeRelatedLiabilitiesCurrent>
    <us-gaap:EmployeeRelatedLiabilitiesCurrent contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">15121</us-gaap:EmployeeRelatedLiabilitiesCurrent>
    <us-gaap:AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrent contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">3300</us-gaap:AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrent>
    <us-gaap:AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrent contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">10800</us-gaap:AccruedProfessionalFeesCurrent>
    <us-gaap:OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">360</us-gaap:OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent>
    <us-gaap:OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">358</us-gaap:OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent>
    <us-gaap:AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">49385</us-gaap:AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent>
    <us-gaap:AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">26279</us-gaap:AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent>
    <us-gaap:IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_801_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock_zDVcVj34qxVl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(5)
&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_82D_zHJzGsflV5Sd"&gt;Income Taxes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Since
inception, the Company has incurred losses from operations and as a result has not recorded income tax expense. Benefits related to net
operating loss carryforwards and deferred items have been fully reserved because it is not more likely than not that the Company will
achieve profitable operations. The difference between the total income taxes at the federal statutory rate for each of the years ended
December 31, 2021 and 2020 and the fact that no income tax benefit was recorded in each of these years is attributable to the
change in the valuation allowance recorded in each year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_89A_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_zYbvlgljhBM5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets at December 31, 2021 and 2020
are presented below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B8_zG6TW83CF7o3" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 90%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49B_20211231_zJ6lEEMCKKjg" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_495_20201231_znhdVf0IwLDh" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Deferred tax assets:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsPropertyPlantAndEquipment_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zm489ivfsAL1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; width: 64%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Depreciation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;106,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;117,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseReservesAndAccrualsAllowanceForDoubtfulAccounts_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zhzFl6rESy7l" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Allowance for bad debts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;218,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;202,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zwV9ke3GE048" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Net operating loss carryforwards&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;14,114,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;14,755,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_z5KM8SulySNj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Stock option expense&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;355,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;403,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zYxll7pOJW8a" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Research and other credits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;945,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;952,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOther_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zjPJvoWvikde" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Other
    temporary differences&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;15,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;15,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsGross_iTI_pp0p0_mtDTAGzSKS_maDTANzkep_z3HqODIoYQ9b" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Total gross deferred tax
    assets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;15,753,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;16,444,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_iNI_pp0p0_di_msDTANzkep_zcp7G8LzZk5" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Less
    valuation allowance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(15,753,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(16,444,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsNet_iTI_pp0p0_mtDTANzkep_zWCFPuH4gSp2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt"&gt;Deferred
    tax assets, net&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0494"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0495"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8AE_zPAsdEEzmJtd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock_z47fALSfrCq9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
reconciliation of the income tax expense (benefit) computed at the federal statutory tax rates to income tax expense (benefit)
is as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;span id="xdx_8BB_zBWtcuevhGk7" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Reconciliation Income Tax Expenses Benefit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 90%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_499_20210101__20211231_zWnnyZ3ruBua" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_492_20200101__20201231_zfFJ3945jhl8" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_maITEBza9v_z58Qf8BFGIGl" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 64%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Income tax provision at federal
    statutory rate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(388,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(485,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherReconcilingItems_maITEBza9v_zgBLwkK2E9Z6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Permanent differences&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0502"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(43,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherAdjustments_maITEBza9v_zDaPci1uOBZ9" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Expired carryforwards and other&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1,079,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1,211,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_maITEBza9v_z5Obgb4D2Yth" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Valuation allowance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(691,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(683,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_iT_pp0p0_mtITEBza9v_z2ic5UABI3B3" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Total income tax provision&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0511"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0512"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8AE_zWXICupG2YLj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;In
assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all
of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future taxable income
during the period in which those temporary differences become deductible. The Company considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax
liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based upon its historical operating
losses, utilization of deferred tax assets cannot currently be determined. Accordingly, the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance
against the deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty regarding the future utilization of the deferred tax assets for all periods presented.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;At
December 31, 2021, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zE8sFW0Z930f" title="Net operating loss carry-forward"&gt;65,953,000&lt;/span&gt;.
Net operating loss carryforwards accumulated through December 31, 2017 of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsSubjectToExpiration_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zVNbGnBWPECg" title="Net operating loss carry-forward with expiration"&gt;57,118,000&lt;/span&gt;
will &lt;span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription_c20210101__20211231_zzCmu0dsDZHg" title="Net operating loss carry-forward expiration description"&gt;expire
in varying amounts from 2022 through 2037.&lt;/span&gt; Net operating losses generated in 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021, totaling
approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--OperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_pp0p0_c20211231__us-gaap--TaxPeriodAxis__custom--TaxYear2018To2021Member_zG04oGohWiYf" title="Net operating loss carry-forward"&gt;8,835,000&lt;/span&gt;,
will carry forward indefinitely, but cannot offset more than &lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_zRllAxwRmWQ8" title="Income tax percentage"&gt;80&lt;/span&gt;
percent of taxable income. Research and other credit carryforwards of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch_iI_pp0p0_c20211231_zfJ912ohO4ka" title="Research and other credit carry-forwards"&gt;945,000&lt;/span&gt;
are available to the Company to reduce income taxes payable in future years principally through 2040. The Company&#x2019;s ability to
utilize its net operating loss carryforwards and its current year tax credits in future periods could be subject to the 382
limitation. The Company will need to complete an analysis to determine whether its net operating losses are subject to the 382
limitation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_89A_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock_zYbvlgljhBM5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets at December 31, 2021 and 2020
are presented below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B8_zG6TW83CF7o3" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 90%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49B_20211231_zJ6lEEMCKKjg" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_495_20201231_znhdVf0IwLDh" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Deferred tax assets:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsPropertyPlantAndEquipment_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zm489ivfsAL1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; width: 64%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Depreciation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;106,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;117,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseReservesAndAccrualsAllowanceForDoubtfulAccounts_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zhzFl6rESy7l" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Allowance for bad debts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;218,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;202,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zwV9ke3GE048" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Net operating loss carryforwards&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;14,114,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;14,755,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_z5KM8SulySNj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Stock option expense&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;355,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;403,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zYxll7pOJW8a" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Research and other credits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;945,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;952,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsOther_iI_pp0p0_maDTAGzSKS_zjPJvoWvikde" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Other
    temporary differences&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;15,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;15,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsGross_iTI_pp0p0_mtDTAGzSKS_maDTANzkep_z3HqODIoYQ9b" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Total gross deferred tax
    assets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;15,753,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;16,444,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_iNI_pp0p0_di_msDTANzkep_zcp7G8LzZk5" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Less
    valuation allowance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(15,753,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(16,444,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--DeferredTaxAssetsNet_iTI_pp0p0_mtDTANzkep_zWCFPuH4gSp2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt"&gt;Deferred
    tax assets, net&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0494"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0495"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

</us-gaap:ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsPropertyPlantAndEquipment contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">106000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsPropertyPlantAndEquipment>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsPropertyPlantAndEquipment contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">117000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsPropertyPlantAndEquipment>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseReservesAndAccrualsAllowanceForDoubtfulAccounts contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">218000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseReservesAndAccrualsAllowanceForDoubtfulAccounts>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseReservesAndAccrualsAllowanceForDoubtfulAccounts contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">202000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseReservesAndAccrualsAllowanceForDoubtfulAccounts>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">14114000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">14755000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwards>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">355000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">403000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxDeferredExpenseCompensationAndBenefitsShareBasedCompensationCost>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">945000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">952000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsOther contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">15000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsOther>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsOther contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">15000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsOther>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsGross contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">15753000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsGross>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsGross contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">16444000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsGross>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">15753000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">16444000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance>
    <us-gaap:ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_899_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock_z47fALSfrCq9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
reconciliation of the income tax expense (benefit) computed at the federal statutory tax rates to income tax expense (benefit)
is as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;span id="xdx_8BB_zBWtcuevhGk7" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Reconciliation Income Tax Expenses Benefit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 90%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_499_20210101__20211231_zWnnyZ3ruBua" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_492_20200101__20201231_zfFJ3945jhl8" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate_maITEBza9v_z58Qf8BFGIGl" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 64%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Income tax provision at federal
    statutory rate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(388,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(485,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherReconcilingItems_maITEBza9v_zgBLwkK2E9Z6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Permanent differences&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0502"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(43,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherAdjustments_maITEBza9v_zDaPci1uOBZ9" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Expired carryforwards and other&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1,079,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1,211,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance_maITEBza9v_z5Obgb4D2Yth" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Valuation allowance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(691,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(683,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit_iT_pp0p0_mtITEBza9v_z2ic5UABI3B3" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Total income tax provision&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0511"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0512"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

</us-gaap:ScheduleOfEffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationTableTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate
      contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-388000</us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate>
    <us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-485000</us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationIncomeTaxExpenseBenefitAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate>
    <us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherReconcilingItems
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-43000</us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherReconcilingItems>
    <us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherAdjustments
      contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">1079000</us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherAdjustments>
    <us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherAdjustments
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">1211000</us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationOtherAdjustments>
    <us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance
      contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-691000</us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance>
    <us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-683000</us-gaap:IncomeTaxReconciliationChangeInDeferredTaxAssetsValuationAllowance>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">65953000</us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsSubjectToExpiration contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">57118000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsOperatingLossCarryforwardsSubjectToExpiration>
    <REFR:OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">expire
in varying amounts from 2022 through 2037.</REFR:OperatingLossCarryforwardsExpirationDescription>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_TaxYear2018To2021Member"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">8835000</us-gaap:OperatingLossCarryforwards>
    <us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate
      contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.80</us-gaap:EffectiveIncomeTaxRateReconciliationAtFederalStatutoryIncomeTaxRate>
    <us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">945000</us-gaap:DeferredTaxAssetsTaxCreditCarryforwardsResearch>
    <us-gaap:StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_80D_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock_zwBBZ4hcMm47" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(6)
&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_820_zp4bRgWljfZ2"&gt;Shareholders&#x2019; Equity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(a)
Common Stock and Warrants&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;During
2021, the Company received proceeds of $&lt;span id="xdx_909_ecustom--ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_ztPQGJgdBwyi" title="Net proceeds from exercise of options and warrants"&gt;86,262&lt;/span&gt; and issued &lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zHz9pxRmx7Ud" title="Number of shares issued during the period"&gt;74,610&lt;/span&gt; shares of common stock in connection with the exercise of outstanding
options and warrants. During 2020, the Company received proceeds of $&lt;span id="xdx_908_ecustom--ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_pp0p0_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zgo6mSNimxq4" title="Net proceeds from exercise of options and warrants"&gt;284,207&lt;/span&gt; and issued &lt;span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zh1rVUyCPmJ6" title="Number of shares issued during the period"&gt;321,524&lt;/span&gt; shares of common stock in connection
with the exercise of outstanding options and warrants.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(b)
&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Options and Warrants&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(i)
&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Employee Options&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;In
2019, the shareholders approved the Company&#x2019;s 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, which provides for the granting of both incentive stock
options at the fair market value at the date of grant and nonqualified stock options at the fair market value at the date of grant to
employees or non-employees who, in the determination of the Board of Directors, have made or may make significant contributions to the
Company in the future. The Company may also award stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, or restricted stock units under this plan.
The Company initially reserved &lt;span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--CommonStockCapitalSharesReservedForFutureIssuance_iI_c20211231__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_zM1U6JAHRcK4" title="Shares of common stock reserved for issuance"&gt;1,400,000&lt;/span&gt; shares of its common stock for issuance under this plan, and &lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant_iI_c20211231__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_zX9ze5srJELl" title="Shares available for issuance"&gt;485,500&lt;/span&gt; options and other awards
were available for issuance under this plan as of December 31, 2021.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;At
the discretion of the Board of Directors, options expire in ten years or less from the date of grant and are generally fully exercisable
upon grant but in some cases may be subject to vesting in the future. Full payment of the exercise price may be made in cash or in shares
of common stock valued at the fair market value thereof on the date of exercise, or by agreeing with the Company to cancel a portion
of the exercised options.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company granted &lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20210101__20211231_pdd" title="Number of options granted"&gt;198,000&lt;/span&gt; fully vested options during 2021 and recorded share-based compensation of $&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231_zn01cgdFYFDc" title="Share based compensation"&gt;217,008&lt;/span&gt;. The Company granted &lt;span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20200101__20201231_zcvnA2mawD4h" title="Number of options granted"&gt;199,000&lt;/span&gt;
fully vested options during 2020 and recorded share-based compensation of $&lt;span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_c20200101__20201231_zyja3GnIp6c4" title="Share based compensation"&gt;327,554&lt;/span&gt;. The Company valued these grants using the Black-Scholes
option pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_894_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock_zbYf5EI5jrUl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;span id="xdx_8BE_zzBCxiZatQR9" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Assumptions Used to Value Options Granted to Employees&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; width: 80%; margin-right: auto"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 64%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Fair value on grant date&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20210101__20211231_zsYmZgDJbAYd" title="Fair value on grant date"&gt;1.10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20200101__20201231_zLNheQHeWHPk" title="Fair value on grant date"&gt;1.65&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Expected dividend yield&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_c20210101__20211231_z8kSUsrMDio8" title="Expected dividend yield"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0554"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_c20200101__20201231_zThN3SXyWFai" title="Expected dividend yield"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0556"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Expected volatility&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_zuwCEbLrbOi7" title="Expected volatility"&gt;79&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231_zZiZEiMz0Vug" title="Expected volatility"&gt;73&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Risk free interest rate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_zJO7UTZ13WVd" title="Risk free interest rate"&gt;1.26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231_zXeTCWzC8pZi" title="Risk free interest rate"&gt;0.36&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Expected term of the option&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20210101__20211231_zxXAw3PguPRc" title="Expected term of the option"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;
                                            years&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20200101__20201231_zYJPQeRasPY8" title="Expected term of the option"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;
                                            years&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8AE_zcaDcTaSboPj" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Activity
for stock options is summarized below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_89C_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedCompensationStockOptionsActivityTableTextBlock_zhEdmSh7yeOd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;All
options are exercisable at December 31, 2021.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;


&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B1_z8wa7cz6dCsh" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Option Activity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Number of Shares&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Weighted Average&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Weighted Average Remaining&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                                               &lt;p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Contractual Term&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Aggregate Intrinsic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Subject to Option&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Exercise Price&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;
    (Years)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Value&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 20%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Balance at January 1, 2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z5Ed4lT9kIrh" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1,548,351&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zqIfuQUUcDU5" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;3.68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20190101__20191231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zGe188ufGCKl" title="Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Beginning"&gt;6.9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_iS_pp0p0_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zBxyFV9nfw45" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;603,683&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Granted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zA7W1fTM8NEf" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Granted"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;199,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zt5TXem7NMVc" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2.79&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Cancelled&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod_iN_di_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zYZjkFq7AVM4" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Cancelled"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0584"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Exercised&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_iN_di_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zhCPQFWYiJzj" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(450,091&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_ziC7s2pYo3gf" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2.09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Balance at December 31, 2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zBp1Yi6qndO3" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1,297,260&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zt31Ki7oU5k5" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;4.09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zn7gcvpU9rZb" title="Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Beginning"&gt;5.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_iS_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zXSvreYgcai3" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;142,885&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Granted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zNZkIiAQ8J3b" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Granted"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;198,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zvsVQyKfNC21" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1.72&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Cancelled&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod_iN_di_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z9JIQx6i51Sl" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Cancelled"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(155,050&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zx7FoTFJtt4f" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Cancelled"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;5.38&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Exercised&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_iN_di_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zSJGy0nM1709" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(140,500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zjInsGdH7Ifa" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2.48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Balance at December 31, 2021&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iE_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zk2YQR7uP4Ci" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Ending"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1,199,710&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iE_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z5NFa2B0ipci" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;3.67&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z0H0gQeNqFpk" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;5.7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_iE_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zYwra2BhaJAl" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Ending"&gt;21,870&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8A5_zAfbfKhZksb6" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-indent: 0.25in; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(ii)
Warrants and Non-Employee Options&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_89C_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfStockholdersEquityNoteWarrantsOrRightsTextBlock_z3X627gxVptd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Activity
in warrants is summarized below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;span id="xdx_8BC_zmUfz44iZj3a" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Warrant Activity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 93%; margin-left: 0.5in"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Number of Shares Underlying&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Weighted Average&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Warrants
    Granted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Exercise
    Price&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 60%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Balance at January 1, 2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20200101__20201231_z8guZnIm4lc9" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1,483,143&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98E_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20200101__20201231_z2Xch2FPLeJ8" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2.13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Exercised&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised_iN_di_c20200101__20201231_z9sYGUEZb0dh" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(83,152&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitureInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20200101__20201231_zpC6fDiF5d18" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;3.42&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Terminated&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitures_c20200101__20201231_zcRLuXSEFog1" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Terminated"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0627"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Issued&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted_c20200101__20201231_zk32EYBLl9D1" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Issued"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0629"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Balance at December 31, 2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20210101__20211231_zhSKvQV5ArD4" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1,399,991&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98A_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20210101__20211231_zOYaiUifxM96" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2.27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Exercised&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised_iN_di_c20210101__20211231_zLwgBkEdtINk" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0635"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Terminated&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitures_c20210101__20211231_z5AQqBq9zBsk" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Terminated"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0637"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Issued&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted_c20210101__20211231_zrCA7sOEO5X3" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Issued"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0639"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Balance at December 31, 2021&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iE_c20210101__20211231_z4kY3Er5bupl" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Ending"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1,399,991&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iE_c20210101__20211231_zwfj25h99R7f" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2.27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8A9_z5XNxdWisFy" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;In
lieu of cash compensation, the Company has granted warrants to investors and non-employee options to consultants. These warrants and
non-employee options vested ratably over various terms ranging from &lt;span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm_dtM_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__custom--NonEmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_z3sIl4UaHVgc" title="Warrants and non-employee options vested term"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; to &lt;span id="xdx_900_ecustom--WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm_dtM_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__custom--NonEmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zkEbzKusE76g" title="Warrants and non-employee options vested term"&gt;59&lt;/span&gt; months. The non-employee options are valued at fair value
at the time that the related services are provided using the Black-Scholes option valuation model and marked to market quarterly using
the Black-Scholes option valuation model. There are &lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding_iI_c20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__custom--NonEmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zIGf1sD2so" title="Warrants issued"&gt;1,399,991&lt;/span&gt; warrants issued to investors that are outstanding that are accounted for
as equity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Warrants
and non-employee options generally expire in &lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod_dc_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__custom--NonEmployeeStockOptionMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zcJo9uIZFYL4" title="Option expiration period"&gt;five years&lt;/span&gt; from the date of issuance. At December 31, 2021, all warrants and non-employee
options outstanding were exercisable.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(c)
&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Restricted Stock Grants&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;During
2021 and 2020, the Company did not issue restricted stock to its directors and employees.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock>
    <REFR:ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember61890734"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">86262</REFR:ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised>
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      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember61890734"
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      unitRef="Shares">74610</us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues>
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      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember61890750"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">284207</REFR:ProceedsFromStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised>
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      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember61890750"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">321524</us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues>
    <us-gaap:CommonStockCapitalSharesReservedForFutureIssuance
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">1400000</us-gaap:CommonStockCapitalSharesReservedForFutureIssuance>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">485500</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross
      contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">198000</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensation
      contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">217008</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensation>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">199000</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensation
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">327554</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensation>
    <us-gaap:ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_894_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock_zbYf5EI5jrUl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;span id="xdx_8BE_zzBCxiZatQR9" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Assumptions Used to Value Options Granted to Employees&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; width: 80%; margin-right: auto"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 64%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Fair value on grant date&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20210101__20211231_zsYmZgDJbAYd" title="Fair value on grant date"&gt;1.10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 14%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20200101__20201231_zLNheQHeWHPk" title="Fair value on grant date"&gt;1.65&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Expected dividend yield&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_c20210101__20211231_z8kSUsrMDio8" title="Expected dividend yield"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0554"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_c20200101__20201231_zThN3SXyWFai" title="Expected dividend yield"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0556"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Expected volatility&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_zuwCEbLrbOi7" title="Expected volatility"&gt;79&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231_zZiZEiMz0Vug" title="Expected volatility"&gt;73&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Risk free interest rate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_zJO7UTZ13WVd" title="Risk free interest rate"&gt;1.26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_dp_uPure_c20200101__20201231_zXeTCWzC8pZi" title="Risk free interest rate"&gt;0.36&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Expected term of the option&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20210101__20211231_zxXAw3PguPRc" title="Expected term of the option"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;
                                            years&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20200101__20201231_zYJPQeRasPY8" title="Expected term of the option"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;
                                            years&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

</us-gaap:ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue
      contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="USDPShares">1.10</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="USDPShares">1.65</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate
      contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.79</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.73</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate
      contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.0126</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.0036</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate>
    <us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1 contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">P5Y</us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1>
    <us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1 contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31">P5Y</us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1>
    <us-gaap:ScheduleOfShareBasedCompensationStockOptionsActivityTableTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_89C_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedCompensationStockOptionsActivityTableTextBlock_zhEdmSh7yeOd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;All
options are exercisable at December 31, 2021.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;


&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B1_z8wa7cz6dCsh" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Option Activity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Number of Shares&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Weighted Average&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Weighted Average Remaining&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                                               &lt;p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Contractual Term&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Aggregate Intrinsic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Subject to Option&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Exercise Price&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;
    (Years)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Value&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 20%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Balance at January 1, 2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z5Ed4lT9kIrh" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1,548,351&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zqIfuQUUcDU5" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;3.68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20190101__20191231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zGe188ufGCKl" title="Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Beginning"&gt;6.9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_iS_pp0p0_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zBxyFV9nfw45" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;603,683&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Granted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zA7W1fTM8NEf" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Granted"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;199,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zt5TXem7NMVc" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2.79&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Cancelled&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_986_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod_iN_di_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zYZjkFq7AVM4" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Cancelled"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0584"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Exercised&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_iN_di_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zhCPQFWYiJzj" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(450,091&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_ziC7s2pYo3gf" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2.09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Balance at December 31, 2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zBp1Yi6qndO3" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1,297,260&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zt31Ki7oU5k5" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;4.09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20200101__20201231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zn7gcvpU9rZb" title="Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Beginning"&gt;5.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_iS_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zXSvreYgcai3" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;142,885&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Granted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zNZkIiAQ8J3b" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Granted"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;198,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zvsVQyKfNC21" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1.72&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Cancelled&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriod_iN_di_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z9JIQx6i51Sl" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Cancelled"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(155,050&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsForfeituresInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zx7FoTFJtt4f" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Cancelled"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;5.38&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Exercised&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_iN_di_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zSJGy0nM1709" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(140,500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98D_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementsByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsExercisesInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zjInsGdH7Ifa" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2.48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Balance at December 31, 2021&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iE_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zk2YQR7uP4Ci" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Subject to Option, Ending"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1,199,710&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98A_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iE_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z5NFa2B0ipci" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;3.67&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm2_dtY_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_z0H0gQeNqFpk" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;5.7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue_iE_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__us-gaap--OptionIndexedToIssuersEquityTypeAxis__us-gaap--StockOptionMember_zYwra2BhaJAl" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right" title="Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Ending"&gt;21,870&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

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    <us-gaap:ScheduleOfStockholdersEquityNoteWarrantsOrRightsTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_89C_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfStockholdersEquityNoteWarrantsOrRightsTextBlock_z3X627gxVptd" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Activity
in warrants is summarized below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;span id="xdx_8BC_zmUfz44iZj3a" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Warrant Activity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 93%; margin-left: 0.5in"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Number of Shares Underlying&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Weighted Average&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Warrants
    Granted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Exercise
    Price&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 60%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Balance at January 1, 2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20200101__20201231_z8guZnIm4lc9" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1,483,143&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98E_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20200101__20201231_z2Xch2FPLeJ8" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2.13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Exercised&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised_iN_di_c20200101__20201231_z9sYGUEZb0dh" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(83,152&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitureInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice_c20200101__20201231_zpC6fDiF5d18" style="text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;3.42&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Terminated&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitures_c20200101__20201231_zcRLuXSEFog1" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Terminated"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0627"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Issued&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted_c20200101__20201231_zk32EYBLl9D1" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Issued"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0629"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Balance at December 31, 2020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_984_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iS_c20210101__20211231_zhSKvQV5ArD4" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1,399,991&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98A_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iS_c20210101__20211231_zOYaiUifxM96" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2.27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Exercised&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised_iN_di_c20210101__20211231_zLwgBkEdtINk" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Exercised"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0635"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Terminated&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitures_c20210101__20211231_z5AQqBq9zBsk" style="text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Terminated"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0637"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Issued&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_987_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsGranted_c20210101__20211231_zrCA7sOEO5X3" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Issued"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0639"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Balance at December 31, 2021&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_981_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber_iE_c20210101__20211231_z4kY3Er5bupl" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Number of Shares Underlying Warrants and Non-Employee Options Granted, Ending"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;1,399,991&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_ecustom--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice_iE_c20210101__20211231_zwfj25h99R7f" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;2.27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

</us-gaap:ScheduleOfStockholdersEquityNoteWarrantsOrRightsTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber contextRef="AsOf2019-12-31" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1483143</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber>
    <REFR:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice
      contextRef="AsOf2019-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="USDPShares">2.13</REFR:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">83152</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsExercised>
    <REFR:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitureInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="USDPShares">3.42</REFR:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsForfeitureInPeriodWeightedAverageExercisePrice>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1399991</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber>
    <REFR:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice
      contextRef="AsOf2020-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="USDPShares">2.27</REFR:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1399991</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingNumber>
    <REFR:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="USDPShares">2.27</REFR:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNonOptionEquityInstrumentsOutstandingWeightedAverageExercisePrice>
    <REFR:WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember_us-gaap_WarrantMember_srt_MinimumMember">P12M</REFR:WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm>
    <REFR:WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember_us-gaap_WarrantMember_srt_MaximumMember">P59M</REFR:WarrantsAndNonemployeeOptionsVestedTerm>
    <us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding
      contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31_custom_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember_us-gaap_WarrantMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">1399991</us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding>
    <us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_custom_NonEmployeeStockOptionMember_us-gaap_WarrantMember">P5Y</us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardExpirationPeriod>
    <REFR:LicenseAndOtherAgreementsTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_80A_ecustom--LicenseAndOtherAgreementsTextBlock_zREsMamKI2g1" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(7)
&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_821_zgEqYftt8di4"&gt;License and Other Agreements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company has entered into a number of license agreements covering various products using the Company&#x2019;s SPD technology. Some of these
license agreements are limited to specific countries and/or markets. Licensees of Research Frontiers who incorporate SPD technology into
end products pay Research Frontiers an earned royalty of &lt;span id="xdx_905_ecustom--RoyaltyEarnedPercentage_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_z7lSq4DYPOfh" title="Royalty earned percentage"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span id="xdx_903_ecustom--RoyaltyEarnedPercentage_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_z2JOha2vlpZ7" title="Royalty earned percentage"&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;% of net sales of licensed products under license agreements currently in
effect and may also be required to pay Research Frontiers fees and minimum annual royalties. Licensees who sell products or components
to other licensees of Research Frontiers do not pay a royalty on such sale; Research Frontiers will collect such royalty from the licensee
incorporating such products or components into its own end-products. Research Frontiers&#x2019; license agreements typically allow the
licensee to terminate the license after some period of time and give Research Frontiers only limited rights to terminate before the license
expires. Most licenses are non-exclusive and generally last as long as our patents remain in effect.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;On
March 14, 2019, the Company suspended its VariGuard SmartGlass business unit activities. Instead, the Company licensed a new entity to
pursue the business opportunities previously pursued by the Company&#x2019;s VariGuard SmartGlass business unit. This new licensee continues
to use the VariGuard SmartGlass name. In addition to other employees at VariGuard SmartGlass Inc., one of the Company&#x2019;s officers
(Michael R. LaPointe) and one former officer (Seth L. Van Voorhees) are shareholders of VariGuard SmartGlass Inc. and, as consequence,
this transaction is a related party relationship which has been reviewed and approved by the Company&#x2019;s Board of Directors pursuant
to the requirements of Delaware corporate law and the Company&#x2019;s Code of Ethics. Mr. LaPointe also remains a full-time employee
at the Company. In October 2021, the Company entered into an amendment to the license agreement with VariGuard modifying its scope
and terms.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</REFR:LicenseAndOtherAgreementsTextBlock>
    <REFR:RoyaltyEarnedPercentage
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_srt_MinimumMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.05</REFR:RoyaltyEarnedPercentage>
    <REFR:RoyaltyEarnedPercentage
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_srt_MaximumMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.15</REFR:RoyaltyEarnedPercentage>
    <us-gaap:CommitmentsDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_80C_eus-gaap--CommitmentsDisclosureTextBlock_zmWOao95A2U3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(8)
&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_822_zPkbb8cr2v1"&gt;Commitments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company has an employment agreement with its chief executive officer which provides for an annual base salary of $&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--OfficersCompensation_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__srt--ChiefExecutiveOfficerMember_zEXffOuLz853" title="Annual base salary"&gt;600,000&lt;/span&gt; for calendar
year 2022. This employment agreement has an evergreen provision that extends the term by &lt;span id="xdx_901_ecustom--LeaseExpirationTerm_dc_c20210101__20211231_zMtgbL4woID4" title="Lease expiration term"&gt;one year&lt;/span&gt; on the expiration date unless either
the Company or the employee has given notice that they will not be renewing the agreement upon the expiration of its term.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company has a defined contribution profit sharing (401k) plan covering employees who have completed one year of service. Contributions
are made at the discretion of the Company. The Company did not make any contributions to this plan for 2021 or 2020.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at its inception. This determination generally depends on whether the arrangement conveys
the right to control the use of an identified fixed asset explicitly or implicitly for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
Control of an underlying asset is conveyed if the Company obtains the rights to direct the use of, and to obtain substantially all of
the economic benefits from the use of, the underlying asset. Lease expense for variable leases and short-term leases is recognized when
the obligation is incurred.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company has operating leases for certain facilities, vehicles and equipment with a weighted average remaining lease term of &lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_iI_dtY_c20211231_zxEngzBA1FQ"&gt;3.2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;years
as of December 31, 2021. Operating leases are included in right of use lease assets, other current liabilities and long-term lease
liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. Right of use lease assets and liabilities are recognized at each lease&#x2019;s
commencement date based on the present value of its lease payments over its respective lease term. The Company does not have an
established incremental borrowing rate as it does not have any debt. The Company uses the stated borrowing rate for a lease when
readily determinable. When the interest rate implicit in its lease agreements is not readily determinable, the Company uses
an interest rate based on the marketplace for public debt. The weighted average discount rate associated with operating leases as of
December 31, 2021 is &lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_iI_dp_uPure_c20211231_zsT7BUvWubxa"&gt;5.5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Subsequent
to the Company&#x2019;s adoption of the new lease accounting guidance on January 1, 2019, the Company recorded new right of use lease
assets of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_iI_pp0p0_c20190102__us-gaap--AdjustmentsForNewAccountingPronouncementsAxis__us-gaap--AccountingStandardsUpdate201602Member_zD3nb5lUTiPa" title="Right of use lease assets"&gt;900,000&lt;/span&gt; and associated lease liabilities of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_pn5n6_c20190102__us-gaap--AdjustmentsForNewAccountingPronouncementsAxis__us-gaap--AccountingStandardsUpdate201602Member_zK3wGMHbtUKk" title="Lease liabilities"&gt;1.1&lt;/span&gt; million.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_890_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock_z0lYSxrQJxK4" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Maturities
of operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2021 were as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;span id="xdx_8BA_zBQxjjbnjnKk" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Minimum Annual Future Rental Commitments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 70%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_490_20211231_zyzt1ggQTBfl" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center; font-weight: bold"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;December
    31, 2021&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_z03CnjG7Lj93" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 74%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Year 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 22%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;213,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40A_ecustom--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_zPiRBlQV9ska" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Years 2-3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;439,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40A_ecustom--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_zoCFNKZjcq27" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Years 4-5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;56,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_zmVMDCtpbTka" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Thereafter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0679"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_iTI_pp0p0_mtLOLLPzBsY_zcgQ8O8zHcg6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Total lease payments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;708,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_iNI_pp0p0_di_zTGXZCjip5Bj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Less: imputed lease
    interest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(61,781&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_pp0p0_zWzWJzHAUKjj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Present value of lease liabilities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;646,219&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8A1_zVeCEhbLMiR3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:CommitmentsDisclosureTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:OfficersCompensation
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-12-31_srt_ChiefExecutiveOfficerMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">600000</us-gaap:OfficersCompensation>
    <REFR:LeaseExpirationTerm contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">P1Y</REFR:LeaseExpirationTerm>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1 contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31">P3Y2M12D</us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="INF" unitRef="Pure">0.055</us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset
      contextRef="AsOf2019-01-02_us-gaap_AccountingStandardsUpdate201602Member"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">900000</us-gaap:OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiability
      contextRef="AsOf2019-01-02_us-gaap_AccountingStandardsUpdate201602Member"
      decimals="-5"
      unitRef="USD">1100000</us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiability>
    <us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_890_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock_z0lYSxrQJxK4" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Maturities
of operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2021 were as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;span id="xdx_8BA_zBQxjjbnjnKk" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Minimum Annual Future Rental Commitments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 70%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_490_20211231_zyzt1ggQTBfl" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center; font-weight: bold"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;December
    31, 2021&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_z03CnjG7Lj93" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 74%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Year 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 22%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;213,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40A_ecustom--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_zPiRBlQV9ska" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Years 2-3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;439,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40A_ecustom--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_zoCFNKZjcq27" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Years 4-5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;56,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzBsY_zmVMDCtpbTka" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Thereafter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0679"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_iTI_pp0p0_mtLOLLPzBsY_zcgQ8O8zHcg6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Total lease payments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;708,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_iNI_pp0p0_di_zTGXZCjip5Bj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Less: imputed lease
    interest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(61,781&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_pp0p0_zWzWJzHAUKjj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Present value of lease liabilities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;646,219&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

</us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">213000</us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths>
    <REFR:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">439000</REFR:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree>
    <REFR:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">56000</REFR:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive>
    <us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">708000</us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue>
    <us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">61781</us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiability contextRef="AsOf2021-12-31" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">646219</us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiability>
    <REFR:RightsPlanDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">&lt;p id="xdx_803_ecustom--RightsPlanDisclosureTextBlock_zKWvG9s9PI04" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;(9)
&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_82B_zHIF5fGMtx73"&gt;Rights Plan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;In
February 2013, the Company&#x2019;s Board of Directors adopted a Stockholders&#x2019; Rights Plan (the &#x201c;Rights Plan&#x201d;) and declared
a dividend distribution of one right (a &#x201c;Right&#x201d;) for each outstanding share of Company common stock to stockholders of record
at the close of business on March 3, 2003 (&#x201c;Record Time&#x201d;) and authorized the issuance of one Right in respect of each share
of Common Stock issued after the Record Time and prior to the Separation Time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#x201c;Separation
Time&#x201d; shall mean the earlier of the Close of Business on the tenth Business Day (or such later date as the Board of Directors may
from time to time fix by resolution adopted prior to the Separation Time that otherwise would have occurred) following but not including
(i) the date on which any Person commences a tender or exchange offer that, if consummated, would result in such Person&#x2019;s becoming
an Acquiring Person, and (ii) the date of the first event causing a Flip-in Date to occur; provided that if any tender or exchange offer
referred to in clause (i) of this paragraph is cancelled, terminated or otherwise withdrawn prior to the Separation Time without the
purchase of any shares of Common Stock pursuant thereto, such offer shall be deemed, for purposes of this paragraph, never to have been
made.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Subject
to certain exceptions listed in the Rights Plan, if a person or group has acquired beneficial ownership of, or commences a tender or
exchange offer for, &lt;span id="xdx_90F_ecustom--PercentageOfAcquisitionThresholdInRightsAgreement_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_zyhkHvIIleE7" title="Percentage of acquisition threshold"&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;% or more of the Company&#x2019;s common stock, unless redeemed by the Company&#x2019;s Board of Directors, each
Right entitles the holder (other than the acquiring person) to purchase from the Company $&lt;span id="xdx_907_ecustom--ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231_zKDanikXr3eg" title="Value of stock covered by each right"&gt;80&lt;/span&gt; worth of common stock for $&lt;span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1_iI_c20211231_zwpKvauH3NWa" title="Exercise price of rights"&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;. If the Company
is merged into, or &lt;span id="xdx_90B_ecustom--ClassOfWarrantOrRightControlThreshold_dp_uPure_c20210101__20211231_zRTppq2WrQzh" title="Threshold for change in control"&gt;50&lt;/span&gt;% or more of its assets or earning power is sold to, the acquiring company, the Rights will also enable the holder
(other than the acquiring person) to purchase $&lt;span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered_pp0p0_c20210101__20211231_zqjcc5KIa7a8" title="Value of stock covered by each right"&gt;80&lt;/span&gt; worth of common stock of the acquiring company for $&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1_iI_c20211231_zQSdM94B8Jr2" title="Exercise price of rights"&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;. The Rights will expire at the
close of business on &lt;span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--RightsPlanExpireDate_dd_c20210101__20211231_zn6lJwQkg3M" title="Rights plan expire date"&gt;February 11, 2023&lt;/span&gt;, unless the Rights Plan is extended by the Company&#x2019;s Board of Directors or unless the Rights
are earlier redeemed by the Company at a price of $&lt;span id="xdx_901_ecustom--ClassOfWarrantOrRightRedemptionPrice_c20210101__20211231_zYGG5Rvly2d6" title="Redemption price"&gt;.0001&lt;/span&gt; per Right. The Rights are not exercisable during the time when they are redeemable
by the Company.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
above description highlights some of the features of the Company&#x2019;s Rights Plan and is not a complete description of the Rights
Plan. A more detailed description and copy of the Rights Plan has been filed with the SEC and is available from the Company upon request.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</REFR:RightsPlanDisclosureTextBlock>
    <REFR:PercentageOfAcquisitionThresholdInRightsAgreement
      contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31"
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    <REFR:ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered
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    <us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1
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    <REFR:ClassOfWarrantOrRightControlThreshold
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    <REFR:ClassOfWarrantOrRightAmountOfStockCovered
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    <REFR:RightsPlanExpireDate contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-12-31">2023-02-11</REFR:RightsPlanExpireDate>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
